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Sr. Louis Public Libiury American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Heating ventilating air conditioning guide. VOL 7 1929 St 628.8 AMERICAN 21718 76205 ! i 1011989 ! This Book Shall Not Be Taken From The Library* St! :! ,r . ' American Society of Heating Ventilating Engineers Guide 1929 Containing Design and Specification Data Useful in the Planning and Construction of Modern Heating and Ventilating Installations -- Prepared from the Society's Transactions--Investigations of Its Research Laboratory -- and the Practice of Its Members TOCETHER WITH A Manufacturers' Catalog Data Section Containing Essen tial and Reliable Facts Concerning Modern Equipment AND A Consulting Service Section for Engineers also . The Roll of Membership of the Society with Complete Index of Technical and Catalog Data Vol. 7 Second Printing $5.00 Per Volume 1011989 Published Annually by American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers 29 West 39TH Street New York ** Copyright, 1928 by American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers AND BY IT Dedicated To the Advancement of ' . . The Profession . AND Its Allied Industries Second Printing June, 1989 Printed and Bound.by - The Horn-Shati',r Company BALTIMORE MARYLAND fa Jr A^ T^ef. (,as.<s Qontents Page Index to Technical Data Section............ ............ !.................................................... -- iv-xiii Code of Ethics...................................................................--...............................1............... xiv Heating Section............................... :........................ 1-356 Chapter I. Chapter II. Chapter III. Chapter IV. Chapter V. Chapter VI. Chapter VII. . Chapter VIII. Chapter IX. Chapter X. Chapter XI. Chapter XII. Chapter XIII. Chapter XIV. Chapter XV. Chapter XVI. Chapter XVII. Chapter XVIII. Chapter XIX. Chapter XX. Chapter XXL Chapter XXII. Heat Losses from Buildings........... ....................................... .............. 3 Radiators and Heaters...................... .................'........................ ......... 65 Steam Heating Systems and Piping.........!.............:...... .......... ......... 79 Hot Water Heating Systems and Piping......;....................... 113 Heating Boilers............................................ 133 Chimneys.................................. 147 Mechanical Draft................... 159 Gravity Warm-Air Furnace Heating........................................... 167 Fan Furnace Heating.............................................. 189 .Unit Systems for Heating and Air Conditioning.................... 197 Central Heating Systems........ ..:................... 203 Greenhouse Heating Systems........................... .J................................. 215 Domestic and Industrial Oil Burning.................................................. 219 Heating with Gas........... ............................ 233 Heat Insulation for Pipes and Surfaces.......... .................................... 247 Automatic Heat Control..... ..... .....................:...................................... 259 Heat Exchangers for Water and Oil................................. ................- 277 Pumps and Traps for Heating and Ventilating Equipment......... 287 Laundry, Kitchen and Hospital Equipment and Piping Systems 311 Water Supply Systems and Piping for Buildings..................... 335 Pipe and Fittings............................ 343 Design and Operating Data for Mechanical Equipment of Federal Buildings under control of U. S. Treasury Dept.....-..:. 349 Ventilation Section...... ............................................... 357 Chapter XXIII. Modern Standards of Ventilation and Measurements of Air Quality and Quantity--............................................................ . 357 Chapter XXIV. Systems of Ventilation.... .......... .................................................... 379 Chapter XXV. Air Conditioning and Cooling................................... ..... .......... . .. 393 Chapter XXVI. Selection of Fans for Heating, Ventilation, Drying and Con veying.............................. ........................................ .................. 407 Chapter XXVIL Motive Power and Controls for Fans........ .................................. 417 Chapter XXVIII. Air Duct Design and Construction..... ........................................ 421 Chapter XXIX. Air Cleaners!:.................................... ............. ........................ .:.... 433 Chapter XXX. Ozone in Ventilation........................ .............................................. 441 Chapter XXXI. Methods of Drying....... ................................................................. 449 Chapter XXXII. Dust, Exhaust, Collecting Systems.............................................. 461 Chapter XXXIII. Natural Ventilation.......... ............................................................. 471 Chapter XXXIV. Codes and Standards of the A. S. H. & V. E......... :.........:.^....... 483 Consulting Service Section...... ..................... 489-492 Catalog Data Section-.................................... 495-818 Manufacturers' Catalog Data......................................................... ,............................... 493 Index to Modern Equipment..................................... .................................................. ....... 819 Index to Advertisers............... !................................................................................. :........... 841 Roll of Membership................... :..., .................. 1-58 Officers and Council..................................................................... Officers of Local Chapters____!.....:........ ................!................................. ...................... Alphabetical List..--........................ Summary of Membership......................... ..!........................................... .................... ........... Geographical List............................. ...................... ,........................................... .................... Past Officers!............................................................................................................ 2 4 5 45 46 55 in Index to Technical Data Section (Pages 1-488) CROSS REFERENCE TO SUBJECTS IN CHAPTERS I-XXXIV ALPHABETICALLY LISTED Page Air , amount of ' ' and ozone mixtures atomizing in oil burning capacities of vacuum pumps changes in ventilation circulation of currents , circulation of, .in fan furnace heating circulation of, greenhouse heating cleaning of , combustion of. in gas heating combustion of. in oil burners conditioning and cooling conditioning, definition of conditioning for human comfort conditioning units control of. ip burning coke controlling effect on cooling current dryers definition of determination of, leakage distribution of heated ' duct velocities for forced draft flow, testing flow of, in units friction of, in pipes functions of, in ventilation humidifying of ' measurements, volumetric motion of movement of purity qualities required for ventilation quantity of . quantity required in hospitals, theaters, schools recirculating . recirculation of, in ventilation relative humidity of , requirements in gas heating 394 445 228 295 358 454 189 218 401 236 229.230 393 393 374 200 143 401 360 451 394 48.49 167 163.164 364 201 424 359 401 364 359 366. 393 359 358 381 hotels. 394 174,175 361 394 237 isttlaiiunuddariud vecluoAc.iitvieitas uo>f . 423 steam requirements for heating and humidi fying . supply for ventilation 435 358 supply to warm-air furnace 168 temperature- - temperature at registers temperature of incoming,in ventilation 169 360 Page test for vacuum pumps traps velocity volume required ` . 296 309 463 456 Air chart description of synthetic 484 Air cleaners rating of types of ' 440 433 Air conditioning advantages and disadvantages of . for human comfort types of units use of in refrigeration use in industries 202 374 201 397 201,202 Air cooling methods of 374.375,376, 377 Air duct design and construction of Air filters dry essential requirements of viscous . ' 421 436 439 437 436 Air motion ` effect on comfort temperature, humidity and 369 367 Air washers automatic control of humidity control \ types of Anemometers 262 262 433 364 Anthracite heat value ' sizes of 142 142,143 Apartment houses hot water requirements 341 sizes of water supply mains and meters 338 water supply risers ,, 337 Applications of natural ventilation 482 Atmosphere humid in greenhouses Atmospheric conditions Automatic heat control 217 378 259,260 Automatic control . applications of , arrangement of installation central station practice control devices cost of refrigeration 261 266,267, 268, 269 269 223 270 IV Alphabetical Index to Technical Data Section .. direct-indirect radiators Page 263 Central heating systems **23 double thermostat fan furnace heating fan radiator units ' for tempering heaters fresh air intakes, in unit systems gas burning appliances gas heating heat requirements hot water radiators humidity control lag of instruments laundry machines ' oil burner control 271 190 ( 263 261 263 266 235 - 266 264 262 275 269 265, 266 control Chart . - 269 psychrometric. for moving air 369,370, 372 psychrometric, for still air 368; 378 psychrometric for still and moving air Chimneys 375 . amount of air required for - 150 area of flue lining for warm air furnaces 158 available draft 149,150 back draft diverted classes of 155 . 151 construction of construction of walls 156,157 . 157 performance data on regulators position of air washers principles of operation temperature 275,276 262 274 correction factor for correction factors for altitude design draft 149,150 155 226 224 problems of, in heating by direct radiation 276 refrigerating units , 269 draft measurement flue connections . 147 155 room temperatures service hot water heater temperature change 262 265 flue linings for gas appliances 274 forced draft 157 155 147 temperature fluctuations in plenum systems 276 thermostatic equipment for buildings 271 for gas heating functions of . 237 . 147 unit type thermostats variation in room temperature warm air heating systems 270 273,275 265 head produced, draft ' height of horsepower rating 151,152 157 150,151 induced draft 147 B Bacteria Bake shop equipment fuel for location oven, capacity for Body heat _ loss of Boilers application of oil, to coal burning boilers care of heating cast iron check on installation chimneys for cleaning flues coal fired, rating 353 322 322 322 322 367 224 145 i3g 140 157 145 136 loss due to friction, of gases 149 loss due to velocity 149 loss of draft in breeching 149,150 loss of draft through boilers 150 loss of draft through fuel bed . 155 low-pressure beating plant - 151 minimum cross-sectional areas of round 156 natural and mechanical draft 147 products of combustion 153 provisions for heating boilers and furnaces 157 quantity of gases 150 requirements for oil fuels 152,153,155 sizes 152.153,154 smoke-pipe connection 158 smoke test 158 theoretical draft 147,148.150 Circulation complaints and causes drip connection 140,141 - 139 fire-tube 133 fuel bed 145 gas heating 234 133 heating in federal buildings 351 installing and preparing 139 method of cleaning 139 output 134,135,146 pick-up load piping 146 139 protection of 140 purpose of heating 133 rate of combustion 135 rating of gas fired ' 137 ratings of, for oil fuel 137 rules for operating with various fuels 141 secondary air 141,142 sectional 138 section of heating 133,134 size, rating and capacity of 137 smoke breeching and chimney connections .140 specification ` 133,134 stoking 145 booster fans equipment 188 forced or booster 188 of air currents 454 Cleaning units 399 CO* determinations 363 Coal caking coal 144 characteristics of bituminous 144 heat yalue of bituminous 144 lignite 145 method of firing bituminous 145 non-caking 144 semi-bituminous 144 types of bituminous 144- Coefficients definition of heat transmission 7 heat transmission 7. 10.13.21.47 tests for determination of transmission 9.10 transmission 9 transmission by computation 10.13.19.21 Coke firing sizes of weight of 143 143 144 144 types of 137 Comfort charts used with oil heating equipment 224 use of 370,371 water in water-tube Burner controls automatic 145 Comfort line 138 equal Comfort zone 223 Computations, heat loss 372 368 372 4.5 C Conditions .Cafeteria restaurant service 322,323 climatic . 8.9 Calculations Convection for heat transmission losses Capacities roof ventilators 46 47 * 478 heat radiation and Condensation rate of in radiator 10,11 .75, 76 v American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1929 Page Connections; typical for blast heaters boilers ceiling radiators concealed radiators . fan connections hot water heater hot water heating systems indirect radiators pipe coils radiators risers steam heating systems 111 85 111 110 380 112 121 110 109 110 109 81,82,83,84 steam mains and branches 108 tanks 112 unit heaters 111 Conditioning air, units Continuous type of roof ventilator 200 480 Codes and standards of A. S. H. & V. E. 483 Code . Standard, for installation of warm air furnaces . 181,188 Cold coils and sprays . 399 Collecting systems , classification of Collectors Compartment dryers 461 468 * 451 Condensation pumps capacity capacity of centrifugal pumps condensate piston speed types of .- volumetric capacity of receivers volumetric displacement rate 291.293 289 291 289.290 289 ' 289 289, 291 Conductivities insulation ( of building materials -- 251,252,253 12.18 Conduits filler type heating insulated tile type ' . 213 211,212 213 laying out of heating sectional insulation type - 211,212 213,214 Connections service from high pressure and low pressure system 203,206, 208,212 Construction of dryer 456 Continuous dryers ` Coanutrtoo1matic gas heat.ing Control , of drying operation of ventilation time limit Conveyor pipes Cooling air problem of air Cylinder dryers OO* 456 481 20JJ 469 360 360 450 D Dairy stable ventilation - 480 Data heat transmission on isolated electric plants . _ 354,355 on kitchen, laundry and hospital equipment 311 Definitions boiler capacity 136 boiler ratings ` 136 boiler sire 136 branch risers |0 built in heaters 66 cabinet heaters 66 capacity ' . 136 concealed radiators 66 dehumidifying 395 dew-point . 394 direct radiators 66 down-feed system . 80 effective temperature 357 fumes *33 gravity warm-air furnace heating heat transmission coefficients indirect radiator _ one pipe gravity system pump fittings pump terms recessed radiator return mains - supply mains system two pipe system types of pumps up-feed system . . vacuum system ' vapor system Design chimney collecting hoods domestic fuel oils . domestic hot water supply Domestic oil heating selection of unit for Double thermostatic control Draft boilers forced friction losses ' ^as heating equipment induced in industrial oil burning mechanical natural . Dryers agitator air-current ' arrangement of , arrangement and construction of Drying artificial compartment construction of _ continuous and intermittent cylinder film spray tumbler types of vacuum Drying . artificial . control of definition of . high temperature ' low temperature methods of ' natural Ducts . design of, in fan furnace heating recirculating air supply, and grilles return Duct temperatures , measuring of. in ventilation Dumping grates ash accumulation - Dust atmospheric Dusts ' defined Dust removal .- efficiency in Effective temperature Elbows friction in Electric motors controllers for Electrical current ' kinds of Elevators in federal buildings Equipment . booster fans Exhaust and collecting systems Page 167 7 66 80 303 304,305 66 80 80 80 81 303 80 80 80 226 468 220 224 219 270 147 159 147 147,237 159 230,231 159. 456 455 450 451 456 456 449 451 456 451 450 450 450 451 450 450 449 456 449 452 453 449 449 191,192 174,175 175 362 160 461 363 433 439 357,359 340,427 419 419 351 188 v 461 Vl Alphabetical Index to Technical Data Section Exhaust fan . selection of t Exhaust systems important requirements of maintenance of types of Expansion pipe line in central heating systems Page 467 431 461 470 461 205 Fan blast duct design - 190 Fan furnace heating * circulation of air 189 design of ducts 191,192 design of fan furnaces, 189 direct transmission heaters 193 efficiency of heating surface 193 free area and resistance 193 heater arrangement 189 heaters designed for 189 selecting the heater 193,194 Fan arrangement of drive - 415 Fan application methods of 380 Fans booster, equipment . capacities and dimensions of forced draft 188 165 centrifugal 407,417 characteristic curves of 407 characteristics of 407 classes of 407 designation of 415 disc and propeller 407,417 drying and conveying 413 electric motors for 418 general suggestions on . heating ' 415 . 407 mechanical draft 162 motive power for ' 417 multiblade 411 other power sources for 420 position of selection of 189 . , 407 speed control of 418 types of ventilation '. 407 412 Fan system for heating and ventilating * 380 Federal buildings conduit and wiring 351 conduit and wiring illumination . 351 cost of heating' 364 cost of maintenance and operation ' 354 costs of operating supplies for 354 cost of repairs in 354 costs of repairs to 355 dining rooms of marine hospitals 353 drinking water 350 electric plants, data on isolated 354,355 elevators 351 employees . ' 353 equipment of heating boilers 351 fire hose 349 heating equipment of 351 heaters, hot water . 350 heating requirements ' 356 kitchen equipment of marine hospitals .351,352,353 machinery charges and depreciation for 356 mechanical equipment.for marine hospitals 352 : mechanical equipment of 350 operating data on 353 plumbing equipment for smaller 349 sewers 350 size of water service 350 steam, amount used 354 storage tanks 350 Filters air 436 unit viscous . 438 viscous air 433 Fittings . ' definitions of pumps 303 pipe 348 Flow Page* cold water 335,336 steam in pipes 86 Flues cleaning boiler 146 Forced draft air duct velocities for 163,164 amount of air for 163 arrangement 166 control of motors 166 direct method . 162 fan capacities and dimensions 164 firing condition . 163 motor driven blowers 166 rates for fuel burning 163 Formulae coefficient heat transmission 21 water supply. 340 Friction drop in pipes 466 in elbows 427 losses in pipes 423 Fuel coals . 190 fuel oil specifications 219, 220 191 219 oil 191 Fumes definition of 433 Furnace . air supply to Warm-air 168 capacity of ' 174,177 chimneys for . 157 combustion- volume in industrial oil burning 230 construction of gas burning warm air 235 designing, a heating system 169 design of fan 189 grate area 176.177 gravity warm-air heating 167 method of check 178,179 performance curves 174,177 size of 176 standard code for installation of warm-air 181-188 types of warm-air, heating plants 168 Gages and manometers 365 G Gas boilers 234 chimneys for burning appliances 155 consumption in heating 239 combustion of in gas heating 236 efficiencies ' 238 heat values of 237 heating 233 requirements for heating large buildings 245 Gases ' in bituminous coal fires 145 volume of flue 162 Gas heating automatic control . 235 bunsen flame 234 coal burning applicance 234 combustion of gas 236 construction of warm-air furnaces 235 conversions '' 233,234 costs 239 cross connecting coal and gas boilers 242 fuel utilization 233 installation and control of boilers and ap pliances 235 large unit boilers 233 luminous flame 234. principle of design 235 radiant heaters ' 236 reduced rates 233 space heaters 236 venting devices , 235 Grates ' dumping 160 shaking 160 stationary 160 Vll American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1929 Page Greenhouse heating heating apparatus 215 heating coils 216 hot water radiation . 216,217 humid atmosphere pipe expansion radiation structure temperatures Gravity systems 217 215 215,216 215 215,216 for hot water supply hot water heating one.pipe steam . 342 121 80 two pipe steam 81 warm-air furnace 167 Grilles ' free area of recirculating 175 ' location of 175 H Heat . : allowance for infiltration 48,53,54,55 area of losses 46 automatic heat 259,260 balance of gas burning equipment 238 calculating losses < 3.4 calculating for, transmission losses 46,47 calculationof.emissionofindirectradiators 71, 72 capacity of leader pipe 169 coefficient of radiator 113,114 conversion factors for emission 67.68,69.70 dissipated from human body 373 effect of '77,78 effect of humidity on 75 emission of radiator 65,67 from occupants, lights, etc 360 heat content of oils 219,221 insulation for pipes and surfaces 247 latent 373 loss by evaporation 377 ' loss computations 4.5 loss for average man 376 loss in money and fuel 247,249 loss per person ` 376 loss per unit area from flat surfaces 247 losses from bare fittings 252,258 losses from buildings 3,169 nicholls meter 14 pipe and surface losses 247 radiant 449 radiation and convection 10,11 required for buildings 63 requirements 266 sensible 373 sources 60,61 transfer coefficient 280,281 transfer in hot water heating systems 113 transmission coefficients 7,10,13,21,47 transmission data - . 13 value of gas 237,238 Heaters built-in or concealed 66 cabinet 66 convection type of, space 236 direct transmission 193 extended surface 69 for fan furnace heating 189 indirect 66 industrial unit 197 kinds of heat emitting units 65,66 luminous flame reflector 236 operation of . 71 propeller fan type unit 199 radiant ' 236 rating of . 66, 71 recirculating unit 198.199 selection of 73,115 space 236 suspended unit 199 useful heat output of 67 Heat exchangers average temperature difference 283,280 coefficient of heat transfer 280,281 design of 285, 286 economics in design of 286 . Page heat conductivity for liquids 285 heat transfer 279,280. 284,285 heat transmission 277 logarithmic mean temperature difference 281,283 resistance of oil water film 282 variation of 284,285 velocity of fluid 277,278 viscosity of oil 282, 283 viscosity of water 282, 283 Heating air requirements for gas 237 amount of radiation 65,113, 242 apparatus for greenhouse heating .. 215 automatic control of humidity in fan furnace 190 automatic temperature control 190 boilers 133 central systems ' 203 chimneys 147 conduits ' . ' 211 control of installations 243,245 convection type of space heaters 236 costs in federal buildings 354 costs of gas heating ' 243 curve of gas consumption 239 degree-days in gas 241 description of piping systems for steam 80 . design of gravity circulating warm air systems . 167 design problems in steam systems 79,97 determination of pipe, sizes 87,115 determining pipe sizes for gravity hot water . 128.129 federal buildings 350 gas 233 gas efficiencies 238 gravity hot water 127 gravity warm-air furnace 167 heat balance of gas burning apparatus 238 hot water heating systems with gas 242 humidifying pans in fan furnace 190 one-pipe and two-pipe steam system 80.81 Hot water systems pipe sizes and connections for hot water 130 position of fan in furnace 189 ratings for gas appliances 238, 239 requirements 3 requirements for federal buildings 356 - selection of boilers 133,134' specifications for, systems 7 steam, pipe sizes 87 steam requirements for air 435 systems of warm-air 167 tunnels 214 two-pipe gravity, systems 82 use of air washers in fan furnace 190 vacuum pump, systems ' 85 vapor, systems 83 vapor vacuum system of 81 with air 167 zone of occupancy 67 Heating systems application of automatic control to warm air 265 capacity of steam lines at various pitches 95 , comparative cost of hot water 116 v empirical rules for hot water 127 example of use of diagrams for hot water 115 forced circulation.in hot water . . 119 friction heads in pipes and elbows in hot water . 125,126 high temperature drying 452 hot water 113 method of determining pipe sizes for hot water 122,123,125,126,127 pressure, air sealed or closed hot water 132 quantity of air for indirect ' 381 radiation for 65,113 tank sizes for hot water 131,132 temperature difference, hot water 113 Hoods ' design of - 468 Hospitals ' air for ventilation 358 hot water requirements 342 water requirements for 342 vni Alphabetical Index to Technical Data Section Hospital equipment . blanket and solution warmers condenser exhaust ' nursery equipment piping for sterilizers . ' proportioning equipment size of waste connections sterilization sterilizer data sterilizers, cost of operation of sterilizers, rating of sterilizers, selection of types of sterilizers, water utility rooms waste and vent systems Hotels air for ventilation hot water requirements Human comfort effect of relative humidity on Humidifying definition of Humidity control in fan furnace heating effect of, on heat transmission readings relative temperature, and air motion Page 329 334 331 331 328 332 331 333.334 327 327 327 328.329 330 332,334 358 341 367 377 395 362 190 75 363 4 367 I Ignition systems for oil burners .222 Illumination in federal buildings Indirect heating system - 351 quantity of air to be circulated in 381 Induced draft induced draft fan 166 where used 166 Industrial oil burning air atomizing burners air for combustion auxiliary apparatus 228 229,230 231 continuous circulation system 232 domestic and 219 draft 230,231 furnace combustion volume mechanical atomizing oil jneter selection of steam atomizing strainers for . 230 228 231 230 228 231 tanks for Industrial uses of ozone Infiltration 231 448 calculations for 59 determination of air leakage 48.49 due to temperature difference effect of storm sash on heat allowance for 59 58 . 48.55 through steel window through metal windows through walls 50,55 50,52 50,53 through wood windows values in tables weatherstripping and Insulation . 50,51,55,56 55 56. 57 chart to determine thickness of 255. 257 conductivities determination of thickness 251,252,253 251 economic thickness of 253, 255, 258 economic thickness of underground 256 effect of air velocity on surface losses 254.257 heat, for pipes and surfaces 247 purpose of, cold surfaces Intermittent dryers 251 451 K. Kata--thermometer Kitchen equipment broiler cereal cookers coffee urns cook's table diet kitchens dishwashing sink . 366 321 319 319 318 322 321 .. electric Page 324 fish refrigerator ' 320 gas connections for 326 grease traps for . 326 ice chests ` 320 ice cream and sherbets 320 kettles, ovens and steamers, sizes of 318, 319 marine hospital 351,352, 353 mixing.machines 320 power requirements 324 proportioning equipment 317 range hood 317,318 rated capacity of dish washing machines 321 return connections . 326 sinks .319 sizes of ranges 317 steam and gas 317 steam pressures, used by 324 steam requirements for 324 steam supply connections 326 steam tables 319 types of dish washing machines 321 vegetable peelers ' 320 water connections 326 L Latent heat ' 373 Laundry equipment arrangement of equipment equipment flat work ironers 316 312 314 machines pipe sizes and systems of piping steam pressure required systems, piping tumbler dryers typical layout . washing machines water softening water, steam and power requirements Layout of kitchen for hospital Layout of kitchen for hotel Leaders 311 315 315 315 314 312,313 312 316 314,315 323 325 heat carrying capacity of pipe 169 sizes 169.171 sizes of straight 170 temperature drop in 170,171 Loss - areas of heat 46 calculating heat ' 3.4 calculation of heat, from uninsulated surfaces 247 calculations for heat transmission 46,47 heat heat, computations 252,253.254,255,256 4,5 heat, from bare fittings ' 252,258 heat, from buildings 3,169 heat, per unit area from flat surfaces 247 of heat in B.t.u. of bare pipe 247, 248 of heat in money and coal 247,249 total body heat 367, 368 Low temperature drying 453 low voltage systems of oil burner control 223 M Mains return 80 sizes of hot water 342 sizes of water supply for apartment bouses 338 sizing of 336 supply 80 transmission 87 Maintenance of exhaust system 470 Marine hospital dining rooms 353 Maximum water temperature in hot water heating systems 116,117,118 Mechanical draft 159,456 burner 220 difference in pressure required 162,163 firing 160 forced draft 159 grates for various fuels 159 induced draft 159 mechanical draft fans 162 over-feed stokers 161 IX American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1929 selection of stoker self-feeding stoker devices shaking grates sizes of fuels for dumping grates stationary grates stoker installations types of stokers . - . Page 161 161 160 160 160 161 161 under-feed stokers use of 161 . 162 volume of flue gases ' 162 Mechanical exhaust 359 Mechanical ventilating systems, design of Meter 359 Nicholls' heat 14 oil 231 Methods of drying 449 Methods of fan application 380 Mixtures - analysis of ozone-air 445 Moisture content calculations 452 explanation of .` 452 Moisture amount of in saturated air ' 454 removal of - 456 Mechanical equipment of federal buildings amount of steam used 354 conduit and wiring 351 costs, boiler and engine room 356 cost of heating ^ . ' 354 cost of maintenance and operation 354 cost of operating supplies 354 cost of repairs 354.355 `.. direct steam radiation equivalent . 356 drinking water 350 electric plants, data on isolated - 354,355 electric power and light, average and maxi mum demand for 356 elevators . 351 employees 353 fire hose 349 fuel rooms 351 heating boilers 351 ' heating distribution , - 350 heating requirements 356 hot water heaters ' 350 illumination 351 machinery, charges and depreciation for 356 marine hospital dining rooms 353 marine hospital kitchen equipment 351, 352, 353 marine hospitals 352 maximum demand for steam 355 monthly consumption of steam 355 operating data on federal buildings 353 sewers - 350 size of water service .350 ' storage tanks 350 ventilation, mechanical ' 351 N Natural draft Natural drying Natural forces in ventilation Natural ventilation Natural ventilation . application of Nicholls' heat meter . Noise .elimination of 455 449 471 471 482 14 361 O Office buildings hot water requirements ' Oil domestic fuel ' traps viscosity of Oil burner application of automatic control comparative cost figures installation natural draft - operation of burners - . types and characteristics . 341 220 309 282, 283 265,266 226,227,229 224 220 223 220 Oil burning . domestic and industrial . Openings ' ventilating ' Operating data on federal buildings Ozone chemical properties of . deodorizing of determining proper concentration of determining required capacity of germicidal properties of industrial uses of in regard to cold storage . in ventilation physical properties of production of water purification by Ozone--air mixtures analysis of . Page 219 474 353 442 443 445 446 443 448 448 441 441 444 448 445 Physiological effects of ventilation Pipes amount of corrosion in . 345 . area of standard size 128 brass 347 capacity of 88 capacity of, at various pressures 90,91 corrosion in 345, 347.348 corrosion in copper and brass 347,348 description of, size tables 89.93,95, 97 determining, sizes for gravity hot water heating 128,129 determining_ the ca.pacit.y o. f. 98 effect of composition of iron on corrosion 345 factors for sizes of, in gravity hot water . heating 129 fittings ' 348 flow of steam in . 86 heat insulation for, and surfaces ' 247 method of determining sizes for hot water heating systems 122,123.125,127 oxygen removal 345 per cent difference in capacity of 95 run of and expansion in greenhouse heating systems 215 scale on 343 scale, removal of 343 sizes and thicknesses of copper and brass 347 . sizes of return in central heating systems 211,207 standard dimensions of wrought 344,346 uniformity of wrought 343 Pipe expansion determination of -205,207 pipe sizes 209,211 Pipe sizes '- central heating system 209,211 cold water supply 335,336 description of, tables . 89,93,95,96, 97 determination of, for steam heating 87 for air sealed or closed hot water heating systems 130 for hot water systems 341 for risers ' 335,336 general data on tables 88,89 length of run 87,92 one-pipe gravity low pressure steam 96,100 pressure drop 87 principle in determining 335 - steam heating . 87 two-pipe gravity low pressure steam 97,101 two-pipe gravity vapor systems 99 two-pipe vapor heating systems ` 102,103 unusual conditions in ' 88 `vacuum pump systems 104,105 Piping . arrangement of 119,121 arrangement of in greenhouse heating systems 218 boiler 139 brass 347 connections for unit heaters 202 copper and brass 348 x 'echnical Data Section ' ' Page description of. systems for steam heating 80 down-feed system of 80 friction in elbows . 340 gravity system of .80 high-pressure systems for unit heaters 202 layout 130,131 one-pipe gravity and vapor systems for unit heaters ` 202 pressure heads 124 service 87 systems .. 311 systems for hospital sterilizers 331 systems for laundry,- kitchen and hospital equipment 311 two-pipe gravity connections for unit heaters 202 typical connections 108,112 up-feed system of 80 vacuum system of 80 vacuum system return for unit heaters 202 vapor system of 80 Pitot tubes 364 code for the use of ' 483 Power requirements kitchen 324 Pressure total 335 water 339 Production of ozone 444 Proper humidity 378 Psychological factor in ventilation 361 Psychrometer 362 Psychrometric chart 372,375 Public buildings unit systems for 389 Pumps , ' air capacities of _ ' 295 air test for vacuum heating 296 automatic condensation and receivers 289 boiler feed piston speeds and efficiencies 287, 288 capacities of boiler feed 287 capacity of centrifugal 289 capacity of receiving tanks 295,296 condensate of continuously operating 291 condensation . 291,293 definitions of fittings 303 definition of terms used 304,305 freely vented air separating tank 299 horse power of motors - 305 installation data j 305 kinds of 287 lifts 301 location of receiving tank ; 295 piston speed of 290' piston speed of vacuum heating 295 size of steam driven vacuum heating 297 specifications of 302 standard equipment of ' 304 steam cylinder sizes of reciprocating 298 type of drive of vacuum heating 295 types of 287,289,294, 303 typical connections for vacuum heating ' 299, 300,301 volumetric displacement rate of vacuum heating 295 water capacity of vacuum heating ' 296 water cylinder sizes of 297,298 Radiant heat 449 Radiation amount of, in gas heating 242 calculation of amount of 74,75 heat, and convection 10,11 hot water in greenhouses 216,217 in greenhouse heating systems 215,216 proportionate for various room temperatures 74 Radiators' - automatic control for direct-indirect 263 application^ automatic control to hot water 264 calculation of heat emission of indirect 71.72 cast iron gravity indirect 71 concealed 66 condensation rate in 75,76 design of 66 Page determination of size of 114,115 direct 66 direct-indirect 66 effect of enclosures with cast iron. on heat emission 77,78 effect of painting cast iron 76 heat emission of cast iron 65, 67, 68,69 kind of heat emitting units 65,66 location and selection of cast iron 72,73 rating of 66 recessed 66 semi-indirect 66 specifications for cast iron 78 temperature drop . 118 useful heat output of ' 67 Rating coal fired boiler 136 for fan furnace heating 193 for gas heating appliances 238,239 gas fired boiler 137 of air cleaners 440 of boilers for oil fuel 137 of industrial unit heaters 198 Receivers volumetric capacity of 389 Recirculation ' of air in ventilation 361 Refrigerating units application of automatic control 270 Refrigeration . cost of - 270 Registers free area in warm air 174 Relative humidity affect on human comfort 377 in ventilation 359 warm air furnace research 179 Risers branch 80 effect of reaming 95 water 337 Roof ventilators capacities of unit type 478 continuous type of 480 unit type 474 Room temperatures in ventilation 362 thermostat 223 Rotary ventilators 476 Saturated air 454 Schools ' air for ventilation of - 358 unit systems for school work * 390 Selecting exhaust fan' 567 sensible heat 373 Smoke bomb - . . 366 Smokes ' ' definition of 433 Special problems on drying . 456 Spray dryers 450 Stack ' ` draft from 162 function under natural draft operation 162 ratio of stack area to leader area . 172,173 size of wall '. , 171 Standard method for measuring air . velocity _ 432 Standard of the A. S. H. & V. E. 483 Stationary ventilators . . 476 Steam ' amount used in federal buildings 354 atomizing in industrial oil burning 228 control of supply in central heating systems 203 distribution 87 flow of, in pipes 86 maximum demand in federal buildings - 355 monthly consumption of, in federal buildings 355 supply connections in kitchens 326 Steam requirements ' for heating and humidifying air 435 from outside mains 207,211 kitchen 324 American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide,, 1929 Stokers *** self feeding devices 161 types of mechanical 161 Strainers oil Styles of roof ventilators 231 477 Supply control of steam 203 Surface determination of net outside wall 46 heat insulation for pipes and 247 switch 204 Synthetic air chart 485 data sheet for 487 description of - 484 making the test 485 plotting the test data for 488 recommended percentages based on 388 stations for making test 486 Systems air sealed or closed hot water 129 air valves for one-pipe gravity steam 81 application of fan furnace, to standard duct systems 190 application of warm air heating 167 boiler protection in vapor 85 < capacities of risers for one-pipe low-pressure steam - 94 capacities of risers for two-pipe low pressure steam 94 central heating 203 connections for one-pipe gravity steam 81 description of piping for steam heating 80 design of gravity circulating warm-air heating systems 167 design problems of steam heating 79,97 designing a furnace heating 169 determining size of pipe in vacuum pump 106 down-feed of piping 80 downward, of ventilation 361 exhaust ' 431 gravity for hot water supply : 342 gravity, of piping 80 one-pipe gravity steam 80,81 pipe sizes for hot water . 341 piping and connections for two-pipe gravity 82 pressure drop in water 336 return systems for two-pipe gravity 83 rule for design of pipe 116 specifications for heating 7 two-pipe gravity 82 up-feed of piping 80 upward, of ventilation 361 ' vacuum, of piping 80 vadium pump 85 vapor 83,84 vapor, of piping 80 vapor vacuum type 81 ventilation 379 venting valves, v^x>r 85 warm air heating 167 T Tables - description of pipe size general data on pipe size Tank elevation of for industrial oil burning installations in oil burning sizes of storage in federal buildings Temperature air, at registers air in ventilation breathing line control of room difference drop in leaders dry bulb effective greenhouse heating humidity and-air motion incoming air in ventilation 89,93.95. 97 88.89 339 231 226 301 350 169 359 4,5.6 262 360,473 170.171 370,371 357,359,371 215,216 367 360 Page inside air 4,5 inside for summer - 6 inside for winter 4,5.6 measuring of duct 362 measuring of room 362 outside air ' 6. 7.8.9 outside in summer 7 outside in winter 6 performance data of regulators 275, 276 wet bulb 370. 371 Temperature and humidity control 434 Theatres quantities of air for ventilation 358 Thermometers recording 362 Thermostats classes of 260 electric 272 pilot type 261 unit type 270 Transmission effect of humidity on heat - 75 heat coefficients 9,10.13, 21,47 heat, data 13 Traps air 309 alternating receiver type 309 arrangement of alternating receiver 309, 310 - arrangement of lifting trap 302,308 arrangement of return trap and receiver 307, 309 by-passes 306 capacity of 306 design of tilting 308 high-pressure 306,'307 lifting 308 " low-pressure 308 oil . 309 principle of operation 306 types of 306 uses of 306 Tumbler dryers 451 Typical installations of fan system .. 380 U Unit control industrial applications of 273 Unit heaters air vent in industrial - 200 B.t.u. capacity of industrial 198 control of room temperaturesin industrial 200 discharge outlets < 199 double automatic temperaturecontrol 272 for industrial service 391 industrial 197 of industrial 198 pneumatic control of 272 present day tendency of industrial 199 propeller fan type heaters 199 ' recirculating industrial heaters 198,199 suspended industrial heaters 199 types of industrial 197,199 use of industrial 197 Unit systems 389 application of automatic control 263 fan radiator units 263 , for public buildings 389 ' for school work 390 fresh air intakes ' 263 Unit type roof ventilators 474 Units air conditioning - 200 dehumidifying work in air conditioning 201 design of air conditioning 201' direct fired # . 200 flow of air In air conditioning - 201 kinds of heat emitting . 65. 66 spray water in air conditioning ' . 201 V. Vacuum dryers . Vacuum heating pumps air capacities of air capacity measurements of air test ` ' . 450 295 296 296 XU Alphabetical Index to Technical Data Section Page arrangement for 298,299 capacity of receiving tanks 295, 296 discharge from reciprocating vacuum heating pumps 1' . 298 location of receiving tank 295 piston speed 295 steam cylinder sizes of reciprocating vacuum pumps 298 steam driven vacuum pump size determina tion 297 type of drive 295 types of 294 typical connections 299,300,301 volumetric displacement rate 295 water capacity of ' 296 water cylinder sizes of steam driven 297,298 Valves 98 pressure reducing in central heating systems 204 vaporizing oil burner 222 Velocity air duct, for forced draft 163,164 air in public buildings 423 effect of air, on surface losses 254,257 general statement on temperature and wind 7 maximum 88 pressure readings 365 wind 20,47,48 Ventilating systems classification of 379 design of mechanical 359 Ventilation air changes 358 air cooling 360 air motion 359 air movement 366 air purity 359 air supply for 358 air temperature 359 anemometers ' 364 atmospheric dust 363 bacteria . 363 COs determinations 363 control of ` 481 dairy stable 480 downward system of 361 dry bulb temperature 370,371 . effect of air motion on comfort 369 effective temperature 357,359, 371 elimination of noise 361 equal comfort lines ' 368 factors affecting health and comfort 367 factors affecting loss of body heat 367 for personal comfort and health 362 freedom from gases 359 freedom from odors 359 functions of air . 359 gages or manometers 365 general requirements of 357 heat from occupants, lights, etc. 360 human comfort 367 humidity . 362 humidity readings 363 kata-thermometer 366 measuring duct temperatures 362 measuring of room temperatures 362 Ventilation ' mechanical exhaust 359 mechanical in federal buildings 351 natural ' 471 natural forces in 471 ozone in 441 physiological effects of pitot tubes 366 ' 364 problem of - 360 problem of cooling - 360 psychological factor in . 361 - psychrometer . . 362 psychrometric chart with effective tempera . ture lines for - 368,378 Page psychrometric chart with effective tempera ture lines for 100 ft. air velocity 369 psychrometric chart with effective tempera ture lines for 300 ft. air velocity 370 quantities of air required for 358 recirculation of air 361 recording thermometers relative humidity ' ' ' 362 359 science of 357 smoke bomb ' suggestions in planning 366 473 synthetic air chart l 366 systems of ' 379 temperature difference ' 360 temperature, humidity and air motion 367 temperature of incoming air 360 testing air flow - 364 to obtain effective 479 total body heat loss. 367,368 . upward system of . 361 use of comfort charts .370,371 velocity pressure readings ` 365 volumetric air measurements 364 wet bulb temperatures 370,371 Ventilator air-turbine 478 rotary stationary .\ 476 476 styles of rotary 478 various styles of 477 Viscous filters automatic 439 operating principle of 436 Volumetric air measurements 364 W Warm air furnaces application of code to gas burning area of flue lining construction of gas burning 236 158 235 Warm air registers 174 Water . amount through pipes kitchen connections ' pressure drop in systems purification by ozone requirements for kitchens risers viscosity of . amount of water passed through pipes 336,338 326 336 448 324 337 282.283 336, 338 Water supply . apartment buildings, hot water require ments 341 . apartment houses, sizes of mains and meters 338 branch sizes for fixtures and maximum flow 335,336 estimating pipe size for any part of riser example of sizing of main formulae ` gravity systems hospitals, water requirements for 335,336 336 340 342 342 hospitals, hot water, requirements for 342 hotels, hot water requirements for 341 mains, sizes of hot water 342 office buildings, hot water requirements for 341 pipe sizes, for hot, systems 341 pipes, size of for any pressure drop 338 principle in determining pipe sizes .335 risers for manufacturing buildings, hotels, etc. 337 risers for apartment houses 337 total pressure water pressure 335 339 Wind action in ventilation . 471 effect of movement . . 47 47 velocity ` ' 20,47,48 Xlil CODE of ETHICS for ENGINEERS NGINEERING work has become an increasingly important factor E in the progress' of civilization and in the welfare of the community. The engineering profession is held responsible for the planning, construc tion and operation of such work and is entitled to the position and authority which will enable it to discharge this responsibility and to render effective service to humanity. That the dignity of their chosen profession may be maintained, it is the duty of all engineers to conduct themselves according to the principles of the following Code of Ethics: 1--The engineer will carry on his professional work in a spirit of fairness to employees and contractors, fidelity to clients and employers, loyalty to his country and devotion to high ideals of courtesy and personal honor. 2-- He will refrain from associating himself with or allowing the use of his name by an enterprise of questionable character. S--He will advertise only in a dignified manner, being careful to 'avoid misleading statements. 4-- He will regard as confidential any information obtained by him as to the business affairs and technical methods or processes of a client or employer. 5-- He will inform a client or employer of any business connections, interests or affiliations which might influence his judgment or impair the disinterested quality of his services. Q--He will refrain from using any improper or questionable methods of soliciting professional work and will decline to pay or to accept com* missions for securing such work. ' '- 7-- He will accept compensation, financial or otherwise, for a particular service, from one source only, except with the full knowledge and consent of all interested parties. . 8-- He will not use unfair means to win professional advancement or to injure the chances of another engineer to secure and hold employment. 9-- He will cooperate in upbuilding the engineering profession by exchang ing general information and experience with his fellow engineers and students of engineering and also by contributing to work of engineering societies, schools of applied science and the technical press. 10--He will interest himself in the public welfare in behalf of which he will be ready to apply his special knowledge, skill and training for the use and benefit of mankind. , xiv American Society m Heating and Ventilat Engineers Guide 1929 INTRODUCTION to AND SUGGESTIONS for THE EFFECTIVE USE OF THE GUIDE, 1929 THIS is the seventh consecutive Annual Edition of The Guide. It is presented to the Profession and its allied Industries with the hope that it will perform a real and important service to their advance ment. The Guide was founded in 1922 and from the very beginning was dedicated to service, rather than commercialism. Its principles, then and now, are definite and have been followed without deviation, despite the many inhibitions of tradition and commercialism. These principles, though plural in expression, are singular in effect;--that everything must be subordinated to facts and service, rather than to commercialism. These principles are based on the conviction that service with facts is the life-blood of both the Profession and its allied Industries. The users of The Guide will find therefore, that the Text Section contains sub stantially all of the very latest and most reliable data on Heating and Ventilating; compiled from the findings of the Society's Research -Laboratory and of other inde pendent Laboratories, from the experience of the foremost Engineers and from similar sources of reliable information; all put into most available and readily usable form for the convenience of the busy Architect, Engineer, Manufacturer, Contractor or Builder. The data presented in the Text Pages in each issue of The Guide thus represents the best available information, having its source in individual engineering experience, in that collective experience garnered by Manufacturers, and in the devoted labors of the Society's own Research Laboratory at Pittsburgh, in collaboration with the United . States Bureau of Mines,--data prepared and contributed freely by the foremost engi. neers of the United States,---perhaps it would not be exaggerative to say, of the world. In no other way, save through the medium of this Society,--unfettered by com mercialism or self-interest,--could the liberal cooperation of these men have been elicited. We are proud that The Guide has won the loyalty and cooperation of the many who have labored so generously and unselfishly that its Text Pages may serve usefully, and effectively to advance the interests of the Profession, its allied Industries and that vast Public which we are privileged to serve. In the Catalog Data Section, we have insisted again that the Manufacturer's data presented must be useful, serviceable,--not a mere collection of claims, high-sounding catch phrases or superlatives, but an informative presentation of helpful data. At first, when the Manufacturer felt that he might use his paid-for space as he pleased, this 1 ` American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1929 ' \ was a difficult problem. We are extremely gratified that, before our persistence and enthusiasm, the difficulties have been transformed into inspiring cooperation. We are proud that in the Catalog Data Pages of The Guide, the Engineer, Architect, Con tractor or Builder can find authoritative, serviceable data which he can use effectively in the selection of material or equipment, and in the general design of installations. We feel that this pride is justified because it has been earned--through devotion to principles and unremitting efforts to prove them. We are, too, very grateful to those far-seeing, broadminded manufacturers who have joined, with us in this enterprise, the sole object of which is service to and advancement of the Art of Heating, Ventilating and Air Conditioning,--an Art now immutably associated with the comfort, health and happiness of practically every man, woman and child in the civilized world. These manufacturers, whose Catalog Data appear in The Guide, pay for the service rendered to them as effective advertising, and the support and cooperation of these prescient manufacturers constitute an important part of the means whereby the Ameri can Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers is enabled to achieve the publication and wide distribution of The Guide,--whereby the Society has been enabled to extend its wholly philanthropic services to the general advancement of the Profession and its allied Industries, the one entirely dependent upon the other and both, jointly, essential to the general interests of the public. To them, our whole-hearted acknowl edgements. , Thus, through the splendid cooperation of its Members, backed by that of allied Manufacturers, The Society is enabled to extend its service and influence in a manner otherwise impossible,--to contribute signally to the advancement of those ideals which inspired its founders and have been perpetuated in its membership. In this edition every Text Chapter has been carefully revised in accordance with current knowledge and all useful data which have become available since the last edition have been, added. Arrangement and indexing have had intensive study and . "The Index of the Technical Data Sections" (pp. iv to xiii), has been made as compre hensive as possible. Likewise the Index to the Catalog Data Section (pp. 495 to 818) and the Index to Modern Heating and Ventilating Equipment (pp. 819 to 840) have been revised and amplified. The use of these Indices will greatly augment the utility of the work, with regard to any particular purpose. While we feel a perusual of all the Text and Catalog Data Pages will amply reward the time so employed, we suggest that the Indexes provide a quick and convenient means of access to reliable information upon such specific subjects as may be of immediate importance to the user. It is recommended that use be made of the Catalog Data to supplement the Text Data on any subject, as it will be found to contain much of the engineering data on sizes, shapes, capacities, dimensions, space requirements, applications and installations, so useful in the planning, specifying and installation of mechanical equipment. It is also suggested that the cross references in the Text always be used, as they have been very carefully planned to give ready access to the data contained in other Chapters which may be useful in connection with the particular Chapter in question. Also that the notes and explanations (especially those applicable to Tables) be studied, as in the interest of brevity and simplicity certain data have been made to serve many purposes by the use of these notes, but at the same time may be susceptible to improper use if not fully understood. We are more than gratified that The Guide has been adopted in many Schools, Colleges and Universities, as a standard Text Book, more than four hundred copies of the last Edition being so employed. In apprefeiation, wepledge ourselves to unflagging efforts that we may continue to merit this unusual recognition. We invite and will welcome constructive criticism from every source. More than nine thousand (9000) copies of this Issue will be published and distributed with the sincere hope that the generous efforts of the Contributors and the ready co operation of the represented Manufacturers will be more than requited in services rendered to the general advantage of the Profession, the Associated Industries and the^. Public-at-large. GUIDE PUBLICATION COMMITTEE Perry West, General Chairman and Editor-in-Chief C. V. Haynes W. H. Carrier Vice-Chairmen 2 CHAPTER I HEAT LOSSES FROM BUILDINGS Data on Inside and Outside Temperatures, Heat Transmission Coefficients, Theory of Heat Transfer, Infiltration and Wind Effects, Heat Conductivity Tables for Various Building Construction. INTRODUCTION THE latest authoritative data on conductivities of building and insulating materials, have been used in the revision and enlargement of this chapter of The Guide 1929. To the standard tables of heat transmission coefficients computed last year data for several new types of constructions have been added so that the figures for modern walls, roofs, ceilings, floors and partitions, both insulated and uninsulated are the most complete extant. Much fundamental research work is now under way, especially on surface factors and data from these investigations should prove useful in future editions, but are not as yet complete or definite enough for use in The Guide. CALCULATING HEAT LOSSES The procedure to be followed in determining the heat loss from any building can be divided into seven consecutive steps, as follows: 1. Determine on the inside air temperature, at the breathing line, which is to be maintained in the building during the coldest weather. See Table 1, p. 4. . 2. Determine on an outside air temperature for design purposes, based on the mini mum temperatures recorded in the locality in question, which will provide for all but the most severe conditions. Such conditions as may exist for only a few consecutive hours are readily taken care of by the heat capacity of the building itself. See Table 3, p. 8. 3. Select or compute the heat transmission coefficients for outside walls and glass, also for inside walls, floors, or top-floor ceilings, if these are next to unheated space. Include roof if next to heated space. See pages 22 to 45 and Tables 7 to 12. 4. Measure up net outside wall, glass and roof next to heated spaces, as well as any cold walls, floors or ceilings next to unheated space. Such measurements are made from building plans, or from the actual buildihg. 5. Compute the heat transmission losses for each kind of wall, glass, floor, ceiling and roof in the building by multiplying the heat transmission coefficient in each case Data for this Chapter of Tub Guide originally prepared by Arthur C. Willard, Professor of Heating and Ventilation and Head of Department of Mechanical Engineering. University of Illinois. . The work of compiling and computing Tables 7-12, in accordance with the methods set forth in the text was done by P/D. Close. The material for this edition has been revised by the following committee: Prof. F. B. Rowley, chairman; H. S. Ashenhurst. P. D. Close, .Prof. A. P. Kratz, Prof. G. L. Larson, L. B. Lent. E. C. Lloyd, H. P. Reid, E. N. Sanbern, C. G. Segeler and M. S. Wunderlich, 3 American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1929 \ by the area of the surface in square feet and the temperature difference between the inside and outside air. (See paragraphs 1 and 2.) 6; Select unit values and compute the heat equivalent of the infiltration of cold air taking place around outside doors and windows. These unit values depend on kind or width of crack and wind velocity, and when multiplied by the length of crack and the temperature difference between the inside and outside air, the result expresses the heat required to warm up the cold air leaking into the building per hour. See pages 47 to 60 and Tables 14 to 19. 7. The sum of the heat losses by transmission (paragraph 5) through the outside wall and glass, as well as through any cold.floors, ceilings or roof, and the heat equivalent (paragraph 6) of the cold air entering by infiltration represents the total heat loss equivalent for any building. The above are the heat losses after the building is heated and under stable operating conditions, in coldest weather. Additional heat is re quired for raising the temperature of the air, the building materials and the material contents of the building to standard inside temperature. The rate at which this additional heat is required depends upon the heat capacity of the structure and its material contents and upon the time in which these are to be heated. , This additional heat may be figured and allowed for as conditions require, but inasmuch as the heating system proportioned for taking care of the above heat losses will usually have a capacity about 100 per cent greater than that required for average winter weather, and inasmuch as most buildings may either be continuously heated or more time be allowed for heating up, during the few minimum temperature days, no allowance is made except in the size of boilers or furnaces. . INSIDE TEMPERATURES FOR WINTER* The inside air temperature which must be maintained within a building and which should always be stated in the heating specifications, is under stood to be the temperature at the breathing line 5 ft. above the floor and not less than 3 ft. from the outside walls. Inside air temperatures usually specified vary in accordance with the use to which the building is to be put, and Table 1 presents values which are in conformity with good practice. In connection with inside temperatures for winter where humidifying means are provided, approximately 1 deg. variation for each 10 per cent variation in relative humidity should be provided. For example, if the relative humidity is raised from a condition of 15 per cent to one of 45 per cent by artificial humidification it is desirable to lower the indoor temperature about 3 deg. as indicated by the Effective Temperature Line on the Comfort Chart. (See Chapter XXIII, p. 357.) The tern- peratures given in the table are for normal dry air with dew-points approximately equivalent to outdoor air. A reduction in the temperatures will be required corresponding to the raise of the moisture content by artificial humidification. ... In making the'actual heat loss computations, however, for the various rooms in a building it is often necessary to modify the temperatures given in Table 1 so that the air temperature at the proper level will be 1 Material for inside and outside temperatures prepared especially for The Guide by the following committee: W. H. Carrier, chairman; Prof. A. R. Acheson. R. S. Franklin, Dr. E. V. Hill'and S. R. Lewis. 