Document npgvEzJjvvxabMQ9v7o2qoNoR

1 4 iI ! a EKMOyap IN CERAMICS* Dr, John Koenig Director, School of Coranlcs, Rutgers University Chairman, L.I.A, Csraaio Tochnical Committee The Corani c 3 Tochnical Cozdtteo not Informally for tho first tlno In July, 1955 to considor whether ary activities on tho part of tho Association sight Improve tho market for loud In all branches of tho ceramic industrios and, if so, what stops eight bo racoranondod to tho Association's Industry Development and Executive Comittoos, At this mooting It was unanimously folt that thoro la sixablo market for load products In tho coranlc lndustrios which might bo further developed. As a first stop it was dacldod to rccomond that all availablo Informa tion on tho usa of load in coranlcs be gathorod Into a manual for circulation to poiplo connected with tho ceraalc lndustrios, and that this manual bo followed by lupplononts as now Information became availablo. Until thoso stops wero takon it vas not folt that advertising or research should bo considered sinco In tho proofs of gathering tho Information for tho manual loop-holes and weak spot-s In our knowlodga would bo developed. Thoso roconoondatlom wero prosontod to tho Association** Industry Development and Executivo Comrcitteos, together with a roc emendation for an ap propriation of tl8,000 to carry tho work to tho ond of 1956. Approval was granted and tho Cocnittoo met fomally in Soptenbor# It Is cocposod oft Representing John T, Ayors, Jr, William J. Baldwin Thomas 3. Blair IXidloy H. Haakoll Arthur Knight Willard Midgetto John S, Kordyka Evans load Division, National Load Co# Titanium Alloy Manufacturing Division, National Load Co# Wostorn Load Products Co. W, P, Puller & Co# Euston Load Co, (Oliddon Co.) Eagle-Pichor Co# Hammond Load Products Co# I was ratalnod ns consultant to tho Association on coramlc matters and oloctod chairman of tho Cocnittoo# Tho Cormittoo ooobors divided tho task of covorlng all phases of tho uso of load in coranlcs and individually auboittod their reports to tho Associa tion's Socrotary for tho compilation of tho first draft. A socorsd mooting was hold during February during which areas nooding moro attention woro dlscussod, Tho manual is now nearing conplotion and should bo published in tho onrly sunner, * Prosontod at tha 28th Annual Mooting, Load Industries Association, April 2L-25, 1956, St. Louis, Mo. T"r' Li&209A3 A list of about t*,000 cernnio peoplo has boon compiled from notional and s> toto ceramic association rostors to roceivo this brochuro and subooquont additional notorial, Tho nan/ usos of load in cornnica are to bo roforrod to in tho nanual, Sono of those arc old established users, ooco recently dovulopod and othors in tho research stage but look promising. All depend on one or noro of tho unique properties which load imparts to ceramics, end no other nstorlcl will sorvo tho psjrposo. Examples of Established Usos Wo night briofly rofor to sovoral of those unlquo proportios In con nection with sono of tho old ostablishod usos of load in ceramics! (a) As a component of glozo compositions, tho uso of load conpounds provides many advantagos, o.g., greater fluidity and wider softening rongo, loprovod toxturo and smoothness of surfaco, Eroatcr brilliance and generally a Dora fool-proof glare, Thoso advantages along with othors (o.g. thermal expansion and olostlc moduli considerations) make load a highly valued ingredient of a num ber of white ware glares for dirmonrare and tableware, various typo3 of ceramic tile, and for china plumbing firturos, (b) High indix of refraction, along with other favorable proportios ac counts for tho use of load glasses for optical purposos end for tho finest quality stoeware and art glass, 0\ (c) Load glass is used widely for electrical and electronic applications 1 \ bocauso of tho excellent electrical proportios and working characteristics imparted by load. Examples of usos hero include ston and exhaust tubing, noon-sign tubing, and television picture tubos. Load glasses havo other important uses, o.g., roflectivo glass beads, (d) Lead is commonly used in the dry process enameling of cast iron both in tho ground coat and cover coat onanols, Tho main advantagos impart by load for this application result