4 Chapter I--Heat Losses from Buildings Table 1. Inside Temperatures Usually Specified Type op BoildiSo Deo. Fa hr. Schools-- Class Rooms.............................. Assembly Rooms.--................... Gymnasiums.............................. Toilets and Baths...................... Wardrobe and Locker Rooms... Kitchens............ ........................ Dining and Lunch Rooms........ Playrooms...:..... ........... ............. Natatoriums--............................ 68 66-68 55-65 70 65-68 66 65-68 60-65 75 , Theatres-- Seating Space_.... Lounge Rooms__ Toilets......... :....... 68-72 68 68 Hospitals-- ! Private Rooms ............... . Private Rooms (surgical) Operating Rooms.)........ ..... Wards................................. Kitchens and Laundries..... Toilets........ ....................... Bathrooms.................. ....).. 70 70-80 70-95 68 66 68 70-80 Hotels-- - Bedrooms and Baths.... . Dining Rooms.................... Kitchens and Laundries__ Ball Rooms......................... Toilets and Service Rooms. 70 70 66 65-68 68 ' Homes-- ' Where 68 deg. is generally the desirable standard of temperature a guarantee of 70 deg. is customarily exacted. Stores........ )................................... ....................................................................... )---..............:. Public Buildings........................ :........... ,........................................................................... Warm Air Baths.................................... ................... .............................-....................... Steam Baths............... ........... ...........................................................)..............................-- Factories and Machine Shops.......................................... ........................................... Foundries and Boiler Shops.!............. :..................................................................... Paint Shops...................................... .................................................................................. ... 65 - 68 68-70 120 - 110 60-65 50-60 80 used. By "air temperature at the proper level" is meant, in the case of walls, the air temperature at the mean height between floor and ceiling; in the case of glass, the air temperature at the mean height of the glass; in the case of 'roof or ceiling, the a)ir temperature at the mean height of the roof or ceiling above the floor of the heated room, and in the case of floors, the air temperature at the floor level. In the case of heated spaces adjacent to unheated (no heat of any kind) spaces, it will usually be sufficient to assume the temperature in such spaces as the mean between the temperature of the inside heated spaces and the outside air tem perature. The air temperature at the mean height between floor and ceiling is the "breathing-line" temperature, Table 1, for rooms not over 10 ft. in 5' ' :i American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1929 Table 2. Desirable Indoor Temperatures in Summer Corresponding to Outdoor Temperatures Degbsbs Outside Dry Bulb 95 90 85 80 75 70 B Dry Bulb 80.0 78.0 76.5 75.0 73.5 72.0 Degrees Inbids Wet Bulb 65.2 64.5 64.0 63.5 63.0 62.5 Effective Temperature 73.4 72.2 71.1 70.2 69.3 68.2 height. For rooms above this height, add 2 per cent per foot of height to the breathing-line temperature for each foot or fraction of a foot difference between the mean height of the vertical wall,.glass, roof or ceiling surface, and the height of the breathing line. In determining mean air temperatures just above floors which are next to ground or unheated spaces, a temperature 5 deg. lower than breathing line temperature may be used, provided breathing-line temperature is not less than 55 deg. fahr. : INSIDE TEMPERATURES FOR SUMMFR Where buildings are being artificially cooled for human comfort during the summer a different scale of inside temperatures is required and this inside temperature must depend to a large extent upon the variation in outside temperatures. It is manifestly undesirable and impracticable to maintain a temperature of 70 deg. inside when it is 95 deg. outside, nor can it be said that the inside temperature should be maintained 15 deg. below the outside temperature. At 95 deg. outside and dry air, a tem perature somewhat lower than 80 deg. might be desirable. On the other hand with 85 deg. outside a 70 deg. temperature inside would be entirely too cold. In other words, the spread between the inside and outside temperature must be varied as the outside temperature varies. Table 2 is based on average moisture conditions outside and upon the assumption of relative humidities inside, between 50 and 60 per cent, which is usual in such installations. OUTSIDE TEMPERATURES IN WINTER The outside air temperature used\in computing the heat loss from a building is seldom taken as the lowest temperature ever recorded in a given locality. Such temperatures are usually of short duration and are rarely repeated in successive years. It is therefore evident that a tem perature somewhat higher than the lowest on record may be properly assumed in making the heat, loss computations. The outside temperature to be assumed in the design of any heating system must not be more than 15 deg. fahr. above the lowest recorded temperature as reported by the U. S. Weather Bureau (Table 3) during the preceding 10 years for the locality in which the heating system is to be installed. The outside temperature assumed and used in the design should always be stated in the heating specifications. 6 ' Chapter I--Heat Losses from Buildings . . If U. S. Weather Bureau reports are not available for the locality in question, then the U. S. Weather Bureau reports for the station nearest to this locality are to be used, unless some other temperature is specifically stated in the specifications. . ........ In computing the average heat transmission losses for the heating season the average outside temperature from October 1 to May 1, shall be used. This is to be that reported by the U. S. Weather Bureau during the preceding 10 years, for the locality in question. GENERAL STATEMENT ON TEMPERATURES AND WIND VELOCITY In order that no misunderstanding may occur, the specifications for all heating systems or plants shall include a clause covering the following points: 1. The lowest recorded outside temperature in the locality, as reported by the U. S. Weather Bureau for the preceding 10 years; 2. The outside-air and inside breathing-line temperatures which were assumed and actually used in making the heat loss computations; 3. The heating load should be calculated on a temperature not more than 15 deg. above the minimum outside temperature recorded for the locality for the preceding 10 years and at a wind velocity which is. the highest recorded in the locality for such temperature (i.e., for a tempera ture 15 deg. above the minimum) for the locality in which the heating plant is located. Both wind velocity and direction are to be taken from the U. S. Weather Bureau records of 10 years. ' OUTSIDE TEMPERATURES IN SUMMER' The maximum cooling load in summer may be calculated for an outside dry bulb temperature not to exceed 95 deg. and a wet bulb temperature not to exceed 77 deg. While higher outside dry bulb temperatures are frequently observed they are either of short duration or accompanied by low relative humidities. Weather Bureau reports are frequently mis leading in this respect as they report the maximum temperature for the' day with the relative humidity which occurs during a different period and which usually is much higher than the relative humidity occurring at the maximum temperature. Any statement of weather conditions which gives a wet bulb temperature higher than 80 deg. in the United States is questionable. Definition HEAT TRANSMISSION COEFFICIENTS . The amount of heat expressed in B.t.u. which is. transmitted in 1 hour per square foot of the material as used in the building, for a difference in temperature of 1 deg. fahr. between the air on the inside and outside of the building, is called the coefficient of heat transmission for the material. The heat transmission coefficient for any given building ma terial depends upon the structure of the material and its density.. Heavy or dense materials, the weight of which per cubic foot is high, usually transmit more heat than light or less dense materials, the weight of which per cubic foot is low. 7 X American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1929 Table 3. Climatic Conditions Compiled from U. S. Weather Bureau Records Col. A Col. B Col. C Col. D . Col. E Col. F State City Average TempOct. istMay 1st Lowest Tempera ture Average Wind Vel ocity. Dec., Jan., Feb.. Miles per Hr. Direction oinfgPrWevinadil, Dec., Jan., Feb. . Ala Birmingham.--____ ________ ___ Flagstaff______________________ Ark................ Fort Smith___________________ Little Rock.______________ ____ Gal Los Angeles-__________________ Grand Junction_________ ._____ Conn_______ New Haven______ nr r,o Idaho__ __ ... in.............................. TnH Savannah................ ...... .... ..... .... Lewiston.................. ... ................. Pocatello.................. l................... Chicago___________ -.................. Springfield....................: .............. Evansville.-................................... Sioux City..... ............................. . Kans_______ Concordia..................................... Dodge City..... ........................ . Ky...... ..... .. Louisville...................................... la Shreveport.................................... Me___ __ ___ Eastport........................................ Portland..-................-.................. Mr! Minn____ ____ Detroit-................................................................. Marquette..................................... Duluthi.......................................... Minneapolis................ ,,................ Mo................ Mont- .......... St. Louis..... ...... ........... - ____i___: Springfield...... ...................................................... Havre........................................................................ North Platte..................................................... N. H...................... N. J........................ N. V..... ............. N. M.._ .......... Winnemucca-- ........................................ Concord.................................................................. Buffalo. _ ............ ..................................... New York. -............................................... ...... Santa Fe................ ................................................ 57.7 53.9 59.5 34.9 49.5 51.6 54.3 58.6 39.3 39.2 38.0 43.2 61.9 51.4 58.4 42.5 36.4 36.4 39.9 40.2 44.1 33.9 32.1 38.9 40.2 45.2 61.5 56.2 31.1 33.6 43.6 37.6 29.1 35.4 27.6 25.1 29.6 56.0 40.3 43.3 43.0 34.7 27.7 37.0 34:6 39.6 37.9 33.4 41.6 35.1 34.7 40.3 38.0 -i -10 16 -25 -15 -12 29 . 28 -29 -16 -14 -15* 10 --8 .8 -13 -20 -23 --24 -25 -15 --32 -35 -25 .--26 -20 ' ' 7 -5 -23 -17 --7 -13 -27 -24 -27 -41 -33 -1 -24 -22 -29 . -49 -57 --29 -35 --7 . -28 -35 -7 -24 -14 -6 -13 8.3 8.6 3.9 6.7 8.0 9.9 7.4 5.6 9.3 7.3 8.2 11.8 8.3 4.7 9.3 17.0 10.2 11.8 8.4 6.1 12.2 7.3 10.4 9.3 9.6 7.7 13.8 10.1 7.2 11.7 11.3 13.1 11.4 11.1 11.5 7.6 9.1 11.8 11.3 8.7 10.9 9.0 9.9 9.5 6.0 10.6 7.9 17.7 13.3 7.3 . N' N E SW E NW N NE S SE N NW NE NW NW E SE SW NW s S NW NW N NW SW N SE W NW NW w w SW NW SW NW , SE NW NW SE W SW N W SE NENW sNW w NW NE 8 Chapter I--Heat Losses from Buildings Table 3. Climatic Conditions Compiled from U. S. Weather Bureau Records-- (Continued) Col. A State Col. B City Col. C Average Temp.. Oct. 1stMay 1st Col. D Col. E Col. F Lowest Tempera ture Average Wind Vel ocity Dec., Jan., Feb., Miles per Hr. Direction of Prevail ing Wind, Dec., Jan., Feb. N. C------- --- Raleigh....;_________ __ ________ 49.7 Wilmington.. .......................... 53.1 24.5 Devil's Lake........... -.................. 18.9 Ohio.............. Cleveland...................................... 36.9 Columbus_______________ 39.9 ' 48.0 34.1 Portland........................................ 45.9 Pa 41.9 Pittsburgh. ^ ............................... 40.8 P T 37.6 q r 56.9 Columbia...................................... 53.7 q r> . 28.1 Rapid City............................... . 32.3 Tenn.......... -- Knoxville...................................... 47.0 Memphis....................................... 50.9 53.0 Fort Worth................................... 54.7 San Antonio.................................. 60.7 38.1. Salt Lake City. ...................... .... 40.0 Vt....... .......... Burlington. _ ........................... 29.3 Va 49.1 Lynchburg.................................... 45.2 Richmond--...................... ............ 47.4 Wash 45.3 37.5 W. Va.. ____ Elkins. ................................... 38.8 Parkersburg....................:............. 41.9 Wic 28.6 La Crosse...................................... 31.2 Milwaukee...........................;........ 33.0 31.0 Lander.............. ............................ 28.9 -2 5 -45 -44 -17 -20 -17 -20 -2 -6 -20 -9 7 -2 -43 -34 -16 -9 -2 -8 4 -24 -20 -27 2 -7 . -3 3 -30 -21 -27 -36 -43 -25 -45 -36 7.3 8.9 11.4 14.5 9.3 12.0 6.0 6.5 11.0 13.7 14.6 11.0 8.0 11.5 7.5 6.5 9.6 10.5 11.0 8.2' 8.9 4.9 12.9 9.0 5.2 7.4 9.1 4.8 6.6 12.8 5.6 11.7 5.3 3.0 SW SW NW w SW SW N SE S NW NW NW N NE ' NW W SW NW NW NW N W SE S N NW S SE SW W S SW NW W NW NE Transmission Coefficients By means of suitable tests on actual wall, roof, floor and ceiling con structions, heat transmission coefficients may be determined directly, or they may be computed if certain physical constants are known. If tests are made to. determine heat transmission coefficients, the inside and out- ' side air temperatures should correspond with those actually existing in heating practice, and the atnount of air movement, both on the inside and outside of the test wall, should be definitely stated in reporting the co efficients. Since actual temperature differences vary widely in different parts of the country, it is desirable to adopt some standard basis for testing, such as 80 deg. inside and 0 deg. outside, and in very precise work '9 American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1929 \. make a correction for other temperatures. It has been found that the absolute mean temperature of the wall affects the (coefficient materially. The coefficient increases with the absolute mean temperature. Tests are usually run under still' air conditions, which means there was no wind movement, during the test, over the surfaces of the wall. In practice, some wind movement over the exterior surface of the wall should always be allowed, for; hence still ait coefficients cannot be used in actual work as they do not provide for the normal wind movement over the outside of the building in the locality in question during the heating season. Moreover, still air transmission coefficients. cannot be corrected to provide for moving air conditions by multiplying by a single constant factor.* The coefficients of heat transmission of various types of construction as given in Tables 7 to 13, are for still air for inside walls, floors and ceilings and for a wind movement of 15 miles per hour for exterior walls and roofs and are generally applicable to heat transmission computations using equation (9). Such heat transmission coefficients are always based on the difference between the air temperatures on the inside and the outside of the wall. Chapter I--Heat Losses from Buildings Whatever amount of heat H, enters the inner wall surface must be given off from the outer wall surface, so that if H, represents heat emitted from outer surface H, = H2 = K, {t, - /,,) 5. (2) Now Ki may not equal K,, in which case (t2-l0) will not equal (t-t,). Usually, in an actual wall exposed to wind on the outside, K> (Table 6) is greater than K, and (t,-t,,) must be less than (t-t,). Moreover, the heat Hc passing through the wall by conduction is equal to H, and H,, and if C is the coefficient of conduction = B.t.u. transmitted per hour Transmission Coefficients by Computation If heat transmission coefficients are to be computed, and in many, if not most cases, they should be computed, the following analysis of the transmission of heat through a simple, solid wall is used as the basis for such computations. A represents warm surfaces at temperature t of inside air; B represents cold surfaces at temperature l0 of outside air. For an actual temperature gradient curve/see Fig. 2. Fig. 1. Temperature Curve or Gradient from Air Inside to and through Wall to Air Outside, Wall Matervil Assumed Air-Tight The diagram in Fig. 1 exhibits four important temperatures: First the air temperature t inside of the building; second, the temperature 1, of ! the inside surface of the wall; third, the temperature t, of the outside surface of the wall, and fourth, the air temperature U outside of the build ing. Heat reaches or enters the inside surface of the wall by radiation per square foot of material per 1 in. thickness per degree difference between the surface temperatures, then H, = H2=Hc=-j (t, -t,)S (3) and convection, since the air and objects A within the building are always warmer than the inside surface of the wall, when the inside air tempera ture t is greater than the outside air temperature t0. This heat must then pass through the material of the wall from inside to outside surface by conduction, and is finally given off from the outside surface by radiation and convection, provided, of course; that equilibrium has been established and all four temperatures are constant. The amount of heat reaching or entering the wall per hour depends on t and t, and a coefficient K, varying with the character of the wall material. K, may be defined as the B.t.u. per hour entering each square foot of wall surface per degree difference between the inside air tempera ture t and the inside surface temperature t,. Hence the heat received by inner surface of the wall per hour by both radiation and convection is where x = wall thickness in inches. These equations (1), (2) and (3) are fundamental and are used for determining values for K,, K, and C for actual wall materials by test. They cannot be used for computing heat losses in an actual building, since the surface temperatures t, and l, are seldom known, although these surface temperatures can be determined in a test by means of thermo couples. Hence, for actual conditions where the only temperatures known are the inside and outside air temperatures' t and t0, it is necessary to use a transmission coefficient U = B.t.u. transmitted per hour per square foot of wall surface per degree differe'nce between the inside and outside air temperatures. Values of U for many common types of construction are given in' Tables 7 to 13. The heat H transmitted per. hour from air inside to air outside is then computed as follows: H, = K, (t -- /,) 5 (1) . H = U(t - to) S . (4) where 5 is the inner wall surface area in square feet and the other terms ate as heretofore indicated. and since.H = H, = H, = Hc, the right hand membersJof equations (1), (2), (3) and (4) are all equal. . 2"Effect of Wind on Heat Transmission Coefficients'' in Appendix to Section III, Code of Minimum Requirements of the American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers. 10 The coefficient U may be determined by test, or it may be computed for any wall provided values for K,, K, and C are known. By proper substitution in the four equations, the unknown temperatures t, and t. 11 y s' American Society of Heating^and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1929 can be eliminated and the value of the transmission coefficient for a simple wall x inches thick is V= X -+ -+ C (5) and for a compound wall of several materials having thickness in inches of x,, xt, X,, etc., the coefficient is U= 1 x, C, + etc. (6) . Chapter I--Heat Losses from Buildings . Table 4. Surface Coefficients (K,) for Various Building Materials under . Still Air (No Wind) Conditions The values in the table are in B.t.u. per square foot of wall surface per hour per 1 deg. fahr. difference between the mean air temperature in the room and the inside surface temperature of the wall. Building Material Asbestos (sheet)--................. Brickwork (ordinary)--....:....... Cement Plaster (finished).......... Concrete............. :........................ Corkboard................................... Glass (window)........................... Magnesia (blocks)...................... Wood (finished surface)... ......... Building paper..... .................-- Average of all values...... Surface Coefficient Ki (Still Air) Harding and Willard . Wood 1.40 1.40 0.93 1.30 1.25 1.50 1.45 1.40 1.34 . . 1.20 1.90* 1.40 Average of both sides of glass 0.12 in. thick and for 70 deg. fahr. total temperature difference from air to air with moving air on one side. Probable value for still air on both sides 1.60. In the case of air space construction, two additional surface coefficients for each air space must be inserted in either equation (5) or (6). - These surface coefficients may be taken the same as the (still air) values for the materials forming the sides of the air spaces; thus for a simple wall with one air space, Fig. 2. Temperature Gradient Curves for Glass (Taken from Bulletin No. 24, Engrg. Exp. Sta., Pennsylvania State College) As in the case of the simple wall, Ki and K, are always the inside and outside surface coefficients for the two materials in contact with air. If the air is still (no wind), then for the same material Kt and K, are the same, and K, = K,; but if the outside air is in motion then K, is always' greater than Ki and will increase as the wind velocity increases. Values for Kx in still air as determined by various investigators are given in Table 4. Values for C, the conductivity of building materials, are given in Table 5, and are taken from the published values of various investiga tors. It should be noted that values of C as well as U are dependent on the temperature range, and it is therefore desirable that the investigator determine conductivity values when the wall is subjected to an . air temperature of about 70 deg. fahr. on the inside and about zero on the outside. .' 12 With certain very special forms of construction which have irregular air spaces, it is necessary to use the conductivity for the unit construction as actually assembled in the wall. This condition exists when hollow tile is used as furring, in which case yr is replaced by yr, where Ca is the unit conductivity. (See footnote 2 of Table 5.) Heat Transmission Data As previously stated heat transmission coefficients of many common types of building construction are given in Tables 7 to 13, inclusive, each construction being identified by a serial number. For example, in Table 7-A, the coefficient of transmission (17) of a 13-in. brick wall, furring strips, and % in. of gypsum plaster on metal lath, is 0;185, and the number assigned to a wall of this construction is 3-b. The coefficients in these tables were determined by computations similar to those shown in Fig. 3, using the value of C (or Cu) indicated*. The authorities for the conductivities used for computing these coefficients 3Cu is the conductivity (or conductance) for construction or thickness stated. 13  American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1929 \ are given in Table 5. As in the case of the examples in Fig. 3, the average value of 1.34 given in Table 4 for K, was used for all surfaces in still air. The value of Kt for outside wall and roof surfaces was taken as 3 X K,, or 4.02, corresponding to a wind velocity of approximately 15 miles per hour. A value of C = 8.3 for stone concrete (1- 2- 4 mix) was used for com puting the values of U for all constructions involving this material. It is quite probable that the true conductivity of stone concrete approaches the value of 6.3 obtained from tests conducted by Professor Peebles of Armour Institute, when the concrete is thoroughly dry and well cured. If, for a certain concrete construction, it appears that the value of 6.3 is more nearly correct, the engineer may at his discretion compute the value of U on the basis of this figure. This of course is true of other constructions. The Research Laboratory of the American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers has developed an apparatus known as the Nicholls heat meter for the determination of the heat loss through any type of construction, and by means of which the value of U for any construction may be ascertained by actual test. The Nicholls heat meter consists essentially of a plate of bakelite, 2 ft. square and in. thick. This plate is equipped with thermocouples which are so constructed as to operate as differential pyrometers. A difference in temperature between the two surfaces of the plate produces a difference in electrical potential between the thermocouples. The plate is calibrated so that this difference in potential, when meas ured, can be converted into terms of heat transmission through the plate. In connection with this plate, it is also necessary to use several other thermocouples to give the temperature of the air within the building temperature of the interior surface of the wall or roof, the temperature of the plate itself, the temperature of the exterior of the wall or roof and the temperature of the exterior air. Tests have been conducted at the Research Laboratory of the Society with the Nicholls heat meter on certain types of wall construction, and the results obtained are in close agreement with the computed values for these same constructions. It would be obviously impossible to determine the air to air heat transmission coefficients of every type of wall construction in use with the heat meter on account of the great amount of time involved. Hence, the method of computing the coefficients from fundamental conductivity constants must be resorted to in most cases, but the heat meter can be used to good advantage in checking the accuracy of this computed values. The Society's Laboratory will continue its investigation's of the air-to-air transmission coefficients of many common types of wall constructions in order to definitely establish the accuracy of as many of the computed values as possible. Problems involving the determination of the value of U from the conductivity constants can also be solved by what is sometimes known as the resistance method which is readily derived from the basic equation No. 5 as follows: . -fr + + - -- [^1+ Ri +4?c] U 14 Chapter I--Heat Losses from Buildings Table 5. Internal Conductivities of Building Materials and Insulations1 .. vr,,__The internal conductivities in this table are expresseddn B.t.u. per hour, per square foot, per 1 deg. * fahr.. per 1 in. thickness unless otherwise stated A. Building Materials Material Description Density (Lb. per Co. Ft.) Asbestos---------------Asbestos Board.--. Sheet Corrugated---------- Asbestos Wood------ Asbestos and ce ment compressed. Asbestos Mill Bd.-- Pressed Asbestos-- Asbestos Shingles-- Asphalt Shingles-- Brickwork--.... -- Mortar Bond and dry conditions. Brickwork------------- Damp or wet------- 48.3 20.4 123.0 60.5 65.0 70.0 132.0 Cement Mortar.----- Concrete. Stone 1-2-4 mix---- Concrete.--------------- Stone____________ Concrete. Stone 1-2-5 mix---- - Concrete--------------Concrete.-------------- Cinder 1-2-4 mix----- Cinder.__________ * Concrete Blocks----- Stone Dry----------- Cornell Wood Board Ground Wood pulp thick). Gyplap---- ------------- Gypsum between layers of heavy paper (H# thick) Gypsum-........ l------ Building--oven dried 3 weeks. Gypsum..-....... ....... Building--mixed with 15 per cent wood fiber. Gypsum Partition Hollow__________ Tile. Gypsum Roof Tile.. Reinforced_______ 2 in. Hollow Clay Tile. H in- plaster both sides_______ 4 in. Hollow Clay Tile. in. plaster both sides. 6 in. Hollow Clay Tile. H in. plaster both sides.______ 2 in. Hollow Clay Tile____________ 1*4*670 145.0 iloTo 103.6 53.5 78.0 120.0 127.0 124.3 Mean Temp, of Sample (Deg. Fahr.) 110 110 86 86 75 75 100 110 75 95* 122 75 68 75 90 68 75 75 110 100 105 Internal Conduc tivity . (C OR Cu) Authority >4 0.29 0.48 2.70 0.843 6.003 6.50* 4.00 8.00^ 8.30 6.30 6.27 2.35 5.20 4.84 2.50* 2.60* Willard. Lichty & Harding Willard. Lichty & Harding Bureau of Standards Bureau of Standards Peebles, Armour Institute Peebles, Armour Institute Willard, Lichty & Harding Recommended by Harding & Willard** Willard. Lichty & Harding Willard. Lichty & Harding Peebles. Armour Institute C.L. Norton. Boston, Mass. C.L. Norton, Boston. Mass. Peebles, Armour Institute Hencky Peebles. Armour Institute Bureau of Standards 2.99 2.30 Poensgen Calculated* 1.00 Peebles, Armour Institute Peebles, Armour Institute 1.00* Willard, Lichty & Harding 0.60* Willard. Lichty & Harding 0.47* 1.14* Willard. Lichty & Harding Calculated 4 iSee Chapter LX. by Chas. H. Herter of the Report of the Insulation Committee. A^.R.E., Annual Meeting 1922. Revised to 1924, entitled "Heat Transmission of Insulating Materials for a more com prehensive collection of heat transmission data relating to building and insulating materials. *For thickness stated or used in construction, not per 1 in. thickness. * Hot side of plate. ...... . _ , _ ,, A. e 4Estimated from values reported in University of Illinois Engineering Station, Bulletin No. 102, for hollow clay tile plastered both sides.- assuming the conductivity of cement plaster *= 8.0 per 1 in. thickness. Calculated from 2 in. tile tests. . ^Average of several values. ' . 7Cement mortar and stucco assumed same as cement plaster. ,, ...... *Roofing. 0.15 in. thick (1.34 lb. per sq. ft.), covered with gravel (0.83 lb. per sq. ft.), combined thick ness assumed 0.25. Estimated from value of C -- 2.99 for gypsum and c -- 1.0 for wood. , ,0Not compressed. . .. _, , . 0_ **The conductivity of plaster vanes with the composition. Note range of values froTM 2J32 to 8.0. The average value for plaster is probably about 5.0. On account of the comparatively high conductivity of plaster and the fact that it is seldom applied more than % in. thick, this material does not appreciably effect the overall transmission of a construction, excepting in the case of thin uninsulated walls. **See " Mechanical Equipment of Buildings'* by Harding and Willard, page 56. . **Thickness of lime plaster and wood lath from back of lath to face of plaster, about % tm *4In addition to the conductivity values for the authorities listed, considerable work of importance pertaining to the heat transmission of various types of construction and materials has been done by the late Prof. John R. Allen and Prof. F. B. Rowley of the Engineering Experiment Station of the University of Minnesota, and Prof. A. J. Wood of the Engineering Experiment Station of Pennsylvania State College. 15 . American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1929 Table 5. Internal Conductivities of Building Materials and Insulations'--Continued Material Description Density (Lb. per Cu. Ft.) Mean Temp, of Sample (Dbg. Fahr.) Internal Conduc tivity (C or Cu) Authority1 4 in. Hollow Clay TUe.... ......... 6 in. Hollow Clay Tile 8 in. Hollow Clay Tile 12 In. Hollow Clay Tile 16 in. Hollow Clay Tile................. Magnesia Board___ Magnesia (85 per Rigid-- ___ ,, cent) and Asbestos (15 per cent). Plaster__________ _ Gypsum______ __ 13.5 19.3 46.2 110 86 86 Plaster Board._....... Gypsum between layers of heavy paper. Roofing0. ___ Built-up bitumen and felt, gravel 62.8 70 86 Roofing8.................. Built-up bitumen and felt, gravel or slag surfaced.^. Roofing.______--__ Composition or Sawdust__ .... SheeCrock.............. Gypsum mixed with sawdust between layers of heavy paper (0.39 in. thick). 60.7 75 86 86 90 201 Sandstone. Wood lath and Lime plaster_____ __________ 75 Woods: 28.7 86 Fir................. Across grain______ 33.4 Maple Flooring__ Across grain______ Man!? Across grain______ Mahogany.... ...... Across grain_____ _ Onlr 40.0 44.3 34.3 75 86 86 75 Virginia Pine____ Across grain____ 34.3 86 White Pine Across grain. 31.2 86 Yellow Pine .... . Across grain , ---- 0.65* 0.50* 0.43* 0,26* 0.185* 0.51 0.508 2.3211 8.00" 1.41 3.04 1.325* 5.30*- 6.50* 1.04 0.707 3.60* 10.37 10.0 8.00* 2.0* 0.668 1.000 1.20 1.103 0.900 1.30 0.958 0.784 1.000 Calculated4 Willard, Lichty & Harding Bureau of Standards Bureau of Standards Peebles. Armour Institute Bureau of Standards Willard, Lichty &.Harding Willard, Lichty & Harding Bureau of Standards Peebles, Armour Institute Willard, Lichty & Harding Peebles. Armour Institute Bureau of Standards Bureau of Standards Bureau of Standards Bureau of Standards Peebles, Armour institute B. Insulations (Dry) Balsa wood Across grain Balsa wood_____ __ Across grain______ Balsa wood Across grain Balsam wool10____ Chemically treat ed wood fiber. Cabots quilt1 ___ Eel grass between - Kraft paper. Cabots quilt10___ Eel grass between Kraft paper. Celotex___________ Board form insu lation made from sugar cane fiber. Celotex.___;_______ Board form insu lation made from sugar cane fiber. `See footnotes 1 to 14 on p. 15. 20.0 8.8 7.3 2.2 4.6 3.4 13.5 13.2 90 90 90 90 90 90 70 90 16 0.58 0.38 0.33 0.27 0.26 ` 0.25 0.33 0.34 Bureau of Standards Bureau .of Standards Bureau of Standards Bureau of Standards . Bureau of Standards.- Bureau of Standards Peebles. Armour Institute Bureau of Standards Chapter I--Heat Losses from Buildings Table 5. Internal Conductivities of Building Materials and Insulations'--Continued B. Insulations (Dry)--(Continued) Material Description Density (Lb. per Cu. Ft.). Mean Temp, of Sample (Deg. Fahr.) Internal Conduc- (C OR Cu) Authority14 Corkboard------------Corkboard------------Corkboard------------Corkboard-------- -- Pure; no binder. Pure; no binder. Pure; no binder. added added added Kapok between burlap or paper. Flax and rye fiber Flaxlinum10---------- Flax fiber------------- Hairinsul10---------- j 75 per cent hair__ 25 per cent jute___ j Hairinsul10-..... --| 50 per cent hair__ Homasote Building Wall Board made Board (%T thick) from paper pulp. lnso Board--------- Board form Insu- lation made from wheat straw. Insulex or Pyrocell Cellular Gyspum__ Cellular Gypsum__ Cellular Gypsum. Insulex or Pyrocell Cellular Gypsum__ Cellular Gypsum__ Insulex or Pyrocell .Cellular Gypsum_ Cellular Gypsum__ Insulex or Pyrocell Cellular Gypsum^. Insulite,,.............. ,, Board form insu- lation made from wood pulp. Insulite.__________ Board form insu lation made from wood pulp. Keystone Hair10__ Linofelt1 0.......... Flax fibers be- tween paper. Lith. .................... Rock wool, flax and straw pulp T.ith and straw pulp Masonite________ Board form insu lation made from exploded wood fiber. . s u 1 a t i o n made from roots of Regranulated Cork.. About % in. par- Rock Wool10 Waterproof Fibrous material, made from rock. Also made in sheet form, felted and confined . with netting. 14.0 10.6 7.0 9.7 2.0 13.6 13.0 14.0 6.3 6.1 13.0 11.0 22.9 17.0 30.6 30.0 24.0 24.0 18.0 18.0 12.0 12.0 16.9 16.5 11.0 4.9 14.3 14.5 18.0 16.1 8.1 16.7 10.0 'See footnotes 1 to 14 on p. 15. 90 90 . 90 90 90 . 90 70 90 90 90 90 70 68 90 75 90 75 90 75 90 75 90 , 70 75 90 90 . 75 75 81 90 86 90 0.34 Bureau of Standards 0.30 Bureau of Standards 0.27 Bureau of Standards 0.32 Willard, Lichty & Harding 0.25 Bureau of Standards 0.32 0.31 0.32 0.27 ' Bureau of Standards Bureau of Standards Peebles. Armour Institute Bureau of Standards ` 0.26 0.26 0.26 0.40 Bureau of Standards Bureau of Standards Bureau of Standards Peebles, Armour Institute 0.33 Peebles, Armour Institute 1.00 0.92 0.77 0.737 0.59 0.566 0.44 0.400 0.34 Bureau of Standards Peebles, Armour Institute Bureau of Standards Peebles, Armour Institute Bureau of Standards Peebles. Armour Institute Bureau of Standards Peebles. Armour Institute Bureau of Standards 0.34 Peebles, Armour Institute 0.25 0.28 0.40' Peebles, Armour Institute Bureau of Standards Bureau of Standards 0.3S Peebles, Armour Institute 0.33 Peebles. Armour Institute 0.337 Peebles, Armour Institute 0.31 0.37 0.27 Bureau of Standards Bureau of Standards. Bureau of Standards 17 s' American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1929 Table 5. Internal Conductivities of Building Materials and Insulations'--Continued B. Insulations (Dry)--(Continued) Material Description Density (Lb. per Cu. Ft.) Mean . Temp, of Sample (Dec. Fahr.) Internal Conduc tivity {C or Cu) Authority*4 Thermofelt1______ Jute and asbestos fibers, felted: Thermofelt10 Hair and asbestos fibers, felted. Thermofill........... .. Dry, Fluffy, ThArmnfill Flaked Gvnsnm. Dry, Fluffy, , Flaked Gypsum. Thermofill. ____ Dry, fluffy, . Flaked Gypsum. Thermofill_________ Dry, Fluffy, Flaked Gypsum. Thermasote Insu Board form Insu lating Board. lation made from wood pulp. 10.0 7.8 34.0 26.0 24.0* 18. Of 20.8 00 00 00 90 75 . 75 70 0.37 0.28 0.60 0.52 0.475 0.34 0.374 Bureau of Standards Bureau of Standards Bureau of Standards Bureau of Standards Peebles, Armour Institute Peebles. Armour Institute Peebles, Armour Institute Weight used in walls. fWeight used in ceilings. or 77 =----------------i---------------- . u 2 [/?, + *, + Ec] The internal resistance of a material is equal to the reciprocal of its so-called internal conductivity (C) multiplied by its thickness and is represented by the fraction-^-, or -yr, in the case of materials for which the conductivity (or conductance) is given in terms of the construction or thickness stated. For example, the internal resistance of 13 in. of bri.ckwork on the basi.s of value of C of 5.0 is --13 or 2.6. The internal '5 resistance of 2 in. hollow clay tile based on the value of Cu of 1.14 is ji, 0, 0.877. In the resistance method, the sum of the internal resistances of all the materials entering into the construction, is added to the sum of the surface resistances, which are the reciprocals of the surface coefficients or -g-. The resistance of a surface in( still air, based on . the average value of K, or 1.34 is or 0.746. The resistance of an , outside surface exposed to the wind, based on the average value of K, or 4.02 (3 X 1.34) is or 0.249. The computed value of U obtained by the resistance method is obtained by taking the reciprocal of the sum of the internal and surface resistances of the construction. The solution of. Example V in Fig. 3, by means of the resistance method is given in the accompanying tabulation : 18 Chapter I--Heat Losses from Buildings Examples al Tue Calculaiiox) or Ueat tieamsmiss\ox\ Of VAE10U5 COMSTEUCTlOtJS Outside X Ki-4.01 Inside Brick Wall 05.00 Outside fci-4.01 n Inside Cement Mortar C-8.00 /C Corkboard C*0-3O y a'A Gypsum Planter C-2.3Z ti - t.M " K.M * 14.01 -278 xc 6till air both sides _ Fiber Insulation (board, form) C-033 )h CvP*um Plaster C- Z.IZ -cuss 'Vlm*/Au+J^.'8z m Outside Inside .TSheothinq C-l.OO actual thickness m limd Plaster Cu.-2-'OO l\ 1.34 l4cHco * Yiaq Outside tt-4.0Z H/Vk Cypsuoi Plaster 0 JC-.2.32 ki-l.>4 Vt Cement Mortar C*6.0 + 'Aoz * % '1' SI fct-4.02x Tar ^Gravel Coo/iaq C- 1.325^ Average thickness assumed %" / 3*Stone. Concrete. C-6.V K'M+!4ai*','Xv5 s 0-61 Motes - The same ki value -1.54 ha-5 been used /brail surfaces in Still air as per the average Value epven m Table 3. Iix is assumed. 3xK.i or 4.0Z Cu is the Conductivity for the Construction and thickness as "Shown See Table 5 for further explanation of the Values of- C arid Cu Fig. 3. Computing Heat Transmission Coefficients for Building Walls 19 American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1929 Material Brickwork Cement Mortar,,................ Plaster (gypsum)._............. Thickness Inches 13 2 Yi Internal CONDCCTIVITT (C or Cui Surface CoErncENts (K\ or it*) 5.0 (C) 8.0 (C) 1.14 (Cu) 2.32 (C) 4302 (K. t.) 1.34 (Kr) Internal Resistance 2.600 0.063 0.877 0.215 3.755 Total resistance (R)..... Surface Resistance 0.249 0.746 0.995 31755 4.750 U = =0.210 B.t.u. per hour per square foot per 1 deg. fahr. difference in temperature between the air on the two sides of the wall. Table 6. Factors to be Used in Determining Values of Outside Surface Coefficients (K,) under Moving Air Conditions In bach case, the moving air factor is based on still air coefficient (Ki) for same material. For conditions where wind velocity is not known use the factor (3) or ' TAKE Kt AS 3Kl FOR SAME MATERIAL. ' Wind Velocity in Miles per Hour .. 5 10 15 : 20 Brickwork 2.38 .< 3.20 3.76 4.22 Multipliers of Ki* Wood . 2.19 2.71. r. 2.95 3.02 Average 2.28. 2.96: 3.36** 3.62 10 20 Above 20 Additional Values--Smooth Surface ....... 2.20 2,60 3.00 'Taken from Engineering Experiment Station Bulletin No. 102. of the University of Illinois. Addi tional values from Engineering Experiment Station, Pennsylvania State College, reported by Professor Wood. Tests at Pennsylvania State College indicate character of surface, rough or smooth, more important than material of surface. . This is usually taken as 3 even. ` The thicknesses upon which the coefficients in Tables 7 to 13, inclusive, are based, are as follows: . Brick veneer.................................................... .................... 4 in. Plaster and metal !ath._............................................. ....... in. Plaster [on wood lath, plasterboard, fiber insulation (board form), or corkboard]_I............ ........ ......... .... . in. Slate (Roofing)........ ;....................... ...... ,........ .................. in. Stucco on wire mesh reinforcing.................. ................... 1 in. Tar and gravel or slag surfaced built-up roofing............ . % in. Wood shingles (average thickness).............. ............. ........ % in. Wood siding or clapboard (average thickness)................. % in. 1- in. Lumber (S-2-S).. ......... ... ............ ...... .... ;.............|| in. 13-6-in. Lumber (S-2-S)...................... ........... '..... .............. 1^ in. 2- in. Lumber (S-2-S)......................................... ............. lj| in. 23'6-in. Lumber (S-2-S)................................ ...................2)/% in. .... 3- in. Lumber (S-2-S)................................... ............ ....... 2% in. 4- in. Lumber (S-2-S)................................................,.__ in. Finish flooring (Maple or Oak)____________ __________ in. ; Note that actual thicknesses of lumber are used in the computations rather than nominal thicknesses. On account of the fact that the internal resistances of metal and single 20 Chapter I--Heat Losses from Buildings thicknesses of building paper4 and roofing felt are very small, these resistances were neglected in the calculations, in accordance with standard practice. The computations for wood shingle roofs applied over wood stripping are based on 1 by 4 in. wood strips, spaced 2 in. apart. Since no reliable figures are available concerning the conductivity of Spanish and French clay roofing tile, of which there are many varieties, the figures for such types of roofs were taken the same as for slate roofs, as it is probable that the values of U for these two types of roofs will compare favorably. The coefficients of transmission of the pitched roofs in Table 12-A apply where the roof is over a heated'attic or top floor, such that the heat passes directly through the roof structure including whatever finish, if any, is applied to the underside of the roof rafters. By a heated attic is meant an attic to which heat is supplied directly from the furnace or boiler by means of radiators, hot-air registers, or other means. If the attic is unheated, the roof structure and ceiling of the top floor must both be taken into consideration and the combined coefficient of transmission determined. The formula for calculating the combined coefficient of transmission of a top-floor ceiling, unheated attic space and pitched roof, per square foot of roof area, is as follows: where U -- ^r.X Uce n X Pr + Uce Ur -- coefficient of transmission of the roof. (From Table 12-A, Pitched Roofs), Uce = coefficient of transmission of the ceiling. (From Table 10). n -- the ratio of the area of the roof to the area of the ceiling. The following example will illustrate the use of this formula: Determine the combined coefficient of transmission of a roof constructed of wood shingles applied over wood strips on rafters, an unheated attic, and a wood lath and plaster ceiling, based on a roof having a Yi pitch, for which the value of n is 1.2 (Roof No. 251a). UT = 0.483 (Roof No. 238-a, Table 12-A) Uce = 0.502 (Ceiling.No. 167-a, Table 10-A) Substituting these values in the preceding formula: r, 0.483 X 0.502 U 1.2 X 0.483 -f- 0.502 = 0.224 B.t.u. per hour, per square foot of roof area per 1 deg. fahr. difference in temperature between the air near the underside of the ceiling and the outside air. Combined coefficients for many common types of pitched roofs and top-floor ceilings for unheated attics are given in Table 12-B. 4 Building paper is used because of its value as a wind stop only. 21 American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1929 Table 7-A. Coefficients of Transmission (U) of Various Types of Masonry Wall Construction Note.--These coefficients are expressed in B.t.u. per hour per square foot per 1 deg. fahr. difference in temperature between the air on the two sides and are based on an outside wind exposure of 15 miles per hour. Solid Bgick. Walls t ` The values of U in this Table are based on the /bllowinq Internal Conductivities (C) which are expressed in &t.U. per Ur. per Sq.Ft. per lF Brick. 5.00 per l* Cement Mortar 8.00 per 1* Plasterboard . 3.04 per l* Plaster (Gypsum) Wood Lath Plaster 2.32 per f 2.00 as applied Cork board 0.30 per 1* Fiber Insulation (Board ^orm) 0.33 per l" Cellular Gypsum fl8*) 0.54 per l* Flaked GyP*umi Dry (ft?) 0.52 perl" Hollow itie 2*- 1.14 4" 0.65 . ` Y -Thickness Insulation where Spect/ied sV> dI 32 1 nterior Construction Y m Thickness of brick - X 4" 13" 18" 24" a to c d 1 Plain Walls - Wo Interior Finish 0.358 . 0. 278 0.Z18 0.173 z ^Plaster on Brick. 0.332 0. 263 0.208 0.166 3 4 Plaster on Metal lath - Furred 4 -l Plaster on Wood lath - Furred 0.216 0.185 0.156 0.13T 0.209 0.174 0.15Z 0.128 5 Plaster on % Plaster board -- Purred T Plaster on Wood Lath on 2" Furnnq 6 Strips - Cellular Gypsum Fill \ Plaster on. Wood Lath on 2" Furnnq 7 Strips - Flo.k.ci Gypsum Fill% 0.215 * i% 0.165 * 0.156 0.184 0.155 0.131 0.146 0.128 '0.111 0139 0.122 0.106 8 Jf Plaster On Fibre Insulation -- ( board form) Furred 8 10 \ Plaster on Cork board Set m l/L Cement Mortar ti X (tPlaster on l" UollowTile Cement ll-A Mortar between Tile and forick.) VL r \'A 2" 4' (-ii Plaster on UollowTile Cement lib Mortar between Tile and fonck.} . 0.166 0.153 0.124 0.(03 0.252 0.217 0.147 0.128 0.120 0.107 0. 113 0.102 0.045 0.087 0.210 0.174 0.185 0.156 O.lll 0.085 o.oqo 0.074 0.144 0.131 Based on 1H in., the actual thickness of 2 in. furring strips. tThe coefficients on this page can also be used with sufficient accuracy for the Ideal Rolok-Bak Wall. Note.--The coefficient used for plasterboard is 3.04 per inch thickness--recent data indicate values as low as 1.30 for this material. ' Note.--The coefficient used for cellular gypsum, 0.59 is for 18 lb. weight--weights as low as 12 lb. may be used. Chapter I--Heat Losses from Buildings Table 7-B. Coefficients of Transmission (U) of Various Types of . Masonry Wall Construction Note.--These coefficients are expressed in B.t.u. per hour per square foot per 1 deg. fahr. difference in temperature between the air on the two sides and are based on an outside wind exposure of 15 miles per hour. BaiCK. Veueeg. oh Hollow Tile Walls The values cf AJ w this Tabic are based, on the /oHowinq Internal Conductivities (C) which are e&pre9ed wr &t.u. per Ur. per Sq. Ft. per lF Hollow Tile 4'.a65 6*-O50 tf-a.43 tl'-0.26 brick 5.00 per f Cement Uortar BOO per f Plaster board 3.04 per 1" Plaster (Gypsum) 1.11 per f Wood lath $ Plaster 2.00 as applied Cork board. 0.30 per 1* Fiber Insulation (Board/brm) 0.33 per l* Cellular Gypsum (IS*) Flaked Gypsum, Dry (p?) 0.54 per f o.SZ per l" Y- Thickness qf Insulation where spea/ied _ AiU. Interior Construction 41 Vt Cement Mortar Thickness of UollowTile - X Y 4' 6" 8" 11" a 6c d 12 Plain Walls - Uo Interior Finish 0.2*14 0.260 0.Z40 0.175 13 \ Plaster on Uollow Tile am 0.246 0228 0.169 14 J Plaster on Metal Lath - Furred o.m 0.176 0167 QI33 15 i Plaster on Wood Lath - Furred .0.186 0.171 0162 0.130 16 j Plaster on Plaster board --Furred Raster on Wood Lath on 2?Furrinq 17 strips -- Cellular Gypsum Fill 0191 * 0.151 is Plaster on' Wood Lath on 2* Furrinq Strips -- ftakecL Gypsum Fill 18 i Plaster on Fiber Insulation -- 20 (board form.) Furred 21 i Plaster on Cortboard Set in */i 22 Cement Uortar ' irf 0.142 w" 0.151 r 0.123 ivi 0.115 2' 0.097 0.176 0.141 0.134 ai4i 0117 0.109 0.092 0.166 0133 0.135 0.112 0.128 0.107 0.135 0.112 0112 0.096 0.105 0.091 0090 00791 Based on 1% in., the actual thickness of 2 in. furring strips. Note.--The coefficient used for plasterboard is 3.04 per inch thickness--recent data indicate values as low as 1.30 for this material. ` ` . Note.--The coefficient used for cellular gypsum, 0.59 is for 18 lb. weight--weights as low as 12 lb. may be used. 23 x American Society of Heating atyi Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1929 , _\ Table 7-C. Coefficients of Transmission (/) of Various Types of Masonry Wall Construction Note.--These coefficients are expressed in B.t*u. per hour per square foot per 1 deg. fahr. difference in temperature between the air on the two sides and are based on an outside wind exposure of 15 miles per hour. fcCLICK. VeUEEE. Ob) COUCEETE WALLS The valued of LMn this Table are based on the foliowmq Internal Conductivities (C) which are expressed in &.t.u. per Ur. per Sq.ft. per lf Concrete (Stone V-V.4 mu) 8.30 per f >rtck. 5.00 per f Cement Mortar 3.00 per f Plaster board 3.04 per 1* Plaster (Gypsum) 2.32 per 1* Wood Lath $ Plaster . 2-00 as applied Cork board 0.30 per 1" Tiber Insulation (board fbrm) . 0.33 per V Cellujar. Gypsum (18*) ----- 0.58 per 1` Flaked Gypsum, Dry (26) 0.52 per l Y-Thickness of Insulation where Speci/ied Sa>> =d 3 ?2 Interior Construction Y - " . */ ; \Cement Mortar Thickness cf Concrete-X 6` 8' 10" 12" l <o a bc de 23 Plain Walls - VJo Interior finish 0.387 0.355 0.327 0.303 0.264 24 X Piaster on Concrete 0.358 0.330 0.305 0.285 0.250 25 ^"plaster on Metal.Lath -Furred 0.228 0.216 0.205 0.185 o.nq 26 j Piaster on V/ood Lath -- Furred 0.218 0.208 0.188 0.188 ai73. 27 j Plaster on 3/e Plaster board - furred Plaster on Vbod Lath on 2* furrinq 28 Strips -- Cellular Gypsum fill Plaster on Wood Lath on 1- furrinq 28 strips - l flaked Gypsum fill x 0.226 0.215 0.204 0.185 0.178 * [% 0.172 0.165 0.158 0.152. 0.142 1% 0.161 ' 0.155 0.150 0.145 0.135 30 Plaster on fiber Insulation (6oard/brm) furred. :3I 32 7. Plaster on Cork board Set in Yi 33 Cement Mortar ^ W. 0.172 0.165 0.158 0.153 0.144 r 0.137 0.132 0.128' 0.124 0.117 l'A" 0.127 0.123 0.120 0.116 0.110 2` 0.103 0.102 0.100 0.088 0083 Based on 1% in., the actual thickness of 2 in. furring strips. ... Note.--The coefficient used for plasterboard is 3.04 per inch thickness--recent data indicate values as low as 1.30 for this material. - Note.--The coefficient used for cellular gypsum. 0.59 is for 18 lb. weight--weights as low as 12 lb. may be used. 24 Chapter I--Heat Losses from Buildings Table 7-D. Coefficients of Transmission (U) of Various Types of Masonry Wall Construction flote.__These coefficients are expressed in B.Lu. per hour per square foot per I deg. fahr. difference in temperature between the air on the two sides and are based on an outside wind exposure of 15 miles per hour. Hollow/ Tile Walls with Stucco Exteetoe. fitJisw * The values of U m this Table are based on the /fcllowinq Internal Conductivities (C) which are Stucco 8.00 Hollow Tile 6-0.50 80l43 12-0.26 Cement Mortar 8.00 Plaster board 3.04 Piaster (Gypsum) 2.3Z Wood Lath 4 Plaster 2 .00 Cork board 0.30 fiber Insulation (board form) 0.33 Cellular Gypsum (18*) 0.58 Flaked-Qypsui-n, Dry (26* ") 0.52 per 1* 0.185 perl* perl' per 1' is applied per 1' per 1` per 1* perl" V-Thickness cf Insulation where speci/ied _QCl Interior dS Construction 52 Y 34 Plain Walls -- Uo Interior finish Thickness of Hollow Tile -X ' 6* 8' I2` ' 16' a b c d' a320 0.281 0.201 0.153 35 \ Plaster an Uollow Tile 0.288 0-273 0.143 0.144. 36 J Plaster on Metal Lath -- furred ` 37 z Plaster on Wood Lath -- furred 0.203 0.140 0.147 0.120 0.146 0.184 0.144 QII7 38 X Plaster on % Plaster board-furred 33 T Plaster on Wood Lath on 2* furrinq Strips - Cellular Gypsum fill ' 40 r Plaster on. Wood_Lath on 2* furrinq Strips - Flcxked Gypsum fill * * l%` 0.202 0.157. 0.148 0.140 0.144 0.142 0.147 0.122 0.116 0.120 0.102 0.048 41 ? Plaster on fiber Insulation -- 42 . (6oord form) furred l/z 0.158 0.150 0.122 0.103 r 0.127 0.122 0.103 0.084 43 z Plaster on Corkboard set vn Vz84 Com.ent Mortar i 0.118 aiis 2' 0.088 0.056 0.048 0*084 0.085 0.074 Based on 1% in., the actual thickness of 2 in. furring strips. tFigures on this page can be used with sufficient accuracy for hollow tile'walls without stucco finish. Note.--The coefficient used for plasterboard is 3.04 per inch thickness:--recent data indicate values as low as 1.30 for this material. ', Note.--The coefficient used for cellular gypsum. 0.59 is for 18 lb. weight--weights as low as 12 lb. may be used. 25 American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1929 Table 7-E. Coefficients of Transmission (U) of Various Types ofMasonry Wall Construction Note.--These coefficients are expressed in per hour per square foot per I deg. fahr. difference in temperature between the air on the two sides and are based on an outside wind exposure of 15 miles per hour. LimestoUe oe saudstoue Walls The values of U in this Table are based on the /ollowinq Internal Conductivities (C) which are. expressed in >.t.U. per Mr. per Sq.ft, per lF Stone. 10.00 per r Cement Mortar 8.00 per f Plaster board 3.CM per l* Planter (CvP"511TM) 2.32 per r Wood Lath 4 Planter Cork, board . 2.00 os applied 0.30 p. er r - Fiber Insulation (board, form) 0.335 ppeerrlr' Cellular Cypsu^i (IS*) 0.5*1 f*r r Flaked Gypsum, CVy (24, ) 0.52 per r Wall Number Y-Thickness of Insulation where speci/ied Interior Construction 45 ' Plain Walls -- Uo Interior Finish- Thickness cf Stone -X Y 8* 10` XV 16' 20' 24* a b c de / a 556 0.502 0:457 Q334 0.534 0.245 46 jr Plaster on `Stone a4<n Q4S2 0.415 0.356 asu 0.277 47 Plaster on Metal Lath--Furred 48 t Plaster on Wood Lath - Furred 0.277 a 262 0.244 0.227 0.208 0.142 0.264 0.251 0.239 0218 0.200 0.185 49 fc Plaster on Vs Plaster board - Furred i Plaster on Wood Lath on 2" Furrinq 50 Strips -Cellular Gypsum Fill 51 Plaster on* Wood Lath oa 2* Furrinq Strips Flaked Gypsum Fill 52 Plaster on Fiber Insulation -- 53 (board form) Furred' 54 k Planter on Cork, board set m */i Cement Mortar 55 0.275 0.261 0.248 0.Z26 O.207 0191 *. Ifk 0.148 0.141 0.184 0.171 0.160 0.150 0.185 0.178 0.112 0.161 0.151 0.143 A' o.m 0.142 0.184 0172 0161 0.151 * r ai53 QMS 0.144 0.136 0.124 Od23 lie 0.141 0.138 O.IM 0.127 0.121 0115 r 0.114 0.112 0.104 0.105 0.101 0.048 Based on 1% in., the actual thickness of 2 in. furring strips. Note.--The coefficient used for plasterboard is 3.04 per inch thickness--recent data indicate values as low as 1.30 for this material. . - Note.--The coefficient used for cellular gypsum, 0.69 is for 18 lb. weight--weights as low as 12 lb. may be used. .' 26 Chapter I--Heat Losses from Buildings Table 7-F. Coefficients of Transmission (U) of Various Types of Masonry Wall Construction Note.--These coefficients are expressed in B.Lu. per hour per square foot per 1 deg. fahr. difference in temperature between the air on the two sides and are based on an outside wind exposure of 15 miles per hour. 4" Cut StoUe Veueeg. okJ Bgick. Walls The values of-U m this Table are based on the /bllowinq Internal Conductivities (C) which are expressed in b.t.u. per Ur. per Sq.ft, per TP Stone 10.00 per f brick. 5.00 per T Cement Mortar 8.00 per f Plaster board 3.04 per f Plaster (Cypsum) t.3Z per T Wood Lath 4 Plaster 2.00 as applied Cork, board 0.30 per T Fiber Insulation (Board/brei) 0.33 perl* Cellular Gypsum CIO-). 0.54 per l' Flaked Gypsum, Dry (2(f) 0.5 2 per 1` 1-- ifep Y Thickness cf Insulation where speci/ied __ lu. S3 .Interior d i Construction 52 56 Plain Walls - No Interior Finish 57 Plaster on brick. Vfc Cmn ; Mortar^ Thickness of brick - X Y <r a 13' 18' 24* * bcd 0.281 0.246 0.148 0.160 0.280 0.234 0.140 0.155 58 Plaster on Metal Lath - Furred 54 k Plaster on Wood Lath - Furred 0.143 0.170 0.146 a 124 0.187 0.165 0.142 0.121 60 % Plaster on % Plaster board - Furred 61 k Plaster on Wood Lath on 2' Furrinq Strips - Cellular Cypsum Fill 62 k Plaster on Wgpd_Lath on 2" Furrinq Strips - Flaked Cypsum Fill 63 Plaster on Fiber Insulation -- 64 (board form) Furred 65 T Plaster on Cork board set in Vi 66 Cement Mortar 0.143 * 1% 0.151 * [% 0.143 0.152 f 0.124 i'a" 0.116 2' 0.047 0.170 0.137 0.130 0.137 0.114 0.107 0.041 0.145 0.125 0.120 0.105 0.115 0.10! 0.121 0.102 0.047 0.083 0.105 0.0 4 i 0.087 0.076 Based on 1% in., the actual thickness of 2 in. furring strips. - Note.--The coefficient used for plasterboard is 3.04 per Jnch thickness--recent data indicate values as low as 1.30 for this material. . t Note.--The coefficient used for cellular gypsum, 0.59 is for 18 lb. weight--weights as low as 12 lb. may be used. .. 27 American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1929 Table 7-G. Coefficients of Transmission (/) of Various Types of Masonry Wall Construction Note.--These coefficients are expressed in B.t.u. per hour per square foot per 1 deg. fahr. difference in temperature between the air on the two sides and are based on an outside wind exposure of 15 miles per hour. 4* Cut Stoue VeUeee. oiJ Uollow Tile Walls The values cf 0 m this Table are ba^ed on the /ollow/mq Internal Conductivities (C) which are expressed in b.t.u. per Ur. per Sq. Ft. per 1 F Uollow Tile 4*-Q.fc5 f-0.50 8-0.43 12'-0.26 Stone ' 10.00 per l* Cement Mortar .6.00 per r Plaster Board Plaster (Gypsum) . 3.04 per V 2.32 per f Wood Lath f Plaster 2.00 as applied Cork board 0.30 per r Fiber Insulation (Board/orm) 0.33 per l* . .Cellular. CYP*aTn*t1*) 0.54 per r PlaVredGypsum, Oy (26) 0.52 per r Y Thickness O'* Insulation where `Specified -OwV Interior' 11 Construction 67 Ram Walls - Xlo Interior Finish 68 i Plaster on Uollow Tile 69 % Plaster on Metal Lath -Furred Thtcfcness(q^ Uollow Tilt -X Y 6` a 8* 12* lb* bc d 0.289 0.265 0.189 0.146 0.272 'O.ITO 0.250 \ 0.17T 0.184 0,140 0.141 0.115. TO z Plaster on Wood Lath - Furred 0485 0.173 0.137 0.113 71 X Plaster on % Plaster Board -Furred k Plaster on Wood Lath on 2' Furrinq 7Z Strips -' Cellular Gypsum Fill 75 k Plaster on_WoodJ.ath_on.J2* furrinq Strips - Flaked Gypsum Fill 74 k Plaster on Fiber Insulation -- 75 (Board form) Furred 76 X Plaster on Cortboard. Cement Mortar . 77 5et in `/t 0.189 * 156 0.149 * 0.141 w 0.150 r. 0.122 ivt" 0.114 r 0.096 0178 0.142 0.135 0.143 0.117 0.110 0.093 0.140 0.115 0417 0.099 0.112 0.OHS , 0.117 0.099 0.099 0.086 0.094 "6.082 0.081 0.072 Based on in., the actual thickness of 2 in. furring strips. x Note.--The coefficient used for plasterboard is 3.04 per inch thickness--recent data indicate values as low as 1.30 for this material. Note.--The coefficient used for cellular gypsum, 0.59 is for 18 lb. weight-weights as low as 12 lb.' may be used. - - 28 ( Chapter I--Heat Losses from Buildings Table 7-H. Coefficients of Transmission (27) of Various Types of Masonry Wall Construction Hole__These coefficients are expressed in B.t.u. per hour per square foot per 1 deg. fahr. difference in temperature between the air on the two sides and are based on an outside wind exposure of 15 miles per hour. 4" CUT STOUE VEUEEE. OKI COUCE.ETE WALLS The values of U in this Table are based on the /olfowinq Internal Conductivities (C) which qre expressed m B.t.u. per Ur. per Sq.Ft. per l# F* Stone ,. . 1100.00 Dper lI*' Concrete (Stone LI* 4 mix) aso per t* Cement Mortar Plaster Board ' Plaster CCypsum) 0.00 per 1* 3.04 per r 2.32 per 1* Wood Lath % Plaster 2.00 as applied Cork board 0.30 per ^1* Fiber Insulation (Board/orm) 0.33 per l Cellular Gypsum (18*) 0.54 per l* Flaked Gypsum, Ory (26.) 0.51 per l Y-Thickness cf Insulation where specified L SV> Interior - IS Construction 32 78 Plain Walls - Uo Interior Finish 7T X Plaster on Concrete Thickness of Concrete -X . .Y ' 8* a. b 10` 12* 16* cd e 0.459 0.4lb 0.377 0.345 0.296 0.418 0.380 0.348 0.321 0.279 80 J Plaster on Metal Lath - Furred 81 y Plaster on Wood Loth - Furred Ct251 0.236 0.224 0.212 0.193 0.240 0.227 0.215 0.204 0.186 82. k Plaster on Plaster Board. - Furred k Plaster on Wood Lath, on Z* Furrinq 83 Strips -Cellulur Gypsum Fill k Plaster on Wood Lath on Z* Furrinq 84 5tnps - ridlcecl Gypsum Fill 85 ^ Plaster on Fiber Insulation -- 86 (Board form) Furred 87 k Plaster on Cork, board. `Set in 88 Cement Mortar 0.249 0.235 0.223 0.211 0.192 * -156 0.184 0.176 0.169 0.163 0.151 % 1%' 0.172 0.166 0.159 0.153 0,143 Vi 0.185 0.177 0.170 0.163 0.151 f 0.145 0.140 0.135 0.131 0.123 .11i 0.134 0.130 0.126 6.122 0.116 V 0.110 0.107 0.104 0.102 0.097 *Based on 1% in., the actual thickness of 2 in. furring strips. Note.--The coefficient used for plasterboard is 3.04 per inch thickness--recent data indicate values as low as 1.30 for this material. Note.--The coefficient used for cellular gypsum, 0.59 is for 18 lb. weight--weights as low as 12 lb. may be used. 29 American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1929 Table 7-1. Coefficients of Transmission {U) of Various Types of Masonry Wall Construction Note.--These coefficients are expressed in B.t.u. per hour per square foot per 1 deg. fahr. difference in temperature between the air on the two sides and are based on an outside wind exposure of 15 miles per hour. CoUcezete walls witw Stucco as Extegtob. fiuisu The valued of l) in this Table are based onthe /bllowmq Internal Conductivities (C) which are etpressed m &t.u. per Ur. per Sq.ft. per (f Stucco 8.00 per I' Concrete C^tone lsi!4 mm) 8.30 per \m Planter board 3.04 per l* Planter (Gypsum"). Z.3Z per 1` Wood Lath 4 Z-00 a* applied Cort board 0.30 per 1" fiber Insulation (board/fcrm) 0.33 per 1" Cellular Cvp3undl&<) 0.53 per f HatedGypsum, Dry (W-*) 0.5Z per 1" * * ft. * */* * * * 9. *V W all Viumber Y-Thickness of Insulation where speci/ied ' r Stucco on Wire Mesh -A Interior Construction 89 Plain Walls - VJo Interior finish Thickness of Concrete - X Y <aT 8' 10` 12.' Ife". ZO" a to ` c d ef 0.544 0.481 0.431 0.391 0.329 0.204 90 & Plaster on Concrete 0.486 0.437 0.395 0.361 0.308 0.268 91 % Planter on Metal Lath - furred 0.273 0.257 0.242 0.224 0.206 -'0.187 9Z Planter on Wood Lath - furred 0.261 0.246 0.232 0.220 0.199 0.181 93 Planter on % Planter board - furred 0.272 0.256 0.241 0.228 0.205 6.187 * 'k Planter on Wood Lath on 2" furrmq 94 Strips - Cellular Gypsum fill 1% 0.196 0.188 0.179 0.172 0.159 0.148 Plaster on Wood Lath on t* furnpq iT 95 Strips - Flaked Gypsum flU 0.183 0.175 0.168 0.162 0.150 0.140 9 6 n Plaster on fiber Insulation 97 ; (board form) furred 98 Vi Plaster on Corkboard set in Vfc 99 Cement . LAorftar it 0.197 0.189 0.180 0.173 0760 0.148 f 0.152 0.147 0.142 0.137 0.128 0.121 i'/e 0.141 0.156 0.132 3.127- 0.120. 0:114 i 0.114 0.111 0.108 0.105 0.100 0,096 ' Based on 1$4 in., the actual thickness of 2 In. furring strips. .: ' /vote.--The coefficient used for plasterboard is 3.04 per inch thickness--recent data indicate values low as 1.30 for this material. ; . . .. aNv orvte.llopTrihe coefficient used for cellular gypsum, 0.59 is for 18 lb. weight--weights as low as 12 lb. 30 Chapter I--Heat Losses prom Buildings Table- 7-J. Coefficients of Transmission (17) of Various Types of Masonry Wall Construction Nrl.__These coefficients are expressed in B.t.u. per hour per square foot per 1 deg. fahr. difference in temperature between the air on the two sides and are based on an outside wind exposure of 15 miles per hour. t4o ECouceelte. Walls witu. xtlbioe. Finish TWe values cf O \n dims Table ore based on (be /bllowinq Internal Conductivities (C) wbicb are ex pressed m fc.t.u. per Ur. per Sq. Ft. per IT Concrete (Stone 1-I-A mix) 8.50 perl" Plaster board 3.04 . per 1] Plaster (fciypsum) 2.52 perl Wood Lath 4 Plaster Cork board 2.00 asapplied 0.30 perl' fiber Insulation (board/krm) 0.33 -per f Cellular. CJvpsum . (18*). 0- 59 per l" " flaked Gypsum, Dry (26*) 0.52 per f Y-TbtcbneSS of Insulation where Opeei/ied L H Construction y TWickneso of Concrete -X <b" S' IO" 12* 16" 2.0" Q b c d -e / 89-A Plain Walls - Klo Interior finish 0.583 0.512 0.455 0.411 0.343 0294 90.A 1<2 Raster or? Concrete 0.518 0.461 0.416 0.378 0.320 0277 91-A % Plaster on Metal LatVr -furred 0.283 0.265 0.250 0.236 0.ZII 0142 92-A Vz Plaster on Wood Latb -Furred 0.270 0254 0,234 0.226 0.204 0185 93-A V% Placer on ^Piaster board-furred 0.282' 0.265 0.248 0.235 0.211 0.191 94-A fi Planter on Wood Latin on 2' furrmq Strips -Cellular Gypsum fill * 0.202 0142 0.183 0.176 0162 6.151 95-A Yi flastecon_Wood latb on 2' furrmq Stnps - flaked Gypsum fill l* 0.187 0.179 0.172 0165 0,153 0.143 96-A ffe. Placer on fiber Insulation --* 97-A (Board.form) furred _ Vi\ 0-203 0.194 0.184 0.177 0.163 0151 1* 0-155 0.150 0.145 0.139 0.130 0.123 98-A 99-A Cement Mortar iW 0.142 0.138 0.134 0.131 o.tzz 0.U6 t 0.116 0.113 0.109 0106 0.101 0.097 Based on IH in., the actual thickness of 2 in. furring strips. . Note.--The coefficient used for plasterboard is 3.04 per inch thickness--recent data indicate values as low as 1.30 for this material. . ,, , Note.--*The coefficient used for cellular gypsum, 0.59 is for 18 lb. weight--weights as low as 12 lb. may be used. 31 S of andAmerican Society Heating Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1929 Table 7-K. Coefficients of Transmission ({/) of Various Types of Masonry Wall Construction Note.--These coefficients are expressed in B.t.U- per hour per square foot per 1 deg. fahr. difference in temperature between the air on the two sides and are based on an outside wind exposure of 15 miles per hour. COUCG.ET.E &LOCIC V/ALLS T The values of U in this Table are based on the /bllowinq Internal Conductivities (C) which are depressed in b.t.u. per Ur. per `Sq.ft, per 1 F Concrete blocks 4.64$ per l* Cement Mortar 8.00 per 1* Plaster board . Plaster (Gypsum) Wood Lath ( Plaster # 5.04 2.32 Z.00 per Y per f as applied Cort board Fiber Insulation (board form) Cellular Gypsum 0&*) Powdered Gypsum (26*) Flaked Gypsum, 0ry (24*) 0.30 0.33 0.5S 0. 52 per l'. per l* per T per |* F Y -Thickness of Insulation where 5peci/ied %> ^I Interior Construction 100 Plum Walls - Uo Interior finish 101 Plaster on Concrete blocks Thickness of Concrete blocks -X Y 6" a 8" 10' 12" bCd 0.446 0.377 0.327 0.287 0.408 0.348 0.305 0.271 102 4 Plaster on Uetal Lath -furred 103 jr Plaster on Wood Lath - furred 0.247 0.224 0.205 0.188 0.236 0.215 0.188 0.183- 104 d Plaster on Y& Plaster board - furred X Plaster on Wood Lath on 2` furrmq 103 strips - Cellular Gypum fill 106 X PI aster on Wood Lath on 2* Furrmq Strips - Fla.Le<i Gypsum Fill ^ 0.Z46 0,223 0.204 0.188 k 1% 0.182 0.169 0.158 0.149 * i%' 0.171 0.158 0.150 0.141 107 X Plaster on fiber Insulation -- (board form) Furred 108 0.183 0.170 0.158 0.149 r 0.143 0.135 0.128 0.122 108 ^Plaster on Cork board set in */ Cement Uortar 110 . |!4` 0.133. 0.126 0.120 0.114 2' 0.108 0.104 0.100 '0.0%. Based on in., the actual thickness of 2 in. furring strips. fThe figures on this page may be used with sufficient accuracy for concrete block walls with stucco exterior finish. - . J Resistance of hollow concrete blocks = /"JL | assumed directly proportional to thickness as .. with solid homogeneous materials. \ e 4.84/ . . - Note.--The coefficient used for plasterboard is 3.04 per inch thickness--recent data indicate values as low as 1.30 for this material. , Note.--The coefficient used for cellular gypsum, 0.59 is for 18 lb. weight--weights as low as 12 lb. may be used. . 32 Chapter I--Heat Losses from Buildings Table 8-A. Coefficients of Transmission (U) of Various Types of Frame Wall Construction Note.--These coefficients are expressed in B.tax. per hour per square foot per 1 deg. fahr. difference in temperature between the air on.the two sides and are based on an outside wind exposure of 15 miles per hour. Wood SidiiJq on Clapboard Walls The value.* of U m this Table ore based on the /olfowmq Internal Conductivities (C) which are expressed in b.t.u. per Ur. per `Sq.ft. per !"*f Wood. (Yellow Pint or fir) Planter (Gypsum) 1.00 ` per l` 2.32 per l Wood Lath { Plaster 2.00 Plaster board 3.04 Cork board 0.30 fiber Insulation (board.form) 0.33 felt or Quilt Insulation (Sc/t) 0.2 7 as applied per I* per T per f per l Cellular Gypsum (l&*) Flaked Gypsum, Ory(zG*) 0.54 p'r {' 0.52 per l Ty pi cal Con str uctiorr *3heathinq Wood 5uliny ?5i Type of Sheathinq Wood in Wood 113 .Wood' 114 Wood 115 Wood * Insulation between Studdinq Wone fc*`Fett or Quilt t Insulation l/z* fiber Insulation ? (board, form) Cellular Gypsum fill Plaster base Wood Lath ' Wood Lath Wood Lath Wood Lath Flawed.Gypsum fill Wood Lath Coe//icient Transmission u______ . 0.227 0.128 0.135 0.110 0.101 116 Wood KJone Cork board in Wood5* 117-Aj Wood * fiber insulation 118 (board form) l* Fiber Insulation in (board form) 120 sfi Fiber Insulation (board /brm) IZl % Plaster .board KJone 2" Cork board Yi Fiber Insulation (&oard form) KJone Yi fiber Insulation (board form) . Done VL* fiber insulation * (board /brm) lfi Fiber Insulation (board form) Y-i fiber insulation (board form) KJone 3/fe* Plaster board 0.U0 0.083 0.178 0.157 0.'I27 0.107 0.180 Based on % in., the actual thickness of 1 in. or % in. sheathing. Thickness of fill assumed 3% in., based on 2 in. by 4 in. studding. tBuilding paper neglected in computations in accordance with accepted practice. . . tCan also be applied on inside of studding with plaster base separated by furring strips. Note.--The coefficient used for plasterboard is 3.04 per inch thickness--recent-data indicate values as low as 1.30 for this material. . Note.--Plasterboard sheathing is now made in half inch thickness. :. Note.--The coefficient used for cellular gypsum, 0.59 is for 18 lb. weight--weights as low as 12 lb. may be used. . . 33 / American Society of Heatinp and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1929 (U)Table 8-B. Coefficients of Transmission of Various.Types of Frame Wall Construction Note.--These coefficients are expressed in B.t.u. per hour per square loot per 1 deg. fahr. difference in temperature between the air on the two sides and are based on an outside wind exposure of 15 miles per hour. Wood Shiugie The values of U in this Table are based, on the foftowinq Internal Conductivities (C) which are Wood (Vellow Pine or Fir) Sq.ft. per ff 1.00 per r Raster (Cvpsum) i.n per l* Wood Lath 4 Plaster Plaster Board. LOO oo applied 3.04 per l* Cork board 0.30 per f Tiber Insulation (Board form) 0/53 per f felt or Quilt Insulation Cx/t) 0.1? Cellular Cypsum (l-) 0.5T Flaked Gypaurn, Dryfc") 0.52 per T per (' per f Walls T-fP'cal Construction = 3= 122 Tvpe of SWeo-thmq Wood 123 Wood * 124 Wood 125 Wood 126 Wood * 127 Wood l n sulation Between Studdmq Done It Felt or Quilt t" Insulation Yt fiber Insulation "f (Board form) Cellular Gypsum fill ^ Plaste ba.se Wood lath Wood- Loth Wood Lath Wood Lath Hated. Gypsum fill Wood Lath Done l Yi Cork board Coefficient Transmission U 0.127 0. US QM5 0.110 0.101 0.110 128 Wood Done V Cork board 0.(593 Iza'-Al Wood Yi fiber Insulation T I2S (Board form) 130 l* fiber Insulation $ (Board /arm) 131 */ Tiber Insulation $ (Board form) Doric Done Yl fiber Insulation t (Board form) '/l Tiber I n sulation ( Board jforrTjj) Yl fiber Insulation (board. form') VaT Tiber Insulation (board form) Yi fiber Insulation (Board form) .0.178 0.127 0.107 O.CftZ 132 3% Raster Board ^ Done . Vs Plaster board * 0.1S7 Based on % in., the actual thickness of 1 in. or in. sheathing. - Building paper neglected in computations in accordance with accepted practice. tCan also be applied on inside of studding with plaster base separated by furring strips. JFurring strips between wood shingles and sheathing. . '' ^Thickness of fill assumed 3in., based on 2 in. by 4 in. studding. - . Note.'--The coefficient used for plasterboard is 3.04 per inch thickness--recent data indicate values as low as 1.30 for this material. . Note.--Plasterboard sheathing is now made in half inch thickness. Note.--The coefficient used for cellular gypsum, 0.59 is for 18 lb. weight--weights as low as 12 lb. may be used. - . 34 Chapter I--Heat Losses from Buildings Table 8-C. (U)Coefficients of Transmission of Various Types of Frame Wall Construction ,__ These coefficients are expressed in B.t.u. per hour per square foot per 1 deg. fahr. difference in tempera'ture between "the a'ir on the two sides and are based on an outside wind exposure of 15 miles per hour. Stucco walls * The values of U in this Table are based on the /eHowunj Internal Conductivities (C) which arc evpressed in 6-t.a. per Ur. per eq.rt- per l f `Stucco 8.00 per V Wood (yellow Rre or fir) 1.00 per f Planter (Gypsum) 2.52 per f Wood Lath < Planter 1.00 as applied Planter board 3.04 per r Corkboard . ^ 0.30 per t' ` fiber Insulation (Board /<5rm') 0.33 per r felt or Quilt lobulation (Sc/l;> 0.17 per i* Cellular Gypsum . o.sy per i* Halted Gy P3wl7, Dry (2") 0.5Z per i* Topical Constructu ^heaiht He rn e II 135 Type 9f Sheathmq Wood. 134 Wood ' 135 Wood 1 13fo Wood 1 Wood Wood Insulation between Studdmq Done Yl felt or Qudt t Insulation Yi fiber Insulation 4 (board forrrt) Celfufar Gypsum Till Planter base Wood Lath Wood Lath Wood Lath Wood Lath Halted Gypoum fill I Wood. Lath Done [Yi Cork board Coefficient cf Transmission u 0.257 0.133 0.145 0.117 0.107 0.116 m Wood 139-A -Wood * 140 Vi fiber Insulation (board form) ' l fiber Insulation 141 (board form) Yr fiber Insulation 142 (board form) 143 . 5/e Plaster board. Done Done Done Yi. fiber (nsulabtor? (board form) Done Z" Cork board Yi Fiber Insulation (board form) Yz fiber Insulation (board form) Vf fiber fnsalafcioa ("board form) {fi fiber Insulation (board form) Vo Plaster board 0.097 0.194 0.171 0.136 0.113 0.326 Based on va in., the actual thickness of 1 in. or H in. sheathing. Thickness of fill assumed 3M 'n-. based on 2 in. by 4 in. studding. tBullding oaper neglected in computations in accordance with accepted practice. . jCan also be applied on inside of studding with plaster'base separated by furring strips. ' Note.--The coefficient used for .plasterboard' is 3.04 per inch thickness--recent data indicate values as low as 1.30 for this material. ' Note.--Plasterboard sheathing is now made in half inch thickness. Note.--The coefficient used for cellular gypsum, 0.59 is for IS lb. weight--weights as low as 12 lb. may be used. . 35 American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1929 ' Table 8-D. Coefficients of Transmission (U) of Various Types of ' Frame Wall Construction Note.--These coefficient.? ore expressed la B.Lu. per hour per square foot-per I deg. fahr. difference in temperature between the air on the two Bides and are based on an outside wind exposure of 15 miles per hour. beicic Veneer The val.'es of 0 in this Table arc based on the / ollov/ihq Internal Conductivities (C) which are brick. Cement Mortar *5<vFt. per IT 5.00 per r r8.00 per Planter (Cyp^iim) Wood. lath 4 Pla^tei Planter board Cork board. 2n 2.00 5.04 0-30 p*r r a* a pplied. per r per l' fiber Insulation (board form) felt or .Qult Insulation (5o/t) Cellular Gypsum (\>*) f lakedGypsum, 0^(26*) 0.33 0.27 o.sq 052 per l" per r per r per l' walls Typical Construction SheatVnoq.^ 4* Sock _ __ o I Tv/pe of 5Heathinq Insulation between Staddinq Piaster base Vt Cement Mortar^ Co^HCient T^ Transmission 144 Wood i 145 Wood * 14b Wood 1 147 Wood I4a Wood * Done Yi felt or Quilt t Insulation Yz fiber Insulation % (board form) Cellular Gypsum fill * * FlowedCypsuoi nil * Wood, lath Wood Lath Wood Lath Wood Lath Wood Loth 0.216 0.12.5 0.131 o.ioa 0.0S7 149 Wood l Yz Cork, board. 0.107 150 Wood Oone V Cork board 0.091 isoa Wood * 154 ft fiber Insulation (board /brm) { fiber Insulation (feoard form) % fiber Insulation (board form) 154 % Plaster board klone Horn Yz fiber Insulation t (board form) klone fiber Insulation (Doard/ori?]) Yz fiber Insulation (board form) Yl fiber Insulation (board form) . Yz fiber Insulation (board /brm) y& Planter board 0.17C 0.152 0.173 0.(040.242 Based on *$6 in., the actual thickness of 1 in. or in. sheathing. -" Thickness of fill assumed 3% in., based oa 2 in. by 4 in. studding, tBuilding paper neglected in computations in accordance with accepted practice. . {Can also be applied to inside of studding with plaster base separated by furring strips Note.--The coefficient used for plasterboard is 3.04 per inch thickness-decent data indicate values as low as 1.30 for this material. Note.--Plasterboard sheathing is now made in half inch thickness. '- Note.--The coefficient used for cellular gypsum, 0.59 is for 18 lb. weight--weights as low as 12 lb. may be used. . 3o6o . . Chapter I--Heat Losses from Buildings Table 9 A and B. Coefficients of Transmission (/) of Various Types of Interior Walls and Partitions ___ * .re expressed in B.t-u. per hour per square foot per 1 deg. fahr. difference in tem^tmlfew^the^ m tteU^ides and arebased on still air (no wind) conditions on both sides. Plastered FRaue Partitions The values cf U m this Table arc baaed on the /Sffowiwq Internal' Conductivities (C) which ace e* pressed m 6.t.u. per Ur. per On one side of Studdinq only Sq.ft, per (f Plaster (Gypvtw) l.u per t* Planter board 5.04 per C Wood Lath { Plaster Z.oo as appl'd fiber Ins. (board/Srq) d.55 per C felt or Quilt lna.($c/) 0.17 per f "orkboard ' 0.50 per l* Cellular Cyp$u(l&*) 0.54 perl* flakedGypsum, >y(z</) 0.51 perl' On both 5Lid.es of Studdinq Studd'Uq Insulation between Studdinq Qypsum fill between Studdinq Clp*Ut fill Yt Fiber Vt Felt Cellular [flaked Insulation lor Quilt Gypsum Cypsum (board 1 Inhalation Fill * Fill * /dm) C*Vt) [Wall I Uo- Pla^ter bast Wetal Lath * Wood. Lath * 0.551 0.502. O.T15 0.2 51 C 0.156 0-143 0.124 0.143 0.136 0.119 0.108 Vs Piaster board* Yz fiber Insulation (board form} 0.546 0.311 O- 273 0.155 0-106 l* fiber Insulation (board/orot)^ 0.211 0.106 0.080 l'ti Cork board* 0.144 0.074 \(o\ V Corkboard* o.uq 0.060 b PLASTF2XD UA50V3C.Y PAdTlTlOklS The thickness of the Gypsum Fill is approximately 3M in., as this is the approximate 4 in. dimension of 2 in. by 4 in. studding. fMetal lath and plaster assumed % In. thick. N{Poltaes.--teTr hasesucomeefdficienItn:usthedickfo. r plasterboard is 3.04 per inch thickness--recent data. indicate values as loNwotea.s--1T.3h0efocroethffiiscimenatteursieadl. for cellula. r gypsum, 0.59 is for 18 lb. . weight--weights as low as 12 lb. may be used. . . 37 American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1929 Table 10-A. s v, Coefficients of Transmission (U) of Various Types of Floors and Ceilings footer d^.encein Tcame- Coustg.uctioU T ie values of U in this T able are based on the /o/lowmq Internal Cond activities (C) which are e npressed m b.t.u. per Ur. per Sq.ft, per IT Wood (Yellow Pme or fir) LOO per 1*. Piaster (Gypsum) L52. per l* Wood bath k Piaster . Plaster board I.00 os applied 3.04 per l* Cork board 0. SO per f fiber Insulation (feoard/br n) 0.33 per t* felt or Quilt insulation (5cy*1) 0.17 per f Cellular Gypsum (16*) {flaked Qypsum.Ory (24* CtSft per l* 0. 51 per f Wood (Maple) ^ 1. tO pep f Typical Construction <T C O uOO -O 36 a_ 2 Type of Ceilmq U>5 Uo Ceilmq Insulation between Joists . Uone Type of flooring Wo floorinq a 1 Yellow Pme floorinq on Joists b t*Yellow fine % Maple or Oak Floorinq on ft Floorinq on Fiber Insulatior7 fyellow pine (ftoard form) Sub floorinq on Joists on Joists Cd ,,G440 0.Z64 0.339 u,b Uetal Lath. 4 Piaster fl*) Vlone 0.551 0.245 0.174 0.110 . 167 Wood Lath . ' 4 Plaster (ft) kJone o.soz 0-Z34 0.173 0201- 4168- te* .Plaster board Plaster (ft.*) tione 0.54b O.Z44 0.178 o.zoq ft Fiber Insulation (board/orm) { Piaster^*) Uone 0.310 0.181 0.143 0.162 no Wood Lath . 4 Piaster Oft) felt or Quilt * Insulation t5(/t) 0.187 0,131 o.no 0.121 Wood Lath 171 4 Plaster (ft*) 172 Wood Lath < Plaster (Vi') 173 Wood Lath i Plaster ('ft') fe" fiber insulation (board form) Cellular Gypsum* fill K flakedCypsuet* Tni-- o.zoo 0.123 0.112 a 137 0.112 0.103 ,0.'H4 . 0. IZG 0.048 0.103 0.084 0.096 4Jft* Cork board 174. Plaster ('ft') Uone 0.144 0.111 ' 0.045 0.103 175 42* Cork board Plaster (ft*) Uone 0.119 0.044 0.082 0.088 1 The value of U is the same if insulation is applied to underside of joists and lath and plaster ceiling, separated by furring strips. fBased on actual thickness of approximately *56 in. for 1 in. yellow pine flooring. ^Thickness of fill assumed 3% in., based on 2 in. by 4 in. joists. Note.--The coefficient used for plasterboard is 3.04 per inch thickness--recent data indicate values as low as 1.30 for this material. may'te Wd** coeffici'nt used for "Uular RVtwum. 0.59 is for 18 lb. weight--weights as low as 12 lb. 38 Chapter I--Heat Losses from Buildings Table 10-B. (U)Coefficients of Transmission of Various Types of Floors and Ceilings . Mott.--These 'coefficients are expressed In B.t.u per hour per square foot per 1 deg. fahr. difference In temperature between the air on the two sides and are based on still air (no wind) conditions on both sides. C0k\Ct2.ETE COKS`5TE.UCT(Ot0 The valuer oft (J this Table are based on the. //oolllioowmb-J .Internal -- Conductwtties(C) which 01 *r Ur. ner Sa.ft. per f*f Tilt or Terraco . Concrete (stone MM mix) Cement Mortar Wood. (Yellow Pure or fir) Planter board Planter (Gypsum) Cork, fVOC* b*PoWaMrd'U1'.IV"-fa,----- 1 Wood (Maple) 10.00 8.30 8-00 1.00 3.04 2.31 0.30 0.33 \.10 per 1 per 1 per l per V per 1 per 1 per 1 per J per 1 Topical CetLnq Construction flooring Tvpe of Type of floorinq k 0 .0 6s .2 k 0 SuZ Ceilinq. X < > VJo floorinq D (Concrete bare) t* V c _u 0 'Yellow Pme T Floorinq on Wood. Sleepers embedded in Concrete * Maple or Oak loonnq on ' l* 'ellow nne Sub- 7oonnq on Wood sleepers embedded, n Concrete l* Terra77d or Tile floorinq on Concrete )-- a. -b C d 176 --i---- r--T----------- 177 178 4* 0. 508 ft* 0.452 ft' 0.408 10* 0. 372 0.364 0.334 O. 310 0.28ft 0.292 0.273 0.256 0.24 l 0.483 0.433 0.3920. 358 180 181 directly to underside of Concrete 181 4' 6' ft' 10* 0.457 0.4 M 0.374 0.344 0. 337 0.311 0.230 0.271 0.275 0.258 0.143 .0. 2 30 0.437 0. 39 5 0. 361 0.332 184 185 186 187 188 f8fl 180 181 m m 154 185 !% W 188 iqq 100 201 201 203 Suspended or /urred Uetal Lath f Plotter Ceilinq 4* 6* . ft' I0` Suspended or/urred Ceilmq qfV& Planter - fcoard 4 Plotter 4* ft* ft* 10' Suspended or /urred Ceiltnq of- Fiber Insulation (Board/bnn) 4 'b Planter A' 6* ft* '10* ft." Plaster on 1ft* Cork board Set .in ft? Cement Mortar on Concrete ' 4* 6* ft' 10' V Plaster on 2' Qork. board set m Vs Cement Mortar on Concrete 4* 6* ft* 10' 0.264 0.248 0.234 0. 222 0.263 0.247 0.234 0.221 0.143 0.184 0.176 0.164 0.138 0.133 Q1Z9 0.125 0.112 0.109 O.tOfc 0.104 0:219 0.208 0.191 0.183 0.258 0.242 - 0.148 0.17 5 0. 229 0.189 0.216 0.168 0. 140 0.217 0.256 0.207 0.148 0.182 a 174 0.241 0.228 0.184 ' 0.167 . 0.216 0.167 0.161 0.151 0.145. 0.188 0.181 . 0.155 0.149 0.140 0.136 0.173* , 0.166 0.124 O. 12 1 0.M7 0.115 ' 0.112 0.104 0.136 0.13Z 0.128 0.114 0.103 0.106 0.047. . 0.124 0. i (l 0.101 0.098 0.094 0.042' 0.108 0.105 0.096 0.090 ' 0.103 . The figures in column "a" are sufficiently accurate for concrete floors covered with carpet or Unoleum. fTbe figures in column "b" are sufficiently accurate for % in. maple or oak flooring applied directly oNvoeter.t--heTchoenccoreetfeficoinenwtouosdedslefoepr eprsla. sterboard is 3.04 per inoh thickness--recent data indicate values 39 American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1929 Table 10-C. , Coefficients of Transmission ({/) of Various Types of Floors and Ceilings Note.--These coefficients are expressed in B.t.u. per hour per square foot per 1 deg. fahr. difference in temperature between the ground and the air over the floor and are based on still air (no wind) conditions. COUCHETE C0U5TIZ.UCT10N) Ok) CClOUkJD * The values of U in this Table are based, on the followmq Internal Conductivities^?) which are expressed, in &.t.u. per ;Ur. per Sq. ft. per I* F Tile or Terraco 10.00 per1" Concrete (^totte 1:2mu) 8.30 per1* Cinder Concrete 5.20 perl* Wood. (Yellow Pine) 1.00 per1" Wood. (Uaple) 1-20 pert' fiber lnsulabon(ttard/bnj\) 0.53 perf Cork, board 0.30 per1" Typical Construction TT S Y-Ihic-kness of Insulation m Inches where specified Insulation between Z membrane ttaterproq^nq Courses^ Type of Type of flooring Insulation (^between Cinder 4 t> G 5tone Concrete ) B- -S zz w 8 >n tr> ti -Us Cl f Yellow Pine 'Xs Maple or Oak 1" Te.rra.jjo >< Vio Floonnq F.loorinq on' Floormq on 1" or Tile <n / (Concrete bare) Wood. Sleepers Yellow fine Sub- . floormq on embedded in Floormq on Wood Concrete f Concrete t Sleepers embedded in Concrete .E li^ 1-- J-- a b C d. Uo Insulation 0' 4' 0. 556 0:388 0.308 0.526 205 O' 5' 0.5ZI 0.370 0.297 0.495 206 107 208 Tiber Insulation' 209 (feoard./orm) 210 Zll 0* b' O' 8' I' 4' y 5' i' b .1' 8' 0.490 0.439 0. 207 0.202 0.197 0.188 0. 355 0. 32 7 0. 178 0.174 0.17 1 0.164 . 0.286 0.268 0.159 0.156 0.153 0.148 0.467. 0.420 0.2Q3'.~ 0.198 0.193 0.185 ' 212 Cork board 213 214 215 2' 4' 2' 5" Tb V 8' 0.(18 0.116 0.115 0.112 0.108 0.107 ' 0.105 0.103 0.101 0.100 0.098 0.096 o.m. 0.115 ' 0.U3 0. IIO . Assume ground temperature to be 50 deg. fahr. . fMembrane water proofing neglected in calculations. . {The figures in column "b" may be used with sufficient accuracy for maple or oak flooring oh wood sleepers embedded in concrete. 40 41 Chapter I--Heat Losses from Buildings Table 12-A. Coefficients of Transmission (If) of Various Types of Pitched Roofs Note---These coefficients are expressed in B.LU. per hour per square foot per 1 deg. fahr. difference in temperature between the air on the two sides and are based on an outside wind exposure of IS miles per hour. Heated Attics The values of U in this Table are booed on the /ollowino Internal Conductivities (C) which are. expressed in 6.tu. per Ur. per Sq. ft. per IT Asphalt or Composition Eoc/inq 6.50 as applied Asbestos Shinqles . 6.00 as applied Slate Shinqles I0.J1 per (' Wood (fellow Pine or Tirl 1.00 per 1 Wbod Lath Plaster too as applied Plaster board 3-04 per I- Plaster (CW*""> . t 32 per 1' nber-tnsulation (board form), felt or Quilt Insulation (Soft) 0.33 per.l' 0.21 per 1` Cork-board Cellular GfJ>suoi (is*) 0.30 per |` 0.5R per l_ ' FldVedCvpsumDiT(26*) 0-S2 per 1 Typical Construction ioof i-Plasfcer base . TvP Colin*) U J6S 2A * 04 inau\atioy> between Hafters Tt pe of Poo/inq 4 2oo/ Sheathmq Wood Shinqles on Wood Strips* Asphalt Piqtd Shinqles or Asbestos Companion Shinqles Socfinq. on Wood on Wood Sheathmq Sheathmq Slate or Tile and ItooFinq Felt on Wood Sbeathtnq a bc d 138 Uo Ceihnq fta/ters exposed) Uone . 0.483 ' 0.518 . 0.515 0.548 238 Wood Lath 4 Plaster ('A") 240 Wood Lath 4 Plaster ('A') 141 Wood Lath 4 Planter (ft) 141 Wood Lath 4 Plaster ('A') 243 Wood Lath 4 Plaster ('A) 244 Wood Lath { Plastcr(ft') Done ft' Felt or Quilt t Insulation (5o/t) T Felt or Quilt t insulation (5c/t) ft* Fiber Insulation t (board form) r Fiber Insulatiofft (board form) Cellular Qypsum Fill ^ 0.14<0 Oil 36 0.108 0.141 0.116 0.108 0.258 0.258 0.138 O.i 11 0.138 am 0.144 0.118 0.144 0.118 0.116 0.116 0.262 . 0.141 0.112 0.146 o'ns aits 245, Wood. Lath 4 Planter (ft*) Flaked Q'/psam Fill^ 0.088 0.108 aio8 0.110 246 |'Plaster board 4 Plaster(!A') Done 0.256 0.166 .0.265 , 0.274 247 l(tf Cortboard 4 Planter (ft!) Done 0.114 0.115 0.115 0.117 248 ?' Oort board 4 Planter (Wl) Done ft' Fiber Insulation 248 C&oard forni) 4 Piaster (') 250 ft' Fiber Insulation , ,,v (board fatm) 4 Planter (ft) ft'Fiber Insulation T (board form) . VS one ' 0.086 0.120 0.188 0.087 0.087 0.I2Z 0.112 0.184 0.183 0.088 0.1240.188 Based on 1 in. by 4 in., spaced 2 in. tCan also be applied to underside of roof rafters with furring strips between. , {Assumed 3H in. thick, based on 2 in. by 4 in. rafters. ' Note.--The coefficient used for plasterboard is 3.04 per inch thickness--recent data indicate values as low as 1.30 for this material. Note.--The coefficient used for cellular gypsum. 0.59 is for 18 lb. weight--weights as low as 12 lb. may be used; .. 43 American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1929 Chapter I--Heat Losses from Buildings Table 12-B. Coefficients of TransmisJJ nbined coefficients nf trnnumfeeinn -- ---r- '- Various Types of Pitched Roofs l tnD floor ceilings, and are expressed in B.t-u- per hour per square foot of roof area per 1 deg. fahr. ^osure of IS miles has been assumed. These coefficients are based on H pitched roofs, but are sufficiently Ukjulatcd The values of\i in this Table are based on the /bllowinq Internal Conductivities (C) which are enpresse'* - tu.- -- " Asphalt or Composition S2oo/inq Asbestos Shmqles Slate Shmqles Wood (Vellow Pine or Fir) Wood lath t Plaster Plaster Board Plaster (dVP5Um) fiber insulation (Board fora) Felt or Quilt Insulation (fr/t) Cort board Cellular Gypsum (.18*) Flaked Gqpsum, OrV (26*) <0. so 6.00 10.37 1.00 2.00 3.04 2.31 0.33 0.27 0.30 0.57 0 52 CL3 appliecL o.s applied. per. f per |` as applied. per 1` per |` per Iper per f per !' per T At tics_________ Tvp'cal Construction (foo/mq Zoof SheoMrunq 1 L. 1 1 I 3 12 T y pe of Ceifinq Insulation on underside of 00/ Ea/ters Insulation between Ceilirtq Joists 1O 1^ I 251 1 251 Wood Lath f Plaster ('A") Wood Lath { Planter (J/z) I 253 Wood Lath ( Plaster {'!{) I 254 Wood Lath i Plaster1 {Ji) 1 255 Wood Lath $ Planter Qjz) \ I 256 ^Piaster Board $ Plaster('A') 4' Done Hone 14" fiber Insulation (Board form) Hone ' Hone Klone Hone f Felt.or Quilt t Insulation (So/1) 14 Fiber Insulation t (Board form) 35& Cellular (Jvpsum f\U 3% riaked Q^psum f\U Hone 257 114 Cork, board $ Plaster ('/z.') I 258 t Cart board 4 Planter (fit) I Z5S I Z60 Vi- fiber Insulation (Board form) $ Plaster ('h') 'ik fll?e5 Insulation (Board form) 4 PlasterQ/z) kJone Klone Klone . KJone Hone Uone . jt' fiber Insulation (board, y ortTt) J4 Fiber Insulation (Board form) jiBva,s*nedkohn> oaecatupaplutehaicktoneusnsdoerfs1idien,olfucmeiblienrgojof iasptsprwoixtihmfautrerliyng%stirnip.s between insulation and ceiling, Note.--The coefficient used for plasterboard is 3.04 per inch thickness--recent data indicate values as low as 1.30 for this material. . Note.--The coefficient used for cellular gypsum, 0.59 is for 18 lb. weight--weights as low as 12 lb. may be used. 44 - ' It Wood `ohmqlee Asphalt Shmqles or on Wood `striDS * Composition Voo/inq on WoodSheathircq gtqid Asbestos Fitnnqles on Wood Sheathmq Slate or Tlie and ttoo/mq Fe t on Wood She athinq Ho ' M v.e* Attic Attic floorinq Floonnq ab 0.224 0.138 Ho Attic floonnq c 0.231 06' YR* Ho Attic Attic floonnq Floorinq de 0.141 0.230 1\b` V. P + Attic floorinq f 0.141 Ho Attic floonnq q 0.237 U0 Y.R * Attic Floorinq h 0.143 0.118 . 0.088 0.120- 0.080 0.120 0.080 0.121 0.081 0.080 0.074 0.081 0.073 0.081 0.073, 0.088 0.074. 0.085 ' 0.078 a 086 0.078 0.086 0.078 0.086 0.080 0.018 0.073 0.078 0.074 0.078 0.074 0.080 0.074 0.235 0.(43 0.243 0.146 0.242 0.146 0.248 0.148 0.088 0.078 0.100' 0.078 0.100 0.078 0.101 0-078 0.082 0.007 0.083 0.068 0.083 0.068 0.0134 0.068 o.m 0.115 0.172 0.117 0.172 0.U7 0.176 0.118 0.080 0.060 0.080 j 0.066 0.080 0.066 0.081 0.067 tCBaanseadlsoonb1eina.ptp>lyie4d itno.,usnpdaecresuidaes uof. ceiling joists ,with furring strips between insulation and ceiling. NiBoaUs.e---dTohneacctoueafflitchieicnktneussesdoffo1rinp*lalusmtebrbeoraorfdaipsp3ro.0x4impaetreliynch in. thickness--recent data indicate values a&Ac as 1.30 for this material- * 'T-*-- --fe\r evnsum. 0.59 is for 18 lb. weight--weights as low as 12 lb. may be ust American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1929 If a roof contains two or more dormers and the attic is unheated, it is advisable to disregard the roof structure proper and consider only the top-floor ceiling in determining the radiation requirements of the building. In this case it will be necessary to assume the temperature in the attic, . which can be taken to be the mean between the temperature under the top-floor ceiling (not the attic) and the outside temperature. AREAS WHERE HEAT LOSSES OCCUR Heat is lost from a building by transmission through all of those sur faces which separate heated spaces from the outside air or from unheated colder spaces within the building. In general, five kinds of surfaces are involved: (1) outside walls, (2) outside glass, (3) inside walls or parti tions next to unheated spaces, (4) ceilings of upper floors, either below a . cold attic space or as the underside of a roof slab, and (5) floors of heated rooms above an unheated space. In most cases, only items (1) and (2), outside wall and glass surface, are considered. Failure to take account of the other heat losing surfaces, items (3), (4) and (5), when they exist in a building, has generally resulted in more or less dissatisfaction with the operation of the heating plant, as a result of failure to heat the rooms having such surfaces as indicated by items (3), (4) and (5). The net outside wall surface is usually determined by reference to the scale plans and elevations of the building concerned. In some cases of course, the actual building may have to be measured. The total area of all outside openings which are occupied by windows and doors is accurately measured and listed as glass. The glass, area is then deducted from the total outside wall area for each room and the difference is the net wall area. The outside wall areas for any floor should be based on the vertical floor to floor heights and the horizontal distance from center to center of partitions separating different rooms. If there are no partitions, measure from inside face of one wall to inside face of next wall. The areas of walls, ceilings and floors next to cold or unheated spaces are found, of course, by taking the inside dimensions of such areas, measured on the heated side. CALCULATIONS FOR HEAT TRANSMISSION LOSSES - The calculations for heat transmission losses are made by multiplying the area 5 in square feet of wall, glass, roof or floor through which the loss takes place, by the proper coefficient U for such construction (Tables 7 to 13, or by computation as described under Transmission Coefficients by Computation) and by the temperature difference between the inside air temperature t at the proper level (in many cases not the "breathing line") and the outside air temperature U. Therefore, . . where fft = SU -fc) ' (9) fit = B.t.u. per hr. transmitted through the material of the wall, glass, roof or floor. S = area in sq. ft. of wall, glass, roof or floor, taken from building plans or actually measured. (Use the net inside or heated surface dimensions in all cases.) 46 v Chapter I--Heat Losses prom Buildings V = coefficient of heat transmission or B.t.u. per hr. per sq. ft. per 1 deg. fahr. difference between the inside and outside air temperature for air conditions - such as exist in the given locality in coldest weather, j _ 4,} = temperature difference between inside and outside air, in which t must always be taken at the proper level. Note that t may not be the " breathing line" temperature in many cases. For examples showing application of equation (9) to practical examples ee Applications at the end of this chapter, in which the heat require- aents are computed for typical cases. finTdheMeofvfeecmteonftwind on. the heating requirements of any building should >e given consideration under two heads: . 1. Wind movement increases the heat transmission of walls, glass, and roof, affecting joo2r. wWailnlsdtomaovmeumcehngt rmeaateterreiaxltlyenitntchreaansegsootdhewainllsf.iltration (inleakage) of cold air . :hrough the cracks around doors and windows, and even through the building materials themselves, if such materials are at all porous. It is entirely possible that a building may require more heat on a windy day with a moderately low outside temperature, than on a quiet day with a much lower outside temperature. It will therefore be evident that the wind movement in any locality must be given careful considera tion in computing the probable heating-requirements of a building, and for the purposes of calculation, not less than the average wind movement in any locality during December, January and February should always be provided for in computing (1) the heat transmission of a building, and (2) the heat required to take care of the infiltration of outside air. The first condition is readily taken care of as already explained, by using a surface coefficient .S'. for the outside wall surface which is based on the proper wind velocity (Table 6). In case specific data are lacking 13. (COTable Coefficients of Transmission of Doors, Windows and Skylights Notb.--These coefficients are based on a wind exposure of 15 miles per hour, and are expressed in B-tu. per hour per square foot per deg.-fahr. difference in temperature between the air inside and outside of the door, window or skylight . A. Windows and Skylights U Single................................................1.............................. 1.13* f Double ........................................ .................. 0.45* Triple-.....` ;.................................................. 0.281* B. Solid Wood Doors** f TNhoicmknineasls ThAiccktunaesl s U In1ches IncHhes 0.563 IU 1* 0.485 ,, 1)4 1* 0.432 2 1M 0.382 2)4 32Vt W% 0,321 0.277 See page 59, Volume I, "Mechanical Equipment of Buildings,'' by Harding and Willard. fiCtoims psuuteffdiciuesnitnlyg Caccur1a.t0e ftoor uwsoeotdh.eKsiam=e 1c.o34effaicniedntKoaf =tra4n.0s2m. ission for doors containing thin wood `' * c 1.13 B.t.u. per hr. per square foot pet 1 deg. fahr. differ- 47 of andAmerican Society Heating Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1929 .\ for any locality, use an average wind velocity of approximately 15 miles per hour. In a similar manner, the heat allowance (Tables 14 to 19 for infiltration (B.t.u. per hour per foot of crack required to raise tfie temperature of the air leaking in through one degree) through cracks, must be based on the average wind velocity for a given locality, and is explained in the next subdivision of this chapter. . Wind movement involves both direction and velocity, and hence after transmission and infiltration losses have been computed, using coefficients which allow for average velocity, a further allowance must be made for the direction of the prevailing wind in any given locality. This shall be done by adding 15 per cent to the wall and glass transmission losses and the infiltration losses on the sides of the building exposed to the prevailing winds. Those walls which He in the two adjacent sides of the building most nearly facing the prevailing wind are to be considered in making this correction. This is not necessarily the same as adding 15 per cent to the total heat loss of a room on the exposed sides of the building. INFILTRATION RESULTING FROM WIND MOVEMENT5 Reference has already been' made to the fact .that in addition to the heat transmission of the walls, glass and roof, consideration must always be given to the inleakage of cold outside air which must be heated to room temperature. This inleakage or infiltration is exclusive and in dependent of air that may be supplied for ventilation through ducts or flues of any sort. Calculation of the heat required for this purpose is "a Material on infiltration prepared especially for Tfte Guide by a committee consisting of Prof. G. L. Larson, chairman; D. K. Boyd; Prof. j. E. Emswiler, Prof. A. P. KraU and L. B. Lent. . 48 IChapter --Heat Losses from Buildings very simple matter if the volume of air leaking into the building per hour is known. Hi = 0.24 Qd(t- k) wh ere Hi = B, t.u. per hour required for heating air leaking into building from outside temperature t,, to breathing-line temperature t. Q = cubic feet of air entering per hour at breathing-line temperature, l. d => density (lb. per cu. ft.) of air at breathing-line temperature, t. tt0 == boruetsaitdheinag-irlinteemtepmerpaetruarteurfeo.r which heating system is designed. 0.24 -- specific heat of air. (10) The determination of Q, the amount of air leaking in per hour, may be arrived at in either of two ways: (1) by assuming a certain number of air changes per hour for each room, the number of changes assumed (Table 14) being dependen t upon the type, use, and location of room, or (2) by. computing the infiltration taking place through the cracks around windows and doors in that side of the room which has the greatest number of feet of such crack. In no case should the amount of crack used for computation be less than half of the total crack in the outside.walls of the room. Thus, in a room with one exposed wall, take all the crack; with two exposed walls take the wall having the most crack; and with three or four exposed walls take the wall having the most crack, but in no case take less than half the total crack. The linear feet of crack for a double hung sash is equal to the sash perimeter plus the meeting rail. For a standard type steel sash con structed of solid rolled sections (Fenestra, Lupton and others) the linear . feet of crack consists of the perimeter of the ventilating section plus the linear feet of sash section in contact with steel work as, for example, vertical and horizontal mullion steel. The perimeter of sash properly grouted with cement mortar into brickwork or concrete is not to be counted as crack. Neither of these methods for estimating ,the infiltration is entirely satisfactory in view of the limited amount of data available, but for the purposes of calculation the second (infiltration) method is to be preferred and then checked against the first (air changes per hour) method. In no case use less than one-half an air change where outside doors and windows exist. The infiltration method based on tests of windows by F. C. 14.Table Air Changes Taking Place under Average Conditions Exclusive of Air Provided for Ventilation tKfiinnrdi nof Room or Building Rooms, 1 side, exposed Rooms, 2 sides exposed - Number of Air Changes Taking Place per Hour .1 IK Rooms, 3 sides exposed Rooms, 4 sides exposed Rooms with no windows or outside doors 2 2 H to % Entrance Hails Reception Halls Living Rooms Dining Rooms 2 to 3 2 1 to 2 1 to 2 Bath Rooms DrugStores * 2 2 to 3 Clothing Stores . Churches, Factories, Lofts, etc. 1 H to 3 49 American Society oj Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide,'1929 Houghten and C. C. Schrader, reported in Transactions, A.S.H. & V.E., Vol. 30, 1924 and Vol. 31, 1925 and others, including the tests by F. C. Houghten and M. E. O'Connell reported in the Journal, A. S. H. & V. E., Vol. 33, No. 11, papers by J. E. Emswiler and W. C. Randall recorded in the Journal of the A. S. H. & V. E., Vol. 34, No. 6, and by F. C. Houghten and M. E. O'Connell recorded in the Journal of the A. S. H. & V. E., Vol. 34, No. 7, may be conveniently adapted to calcu lation purposes. Similarly, for walls the tests by F. C. Houghten and M. Ingels reported in the Journal, A. S. H. & V. E., Vol. 33, No. 4 may be used. Table 15 as well as Figs. 4 and 6 present values from the tests by Houghten and Schrader at the Research Laboratory of the American Societyof Heating and Ventilating Engineers at Pittsburgh. Table 16 is taken from the more recent tests made by Houghten and O'Connell on windows installed in the Southwestern Bell Telephone Company Building in St. Louis. The original report for the data of Table 15 and Fig. 4 is to be found in Transactions, A. S. H. & V. E., Vol. 30, 1924, No. 686, p. 105, and for Fig. 6 the data were presented in the Trans- . actions, A. .S. H. & V. E., Vol. 30, 1924, No. 704, p. 313. Table 16 is based on data reported in the Journal, Vol. 33, No. 11. Table 17 is based on data obtained on walls at the Research Laboratory of the Society as reported in the Journal, Vol. 33, No. 4. Figs. 7 and 8'are taken from the paper by W. M. Richtman and C. Braatz, "Effect of Frame Calking and Storm Windows on Infiltration Around and .Through Windows," as reported in the'Journal, Vol. 34, No. 9. Table 15 gives the leakage for a double-hung wood window not weatherstripped and the leakage for the same window fitted with a good weather strip for various wind velocities. Table' 16 gives the leakage for doublehung metal windows weatherstripped and rion-weatherstripped. Table 17 gives the leakage through brick and wood frame walls, with and without plaster. In addition to the information in this table, the authors'make the following statement: " In the case of walls with furring, lath, arid plaster painted, walls plastered directly on the brick with or without paint or frame walls with plaster painted, the leakage is so small as to require about 0.10 of a square foot of radiation per 100 sq. ft. of wall, or in fact, it could be said that the heat loss due to infiltration of such walls is negligible." '' Table 18 gives values for infiltration through steel windows of the rolled section type with pivoted orvswinging ventilators, and is derived from data presented by Emswiler and Randall in the Journal, Vol. 34, No. 6. The crack widths appearing in the Table are chosen as repre sentative of . a large number of measurements of installed steel windows of the type tested. ' Table 19 presents some figures for infiltration through a steel window of the hollow metal vertically pivoted type tested in place in a building, by Houghten and O 'Connell, and reported in the Journal, Vol. 34, No. 7. The crack width was not given, but it was stated that the sash was not in good shape and fitted loosely in the frame. Tables 15, 16, 17 and IS are divided into two parts, the first part con- taining values based upon the original test data, and the second part ;| : > j ; 50 T a b l e 15. n f i l t r a t i o n t h r o u g h D o u b lI Chapter I--Heat Losses from Buildings American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1929 Chapter I--Heat Losses from Buildings T a b l e 1 6 . n f i l t r a t i o n t h r o u g h D o u b l e H u n g M e t a l S a s h W in d o w s p e r F o o t o f C r a c kI 52 53 T a b l e 18. n f i l t r a t i o n t h r o u g h R o l l e d S e c t io n S t e e l W in d o w sI . Per Foot of Crack of Ventilating Sash ' American Society, of Heating ^and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1929 54 Chapter I--Heat Losses from Buildings _ ,, table Infiltration through a Hollow Metal Vertically Pivoted Steel t window, Installed in a Building. Wind Velocity Miles per Hour 0 20 25 30 Leakage Cu. Ft. per Hour Per Foot op Crack 29.5 88.5 144.5 186.0 221.5 242.0 Heat Loss B.t.u. per Hour 0-70 Dbg. Farr. 37 112 182 234 279 305 Square Foot Radiation 0.15 0.47 0.76 0.98 1.16 1.27 containing the same values reduced by 20 per cent in accordance with the suggestion of the authors. According to the authors of the papers: "The values given in the tables are from the tests as made and are probably somewhat higher than those actually found in practice. They represent the leakage when the pressure drop through the window is a certain value which represents a definite wind velocity at right angles to the window. If the wind strikes the window at an oblique angle the component of the velocity at right angles to the window must be considered. Pressure difference between the outside and the inside surfaces of the window for an actual wind will be slightly less for a given velocity because of a building up of pressure within the room before the air leaks out the opposite side of the building. Attention is called to the fact that air leaks in on the windward side of the building and out on the leeward side and, since wind will blow from various directions at different times, heating for any room having only one exposure must be based on. the maximum loss. The heating plant, however, need not be figured on the sum of all maximum leakages, but in general only half of the total. However, the table gives accurate comparative figures which are probably not much too high for actual practice. In order to apply these values, a further study of the overall results as found in practice should be made, and the figures modified, if necessary, to fit practical conditions." In their discussion of results on tests of double-hung wood sash windows as presented in the Transactions, A. S. H. & V. E., Vol. 30,1924, p. 313, the authors state: "The principal facts brought out in the first report were that increasing the crack around the perimeter of a plain sash did not materially increase the leakage, and that weatherstripped sash, while permitting much less leakage, showed a small increase in leakage with increase in crack. - These facts were established by making several hundred tests. The present report deals with the effect of increasing the width of the stile, that is, increasing the clearance. " Fig. 5 illustrates what is meant by crack and clearance. The crack around the sash perimeter is equal to one half the difference between the width of the frame and the width of the sash, that is, the crack is the same on each side of the sash. The clearance is the difference between the width of the stile and the thickness of the sash. These terms are chosen arbi trarily to distinguish the two principal air passages which are found in double-hung windows. . 55 of andAmerican Society Heating Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1929 "Four sets of sash were fitted with cracks of Mo, %s and 34 in. Each set was tested with clearances varying from Mi to in. Each test was repeated a number of times because no two tests gave exactly the same leakage, and it was necessary to obtain average results. Before duplicating any test the window was opened and closed, and the stops were removed and then returned to as nearly the same position as possible. The weatherstripped sashes were tested in the same way, " Fig. 6 gives the results of tests on a plain wood window with various clearances. The tests proved that the size of the crack around the perimeter of the sash has no appreciable effect on the leakage. There fore the results apply to any window of the type tested with a crack IChapter --Heat Losses from Buildings Tables 15 and 16 show the heat losses in B.t.u. 's per hour per foot of crack for plain windows and weatherstripped windows to heat the incoming air from 0 to 70 deg. fahr. The tables also show the radiation in square feet that must be installed to take care of these heat losses. This radiation is based on a heat emission factor of 240 B.t.u. per square foot. For example, consider a double-hung window at a wind velocity of 15 miles per hour. For a plain non-stripped window, Table 15 shows A-& = CLEARANCE C=CRACK Fig. 5. Diagram Illustrating Crack and Clearance of from & to 34 in. In practice most new sashes are fitted with the crack at least Ms in., and this crack becomes greater as the sash dries out and shrinks. It should be clearly understood that each curve is the average obtained from a number of tests, and the results of any one test may vary from the given curve by four or five per cent. The figure shows that the leakage increases rapidly with increase in clearance for plain wood windows." This same report shows that for. windows equipped with the better type of weatherstripping there is only a 15 per cent increase in air leakage for an increase in clearance from A to 34 in. Tests to date have shown no consistent results on the effect of locking plain double-hung wood windows. Some tests show a decrease and others even show an increase in infiltration. The authors in discussing the results of the St. Louis double-hung metal sash window tests state that the infiltration loss through such metal windows can be reduced about 10 per cent by locking * a non-weatherstripped window; and an average additional 56 per cent by applying weatherstripping of the types studied, to the locked window. 56 Fig. 6. Leakage through Plain Wood Window with Various Clearances --The above curves show the leakage lor the total crack. To obtain the leakage in cubic feet per hour per foot of crack, multiply by 60 and divide by 18.25. that 0.65 sq, ft. of radiation is required to take care of the infiltration loss per foot of crack. This table shows for the weatherstripped window, a corresponding radiation requirement of 0.12 sq. ft. per foot of crack, indicating that the application of good weatherstripping has brought about a reduction of 0.53 sq. ft. in the radiation required per foot of crack. Assuming the heating system costs $2.00 per square foot of radiation installed and weath'erstripping to cost $0.30 per lineal foot installed, there would result for each $0.30 invested in weatHerstripping, a reduction of $1.06 in the initial cost of the heating system. For any particular instal lation the costs applying to that locality and for that particular type of construction should be used in making such a cost analysis. No attempt is made here to figure the reduction in operating cost due to the applica tion of weatherstripping, as this varies greatly depending on how the plant is operated. 57 American Society of Heating 'and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1929 Fig. 7. . ---- >W MA/ M/ CW binnxA'naN CF.HPae roar OrCaeae Infiltration through Sash Perimeter of Window with and without Storm Sash--in. Crack and in. Clearance Figs. 7 and 8 show the results of tests that were made at the University of Wisconsin to establish the value of storm sash for reducing infiltration. While the tests were made on storm sash only, the results and conclusions would no doubt also apply to storm doors. Fig. 7 shows the results of the application of storm sash to a tight window and Fig. 8 shows the application of storm sash to a loose window. Fig. 8. OUU 3X 400 bm&PATKiN CJ: H. Per Foot Of CeACK Inf.ltrat.on through Sash Perimeter op Window with and without otorm Sash in. Crack and % in. Clearance 58 Chapter I--Heat Losses from Buildings A study of these curves leads to the conclusion that a storm sash is of very little value in reducing infiltration when applied to a well fitted window, but that a reduction of about 50 per cent might be expected when storm sash is securely applied to a poorly fitted or loose window. Curves B and C, Fig. 8 show that much better results are obtained by means of turn buttons on the outside than by securing the storm sash with toggle links on the inside. Calculations for Infiltration In order to arrive at the heat required for warming up the air entering by infiltration, the following procedure is necessary: First, determine the average wind movement in miles per hour for the locality in question (Table 3); Second, determine the inleakage of outside air per lineal foot of the given window or door crack in cubic feet per minute at the given wind velocity, Table 15 or 16; Third, express the heat equivalent in B:t.u. per hour per foot of crack to heat this air 1 deg. fahr. Thus, for a plain wood window having -fa in. crack and Hi in. clearance (see Fig. 5), which means the air channel around the edge of the sash is approximately A in- wide, the heat equivalent of the air leaking in for a 0-70 deg. fahr. temperature difference is 157 B.t.u. per foot of crack per hour (Table 15, Part II). This value is found in the sixth column of the table. The computation for obtaining 157 is: where 124 X 0.075 X 0.24 X 70 = 157 B.t.u., 124 = cubic feet of air per foot of crack per hour for a 15 mile ' wind for in. clearance from the 5th column of Table 15. 0.075 = air density at 70 deg. fahr., pound per cubic foot. 0.24 = specific heat of air, and 70 = difference in temperature between inside and outside air. The most convenient values for use in infiltration calculations are the coefficients of infiltration for the particular kind of crackage with a wind velocity of 15 miles per hour under average conditions, with He in. crack and % in. clearance reduced by 20 per cent (Table 15, Part II). For a wind velocity other than 15 miles per hour, use the proper velocity for that locality in place of 15. For temperature gradients other than 70 deg. multiply the value given in the tables by the new temperature gradient and divide by 70. For special cases involving unplastered walls or storm sash use values obtained from Table 17 or Figs. 7 and 8. Infiltration Due to Temperature Difference Even without wind movement, a difference of temperature between inside and outside of a building will cause the pressure state inside to be less than that outside near the ground, and greater near the roof; infil tration will occur at windows in the lower part of the building, and. exfiltration at windows in the upper pairt. Thus in the case of a building 200 ft. high; arranged in stories with more or less free communication 59 American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1929 from one to another, and with a temperature difference of 70 deg., the pressure causing infiltration near the ground, and exfiltration near the roof, may easily exceed 0.20 in. of water, which is the equivalent of a twenty-mile wind. The factors influencing the pressures causing infiltration are so numer ous that it does not seem wise at this time to attempt to include any quantitative values to express the effect of temperature difference, but it is something that should be kept in mind in the design and operation of heating systems in tall buildings. HEAT SOURCES Heat Available from Sources other than Heating Plant The heat supplied by persons, lights, motors and machinery should always be ascertained in the case of theaters, assembly halls, and in dustrial plants, but allowances for such heat sources must be made only after careful consideration of all local conditions. In many cases, these heat sources should not be allowed to affect the size of the installation at all, although they may have a marked effect on the operation and con trol of the system later. In general, it is safe to say that where audiences are involved, the heiting installation must have sufficient capacity to bring the building up to the stipulated inside temperature before the audience arrives. In industrial plants, quite a different condition exists, and heat sources, if they are always available during the period of human occupancy, may be substituted for a portion of the heating installation. In no case should the actual heating installation (exclusive of heat sources) be reduced below that required to maintain at least 40 deg. fahr. in the building. The following allowances may be made when required: Table 20. Heat Given up by Persons and Lights Persons: ' . Man at rest............... 1................. ..................... ................................ 400 B.t.u. per hr. Man at work........................................................ ;.................... ...... 500 B.t.u. per hr. Lights: Electric lamps, B.t.u. per hr. equals watts per lamp X number of lamps X 3.415 ' Gas lighting: 1 cu. ft. producer gas........................................................................ ;..150 B.t.u. 1 cu. ft. illuminating gas........................................................ .............700 B.t.u. 1 cu. ft. natural gas.............................................................................1000 B.t.u. A Welsbach burner averages 3 cu. ft. of gas per hour and a fish tail burner 5 cu. ft. per hour. `For more detailed information see Table 21, Heat Emitted by Persons per Hour at Different Room Temperatures. . . Motors and the machinery which they drive, if both are located in the room, convert all of the electrical energy supplied into heat, which, is retained in the room if the product being manufactured is not removed until its temperature is the same as the room temperature. If power is transmitted to the machinery from the outside, then only the heat equivalent of the brake horsepower supplied is used. In the first case the B.t.u. supplied per hour = horsepower 2546, and Efficiency of motor 60 ' IChapter --Heat Losses from Buildings in the second case B.t.u. per hr. = b.hp. X 2546, in which 2546 is the B t.u. equivalent of 1 hp. hour. In high-powered mills this is the chief source of heating and is frequently sufficient to overheat the building even in zero weather, thus requiring cooling by ventilation the year round. For intermittent heating allow 10 per ce.it additional for rooms heated in the day time only, and for longer intervals of several days or more, add 25 per cent in determining minimum heatlifg- requirements, and size of plant. ^ Table 21. Heat Emitted by Persons per Hour at Different Room Temperatures H = Heat emitted by man at rest per hour.. :. HI = Heat emitted by man at light labor per hour." Ha = Heat emitted by man at average lsborper hour. Hh = Heat emitted by man at hard labor-per hour. ' HE = Heat Energy - .= 84 B.t.u., 168 B.t.u. and 252 B.t.u. respectively for light,Average and hard labor. :: T = Room Temperature. c r *' T X H E ; H ~ 13.2 (98.6 -- T) Heat due labor'== ----- ^i . HI, Ha, or Hh = 13.2 (98.6 - T) plus -- Room Temp. DeS Fahr. 30 40 50 60 68 70 75 80 85 90 Rest 905 773 642 509 404 378 312 246 180 114 Heat Emitted by Man* B.t.u. per Hour at 84 B.t.u. Light Labor 168 B.t.u. 252 B.t.u. Average Hard Labor Labor Condition Required to Balance Excess and Shortage in Heat Emission 931 954 981 Increasing Humidity 807 838 874 Heavy Clothing for Reduction or Pre 684 723 768 vention of Radiation 559 606 660 461 518 575 Normal Condition 436 491 554 375 438 501 Decreasing Humidity 313 375 447 Air Currents for Producing Evapora 251 322 394 tion of Perspiration 189 259 342 For children use one-half of table values. Application to Factory Heating (See Fig. 9) Lowest outside temperature for Philadelphia, Pa. = -- 6 deg. fahr. (Table 3), hence use ( --6 + 10) = +4 for heat loss computations. Average wind movement (Table 3) for December, January, February = 11.0 miles per hour from the Northwest. Long axis of building is north and south. Inside breathing-line temperature = 60 deg. fahr. Walls: 9 in. concrete (stone), +2 in. cement mortar, 2 in. tile, plas tered )/2 in. K, = 1.34 Average for surface in still air (Table 4). K, = 3 X 1.34 = 4.02 Average for surface exposed to moving air (Tables 4 and 6). C, = 8.3 for stone concrete (Table 5). Ci = for tile as shown use 1.14 (not per 1 in.), (Table 5). . C, = 8.0 for cement mortar (Table 5). C, = 2.32 for gypsum plaster (Table 5). 8In this example a design temperature only 10 deg. fahr. above lowest on record instead of 15 deg. fahr. above was used. Infiltration values were taken from Table 15 for a plain window. ... 61 American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1929 Fig. 9. Elevation of Factory- Building U1 1 ,1.9 1 0.5 /p.5 1.34 ` 4.02 'r8.3*r 1.14 "r8.0'r:2.32 .0.304 The air temperature at. the mean height of inside walls is greater, than at breathing line. Mean height of walls is 16 -J- 2 = 8 ft., which 8 -- 5 = 3 ft. above breathing line. Allowing 2 per cent per foot above 5 ft., or 2X3 = 6 per cent, makes the mean.air temperature 1.06 X 60 =' 63.6 deg. fahr. The triangular areas in the end wall are practically at the mean height of the roof at which level the air temperature is 78' deg. fahr. Roof: 3 in. concrete (stone), with slag surface built-up roofing. V = 0.610 (Roof No. 216-c, Table 11-A) 62 Chapter I--Heat Losses from Buildings The air temperature just below roof is higher than that at the breathing line. Mean height of roof is 16 + 4 = 20 ft., or it is 20 -- 5 = 15 ft. above breathing line. Allowing 2 per cent per foot above 5 ft., or 2 X 15 = 30 per cent, makes the under roof temperature = 1.30 X 60 = 78 deg. fahr. Floor: The 5 in. concrete floor is laid on the ground, and hence there is only one surface coefficient K, = 1.34 = Average for surface in still air (Table 4) V = ----i--_ = 0.745 1.134+^8--.3 The air temperature at floor levely= 60 -- 5 =,-55 deg. fahr. Windows and Doors: WootLisa&J- and doors with! single thickness of glass. Take coefficient U for glass as It 13 B.t.u. per sq. ft. per degree per hour for heat transmission (Table 13-A). Doors are solid wood 2 in. thick and coefficient U= 0^582 B.t.u. per sq. ft. per degree per hour (Table 13-B). f~) . Infiltration's of-r;iiow crack assumed^^s in. and doors at fa in. *B,y Table 15 tt pro ; for a 10 mile wind'velocity the leakage per foot 'of crack is 84 be Ur ror a plain window. The heat equivalent per hour, per degree :or 0ru . ' lesignet; . & X ,075 X 0.24 = 1.53 B.t.u. neon*'" * u and allowing-for an il mile wind J:he factor becomes 1.53 X Jq = 1.68 (see preceding note). Allow twice this for door crack or 2 X 1-68 = 3.36. Calculation Sheet U - Building Material Exposure Concrete and Tile. N N Doors (2 in. wood)__ N K Crack:________ N Entire Building (See Fig. 9) K "* * Coeffic. . Area Trans. Width Height Sq. Ft. and Temp. in Ft. in Ft. or Lin. Infilt. Diff. Ft. H X SO 8M 213 0.304 74.0 50 16 656 0.304 59.6 12 12 144 0.382 56 1 pair doors 60 3.36 56 Net B.t.u. 4*800 11*850 3,080 11.300 Exposure Factor 1.15 1.15 1.15 H*X 1.15 Total B.t.u. 5,520 13.630 3,550 6,500 29.200 Concrete and Tile__ W Class (Single) w ) in. Crack________ w South Wall Same as N East Wall Same as W Roof, 3 |n. Concrete and slag-surfaced built-up roofing__ No Ceiling Floor, 5 in. Stone Concrete_________ On Dirt 120 ' 16 15 X 4 9 Double Hung Windows (15) See above See above 52.5 120 50 120 1380 0.304 59.6 540 1.13 59.6 450 1.68 59.6 24,950 36.200 44,900 6300 o:eio 74 285,000 6000 0.745i 5 22,350 1.15 1.15 M* X 1-15 H* 28.700 41,600 25,800 96,100 25,380 83,600 None None 285.000 22,350 Grand total of heat required for building in B.t.u. per hour at 4- 4 deg. with 11-mile Southwest wind .................... -............ 541,630 k ota.--(1) This building has no partitions and whatever air enters through the cracks on the wind- 63 of andAmerican Society Heating Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1929 \ ward side must leave through the cracks on the leeward side. Therefore, only one-half of the total crack will be used in computing infiltration for each side and each end of building. (2) An exposure allowance of 15 per cent is also to be added to the wall and glass transmission'losses and to the infiltration losses on the two adjacent sides of the building most nearly facing the prevailing wind as stated in the first paragraph on page 48. (3) It is also possible to compute the heat required to take care of infiltration on the basis of K of an air change per hour as given in Table 14 for a factory with minimum conditions. Volume -- 50 X 120 X 20 (mean height) = 120.000 cu. ft. and heat required per hour is . 120.000 XH'X 0.075 X 0.24 X 59.6 = 64.200 B.t.ii. Based on infiltration through one-half the total crackage in all walls, the heat to be supplied per hour is from preceding table, 6.850 + 27,300 + 5.950 + 23,750 = 63,850 B.Lu. This value based on crackage should be used, but if building is to be heated intermittently, not less than one air change per hour should be allowed. .8$ ^\ i f j 1 / T. 64 Chapter ii RADIATORS AND HEATERS Kinds of Heat Emitting Units, Heat Emission from Different Kinds of Radiators and Heaters, Effects of Humidity, Painting and Enclosures on Heat Emission, Specifications for Cast Iron Radiators. THIS chapter is intended to apply to the salient data on the different kinds of heating elements pertaining to that field wherein heating is done by direct radiators, direct-indirect or concealed heaters (per forming their function of emitting the necessary heat by radiation or conduction) or wherein the heating is done by concealed built-in heaters, cabinet heaters or indirect heaters, performing these same functions, mainly by the processes of convention. It should be understood that any heater, whether it be a cast-iron "radiator" or one of the newer non-ferric, extended surface heaters specifically designed for enclosure within a wall or cabinet, heats the air which comes in contact with its surfaces almost wholly by conduction, the radiant effect being negligible. Careless nomenclature has resulted in such confusion that the facts should be briefly reviewed. An exposed cast-iron radiator emits from 10 per cent to, almost, 30 per cent of its heat emission, as radiant heat.1 The balance or major position of its emission is, of course, by .conduction to the air in contact with the heated surfaces. Thereupon the heated air, through convection, sets up a circulation which tends to distribute the heat, more or less uniformly, in accordance with the manner in which the convection currents are utilized. When a cast-iron radiator, or one of the newer non-radiating heaters ~> provided with extended conducting surfaces, is enclosed within a wall or cabipet, it emits practically no heat by radiation, functioning as a "con ductor" rather than a "radiator." Hence the term "radiator" or "radiation" applied to such heaters, or such heat-surface, is distinctly a misnomer which should not be perpetuated; And it should be equally emphasized that air is heated by conduction, in contact with a heated surface, while convection is that phenomenon by which heat is distributed within & fluid, liquid or gas. With these facts kept in mind there should be no further confusion or faulty nomenclature. Most of the former types of large column cast-iron radiators have recently been replaced-by the small tube types, while many forms .of concealed and cabinet heaters have recently been developed. These changes make it necessary to establish definite meanings for, the terms Research Laboratory, American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers. -- Material for this Chapter prepared especially for The Guide by the following committee: Prof; A. P. kratz, chairman; Esten Bolling, Dr. C. W. Brabbee, J. F. Mclntire, F. D. Mensing and R. N.- Trane;' 65 American Society of HEATiNG^and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1929 which shall be used for designating the different kinds of heat emitting units as follows: . Direct Radiators are heaters which are placed directly in the room or space to be heated and impart their heat to the objects and air in this space by direct radiation, and conduction, the air then distributing the heat by convection. Indirect Heaters are those placed outside of the room or space to be heated and so arranged as to impart their heat to air, which is passed over the surface and thence delivered to the room, without imparting any material amount of heat to the room by direct radiation. Indirect heaters are generally so designated where the movement of air over them is by gravity. When the movement of the air is by fan or other mechanical means, this type of heater is designated as blast heater, stacks or coils. Concealed Radiators are those placed within or immediately adjoining the room or space to be heated, but separated by an enclosure, or other means, so as to be sub stantially hidden except for the openings or grilles for air circulation. They may have grilles over the entire front or at top and bottom only. Recessed Radiators are those placed in a recess in the walls or partitions of the space to be heated. They may be either wholly or partially covered by grilles and thus become concealed, but it is recommended that the designation concealed radiators be used in such cases and that the term recessed radiators be confined to those set in open recesses. Built-in or Concealed Heaters are concealed heat emitting units especially designed to be built into the walls or partitions of the space to be heated and deliver the bulk of the heat to this space by the processes of convection. Cabinet Heaters are special heat emitting units designed for and enclosed in a cabinet to be exposed in the space to be heated. Ordinary radiators may be placed in cabinets but should be designated as radiators in cabinets. . Semi-Indirect Radiators is an indefinite term which is more or less obsolete and should be discarded in favor of the more definite terms referred to previously. It originally referred to such as the concealed, built-in or cabinet types. Direct-Indirect Radiators are radiators designed to be set exposed in the space to be heated but equipped with integral flues, dampers and connections for taking air from the outside, from the room or both and delivering its heat and some fresh air by this means to the room. Most of these types of radiators and heaters may be made of pipes, in which case they are spoken of as pipe coils. The other heaters are usually made from cast-iron or non-ferrous metals. Cast-iron radiators, are used as column, wall, or window radiators, and in all three cases the original large columns have recently been replaced by small tubes, in a great variety of forms, for which no standard technical data are available at present. As a result of this great diversity of design and lack of engineering data, a condition has developed which an attempt has been made to meet by establishing a Code for Testing Radiators.* In the past the unit of measure recognized in computing the heat emis sion was square feet of heating surface, which is rapidly being discarded, however, for the reason that the heat emission depends upon the design of the radiator as well as its surface area. The engineer is interested primarily in the amount of heat emitted rather than in the amount of surface in a radiator or heater. As a result, radiators or heaters are being rated on the amount of total heat given, either in B.t.u. per hour or in equivalent square feet based on 240 B.t.u. per hour. ', *At a meeting of the Committee on Research of the American Society op Heating and Ventilating Engineers at New York, January 23, 1928, the following resolution was adopted: That all manufacturers of radiators be requested by the Committee on Research to publish the ratings of their product in British heat units. Their ratings are to be certified and guaranteed, and for the present at least, are to be based on condensation performance, determined in accordance with the tentative Code of the American Society, of Heating and Ventilating Engineers for testing radiators. . . 66 Chapter II--Radiators and Heaters Recently a new development in heating practice has taken place. The effect of radiators for house heating purposes is not alone for heating up the building, but rather to obtain and secure comfort for the occupants. In this connection it cannot be.denied that comfort feeling for human beings in winter calls for the delivery of warmth in the lower part of the room, in the zone of occupancy, instead of overheating the ceiling; in which latter case, a considerable amount of heat can be wasted. These investigations, the goal of which is to determine the useful heat output of a radiator or heater instead of its total output (by condensation) are still under way.* This scheme of heating the zone of occupancy may be accomplished by radiators especially designed to give off the greater part of their heat by radiation, rather than by conduction, so that when such radiators are placed directly opposite the place of occupancy of a room most of the heat is projected out directly in this plane without unduly heating the air in the upper part of the room. Another method for accomplishing the same result lies in the proper use and application of the principles of concealed and cabinet heaters, whereby the heat is transferred to the room by means of heated air con tinuously projected out in the plane of occupancy of the room and re placed by an equal volume of cooler air drawn into the base of the heater from near the floor, thus creating a local circulation within the zone of occupancy and tending to prevent overheating of the air in the upper part of the room.' 1** TOTAL HEAT EMISSION OF CAST IRON RADIATORS > Tube radiators are not yet standardized, and it is, therefore, impossible to give standard data. Also, under the present ruling of the Committee on Research, as stated on page 66, the only recourse at present seems to be to refer to the various makers' catalogs and accept the ratings as given. However, sufficient radiation is being calculated on the old basis to warrant the inclusion of a condensed table of heat emission based on the actual number of square feet of surface presented by various types of column radiators. Table 1 has been condensed from the American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Research Laboratory Standard Data, prepared in cooperation with the U. S. Bureau of Mines at the Pittsburgh Experiment Station, and gives the heat emission per square foot for the standard steam temperature of 216 deg. fahr. and room temperature of 70 deg. fahr. The original tables were given in a report of the . Research Laboratory,4 resulting from experiments by John R. Allen and F. B. Rowley. Table 2 gives the heat emission of various standard, types of coil radiation for steam temperature at 215 deg. fahr. and room temperature at 70 deg. fahr. ' Table 3 gives the conversion factors for determining the heat emission .. *See Journal of American Society op Heating and Ventilating Engineers,'November 1925, November 1926; June 1927, January 1928, and also Heating and Ventilation, Rietschel-BrabWe, pp. 45 to 66. and 81 to 82. 4Direct Radiation Tables by F. Paul Anderson, F. C. Houghten, Louis Ebin, Journal of American oocibty op Heating and Ventilating Engineers, December, 1921. 67 American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1929 for any radiator with steam or water at temperatures other than 215 deg. fahr. and with room temperatures other than 70 deg. fahr., when the emission for 215 deg. fahr. and 70 deg. fahr. are known, These factors have been based on the method outlined in the Report of the Advisory Committee on Radiation, Journal of the American Society of Heating Table 1.* Heat Emitted by Direct Radiation Steam Temperature 215 deg. fahr. Room Temperature 70 deg. fahr. Ttpe No. or Columns Height Inches Rated Surface PER Section So. Ft. B.t.u. per 8a Ft. per Hour Intermediate Section. End Section Standard " u " Hospital Wall W indow - i i i i i 2 2 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 4 4 4 4 4 4 2 2 2 2 2 2 _ _ .... 38 32 26 23 20 45 38 32 26 23 20 45 38 32 26 22 18 45 38 32 26 22 18 45 38 32 . 26 23 20 29 22 17 20 15' 13 3.00 2.50 2.00 1.66 1.50 5.00 4.00 3.33 2.66 2.33 2.00 6.00 5.00 4.50 3.75 3.00 2.25 10.00 8.00 6.50 5.00 4.00 3.00 5.00 4.00 3.33 2.66 2.33 2.00 9.00 7.00 5.00 5.00 3.75 3.00 243 250 257 266 263 217 225 233 240 242 246 206 211 215 219 226 236 191 198 207 216 222 233 230 240 250 256 261 265 289 293 310 211 226 375 380 385 394 395 378 396 400 413 415 411 374 380 370 366 380 390 309 321 333 346 358 375 393 407 418 423 428 430 316 319 331 342 361 *Condensed from Research Laboratory Standard Data--American Society or Heating and Ventilating Engineers--Result of Cooperative Work with U. S. Bureau of Mines Experiment Station, Pittsburgh, Pa. Copyright 1921. and Ventilating Engineers, March 1927, making use of the relation that the heat outputs vary as the 1.3 power of the temperature ranges. In order to convert the heat emission from steam radiation with steam at 215 deg. fahr. and room temperature at 70 deg. fahr. to heat emission from hot-water radiation with mean water temperature at 170 deg. fahr. 'and room temperature at 70 deg. fahr., the heat emission from the steam radiation should be multiplied.by the factor, 0.617. , 68 Chapter II--Radiators and Heaters Table 2. Heat Emission of Direct Pipe Coil Radiation for Steam Steam Temperature 215 deg. fahr. Room Temperature 70 deg. fahr. WALL COILS--Coils Placed Vertical--Pipes Horizontal B.t.u. per Lineal Feet of Coil per Hour (Not Lineal Feet of Pipe) Size or Coil r IK' W 132 155 185 252 312 348 440 545 616 567 702 793 651 796 907 732 907 1020 Twelve....... ................................... 812 1005 1135 WALL COILS--Coils Placed Vertical--Pipes Vertical Emission varies in inverse ratio of the height of the coil Use 100 B.t.u. per lineal feet of pipe as an average for Vy in. coil, 10 ft. high. CEILING COILS--Coils Placed Horizontally--Pipes Horizontal Emission is equal to that of a single row coil . Allowance must be made, however, if the coil is at the ceiling in a higher temperature. Jn this case use: 126 B.t.u. per lineal feet of pipe for 1 in. coils. 146 B.t.u. per lineal feet of pipe for 1M in. coils. 175 B.t.u. per lineal feet of pipe for 1J4 in. coils. Table 2 has been developed by a method of deduction from the avail able data on such experimental work on pipe coils as has been recorded, -n and does not represent definite results of tests as in Table 1. The values ` are, therefore, approximately only, but can be used with assurance that they are more accurate than those obtained by the usual method for calculating pipe coil surface. EXTENDED SURFACE HEATERS Extended surface heaters in general, consist of one or more steam carrying tubes or spaces to which the fins or sheets of extended surface are attached. The heating elements in themselves are not generally com plete and require a duct, stack or chimney in order to give satisfactory . results. ' There are heating elements, however, of this type which are complete within themselves, and most other such units are now assembled in accompanying casings to form a complete unit, known either as a heat cabinet, a concealed heater or some appropriate name. When installed between the walls of a building a sheet metal stack is used between the inlet and the outlet. When the heater is installed in the room it is equipped with a closely fitting box or cabinet which takes place of the stack and gives the necessary chimney effect. The heating elements are mac|e of brass, copper, aluminum or other highly conductive non-ferrous metal, generally with extended surfaces ranging from about 3)4x6 in. to 4x8 in. in size and from 0.002'to 69 of andAmerican Society Heating Ventilating Engineebs Guide, 1929 00-10 in 'O >On oO Os oodoo^ agt*~ fs oo *o o o n r- 00 o o* o` S^C2M09CSN>Ctn*N.0oC'NipoCi,'firs1^fTsmj'' S*-<NcOicLOi>5fOorv?ioQj>r^cios ** *-* cm cm c* *> 1 % oS5 0 r-- i/} ,, , _ in \o r* oo n *> *o f*> ** OO ro t/> 00 f'S T-- O ^'-i *x ^ CN M O2 oodddo O oA cn co r^. r-- cvj oo Q < 'OflOO NhO 0SO\ JO>O. oOo oodddo 5SSS222S & O2 O ' s&sslssss * ~ ^ ^ 10 ^S00y<r0fSPIO?O or,,VONOv !0N>0. O il (w<- .a z is|^ 388'ggg H UEi gM (2 . j? rI ^*"* wc--)OOi' **ho coo nto fO ^ *o fsj On , N CO OOio-nN ON Ov On SSS2 M^^OHNOCMsMNCNlSONCNsNirMOf0Ots0^ *'" 00 00 O' NO oo 00.On NO no r*. O0 On O fs| 11 58 if il r- *o to *-* o 2 J<3 CNIfO^lOVOCO e-5 3 ie ! 70 Chapter II--Radiators and Heaters 0.003 in, in thickness. These plates are spaced from 1/16 to H in. apart and the whole assembly forms a heating element from 3}^ to 4 in. in width by from 6 to 8 in. high for building into 4-in. stud partition walls; or when turned in the other position, from 6 to 8 in. wide by from 334 to 4 in. high for building into wider stud partitions. These heating elements are usually made in heights ranging from 12 in. to several feet, in 4 to 6-in. increments. Steam or hot water is passed through the tubes in the heater and the heat is carried by conduction into the extended surface which in turn gives up the heat by conduction to the air coming in contact with the .fins or plates. This heated air rises in the stack under the action of gravity 'circulation, the cold air coming in. at the inlet near the floor and the warm air. leaving at an outlet near the top. A tight-fitting damper is frequently used to control the flow of air and to limit the heat output of the heater. In any event, whether installed in a stack or cabinet, it is important to note that, within limits, the steam condensing capacity of the heater is increased as the stack height is increased, and that in order to secure proper results the stack or cabinet should fit the heater snugly so that all air> which comes through the outlet, must have been brought into contact with the fins of the heater. The limiting height for a stack in the average room is approximately 60 in., since with higher stacks there, is a possibility for stratification near the ceiling, resulting in cold floors. When installed in an outside or exposed wall the stack should be well heat insulated. These heaters may be used with both steam or hot-water heating systems, and are rated in B.t.u. emission under specified conditions or in terms of direct radiation based on 240 B.t.u. per square foot. No -> independent research data are available on the performance of such heaters and the only course open at present is to use the ratings in the published literature of the makers. The performance on hot water must be determined by test since the conversion factors in Table 3 cannot be considered applicable under these conditions, although it is probable that if water with a mean temperature of 215 deg. fahr. is used the performance will be the same as when steam at the same temperature is used. CAST IRON GRAVITY INDIRECT RADIATORS Table 4 gives the cubic feet of air per hour (measured at 70 deg. fahr.) usually allowed per square foot of heating surface, through cast-iron giavity indirect radiators. Table 4. Cubic Feet of Am fee Hour per Square Foot of Heating Surface for Cast Iron Gravity Indirect Radiators Indirect heaters supplying 1st floor registers ...................................... 150 cu. ft. per hour Indirect heaters supplying registers 7 ft. above first floor.-................ .200 cu. ft. per hour Indirect heaters supplying 2nd floor registers........... !........ ..................... 300 cu. ft. per hour Indirect heaters supplying 3rd floor registers....................................... :.._350 cu. ft. per hour Table 5 gives the final temperature of the air leaving cast-iron gravity indirect radiators corresponding to different entering temperatures and . different cubic feet of air per hour per square foot of surface. , 71 American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1929 Table 5. Final Temperature of Air Leaving % in. Pin, Cast-Iron, Gravity Indirect Radiators Temperature Entering Air Dbg. Fahr. Cubic Feet op Am (at 70 deg.) per Hour per Square Foot Radiation 225 250 275 300 -10 0 10 20 30 40 SO 60 132 136 140 144 140 152 156 160 130 134 138 142 146 150 154 158 128 132 136 140 144 148 152 156 126 130 134 138 142 146 150 154 123 127 131 135 139 143 147 151 121 125 129 133 137 141 145 149 119 123 127 131 135 139 143 147 --1st Floor- 116 113 111 108 120 117 115 112 124 121 119 116 128 125 123 120 132 129 127 124 136 133 131 128 140 137 135 132 144 141 139 136 --2nd Floor-- --3rd Floor-- --------- ._-----------------------------------------p.| Note.--Temperature of air entering room shall be assumed lower than temperature of air leaving radiator as follows; 1st Floor 5 deg. lower, 2nd Floor 8 deg. lower, 3rd Floor, 10 deg. lower. Table 5 is for % in. pin-type radiation using steam at I lb. pressure. For 1 in. pin-type the temperature rise of the air is about 95 per cent of the corresponding rise for M in. pin-tvpe and for hot water at 170 deg. fahr. the temperature rise of the.air ranges from 80 to 85 per cent of the Corresponding temperature rises with steam at 1 lb. pressuie. From Tables 4 and 5 the heat emission of an indirect radiator may be calculated as follows: xamPk-Determine the B.t.u. transmitted per hour per square foot of surface atOdegdnd 2^ Tlb.'--re'^ flr enteril* " Solution.--From Table 4, it will be found that 150 cu. ft. of air will flow per hour per square foot and from Table 5 it is determined that the final temperature of the air is 127 deg. The temperature rise of the air = 127 -- 0 -- 127 deg. and the B.t.u. trans- mitted per hour per square loot = 150 X 0.24 X 127 = 333, where 13.35 0.24 = B.t.u. required to heat 1 lb. of air 1 deg. 13.35 = cubic feet of air per pound at 70 deg. For a 1 in. pin-type radiator the transmission will be 333 X 0.95 = 316 B.t.u. per square foot per hour and with water at 170 deg. the trans mission in either case would be 84 per cent of the respective figures for steam. : For performance data on radiators and heaters where air is forced through them by fans see Chapter XXIV. LOCATION AND SELECTION OF CAST IRON RADIATORS It should be made a rule to install radiators beneath or near the space of greatest heat loss. The best place is underneath an outside window. This seems logical for the following reasons: 1. Heat emitted by radiation from the radiator will counteract the effect of heat radiated out through the window from occupants in the room. 2. Cold air leaking in through the window is warmed before it reaches the interior of the room. 72 Chapter II--Radiators and Heaters 3. Air currents from the radiators pass upward, mingling with the cold infiltering air, and form a screen of warm air protecting against cold window drafts. 4. There is less discoloration of walls from dust arising from the radiator. If the heater cannot be placed underneath the window, then it should be located as near the window as possible, near outside doors, underneath skylights, near to very exposed walls or corners, etc. Heat emission by a radiator at the ceiling or floor will differ little, provided the surrounding air and objects are at the same temperature. The effect bn heating the room or on temperature distribution in the room, however, may be very great. Heat applied near the ceiling will tend to stratify, resulting in a hot ceiling and cold floor, unless there is mechanical disturbance to produce circulation. As the total heat emitted from the radiator varies with type, height, width, length, steam pressure, etc., the selection of the heater should be done in the following way: 1. Figure the total heat loss of the room as outlined in Chapter I, making proper allowances for exposure, wind velocity, height of ceiling, etc. 2. Next, decide upon the type (design, height, width, etc.) and the number of radia tors to be used. Then find in Tables 1 to 3, or in tables of guaranteed performance published by the various manufacturers, the number of sections' necessary for each radiator. Example.--The heat loss from a given room calculated in accordance with Chapter I is estimated to be 14,200 B.t.u. per hour. How many sections are required in a three- column, 38-in., radiator for heating this room? " Solution.--Table 1 indicates that a 3-column, 38-in. radiator emits 211 B.t.u. per .square foot per hour for intermediate sections, and 380 B.t.u. per square foot per hour for end sections. Each section has 5 sq. ft. of area. Intermediate sections will emit 5 X 211 = 1055 and each end section will emit 2)4 X 211 + 2)4 X 380 or 1277.5 B.t.u. per section per hour. The two end sections will emit 2 X 1277.5 = 2555, leaving 14,200 --. 2555 = 11,645 B.t.u. per hour to be supplied by the intermediate sections. 11,645 -5-1055 = 11. Hence, 11 intermediate and 2 end sections, or a total of 12 sections, will be required. Example.--How many sections of 5-tube radiation are required to heat a room having an estimated heat loss of 15,000 B.t.u. per hour? Solution.--Total radiation required under the new ratings is 15,000 -5- 240 -- 62.5 sq. ft. Select the radiator from the manufacturer's catalog. Example.--How many square feet of radiation are required to heat a room having a heat loss of 15,000 B.t.u. per hour if the pressure of the steam in the radiator is 2 lb. gage and the room temperature is 50 deg. fahr.? Solution.--The factor from Table 3 for 2 lb. gage and 50 deg. fahr. room temperature is 1.220. Under these conditions 1 sq. ft. will emit 240 X 1.220 = 293 B.t.u. per hour. The number of square feet required is 15,000 293 = 51.2. Select from a manufac turer's catalog. Example.--How many square feet of hot-water radiation are required to heat a room having a heat loss of 15,000 B.t.u. per hour if the mean water temperature is 170 deg. fahr. and the room temperature is 70 deg. fahr. Solution.-- The factor from Table 3 for a temperature of 170 deg. fahr. in the radiator and a room temperature of 70.deg. fahr. is 0.617. Under these conditions 1 sq. ft. will emit 240 X 0.617 =. 148 B.t.u. per hour. The number of square feet required is 15,000 = 148 = 101.3. Select from a manufacturer's catalog. 73 S American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1929 PROPORTIONATE RADIATION FOR VARIOUS ROOM TEMPERATURES Table 6, based on one given in the paper, The Establishment of Standard Methods of Proportioning Direct Radiation, by James A. Donnelly (American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Transactions, Vol. 21, p. 535), gives the proportionate heat losses from buildings, the proportionate transmission from direct radiators, and the proportionate radiation required (with steam at 215 deg. fahr.) for various room temperatures when the outside temperature is 0 deg. Table 6. Effect of Room Temperature on Heat Loss and Size of Radiator Room Temperature Dbg. Fahr. Proportionate Loss IN B.t.u. Difference in Temperature Between Radia tor and Room Proportionate Room Transmission Temperature IN B.T.U. Deg. Farr. Proportionate Surface Required Sq. Ft. 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70* 75 80 85 90 95 100 105 110 115 120 0.50 0.57 0.64 0.71 0.79 0.86 0.93 1.00* 1.07 1.14 1.21 1.29 1.36 1.43 1.50 1.57 1.64 1.71 180 175 170 165 160 155 150 145* 140 135 130 125 120 115 110 105 100 95 1.33 1.28 1.23 1.18 1.14 1,09 1.05 1.00* 0.96 0.91 0.87 0.83 0.78 0.74 0.70 0.66 0.62 0.58 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70* 75 80 85 90 95 100 105 110 115 120 0.38 0.45 0.52 0.60 0.69 0.79 0.89 1.00* 1.11 1.25 1.39 1.55 1.74 1.93 2.14 2.38 2.65 2.95 . * Standard Conditions. Assuming that the rate of heat loss from a building varies directly with the difference be tween the outside temperature and the building temperature, and considering the heat loss for zero outside, 70 deg. Inside as the standard, or 100 per cent; the second column shows the proportionate loss of beat from a -building when the outside temperature is zero, and the Inside temperature is as given in the first column. Assuming that the rate of transmission from a direct radi ator to the air of a building is in proportion to their difference in temperature, with a < variation in the rate of transmission of 2 per cent, greater or less, for each 10 deg. increase or decrease in their temperature difference, and considering 145 deg. differ* ence in temperature (steam 215 deg., building 70 deg.) as standard, or 100 per cent trans mission, the fourth column shows the proportionate trans mission when the difference in temperature is as given in the third column. Assuming that under stand ard conditions of outside tem perature zero, building tempera ture 70 deg., and radiator tem perature 215 deg. (or 145 deg. difference between the radiator and room) the amount of radia tion necessary is 100 per cent, the proportionate amounts of radiation given in the sixth column are those necessary to heat a building to the tempera tures given in the fifth column, when the outside temperature is zero. Note.--The amount of surface required for beating is always obtained by dividing the heat loss from the building by the amount of heat transmitted per square foot of radiation. Therefore, as may be-seen from the above tables, the proportionate amount of surface required for heating is obtained by dividing the proportionate heat loss from the building- by the proportionate transmission of the radiator.' in each case. ' ... Table 6 may be used to find the proportionate amount of radiation necessary to heat a room to any desired inside temperature, other than 70 deg. fahr., when the outside minimum temperature is other than zero, and with a radiator temperature other than standard. Find the difference between the outside temperature and the room temperature in 74 . Chapter II--Radiators and Heaters the firif column; divide the proportionate heat loss opposite this amount, in the second- column, by the proportionate transmission opposite, the difference in temperature between the radiator and the room, as given in the fourth column, and the result will be the proportionate amount of radiation required. .' Frample.--What is the proportionate amount of radiation required to heat a room to 90 deg. fahr. with a temperature of --20 deg. fahr. outside and a steam temperature of 240 deg. fahr.? Solution --The difference in temperature between --20 deg. fahr. outside, and 90 fahr. inside, is 110 deg. fahr. Opposite 110, the proportionate heat loss, or 1.57, ?lound in the second column. The difference in temperature between the radiator and the room (steam 240 deg. fahr., room 90 deg. fahr.) is 150 deg. fahr. Opposite this the proportionate transmission 1.05 is found in the fourth column. Divide 1.57 by 1.05 and the quotient, 1.50, is the proportionate amount of radiation required. EFFECT OF HUMIDITY The late'John R. Allen, while Director of the Society's Research Laboratory, submitted a paper as a report (A. S. H. V. E; Transactions, Vol. 26, p. 11), which in addition to the treatise on the heat emitted by various types of radiation, from which the preceding tables were calcu lated gives other data from which the following is taken. Fig. 1 shows the effect of increasing the humidity upon the heat transmission. It will be noted that with extreme change of humidity there is a slight change in the heat transmission, the heat transmission reducing slightly as the humidity increases. Humid ity cfln have very little, if any effect upon radiation, and the effect of humidity must therefore change the converted heat lost by the radiator.^ This change of converted heat is probably due to thfe change in the density of the air passing over the radiator. WARMING THE RADIATOR It is often very important to know the maximum condensation that occurs in a radiator when steam is turned on. Fig. 2 shows the condensation rate in pounds per hour for the time elapsing after steam* is turned into the radiator. It will be noticed that the maximum condensation in the radiator occurs 10 min. after steam is turned on, 75 American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1939 and in that case it amounts to about three and one-half times normal condensation. After the end of 25 min., the radiator reached a normal rate of condensation. This curve was made from observations at intervals of 10 min. so that the intermediate points between the 10 min. points are not known, and the form of the curve is not exact. It shows, however, that when a plant is initially started up and the system filled with steam during a^hort period of time the demand made upon the boiler may be very much higher than the normal demand. In practice the rate of steam supply to the radiator while heating-up is however, generally retarded by controlled elimination of air through air valves or traps and if sufficient time is allowed for the heating-up process, overload on the boiler may be practically eliminated. _ Chapter II--Radiators and Heaters T a b l e 8 . E f f e c t o f E n c l o s u r e o n H e a t E m i s s i o n .f r o m R a d i a t o r Time elapsing after Steam is turned into Radiator fin Minutes) Fig. 2. Chart Shows the Steam Demand Rate for Heating-up a Cast Iron Radiator with Free Air Venting and Ample Steam Supply EFFECT OF PAINTING CAST IRON RADIATORS The effect of painting is to change the radiation constant of the radiating surface and has practically no effect upon the heat lost by convection. It is, therefore, a surface effect and it makes no difference what paints are placed on the radiator as a priming coat, the results are always dependent upon the last coat of paint put upon the radiator. In radiators having a large proportion of radiating surface such as pipe coils or wall coils, the effect of painting will be more marked than in four-column radiators having a comparatively small radiating surface in proportion to converting surface. All finely ground materials have about the same radiation constant. Therefore all paints having finely ground pigments will give about the same effect. Metals have a poor radiating effect so that any paint involving flake metal, such as the bronze, will have a low radiating constant. ' ' The effects of painting a six-section 32-in. three-column radiator as found by Wm. H. Severns are given in Table 7. Table 7. Effect of Painting 32-in. Three-Column, 6-Section Cast Iron Radiators' Radiator No. i 2 3 4 Finish One coat dull black Pecora paint.... Area So. Ft. 27 27 27 27 CosmcIENT or Heat Trans. B.t.u. Relative Heating Value Per Cent 1.77 1.60 1.78 1.76 100.5 90.8 101.1 100.0 Comparative tests of Radiator Finishes by Wm. H. Severns, Journal, American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers, January, 1927. 76 77 American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1929 EFFECT OF ENCLOSURES, WITH CAST IRON RADIATORS . It is generally assumed that an enclosed radiator shows a decreased . heat emission. This is borne out by results recently published by Kratz and Fahnestock, Table 8". This data indicates that the heat emission from the enclosed radiator equals or exceeds that of an exposed radiator only in the case where the enclosure is much higher than the radiator so as to produce a pronounced chimney effect. To accomplish best results, care must be exercised to follow certain rules in designing the enclosure, the most important of which are: 1. Enclosures should be insulated with 1 in. magnesia or asbestos block, lined with / bright tin or non-corrosive sheet metal, placed next to the radiator. 2. The surface of the radiator should be painted flat black, maroon japan, white enamel or white zinc. If the radiator is entirely concealed it may be unpainted. 3. The free area of the grill or opening at the outlet should be not less than the free area through the sections of the radiator. - 4. The free area of the grill or opening at the inlet should be not less than 80 per cent of the free area at the outlet. . 5. If the outlet is in the face of the enclosure so that the air flow is horizontal, the free area of the outlet should be at least 150 per cent of the free area about the radiator, and the clear height between the top of the radiator and the underside of the top of the enclosure should be not less than the depth of the enclosure. 6. Best results are obtained with a tight fitting enclosure, provided the free area about the. radiator at point of greatest restriction is not excessive. As a general rule the efficiency of the radiator is inversely proportional to the depth of the enclosure. SPECIFICATION CLAUSES FOR CAST IRON RADIATORS Specifications for radiation should contain the following clauses: 1. Manufacturers must guarantee that the heat emission per radiator shall not fall below the values given in their published literature. 2. Radiation must be free from flaws on surface and leaks at nipple connections, and guaranteed to stand a hydrostatic-test of not less than 100 lb. per square inch. 3. Radiation must be thoroughly cleaned of all core sand, and if for vapor or modu lation steam systems must be washed out and the openings plugged before shipment. . 4. Radiation must not be placed where dirt can get into the interior and if to be placed in the weather or damp location must be given a priming coat of paint before shipment or immediately upon delivery at location. . ^ 5. Long or low radiators should be crated, and the crating not removed until placed in final location. . 6. Radiators supported from the wall or ceiling shall be supported on steel or wrought-iron hangers. "Effect of Enclosures on Radiator Performance by A. P. Krats and M. K. Fahnestock, Journal. American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers, June, 1927- .. 78 CHAPTER III STEAM HEATING SYSTEMS AND PIPING Description of Systems; Influence of Length of Run, Pressure Drop, Critical Velocities and Heating-up Periods; Pipe Size Tables for One*Pipe, Two-Pipe, Vapor and Vacuum Systems, Details of Piping Connections. INTRODUCTION ONE of the serious design problems facing every heating engineer and contractor is the selection of proper pipe sizes for steam heating systems. Until recently no uniformity of practice existed, and of the numerous tables available to the profession many indefinite and variable factors entered into the calculations with the result that a concerted effort was made by committees of the American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers and the Heating and Piping Contractors' National Association to study the subject of pipe sizes and compile tables with a scientific basis. For several years the American Society of Heating and Ventilating -Engineers' Research Laboratory has been investigating the flow of steam in pipes and the capacity of pipes for steam heating systems with the result that the reports of its Technical Advisory Committee on Pipe Sizes have been used by the American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers' Guide Committee and the Heating and Piping Contractors' National Association Committee on Standardization in the compilation of Standard Tables for Pipe Sizes of Steam Heating Systems. The information acquired through the cooperative effort of these two organizations provides engineers and contractors with a standard method of selecting pipe sizes for steam heating systems, thus facilitating the de signing of plants that are scientifically correct. All data in this chapter are so arranged that the subject is covered under four general divisions: (1) a brief description of systems, (2) a discussion of steam distribution, (3) pipe size tables for steam heating systems and (4) examples to show correct use of tables. Where data have not been available from research work, standard for mulae have been applied so that the user of these tables may feel confident that the values given may be applied with safety. Wherever the words radiator or radiation are used throughout this chapter, they are intended to refer not only to the older types of radiation, but also to the newer types of radiators, heaters, concealed or cabinet styles. - . Wherever the words equivalent radiation are used they are intended to Material for this section of The Guide especially prepared by the following committee: R. S. Franklin, chairman; C. V. Haynes, F. C. Houghten, E. N. Sanbern and F. W. Wandless. 79 American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1929 > refer to the equivalent capacity, of any of these types of heat-emitting units, in terms of the standard capacity of cast-iron radiation. DESCRIPTION OF SYSTEMS Piping systems for steam heating are broadly classified as gravity one-pipe, two-pipe, vapor and vacuum systems; the condensation re turning to boiler by gravity or mechanical devices. A few of the terms used in describing these systems are defined as ' follows: - A gravity system is one in which the water of condensation is returned to the source by the action of gravity. , A vacuum system is one which operates in whole or in part at pressures below atmospheric. . A vapor system is one which operates at low pressures and which employs devices for the limitation of pressure and for the control of the steam supply. A down-feed or overhead system is one in which the supply main is above the level of the heating unit. Up-feed systems are those in which the supply main is below the.level of the heating units. Supply mains are the pipes that convey the steam from its source to the branch risers of the heating units. Branch risers are the pipes that convey the steam from the mains to the heating units or the condensate from the heating unit to the return main. Return mains are the pipes that carry the condensate from the branch returns back to its destination. There are two kinds of returns, the dry and wet. The former is above the level of the water line of the boiler or its corresponding hydrostatic head and handles both air and water. It con nects to a receiver where the air and water are separated. The wet return is below the level of the water line of the boiler or its hydrostatic head and handles only water. . The choice of gravity one-pipe, two-pipe, vapor or vacuum systems depends upon the requirements as to first cost, convenience, quality of service and local conditions. Theoretically, gravity one and two-pipe and vapor and vacuum systems are substantially on a par as to heating efficiency; that is to say, the major portion of the heat delivered is, or should be, dissipated by the heating unit. It is essential that any system circulate steam uniformly throughout the entire installation, as too often certain defective features of a system will require that heat be kept on longer or to a greater degree than would otherwise be required to uniformly and satisfactorily heat the building. This will result in waste and overheating. The one important thing to be remembered in connection with all systems is that they shall circulate steam freely and uniformly to the heating units and remove and return condensation noiselessly. . One-Pipe Gravity Steam System.--The one-pipe system is generally the least expensive to install. It requires one combined supply and return 80 j ' III--Chapter Steam Heating Systems and Piping connection at the bottom of each heating unit to allow the condensation to flow back to the boiler in opposition to the incoming steam. There are many modifications of this system. The main should pitch down from the boiler in the direction of the flow of steam. The end of the tnain and some of the branch risers, if the run is long, should be dripped into the return line. If the return line is below the water line of the boiler they may be directly connected but should the return be above the water line of the boiler in this part of the system the main and branch risers should be . dripped through water legs of sufficient length, so that the steam pressure will not lift the water and blow steam through to the return main. Air valves must be used on all heating units, also near the ends of mains before dropping below the water line. These valves may vent the air directly to the room or may be of a type that is connected to an air line pump which removes the air only and does not handle the condensation from the heating unit. Fractional control by means of valves on the heat ing units is not possible with one-pipe systems. During operation the heating unit supply valve must be either entirely open or entirely closed. This is necessary to prevent the retention of water and the noise due to intermittent inflow of steam and outflow of water that occurs when the valve is partly open. - This system is adaptable to automatic temperature control and is entirely satisfactory when properly designed, installed and operated. Gravity one-pipe systems operating under slight pressures sometimes called vapor or vapor vacuum type are the same in design as to pipe sizes as the gravity one-pipe system, the only point of difference being the venting valves on the heating units and return main. These valves vent air from the system but prevent its return.- 81 * \American Society of Heating and Ventilating' Engineers Guide, 1929 Chapter III--Steam Heating Systems and Piping mains, instead of back through the inlet connection to the supply mains, as with the one-pipe system. Both radiator connections should be valved. The returns, from heating units on several floors are usually connected into common risers and the various risers tie into the return system. This return system, if kept above the water line so as to remain dry, is usually filled with steam (plus the water of condensation), at a pressure .somewhere between that of the . supply and that of the atmosphere, depending upon the amount of steam passing through the heating unit returns. This makes the gravity two-pipe system susceptible to the backing up of steam from one heating unit to another if return valve is left open, causing troubles due to water hammer, noise caused by counterflow and mixing of steam from the return .with the condensation leaving the heating units and air binding due to the premature closing of air valves by Two-pipe Gravity Systems.--Two-pipe systems require separate supply and return pipes and a supply and return connection for each heating unit for steam and condensation. Like one-pipe systems, they require air valves on heating units and mains. The inlet supply connections may be either at the top or the bottom of the unit, but the outlet is always at the bottom so that all condensation will 'drain through this to the return steam entering at the return end of the heating units. Sometimes check valves are used on the return end of heating units to prevent steam backing into those which have been shut off. This practice is not desirable as condensation may collect in the heating units, endangering the boiler. The troubles from the backing up of steam in the returns are generally eliminated when all heating unit returns are connected separately into the wet return. The return mains are kept below the water line, so as to be wet. The use of vacuum air valves and automatic temperature control on two-pipe systems with wet returns is not recommended. Vapor Systems.--Generally vapor systems are specially designed two-pipe systems, operated at a very low pressure. They differ from the gravity two-pipe systems in four important particulars: (1) that the steam is prevented from entering and building up pressure in the return 82 83 American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1929 Chapter III--Steam Heating Systems and Piping matic air venting apparatus; instead of through individual air valves on the radiators in the rooms, (3) that the backing up of water in returns may be prevented by the carrying of exceedingly low-supply pressures, (4) that real fractional control is possible. In vapor systems boiler, protection is given by devices, supplementing the damper regulator and may be in the form of an alternating receiver, return trap, equalizing or differential device. An approved return connection (Fig. 7) is quite extensively used in place of a check valve for partially preventing water from leaving the boiler. Vapor systems are often provided with venting valves which prevent air from returning through the vent port or return traps thus permitting the formation of a partial vacuum when generation of steam pressure above atmospheric ceases. Such installations are termed vapor-vacuum systems. tTHESEGOMSCHONS SHOULD 8t AS SHOE! AS HUCI1CAL USING AS FE*h system by means of thermostatic or other forms of trips on the return ends of all heating units, (2) that the air is eliminated with the condensa tion through the heating unit returns into the return system and thence to the atmosphere through automatic vent valves or other forms of auto- THESE PIPES MW BE ANY SEE COMSS01ED PEOPLE FOE FEEDEW MIXES AND LESS THAN STEAM CONNECTIONS W TABLE ABOVE Fig. 7. Connecting Two Boilers Using the Approved Return Connection Vacuum Pump Systems.--These are similar to vapor systems in every way, -except that a pump is used to produce a vacuum on the return system for removing air and water. They permit wider variation in pressure differences between steam and return mains. They are installed in buildings where it is required to operate at low initial pressures or where, by reason of the layout, radiators must be located below the water line of the boiler. These systems are also well adapted to large groups of widely separated buildings. They are common where exhaust steam is available, as they may be operated on a low back pressure, without appreciably decreasing the capacity or economy of steam engines. A vacuum pump is used to accelerate cir culation by discharging both water and air, the water being returned to the boiler and the air vented to atmosphere. Because of the greater pressure differential of vacuum' systems the result of faulty grading of piping connections is less serious than .in .the other systems mentioned. 85 American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1929 Table 1. Flow of Steam in Pipes p/on/ of Sfe<r/7? i/? Pipes P* oss /a/ Pessso/ec /// L os. c7- //ts/oc DjamTC* or P/ps /-v 7vc*ss Z--Lrffcrft or P/rs /a/ Peer D-Wz/c/ir or / CuPr. orSrsAM TY-Lbs. or Stsam Mtr*. , . W - <37.0) | PQd 6r P-0000/32 f/ + -2-) ( c/ / O e/s Ozs. 0.2X o.xo Col/ 970 jJZ l/OO /.OS3 7.X33 P/r>2 S/JT2 /TfrSJPAiAt Co/.2 7/o**/*/al AcfutAf. P/eec or O' /ftrxPMAi Prr* 7+36 0/AMM7ZA So, //vs V d Stsam Pesos, sr C7ac* * 7 7.029 0.062 0.736 ~/o * 7i 7330 7296 7770 -os Coe. 3 r 0.707 a 790 LSffOT/7 orpjre /fffssr 20 40 Coe. 4 700 2 2. 240 7X30 /oo 2.77X 7i 7.6/0 2.036 7.S23 0.0 0.793 60 7 2/0 2 3 076 2 2.067 3.3S6 3.770 0.3 0.77/- 30 7.720 3 3 767 2 7 226? 2700 6.709 7 3 0.207 700 7.000 4 4.3SO 3 JO60 7377 7/783 23 0.207 7ZO O 9/2 X 2.063 3i 3.720 . 9007 76.707 S3 0.223 740 0 64/ 6 S.323 4 4.026 72730 23637 70.3 0.243 760 O. 793 7 X7SX 44 4. SO6 7X947 32734 7X3 0.270 /So 0.74/ 3 4./S2 S X.047 20. oo6 43.779 ZO.3 0 790 Zoo O. 7/0 /O 6.273 6 6o6S 23.336 77762 303 0.326 2SO 0.632 72 7X34 7 7023 30 723 706.278 40.3 O.S7B 300 O.J78 74 SV33 3 7. TO7 So 027 749.302 So. 3 0383 3SO O.S33 76 8.7oo 9 3,947 2786 20/633 60.3 0.4/S 400 O. SOO 20 9727 70 70.020 76.834 272792 /S3 0.4X2 4X0 *0477 24 20 /0.6SX 77.S09 72 74 72.000 7/3.070 437.SOS \ 73.2SO 73733c 366.6f6 700.3 72S3 O.S07 o.ss7 soo 0.447 600 0.407 32 40 20 30 /60 72 304 76 7S.2SO 702.636 876.37c . /SO. 3 0.603 /oo 0.376 /J. 776 Column 1 X 2 X 3 X .4 lb. of steam /7X3 77067 794X4 straight pipe for a given condition. Zoo. 3 Example.--1 oz. drop -- 2 in. pipe -- 1.3 lb. press. -- 100 ft. equivalent length: 0.64X 066S 27.7/2 2.175 X 3.710 X 0.201 X 1 - 1.6219 lb. per min. ' Goo ?oo 7000 7200 0.3X4 0 333 0.3/6 0.269 320 430 38 9o3 27-672 Table 1 does not allow for entrained'water in-low-pressure steam, condensation, in covered pipe and roughness in com mercial pipe as found in practice. /SOO 0.2X3 . 2000 0.224 lb. per sq. in. gage = 2.04 in. Vacuum. Mercury Column. 86 Chapter III--Steam Heating Systems and Piping STEAM DISTRIBUTION The piping for steam, distribution will be divided into two classes: (1) transmission mains, (2) service piping. Transmission mains are defined as those that convey steam for a con siderable distance either through or between buildings such as in district heating plants. In this type the steam is usually generated and trans mitted to the building under high pressure where by means of a pressure reducing valve it is lowered to the pressure required in the building. The velocities of flow used in the transmission mains are limited by the available or allowable drop in pressure. See Table 2 for capacity of pipes at various pressures. Service piping is defined as that which conveys the steam and con densate in the building, starting either at the boiler or other source of supply and comprising of the mains, branches, risers, radiator connections and return piping. This part of the system is usually low pressure arid the pipe sizes are larger, as the velocity of the steam is lower and the available or allowable drop in pressure is small. See Tables 10 to 18 for the service pipe sizes for various systems. . STEAM HEATING PIPE SIZES Generally, in using tables for steam heating pipe sizes, it is difficult to determine the length of run upon which they are based. Usually some allowance is made for one or more such items as: condensation in the pipe, equivalent length of pipe, for fittings, valves, etc., but it is generally difficult to determine what factors have been allowed for, and what percentage of allowance has been made. In compiling the Tables 1-18 and other data for The Guide, 1929, every attempt has been made to eliminate such indefinite and conflicting factors. The principal factors upon which the determination of pipe sizes for steam heating depends, are: 1. The equivalent length of the run from the boiler, or source of steam supply, to the farthest heating unit. 2. The total pressure drop, which may be allowed, between the source of supply and the end of the return system. 