from greater smoothness end brillianco derivod from its high fluxing property coupled with incrocsod resistance to chipping and inprovod elasticity. Specific oxamples of this uso lncludo bath tuts and other vitroous enamulod cast iron sanitaryware. Exanplos of Relatively New Usos of Load in Coracle Products' Hero oxo sono oxanplos of relatively now usos of load in coramic products! (a) Load is an important raw natorlal in tho only satisfactory onnnol for alucinun providing a donso, hard surfaco and providing a maturing tomporaturo in a wido firing range woll below tho tomporaturo which would bo detrimental to tho alu minum baso, 'High hopes aro hold for tho future of this natorlal. ! t i fi i i \ i l,a^(1 'n u -3- (b) Load glazos for ceramic dioloctrlc bedlos havo boon provon to bo superior to all other typo coatings In naintaining high roalstivity under oxtrorio conditions of humidity and tonper ituro. Tho prlnciplo use hero is in coating tho nary ceramic dielectric parts used as such or in conpononts for high froquoncy oloctronlc oquipnont such as radar. (c) High load glassos as a roault of thoir high density and opacity to radioactive onorgy nro finding uso os n shiolding natorini in radiation protoetivo windows. Hocant Dovolopoonts Rocont dovolopcvants lncludo nany suggostod uniquo usos of load In coronlo products. (a) Lord oxido-basod plozooloctric corrnics for sensing olononts In aocoleronotors, sound dotoctors, ultrasonic devices and transducers. Even with a complete replacement of tho prosontly used notorial, tho tonnage used here would bo snail. This is in contrast to the next item which would involve considerably nor# natorlal. Howover, thoro are numeral snail tormago usos which would augnont tho larger uses. (b) Ultra low loss high frequency insulation for aloctronics. Two types of bodios containing UO to 7C% load bisilicate havo boon developed which have zero shrirJcago. These provide for oasior fabrication of parts whoro extrunsly close tolerances aro proroquisito. The trond towards highor froquoncy oloctronlc equipnent has roquirod tho concurrent dcvolopnont of ultra low loss coronlc, Tho bost ceranics node to dato roquiro tho presence of load in thoir formulation. Sponsored rci3oarch nay help stinulato tho extondod uso of load. Ono oxanple night bo noted - tho enameling of notals other than aluminum; o.g., enameling of shoot stool with load boaring onanols which are not now txsod for this purpose to ary largo oxtar.t and offer an oxtonsivo market. This is receiving con siderable attention but on a confidential cor.pary basis and it is difficult to socuro specific lnfornation on this since thoro aro no publications. Sponsorship of ro3oarch in soloctad areas such as this would result in publications which would accelerate tho uso of load in specific applications by making tho results gonorally available. The Tochnical Ccnndttoo nay roconnond to tho Association's Industry Dovolopnont and Exocutivo Connittoos at tho proper tino specific prograas in solocted aroos whore they boliovo nost good will bo acconplishod in oxtonding the uso of load in coracics. Tho Tochnicri Concittco is optinistic in its outlook f tho good which can bo acconplishod by tho Association's offorts not simply fron tho standpoint of ii>cronsed solos of load to this industry but also in tho continuod dovolopnont of special eoranic products which aro superior as a rosult of tho use of load chonictls. ! ( ! ; f Myw>--*> .:*<iB*^j3c*?iti ^-r -. '-nttfster LIA20947 -h- Several proposals of rosoarch studies have alraacty boon rocelvod but your Technical CocrJLttoo folt that it was too soon to considur undertaking such studios, i,a., prior to careful consideration on the Coanittoo*s part as to r.-hich avonuos would be nost profitable. Getting back to tha brochure, it is tho Comittoo's intention to nako this manual into a valued sourco of information including data, fomulas, biblio graphy, a chapter on handling of load, and also a chapter on availability of load chemicals and dependability of future lend supplios. The wido variety of proportios to be discussed will sorvo to onphasiie tho great versatility of lead compounds in rxcarous corenlo formulations and will help to axplnin wty lead can do so maty things so well* ;