3. The maximum velocity of steam allowable for quiet and dependable operation of the system. 4. Unusual conditions in the building to be heated. Length oj Run v- The length of run must not only include the actual linear feet of straight pipe, but .also the proper allowance for fittings, valves and other items which cause drop in pressure. (See Table 4.) ' Pressure Drop Theoretically there are several factors to be considered such as initial pressure and the pressure required at the end of the line,-but it is most important that (1) the total pressure drop does not exceed the initial pressure of the system, (2) that the pressure drop is not so great as to 87 l s American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1929 cause high velocities and in the case of counter flowing condensate cause water hammer, (3) that there is a constant initial pressure. . It is recommended that all systems be designed for low initial pressure and a reasonably small pressure drop. Such systems will operate under higher pressures without difficulty. When a system is designed for high pressure with a relatively large pressure drop and then operated at a low pressure, it is apt to be noisy and have poor circulation. It is recommended that the total pressure drop never exceed one-half of the initial pressure. This applies to cases where the condensate is flowing in the same direction as the steam but in the case of counter flowing condensate the velocities should not exceed those shown in Tables 5, 6 and 7. Maximum Velocity The capacity of pipe of a given size in any part of a steam or vapor heating system depends upon the quantity of condensation present, as well as the available pressure drop in the pipe. Where no water is present or where a limited quantity flows by gravity in the same direction as the steam the available pressure drop only need be considered. Where water and steam flow counter to each other the velocity of the steam must not exceed certain values above which disturbance between the counter-flowing steam and water may produce objectionable sounds, water hammer, or retain water in some parts of the system until pressure goes off. The velocity at which such disturbance takes place depends upon the size of the pipe, its position (whether, vertical or horizontal), its pitch and the quantity of water flowing counter to the steam. Unusual Conditions Under this heading are the character and class of the building, the periodicity of use and the degree of normal temperature and the time in which it is to be attained at the beginning of each period. In public buildings, schools, offices, stores and such buildings (where the occupants are normally at rest) the building should be heated to or near its required temperature at all times. In places, of assemblage such as churches, theatres and auditoriums little heat should be used, for as the occupants fill the building it becomes a case of ventilation instead of heating. In factories or other buildings the heat given off by machinery, occupants and illumination and that absorbed by the contents of the building should be taken into account) In buildings that are intermit tently heated the extra load due to heating up of a cold system within a stated time must be considered in determining the pipe sizes. GENERAL DATA ON PIPE SIZE TABLES The following Tables 1 to 18 have been compiled for use in designingthe usual types of steam heating systems, and may be used, by those experienced in the profession, with satisfactory results. The following general principles should be followed: . 1. It is recommended that the initial pressure be kept as low as possible, not exceeding. 5 1b. gage. . 8$ Chapter III--Steam Heating Systems and Piping 2. It is recommended that the drop in pressure in the mains and riser to the farthest heating unit should not exceed I oz. per 100 ft. of straight pipe or its equivalent length, with a lower rate of drop for systems with long runs.1 3. In small installations, such as residences, where the longest actual run is seldom over 200 ft. and where the firing periods extend over several hours, resulting in boiler pressure, fluctuating from zero to about 1 lb., the total pressure drop should not exceed 2 oz. for gravity systems. In large buildings, where boilers are under the constant care of a fireman and a uniform pressure is maintained, and where the water line dif ference will permit, the. total drop in pressure may range from 3 to 8 oz. depending upon the equivalent length of the longest run. 4. The total allowable drop in pressure depends upon (a) the water line difference, (b) the equivalent length of main and riser from the boiler to the farthest heating unit, and (e) the regularity of the pressure maintained at the boiler or source of steam supply. 5. The water line difference or distance between the water line of the boiler and the low point of steam main and dry return main should be not less than 24 in., because of the heavy drop in pressure from condensation in heating up a cold system. This difference should be increased 2 in. for every ounce pressure drop in the system. If the total pressure drop were 6 oz., the water line difference should be 6 X 2 + 24 or 36 in. 6. There should be a nearly uniform drop in pressure between the source of steam supply and the farthest heating unit on every riser. Care should be taken however, to see that the maximum allowable velocity for smooth operation is not exceeded. 7. In using this method of proportioning a system, care must be exercised to see that no pipe carrying condensate counter to the steam, is loaded to a capacity above the maximum for the particular part of' a system in question as shown in Tables 5, 6 and 10 to 18. DESCRIPTION OF TABLES Tables 1 to 9 have been compiled for the use of the engineer who wishes to design a system with a pressure drop other than those shown in Tables 11 to 16. These tables may also be used to design transmission mains. Table 1 gives the numerical value of the four factors of the Babcock formula for various sizes and lengths of pipe arid various initial pressures and pressure drops. By multiplying together the four factors for any set of conditions the pound of steam per minute which will flow through the pipe may be found, as illustrated, at the bottom of the table. Table 2 is a basic table giving the theoretical capacities of pipe in square feet of direct cast-iron radiation (Based on J4 lb. steam per hour per square foot) and the resulting velocity in feet per second for various pressure drops in ounces per 100 ft. length of pipe or equivalent length and with an initial steam pressure of 1 lb. gage. This table was compiled from the values given in Table 1. In using Table 1 or 2 the total pressure drop figured should never equal or exceed the initial pressure. It is recommended that the total pressure drop be less than one-half the initial pressure. Table 3 is to be used with Table 2 for calculating the capacity of a steam pipe, for other initial pressures and lengths when the capacity is known for 1 lb. pressure and 100 ft. length. See examples for Table 3. Table 4 gives the length of pipe in feet to be added to the actual length of run to obtain the equivalent length. Table 5 gives the capacities of up-feed one-pipe risers based upon, the Tabh5.6Ui'd7P'IeS nly Whe" the amUnt of radiation on a"7 ri*r does not exceed the values in 89 American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1929 X l.rfS 8 Is is T a b le 2. Pressure L oss, C a p a c ity in Sq u ar e F e e t of E q u iv a le n t R a d ia t io n a n d V e lo c ity R e la t io n s h ip B ased on IT a b l e 1, f o r V a r io u s P r e s s u r e D r o p s w it h 1 L b . n i t i a l St e a m P r e s s u r e - N CO . PIPE SIZE % x r--. tS* CN cs *> M b g k(N X b <2 O' 1C es S? Sq. Ft. 28 VFetlopceitry Second 7.5 Sq.FL Velocity F t per Second Velocity F t per Second Sq. Ft. Velocity Ft. per Second g 95 193 Velocity Ft. per Second S q .F t Velocity Ft. per Second flq. Ft. velocity Ft. per Second r-~ 318 581 869 23 CroO fx s CN CO CrO N r> NO 00 cs h. 39 134 449 24 822 30 1228 56 122 190 24 386 635 36 1163 42 1737 601 68 1891 899 868 t * s O' 25 173 28 212 269 38 329 Tj* CO 546 50 1645 53 1100 62 2014 3009 84 91 96 t-- O' 3 5 ^ 245 43 380 49 771 62 1270. N 2326 85 3474 cNoO 'O cO o 'O r>* oo C-- S 124 37 136 300 147 43 ! 324 157 346 lO vO 47 52 466 503 538 mcs * 55 863 59 945 66 1020 70 1091 r-- r-. 1421 69 80 1556 88 l 83 1797 CS o NO O' 2600 2848 3077 3289 CO 95 3884 105 4255 122 ' 4913 oto> 109 118 128 3 tO to CO 901 009 6S9 r-- 00 CO r-- 0lO0 3 o1". It--o & 00 10 176 52 68 601 rO--' 1220 2009 3677 151 CS ** 192 424 IN. r-- 00 1336 2201 125 4028 148 6017 167 208 458 80 711 94 1443 2377 134 4351 164. 6500 180 223 490 86 760 100 1543 126 2541 144 4651 175 6948 192 20 -249 548 96 273 82 S? s 00 O' 112 1806 148 . 2841 .. 5200 196 7768 215 s ir 124 1890 154 3113 177 5697 8510 238 CS 90 t ' P- ' 1s Chapter III--Steam Heating Systems and Piping c - CS CO to o f-- oo CN NO CN T a b l e 2. (Continued) E3Cb3 k00 ke b g %V) b O' 03 k a s CS to k g rC--S 1 10" VFetlopceitry Seoond Velocity Ft. per Second VFetlopceitry 8econd b O' 03 Velocity F t per Second Sq. F t Velocity Ft. per 8econd Velocity Ft. per Second Sq. FL VFetlopceitry Second 1229 26 2273 29 3731 35 ' 7766 42 14,172 48 22,746 42,470 62 8s 53 t-- co I-. to r* CS 1738 3214 5276 49 10,983 20,043 32,168 76 60,061 88 52 4546 49 7462 70 15,533 86 28,345 100 45,492 108 84,940 125 3475 74 6429 10,553 94 21,967 112 40,085 140 64,336 152 121,012 180 891 689` 9S OO s dcoo CS O' too 4256 7874 104 12,924 26,904 144 49,094 172 78,795 184 147,120 220 4914 9092 | 121 | 14,924 139 j 31,066 t0o0 O' 8 192 212 169,879 252 5494 118 10,165 135 16,685 156 34,733 184 63,380 224 101,724 240 189,937 280 6019 128 11,135 148 18,278 204 69,430 244 111,433 264 208,059 . 308 T0S9 139 12,027 160 19,742 174 41,096 220 74,993 264 120,361 288 224,729 336 6950 148 12,858 172 oto cs 196 43,934 234 80,171 284 128,672 304 240,245 356 7770 166 14,376 193 23,597 216 49,120 268 89,633 312 143,860 340 268,603 400 oc0so0 N1--O CS CS CS tooo 182 15,748 212 25,849 232 53,808 98,188 344 157,590 372 294,236 436 9194 196 17,009 224 27,920 260 58,120 316. 106,056 372 170,217 404 317,815 474 696 I8 I` 9829 18,184 234 29,848 62,132 340 113,378 T* Oco' 428 339,758 508 20 10,989 235 20,331 260 33,371 316 69,466 380 126,768 444 203,448 480 379,861 568 CS o 12,038 249 22,270 280 36,556 332 76,096 138,859 3 222,866 520 416,117 91 53 5S " 6 IS = S Jj v v * S3 S S3 wO --Ckj3 JS 5-2 fi 29 3 3 ta 2 2^ ~ 5S -- >,*3 3 28 CS -- r --"r 5* g Si; 3 ^8 si -2*-< > cs *** 5 8 "5 co 8 c.3 ''s ihy s 3 S?o O ** e " Taj co if >3 5C8 ~ 3 g i* C "-rt Lis guls SSg| rl e - o w J-SJ-Tc3 g d g a||52a-s 5<,-9> a"o3-4ojtj3* vu s . <a . 3*c w *J tfS 58 o_ si. g1; = a"-S = Engineers Guide, 1929 American Society of Heating and Ventilating 92 Chapter III--Steam Heating Systems and Piping maximum allowable velocities as determined by the experiments of the Society's Research Laboratory. In designing a heating system no up-feed one-pipe riser should be figured to exceed the capacities indicated in this table. Table 6 gives the maximum allowable capacity of up-feed too-pipe risers as determined by the experiments of the Society's Research Laboratory. In designing a heating system no up-feed two-pipe, riser should be figured to exceed the capacities indicated in this table. This is based on the condensate of the riser returning against the flow of steam. Table 7 gives the capacity of horizontal steam lines with various pitches. These values are for horizontal branches to the heating unit with the condensate of the steam line returning against the flow of steam. These values are safe for good pipe practice. It is not recommended that the pitch be less than }/?, in. in 10 ft. . Table 8 gives the Society's Research Laboratory's finding on the decrease in the capacity of pipes not properly reamed. Where the velocity of steam is the limiting factor in the capacity of a pipe, care must be taken that this velocity is not exceeded in any part of the pipe or fittings by a constriction, since the velocity at any one con striction will limit the whole system. For this reason, particular care must be taken to ream such pipe and guard against pipe thread compound constricting it at joints. The pipe thread compound should be applied only to the male threads with a stiff brush. . Table 9 shows variation in capacity of a pipe as affected by variation of size and smoothness of pipe generally found on the market. The maximum and minimum results were obtained by picking out very smooth and very rough pipe from the stock room of a large manufacturer. Tables 10, 11 and 12 have been compiled from tests run in the Society's Research Laboratory. They are figured on a 1 oz. pressure drop per 100 ft. equivalent length of run. There has been no attempt made to balance the system. This was not felt necessary due to the short runs of pipe and the small systems they would be used for. These tables are intended as a safe guide for the contractor or steam-fitter who often has these small jobs to install and who do not wish to have elaborate plans made. Table 10 is a pipe sizing table for small one-pipe gravity low-pressure steam heating systems. This table was designed to meet the require ments of those laying out small system^ where the equivalent length of run from the boiler or pressure reducing valve to the farthest heating unit is no greater than 200 ft. The capacities are based upon 1 oz. drop in pressure per 100 ft. equivalent length of run excepting where the maxi mum allowable velocity limits the capacity below this value. The capacities of supply mains as given in Column B are based upon a pressure drop of 1 oz. per 100 ft. equivalent length. The capacities of up-feed risers as given in Column C are based upon the maximum velocity. The capacities of branches to risers and heating units are based upon past experience and the Laboratory's findings. Table 11 is for small two-pipe systems, and is similar to Table 10. It gives values for parts of a two-pipe system. It is based on a pressure drop 93 ' American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1929 Table 5. Maximum Allowable Capacities of Up-Feed Risers for One-Pipe Low Pressure Steam Based on A. S. H, V. E. Research Laboratory Tests Pm Size A r m' 2" 2W y 3H" 4* Velocity Feet fee Second Pressure Drop Ounces pbb 100 Ft.-.- B 14.1 17.6 20.0 23.0 26.0 29.0 31.0 32.0 C 0.68 0.66 0.66 0.57 0.54 0.48 0.44 0.39 8q. Ft. Radiation 45 98 152 288 464 799 1144 1520 Capacity B.Lu. per Hour Lb. Steam per Hoar 10,961 23,765. 36,860 69,840 112,520 193,600 277,000 368,000 11.3 24.5 38.0 72.0 116.0 199.8 286.0 380.0 . Note I.--Above capacities should never be exceeaeo on one-o*ov . Note Capacities based on 14 lb. condensation per square foot equivalent radiation and actual diamNeotteerso.--f sAtallndpaipred pipe. should be well reamed . and free from constrictions. (See Tables 8 and 9.) Fittings should be up to size. Table 6. Maximum Allowable Capacities of Up-Feed Risers for Two-Pipe Low Pressure Steak Based on A. S. H. V. E. Research Laboratory Tests _ Pipe Size Velocity Feet per Second Pressure Drop Ounces pks 100 Ft. A H" l' IX' OA" 2" 2W % 3* 3H" 4" B 20 23 27 30 35 38 41 42 43. C -- 1.78 1.57 1.48 1.33 1.16 0.95 0.81 0.71 Sq. Ft. Radiation D 40 74 151 . 228 438 678 1129 1548 2042 Capacity B.to. per Hour E 9550 17,900 36,500 55,200 106,100 164,100 273,500 375,500 495,000 Lb. Steam per Hoar F 10.0 18.45 37.65 57.0 109.5 169.4 282.2 387.0 510.5 NNoottees1..----CAbapovaecitcieaspabcaitsieesd sohnou1l4d lnbe.vceor nbdeeenxscaeteioaneopeonr sLqwuvapreipfvoo>teq. uivalen. t radiation and actual diameter of standard pipe. ^ Notes.--All pipe should be well reamed and free from constrictions. Fittings should be up to size. (See Tables 8 ana 9.) , 94 Chapter III--Steam Heating Systems and Piping of 1 oz. per 100 ft. where the greatest equivalent length of run from the boiler to the farthest heating unit does not exceed 200 ft. Table 12 is recommended for laying out small vapor systems on a basis of 1 oz. per 100 ft. where the greatest equivalent length of run from the boiler to the farthest heating unit does not exceed 200 ft. Tables 13 to 18 were compiled from the test .data of the Society's Research Laboratory and are for various types of balanced systems with different total pressure drops. These tables with their foot-notes may be used by any one with a knowledge of the profession to obtain satisfactory results. They cover the larger systems with total equivalent length of runs from 100 to 1200 ft. Tables 13 and 14 were designed for larger one and two-pipe low-pressure gravity steam heating systems, respectively. These tables are based upon a 4 oz. pressure drop from the boiler to the farthest heating unit and give capacities based upon such pressure drop for equivalent lengths ranging from 100 to .600 ft. These tables can be used for determining the size of pipe necessary to handle a given amount of heating surface, either in a main, branch to the riser, riser, or heating unit branch. Risers, or branches to risers or heating units, must not, however, be loaded above Table 7. Comparative Capacity of Steam Lines aT Various Pitches* Pilch of Pipe in Inches per 10 Ft. HPitch op Pipe-- in. 54 w. 1 IN. 154 is- 2 IN. 3 IN. . 4 nr. 5 nr. Pipe Sise 2 SSq. Ft. Sq. Ft Sq. Ft. Rad. 2 Rad. t Rad. Sq. Ft. Sq. Ft Sq. Ft Sq. Ft. Sq. Ft Rad. Rad. s Rad. i Rad. t Rad. aoo 240 B.t.u. 2 Based on 240 B.Lu. 1 2 aon 240 B.Lu. i 2. Based on 240 B.tU. 2 Based on 240 B.t.u. 1 2 on 240 B.tu. 1 2 on 240 B.tu. 1 2 Based on 240 1. B.tu. 54' r 154' r154' 25.0 12 v 30.3 14 45.8 12 52.6 IS 37.3 18 63.0 17 40.4 19 70.0 20 42.5 20 75.2 n 46.1 21 83.0 23 47.5 22 87.9 25 49.3 23 90.2 26 104.9 18 117.2 20 133.0 23 144.5 25 154.0 27 165.0, 28 172.6 29 .178.2 31 142.6 18 159.0 21 181.0 23 196.5 25 209.3 27 224.0 28 234.8 30 242.6 31 236.0 19 263.5 20 299.5 23 325.5 25 346.5 27 371.5 28 388.4 29 401.1 30 Table 8. Effect of Reaming Entrance to One-Pipe Risers* Maximum Capacity of Riser Reamed entrances................................. 24.7 \b. per hr. Rounded entrances--.......................... . 23.9 lb. per hr. Squared entrances................................ 22.2 lb. per hr. * Three wheel cutter................................ 19.2 lb. per hr. Single wheel cutter............................... 17.6 lb. per hr. Per Cent Decrease 0.0 o.2 10.1 22.2 28.7 Table 9. Per Cent Difference in Capacity Due to Variation of Pipe Size and Smoothness* Maximum Condensation, Lb. per Hr. Capacity of Pipe...................'...... .............. Minimum Maximum.............. ................................. ...... K" 14.00 15.20 8.6 1' 24.89 30.08 20.8 1M' 45.42 52.08 14.7 70.50 82.00 16.3 Data from American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Research Laboratory. 95 American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1929 the maximum capacities for different parts of the system as given in the tables. Tables 15 and 16 are for sizing pipe for vapor systems where the equivalent length of run exceeds 200 ft. Table 15 is for systems up to 400 ft. equivalent length and is based upon a total pressure drop of 2 oz. from the source of steam supply to the farthest heating unit. Table 16 is for larger systems where the equivalent length of run from the boiler or source of steam supply does not exceed 600 ft. It is based upon a totalpressure drop of 4 oz. Risers and branches to risers and heating units should not be loaded above their maximum capacity as given in Columns F and G. Table 17 is a pipe sizing table for small vacuum pump systems where the equivalent length of run from the boiler or source of steam supply to the farthest heating unit ranges from 100 to 600 ft. The table is based Table 10. Pipe Sizes for One-Pipe, Gravity, Low Pressure Steam Heating System, where Equivalent Length of Run from Boiler or Source of Supply to the Farthest Radiator does not exceed 200 ft. Capacity in Sq. Ft. of Equivalent Radiation Based on Total Pressure Drop of 1 oz. per 100 ft. Pipe Size Inches Supply Main Dripped and Branches to Risers Dripped Steam and Condensate flowing in the same direction. AB i IK ik 2 2H 56 122 190 386 635 Supply Risers Up-Feed C 25 45 98 152 288 464 3 3K 4 1163 1737 2457 799 1144 ' 1520 5 4546 -- 6 7462 ' -- Branches to Supply Risers and Radiators Not Dripped Wet Return Main D* B Dry Return Main P 20 . 55 81 165 260 475 745 1110 2180 ----- 700 320 1200 1900 . 4000 6700 670 1058 2300 3800 10,700 -- 7000 10,000 -- -- -- -- -- -- Radiator Valve Sizes and Vertical Connections G 20 55 81 165 .-- .. ---: ___. . to-vj / American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers I Not to be Reprinted With- tx)pyrlgnt, ^ Healing arid Piping Contractors National Association f out Special Permission Radiator branches more than 8 ft. in length should be one size larger than shown in Col. D. Note 1.--These tables apply where pipes are properly reamed. No allowances for defective material or^ workmanship have been made. (Also see Tables 8 and 9). . NoteS.--Capacities based on # lb. condensation per square foot per hour equivalent radiation and: actual diameter of standard pipe. :; Note 8.--Extra length to be added to straight run of pipe, for various fittings and valves to determine equivalent length. (See Table 4). .- Note 4.--Where it is necessary to drip a steam main, branch to riser or riser, same should be dripped * separately into wet return. ` Note 6.--Pitch of mains should be,not less than in. in 10 ft.; on horizontal branches to radiators and risers at least in. in 10 ft. 96 Chapter III--Steam Heating Systems and Piping upon a total pressure drop in the entire equivalent length from steam supply to farthest heating unit of 4 oz. Up-feed risers, branches to risers and heating units should not be loaded beyond the maximum capacities given in Columns H and I. Table 18 is similar to Table 17 and is for larger systems where the equivalent length of run ranges up to 1200 ft. It is based on a total pressure drop of 8 oz. in the entire equivalent length. In. designing any kind of a heating system it is well to avoid excessive pressure drop in any part of the system. While, under proper design and good workmanship, higher drop may give good results, it is generally not considered good practice to exceed a drop of 1 oz. in 100 ft. equivalent length. Table 11. Pipe Sizes for Two-Pipe, Gravity, Low Pressure Steam, where Equivalent Length of Run from Boiler or Source of Supply to Farthest Radiator does not exceed 200 ft. Capacity in Sq. Ft. of Equivalent Radiation . Based on Total Pressure Drop of 1 oz. per 100 ft. Pcpb Sizes Inches Supply Main Dripped and Branches to Risers . Supply Dripped Risers Steam and * Condensate Up-Feed Flowing in same . Direction Branches to Supply Risers and Radiators Not Dripped Return Risers Wet ,, Dry Radiator Return- Return Supply Main Main' Valve Radiator Return Valve A. B C. D* BFGH I K _ 30 122 30 122 1 56 56 26 320 700 320 56 190 IK 122 122 58 670 1200 670 122 386 IK 190 190 95 1058 1900 1058 190 2 386 2K 635 3 1163 3K 1737 4 - 2457 5 4546 6 7462 386 635 1129 1548 2042 .--.. -- 195 395 700 1150 1700 3150 -- 2300 3800 4000 6700 2300 3800 7000 10,700 7000 10,000 -- 10,000 ---- -- ---- -- -- ------ -- 386. --. -- -- -- -- -- -- -- - Copyright 1927 ^ American Society op Heating and Ventilating Engineers \ Not to be Reprinted With* *-l Heating and Piping Contractors National Association ) out Special Permission Radiator branches more than 8 ft. in length should be one size larger than shown in Col. D. Note 1.--These tables apply where pipes are properly reamed. No allowances for defective material or workmanship have been made. (Also see Tables 8 and 9). . . Note 8.--Capacities based on % lb. condensation per square foot per hour equivalent radiation and actual diameter of standard pipe. * Note 8.--Extra length to be added to straight run of pipe for various fittings and valves to determine equivalent length. (See Table 4.) . Where it is necessary to drip a supply main, supply riser or branch to a supply riser, same should be dripped separately, into a wet return or through an adequate seal into a dry return. Never drip a supply pipe into a dry return except through an adequate seal. . Note 5.--Pitch of mains should not be less than risers at least H in. in 10 ft. . in. in 10 ft.; on horizontal branches to radiators and . 97 American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1929 If it is desired to determine the capacity of a pipe for any other length than 100 ft. or for any initial pressure other than 1 lb. Tables .2 and 3 are used. .. To determine the capacity of any pipe under initial pressure other than 1 lb., multiply the capacity given in Table 2 by the pressure factor in Column 2 opposite the required pressure indicated in Column 1. To determine the capacity for any length other than 100 ft., multiply the capacity given in Table 2 by the length factor in Column B opposite the required length in Column A. Example.--What is the capacity of a 140 ft. 4 in. pipe with an initial pressure of 1 lb. and pressure drop of 2 oz. in the 140 ft.? Solution.--From Table 2 it is found that the capacity of a 100 ft. 4 in. pipe with 1 lb. initial pressure and 2 oz. pressure drop, is 3475 sq. ft. Multiplying this value by 0.841 the constant for a 140 ft. length as given in Table 3 gives 2922 the capacity for the given conditions. Example.--What is the capacity of a 100 ft. 4 in. pipe with 2 lb. initial pressure and pressure drop of 1 oz.? Solution.---From Table 2, find 2457, the capacity of the 4 in. pipe with 1 lb. initial pressure and 1 oz. pressure drop. Multiplying 2457 by 1.03 the constant found in Column 2 of Table 3 for 2 lb. initial pressure gives 2531 as-the capacity of the 4 in. pipe with 2 lb. initial pressure and a pressure drop of 1 oz. per 100 ft. length. Example.--What is the capacity of a 140 ft. 4 in. pipe with 2 lb. initial pressure and a pressure drop of 2 oz.? Solution.--From Table 2 find 3475, the capacity of the 4 in. pipe with 1 lb. initial pressure and 2 oz. pressure drop. Multiplying 3475 by 1.03 the constant found in Column 2 for 2 lb. initial pressure and this by 0.841 the constant found under Column B the constant for 140 ft. length all as given in Table 3 gives 3010 as the capacity of the 4 in. pipe with 2 lb. initial pressure and a pressure drop of 2 oz. in the 140 ft. length. ' Should lengths other than those given in Column,.4 Table 3 and under length of pipes in feet in Table 1 be desired the constant may be obtained from the formula in Column 4 Table 1. Example.--What would be the constant for 2500 ft. of pipe to be used either in Table 1 or 3? ' Solution.--The = 0.2 or the constant to be used. In determining the length of pipe used in any system, the actual length' must be increase! for the various fittings, and valves, in determining theequivalent length before applying any of the tables given. . Gate valves are recommended in all cases where the service calls for the valve to be either entirely closed or open. They should never be used for- throttling. Angle and globe valves should be used for throttling such as the by-pass valve in a pressure reducing outfit. ` 98 Chapter III--Steam Heating Systems and Piping These tables are all based on the latest available scientific data with the idea of conserving pipe sizes as far as possible but without in any way jeopardizing proper operation. In this connection it has been assumed that all pipes will be reamed, that the piping will be properly pitched and in every respect will be of good construction and workmanship. It is recommended that pipes be not loaded beyond the capacities given. In using these tables special dare should be taken to read the headings describing the system, the pressure drop, etc., and particular attention should be given to the footnotes. Observation of these rules will make the effective application of these tables easy and save much time for the user. i Table 12. Pipe Sizes for Two-Pipe, Gravity, Vapor! Systems, where Equivalent , Length of Run from Boiler or Source of Supply to Farthest Radiator does- not exceed 200 ft. Capacity in Sq. Ft. of Equivalent Radiation Based on Total Pressure Drop of 1 oz. per 100 ft. Pipe Size Inches Supply Main Dbippbd and Branches to Risers Dripped Steam and Con densate flowing in same direction. AB SA 1 56 Supply Risers Up-Feed Branches to Supply Risers and Radiators Not Dripped Return! Riwrrs C VB 30 190 56 26 450 Wet Return Main P 700 Dry Return Main a 320 m 122 m 190 122 190 58 990 1200 670 95 1500 1900 1058 2 386 386 195 3000 4000 2300 W 635 635 395 -- 6700 3800 3 1163 3H 1737 1129 1548 . 700 1150 -- 10,700 -- 7000 10,000 4 2457 5 4546 2042 -- 1700 3150 -- -- ____ -- -- ___ 6 7462 Different makes of supply and return valves, steam traps and other specialties vary as to capacity, therefore.use size as recommended for sny particular make. Vertical connections to be of same size as valve and trap used. Return horizontal runout to be not less than % in. Copyright. 1927 / AuEIUr9AN\SciE'y-TOt Heatino and Ventilating Engineers 1 Not to be Reprinted With -\ Healing and Piping Contradcrt National Atsociaiion / out Special Permission *Radiator branches more than 8 ft. in length should be one size larger than shown in- CoL D. fThis table is for systems which are open to atmosphere or operate under slight pressure or partial vacuum without use of vacuum pumps. - Note 1.--These tables apply, where pipes are properly reamed. No allowances for defective material or workmanship have been made. (Also see Tables 8 and 9). NoleS. Capacities based on J4 lb. condensation per square foot per hour equivalent radiation and actual diameter of standard pipe. Note 5 -Extra length to be added to straight run of pipe for various fittings and valves to determine ' equivalent length. (See Table 4.) . it is necessary to drip a supply main, supply riser or branch to a supply riser, same should be dripped separately into a wet return. The drip for a vapor or vacuum system may be fakon into a dry return through a steam trap. . Note fo^i13should be not less than in in 10 ft.; on horizontal branches to radiators . risers at least > in. in 10 ft. 1 ,. 99 American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1929 13.Table Pipe Sizes for One-Pipe, Gravity, Low Pressure Steam Heating Systems, where Equivalent Length of Run from Boiler or Source of Supply to Farthest Radiator Exceeds 200 Ft. Capacity in Sq. Ft. of Equivalent Radiation Pipe Size Equivalent Length of Pipe from Boileb to Fabtheef Radiatob, Including Main and Risen. (See Note I.) Supply Main Dripped and Branches to Risers Dripped-- ' Steam and Condensate flowing in same direction. Based on 4 oz. Total Pressure Drop ' 100 Ft 200 Ft. 300 Ft. 400 Ft. 500 Ft. 600 Ft. Maximum Capacities Branches to Supply Risers Up-Feed Supply Risers and Radiators Not Dripped Radiator Valves and Vertical Connections i m m 2 2K 3 3X 4 8 10 12 111 24S 380 771 1270 2326 3474 4914 9092 14,924 31,066 56,689 90,985 79 173 269 546 898 1645 2457 3475 6429 10,553 21,967 40,085 64,336 65 141 220 446 734 1342 2006 2828 5250 8618 17,935 32,730 52,530 56 122 190 386 635 1163 1737 2457 4546 7462 *5,533 28,345 45,492 49 110 165 345 568 1040 1552 2196 4062 6669 13,880 25,334 40,660 46 100 155 315 518 948 1419 2011 3712 6094 12,682 23,144 37,145 45 98 152 288 464 799 1144 1520 20 55 81 165 260 475 745 1110 2180 20 55 81 165 Drt Return Main . Wet Return Main Pipe Size Inches Equivalent Length of Run from Boiler to Foot of Farthest Riser in Feet Equivalent Length of Run from Boileb to,Foot of Farthest Riser in Feet 100 200 KL M i 460 412 m 962 868 IX 1512 1362 2 3300 2960 x2 5450 4900 3 10,000 9000 314 14,300 12,900 4 21,500 19,300 Copyright, 1927 300 N 368 770 400 o. 320 670 500 P 275. 579 600 0 227 480 100 R 1400 2400 200 5 1000 1700 300 T 820 1390 400 u 700 1200 500 V 640 1080 600 w sio 990 1210 1058 909 757 3800 .2700 2180 1900 1710 1570 2640 2300 1980 1630 8000 5600 4520 4000 3560 3240 4380 3800 3300 2770 13.400 9400 7600 6700 6000 5300 8000 7000 6000 5000 21.400 15,000 12,500 10,700 9400 8500 11,500 10,000 8600 7200 32.000 22,000 18.500 16,000 14,400 13,200 17,200 15,000 12,900 10,700 44.000 31,000 25.500 22,000 19,900 18,300 IC4H OWU.II WUSATimi AHU teniiwituwAut.viu.A.uu- i , t---------- n--------- ___ Healing and Piping Contractors National Association f out Special Permission *Radiator branches more than 8 ft. in length should be one size larger than shown in Column 7. . Note 1.--These tables apply where pipes are properly readied. No allowances for defective material or workman- ^^NoteV^^aparities based mi K lb. condensation per square foot per hour equivalent radiation and actual diameter * 8^d^?tra length to be added to straight run of pipe for various fittings and valves to determine equivalent Mains are to be proportioned according to the equivalent length of run from the boiler or source of supply 10 'Determine1equivaienMength*o^run'then use figures in that corresponding Column (3 to G) tor supply mains; (L MS? JEWtoCthe'equivalent or source of supply to the ,^^tLmiMtthedistancePto thefartfrestradiator then use the figures inthe corresponding Co|umn (Bto for^mg each riser; providing the amount of radiation for that riser does not exceed amounts shown in Column ff Where nser capacities are found to be in excess of amounts in Column H. step up to necessary size indicated in that coVumn. Note 6.--Where it is necessary to drip a steam main, branch to riser or riser, same should be dripped separate y intA^l'te.e--p"tch of mains should be not less than A in. in 10 ft.; on horizontal branches to radiators and risers at least 14 in. in 10 ft. 100 I Chapter III--Steam Heating Systems and Piping Table 14. Pipe Sizes for Two-Pipe, Gravity, Low Pressure Steam Heating Systems where Equivalent Length of Run from Boiler or Source of Supply to Farthest Radiator Exceeds 200 Ft. Capacity in Sq. Ft. Equivalent Radiation Pipe Size Inches A Equivalent Length of Pipe from Boileb to Farthest Radiator, Including Main and Riser. (See Note 4.) Supply Main Dripped and Branches to Risers Dripped-- Steam and Condensate flowing in same direction Based on 4 oz. Total Pressure Drop 100 Ft. 200 Ft, 300 Ft 400 Ft. 500 Ft. 600 Ft. BCDEFG Maximum Capacities Supply Risers Up-heo1 Branches to Supply Risers and Radiators Not Dripped H / Rad. Supply Valves and . Vertical Connections J Radiator Return Valves and Connections K X 30 30 122 1 in 79 65 56 49 46 56 26 56 190 m 245 173 141 122 no 100 122 58 122 ix 380 269 220 190 165 155 190 95. 190 386 2 2X 3 334 771 1270 2326 3474 546 898 1645 2457 446 734 1342 2006 386 635 1163 1737 345 568 1040 1552 315 518 948 1419 386 635 1129 1548 195 395 700 1150 386 -- 4 4914 3475 2828 2457 2196 2011 2042 5 9092 6429 5250 4546 4062 3712 1700 3150 --- 6 14,924 10,553 8618 7462 6669 6094 8 31,066 21,967 17,935 15,533 13,880 12,682 -- -- 10 56,689 40,085 32,730' 28,345 25,334 23.144 -- 12 90,985 64,336 52.530 45,492 40,660 37.145 ---- ' ------ -- Pipe Size Inches Dar Return Main Equivalent Length of Run from Boiler to Farthest Radiator in Feet Wet Return Main Equivalent Length op Run from Boiler to Farthest Radiator in Feet 100 . 200 300 400 500 600 100 200 300 400 500 600 M N 0 PQ R5 T V VWX r i 460 412 368 320 275 227 1400 1000 820 700 640 580 IX 962 868 770 670 579 480 2400 1700 1390 1200 1080 990 IX 1512 1362 1210 1058 909 757 3800 2700 2180 1900 1710 1570 2 3300 2960 2640 2300 1980 1630 8000 5600 4520 4000 3460 3240 2X 5450 4900 4380 3800 3300 2770 13.400 9400 7600 6700 6000 5300 3 10,000 9000 8000 7000 6000 5000 21.400 15,000 12,500 10,700 9400 8500 3X 14,300 12,900 11,500 10,000 8600 7200 32.000 22,000 18.500 16,000 14,400 13,200 4 21,500 19,300 17,200 15,000 12,900 10,700 44.000 31,000 25.500 22,000 19,900 18,300 Copyright 1927 1 American Society or Heatino and Ventilatinq Engineers 1 Not to be Reprinted With- vo t> \ Heating and Piping Contractors National Association ) out Special Permission Radiator branches mors than 8 ft. in length should be one size larger than shown in Column /. Note t.--These tables apply where pipes are properly reamed. No allowances for defective material or workmanship have been (Abo see Tables 8 and 9). Note t.--Capacities based on lb. condensation per square foot per hour equivalent radiation and actual diameter of standard pipe. Note S.--Extra length to be added to straight run of pipe for various fittings and valves to determine equivalent length. (See Table 4). Note l.--Mains are to be proportioned according to the equivalent length of run from the boiler or source-of supply to the farthest radiators supplied by the main* .. , . Determine equivalent length of run then use figures in that corresponding Column (B to G) for supply mains; (N to 5) for dry return niains; \T to F) for wet return mains for rising the entire run. ,' , , Supply and return risers are to be proportioned according to the equivalent length of run tram the boiler or source of supply to the farthest radiator on each riser. - Fen* supply risers determine the distance from the boiler to the farthest radiator served by that riser then use the figures in the corre sponding Column (B to (7) for sizing each supply riser; providing the amount of radiation for that riser does not exceed amounts shown.in Column H. Where supply riser capacities are found to be in excess of amounts shown in Column H, step up to necessary size indicated in that column. For return risers determine the equivalent length of run in feet from the top of each riser to the boiler then use the figures in the corresponding Columns (N to S) for sizing each riser. . Note 6.--Where it is necessary to drip a supply main or a supply riser or a branch to a supply riser, same should drip separately into * wet return. A drip for a two-pipe system may be taken into a ary return through an adequate seal. Notes.--Pitch of mains should be not less than ^ in. in 10 ft.; on horizontal branches to radiators and risers at least H in* in 10 ft. 101 x American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1929 Table 15. Pipe Sizes for Two-Pipe VaporI Heating Systems, where Equivalent Length of Run from Boiler or Source of Supply to Farthest Radiator Exceeds 200 Ft. Capacity in Sq. Ft: Equivalent Radiation PlPB . Size Inches Equivalent Length of Pipe from Boiler to Farthest Radiator, Including Main and Riher. (See Note 4.) Supply Main Dripped and Branches to Risen Dripped-- Steam and Condensate flowing in same direction. Based on 2 ox. Total Pressure Drop 100 Ft. 200 Ft. 300 Ft. 400 Ft Supply Risen Up-Feed Maximum Capacities Branches to Supply Risen and Radiators Not Dripped A B C D B F G H v* 30 1 79 56 46 39 56 190 26 450 ik 173 122 100 87 122 m 269 190 155 134 190 58 990 95 1500 2 546 386 315 273 386 m 898 635 518 449 635 195 3000 395 3 ' 1645 3A 2457 1163 1737 948 1419 822 1228 1129 1548 700 1150 . -- 4 3475 2457 2011 1738 5 6929 4546 3712 3214 6 10,553 7462 6094 5276 8 21,967 15,533 12,682 10,983 10 12 Pm Inches / 40,085 64,336 23,345 45,492 23,144 37,145 20,043 32,168 Dry Return Main Equivalent Length of Run from Boiler to Farthest Radiator in Feet 100 200 300 400 J KLM 2042 1700 -- 3150 -- supply and return valves, steam traps and other specialties vary as to capacity. therefore use size as recommended for any particular make. Vertical connections to be of same size %zontal runout to be not less than In. Wet Return Main Equivalent Length of Run from Boiler to Farthest Radiator in Feet 100 200 300 400 , N 0 PQ 1 355 1M 745 m 1173 2 2680 320 670 1058 2300 285 595 943 2140 248 520 822 1880 1000 1700 2700 5600 700 1200 1900 4000 580 . 990 1570 3240 500 850 1350 2800 m 4300 3 7800 3800 7000 3470 6250 3040 5480 9400 15,000 6700 10,700 5300 8500 4700 7500 3A 11,100 10,000 4 16,700 . 15,000 8800 13,400 7880 11,700 22,000 31,000 16,000 22,000 13,200 11,000 18,300 15,500 rvwkwtAk* o'rt / American Societt or Heating and Ventilating Engineers \ Not to be Reprinted With- uopyngnr, iva/ | Heating and Piping Contractor> National Auociation ) out Special Permission Radiator branches more than 8 ft. in length should be one use larger than shown in Column 0. fThis table is for systems which are open to atmosphere or operate under slight pressure or partial vacuum without use of vacuum pumps. Note l.--These tables apply where pipes are properly reamed. No allowances for defective material of workmanship have been made. (Also see Tables 8 and 9). ' Note t.--Capacities based on X lb. condensation per square foot per hour equivalent radiation and actual diameter of standard pipe. Note S.--Extra length to be added to straight run of pipe for various fittings and valves to determine equivalent length. (See Table 4). ' Note 4.--Mains are to be proportioned according to the equivalent length of run from the boiler or source of supply to the farthest radiators supplied by the main. . , Determine equivalent length of run then use figures in that corresponding Column (B to B) for supply mains; (J to Af) for dry return mains; (N to Q) for wet return mains for sizing the entire run. . Supply and return risers are'to be proportioned according to the equivalent length of. run from the boiler or source of supply to the farthest radiator on each riser. ' For supply risers determine the distance from the boiler to the farthest radiator served by that riser then use the figures in tile corresponding Column (R to E) for suing each supply riser; providing the amount of radiation for that riser does not CToeed amounts shown in Column F. Where supply riser capacities are found to be in excess of amounts shown in Column F, step up to necessary rise indicated in that column. For return risen determine the equivalent length of run in feet from the top of each riser to the boiler then use the figures in the corresponding Columns (J to M) for sizing each riser. _ Note 6.--Where it is necessary to drip a supply main or a supply riser or a branch to a supply riser, same should drip separately into a wet return. The drip for a vapor or vacuum system may be taken into a dry return through a steam trap. Note 0.--Pitch of mains should be not less than X in. io 10 ft; on horizontal branches to radiaton and risen at leasts in. in 10 ft 109 Chapter III--Steam Heating Systems and Piping Table 16. Pipe Sizes for Two-Pipe VAPORt Heating Systems, where Equivalent Length of Run from Boiler or Source of Supply to Farthest Radiator Exceeds 200 Ft. Capacity in Sq. Ft. of Equivalent Radiation Pm Sob Inches A % 1 lK 1A Equivalent Length op Pipe from Boiler to Farthest Radiator. Including Main and Riser. (See Note 4.) 100 Ft B ._ in Steam anc Condensate flowing in same direction, Based on 4 oz. Total Pressure Drop 200 Ft 300 Ft 400 Ft 500 Ft C DB F .... 79 65 56 '49 600 Ft G 46 245 173 141 122 no 100 380 269 220 190 165 155 Maximum Capacities Supply Risen Branches to Supply Risen Up-Feed Not Dripped Return Risen a / / 30 190 56 26 450 122 58 990 190 95 1500 2 771 546 446 386 345 315 ' 386 195 3000 2A 1270 898 734 635 568 518 635 395 -- 3 3A 2326 3474 1645 2457 1342 2006 . 1163 1737 1040 1552 948 1419 1129 1548 700 1150 -- 4 4914 3475 2828 2457 2196 2011 2042 1700 5 9092 6429 5250 4546 4062 3712 -- 3150 -- 6 14,924 10,553 8618 7462 6669 6094 Different makes of supply and retorn valve*, steam traps and ether specialties 8 31,066 21,967 17,935 15,533 13,880 12,682 vary as to capacity, therefore nse rise as recommended for any particular --L* 10 12 56,689 90,985 40,085 64,336 32,730 52,530 28,345 45,492 25,334 40,660 23.144 37.145 Vertical connections to be of same size as valve and trap esed. Return hori zontal moot to he not less than X in. Drt Return Main Wet Return Main Inches ' Equivalent Length of Run from Boiler TO Farthest Radiator in Feet 100 200 300 400 500 600 KL M N 0 P 0 Equivalent Length of Run from Boiler Farthest Radiator in Feet 100 200 300 400 500 B8 TUV 600 W 1 460 412 368 320 275 227 1400 1000 820 700 590 480 IK 962 868 770 670 579 480 2400 1700 1420 1200 1020 860 iK 1512 1362 1210 1058 909 757 3800 2700 2260 1900 1560 1300 2 3300 2960 2640 2300 1980 1630 8000 5600 4500 4000 3360 2800 2K 5450 4900 4380 3800 3300 2770 13,400 9400 7600 6700 5700 4800 3 10,000 9000 8000 7000 6000 5000 21,400 15,000 12,300 10,700 9300 7800 3A 14,300 12,900 11,500 10,000 8600 7200 32,000 22,000 24,000 16,000 13,600 11,400 4 21,500 19,300 17,200 1$,000 12,900 10,700 44,000 31,000 26,000 22,000 20,500 15,400 Copyright 1927 / American Societt or Heating and Ventilating Engineers 1 Not to be Reprinted With- VJ K ' \ Heating and Piping Coniracton National Aeeodalion J out Special Permission *Rsdistor branches more than 8 ft. ill length should be one eize larger than Bhoim in Column /. tThis table is for systems which are open to atmosphere or operate under slight pressure or partial vacuum without use of vacuum pumps. Note t.--These tables apply where pipes are properly reamed. No allowances for defective material or workmanship have been (Abo see Tables 8 and 9). Note t.--Capacities based on X lb. condensation per square foot per hour equivalent radiation and actual diameter of standard pipe. Note S.--Extia length to be added to straight run of pipe for various fittings and valves to determine equivalent length. (See Table 4). Note 4.--Mains are to be proportioned according to the equivalent length of run from the boiler or source of supply to the farthest radiators supplied by the main. Determine equivalent length of run then use figures in that corresponding Column (B to G) for supply mains; (L to Q) for dry return mains; (R to W) for wet return m&inn for wring the entire run. . Supply and return risers are to be proportioned according to the equivalent length of run from the boiler or source of supply to the farthest radiator on each riser. Fat supply risers determine the distance from the boiler to the farthest radiator served by that rise- then use the figures in the corre sponding Column (B to G) for sizing each supply riser; providing the amount of radiation for that riser does not exceed amounts shown in Column H.' Where supply riser capacities are found to he in excess of amounts shown in Column H, step up to necessary rise indicated in that column. For return risen detemine the equivalent length of run in feet from the top of each riser to the boiler then use the figures 10 the corresponding Columns (L to Q) for airing each riser. . Note 6.--Where it is necessary to drip a supply main or a supply riser or a branch to a supply riser, same should drip separately into a wet return. The drip for a vapor or a vacuum system may be taken into a dry return through a steam trap. Note 6.--Pitch of mains should be not less than X ia. in !0 ft.; on horizontal branches to radiators and risen at least M in* In 10 ft. American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1929 Table 17. Pipe Sizes for Vacuum Pump Systems, where Equivalent Length of Run from Boiler or Source of Supply to Farthest Radiator Exceeds 200 Ft. ' Capacity in Sq. Ft. of Equivalent Radiation Pipe Size Inches A Equivalent Length op Pipe prom Boiler to Farthest Radiator, Including Main and Riser. (See Note 4-) . Supply Main Dripped and Branches to Risers Dripped-- Steam and Condensate flowing in same direction. - ' Based on 4 oz. Total Pressure Drop** ' 100 Ft. 200 Ft 300 Ft 400 Ft. 500 Ft 600 FL B C DBF G Maximum Capacities Supply Risers Up-Feed Branches to Supply Risers and Radiators Not Dripped H / K l ui IK 245 ik 380 2 771 2K 1270 3 2326 3K 3474 4 4914 5 9092 6 14,924 8 31,066 79 173 269 546 898 1645 2457 3475 6429 10,553 21,967 65 141 220 446 734 1342 2006 2828 5250 8618 17,935 56 122 190 386 635 1163 1737 2457 4546 7462 15,533 49 110 165 345 568 1040 1552 2196 4062 6669 13,880 46 100 155 315 518 948 1419 20113712 6094 12,682 . 56 122 190 386 635 1129 1548 2042 i _____ --... 26 58 95 195 395 700 1150 1700 3150 _____ -- 10 56,689 40,085 32,730 28,345 25,334 23,144 12 90,985 64,336 52,530 45,492 40,660 37,145 _____ -- ____ 1. -- . Pipe. Size Inches Riser Main JK u Ki l IK IK IK IK 2 2 2K 2K 3 3 3K 100 Ft L 800 1400 2400 3800 8000 13,400 21,400 32,000 200 Ft M 568 994 1704 2696 5680 9510 15,190 22,710 Return Mains and Risers 300 Ft 400 Ft 500 Ft. NO P 462 400 358 810 700 626 1387 2195 1200 1900 1073 1698 .4622 7745 4000 6700 3575 5990 12,360 18,490 10,700 16,000 9565 14,300 600 Ft Q 326 570 976 1547 3256 5453 8710 13,020 Different .makes of supply and return valves, steam, traps and other specialties vary as to capacity, therefore use size as recommended for any particular make. Vertical connection to be of same size as valve and trap used. Return horizontal runout to be no less than % In. : 3K 4 44,000 31,220 25,430 22,000 19,660 17,910 American Society or Heating and Ventilating Engineers \ Not to be Reprinted With- Copyright, 1927 Beating and Piping Contractors National Association ) out Special Permission Radiator branches more than 8 ft. in length should be one size larger than shown in Column I. . **It is not generally considered gobd practice to greatly exceed 1 os. drop in pressure in each 100 ft. equivalent length of run nor to exceed 1 lb. total pressure drop in any system. .' Note l.--These tables apply where pipes are properly reamed. No allowances for defective material or workmanship have been made. (Aho see Tables 8 and 9). , ., ,. Note .--Capacities based on K lb. condensation per square foot per hour equivalent radiation and actual diameter ot standard pipe. NoteS.--Extra length to be added to straight run of pipe, for various fittings and valves to determine equivalent length. (See Table 4). NoU 4.--Mains are to be proportioned according to the equivalent`length of run from the boiler or source of supply to the farthest radiators supplied by the main. ... . ,. "" Determine equivalent length of run then use figures in corresponding Column \B to G) for suing the entire run. Supply risers are to be proportioned according to the equivalent length of run from the boiler or source of supply to the farthest radiator on each riser. Determine the distance to the farthest radiator then use figures in that corresponding Column (B to G). for Buing each riser; providing the amount of radiation for that riser does not exceed amounts shown in Column H. Where riser capacities are found to be in excess of amounts shown in Column H, step up to necessary siae indicated in that column. ' , Notg 5.--Return mains and risers are.to be proportioned according to the equivalent distance in feet, from farthest radiator to the vacuum pump; uring capacities in that corresponding Column (L to Q) for sizing entire return riser (Column J) and return main (Column /C). The return pipe sizes are conservative and are subject to revision upon the completion of pending research investigations. . Note 6.--Where it is necessary to drip a supply main, supply riser or branch to a supply riser, same Bhould be dnpped separately through & steam trap into vacuum return. Never drip a supply riser into a vacuum return except through a steam trap. Note 7.--lift fittings. (See page 109). , .` Note 8.--Pitch of mains should be not less than % in. in 10 ft.; on horizontal branches to radiatore and nsers at least >5ia-In 10 ft. 104 Chapter III--Steam Heating Systems and Piping Table 18. Pipe Sizes for Vacuum Pump Systems, where Equivalent Length of Run from Boiler or Source of Supply to Farthest Radiator Exceeds 200 Ft. Capacity in Sq. Ft. of Equivalent Radiation Pipe Size In. 100 Ft. AB i 157 lK 346 538 2 1091 2K 1797 3 3289 3K 4913 4 6950 Equivalent Length op Pipe prom Boiler to Farthest Radiator, Including Main and Riser. (See Note 4.) Supply Main Dripped and Branches to Risers Dripped-- Steam and Condensate flowing in same direction. Based on 8 oz. Total Pressure Drop*" 200 Ft 300 Ft 400 Ft 500 FL 600 Ft 800 Ft 1000 Ft C D E F GH Maximum Capacities . 1200 Ft Supply Risers Up-Feed Branches to Supply Risers and Radiators Not Dripped /K h* in 92 79 70 65 56 49 46 56 245 200 173 154 141 122 110 100 122 26 58 380 310 269 240 220 190 165 155 190 771 . 630 546 487 446 386 345 315 386 95 195 1270 2326 1036 1896 898 1645 803 734 635 568 1470 .1342 1163 1040 518 635 948 1129 395 700 3474 4914 2838 4022 2457 3475 2196 2006 1737 1552 1419 1548 3106 2828 2457 2196 2011 2042 1150 1700 5 12,858 9092 7424 6429 5747 5250 4546 4062 3712 6 21,105 14,924 12,168 10,553 9433 8618 7462 6669 6084 ...... .. 3150 8 43,934 31,066 25,364 21,967 19,638 17,935 15,533 13,880 112,682 10 80,171 56,689 46,288 40,085 35,836 32,730 28,345 25,334 23,144 -- -- 12 128,672 90,985 74,290 64,336 57,516 52,530 45,492 40,660 37,145 16 240,245 169,879 138,381 121,012 107,389: 98,500; 84,849 75,917 69,671 -- -- Pipe Size Inches Riser Main 100 Ft 200 Ft Return Mains and Risers 300 Ft. 400 Ft 500 Ft 600 Ft 800 Ft 1000 Ft 1200 Ft. MN 0 P Q S T U V IF K 1130 Kl 1977 800 1400 653 568 1143 ' 994 505 462 400 358 326 884 810 700 626 570 l IK 3390 IK IK 5370 2400 3800 1960 3103 1704 2696 1515 1387 1200 1073 976 2400 2195 1900 1698 1547 IK 2 11,300 8000 6533 2 2K 18,925 13,400 10,940 5680 9510 5050 4622 4000 3575 3256 8460 7745 6700 5990 5453 2K 3 30,230 21,400 17,460 15,190 13,510 12,360 10,700 9565 8710 3 3K 45,200 32,000 26,130 22,710 20,200 18,490 16,000 14,300 13,020 3K 4 62,180 44,000 35,950 31,220 27,800 25,430 22,000 19,660 17,910 4 5 109,300 77,400 63,200 54,920 48,800 44,720 38,700 34,600 31,500 5 6 175,100 124,000 101,200 88,000 78,200 71,700 62,000 55,410 50,450 Different makes of sup ply and return valves, steam traps and other' special ties vary as to capacity,' therefore use size as recom mended for any particular make. Verti cal connec tion to be of same size as valve and trap used. Return horizontal runout to be not less than M in. Copyright 1927 / American Societt op Heating and Ventilating Engineers ) Not to be Reprinted With * \ Heating and Piping Contractors National Association / out Special Permission Radiator branches more than 8 ft. in length should be one size larger than shown in Column L. w not generally considered good practice to greatly exceed 1 oz. drop in pressure in each 100 ft. equivalent length of run nor to exceed 1 lb. total pressure drop in any system. `- .,, A'ok /.--These tables apply where pipes are properly reamed. No allowances for defective material or workmanship have been made. (Also see Tables 8 and 9). Note S.--Capacities based on lb. condensation per square foot per hour equivalent radiation and actual diameter of standard pipe. Notes.--Extra length to be added to straight run of pipe, for various fittings and valves to determine equivalent length. (See Table 4). Note 4.--Mains are to be proportioned according to the equivalent length of run from the boiler or source of supply to the farthest radiators supplied by the main. Determine equivalent length of run then use figures in corresponding Column (B to J) for rising the entire run. Supply risers are to be proportioned according to the equivalent length of run from the boiler or source of supply to the farthest radiator on each particular riser. Determine the distance to the farthest radiator then use figures in that corresponding Column (B to J) for siring providing the amount of radiation for that riser does not exceed amounts shown in Column K. Where riser capacities are found to be in excess of amounts shown in Column K, step up to necessary size indicated in that column. Note 6.--Return mains, and risers are to be proportioned according to the equivalent distance in feet, from farthest radiator to the vacuum pump; using capacities in that corresponding Column (0 to W) for sizing entire return riser (Column M) and return main (Column N). 1 "*iT^urn **** ***** ?r* conservative and are subject to revision upon the completion of pending research investigations. Not* 6.--Where it is necessary to drip 8 supply main, supply riser or branch to a supply riser, same should be dripped separately through a steam trap into vacuum return. Never drip a supply riser into a vacuum return except through a steam trap. Note 7 --Lift fittings. (See page 109). ,, Note 8.--Pitch of mains should be not less than in. in 10 ft.; on horizontal branches to radiators and risers at least H in. indO ft. American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1929 TYPICAL EXAMPLE Example in the use of the tables for determining the size of pipe necessary in various parts of the vacuum pump system are shown in the accompanying diagram (Fig. 8): The equivalent length of run from the source of steam supply A to the farthest radiator supplied by any supply main (or the'radiator on floor g Riser E) is between 600 and 800 ft.--therefore size the entire run according to Column H, Table 18, ob serving Note 4 as regards maximum capacity of up-feed supply risers given in Column K. Part of System Branch Supaply Maain ea Section of Pipe / to * d to e a to b to Riser E D to E A to B Radiation Supplied. Sq. Ft. 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1400 1600 2400 3200 4800 Pipe Size. Inches 2K 2K 3 3 3M 3M 3K 3H 4 5 6 5 106 Chapter III--Steam Heating Systems and Piping The equivalent length of run from the source of steam supply A to the farthest radiator supplied by riser D is between 500 and 600 ft.1--therefore size riser D and its branch according to Column G observing Note 4 as regards maximum capacity of up-feed risers given in Column K, Note that the maximum allowable capacity 6l the riser as given in Column K and not Column G, determines the size of some sections of the riser. Part of System Riser D Branch Section of Pipe /to* e to/ d to e c to d btoc a to b to Riser D Radiation Supplied, Sq. Ft. 200 300 400 500 600 700 700 Pipe Size, Inches 2 2 2M 2M 2M 3 3 Size riser C in manner similar to that used for riser D. The equivalent length of run from the source of steam supply A to the farthest radiator supplied by main BF (or the radiator on floors g riser F) is between 400 and 500 ft.--therefore size the entire run from B to top of riser according to Column F, Table 18, observing Note 4 as regards maximum capacity of up-feed supply risers given in Column K. Part of System Riser P *a Mm mm "" . " * Branch Main Section of Pipe /to * e to f d to e c to d b to c a to b to Riser F B to F Radiation Supplied, Sq. Ft. 400 600 800 < 1000 1200 1400 1400 1600 Pipe Size, Inches 2K 2H 3 3 3H 3K 3M 3M The equivalent length of run from the farthest radiator served by any return main (or that on floor g return riser G) to the vacuum pump is between 600 and 800 ft.-- therefore size entire run according to Column U. . Part of System Return Riser G .* n ir " * " <t am m mm * mm Branch Return Main " a " m Section of Pipe * to/ / to e ' e to d d to c c to b b to a to Return Riser G G to H H to I I to/ J. .to L . Radiation Served, Sq. Ft. 400 ^ 600 < 800 1000 1200 1400 1400 1600 2400 3200 4800 Pipe Size, Inches H H 1 1 1 1H IK 2 2 2K The equivalent length of run from the farthest radiator served by. return riser H to the vacuum pump L is between 500 and 600 ft:--therefore size return riser H accord ing to Column T. Part of System Reuturn Riasemr H m mm m mm m mm m am Branch Section of Pipe * to/ f to e e to d d to c c to b b to a to Return Riser H ' Radiation Served, Sq. Ft. . 200 300 400 500 600 700 700 . Pipe Size, Inches H* X X X X 1 107 y American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1929 The equivalent length of run from the farthest radiator served by riser I to the vacuum pump is between 300 and 400 ft.--therefore size that riser according to Column R. Size the return riser / in a manner similar to that used for riser H. The equivalent length of run from the farthest radiator served by return main JK to the vacuum pump is between 400 and 500 ft.--therefore size entire run from top of return riser K to J according to Column S. Part of System Return Riser K -" " "* aa aa a aa Branch Return Main Section of Pipe g to/ / to e e to d d to c c to b b to a to Return Riser K K to J Radiation Served, Sq. Ft. 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1400 1600 ' TYPICAL PIPING CONNECTIONS Pipe Size. Inches % H 1 1 1 1 1H m Chapter III--Steam Heating Systems and Piping SUPPLY 'MAIN Fig. 9. Typical Connections for Mains and . Branches 108 TYPICAL CONNECTIONS TO MANIFOLD COILS HAYING M0BE THAN 6 PIPES. Fig. 10. Typical Steam Piping Connections 109 American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1929 Chapter III--Steam Heating Systems and Piping busi heaters Fig. 12. Method of Connecting Ceiling Radiators BIAS! TRAP an return Fig. 13. Typical Connections to Blast Coils Exceeding 12 Sections Noie.--Blast Coils having less than 12 sections-- omit air line and air line valve. F ig . 11. T y p ic a l C o n n ec tio n s fo r R ad iato r s Fig. 14. Unit Heater Connections - Fig. 15. Connections for Blast Heaters 111 American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1929 112 CHAPTER IV HOT WATER HEATING SYSTEMS AND PIPING Heat Emission of Hot Water Radiators, Temperature Drop, Different kinds of systems. Determination of Pipe Sizes, Simple Rules for Small Systems, Details of Connection. THE feature which distinguishes hot-water heating systems from all other types is that water serves as the medium by which heat is conveyed from the heater to the radiators. Water has a large capacity for heat and for that reason it is well suited to perform the service of conveying heat. The design of a hot-water heating system should include the radiators, the heater or heaters, and the piping system. These three subjects will be considered in the order named. RADIATION To proportion-the radiation it is necessary to know the quantity of heat, i.e., the number of B.t.u. Which are lost in a unit of time by the room or space in which the radiator is to be located and which must be replaced by the heat dissipated by the radiator so that the room or space may remain at the desired temperature. The methods of determining the heat losses from a building or part of a building are explained in Chapter I. Knowing the number of B.t.u. which a particular radiator is to dis sipate (see Chapter II), it is necessary to assume the temperatures at which the water is to enter and to leave the radiator. Having done this, it is customary to assume that the mean of these two temperatures is the average temperature of the water in the radiator. For example, if the water is to enter the radiator at a temperature of 200 deg. and to leave it at a temperature of 180 deg., it is assumed that the average temperature of the water in the radiator is 190 deg. If, in this case, the average room temperature is to be 70 deg., the average difference of the temperature of the water in the radiator and of the air surrounding the radiator is 120 deg. This, temperature difference, water to air, is used as the bqsis for the design of the radiator. The transfer of heat from the radiator to the surrounding space takes place partly by radiation, partly by convection, and partly by conduction. The quantity of heat dissipated by a radiator per square foot of surface, per hour, and per degree of temperature difference, water to air, is the heat dissipation coefficient of the radiator. This coefficient is generally represented by the letter k. A little reflection will convince the reader that the value of k, for a given type radiator, must decrease as the length This Chapter especially ^prepared for The Guide by Prof. F. E. Giesecke, Director of Texas Engi neering Experiment Station. College Station, Texas. 113 40 60 60 IOO !ZO MO 160 /SO Temp. Diff., Water to Air . Fig. 1. Heat Dissipation Coefficient--K--of a 38-in., 3-col. 20 sec. Hot Water Radiator as Determined at the University of Illinois of the radiator is increased, as its height is increased, as the number of columns in the radiator are increased, and as the temperature difference, water to air, is decreased. The. writer conducted a series of tests in the laboratory of the Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Illinois, to determine the values of k for a 38-in., 3-col., 20-sec. radiator, when the temperature difference, water to air, varied from about 55 deg. to about 145 deg., and when the water entered the radiator through the upper tapping and was discharged through the lower tapping. The results of this series of tests are shown in Fig. 1. Using the values of Fig. 1 as a basis and assuming that the heat dissipation coefficient of a hot-water radiator varies with the height of the radiator and with the number of columns of the radiator in sub stantially the same manner in which the heat dissipation coefficient of a steam radiator varies, as determined by Professor Allen and other investigators, Fig. 2 shows the values of k for the most common types of hot-water radiators. It can be used to determine the size of the radiator when the type of the radiator to be used, the average temperature difference, water to air, and the quantity of heat to be dissipated per hour by the radiator are known. /7 1.6 /.3 IZ U Fig. 2. 1.0 40 60 60 IOO HtO 140 160 ISO Temp. Biff., Water To Air Suggested Values for the Heat Dissipation Coefficients--K-- of Various Types of Hot Water Radiators 114 Chapter IV--Hot Water Heating Systems and Piping An inspection of Figs. 1 and 2 shows that it is very important to maintain a high average water temperature in every radiator. For example, if a 38-in., 3-col., radiator, located in a room having a tempera ture of 70 deg., is to dissipate 12,000 B.t.u. per hour, a 100-ft. radiator must be selected if the average water temperature in the radiator is 160 deg., whereas we may use a 70-ft. radiator if the average water temperature is 190 deg., or a 60-ft. radiator if . the average water tem perature is 205 deg. It will be shown in the discussion of the design of the pipe system, that a decrease in pipe sizes results in an increase of friction, in an increase in the difference of the temperatures of the water in the flow and return risers, and consequently, in a decrease in the average temperature of the water in the radiator. It is evident from the preceding discussion of radiator design that any economy which may have been effected by reducing pipe sizes will be offset in part, and may be totally offset, by the increased sizes of the radiators, particularly as the cost of a hot-water heating system is frequently based on the total radiation surface. To-illustrate the use of the diagrams of Fig. 2, let it be required to find the size of the radiator to be used if 8000 B.t.u. are to be dissipated by a 38-in., 3-col. radiator when the average temperature difference, water to air, is 170 -- 70, or 100 deg. The value of k for this case, from Fig. 2, is about 1.34. The total surface required is 8000/1.34 X 100 or 60 sq. ft. HEATER To determine the heater it is necessary to know the quantity of heat which is to be transmitted to the water in the heater, and whether hard coal, soft coal, gas, steam, or electricity is to be used for heating the water. The engineer designing a hot-water heating system does not, as a rule, design the heater. He simply selects a heater suited to his needs from those available on. the market. In selecting , a heater for large installations, it is generally desirable to install at least two heaters, so that if one should fail the other will be available. When two heaters are installed, it may be advisable to select them of different sizes, the larger one having a capacity about 75 per cent greater than the smaller heater. If this is done, the heaters should be selected of such sizes that both may be used during extremely cold weather and the smaller or the larger during milder weather, depending on the outside temperature so that, at all times, the heating plant may be operated at a fairly high efficiency. There is frequently an advantage in having the two heaters of the same size so they may be interchangeable. This arrangement is very satisfactory, especially in the colder climates, if each heater is made of a size sufficient to carry about two-thirds of the maximum load. PIPING SYSTEM DESIGN To design the piping for a hot-water heating system many factors must be considered. For any given combination of heater and radiator, several different systems of piping may be designed so as to secure suc cessful and satisfactory operation of the system. 115 American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1929 There is only one general rule for the design of pipe systems that is applicable in all cases. It is this: When the heating system is functioning at a uniform rate, that is when, in a given time, the radiators dissipate exactly the same quantity of heat that is delivered to the water in the heater, and when, consequently, the water in the system is circulating with a uniform velocity, the friction head in every circuit leading from the heater to a radiator and back again must be exactly equal to the pressure head for that particular radiator, i.e., to the pressure head which tends to make the water flow from the heater to that radiator and back again, along the circuit referred to previously. Before applying this general rule to the design of a piping system, it is necessary to assume: 1. The maximum temperature of the water leaving the heater when the outside temperature is the minimum for which the system is to be designed. 2. The drop in the temperature of the water while it is flowing through the radiator. 3. Whether the circulation of the water in the system is to be effected by gravity or by circulating pumps. 4. The arrangement of the piping connecting the heater with' the several radiators. These four preliminary steps will be discussed in the order named. MAXIMUM WATER TEMPERATURE For some time it has been customary to select 180 deg. as the maximum temperature of the water leaving the heater. With this maximum temperature and a temperature drop of 20 deg. through the radiator, the average water temperature in the radiator will be 170 deg. If the temperature of the room is to be 70 deg., the temperature difference, water to air, will be 100 deg. The corresponding value of k for a 38-in., 3-col. radiator is 1.34 and the heat dissipated by the radiator per square foot per hour is 134 B.t.u. A steam radiator of similar size and design and supplied with low-pressure steam will dissipate about 210 B.t.u. per square foot an hour. Under these conditions, a hot-water heating system would require about 210 sq. ft. of radiation for every 134 sq. ft. required by the steam heating system. The first cost of the. hot-water system would, consequently, be considerably higher than that of the corresponding steam system. This higher first cost of a hot-water system is frequently the cause of the installation of a steam system. If, on the other hand, 220 deg. is selected as the temperature of the water leaving the heater, the average temperature of the water in the radiator will be about 210 deg., practically the same as that in low-pressure steam radiation, and the total radiation required for the hot-water system will be about the same as that required for the corresponding steam system. The cost of the pipe system for hot water is probably a little higher than the cost of the pipe system for steam, but the cost of valves and traps for a steam system is higher than the cost of the valves for a hot-water system, so that, finally, the cost of a hot-water heating system will not be higher, and is frequently lower, than the cost of a corresponding steam heating system, if the maximum temperature of the water is selected sufficiently high. . ' The selection of 220 deg. as the maximum water temperature is entirely proper because the minimum outside temperature for which the 116 Chapter IV--Hot Water Heating Systems and Piping heating system is designed and for which the heat losses are calculated, occurs only a few times in any one year and perhaps never in some years. Consequently, it is very seldom and in some years never necessary to heat the water to the assumed maximum temperature. If 220 deg. is selected as the maximum temperature, it is necessary to provide sufficient pressure of the water in all radiators and in the entire pipe system so that the water will not boil at that temperature. This can be accomplished easily in all closed systems and also in all open systems. In the latter case, it is only necessary , to place the expansion tank at a sufficient altitude above the highest point of the heating system. For example, if the expansion tank is located 10 ft. above the highest point in the system and if the expansion tank riser is filled with 200 deg. Fig. 3. An Illustration of the Variation, with the Outside Temperature, of the . Required Maximum Water Temperature in the Heating System water when the flow risers carry 220. deg. water, the pressure at the highest point of the heating system will be about 4.2 lb. per sq. in. The corresponding boiling point is about 226 deg. and there would be no danger of. boiling the water in the heating system at 220 deg. ' In such cases the expansion tank riser should be connected to the return main. Precautions must always be taken to prevent freezing of the water in the expansion tank or in the expansion tank riser. Having assumed the maximum temperature of the water for the minimum outside temperature, the required maximum temperature of the water for any other outside temperature may be found as follows: If 220 deg. is selected as the maximum temperature of the water when the minimum outside temperature is --10, deg., if the inside tem perature is to be 70 deg. and the temperature drop through the radiator is to be 20 deg., if R represents the total radiation in square feet, and if American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1929 it is assumed that the total heat losses are proportional to the temperature differences, inside and outside, the total heat loss will be 1.52 R (210 -- 70) or 212.S R. In this calculation, 1.52 is the value of k for a 38-in., 3-col. radiator. When the maximum water temperature is 180 deg., the total heat loss will be 1.34 R (170 -- 70) or 134 R. Similarly, when the maxi mum water temperature is 140 deg. the total heat loss will be 69.6 R. Since a heat loss of 212.8 R corresponds to a temperature difference, inside to outside, of 80 deg., heat losses of 134 R and 69.6 R, correspond, respectively, to 49 deg. and 25.5 deg. of temperature differences. Con sequently, the two assumed maximum water temperatures correspond, respectively, to outside temperatures of 21 deg. and 44.5 deg. From such data, a curve like that shown in Fig. 3 may be constructed and used to determine the maximum water temperature for any given outside temperature. Such a curve will, however, not show, the correct water temperatures for all times, as heat loss of buildings depends to a large extent upon the direction and velocity of the wind. The values shown by the curve must, therefore, be modified from time to time by the operating engineer according to the character of the wind prevailing at that particular time. TEMPERATURE DROP THROUGH THE RADIATOR For any given radiator, the drop in the temperature of the water as it flows through the radiator is determined by the quantity of water flowing through the radiator in a given time. For example, if a.radiator is to dissipate 10,000 B.t.u. per'hour with a temperature drop of 10 deg., it is necessary that 1000 lb. of water flow through the radiator per hour. If, on the other hand, the temperature drop is to be 20 deg., only 500 lb. of water must flow through the radiator per hour. If, in both cases, the same size pipe is used, the velocity of the water must be twice as high in the former case, as in the latter, and since the friction of water in pipes varies almost as the square of the velocity, it follows that the friction head is almost four times as great in the former case as in the latter. If, in both cases, the friction head must have a fixed value-- the same as that of the available pressure head, it is evident that the temperature drop through the radiator decreases as the pipe sizes are increased. It was shown above that the required size of the radiator decreases as the temperature drop through the radiator decreases. Reducing the temperature drop through the radiator, then, decreases the sizes of .the radiators but increases the sizes of the piping; in other words, it decreases the cost of the radiators but increases the cost of the piping. There is, consequently, an optimum temperature drop through the radiators for every installation which carries with it the lowest cost of installation. This optimum temperature drop can be determined by a few trial calculations. As a rule, such calculations are never made; the temperature drop is selected arbitrarily. . A temperature drop of from 20 to 30 deg. is common and generally quite satisfactory. THE MOTIVE FORCE Whether gravity circulation or forced circulation is to be adopted for any particular installation is generally evident from the nature of the case. In almost all residence systems and in a good many installations in 118 Chapter IV--Hot Water Heating Systems and Piping larger buildings, gravity circulation is entirely satisfactory and should be adopted because its operation is much more simple and also cheaper than that of forced circulation. For installations which are too large to function well as gravity systems and for all general heating systems which serve a group of buildings, forced circulation should be adopted. The optimum velocity of the water in forced circulation systems is subject to calculation. As the velocity is increased, the size, and therefore also the cost, of the piping and radiation is decreased but the cost of the pump and the cost of operating the. pump are increased. As a general rule, a velocity of from 6 to 10 ft. per second will be found satisfactory. In gravity circulation systems, the velocity of the water generally varies from about 1 to about 6 in. per second. ARRANGEMENT OF PIPING Having determined the location of the heater and the. locations of the several radiators, there are a large number of different ways in which the piping can be arranged to connect the heater and the radiators so as to secure an entirely satisfactory operation of the system, provided the radiators and the several pipes of the system are of correct size so that, in every case, the pressure head for every radiator is exactly equal to the friction head in the circuit of that radiator, when the system is operating at a uniform rate and when each radiator is dissipating its correct quantity of heat. Fig. 4 shows a very small heating system consisting of a heater, located in the basement, two radiators on the first floor, and two on the second, floor. Ten different methods of connecting the heater to the radiator for this small system are shown. It is evident that the ten methods shown are not the only methods which could be used. It is also evident that for a larger heating system, a larger number of different methods of connecting the heater to the radiators exist. Several attempts have been made to assign distinctive names to the several methods or types of piping for hot-water heating systems. The result is not satisfactory because it is possible to have so many variations of each typical method or system of piping. The following definitions, supplemented by the illustrations of Fig. 4, will serve to describe the more common general types of piping: ' 1. A one-pipe system is one in which the water flows through more than one radiator before it returns to" the heater. 2. A two-pipe system is one in which all water returns to the heater after it has passed through one radiator. In a two-pipe system all radiators are supplied with water at the temperature at which the water leaves the heater,- neglecting the slight cooling which takes place in the pipe leading from the heater to the radiator. Systems 1, 2, 3, and 4 of Fig. 4 have one-pipe mains and two-pipe risers. Systems 7 and 8 have two-pipe mains and one-pipe riser. Systems 5, 6, 9, and 10 have two-pipe systems throughout. 3. Art over-head distribution system is one in which a main flow riser extends from the heater to the attic, the distributing main is located in the attic, and the return main in the basement. Systems 7, 8, 9, and 10 illustrate this type. 4. An under-fool distribution system is one in which the main flow riser extends only to the basement ceiling, and the main flow line as well as the main return line is located below the basement ceiling. Systems 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6 illustrate this type. 119 System 6 System 6 American Society of Heating , and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1929 120 121 i System 4 1 ' System 10 American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1929 5. A direct-return system is one in which the water is returned to the heater along a direct path, so that the total distance traveled by the water is the shortest feasible distance, and so that there is a considerable difference in the lengths of the several circuits composing the system. 6. A reversed-return system is one in which the water from the several radiators is ' returned along paths arranged so that all circuits composing the system, or composing major sub-division of the system, are practically of equal length. A reversed-return system is to be preferred to a direct-return system because it is easier to arrange the circuits so that, in every case, the friction head is equal to the pressure head, and because, in starting the system, all circuits of the reversed-return system being to function prac tically at the same time, whereas, in a direct-return system, the longer circuits require considerably more time to begin operating'than the shorter circuits. The direct-return system is illustrated by Systems 5, 7, and 9. The reversed-return system is illustrated by Systems 6, 8, and 10. DETERMINING PIPE SIZES Having settled on the arrangement of the circuits for the system, generally by selecting a scheme similar to one of those shown in Fig. 4, it is customary to assume the pipe sizes and, having done that, to calculate the pressure head and the friction head for every circuit. If the two heads happen to be practically equal, the assumed pipe size is the correct one. If there is a material difference between the two, a change is made in the assumed size of the pipe, or of a portion of the pipe, and a new friction head calculation is made. This process is repeated until the correct size has been found. To illustrate the method, -let it be required to find the correct size for the pipe of the elementary system shown in Fig. 5. This system is to dissipate 12,000 B.t.u. when the temperature of the water is 200 deg. in the flow riser and 180 deg. in the return riser. The center of the radiator is to be 7 ft. above the center of the heater. The pressure head results from the difference in-the weights of two columns of water, 7 ft. high, one having a temperature of 200 deg. and the other one of 180 deg. This difference in weight can be calculated. However, it can be determined more easily from the diagram of Fig'. 6. It appears from this diagram that for 200 deg. in the flow riser and 180 .deg. in the return riser, the pressure head is 90 milinches per-foot of water column. The pressure head for the system is, - therefore, 7 X 90, or 630 milinches of water. Table 1. Elbow Equivalents 1 90 deg. elbow....................... 1 45 deg. elbow...... ................. 1 90 deg. long turn elbow.__ I Open return bend................ 1 Tee.......................................... 1 Open gate valve.................. 1 Open globe valve................ 1 Angle radiator valve._____ 1 Radiator...-......... ........ ....... 1 Heater.................................... 1.0 0.7 0.5 1.0 2.2 0.5 12.0 2.0 3.0 3.0 These relations are very nearly correct for the low velocities existing in gravity circulation; for the higher velocities employed in forced circulation, they are sufficiently accurate because .every radiator has practically the same number of valves and tees in its circuit and is, therefore, affected equally by any variation from the ratios given above. 122 Chapter IV--Hot Water Heating Systems and Piping In other words, the pressure head causing circulation in the system is the same as that produced by a column of water Jj^in. high. This calculation shows clearly that the motive force involved in gravity circulation hot-water heating is very small and that great care must be taken to adjust the friction heads to the pressure heads when the water can flow along any one of several available circuits. To calculate the friction head in the circuit, we note, first, that the circuit consists of 22 ft. of pipe, 3 elbows, 1 heater, and 1 radiator; and, second, from Table 1, that the frictional resistance of 1 heater and 1 radiator is, for each, equivalent to the frictional resistance of 3 elbows. Consequently, the friction head of the entire circuit is equal to that in 22 ft. of pipe and 9 elbows. Assuming, now, that 1-in. pipe is to be used, 123 American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1929 Temreeature or Water in Plow Bisee Chapter IV--Hot Water Heating Systems and Piping Fig. 7. Friction Heads, in Pipes and Elbows, for a 20 deg. Temperature Difference of the Water in the Flow and Return Lines the friction heads in the pipe and in the elbows can be calculated by known formulae, or, they can be determined more readily from the diagrams of Figs. 7 and 8. It will be noted from Fig. 7, that for a 1-in. pipe, for 12,000 B.t.u. per hour, and for a temperature drop of 20 deg., the friction head is 18 milinches per foot of-pipe and 35 milinches. 124 125 American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1929 Fig. 8. Friction Heads, in Pipes and Elbows, for a 20 deg. Temperature Difference of the Water in the Flow and Return Lines . per elbow. Incidentally, we note also that the velocity will be about '5 in. per second. , The total friction is, therefore, \. ' ' ................. 22 X 18 = 396 ' 9 X 35 = 315 711 milinches. 126 Chapter IV--Hot Water Heating Systems and Piping As this is slightly more than-the available pressure head of 630 milinches, a 1-in. pipe is a trifle too small. However, the difference between the calculated friction head and the available pressure head is so small that the 1-in. pipe can safely be used. If a 134-in. pipe were used, the pressure head would be 22 X 5 = 110 9 X 11 -- 99 209 milinches, or less than one-third of the available pressure head. Consequently, a pipe would be entirely too large. . The calculation shows how easily friction head calculations can be made.' . For more complicated installations, the calculations are more complicated, but in all cases, they are fairly simple. More detailed instructions than can be given here for such calculations may be found in textBooks and in magazine articles. EMPIRICAL RULES A veiy great demand exists for empirical rules or tables by means of which pipe sizes for hot-water heating systems can be determined accord ing to the radiation which the pipe is to serve and without the necessity of friction head and pressure head calculations. It is not possible to prepare such tables or rules which would have any degree of accuracy. For examples. in the elementary heating system shown in Fig. 5, a 1-in. pipe is practically the correct size. If the radiator were placed about 10 or 14 ft. above the heater instead of 7 ft., a 1-in. pipe would be entirely too large; or, if the radiator were placed at a considerably greater distance from the heater so that the number of elbows and the length of the pipe of the circuit were increased materially, a 1-in. pipe would be too small. So in this simple case, under different circumstances, a %-in. pipe, a 1-in. pipe, or a 1 pipe would be the correct size to select. In the 10 types of pipe systems shown in Fig. 4, it is quite evident that no empirical rule could be devised which would correctly give the pipe sizes to be used in every one of the ten cases shown there. There are a number of empirical rules, however, contained in the catalogue -data of the various manufacturers of hot-water heating apparatus which may be used with success if properly applied to such ordinary problems as these manufacturers have found them applicable to. Where the runs are not long and the various branches of the system can be.fairly well equalized as to length of run and amounts of radiation, these practical rules, when applied to residences and other relatively small buildings of ordinary ceiling lengths, prove quite successful. There are also a number of practical suggestions, to be found in these data, as to piping details and different kinds of connections. GRAVITY HOT WATER. HEATING1 FOR SMALLER INSTALLATIONS . In the average small hot-water heating system such as is used for bungalows, cottages and even the modest sized home or residence, it is `Compiled by H. L. Alt, Philadelphia. 127 . x American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1929 Table. 2. Areas of Standard Size Pipes of Standard Weight Nominal Size of Pipe Inches x X 1 IX IX 2 2X 3 3X 4 5 6 8 10 12 8Area of Pipe q. In. 0.192 0.305 0.533 0.863 1.496 2.038 3.356 4.784 7.388 9.887 12.73 19.99 28.89 50.04 78.84 113.10 not usually the case to find much attention given to complicated formulae and curves; this is for the reason that the saving on installations involving only a few hundred dollars is so small as not to justify elaborate engi neering calculation besides which the work itself is generally installed by a competition contractor and no funds are available for which a proper designer could be employed. As a general rule the contractor himself does all the designing which is necessary and he doesn't want to be bothered with any complication which can in any way be avoided. Probably the simplest way of determining hot-water pipe sizes in the ordinary small gravity system is the old method of taking the area of each radiator connection or valve and adding these areas together where the lines join, making the area of combined line practically equal to the sum of all the areas which the line supplies. Thus if a pipe is feeding three radiators, one with a in. connection, one with a 1-in. connection and the third with a lj^-in. connection the sum of these areas is as follows: 1 in.......................... 0.863 sq. in. IX in.......... :.......... 2.038 Xin..................... 0.533 3.434 sq. in. Referring back to. the table it will be found that the pipe which has practically the same area is a 2-in. pipe which has an area of 3.356 sq. in. ' For jobs of somewhat larger character where too much refinement is Table 3. Square Feet of Radiation Allowable on Risers up to 100 Ft. Height Nominal Pips Size INCHES 10 . Distance above the Boileb m Feet 20 30 40 50 .60 70 80 X------------------------------------ 40 . 50 60 .70 80 . 90 100 no 100 110 120l................................. .......... 70 80 90 130 140 IX- 200. 120----------------------------------- no 135 150 160 175 185 IX-2 -------------------- --- ................... ......... 180 300 185 350 210 400 230 500 250 575 265 625 285 300 700 . 775 90 120 150 210 315 825 100 130 160 225 330 900 128 Chapter IV--Hot Water Heating Systems and Piping unnecessary but at the same time closer results than that given in the above are desired, the table given below which takes into the consideration the heigfit of the riser available to circulate the line may be recommended. The risers are then connected up to the mains on the basis of allowing a factor for each size of pipe and then adding these factors to obtain the factor corresponding to the proper size of basement main. These factors are as follows: ' Table 4. Factors for Various Sizes of Pipe in Gravity Hot Water Heating Nominal Size of Pipe. . laches X i ix IX 2 2X 3 3X -4 5 6 8 10 12 Factor 5 10 , 20 30 60 110 175 ' 260 380 650 1050 2250 Thus, if the. three radiators previously considered were set and sized as follows; the %-in. radiator with 20 sq.. ft., and located 40 ft. above the boiler; the 1-in. radiator with 40 sq. ft. and set 20 ft. above the boiler and the 1 J^-in. radiator with 75'sq. ft., and set 10 ft. above the boiler all being on the same riser, the riser size would be as follows: Riser for 20 sq. ft. radiator 40 ft. above.............. X in. Riser for 40 sq. ft. radiator 20 ft. above........ X in. Riser for 75 sq. ft. radiator 10 ft. above.... .......................--~1X in. To combine into one riser take the factors and add; X in--....... 5 factor X in...................... 5 IX in...................... 20 . . Total............ . 30 arid the factor 30 is equivalent to a lj^-in. riser. . ': Even if these radiators had all beeri placed on the first floor (or 10 ft. above the boiler), the riser size of lj^-in. would still have been sufficient for the three or their equivalent in one radiator. This indicates that the method of combining valve areas gives about one pipe size larger than when more accurately figured. AIR SEALED OR CLOSED HOT WATER SYSTEMS* For many years the closed system of hot-water heating iri some form has been used successfully abroad, but there has been little thought given to and no research work done in connection with the a'r sealed system in this country, so that available data is meagre. For design 2Prepared from data submitted by R. H. Feltwell, Philadelphia and H. A. Thrush, Peru, Ind. . 129 . work the engineer, architect or heating contractor, finds little on pipe sizes, etc. '' Due to the more rapid circulation of water in an air sealed system 50 per cent more radiation can be supplied than by a gravity connection. Therefore the rules as set forth by F. E. Giesecke, N. S. Thompson and C. A. Fuller in their books on hot-water heating can be used to advantage by adding 50 per cent to their formula for house heating. The following table would then be applicable for air sealed hot-water system. . Table 5. Pipe Sob Inches Pipe Sizes and Connections for Closed Systems Amount of Radiating First Floor Second Floor Third Floor Fourth Floor H 30 40 50 60 % l 60 75 90 no- 110 120 135 150. 1)4 165 180 200 225 U4 270 290 315 350 2 450 525 ' 600 750 - 130 Chapter IV--Hot Water Heating Systems' and Piping 'Main Return .Separate Return Jfo/n Rain Retur7, Return 'separate Returns For Soi/ers /wvinq or// onereturn openino in rear fo//ow above s/tefc/j. This a/soqpp/ies Low Ret. to Square Soi/ers from Base with one opening. ment Rods. 111'!' fZ-Ifain Return eporote Return . E/evotion Fig. 10. Connecting Separate Returns to Boiler The piping layout should be designed to conform to the best engineering experience of the engineer. It is not necessary except on very small mains to continue the mains full size to the end for they should end two sizes larger than the last radiator they supply. In all cases mains should end in the first floor radiator. Where a riser extends beyond the last first floor radiator the line running out to it should be treated as a lateral. See plan Fig. 9. In each case the lateral leading from the main need be no larger than the radiator valve it supplies but care should be exercised that allowance is made for the proper distribution of the water to the radiators. Con nections as shown in plan Fig. 9 are recommended, the B connection being used on all first floor radiators except right at the boiler where the A connection can often be used to advantage. The C connection is used on upper floors on the same level to supply two or more radiators from one riser and the D connection is used on risers feeding more than one floor and the style of connection should be used on the different floors of a building where it is desired to extend to a floor above. The area of mains both flow and return must equal or exceed the total area of the valve- sizes they are to supply. It is recommended that nearby radiators to the boiler have separate returns and that These returns enter the boiler as shown in Fig. 10. . Many sealed systems of hot-water heating do not function properly on account of lack of air in the air sealed expansion tank. Tank sizes should conform to the amount of water contained in the heating system, and are based on lb. of water to the gallon, for tank capacity. The 131 American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1929 makers of air sealed tank in basement equipment furnish tank sizes for the different amounts of radiation as follows: Square Feet of Radiation 250 to 350......... 350 to 450.......... 450 to 650......... 650 to 900......... 900 to 1100......... 1100 to 1400......... Gallons ... 18 .... 21 .... 24 .... 30 ... 35 ... 40 Square Feet of Radiation Gallons 1400 to 1600........................................ 54 1600 to 1800........................................ 60 1800 to 2000............................. :......... 70 2000 to 2400....................................... 80 2400 to 2800........................................ 90 2800 to 3000... ............................. ... 110 3000 to 3500............ ..................1........ 120 By using the sealed system of hot-water heating it has been found that there is a ready absorption of heat by the water, a rapid circulation and uniform distribution of the water in the radiator and the possibility of close regulation depending'on the use of the pressure obtained by the expanding water against the air in the sealed tank. The pressures obtained for different temperatures when tank capacities are as outlined are as follows: Outbids Temperature 60 deg. 50 deg. 32 deg. 20 deg. 15 deg. 10 deg. 0 deg. --10 deg. --20 deg. --25 deg. --30 deg. Temperature of Water Required to Heat Building 100 deg. 120 deg. 140 deg. 150 deg. 160 deg. 170 deg. 180 deg. 190 deg. 200 deg: 210 deg. 220 deg. Approximate Position of the Hand on Pressure Gage _ At the static head required to fill the system. 1 lb. pressure above static head. 2"lb. pressure above static head. 3 lb. pressure above.static head. 4 lb. pressure above static head. 5 lb. pressure above static head. 6 lb. pressure above static head. 7 ib. pressure above static head. 8 lb. pressure above static head. 9 lb. pressure above static head. 10 lb. pressure above static head. The table also gives the outside temperature and the corresponding boiler temperature of the water in the radiators necessary to warm to 70 deg., when radiation is figured on the basis of heating rooms to 70 deg. 132 CHAPTER V HEATING BOILERS Duty of Boiler, Boiler Selection, Boiler Ratines, Types of Boilers, Boiler Troubles, Operating Conditions, Burning Anthracite ana Bituminous Coal, Pick-up Load, Hot Water Supply Boilers. . IT is important that the duty of the boiler be clearly understood. The boiler accomplishes its main purpose when a specified quantity of heat in dry steam or hot water is delivered at its outlet. If the boiler is equipped, with automatic temperature or pressure control, this control should actuate dampers or other means for controlling the rate of com bustion within certain limits. When equipped with devices intended to accomplish a certain combustion result, as, for example, to burn bitu minous coal smokelessly, such results should be accomplished without undue attention. ' * Certain conditions affecting the operation of the boiler must be met if it is to accomplish its purpose. The most important of these are as follows: 1 (1) There must be chimney or other means capable of supplying an adequate draft. (2) The fuel used must be as good as that contemplated when the boiler was selected, (3) The quality and frequency of attention must equal that upon which selection was based. (4) The system must be properly designed to quickly return the Water to the boiler after its heat has been delivered to the desired points. (5) Dirt and grease must be kept from the system, leaving reasonably clean water. BOILER SELECTION Ordinarily , especially in residence heating and small installations, the information upon which the boiler is selected is very meager. This infor mation usually consists of: the heat output of radiators under normal temperatures, the kind of fuel, whether anthracite or bituminous coal, oil or gas, and in a few cases the amount of piping. Selection of a boiler upon this information is largely guesswork based upon experience, with the result that the boiler is selected large enough to deliver the required quantity of heat under even the most adverse conditions. Boilers having large output and rapid pick-up are frequently selected in preference to boiler's having more economical performance. A proper heating boiler specification would contain the information given in the following items: . 1-Maximum hourly output required during "pick-up" period which is made up of the following items: (a) The heat output of radiators and other heating units when The material for this Chapter was prepared especially for The Guide by the following committee: Carl H.FIink, chairman; A. E. Bastedo, C. E. Bronson, D. S. Jacobus, Alfred Kellogg, P, NichoIIs, O. O. Oaks, C. W. Obert and At L. Sanford. - American. Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1929 ' Chapter V--Heating Boilers surrounding air temperatures are normal, and of air heaters when fully heated and in stable operating conditions, (b) The heat loss from piping when surrounding air tem peratures are normal, (c) The heat required to raise temperature of metal in boiler . and system to temperature of circulating medium, (d) The heat required to raise cir-' culating medium from lowest expected temperature to normal circulating temperature, (e) The excess heat output of radiation, other heating units, air heaters and piping due to decreased temperature of surrounding air, (J) The heat requirement of attached water heaters and other devices which may require heat during pick-up period. When the system and air have reached normal temperature parts (c), (d) and (e) disappear. 2. The number of hours during which maximum hourly output would be required during heating-up period, which varies according to the use of the building in which the installation is made, usually from 1 to 4 hours, being shortest for residences and longest for buildings used only occasionally. 3. The maximum hourly continuous output for any 24-hour period, or the average output which the boiler would have to deliver during a period of continued low outside temperature. generally necessary to make additional allowance for the following con ditions which may obtain at the time when the maximum or pick-up load occurs, (a) insufficient draft, (6) poor quality of fuel, (c) fuel bed not in good condition, (d) inferior quality of attention, (e) necessity of firing a charge of fuel that will last for a long period. The conditions (a) to (e) inclusive, reduce the output obtainable below that' which could be obtained under good or normal conditions and necessitate an increase in normal output of boiler selected in order that when the normal output is decreased by effect of items (a) to (e) there will still be available a quantity of heat 25 per cent in excess of the radiation plus piping loss.. Coal-fired boilers therefore are usually selected with a maximum continuous output 60 to 80 pier cent in excess of heat output of radiation plus piping. 4. The kind and amount of attention available. This is least skillful and least frequent for owner operated residence installations and generally increases in skill as well as frequency as size of boiler increases. Local fuels and types of firing service must be considered carefully in this connection. 5. The kind of fuel to be used, including size and characteristics. 6. Size and height of the available chimney. For large installations the boiler output required in excess of heat loss of radiation plus piping will be about as follows: , Per Cent I School buildings without recirculation ofair....................................................................... 50 j School buildings with full recirculation of air.................................................................... 25 ' Buildings with periodical heating only............................................................................... 50 j Other large buildings............................................................................................................... 25 With the information contained in items 1 to 6 at hand, definite test information could be used as a basis for selecting the right size of boiler. OTHER FACTORS IN SELECTION OF BOILER As it will usually be found that several boilers will meet the speci fications,. the final selection of the boiler will be effected by other con siderations as follows: (a) dimensions of boiler, (6) height of water line, (c) durability under service, (d) convenience in firing and cleaning, (e) type of controls, (/) adaptability to changes in. fuel and kind of attention, (g) the output required during the greater part of the season. In large installations the use of several small units instead of one larger one will obtain greater flexibility and economy by permitting the operation of a required number of units according to heat requirements at the best operating efficiency. NUMERICAL VALUE OF MAXIMUM HOURLY OUTPUT , Experience with gas-fired boilers, which are rated on B.t.u. output and can only slightly exceed the-rated output, but which require no chimney draft, has shown that a continuous output capacity of 25 per cent in excess of the normal heat loss of radiation plus piping is ample for all direct radiator installations. This would correspond to an output of 40 to 60 per cent in excess of the normal heat loss of the radiation depending upon the proportion of piping to radiation. Upon the basisof gas-fired boiler experience, a coal-fired or oil-fired boiler which could deliver a continuous average output of 25 per cent in excess of radiation and piping would be amply large for any job. This is true for an oil-fired boiler provided the known output of the combination of boiler, burner, and chimney is used. In the case of coal-fired boilers however, it is 134 For any boiler selected it is well to determine whether the rate of combustion (pounds of coal burned per square foot of grate per hour) likely to be required continuously for more than a few hours is obtainable and is low enough to prevent clinker trouble. With natural draft it is recommended that for continuous output (under favorable conditions) with a minimum of attention the following combustion rates be not exceeded: Table 1. Practical Combustion Rates for Relatively Small Coal Fired Heat ing Boilers Operating on Natural Draft of from 'A In. to Yi In. Water S .q Ft. Grate Up to 4 5 to 9 10 " 14 ' 15 " 19 20 " .25 Up to 9 10 to 19 20 " 25 Up to 4 5 to 9 10 " 14 15 " 19 20 " 25 Up to 4 5 to 14 15 and above Kino or Coal Lb. or Coal per So. Ft. Grate per Hour 3 3 y<> 4 \y2 5' 5 6' 5 6 7 8 9 4 7 10 In the case of boilers having larger grates, better draft and more constant attention, rates of combustion may be greatly increased over those shown in Table 1. For further data on this see Chapter VI on Chimneys and Chapter VII on Mechanical Draft. 135 1929American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, BOILER RATINGS There are wide differences in the ratings of heating boilers by the various manufacturers due largely to the fact that there has never been any generally accepted code upon which to base the rating of these boilers. The American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers, the National Boiler and Radiator Manufacturers Association, and others inter ested are making progress in the development of such a code. COAL FIRED BOILER RATING At present the word rating of coal-fired boilers may have any one of the following meanings: 1. The actual amount of equivalent direct radiator load that may be attached. It is assumed that the boiler has sufficient reserve to compensate for piping, pick-up load and other allowances. ' 2. The total equivalent direct radiation load plus piping load that may be attached. A boiler installed on a job with the proper amount of radiation, if selected according to this rating, will operate continuously at rating when the inside and outside tem peratures are those for which the heat loss of building was figured. It is assumed that the boiler has sufficient reserve for pick-up load. 3. The output in B.t.u. at the boiler outlet when burning per hour certain percentage of the total fuel that can be fired at one time. The amount of fuel that can be fired at one time is determined by computation from firebox'dimensions or by laboratory test. The output obtainable must be found by test. This method of rating has been popular for boilers burning anthracite in sizes larger than chestnut. When the length of time between successive firings is given the boiler is said to be rated upon that firing period, e.g. If boiler has to be fired every, eight hours when delivering its rated output, the boiler is rated on an 8 hour firing period. 4; The output in B.t.u. that can be obtained with a good grade of anthracite or bituminous coal with attention limited according to directions specified by the manu facturer. With proper specifications regarding fuels, firing, attention and operation, this method of rating is useful in that it is applicable to all types of fuels. 5. The output obtained when burning a specified fuel at a specified rate of combustion. The output must be found by test when burning the fuels selected as standard. The rate at which the fuel is burned is based upon experience and is varied according to an arbitrary rule according to kind of fuel and size of grate. The output for fuels other than standard is found by multiplying the output for standard fuel by a correction factor. ` 6. The output obtained when the temperature of gases leaving the boiler is not over a specified degree and the carbon dioxide is above a certain minimum. This method has been suggested but has not been used. 7. The output obtained by multiplying the surface with which the fire and gases come in contact by the average amount of heat which a square foot of surface will deliver to the water in the boiler. . The heat transmitted per square foot of surface and used in this method of rating . is established arbitrarily. The boiler is said to be rated on its heating surface, 8. A method sometimes used for estimating the approximate reasonable output of a boiler where more accurate and reliable test data are not available, is as follows: The output in B.t.u. is obtained by multiplying together the square feet of grate r surface by an assumed rate of combustion (in lb. of coal per sq. ft. of grate per hour) .. by the B.t.u. value of the fuel (per lb.) by the efficiency of the boiler (at the load and . rate of combustion assumed). This gives an approximate rating. For data on rates of combustion, see Table 1. Also Chapter VI on "Chimneys" and Chapter VII on "Mechanical Draft." Ordinary heating boiler efficiencies for normal rate of combustion may vary from 55 to 75 per cent. 136 V. Chapter --Heating Boilers ' GAS FIRED BOILER RATING The rating of gas boilers in contrast to coal boilers is a comparatively simple matter. The following conditions of rating established by the American Gas Association have been generally accepted: . 1. The boiler must deliver rated output without chimney connection. 2. There must be no carbon monoxide formed when the gas pressure in service line is normal, 50 per cent below normal, or 50 per cent above normal. 1 3. The boiler must have an efficiency of at least 75 per cent at rated output. The maximum B.t.u. input or gas that can be burned may be deter mined by the manufacturer but is checked by the American Gas Associa tion Laboratory before being approved. An arbitrary efficiency of 80 per cent is assumed in computing the output rating from the B.t.u. input. The actual B.t.u. delivered by any gas boiler when burning gas at the rated B.t.u. input will vary from the A. G. A. output rating in the direct? proportion of-the boilers actual efficiency with the gas'being burned to 80 per cent. RATINGS OF BOILERS FOR OIL FUEL The output of a boiler with oil fuel will depend upon the combined efficiency of the boiler and burner and the quantity of oil that can be properly burned within the space provided in the boiler. Oil burner ratings in use at present have been obtained either from test with typical burners or have been obtained by multiplying the coal rating by a constant. Coal boilers converted to oil may have as high or a higher rating and as high or higher efficiency than with coal. SIZE, RATING AND CAPACITY OF A BOILER The three words are sometimes used indiscriminately to designate any one of the three things for which they should be used; Size may be: the physical dimensions of all or part of the boiler, the maximum output, or the manufacturers rating. This word has been used loosely so long that it would be difficult to limit it to one meaning. Rating usually means the boiler output under certain conditions. It is important that the conditions be known in order to give rating a definite meaning. Capacity is another word for output. It may be stated in terms of pounds of steam delivered, square feet of standard radiation supplied with heat, or B.t.u. delivered. The word output will convey the meaning better than capacity. TYPES OF BOILERS Owing to the changes which have been made in boiler design within the last six- or seven years, it is no longer correct to draw general con clusions regarding the different types of boilers such as cast-iron sectional, steel fire-tube and steel water-tube boilers.' Broadly speaking, three types of heating boilers are commonly used. 137 American Society' of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1929 Sectional boilers, may be of the rectangular pattern with vertical sec tions, or of the round pattern with horizontal sections. They are usually constructed of cast iron; and on account of their sectional construction and the usual practice of being shipped knocked down and assembled on the job, they are easily handled through small openings at any stage of construction. Their design also facilitates the removal and replacing of damaged parts as well as an increase or decrease in capacity by the addition or removal of sections. Cast-iron boilers are limited to operating pressures of 15 lb. steam or 30 lb. water, excepting when used for hot-water supply, in which case the boilers are built for operation at city pressure and are tested at pres sures two and one-half times the operating pressure. The fire-tube boiler, which may be of the horizontal tubular brick set pattern, the horizontal tubular firebox pattern (with or without supple mentary brick setting), the vertical tubular brick set pattern or the vertical tubular firebox pattern. Fire-tube steel boilers may be built for high or low pressure, but when used for heating with consequent usual low pressure operation, they are generally built according to the A. S. M. E. Steel Plate heating boiler code which limits working pressure to 15 lb. per sq. in. for steam boilers or 250 deg. fahr. or 160 lb. per sq. in. for water boilers. In construction they may be riveted or welded. Where higher operating pressures (e.g. up to 100 lb. per sq. in.) are required, boilers of the same dimensions as low pressure boilers can be obtained at a comparatively small increase in cost. Low pressure operation is favored because of greater possible operating economy due to lower temperature of the water in the boiler. The large water content provide for heat storage capacity and minimized water line fluctuation under sudden variations in load. Chimney heights for the larger sizes of fire-tube boilers as specified by the manufacturer are generally lower than for corresponding sizes of cast-iron boilers. The water-tube boiler, which may be of the horizontal brick set pattern with either horizontal or cross drums, the vertical brick set pattern, the bent or inclined tube brick set pattern, or the self-contained firebox pattern with any one of the above arrangements of tubes. Water-tube boilers are usually constructed with steel or iron tubes, steel drums and either steel, cast steel or cast-iron headers. They heat up and steam rapidly and also lose their heat and steam pressure quickly. The water and steam spaces are moderate and their performance on rapid and wide variations of load is accordingly responsive. . The principal heating surface consisting of tubes with the water inside and the heated gases outside, is easy to clean from the inside with hy draulic or pneumatic tube cleaners and from the outside with steam or' air jet soot blowers, although with highly scaling waters are to be avoided since the scale formation on the inside of the small tube may be com paratively rapid. The water line is generally high and considerable head room is required. On account of being constructed with drums and banks of tubes they 138. Chapter V--Heating Boilers may be shipped knocked down and assembled on the job, thus passing through small openings at any stage of the construction. INSTALLING AND PREPARING BOILER EOR SERVICE Manufacturers directions should always be read before assembly or installation of any boiler is begun even if the contractor is familiar with the boiler. All joints requiring boiler putty or cement which cannot be reached after assembly is complete must be carefully finished as assembly progresses as even small openings permitting short circuiting of gases hardly ever fill up during operation. . Nuts or tie rods of sectional cast-iron boilers must always be loosened about one thread to allow for expansion of boiler when hot. The nuts should be just a little more than hand-tight when the boiler is at its operating temperature. Flow piping connections should be full size of manufacturers outlet and should preferably be vertical from outlets to a height of 2 or 3 ft. above boiler wherever possible. Vertical piping and low outlet velocity are of great value in keeping the steam dry especially if the boiler accu mulates grease and oil from the system. Steam velocities of 20 to 25 ft. per second are recommended for the maximum continuous boiler output. Where optional outlets are provided, those on steam boilers should be in the least active parts, whereas, those on water boilers should be on the most active parts. If lack of head room necessitates a low vertical connection from boiler to steam main, it is advisable to make a drip connection to the return at first change of direction of the main. Recommended methods of connecting piping to steam boilers are shown in Chapter III, Steam Heating Systems and Piping. CLEANING BOILERS Grease serves as a carrier for sand and dirt in the system with the result that a scum of fine particles and grease accumulates on the surface of the water in the boiler while heavier particles settle to the bottom of the boiler or remain in suspension. The scum is best removed through an outlet at the surface of the water: The method given below has been used successfully. Connect a pipe (full size of opening at boiler) from the surface blow-off tapping or opening nearest surface to a convenient drain. Raise water level in boiler to bottom of blow-off. Build a brisk fire in-the boiler and raise pressure between 5 and 10 lb. Open valve and keep it open as long as pressure remains. Close valve when necessary to enable boiler to build up pressure, then open and proceed as before. Keep water level at the bottom of the blow-off by feeding fresh water. Continue blowing until water in blow-off is clean. The fire should then be removed and the water drained preferably under steam pressure from the bottom of boiler to' remove heavy particles and material in suspension. ' Where appreciable dirt and grease are present it is advisable to add soda ah to the water in the boiler before boiling out. Refill boiler with water to proper level before starting fire. . 139 - American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1929 On new jobs it is advisable wherever possible to drain condensation directly to sewer during first week of operation, thereby preventing passage of grease and dirt to the boiler from the system. The length of time fresh water should be fed to the boiler will depend somewhat on the amount of scale forming material in the water, as it would be objectionable to accumulate scale on the heating surfaces. PROTECTION OF BOILERS The following precautions should be taken in all installations to prevent _ damage to the boiler: " 1. Proper and convenient drainage connections for use if boiler is not in operation during freezing weather should be provided. 2. Strains on boiler due to movement of piping during expansion should be prevented by suitable anchoring of piping and proper provision for pipe expansion. 3. Direct impingement of intense local heat upon any part of surface should be avoided by protecting surface with fire brick or other insulating material. 4. Condensation must flow back to boiler as rapidly and uniformly as possible. Return connections should prevent water from backing out of boiler. 5. Low water cut-off devices which shut off the source of heat if the water in boiler falls below a safe level are recommended for boilers fired with oil or gas. 6. In single boiler installations the steam and return main should be free of valves. )] j \ j j | j i : SMOKE BREECHING AND CHIMNEY CONNECTIONS Connections from boiler outlet to chimney should be air-tight and as short and direct as possible, preference being given to long radius and 45 deg. instead of 90 deg. bends. The bend at entrance to chimney should not project beyond inside of chimney. Where a battery of boilers , are connected into a breeching each boiler should be provided with a tight damper. Good connections made to a good chimney will usually result in a rapid response by boiler to demands for heat. 1 : COMPLETING INSTALLATION In addition to the usual examination to insure that all work is done in a workmanlike manner and that the system is free of leaks, a check should , be made on the following: 1. Whether boiler has sufficient draft to burn the amount of fuel which would be . required during pick-iip period in cold weather. . 2. That boiler operates with a steady water line and condensation returns rapidly to boiler. " 3. That rods and levers of pressure or temperature control apparatus are adjusted to proper length. 4. That any safety equipment used works properly. . f ' ' ; . BOILER TROUBLES ." ^ ' A complaint regarding boiler operation will generally be found to be one of the following: : 1. The boiler fails to deliver enough heal. The cause of this condition may be: (a) poor draft, (b) poor fuel, (c) inferior, attention or firing, (d) boiler too small, () improper 140 ' Chapter V--Heating Boilers piping, (/) improper arrangement of sections, (g) heating surfaces may be covered with soot and (A) insufficient radiation installed. 2. The water line is unsteady. The cause of this condition may be: (a) grease and dirt in boiler, (b) water column connected to a very active section and therefore may not be showing actual water level in boiler, (c) boiler operating at excessive; output. 3. Water disappears from gage glass. This may be caused by: (a) priming due to grease and dirt in boiler, (6) too great pressure difference between supply and return piping causing water to back into return, (c) valve closed in return line, (d) connection of bottom of water column into a very active section or thin waterway, (e) improper connections between boilers in battery permitting boiler with excess pressure to push water into boiler with lower pressure. 4. Boiler causes water to be carried into steam main. This may be caused by : (a) grease and dirt in boiler, (b) insufficient steam dome or too small steam liberating area, (e) outlet connections of too small area, (d) excessive rate of output, (e) water level carried higher than specified. - 5. Boiler is slow in response to operation of dampers. This may be due to: (a) poor draft due to air leaks into chimney or breeching, (ft) inferior fuel, (c) inferior attention, (d) accumulation of clinker on grate, () boiler too small for the load. 6. Boiler requires too frequent cleaning of flues. This may be due to: (a) poor draft, (6) smoky combustion, (c) too low a rate of combustion, (d) too much excess air in firebox causing chilling of gases. 7. Boiler smokes throughfire door. This may be due to: (o) defective draft in chimney or incorrect setting of dampers, (ft) air leaks into boiler of breeching, (c) gas outlet from firebox plugged with fuel, (d) dirty or clogged flues. : If boiler trouble is attributed to oil and dirt in boiler one of the fol lowing tests will determine whether cleaning of boiler is necessary: 1. Draw off a small quantity of water from the try-cock near the water line. Boil this water in a pan and at the same time boil an equal quantity of water such as fed to boiler in another pan (of same size if available.) A marked difference in liberation of steam from the surface will indicate that the boiler should be cleaned. 2. After building a pressure in the boiler of 2 to 5 lb. open safety valve by means of a wire attached to lifting lever. Keep valve open for one minute. If water is discharged with the steam after the first rush of steam and water, it can safely be assumed that the boiler should be cleaned. OPERATING BOILERS WITH VARIOUS FUELS To keep the fuel bed in proper condition;, the following general rules should be observed: . 1. Remove ash from fuel bed by shaking the grates whenever fresh fuel is fired. This removes ash from the fire; enables the air to reach the fuel and does away with the formation of clinker (which is melted ash). 2. Supply the boiler with a deep bed of fuel. Nothing is gained by attempting to fire a small amount of fuel. A deep bed of fuel secures the most economical results. 3. Remove ash from ashpit at least once daily. Never allow ash to accumulate up to the grates. If the ash prevents the air from passing through, the grate bars will burn out and much clinker trouble will be experienced. ^ USE OF SECONDARY AIR Secondary or auxiliary air. (air supplied over the fuel bed), should be provided whenever it increases the temperature in the firebox. After firing considerable combustible gas rises from any fuel and enough air for its combustion cannot be supplied through the fuel bed, but must be provided by other means, usually through a slide damper in the fire door. American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1929 Too much secondary air will cool these gases below the ignition point, and prove harmful rather than beneficial. . The amount of secondary air required depends on so many variables, that it is impossible to make a set of rules to fit all cases. The following suggestions will be helpful: (a) In cold weather, with high combustion rates, the secondary air damper should be half open all the time, (b) In very mild weather with a very low combustion rate, the secondary air damper should be closed all the time, .(e) For temperature between very mild and very cold, the secondary air damper should be in an intermediate position. (d) For ordinary house operation, secondary air is needed after each firing, for about one hour. Secondary air, when'used with bituminous coal, serves the purpose of preventing smoke as well as increasing the efficiency by burning the gas escaping from the fuel bed. As a guide to the amount of secondary air required, the user should supply just enough secondary air to eliminate the smoke. BURNING VARIOUS TYPES OF FUEL It is advantageous to be able to burn several types of fuel. The boiler may be designed for one particular type of fuel, but a knowledge of the method of handling other fuels often makes it possible to obtain satis factory results with other available fuels. Anthracite ' Anthracite coal has a heat value of from 11,600 to 13,500 B.t.u. per pound and ash content of from 10 to 20 per cent. An anthracite fire should never be poked as this serves to bring ash to the surface of the fuel bed where it melts into clinker. Grate size is suitable for large grates and a fuel depth of 20 in. or more. The air spaces are large; the amount of surface in contact with the air is small, and consequently com bustion is slow. Lumps of rock or slate, being large, may cause trouble in shaking of the grate. On grates, 25 in. and under, the fire is likely to go out easily with this fuel, unless mixed with small coal for reducing the air spaces. Egg size is suitable for large firepots (grates 25 in. and over) if the fuel can be fired at least 20 in. deep. The air spaces between the pieces of coal are large and combustion is slower than with the next smaller size, although more rapid than with grate coal. This coal should be clean and high in calorific value. The rock and slate pieces may be large enough to cause some trouble in shaking the grate. For best results this coal should be fired deep. The grate should be shaken before every firing. An anthracite fire should never be poked as this only brings ash to the surface of the fuel bed where it melts into clinker. Stove size coal is the popular size of anthracite'fuel for most sizes of heating boilers. It is small enough to burn well on grates 17 in. and above, but large enough so that the draft loss through the fuel bed is not too great. The refuse in the coal is .not large enough to cause any trouble in shaking of the grates. About the only instructions needed for burning this type of fuel are: The grate should be shaken before each firing; the fire should never be poked from the top; the fuel should be fired deep and uniformly. Chestnut size coal is in demand for firepots up to 20 in., and especially those in which the fuel cannot be fired over 18 in. deep. The percentage of ash is higher than in stove coal, but the pieces of rock and slate are small and do not interfere with the shaking of the grates. . Pea size coal is often an economical fuel to burn. It is low in price. When carefully fired pea coal can be burned on regular grates. It is well to have a small amount of a larger fuel on hand when building new fires, or when filling holes in the fuei bed. Care should be taken to shake the grates only until the first bright coals begin to fall through the grates. The fuel bed, after a new fire has been built, should be built up by addition 142 Chapter V--Heating Boilers of small charges until at least level with the sill of the fire door. This keeps a bed of ignited coal in readiness when a sudden demand for heat is made on the boiler. When firing, the bright fuel should either be pulled forward or pushed to the back of the firepot, leaving a hollow in which to fife the fresh fuel and leaving a portion of the glowing coal exposed, to ignite the gases rising from the fuel, otherwise a gas explosion may occur. This fuel requires a strong draft and therefore the best results will generally be obtained by keeping the choke damper open, the cold-air check closed and controlling the fire by means of the air-inlet damper only. Buckwheat size coal requires the same type of attention as pea size. The smaller size of the fuel makes it more difficult to burn on ordinary grates. Even greater care must be taken in shaking than with pea coal, lest the fuel run through the grate. A good draft is required and consequently the fire is best controlled by the air-inlet damper only. Where frequent attention can be given and where, there is not a big heat demand on the boiler, this fuel is frequently burned without the aid of any special equipment. In general it will be found more satisfactory with buckwheat coal to keep a uniform heat output and consequently to keep the system warm all the time, rather than to allow the system to cool off at times and then to attempt to burn the fuel at a high rate while warming up. A uniform low fire will minimize the clinker formation and keep the clinker in an easily broken up condition so that it can be easily shaken through the grate. Forced draft and special grates or retorts are frequently used with this fuel for best results. (See Chapter VII.) Coke Coke is a very desirable fuel and will usually give satisfaction as soon as the user learns how to control the fire. Coke ignites and burns very rapidly with less draft than an thracite. Jn order to control the air admitted to the fuel it is very important that all openings or leaks into the ashpit be tightly closed. A coke fire responds more rapidly than anthracite to the opening of the dampers. This is an advantage in warming up the system, but it also makes it necessary to watch the dampers more closely in order to prevent the fire from burning too rapidly. A deep bed of coke should always be carried. The grates should be shaken only slightly in mild weather, and should only be shaken. until the first red particles drop from grates in cold weather. Since coke only weighs about half as much as anthracite per cubic foot, and therefore only about half as much can be put in the firepot, it will be necessary to fire oftener, but during the greater part of the heating season this will not be an item of importance. The best size of coke for general use will be that which passes over a I in. screen and through a 13^2 in. screen for small firepots where the fuel depth is not over 20 in. For large firepots where the fuel can be fired over 20 in. deep, coke which passes over a 1 in. screen and through a 3 in. screen will be most satisfactory. Large sizes of coke should either be mixed with fine sizes or should be broken up before using. ' Kinds of Bituminous Coat Solid fuels, excepting anthracite and coke, can be classified, from the standpoint of the user, into four types, as follows: (o) caking bituminous coal, (6) non-caking bituminous coal, (c) semi-bituminous coal and (d) lignite. The characteristics of these coals are as follows: Bituminous coal generally has a high heat value (from 12,000 to 14,500 B.t.u. per pound) and a percentage of ash of 5 to 15 per cent. Caking coal forms a cake or crust over the fire as soon as heated. This crust, when broken up, gives a fire that burns like coke. Some types of caking coal are very easily broken up^even in handling, and as a result are very fine when fired, while others are quite strong so that the percentage of lumps is high. The heat value of a fine coal may be even greater, than the heat value of the coal containing some lumps, but for general operation, the coal containing the larger percentage of lumps will be most satisfactory. A fine coal forms a blanket over the fire, tending to reduce the rate of combustion and also to increase the loss due to falling of coal through the grate, whereas a coal with a larger percentage of lumps allows the air to pass through the fuel bed more easily and also prevents, to a certain degree,.the formation of a solid crust such as produced by the fine coal. ' The non-caking coal does not form a coke or crust when heated, but burns practically without attention because the air can pass freely through the fuel bed. This coal is best 143 American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1929 adapted to use when it contains a large percentage of lumps or when it is uniformly sized, since the fine coal will cause a considerable loss by falling through the grates. Semubitumincus coal, because it has only a small percentage of smoke forming gaseous matter, is easily burned without smoke and is an excellent fuel. As a rule it is very easily broken up in handling and may therefore be quite fine. This coal forms a cake like caking soft coal and consequently requires the same attention. If the coal is very fine so that a considerable percentage falls through the grate it will be advantageous to wet the coal before firing, in order to hold the fuel particles together until it cakes. Lignite Lignite is a free burning coal containing a high percentage of volatile matter in addi tion to a high percentage of moisture. The high percentage of moisture prevents easy ignition and causes breaking of the coal, when heated, into fine particles which may fall through the grate. For general use this coal is most satisfactory if broken into lumps of 3 in. size soon after mining and dried by exposure to the air. The ash from lignite resembles wood ash, does not clinker and generally falls through grate without shaking. Grates with small air spaces, especially those preventing falling of fuel into ashpit, are preferred for lignite. HOW TO FIRE BITUMINOUS COAL Bituminous coal should never be fired over the entire fuel bed at one time. A portion of the glowing fuel should always be left exposed to ignite the gases leaving the fresh charge. . Air should be admitted over the fire through the special secondary air device, or the slide in fire door or by opening the fire door slightly. If the quantity of air admitted is too great the gases will be cooled below ignition temperature and will fail to burn. The fireman can best judge the quantity of air to admit by noting when the air supplied is just sufficient to make the gases burn rapidly and smokelessly above the fuel bed. The red fuel in the firebox, before firing, excepting for a shallow layer of coke on the grate, should be pushed to one side or forward or backward to form a hollow in which to fire fresh fuel. (Some manufacturers recommend that all red fuel be pushed to rear of. firebox and that the fresh fuel be fired directly on the grate and allowed to ignite.from the top. The object of this is to reduce the early rapid distillation of gases and to reduce the quantity of secondary air required for smokeless combustion.) It is well to have the bright fuel in the firebox so placed that the gases from the freshly fired fuel, mixed with the air over the fuel bed, pass over the bed of bright fuel on the way to the flues. The bed of bright fuel then supplies the heat to raise the mixture of air and gas to the ignition temperature, thereby causing the gaseous matter to burn and pre venting the formation of smoke. , The fuel bed should be carried as deep as the size of fuel will permit in order to have as much coked fuel as possible for pushing to the rear of the firebox at the time of firing^ A deep fuel bed obtaids the longest firing intervals. If coal is of the caking kind the fresh charge will fuse into one solid mass which can be broken up with the stoking bar and levelled from 20 minutes'to one hour after firing, depending on the temperature of the firebox. Care should be exercised when stoking not to bring the bar up to the surface of the fuel as this will tend to bring ash into the high temperature zone at the top of the fire, where it will melt and form clinker. The stoking bar should be kept as near the grate as possible and should be raised only enough to break up the fuel. With fuels requiring stoking it may not be necessary .to shake the grates as the ash is usually dislodged during stoking. . .. The output obtained from any boiler with soft coal will usually exceed that obtainable with anthracite since soft coal burns more rapidly than hard coal and with less draft. Soft coal however will require quite frequent attention to fuel bed because it burns unevenly, even though the fuel bed is level, forming holes in the fire which admit too much air, chilling the gases over the fuel bed and reducing the available draft. . . PREPARING FOR PICK-UP LOAD The period of maximum heat demand should be anticipated in order that ash and clinker can be removed and enough fuel fired to have a deep 144 Chapter V--Heating Boilers fuel bed well ignited at the beginning of this period. This is even more important with anthracite than with bituminous due to the slower igni tion of the former. .. In extremely cold weather, which occurs at most only during the few days per season, it is advisable, if the reserve output of the boiler is small, to keep the room temperature normal continuously to eliminate the peak demand due to pick-up of temperature. CLEANING FLUES All boilers are provided with flue clean-out openings through which the heating surface can be reached by means of brushes or scrapers. Flues of solid fuel boilers should be cleaned often to keep surface free of soot or ash. Gas-boiler flues and burners should be thoroughly cleaned once a year. Oil-burning boiler flues should be examined periodically to determine when cleaning is necessary. CARE OF HEATING BOILERS WHEN NOT IN USE During summer months more damage is frequently done to heating boilers than during the period of operation. This is due chiefly to acid formed by deposits on the surface of sulphur from the fuel and the moisture in the cellar air during summer. At the end of the heating season the following precautions should be taken: 1. All heating surfaces should be thoroughly cleaned, steel boiler being given a coating of lubricating oil. . 2. All machined surfaces should be coated with oil or grease. 3. Connections to chimney should be thoroughly cleaned and in case of small boilers the pipe should be placed in a dry place after cleaning. 4. If there is much moisture in the boiler room, it is advisable to drain the boiler . to prevent condensation of moisture on surface when boiler temperature is lower than the dew-point. In steel boilers kerosene poured on surface of water will form a protecting film over the inside surface as the water is drained out. . 5. When the boiler room is comparatively dry, in the case of-cast-iron boilers, the water level should be raised into the steam riser to exclude air from the Boiler. A hot-water system is usually left filled to the expansion tank. 6. The grates and ashpit should be thoroughly cleaned. Enough water only should be added to heating boilers to keep the level, when water is heated, at the height established by the manufac turer. Raising the water to a higher level may result in carrying of moisture with the steam. Water should not be used or allowed to be lost by leakage from heating systems as the fresh water required to make up the loss may introduce scale forming or corrosive matter. HOT WATER SUPPLY BOILERS Boilers for hot-water supply are classified as direct if the water heated passes through the boiler and as indirect if the water heated does not come in contact with the water or steam in the boiler. Direct heaters are built to operate at the pressures found in city supply mains and are tested at pressures from 200 to 300 lb per square inch. The life of direct heaters depends on corroding properties of the water 145 American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1929 supplied and the amount of water passed through the heater. If water temperatures are maintained below 140 deg. the life of the heater will be much longer than if higher temperatures are used owing to decreased scale formation and minimized corrosion below 140 deg. Direct water heaters in some cases are designed to burn refuse and garbage. Indirect heaters generally consist of a steam boiler in connection with a coil or tube'heater which transmits the heat in the steam to the water. This type of installation costs more than a direct system but has the following advantages: 1. The boiler operates at low-pressure. Water hammer and cold water shocks are not transmitted to the boiler. 2. The boiler is protected from scale and corrosion. 3. The scale is formed in the heat exchanger in which the parts to which the scale is attached can be cleaned or replaced. The accumulation of scale does not effect efficiency although it will effect the capacity of the heat exchanger. 4. No pounding occurs in tank due to formation of steam, especially if the steam supply to the heater is under automatic control. 5. Discoloration of water may be prevented if water supply only comes in contact with non-ferrous metal. SELECTION OF HOT WATER SUPPLY BOILERS The size of hot-water supply boiler selected is based upon: the quantity of water used in 24 hours, the temperature rise, the peak load, the dura-; tion of peak load, and the size of storage tank used. A boiler capable of delivering per hour 1/24 of the 24-hour demand operating continuously would be sufficiently large, but it is good practice to provide 20 per cent reserve capacity in the boiler by selecting a boiler-which can deliver per hour 1/20 of the 24-hour demand. The storage tank should be of such size that the water stored during off peak hours, plus the hourly output of the heater will equal the demand during the period of peak load. If the storage tank is already installed and is too small, a larger boiler must be used, the boiler having such capacity that the stored water plus the hourly heat output of the boiler equals the demand during the peak period. ' Control- of tank temperature by means of tank thermostat and means for operating dampers, of regulating gas or oil supply is discussed- in Chapter XVI on Automatic Heat Control. For determination of hot-water supply requirements the reader is referred to Chapter. XX on Water Supply Systems and Piping. Hot-water supply boilers are usually rated: in gallons of water heated through a specified temperature rise within a given time. It is important to determine the temperature rise and the time required as there is con siderable variation in the values as used by different manufacturers. ' N' 146 CHAPTER VI CHIMNEYS Functions of the Chimney; Draft, Friction Losses. Chimneys for Heating Boilers. Warm* Air Furnaces, Oil Burners. Gas Appliances, Details of Construction, Underwriters' Rules. THE functions of a chimney are, generally speaking, twofold: (1) to produce the required draft, (2) to carry off the products of combus tion and discharge them so as not to become a nuisance. Where natural draft is employed the required draft is made up of: (a) that required to overcome the friction and to produce the velocity of the air at entrance to the furnace, (b) plus that necessary to force the air through the fuel bed (if any), (c) plus that necessary to produce the velocity and to overcome the friction of the products of combustion in their passage through the boiler, (d) plus that necessary to produce the velocity and to overcome the friction of the products of combustion in their passage through the breeching, from the boiler to the chimney, (e) plus that necessary to produce the velocity and to overcome the friction of the products of combustion in their passage through the chimney itself. Where forced draft is employed factors (a) and (A), of the required draft, are usually taken care of by the forced draft apparatus, leaving, the factors (c), (d) and (e) only, to be taken care of by the chimney. Where induced draft is employed the entire draft required is generally taken care of by the induced draft apparatus'. In the case of either forced or induced draft any part of the required draft may be taken care of by the chimney and the remainder by the apparatus, but the exact conditions to be met in this respect should be known and the chimney should be proportioned accordingly. This combination of natural and mechanical draft is frequently used, especially where loads are quite irregular, so that the plant may be run on natural draft during light loads and on mechanical draft during peak loads, only. This combination also affords a factor of safety against breakdpwns in the mechanical draft equipment, since at least a partial load may always be carried on natural draft. Draft measurement is usually in inches of water by which is meant the static head of water (in inches) corresponding to the difference in pressure between any point in the boiler, breeching or chimney, at which the draft is being measured, and the pressure of the surrounding atmosphere. One inch of draft is equivalent to 5.2 lb. per square foot of pressure difference. The theoretical draft of a chimney is the hypothetical draft that would be produced if the chimney were completely heated and filled with the Material for this Chapter prepared-especially for The Guide by the following committee: George A. Orrok, chairman; E. K. Campbell. J. R. McColI and L. W. Millis. 147 American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1929 normal gases of combustion, at the average temperature for which the chimney was designed, and then the flow of these gases was suddenly stopped. This theoretical draft can never be attained in practice, but it is the basis of all scientific chimney design. The general formula for the theoretical draft of a chimney, with all observable factors taken into account, is expressed by equation (1). Dt- = 6A3HPa , (l) where Dt - theoretical draft in inches of water. H = height of the chimney above grate bars, in feet. Po = pressure of the atmosphere in pounds per square inch. W0 -- weight of air (at 32 deg. fahr.) in pounds per cubic foot, , Wg ~ weight of the flue gas (at 32 deg. fahr.) in pounds per cubic foot. T0 -- absolute temperature of the air in deg. fahr. Tc = average, absolute temperature of the gases in the chimney in deg. fahr. For an atmospheric pressure of 14.7 lb. and a weight of air equal to the weight of the flue gaseb (at 32 deg. fahr.) of 0.08071 lb. per cubic foot this formula reduces to Dn = 7.63 a-*) (2) where Da = the normal theoretical draft per foot of height of chimney under usual atmos pheric conditions at sea level. For a temperature of 0 deg. fahr. outside and an average temperature of 600 deg. fahr. in the chirririey this reduces to 0.0094 in. of draft per foot of chimney height. Table 1. Corrections in Inches of Water per Foot of Chimney to be Deducted from the Theoretical Draft for other than a 0.08071 Lb. per Cubic Foot (at 32 Deg. Fahr.) Density of Flue Gas Temperature op Flue Gab Deo. Fahr. Density op Flue Gas in Pounds pee Cubic Foot at 32 Deg. Fahb. Correction Deduction in Incbes op Water per Foot op Height 400 600 800 400 600 800 400 600 800 400 600 800 400' 600 800 0.08071 0.0820 0.0830 0.0840 0.0855 0 0.00014 0.00011 0.00009 0.00025 0.00020 0.00017 0.00036 0.00030 0.00025 . 0.00053 0.00043 0.00036 Chapter VI--Chimneys The correction factor for changes in atmospheric pressure, ranges from 68 per cent at 10 lb. pressure to 100 per cent at 14.7 lb. pressure, in direct proportions to the pressure. The corrections for different densities of flue gas are shown in Table T. The available draft of a chimney is the theoretical draft after deducting the various losses back to the point of reference, such as at the base of the chimney or the furnace of the boiler. Ordinarily the point at which the available draft is measured is in the furnace directly above the fuel bed. The losses which must be deducted from the theoretical draft to obtain the available draft at this point are as follows: (1) the velocity and friction losses in the chimney, (2) the velocity and friction losses in the breeching and (3) the velocity and friction losses in the boiler. The loss due to velocity of the flue gases in the chimney is expressed by equation (3). where y 2 O2 w2 7V Day = 0.1185 ^ = 0.193 = O.Q001222 I c Is 1 c U ' (3) Dev = loss of draft due to velocity in the chimney. Vc = velocity of the chimney gases in feet per second. Q = cubic feet of gas flowing per second. D = diameter of a circular chimney in feet. W = weight of gases flowing in pounds per second. All for a flue gas and air weight of 0.08071 lb. per cubic foot (at 32 deg. fahr.) and an atmospheric pressure of 14.7 lb. . The correction factor for different weights; of flue gas run from 100 per cent at a weight of 0.08071 lb. per cubic foot (at 32 deg. fahr.) to 109 per cent at a weight of 0.088 lb. per cubic foot in direct proportion to the ' flue gas weight. Equation (3) gives the loss due to velocity in the chimney in terms of the velocity, the quantity and the weight of the gases flowing, so that this loss may be figured from either of these factors, which may be known. The loss of draft due to the friction of the gases in the chimney is expressed by equation (4). Dd = 0.0076 = 0 0123 = 0.0000078 l*^c - (4) where Dd = loss in draft due to friction in the chimney. L = length.of chimney (in feet) through which the gases pass; all for the standard condition heretofore specified. It will be noted that equation (4) also gives the loss in terms of the velocity, quantity and weight of gases flowing. i I Equation (4) is for circular sections. For square sections the friction loss is approximately 62 per cent of that for circular section of a diameter equal to the width of the square when handling the same weight of gases per second. The loss of draft in the breeching is expressed by equation (5). M i I W2 >b = 0.000955 -y--fs br . (5) iM^ 149 of andAmerican Society Heating Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1929 where Db -- loss of draft in the breeching per foot of length and Dbi = the width of the breeching in feet; all on the following basis: flue gas temperature of 600 deg. fahr. a flue gas density of 0.08071 lb. per cubic foot (at 32 deg.) coefficient of . friction --0.016, standard atmospheric pressure and ratio of height to width of cross-section of a rectangular breeching of 2 to 1. The correction factors for different atmospheric pressures and different flue gas densities are the same as given for the losses in the chimney. The correction factor for different flue gas temperatures ranges from 0.8 at 400 deg. to 1.2 at 800 deg. based on the same weight of gas flowing pier second. , The loss of draft in the turns of the breeching, including one right angle turn where the gases pass from the boiler to the breeching and another where they pass from the breeching to the chimney, is expressed in inches of water per right angle turn by equation (6). Dbt = 0.0013 W2 TU (6) where A = area of breeching in square feet. The loss of draft through the boilers varies very materially with the size and type of boiler, number of passes, sizes of tubes, etc., but may be taken from Table 2. Table 2. Average Friction Loss of Flue Gases in Passing Through Boilers .Psa Cknt Ratoto Loss Ins., Water 100 0.1 to 0.3 ISO 0.2 to 0.6 200 0.3 to 0.9 250 0.5 to 1-4 300 0.7 to 1.9 By use of Tables 1 and 2 and equations (1) to (6) inclusive, the theo- , retical draft and the available draft of- any chimney may be calculated under any given set of conditions, . The quantity of gases to be handled is quite variable, depending upon the fuel and the proportion of air used. The theoretical amount of air required per pound of coal is approxi-. mately 12 lb. Fifty per cent excess air is generally allowed, which means that 19 lb. of flue gas may be used per pound of coal burned. The pounds of coal burned per horsepower developed will depend upon the efficiency of the boiler plant but will usually fall between four and five. The horsepower rating of a chimney is usually a fallacy, except for the smaller plants operating under standard conditions for which the horse power ratings of tfie chimney.may have been computed. The horsepower capacity of a chimney depends not only upon the many variables already referred to, but also upon the efficiency of the boiler plant, the fuel used and the rate, of combustion required to develop the required output. For instance a chimney which would produce 1 in. of available draft under a load of 100 hp: in a plant using 4 lb. of coal per horsepower wittf* 150 Chapter VI--Chimneys a combustion rate of 30 lb. of anthracite pea coal per square foot of grate, would prove entirely inadequate for a 100 hp. load on a boiler plant using 5 lb. of No. 3 buckwheat coal per horsepower at the same combus tion rate. . While as can readily be seen this method of proportioning chimneys according to horsepower is very approximate, it is frequently used with a fair degree of safety for small plants operating under ordinary conditions. Low-pressure heating plant chimneys of moderate capacities may be taken from Table 3 or the curves in Fig. 1 with very satisfactory results. According to their height, heating plant chimneys are divided into three classes, the erratic, uncertain and reliable. Chimneys less than 36 ft. high are erratic in their action. The head produced by such a low height Fig. 1. Chart for Determining Chimney Size Note t.--It is impossible to make a rule for chimney dimensions which would apply to ail boilers but it will be found that in general all heating boilers when burning any coal except smallest sizes will deliver more than the output shown at the bottom of the chart, Fig. 1, with the corresponding chimney dimensions, during the period when the boiler is likely to be in operation. Note t.--It is recommended that the manufacturer of the boiler be consulted in the case of exceptional boilers or where chimney dimensions are less than shown on chart for.any given continuous output. Note-S.--For battery installations the area of chimney is generally taken'two-thirds to three-fourths the sum of the areas required for the same number of single boilers.' The height is increased 5 to 15 ft. above the single boiler chimney height in order to compensate for additional turns and damper leakage. Note 4.--Chimneys for oil-fired boilers may usually be taken 75 per cent of height and area'of chimney for same output with solid fuel except that in cases where the possible change to coal is contemplated the chimneys should be selected as for solid fuel. . Note 6.--For gas-fired boilers the chimney dimensions may be selected from Fig. 1 but do not have to supply draft to move the products of combustion through the boiler or to supply air to the boiler. They serve only to remove the products of combustion from the boiler room. The draft diverter supplied with all gas boilers effectively limits the draft at the boiler outlet and also prevents a reversal of direction of flow in the chimney from effecting boiler operation. - is so small that the least unfavorable conditions or interference practically puts the chimney out of commission. At best the head produced by chimneys up to 64 ft. in height is so small that the draft is frequently affected by surrounding conditions making the draft a doubtful one. Chimneys over 64 ft. in height are not usually so affected, because as a rule the chimney is designed by an 151 I American Society 0} Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1929 engineer and must be well built to sustain such a heavy load and the height is such as to produce considerable draft to offset unfavorable weather conditions, etc. Chimneys in this class produce about 0.00945 in. of theoretical draft per foot of height in zero weather with 600 deg. in Cthheimstnaecyks. recommended foj larger boilers 15 to 250 hp. may be pro portioned in accordance with the report made by a joint Committee of the Table 3. -- - - t>xf Am\\iChimney Sizes for Low Pressure Heating Boilers and Wak rm Air Furnaces ' \VARM Steam Air , Boiler Furnace Capacity CaYACTTY 1 Sq.Ft. IN FLeader ire SO- In. OF Radia tion Hot Water Hbater Capacity Sq. Ft. p Radia- nos nominal duubn- sions oe fjbeClay Lining 1 - 590 690 900 900 1100 1700 1940 2130 2480 3150 4300 4600 5000 5570 5580 6980 7270 8700 9380 10150 10470 11800 14700 17900 973 1140 1490 1490 1820 2800 3200 3520 4090 5200 7100 7590 8250 9190 9200 11500 12000 14400 15500 16750 17250 19500 24300 29500 ^Dimensions below ae .. _ American Boiler Manufacturers Association and Stoker Manufacturers Association and approved by these organizations. The sizes are given in Table 4. ' Chimneys for Oil Fuel.'--The requirements for stacks for oil fuels are entirely different from those connected to coal-fired boilers, as there are certain losses through the boiler proper that are eliminated. Gas tem peratures entering the stacks are lower for a given capacity, and the volume of gas is less than with coal. The cross-sectional area of the stack may therefore be less. In most instances this may safely be taken as Mechanical Engineers Handbook. 1 From Marks 152 Chapter VI--Chimneys 60 per cent of the area that would be furnished for.coal-fired boilers. In determining the height, care must be taken to design a stack that will give a sufficient draft for the maximum requirements of the boiler, but not more. In this way the efficiency is safeguarded, and the danger of a draft such as to pull through too large an excess of air is eliminated. Table 4. Height of Stack for Average Installations (Sea Level) Average Draft Losses with Forced Draft Stokers Height of Stack (Ft.)--....................... 100 0.15 0.18 0.10 0.43 80 150 0.15 0.4 0.10 0.65 112 200 0.15 0.65 0.10 0.90 145 250 0.15 0.9 0 10 1.15 178 300 0.15 1.20 0.10 1.45 220 Diameter of Chimney in Inches for Horizontal Retorn Tubular Boilers Height of Stack in Feet--For Sea Level and 60 DEG. FAHR. OUTSIDE TEMP. ASSUMED FRIC TION Loss in Stack 0,1 in. per 100 ft. Nomina) H. P. IS 20 25 30 35 40 50 ' 60 75 90 100 115 125 150 175 200 210 225 250 ' 100% Rating 13 14 16 17 18 19 20 21 23 25 26 27 28 30 32 33 34 35 36 150% Rating 14 - 16 18 19 20 21 23 24 26 28 29 31 32 34 36 38 38 40 41 200% Rating 17 18 20 21 22 23 25 27 29 31 33 34 35 38 40 43 44 45 47 Draft at Base of Stack 0.12 0.15 0.20 0.25 0.30 0.35 0.40 0.45 0.50 0.55 0.60 0.65 -- 100% Rating 21 26 35 43 52 60 69 78 86 95 104 112 ...... 150% Rating 22 28 37 46 56 65 74 84 93 102 112 121 200% Rating 25 30 41 51 61 71 81 91 IQt 111 122 132 -- . ...- Data on Which Tables are Based Rating............. 100% 150% 200% Stack Temp, Efficiency____ 65% 65% 63% deg.fahr................. 450 500 550 CO,.......... 8% 9% 10% Lbs. of Gas................... 85 77 73 Friction loss through boiler varies according to construction. . , ... . 'For Furnace Draft.--Allow 0.15 tor forced draft. . For Natural Draft 0*35 in. or higher should be used depending upon rate of combustion and fuel used. . For Breeching Friction Loss.--Allow 0.05 in. for each right angle bend and 0.1 in. per 100 ft. of length. . Chimneys for still greater horsepowers are given by Tables 5 and 6. Table 7, adapted from one calculated by C. R. Weymouth {Trans. A. S.M. ., Vol. 34, 1912) and based on actual test data, will be found to give satisfactory results under the assumed conditions as given for stacks with oil-burning boilers. ... 153 X' American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1929 Table 5. Available Draft for 100 Ft. Steel Stacks of Different Diameters* (Based on a stack .temperature of 500 deg. fahr.** and 100 lb. of gas per horsepower. . For other heights of stack, multiply draft by height -s 100) orDiaxeteh Stack in Inches 36 54 60 66 78 84 96 200 0.55 400 0.21 600 800 1000 1200 1000 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000 4500 0.62 0.46 0.19 0.42 0.23 0.61 0.53 0.43 0.29 0.59 0.52 0.45 0.35 0.58 0.53 0.47 0.31 0.61 0.58 0.54 0.43 0.63 0.61 0.58 0.52 0.43 0.63 0.61 0.56 0.50 0.41 0.64 0.62 0.59 0.54 0.64 0.62 0.60 0.65 0.63 0.61 0.65 0.64 0.63 0.48 0.56 0.59 0.61 0.40 0.52 0.48 0.56 0.52 0.58 0.56 0.43 0.49 0.53 0.44 0.49 0.63 0.64 0.62 0.64 0.60 0.62 0.58 0.61 0.56 0.60 5000 I I i i i __________________ DFaotraoftrhoemr sMtaackrktse'mMpecrahtaunreicsaal dEdngoirndeerdsuHctabnedfbooreokm. ulti.plying .by height + 100. ,,a,,s follows For 750 deg. fahr. add 0.17 in. For 700 deg. fahr. add 0.14 in. For 650 deg. fahr. add 0.11 in. For 600 deg. fahr. add 0.08 in. -For 550 d. eg. rfa-Lh-r, add 00.0044 iinn.. For 450 deg. fahr. deduct 0.04 in. For 400 deg. fahr. deduct 0.09 in. For 350 deg. fahr. deduct 0.14 in; Table 6. Stack Sizes by Kent's Formula (A ssuming 5 lb. of coal per horsepower per hour) Du*. In. 3a Ft. 50 | 60 | Heiqht or Stack in Feet 100 | 125 | 150 ) 175 [ 200 80 1 ComtEBCML Hobsehowsb .1 EuSmuTmAoUrsm 1 Dun. 33 36 39 42 4S 54 60 & 72 78 84 5.94 106 115 7.07 129 141 8.30 155 169 9.62 183 200 12.57 246 269 15.90 318 348 19.64 400 437 23.76 490 537 28.27 591 646 33.18 700 ; 766 38.48 818 896 90 44.18 96 50.27 102 56.75 108 63.62 114 70.88 120 126 78.54 86.59 ' 132 95.03 144 113.1C 156 132.7: 168 153.9' 133 163 196 231 311 402 505 620 747 885 1035 149 182 219 245 258 348 449 289 389 503 316 426 551 460 595 565 694 835 990 1157 . 632 692 776 849 934 1023 1107 1212 12im94 -I1t4U18l 1 748 918 1105 1310 A1W53V1* | 1338 14194696 11663399 11777700 1893 1532 17117313 18766 2200227 2167 1739 1199444 2130 22330000 2459 1959 22119900 2392 22559922 2770 2192 2-24-45-51-1 2726 3016 2685 2986 3303 22990000 3226 33140408 3568 3814 3321 3637 3929 4200 3973 4352 4701 5026 4684 513: 5542 5925 5454 5974 6454 6899 154 Chapter VI--Chimneys Loss of draft through the fuel bed or the force of draft necessary to burn different grades and sizes of coal at different rates of combustion may be taken from Fig. 1, p. 163 of Chapter VII on Mechanical Draft. Table 7. Stack Sizes for On. Fuel* . Inches 33 36 39 42 48 54 60 66 72 84 96 108 120 80 161 208 251 295 399 519 657 " 813 980 1373 1833 2367 3060 Height in Febt Above Boobs Room Floob 90 206 253 303 359 486 634 800 993 1206 1587 2260 2920 3660 100 233 295 343 403 551 720 913 1133 1373 1933 . 2587 3347 4207 . 120 270 331 399 474 645 847 1073 1333 1620 2293 3087 4000: 5040 140 306 363 488 521 713 , 160 315 387 467 557 760 933 1193 1480 1807 2560 ' 1000 1280 1593 1940 2767 3453 4483 5660 3740 4867 6160 *Data from Marks' Mechanical Engineers Handbook. . Figures represent nominal rated horsepower; sizes as given are good for 50'per cent overloads. Based on centrally located stacks, short direct flues and ordinary operating efficiencies. Correction for altitude may be made according to Table 8. Table 8. Correction Factors for Altitude Height Above Sea Level . Feet 0 1,000 2,000 4,000 6,000 8,000 10,000 Ratio Incbbasb in DUMEfKB 1.000 1.015 1.030 1.063 1.096 1.130 1.165 . Ratio Incbbasb in Height 1.000 1.079 1.164 1.356 1.580 1.841 - 2.144 CHIMNEYS FOR GAS APPLIANCES The burning of gas- differs from the burning of coal in that the force which supplies the air for combustion of- the "gas comes largely from the pressure of the gas in the supply pipe, whereas air is supplied to a bed of burning coal by the force of the chimney draft. If, with a coal-burning boiler, the draft is poor, or if the chimney is stopped, the fire is smothered aiid the combustion rate reduced. Such a condition- on a gas-boiler or furnace would interfere with the combustion of the gas, but the gas would continue to pass to the burners and the resulting incomplete com bustion would produce a dangerous condition. In order to prevent incomplete combustion from insufficient draft, all gas-fired boilers and furnaces should have a back draft diverter in the flue connection to the chimney. .. . -- 155 American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1929 A study of the drawing of a typical back draft diverter will make it plain that a stoppage in the chimney will cause the combustion products to come out into the boiler room, but there will be no interference with the complete combustion of the gas. Another feature in the construction of the back draft diverter is that a down draft from the chimney will have practically no effect upon the combustion of the gas, due to the baffle deflecting the draft into the boiler room. ' As is the case with the complete combustion of almost all fuels, the product of combustion for gas are carbon dioxide (CO,) and water vapor with just a trace of sulphur trioxide (SO,). Sulphur usually burns to the trioxide in the presence of an iron oxide catalyst. The volume of water vapor in the flue products is about twice the volume of the carbon dioxide when coke oven or natural gas is burned. Because of the large quantity of water vapor which is formed by the burning of gas, it is quite important that all gas-fired central heating plants be connected to a chimney having a good draft. Lack of chimney draft causes stagnation of the products of combustion in the chimney and results in the con densation of a large amount of the water vapor. A good chimney draft draws air into the chimney through the openings in the back draft diverter, lowers the dew-point of the mixture, and reduces the tendency of the water vapor to condense. Table 9. Minimum Round Chimney Diameters for Gas Appliances Height or Chimney Feet 20 40 60 80 100 100 4.50 4.25 4 10 4 00 3.90 Gas Consumption in Thousands or B.t.u. pbb Houa 200 5.70 5.50 5.35 5.20 5.00 300 6.60 6.40 6.20 6.00 5.90 400 7.30 7.10 6.90 6.70 6.50 500 8.00 7.80 7.60 7.35 7.20 750 9.40 9.15 8.90 8.65 8.40 1000 10.50 10.25 10.00 9.75 9.40 1500 12.35 12.10 11.85 11.50 11.00 2000 13.85 13.55 13.25 12.85 12.40 A chimney for a gas-fired boiler or furnace should be constructed in accordance with the principles applicable to other boilers. Where the wall forming a smoke flue is made up of less than an 8 in. thickness of brick, concrete or stone, a burnt fire clay flue tile lining should be used. Care should be used that the lengths of flue tile meet properly with no openings at the joints. Cement mortar should be used for the entire chimney. The accompanying table gives the minimum cross-sectional areas of round chimneys (in square inches) for various amounts of heat supplied to the appliance, and for various chimney heights. This is in accordance with American Gas Association recommendations. The flue connections from a gas-fired boiler or furnace to the chimney, should be of a non-corrosive material. In localities where the price of gas requires the use of highly efficient appliances, the material used for the flue connection not only should be resistant to the corrosion of water, but should resist the corrosiop of dilute solutions of sulphur trioxide in water. Sheet aluminum, as well as some other materials, seems to serve this purpose very well. 156 Chapter VI--Chimneys CONSTRUCTION OF CHIMNEYS For general data on the construction of chimneys reference should be made to the Standard Ordinance for Chimney Construction of the Na tional Board of Fire Underwriters. . Briefly summarized these provisions are as follows for heating boilers and furnaces; The construction, location, height and area of the chim ney to which a heating boiler or warm-air furnace is con nected affect the operation of the entire heating system. Most residence chimneys are built of brick and may be either lined or unlined, but in either case the walls must be air-tight and there should be only one smoke opening into the chimney. Cleanout, if provided, must be absolutely air-tight when closed. The walls of brick chimneys shall be not less than 3% in. thick (width of a standard size brick) and shall be lined with fire-clay flue lining. Fire-clay flue linings shall be manufactured from suitable refractory clay, either natural or compounded, and shall be adapted to withstand high temperatures and the action of flue gases. They shall be of standard commercial thickness but not less than % in. All fire-day flue linings shall meet the standard specification of the Eastern Clay Products Association. The flue sections shall be set in special mortar, and shall have the joints struck smooth on the inside. The masonry shall be built around each section of lining as it is placed, and all spaces between masonry and linings shall be completely filled with mortar. No broken flue lining shall be used. Flue linings shall start at least 4 in. below the bottom of smoke-pipe intakes of flues, and shall be continued the entire heights of the ' flues and project at least 4 in. above chimney top to allow for a 2 in. projection of lining. The wash or splay shall be formed of a rich cement mortar. To improve the draft the wash surface should be concave wherever practical. Flue lining may be omitted in brick chimneys, provided the walls of the chimneys are not less than 8 in. thick, and that the inner course shall be a refractory clay brick. All brickwork shall be laid in spread mortar, with all joints push-filled. Exposed joints both inside and outside shall be struck smooth. No plaster lining shall be permitted. Chimneys shall extend' at least 3 ft. above flat roofs and 2 ft. above the ridges of peak roofs when such flat roofs or peaks are within 30 ft. of the chimney. The chimney shall be high enough so that the wind from any direction shall not strike the top of the chimney from an angle above the horizontal. The chimney shall be properly capped with stone, terra cotta,. concrete, cast iron, or other approved . material; but no such cap or coping shall decrease the flue area. There shall be but one connection to the flue to which the 157 / American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1929 boiler or furnace smoke-pipe is attached. The boiler or furnace smoke-pipe shall be thoroughly grouted into the chimney and shall not project beyond the inner surface of the flue lining. The size or area of flue lining or of brick flue for warm-air furnaces depends on height of chimney and capacity of heat ing system. For chimneys not less than. 35 ft. in height above grate line, the net internal dimensions of lining should be at least 7 x 11J4 in. for a total leader pipe area up to 790 sq. in. Above 790 and up to 1000 sq. in. of leader.pipe area the lining should be at least 11J x 11 in. inside. In case of brick flues not less than 35 ft. in height with no linings, the internal, dimensions should be at least; 8 x 12 in. up to 790 sq- in. of leader area, and at least 12 x 12 in. for leader capacities up to 1000 sq. in.. Chimneys under 35 ft. in height are unsatisfactory in operation and hence should be avoided. SMOKE TEST The chimney flue shall be subjected to a smoke test by the mason contractor in the presence of the architect or his representative, after the mortar has thoroughly hardened, .and must be smoke tight. The method of conducting this test shall.be as follows: With a good fire in the boiler or furnace, or in the base of the chimney, put about a square yard of tar paper on the fire. As soon as smoke appears at'the top of the chimney close the top of the flue with a piece of old carpet or wet newspapers held down, by a weighted board. Keep the tar paper burning in the firepot for five minutes. The architect or his represen tative shall sign an acceptance in triplicate, stating that the chimney was tight under the above test, and shall give one copy to the mason contractor, one copy to the heating contractor and one copy to the owner. 158 CHAPTER VII MECHANICAL DRAFT Data on Grates, Forced Draft. Induced Draft, Motor Driven Blowers, Steam Driven Blowers, Steam Jets, Stokers, Duct Work. THE subject of mechanical draft is divided into two main divisions-- forced draft and induced draft. Present day practice inclines towards forced draft for heating plants. The burning of the lower grades and the smaller sizes of coal necessitates strong drafts, which are frequently produced mechanically. The stack or chimney effect necessary to properly carry off the gases of combustion is sometimes produced by induced draft. With the type of installations considered in this chapter which relate particularly to the heating and ventilating field, forced draft installations predominate. The combination of both forced and induced draft is sometimes employed, but is usually confined to power stations where economizers, air heaters, etc. are installed. In order to give proper recommendations for mechanical draft, some thing should be said about the grates and furnaces. Table 1 gives the various styles of grates suitable for different fuels in boiler plants men tioned in this article. Table 1. Grates Suitable for Various Fuels and Boilers Kino of Fuel High Pressure Boilers High or Low Pressure Steel Boilers-- Fire Box Low Pressure Cast Iron Sectional High or Low Pressure High or Low Scotch Pressure Marine Upright Type of Air Openings and % Openings Domestic Anthracite Stationary or Shaking Shaking No. 1 Buckwheat Stationary or Dumping No. 2 Buckwheat No. 3 Buckwheat Screenings Run of Mine Bituminous Stationary or Dumping Stationary or Dumping Stationary or Shaking- Dumping Dumping Dumping Shaking Shaking Dumping Dumping Dumping Shaking Shaking Shaking Herringbone Finger or . Cross Rib 30% - 40% Stationary: or Dumping Stationary or Dumping Stationary or Dumping Stationary or Shaking Stationary Shaking or - Dumping Fine Herringbone Slotted or Pinhole 8% -14% Stationary ` Fine Slotted or or . Pinhole Dumping 8% -12% Stationary or Dumping - Fine Slotted or Pinhole ~ 8%.-10% Stationary or Shaking . Herringbone or . Cross Rib 30% - 40% c. HhSTMtherial for thiS Chapter prepared <3P*>Uy lor The Guide by R. W. Pryor, Edgar Johnson and 159 American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1929 STATIONARY GRATES Stationary grates are installed on bearing bars, and not movable except as they are lifted out of the furnace for repair or replacement. Such grates are made in a large assortment of shapes, sizes, weights and have varying percentage of air openings. They may be air cooled or water cobled, for use under natural or mechanical draft and may be used with practically all kinds of hand fired fuels. Cleaning of fires must be done through firing doors. This makes it advisable for the grates to be at the firing door level. In cleaning fires, it is necessary to "wing" or jump the ashes over the live char. SHAKING GRATES This type of grate is used where it is desired to accomplish the removal of the ash or fuel refuse by shaking, rocking, or a rolling motion of each grate bar unit. This operation can be performed at any time and under any fire condition and with any fuel which will not fall through the grate during the shaking process. It is essentially an open type grate with a large percentage of air opening and is used to best advantage under fuels that coke or bridge and that burn to a fine ash. Domestic sizes of anthra cite, wood refuse, hogged fuel, bagasse, lignite, run-of-mine bituminous, etc., are types of fuels suitable for burning on shaking grates. DUMPING GRATES The fine sizes of fuels such as the Buckwheat sizes of anthracite, mine or coal yard screenings, hard-wood sawdust and coke braize are burned to advantage on dumping grates. These fuels require keeping the fires level and adding fuel over the entire surface of the fire bed, continuing this procedure until cleaning time, i.e., until the mass of ashes and burning fuel reaches a thickness which prevents adequate supply or proper diffusion of air, or becomes too high for proper spreading. Ash.accumulation under such firing cannot well be removed by shaking for the reason that the fire bed becomes uneven in thickness and openings large enough to permit the ash to pass through would also allow unburned fuel to pass to the ashpit. This explains the difference between shaking and dumping grates. Dumping grates are built in sections enabling the operator to push the unburned fuel off the ash bed to another section. The accumulated ash is then dumped into the ashpit and the live char from another section is pulled over onto the clean section of the grate. After this process has been continued until all of the ashes have been dumped, the live char should be allowed to burn down before covering with fresh fuel in order to prevent the formation of clinkers on the fresh fire. Where blowers are in use or the boiler is operating under strohg natural draft, fuel should not be added to a freshly cleaned fire until the formation of ash on the surface of the grate has begun, for ash is a good diffuser of air and in addition protects the surface of the grates from overheating. The first firing should be thin and evenly spread over the entire fire bed and allowed to burn down after which successive firings can be made heavier. 160 VII--Chapter Mechanical Draft This will form a formidable ash foundation after which it is practically impossible to form a hard clinker, even though fuels with very low fusing ash are used. & MECHANICAL STOKERS Three types of stokers are commonly used, namely chain-grate, under feed and over-feed type. Their use permits a uniform fuel supply, efficient combustion, boiler operation at higher rating and the effectual meeting of peak loads, Either forced or induced draft is successful with chain grate stokers Which are designed primarily for the use of bituminous coal particularly the free burning and clinkering types. Where forced draft is used, air is delivered at different pressures under the grate, the control being accomplished by dampers, to suit the grade of fuel and the firing -rate. At the front the pressure will not exceed 2 in. water gage and will decrease toward the rear as the fuel bed gets thinner. . There are adaptations of self-feeding devices especially adaptable to the smaller heating plants which carry forced draft apparatus, controlled as outlined herein under forced draft. Some of these take the form of a hopper which feeds the coal through tuyeres and automatically brings the ash out of the ashpit. Others take the form of. an under-feed type of stoker, which has a variable feed depending upon the heating require ments. There are adaptations of chain-grate stokers which emulate the more pretentious power type of units, all of which have their particular field for the kind of fuel to be burned and function as a labor saving device, but all in general follow principles as outlined in the foregoing treatise. . Over-feed stokers are adapted for all kinds of fuel and the angle of the grate bars will indicate whether bituminous, semi-bituminous, coking coal or the non-coking types are to be used. . Under-feed stokers are made in single or multiple units and will burn coking or non-coking varieties of coal equally well. In both cases either forced or induced draft may be used. The important points to be observed in recommending and using stoker installations are: 1. Stokers in large plants used in conjunction with modern methods of coal storage and handling at their disposal show a considerable labor saving. 2. In small plants stokers are only advisable where the saving in fuel will be lkrge ' or where the smoke question is a factor. 3. The upkeep cost of stokers generally exceeds that for hand fired furnaces. 4. The use of different fuels and a better efficiency is obtainable with mechanical stokers. No stoker will handle every class of fuel satisfactorily so tha.t^in selecting a stoker the engineer should take into consideration the t^jte best suited for the fuel and operating conditions. Relative to efficiency of combustion, other conditions being similar, there will be no appreciable difference with the different types of stokers provided that the proper type is used for the fuel to be burned and the operating conditions are fulfilled. . - 161 x American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1929 THE STACK The function of the stack under natural draft operation is threefold: (1) to eliminate the waste gases; (2) to circulate the hot gases through the heating surfaces of the boiler and (3) to draw the air, necessary for com bustion, through the fuel bed. The fuel bed resistance varies with the type of fuel and the last function referred to, becomes the heaviest stack load on'the finer grades of fuel and this load is applied at the point where the stack is least able to handle it. Increasing the stack pull to the point where sufficient air can be drawn through a heavy bed of fine fuel results in a waste of heat due to excess air and a tendency to lift a certain .amount of unconsumed fuel, unless the draft be properly controlled, by dampers, according to the varying thicknesses of the fuel bed. The draft from stacks also varies according to temperatures and wind conditions. This, coupled with the difficulties of control referred to above frequently brings up the question of using properly regulated mechanical draft. MECHANICAL DRAFT There is a certain draft which will give the best results for every kind of fuel and rate of combustion. The amount of fuel that can be burned per hour per square foot of grate surface is governed by the quality and the type of fuel as well as by the draft obtainable. ' Mechanical draft is used to obtain economy of operation, increased capacity or both and may be accomplished by either the forced or induced method. The two common methods of producing mechanical draft are by means of fans or steam jets. Each method has its advantages and design, conditions will govern the choice of apparatus. Mechanical draft fans are usually either disc or centrifugal type and because of the severe service to which they are subjected they must be of rugged construction, well balanced, must be able to operate continuously, withstand high stresses, maintain the proper pressure and horse-power characteristics and show a good efficiency over a wide range of operating ...conditions. Mechanical draft fans should be of such capacity that they will be able to handle the quantity, of gases produced. If it is assumed that !5 lb, of coal per boiler horsepower at 24 lb. of flue gases per pound of coal there would be 120 lb. of flue gases per hour to handle. ' The volume of flue gases may be easily computed from the density, of gases at the room temperature for forced draft and at flue temperature for induced draft and the size of fan to be provided may be obtained from ,. the fan.maker's table. FigM; shows the difference in pressure required between the ashpit and the'furnace in order to burn various classes of fuel at different rates o: ;nftthe!'iigl'r(ate. FORCED DRAFT ', . ,n - - ' This is usually applied by what is known as the direct method where , ;air- is piped directly to the ashpit through intervening duct work with a ^pressure maintained sufficient to force the air through the necessary duct system, stoker setting if installed, and the fuel bed. Excessive pressures 162 Chapter VII--Mechanical Draft not only create an outrush of flame and smoke when fire doors are opened but also cause objectionable leakage of gases into the boiler room. For best firing condition, a slight indraft of 0.05 in. to 0.10 in..of water should be maintained above the fire and the remaining losses through the boiler, breeching, etc. should be taken care of by the stack or induced draft fan. The determining factors for the correct amount of air and static pres sure for forced draft installations are: the boiler rating to be developed, grate area and kind of fuel to be used. Fig. 1. Static Pressures Required to Burn Various Fuels at Various Rates of Combustion For example:--On a 200 hp.-boiler at 150 per cent rating with'45 sq. ft. of grate surface and using buckwheat coal it is found that by using 20 c.f.m. pier hp. which would provide about' 100 per cent excess air (a proper selection for hand fired conditions) 6000 c.f.m. would be required. Basing the calculations on lb. of coal per hp. developed would give 1350 lb. of coal fired per hour or 30 lb. of coal per square foot of grate per hour. ' From Fig. 1 it will be noted that No. 1 Buckwheat would require 1 in. static pressure, and Barley, 2 in. static pressure. To this must be added the duct losses. The accompanying Table 2, gives the various velocities desirable for such an installation. . ;; With low pressure heating boilers such as the steel firebox'type and cast iron sectional boilers, observations show that 15 lb. of coal per hour per square foot of grate surface for the former and 10 lb. for the latter are reliable'rates for burning. 163 1 ; i! ii American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1929 . Table 2. Air Duct Velocities for Forced Draft Static Phessuhes 2 2A 3 3A. 4 4H 5 m 6 6a. 7 Velocity in Main Am Duct 5 Peb Cent Static Pressure 1300 1400 1550 1700 1800 1900 2000 2100. 2200 2300 2400 Velocity in Main Am Duct 10 Peb Cent Static Pressure 1800 2000 2200 2400 2550 2700 2850 3000 3100 3250 3350 From Recommendations for the Installation of Stoker Fans by the Stoker and Fan Manufacturers' Association: The area of the main air ducts shall be determined by using a velocity in the ducts based on a velocity pressure of from 5 per cent to a maximum of 10 per cent of the static pressure. The area of the branch air ducts leading to boilers should be such that the velocity will not be more than two-thirds of that in the main ducts. The above table is based on a weight of air of 0.075 lb. per cu. ft. which corresponds to a temperature of 6S deg. fahr., a barometric pressure 29.92 in. (sea level) and 50 per cent relative humidity. (For higher elevations or temperatures, the above velocities may be increased 1 per cent for each 500 ft. increase in elevation, add 1 per cent for each 10 deg. fahr. increase in temperature.) - It is desirable to have the duct work as short and straight as possible and for the class of installations contemplated under this heading 2500 ft. per minute is a satisfactory velocity for the air through the duct work as a maximum. Table 3. For Forced Draft Blowers Based on 40 cu. ft. of air per minute per square foot of grate Crate Area 8q. Ft. 4 6 10 12 16 20 24 30 36 40 No. 1 Buckwheat Coal Size of Blower Outlet In. C.f.m. Static Press. In. Motor Speed Hp, R.p.m. 4 160 0.25 Ms 1750 6 240 0.51 A 1150 6 400 0.75 A 1750 6 480 0:68 A 1750 8 700 0.76 A 1750 9 800 0.91 A 1750 9 960 0:65 Yi. 1750 9 1200 0.93 A 1750 11 1440 0.72 A 1150 9 1600 . 1:2 m 1750 No. 2 and 3 Buckwheat Coal Size of Blower Outlet In. CXra. Press. In. Motor Speed Hp. R.p.m. _____ ___L.. __ ____ ' 8 400 1.14 A 1750 9 550 1.23 A 1750 9 700 1.04 y?. 1750 8 800 1.25 a 1750 9 960 1.22 A 1750 _12 1300 1.25 A 1150 _____ . ____ 9 1600 1.22 1A 1750 Table 4. Capacities and Dimensions of Propeller Type Forced Draft Blowers Outside Duustsm or Fan " Houpsre Iwiyea 12 14 16 18 21 24 27 Motob H.P. A Vi At % 1 1A 2 0.10' 1100 1600 2550 3300 4350 6300 8400 0.1S' 1050 1550 2450 3250 4250 6200 8300 Cubic Feet peb Minute at Various Static Pressures 0.20* 950 1500 2350 3200 4150 6100 8200 .0.25' 850 1450 2250 3150 4050 6000 8100 0.50' 300 750 1450 2800 3500 5500 7500 0.75' 450 1100 2300 2750 4900 6800 ' 1,00' _ 800 1500 2000 4100 6100 164 T a b l e 5. .C a p a c it ie s a n d D im e n s io n s of Ste a m T u r b in e D r iv e n Pr o p e lle r T y p e F orced D r a ft F ans snippy Chapter VII--Mechanical Draft ^C'J i tO 80'oOQOOOO'OOQQOOiOo'Ofl'OOCC N8(N'O8M-8Hi/)f8(00'O8oI8C8mO8^N>30o0<8Oo8`rO'8^oN8oO'8O'O080c8oOr8'O080'f^'8,O''O8QoO8o> ?888< 8888888S i>l3,Ov'*OOoOOQOO'ONOOOOrn'OO*oOoOoo^r*'oQC`OoSOu^'O-OO>KVOOo) OOOOQOOQQOQOOOOQOOQQOQ iOOQ LOO to to QQn0tototo olOoQoQoiOiOQ'OVjioQO<' Nro^O^t'O'O'OiOCC'Oi 2>5ACt--i'JotO#iv'nIOOooOto*OoolCooACoMCoLNoOfOOoOoO,\oOrcC-ii .li 88888888888888888S8S8800t--e^^v-toot---csv-<r4tO'OQO'Oooro-'ONC,s| csrO^'OtO'tot-- v OO t-- \*--\00O\CS^t-- t-- toto to Cc to to to*ototototo<i- _ _ 00 Os 'Z.___O' cmcs^^cooo -- oo^omov . ^ oof--Ovt--\\oi^r--oo <Nfo^'Otot--tor-- > ` < >,V) to to toot-- totO*OtOtOtOtOC J < o CO < to --< t-- *--< Tp sot-- t'Oo foOotro-to--sooQtPocs\^^OOeO^O^Ot--Ocoon<-* 8888888888888888888888 5jO8lO8`O8OO8tN8*^8'08'0,`_O_t_O_*_-'__O_f_*5_*_H_O_v_l_C_N_N__W_C_<_'u F'lOCo^fOTfrO'effOT^rOr^cO^rocOfOTj'rorororO 3g BSe^t*, 5D iPs oOg-os fcpOq^55 165 X American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1929 The majority of installations today are using the motor driven forced draft blowers of the direct connected type. The variable speed type permits of a flexible control over the fires. A regulating device con veniently located at the boiler front can be adjusted from time to time to correspond to the prevailing thickness of fire bed rather than have the fireman go some distance to adjust the draft. Enclosed types of motors are preferable, in order to reduce the wear on the bearings and brushes. Where high pressure steam is available, there is an advantage in either steam engine or turbine driven units, if the exhaust steam can be led into the feed water heaters or steam heating system. Forced; draft blowers may be put in individually, one for each boiler or in multiples. The controlling of the motors may be either manual or automatic. In the case of the latter a pressure regulator from the main steam header is connected electrically in relay to a magnetic switch of sufficient capacity to carry the forced draft unit. For small forced draft installations using the fine grades of Buckwheat coal, this applies more particularly to house heating, schools, etc., the accompanying-Table 3 (based on 40 c.f.m. per square foot of grate) and Tables 4 and'5 are convenient to use. A satisfactory arrangement, for such units, is to connect the blower discharge to the ashpit by means of a blast gate and control it in parallel with the stack damper. A room thermostat, preferably placed in the living quarters regulates the blast of air by cutting in and out the blower simultaneously as the thermostat calls for more or less heat from the boiler. In order to compensate for the time element between the genera tion of heat in the boiler and its delivery to the radiation in the living quarters, there should be a device such as a pressurestat or aquastat on tiie boiler proper in order to limit the top pressure or temperature of the boiler by cutting out the blower when it reaches that limit irrespective of the room thermostat referred to previously. INDUCED DRAFT Induced draft may be used where the,stack, boiler and furnace re sistance are such that the average stack-becomes overloaded for a given rating on the boiler. The induced draft fan might then be placed near the base of the stack for handling smoke and gases leaving the furnace, whereupon a high stack would not be needed, the necessary draft being created by the fan. Induced draft fans should not create an excessive vacuum through the fuel bed as this increases the air leakage through the breeching and stack causing unnecessary heat loss. In the larger boiler plants where economizers and air preheaters are used, the duty placed upon the chimney becomes very great and, particularly where boilers are being operated at a high percentage of over rating, the induced- draft fan becomes a desirable part of the plant equipment. The induced draft fan.has to handle a large volume of air at a high temperature and for stack'gas at 550 deg. temperature which is an average figure, there will be required approximately 40 cu. ft. per minute per boiler hp. tobe handled, allowing 100 per cent excess air for hand fired installations. In case of stoker fired furnaces not over 50 per cent excess air is calculated. 166 CHAPTER VIII GRAVITY WARM-AIR FURNACE HEATING Data on Furnaces, Leader Sizes, Stack Sizes, Air Temperatures, Register Sizes and Loca> tions. Recirculation, Layouts, Standard Installation Code. - HEATING WITH AIR THERE are several typical systems of warm-air heating in common use today. An analysis of the systems mentioned in the following list will show that warm air may be employed as the heating medium in almost all types of heating requirements: (1) Gravity warm-air furnace systems, with or without booster, fans for forced circulatiop'and combination air and water systems for isolated rooms; (2) Fa-furnace heating -systems (see Chapter IX); (3) Fan-blast heating systems (see Chapter X); (4) Unit heating systems (see Chapter X); (5) Indirect radiation systems (see Chapter II). Each system has its particular application: No. 1 is intended par ticularly for residences and small structures; No. 2 for large residences, small theatres, churches, schools and stores; No. 3 for large buildings, .theatres, schools, churches and factories; No. 4 for shops, factories and other large enclosures and No. 5 for homes, hotels, schools, etc. ' In this chapter of The Guide, consideration will be given to the design of gravity circulating warm-air heating systems. For fan circulating systems see Chapters IX, X, XXIV, XXV and XXVIII. Complete engineering data, including the procedure to be followed in designing a typical system, are presented in the first part of this chapter, while the last part of the chapter presents a Standard Code Regulating the Installation of Gravity Warm-Air Heating Systems in Residences, approved by the National Warm Air Heating Association, American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers and the National Association Sheet Metal Contractors, as a workable Code for furnacemen. DEFINITIONS In general, warm-air furnace heating plants consist of a fuel burning furnace or heater enclosed in a casing of sheet metal or brick, which is placed in the basement of the building. The heated air, taken from the ' For this edition the chapter has been revised and edited by Prof. J-. D. Hoffman. Director of Practical - .Mechanics Laboratory, Purdue University. - Material for this section was originally prepared for The Guide by A. C. Willard, Professor of Heating and Ventilation and Head of the Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois. , ' , All figures and much of the engineering data which follow are from Bulletin No. 141, "Warm Air Furnaces and Heating Systems," Part II, by Professors A. C. Willard, A. P. Kratz and V. S. Day. Engineering Experi ment Station, University of Illinois. 167 American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1929 top or sides near the top of the furnace casing, is distributed to the various rooms of the building through sheet metal warm-air pipes. The warm-air pipes in the basement are known as leaders, and the vertical warm-air pipes which are run in the inside partitions of the building are called stacks. The heated air is finally discharged into the rooms through Fig. 1. Value of Square Inch of Leader Pipe Area for First, Second, and . Third Floors . registers which are set in register boxes placed either in the floor or in the side wall, usually at or near the baseboard. The air supply to the furnace may be taken (1) entirely from inside the building through one or more recirculating ducts, (2) entirely from outside the building, in which case no air is recirculated, or (3) through a combination of the inside and outside air supply system is employed. Furnace heating plants may be (1) of the gravity circulating type in which the motive head producing flow depends upon the difference in weight between the heated air leaving the easing and pipes and the cooler air entering the bottom of the casing, or (2) of the fan circulating type in which a fan may supply all or part of the motive head producing flow. lll-i In most house installations, the former type of system is in general use. I 168 Chapter VIII--Gravity Warm-Air Furnace Heating DESIGNING A FURNACE HEATING SYSTEM The design of a furnace heating system involves the determination of the following items: a. Heat loss in B.t.u. from each room in the building. b. Area and diameter in inches of warm-air pipes in basement (known as leaders). c. Area and dimensions in inches of vertical pipes (known as wall stacks). d Free and gross area and dimensions in inches of warm-air registers. e. Area and dimensions of (1) recirculating or (2) outside air supply ducts in inches. There may be one or more of each. /. Free and gross area and dimensions in inches of recirculating registers. ,, g;ze 0f furnace necessary to supply the warm air required to overcome the heat loss" from the building. This "size" should include square inches of leader pipe area which furnace must supply. It is also desirable to call for a minimum bottom fire-pot diameter in inches, which is the nominal grate diameter. 1 1 -1 1 1h. Area and dimensions in inches of chimney lining and smoke pipe. If an unlined _ - . A J. -- _ --I Ita aIoO I* HEAT LOSSES FROM BUILDING The heat which will be required for each room in the building depends on (1) the heat transmission losses through walls and glass as well as through floors and ceilings when the latter two are next to unheated spaces, and (2) the infiltration of cold air through the cracks around, outside windows and doors. Calculations for the heat required in B.t.u. per hour should be made as indicated in Chapter I, Heat Losses from Buildings. LEADER SIZES In a gravity circulating warm-air furnace system' the; size of the leader to a given room depends on the temperature of the warm air entering the room at the register* A reasonable air temperature at the registers must, therefore, be agreed upon before the system can be designed. The National Warm Air Heating Association has approved an air temperature of 175 deg. fahr. at the registers as satisfactory. At this temperature, the heat carrying capacity (heat available above 70 deg. fahr.) per square inch of leader pipe per hour for first, second or third floors is shown by Fig. 1 at 175 deg. fahr. to be 105, 170 ana 208 B.t.u. respectively. For average calculations, the values'111, 166 and 200 will simplify the work and may be satisfactorily substituted for these heat carrying capacities. If H represents the total heat to be supplied any room, the resulting equations are: Leader areas for first floor, square inches = = approximately .0.00917 ' , | Leader areas for second floor, square inches = jgg = approximately 0.006H (1) (2) . Leader areas for third floor, square inches = oqq = approximately 0.0Q5H (3) American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1929 In designing for a lower warm-air register temperature, say 160 deg. fahr., the factors 111, 166 and 200 become 80, 140 and 166 (Fig. 1 at 160 deg. fahr.), and the resulting equations are.- Fig. 2. Loss in Temperature in 8 in. Leader Pipe of Various Lengths at . Different Register Temperatures Leader areas for second floor, square inches = rH-rjr = approximately 0.007H (5) . 140 '. . ' jj. . Leader areas for third floor, square inches = = approximately 0.006.ff (6) These equations are applicable to straight leaders from 6 to. 8 ft, in length. Longer leaders must be very thoroughly, covered or. else the vertical stacks must be increased in area as discussed under wall stacks. If some provision is not made for these longer leaders, the. air tempera ture may be much lower than anticipated and the room will not be properly heated. While Fig. 1 takes care of the drop of temperature in straight leaders up to 8 ft. in length connected to stacks having about 75 per cent the area of the leader, the designer must make allowances for all other 170 Chapter VIII--Gravity Warm-Air Furnace Heating conditions. The temperature drop in leaders of various lengths at three different register temperatures is shown in Fig. 2. Leader sizes should in general be not less than obtained by equations (1) to (3) nor should leaders less than 8 in. in diameter be used. It is not considered good commercial practice to specify diameters except i i i -i i i r.n ~With constant beat mpoth 1 1 1 11 //t.00 to heater, of ftfOOO B. f.a p* hr Sc pi t rea/ster. L eacters. A 8-0" to < of boot /*. '/ y. y 0.90 f/J- 7f 4 tm //, 1 ! /' J -l j tVi A>8; 0.80 S/ng/e tVa/t Stack Doub/e IVa// StackIi r~ _' _ j / /7 / " / /. t fl^ 0.70 ' 6 V/7 it9aa*er ^5ta?/e tVa/t Stack Doub e Va // - eft Cl $ Q60 o f~\--t Ans tenmks COmetar ed ISaft --the Best s/na/e watt stack /h both tO-/h. a/7ct 6-/rr. Le'erater T.ests\ : o./ ae 0.3 0.4 o.s as ar as as /.o ftaho Stack Area to L eaater Area Fig. 3. Relative Heating Effect of Stacks at Constant Heat Input to Furnace Note.--Pipe bare, bright tin except asbestos strips for joints. in whole inches, although there is no real reason for not using half inches if necessary. The tops of leaders should be at the same elevation as they leave the furnace bonnet, and from this point there should be a uniform up-grade of 1 in. per foot of run in all cases. Leaders over 12 ft. in length are to be avoided or receive very special attention. WALL STACKS : The wall stack for an upper floor should be made not less than 70 per cent of the area of'the leader which has been selected from Fig. I. So long as the leader is short and straight as was the case for Fig. 1, such a practice is probably justified, since the loss (Fig. 3) in capacity occasioned by the smaller stack is not very serious for stacks havingareas in excess of 70 per cent of the leader area. For leaders over 8 ft. 171 American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1929 in length or for leaders which are not straight, the ratio of stack area to leader area should be greater than 70 per cent in order to offset the , Chapter VIII--Gravity Warm-Air Furnace Heating. binations' with the nearest comparable case as shown in these figures. Any second floor stack supplying heat to a room whose heat loss is 9000 greater temperature losses (Fig. 2) in the longer leader. In gravity circulating systems, this stack to leader area ratio is a very important consideration. Specific data for a great variety of cases are presented in Figs. 4 and 5 and the designer should check his stack to leader corn- 172 w oz <W 33 o B.t.u or above (see Figs. 4 and 5 which show that high temperatures are necessary if rooms of more than 9000 B.t.u. requirement are heated by stacks 5in 4-in., studding), should be run within 6-in. studded walls or should have multiple stacks. Stack sections, wherever possible, should 173 American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1929 . be changed from the thin rectangular to the more nearly square shape. Stack heads should have upper end curved to provide easy flow of warm air to the room. WARM-AIR REGISTERS ' The registers used for discharging warm air into the rooms should have free or net area not less than tbe area of the leader in the same run of piping. The free area should be at least 70 per cent of the gross area Chapter VIII--Gravity Warm-Air Furnace Heating- ' area, in excess of the total area of warm-air pipes, and at all.points where theai r stream must change direction or shape, streamline fittings should be employed. Horizontal ducts, should pitch, at least one-half inch per foot, upward from the furnace. The recirculating grilles (or registers) should have a free area at least equal to the ducts to which they connect, and their free area should never be less than 50 per cent of their gross area. The location and number of return grilles will depend on the size, details and exposure of the house. Small compactly built houses may frequently be adequately served by a single return effectively placed in a central hall. More often it is desirable to provide two-or more returns, Fig. 6. Typical Performance Curves for a Warm Air Furnace and Installation in a Three-Story Ten Leader Plant, Operating on Recirculated Air of the register. No upper floor register should be wider horizontally than the wall stack, and it should be placed either in the baseboard or side wall, if this can be done without the use of offsets. First floor registers may be of the baseboard or floor type with the former location preferred. No first floor register should require a register box more than 14 in. wide, although it may be longer than 14 in. RECIRCULATING AIR SUPPLY DUCTS AND GRILLES The ducts through which air is returned to the furnace should be designed to minimize friction and turbulence. They should be of ample 174 msi'icarT--f [MTIM Fig 7. Elevation of the Warm Air Research Residence provided, however, that in two-story residences one return must be placed, to effectively receive the cold air returning by way of the stairs. Where a divided system "of two or more returns is used the grilles must be placed to serve the maximum area of cold wall or windows. Thus in rooms having only small windows the grille should be brought as close to the furnace as possible, but if the room has a bay window, french doors, or other large sources of cooling and leaking of cold air, the grille should be placed close by, so as to collect the cool air and prevent drafts. When long ducts of this type are employed they must be made oversize and favored in every way. This precaution is par ticularly important when long ducts and short ducts are used in the same system. The long-ducts must be oversize if they are to operate satis factory, in parallel with short ducts, . . Return ducts from upstairs rooms may be necessary in apartments, or other spaces closed off, or badly exposed. Metal linings are advisable in such ducts. It is important that these ducts be free from unnecessary friction and turbulence, and that they be located to prevent preheating of- the air before it reaches the furnace. 175 s American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1929 Circulation is accelerated if the drop to the furnace is through a round inclined pipe with, say, two 45-deg. elbows rather than through a vertical drop and two 90 deg. elbows. The top of the shoe should never enter the casing above the level of the grate in the furnace. To accomplish this the shoe must be wide. FURNACE The size of furnace should, of course, be such as will provide, the necessary air heating capacity, usually expressed in square inches of : Chapter VIII--Gravity Warm-Air Furnace Heating with it as shown by the efficiency curve of Fig. 6. The fourth factor is the heat value per pound of fuel burned, which was 12,790 B.t.u., but is not shown on the curves since it was constant for all combustion rates. From the relation existing between these factors it is found (Fig. 6) that the capacity of the furnace under test is 147,750 B.t.u. per hour for the total grate, which gives the capacity at the furnace bonnet per square foot of grate as 51,300 B.t.u. and per square inch of grate as 356 B.t.u. per hour. Suppose it is desired to select a furnace to deliver air to the rooms at a register temperature approximating 160 deg. rather than 175 deg. leader pipe area, and at the same time provide a grate of the proper area to burn the necessary fuel at a reasonable chimney draft. The total leader pipe area required is easily obtained by finding the sum of the leader pipe areas as already designated. The grate area will depend on several factors of which four are very important. First of all, the air temperature at the register for which the plant has been designed must be determined. Usually, this tempera ture is taken as 175 deg. fahr. Second in importance is the combustion rate, which must always correspond with the register air temperature, as is shown by reference to a set of typical furnace performance curves. (Fig. 6) for a cast-iron circular radiator furnace with a 23-in. diameter grate and 50-in. diameter casing. The conditions shown on these curves which seem to approximate nearest to the 175 deg. register warm-air temperature are--combustion rate 7 lb., warm-air register temperature 173 deg., efficiency of the furnace 58.5 per cent. The third factor is efficiency, which, in turn, is a function of the combustion rate varying 176 Referring to the curves, the relation is--combustion rate 5.5 lb., register warm-air temperature 160 deg. and efficiency of the furnace 62 per cent. Under this condition the capacity of the furnace at the furnace bonnet per square foot of grate area is 43,300 B.t.u. per hour, and per square inch of grate it is 300 B.t.u. per hour. From these performance values, the grate area for any plant requirement will be, (allowing 20 per cent heat loss between furnace and registers): . j g jy Grate area (175 deg. register temperature), square inches --jjgg-- = 0.0034H1 (7) Grate Area (160 deg.), square inches <= = 0.0040H1 (8) *Let H = B.t.u. heat Joss From the entire house per hour = summation of all room losses ffi -h Hs 4 etc. + the B.t.u. necessary to heat the fresh air if any, at intake. This fresh air loss in B.t.u. will be 177 X American Society 0/ Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1929 approximately 1.27 times the cubic feet of air admitted through the intake per hour on a zero day. For systems which recirculate ail the air this value will be zero. For systems which have a fresh air intake, controlled by damper, this value might well be approximated, since this loss will probably be reduced to a minimum on a zero day. Assume for such cases, that the building loss is Increased by 25 per cent, and that there is the usual 20 per cent loss between furnace and registers. It is not always possible to obtain performance curves, and the fol lowing method is suggested as being a close check. An addition of 2 per cent of the furnace capacity is proposed for each unit that the heating surface-grate area ratio of the furnace exceeds 20. This addition . Chapter VIII--Gravity Warm-Air Furnace Heating and for another furnace having 24 sq. ft. of heating surface for 1 sq. ft. of grate the expression is Grate area, square inches = 0 60 x 12,000 X 6jl + 0.02 (24 - 20)| (11^ The air temperatures at the registrars corresponding to the conditions of equation (11) would be approximately 165 deg. fahr. and for 175 deg. fahr. and 12,000 B.t.u. the combustion rate would be about 7.5 lb. with an efficiency of-57 per cent, using the curves of Fig. 6 as a guide. is based on tests of four types of furnaces having various ratios of heating surface to grate area, at the University of Illinois. Let E -- efficiency of the furnace. / *= fuel value of the coal, B.t.u. per pound. p = pounds of coal burned pef-square foot grate per hour. R = ratio of heating surface to grate area. H -- total heat requirements of the house. Grate area, square inches = 20) ] for a11 ins`cle air (9) For coal having a heat value of 12,000 B.t.u. a furnace having 60 per cent efficiency, and 6 lb. coal burned per square foot grate per hour, and 20 sq. ft. of heating surface for 1 sq. ft. of grate this becomes, Grate area, square inches = q 60\i2^)0OX 6 for a11 inside alr (10) 178 TYPICAL EXAMPLE The application of the preceding data to an actual example may be of assistance to the designer. Figs. 7, 8, 9, 10 and 11,2 represent the plans, of the Warm Air Research Residence of the National Warm Air Heating Association erected at the University of Illinois. headers. Stacks and Registers. (Direct Method) Living Room, 1st floor: 17,250 -5- 111 -- 155 sq. in. leader area. See summary table: also Example under Standard Code, Art. 3, Basis of Working rules for pipes. Leader diameter = 14 in. Register size = 155 sq. in. net area. Gross area = say 1.6 X net area = 14 X 18 in. Owner's Room, 2nd floor:,. 15,030 4- 167 = 90 sq. in. leader area. See Summary Table; also Example under Standard Code, Art. 3, Basis of working rules fqr pipes. 'Plana used with permission. Bath room on third door not heated at present. 179 American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1929 Leader diameter = 11.4, say 12 in. Stack area = 0.7 X 90 = 63 sq. in. = say 5 X 12 in. Register area = 90 sq. in. net area. Gross area = 1.6 X net area = 12 X 12 or 12 X 14 in. In like manner the leaders, stacks and registers are calculated for each room in the house. Leaders, Stacks and Registers. {Code Method. See Art. 3, Sec. 1, 2, 3.) Living Room (Glass = 90, Net wall -- 405, Cubic contents = 2405) . L.ead,Cr = (/ 1920 +, 46005 +, W2405 \) 9 = 155 ,n' Register, same as Direct Method. Owner's Room (Glass = 68, Net wall = 394, Cubic contents = 2275) - L,ead,er = ^/ _68 +, 3w94 +, w2275 j\ 6. = ,,90sq. .m. Stack and Register, same as Direct Method. Assuming all air recirculated, the minimum furnace for the plant will be: ... Grate Area = 0.0034 X 132,370 = 450 sq. in. = 24 in. diam. at 175 deg. register temperature. (7) Grate Area = 0.0040 X 132,370 -- 530 sq. in. = 26 in. diam. at 160 deg. register temperature. (8) (10)" If provision shall be made for certain outside air circulation, then increase the building heat loss by, say 25 per cent and obtain by equation (7) a 27-in, grate and by equations (8) and (10) a 29-in. grate. Summary of Data Applied to Warm Air Research Residence Rooms From Chapter I on Heat Losses from Buildings B.t.u. Heat Losses H Leader Area Sq. In. Stack Area Sq. In. 0.7 X LA Leader Diameter Inches Stack Size Net Register Size ' Gross First Floor Living............ Hall and stair Second Floor Owners........... S. W. Bed___ Bath............ ... N. Bed........... Third Floor E. Bed............ W. Bed.......... 17250 6810 2300 9210 25710 12570 15030 9800 2450 14800 8220 8220 = 0.0097? 155 61 21 83 230 113 = 0.0067? .90 59 15 89 = 0.0057? 41 41 .... 63 41 10 62 29 29 14 ___ __ 9 8 11 or 12 Two 12 12 14 X 18 8 X 12 8 X 10 12 X 14 Two 12 X 14 12 X 14 11 or 12 5 X 12 9 3H X 12 8 3 X 10 11 or 12 5.X 12 12 X 14. 8 X 12 8 X 10 12 X 14 8 3 X 10 8 3 X 10 8 X 10 8 X 10 180 Chapter. VIII--Gravity Warm-Air Furnace Heating STANDARD CODE REGULATING THE INSTALLATION OF GRAVITY WARM AIR FURNACES IN RESIDENCES' FIFTH EDITION . . March 1, 1928 ARTICLE No. 1.--Meaning of the Term "Gravity Warm Air Furnace Heating System" Gravity Warm Air Heating Systems, to which this code refers, shall consist of one or more warm-air furnaces, enclosed within casings, together with necessary appur tenances thereto, consisting of warm-air pipes and fittings, cold air or recirculating pipes, ducts; boxes and fittings, smoke pipes and fittings, registers, borders, faces and grilles, the same being intended for heating buildings in which they may be installed. ARTICLE No. 2.--Chimneys . a. The owner shall provide a chimney for the furnace constructed in a manner to comply with the following specifications. b. The chimney must be absolutely smoke tight throughout its entire length, and must extend at least three feet (3') above a flat roof or two feet (2') above the ridges of peak roofs. c. If built of a single thickness.of brick or of cement blocks, it shall be lined through out its entire length with fire clay flue lining, having not less than three-fourths inch {%") thickness. Flue lining to be laid in mortar and made air-tight. d. The furnace flue must have no other opening for attaching any fireplace, furnace, stove,' range, water heater, gas or ventilating connection. e. If necessary to offset the flue, it must be done in such a manner as not to reduce the cross sectional area or create a ledge or obstruction, where loose material may lodge. /. Its narrowest internal dimension shall not be less than eight inches (8") and no flue smaller than 8' x 8* rectangular or eight inch (8") diameter round will be con sidered suitable when hard coal is to be burned, or 8" x 12" rectangular or ten inch (10") round for soft coal or wood. g. It is strongly recommended that nothing less than 8" x 12" internal dimensions be used in any case. . Note 1.--It is recommended that the height above the furnace grate be not less than twenty-six feet (26') . Note 2.--It is strongly recommended that all new chimneys be built in strict accordance with the ordinance recommended by the National Board of Fire Underwriters. (For further data on Chimneys, see Chapter VI). ARTICLE No. 3.--Method for Determining Sizes of Warm Air Pipes, Wall Stacks and Furnaces for Use in Residences Method for Determining Sizes of Basement Warm Aif Pipes Section 1. Each First Floor Room. Divide square feet of glass by 12. . Divide square feet of net outside wall by 60. (See Table A) Divide cubic contents by 800, Add together the above and multiply by 9. The result is the area of the basement pipe in sq. in. The sum of: . Glass (sq. ft.) (Note 3) +12.) Net Wall (sq. ft.) (Note 4) + 60 f X 9 = Area of Basement Pipe Cubic Contents + 800 , ) Section 2. Each Second Floor Room. Divide square feet of glass by 12. Divide square feet of net outside wall by 60. (See Table,A) .3 3This Code is approved and issued by authority of the National Warm Air Healing Association, The American Society of Heating a Ventilating Engineers and the National Association Sheet Metal Contractors. First edition, October 1, 1922; 2nd edition,-February 1. 1923; 3rd edition. June 1, 1924; 4th edition. May l, 1927. . . . 181  American Society of Heating and Ventilating- Engineers Guide, 1929 Divide cubic contents by 800, < Add together the above and multiply by 6. The result is the area of the basement pipe in sq. in. (See Section 9, b) ' 'The sum of: Glass (sq. ft.) (Note 8) + 12 ) Net Wall (sq. ft.) (Note 4) -5- 60 V X 6 .Cubic Contents + 800 ) Area of Basement Pipe Section S. Each Third Floor Room. Divide square feet of glass by 12, 1 Divide square feet of net outside wall by 60, . (See Table A) r, , Divide cubic contents by 800, . Add together the above and multiply by 5. # The result is the area of the basement pipe in sq. in. The sum of: ' Glass (sq. ft.) (Note 8) + 12 ) Net Wall (sq. ft.) (Note 4) 60 > X 5 = Area of Basement Pipe Cubic Contents + 800 ) . Basis of Working Rules for Pipes a. These formulae are for 70 deg. temperature difference (outside temperature zero, inside temperature 70 deg. fahr.). When temperature difference is more than 70 deg., add IK per cent per deg. to final figures. When temperature difference is less than 70 deg., deduct IK per cent per deg. room final figures. b. The values as given In Table A for use in the working rules. Article 3, Sections 1, 2 and 3 are derived as follows: Example.--The factor 60 in Table A, Item No. 1, is based upon a coefficient of heat transmission of 0.23 B.t.u. per square foot per degree difference per hour, thus: W X 0.23 X 70 + 111 = sq. in. first floor leader to compensate for the heat loss through walls only. In this, . W net area of exposed wall in sq. ft. ' 0.23 = coefficient of transmission in B.t.u. per sq. ft. per degree difference per hr. 70 difference In temperature .of air on inside and outside of wail.. . , 111 = heat delivering capacity of 1 sq. in. of first floor leader pipe for a .. register temperature of 175 deg. fahr. Reduced to its simplest approximate form this is ' WX9 .. 60 ' Likewise substitute 167 for second floor and 200 for third floor in place of 111. The values in Table A for the different types of walls were obtained by substitution of proper coefficient of heat transmission instead of 0.23 in the above formula. Table A (The factor 60 used in Art. 3, Secs. 1. 2 and 3 is for buildings constructed as in item No. 1. When other types of walls are used substitute the appropriate factor as given below) No. 1.--Frame wall constructed of siding, paper, sheathing, studding, lath and plaster---------.------------ 60 No. 2.--!Frame wall constructed of siding or stucco direct to sheathing (no paper), lath and plasterTM 52 No. 3.--0 In. Brick Wall (no plaster)----------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------ -------------- 40 No. No. 4.--9 5.--9 in. in. Brick Brick Wall, plastered one side.--------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------ ------Wall, air space, furred and plastered--------------------------------------------------------------------- 48 65 No. No. 6.--13 in. Brick Wall, no plaster'-----------------------------------.-1--------------------- -------------------------------------7.--13 In. Brick Wall, plastered one side----------------------------------------------------------------------- --------------- 53 57 No. No. 8.--13 in. Brick Wall, air space, furred and plastered-------- --------- -------------------------------------------------9.---4 in. Brick, 4 In. hollow tile, plastered------------- 1------ :---------'.---------------- ---------- ----------------------- 75 55 No. No. 10.--4 in. Brick, paper, sheathing, studding, lath and plaster (brick veneer)-------------------- ------------11.--8,in. Hollow tile stucco and plaster--------------------------- ----------------------- ---------------------------------------- 68 67 No. 12.--8 In. Hollow tile, stucco furred and plastered--------- :--------- ----------- --------------------------- ------------ 90 Roofs No. 13.--1 in. T & G. Sheeting, Tar and GraveLi-----No. 14.--1 in. T & G. Sheeting and Composition roof. No. 15.--1 in. T & G. Sheeting and Tin----- ---------- -- No. 16.--Corrugated Iron on strips.--------------------------- Ceilings No. 17.--Lath and plaster without floor above---------------No. 18.--Lath and plaster with tight floor above-----------No. 19.--Metal without floor above-------------------------------No. 20.--Metal with tight floor above----------------------------- 182 . i Chapter VIII--Gravity Warm-Air Furnace Heating Method for Determining Size of Wall Stacks Section 4. First Floor Rooms. . . Same as Section 1. _ ' * . Section 5. Second Floor Rooms. Not less than 70 per cent of basement pipe area as determined in Section 2. Section 6. Third Floor Rooms. Not less than 70 per cent of basement pipe area as determined in Section 3. Where two or more rooms are heated from the same basement pipe and stack, the area of'such basement pipe and stack shall equal the combined areas as determined in Art. 3. Sections, 1 2 and 3. Explanatory Notes . ' Notes.--In obtaining glass surface use full casement opening. An outside door is figured as glass. Note Jo obtain net outside wall multiply height by width and deduct the glass in all windows and outside doors. For all rooms with attic spaces immediately above, full ceiling areas shall be taken into account using Table A. Floors over unexcavated spaces shall be figured as 50 per cent exposed wall and fully exposed floors shall be figured as 100 per cent exposed wall. Note S.--For rooms having unusual exposure, ordinarily north, northeast and northwest, add 15 per cent to pipe area. For east and west exposure, add 10 per cent. t Note 6. Use no warm-air pipe less than 8 in. in diameter. If a basement warm-air pipe figures greater area than any standard commercial size then the nearest commercial size shall be used, provided however, that the total pipe area shall in no'case be less than the total requirements according to Sections 1 2 and 3. . Note 7. It is understood in using the above values for determining basement warm-air pipe areas, that these pipes should be run comparatively straight and that they should not be over 10 to 12 ft. in length. Sharp turns and long-pipes should have extra capacity. When warm-air pipes exceed 12 ft. in length or have more than two 70 deg. turns, the next larger commercial size pipe must be used. ` Note 8.--The value of 800 (used in cubic contents) is for an estimated-air change of one room volume per hour. If it is desired to provide for IK room volume use the figure 600. If for two room volumes use the figure 400. , Transition Fittings and Stacks . Section 7. a. Transition from warm-air pipes to stacks or register heads shall be made with a well designed elbow or boot and no stack shall be less than 70 per cent of the area of the warm-air pipe leading to it. b. All first floor fittings and connections, shall maintain a free area equal to the round basement pipes leading to them. Method for Determining Size of Registers Section 8. All registers shall have a free area at least equal to the area of the base ment pipes leading to them. Method for Determining Size of Furnace Section 9. a. Add together the areas (expressed in square inches) necessary for heating the building, as determined by the foregoing calculated requirements, Art. 3, Secs. 1, 2 and 3, and install a furnace, rated by the following formula: . Furnace Rating Formula L - 1.75 G [ 1 + 0.02 (R - 20) ] ' L =* square inches of warm-air pipe connected to the furnace as calculated. G grate area in square inches; the area of the firepot at the grate level; its most restricted area. R -- ratio of heating surface area to grate'area; 1.75 = a constant based upon the results obtained in the Association Research on a furnace having 20 sq. ft. of heating surface for each square foot of grate, and including factors for: E = efficiency of heater; C combustion rate; . P calorific value of fuel; 0.75 = percentage of heat available at registers; 136 = B.t.u. delivering value of 1 sq. in. of pipe, assuming half of the heat is sent to each floor. This value is based on an operating temperature of 175 deg. fahr. at the register. 183 American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1929 The formula allows 1.75 sq. in. of warm-air pipe area for each square inch of grate area, for the furnace having a ratio of heating surface to grate surface of 20 to 1. For furnaces having other ratios of heating surfaces to grate surface, it adds 2 per cent or deducts 2 per cent for each unit above or below a ratio of 20. Application: No. 1 Positive Correction aGrate area, square inch. Heating surface area, square inch. sa 346 B, 7540 Ratio heating surface area to grate area 21.8 to 1 R - 20 1.8 Correction per cent . 3.6 1.75 G L 1.75 G + correction 606 a 628 No. 2 No Correction 346 6920 20.0 to 1- 0.0 0.0 606 606 No. 3 Negative Correction. 346 5665 16.4 to 1 -3.6 -7.2 606 562 Certified Measurements Certified measurements on warm-air furnaces together with the name and number of that furnace, will be issued by authority of the National Warm Air Heating Association, when, if and as, the grate areas and heating surfaces have been accurately measured and approved by the Research Advisory Committee. b. In second floor duplex, flats or apartments where separate heating plants are used, add 50 per cent to the total net calculated areas as determined in Art. 3, Sec. 5. This represents the required warm-air pipe capacity in square inches of the furnace for the second floor. c. Every warm-air furnace shall be equipped with a water pan or other humidifying device. d. In the application of any gas or oil fired furnace to any warm-air heating system, any deviation from the Standard Code shall apply only to the furnace itself. ARTICLE No. 4.--Installation--Location of Furnace Section 1. The location of the furnace shall equalize the length of warm-air runs as far as possible, yet give necessary preference to pipes supplying living rooms, dining rooms and main halls. . Foundation Section 2. a. Furnace foundation of brick, cement, or other incombustible material must be provided. Said foundation to extend at least fifteen inches (15*) at rear and sides of furnace casing and at least thirty-six inches (36*) in front of furnace casing. Foundation to be level. b. Where it is necessary to place a heater on a combustible floor, not less than 4 in. (4*) of hollow tile shall be used in every instance, having joints matched in such a way that air passage will be free from side to side, so that at no time will the removal of ashes or the handling of coal close up these openings. Such foundation shall be constructed upon, and covered with continuous sheet metal plates, of not less than No. 24 gauge metal, having all joints substantially riveted or double seamed and the bottom sheet to have the edges turned up at. least one inch. This floor covering shall extend under the whole of the firebox and ashpit of the furnace and outwardly not less than two feet on all sides. . Setting or Assembling of Furnace. Section 8. a. The base ring of any portable warm-air furnace shall be cemented to the foundation, and cement flushed in around the back of the base ring, making an air-tight joint. The furnace parts shall be assembled plumb and level, and in a work?- manlike manner. ' 6. All sections and joints shall be properly fitted. Joints requiring cement shall be well filled and all bolts shall be drawn up tightly. . Casings . Section 4. a. Warm-air furnaces shall be enclosed in metal casings or walls of brick, tile or concrete. 184 Chapter VIII--Gravity Warm-Air Furnace Heating tf. Portable. Sheet metal casings including , casing tops or bonnets shall be made of galvanized sheets, not lighter than 26 U. S. standard gauge. They shall fit the castings and casing rings closely, so as to be dust-tight, and shall be securely fastened to the front. The casing shall be lined from the upper casing ring down to a line on a level with the grate. c. When side collars are used the casing top or bonnet must be of sufficient height so that the largest warm-air pipe can be taken from side without ovaling. In no case shall a distance less than eight inches (8*) be maintained between the top of any furnace and the bonnet. . d. Any furnace, the casing top of which shall come within twelve inches (12*) of a combustible floor, ceiling or joist; shall be protected by a metal shield, extending not less than eighteen inches (18*) beyond the casing of said furnace. This shield shall be suspended at least 2 in. below woodwork, allowing free air space between shield and woodwork. No furnace casing or top, coming nearer than six inches (6*) of ceiling or joists shall be allowed in any case. e. Openings for side casing collars shall be cut into the casing top or bonnets, so that the tops of all openings are on a level. Casing collars shall be fitted into place with a proper flange, or bead on the outside and drawn up on the inside, making a dust-tight joint. All collars shall be of same size as the warm-air pipes to which they are to be connected. . . f. Brick, cement or hollow tile casings shall be constructed as follows: Walls shall be not less than eight inches (8*) in thickness, and shall be constructed air-tight. The least inside dimension of rectangular casings shall be the same as that of the portable . casing of a corresponding size of furnace. Walls shall be carried to the same height as the portable walls, allowing not less than eight inches (8*) between the top of the furnace and the bottom of the top cover. After placing the collars for the warm-air pipes, continue the masonry up two inches (2*) above the top of the collars, lay single or tee irons across the furnace top, spaced eight inches (8*), cover these with sheet metal not less than 26 U. S. standard gauge, cover the sheet metal with masonry or sand and run the side walls four inches (4*) above the roof of the furnace. A galvanized iron casing bonnet may be used on a brick set furnace. Provision shall be made in the walls for a manhole to give ingress to heate**'"' . Warm Air Pipes in Basement Section 5. a. All warm-air pipes shall be made of bright tin not lighter than IC, or galvanized iron. Side seams shall be locked seams. All joints shall be either double seamed or lapped not less than one and one-quarter inches (1J*) and such joints shall be match-beaded, or beaded and soldered, or riveted. All pipes and fittings shall be properly secured to ceiling or joist. No solder or riveted joint is required where round pipe slips over the casing collar or enters boot or box. Any pipe twelve inches (12*) or greater in diameter shall not be made of material lighter than IX tin or No. 26 U. S. standard gauge galvanized iron. 6. All warm-air pipes in the basement shall have an upward pitch of not less than one inch (1*) per running foot. c. No warm-air pipe shall run within one inch (1*) of any woodwork unless such woodwork is covered with asbestos paper and the paper covered with tin or iron. d. All warm-air pipes in the basement shall be provided with dampers supported on both sides not more than two feet (2') from the casing. e. Where warm-air pipes pass through a masonry wall, a metal thimble shall be provided, having a diameter at least 1 in. greater than the pipe, and pipe supported in such a manner that the air space is uniform on all sides. Wall Stacks Section 6. a. Single. Stacks. All single wall stacks or wall pipes, heads, boots, ells, tees, angles and other connections shall be made of bright tin or galvanized iron and shall be covered with not less than one thickness of 121b. per one hundred (100 sq. ft.) square feet of asbestos paper. All studding and other woodwork facing said pipe shall be lined with metal and metal lath used in place of wood lath. An air space of not less than fivesixteenths (&*) of an inch shall be allowed on the two sides nearest the vertical studs. 185 American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1929 All such pipes shall be braced in a proper manner so as not to obstruct the flow of air but to retain the full capacity throughout. All joints shall be locked and held in ])lace by means of lugs, or straps. No joint shall depend wholly upon solder to make it tight. b. Double Stacks. All double wall stacks or wall pipes, heads, boots, ells, tees, angles and other connections shall be made of bright tin, not lighter than IC or galvanized iron and shall be made double, from and including the boot or foot piece in basement to the top of each and every stack and register head on all floors. There shall be con tinuous uniform air space of not less than five-sixteenths (A*) of an inch, which must be maintained between the outer and inner walls of all such pipes and fittings of all kinds, styles and descriptions; such pipes, heads, boots and. other fittings to be of the styles, or equal to those accepted by the National Board of Fire Underwriters. All stacks and fittings either single or double must be secured firmly in place by lugs or straps attached to the outer walls of stacks and fittings, and no nails shall be driven through these stacks or fittings at any point. No lugs or straps shall be formed by cutting holes in outer walls of stacks or fittings. No wall pipes or fittings shall be used which depend wholly on soldered joints. The various members shall be so made that all joints are locked or soldered and the several members shall be attached to each other with slip joints, which are, for the purpose intended, air-tight. c. Where stacks, heads, boots or other fittings, whether double or single, go through the first floor, all openings around such heads, boots, stacks or fittings must be .filled with asbestos cement or other incombustible material to make the openings gas and dust-tight. Registers Section 7. a. When baseboard or wall registers are used, they shall be properly and permanently attached to the stack head in such a manner that will prevent any leakage of air between the head and the register. ' . b. Floor registers shall be provided either with register borders, or double register boxes of tin or galvanized iron with an air space of not less than five-sixteenths (A*) of an inch between inner and outer boxes. c. Registers for warm air and warm-air pipes shall not be located in outside walls. d. Any furnace system having not more than two warm-air registers, at least one of the registers shall be without valve or louvers and the pipe thereto shall be without damper. . Air Supply to. Furnace Section 8. a. The air supply to furnace for warm-air heating plants may be taken from outside or from within the building or may be taken partially from outside and partially from within. In no case, however, shall air be supplied to any furnace from any basement or furnace room not occupied as living quarters. b. The cold air intake or return where air is taken from within the building shall have a net area throughout its entire length of not less than the combined net area of all warm-air pipes leading from the furnace. This may be maintained in one or more ducts. No reverse incline or air trap will be allowed in any section thereof. c. When the cold air supply is taken wholly from the outside of the building the supply duct at its most contracted area must equal or exceed eighty per cent (80%) of the combined area of all warm-air pipes leading from the furnace. . d. Cold air ducts shall be constructed of metal, tile or other incombustible material having smooth inner surface and shall maintain a constant net area throughout their entire length and shall be made dust-tight.. Horizontal return ducts shall have at least 10 per cent greater area than vertical connecting pipes. Where a boot or shoe is connected to the casing at the base, the opening shall not extend higher than a line on the level of the grate of the furnace. The width of the shoe shall be of proper measure ment to make the area at least equal to that of the round or square pipe to which it is connected. e. Wherever the space between joists is used to convey cold air over head, the joists and all wooden surfaces between such joists shall be lined with metal and a sheet metal pan constructed to extend not less than two inches (2') below said joists. The con nection from this pan to the boot or shoe shall be made of galvanized iron not lighter 186 Chapter VIII--Gravity Warm-Air Furnace Heating than No. 26 U. S. standard gauge, and shall have a transition collar, the top area of which shall be at least 10 per cent greater than the area of the connecting pipe. /. When it is necessary to set the furnace over a pit and connect up cold air under the basement floor, such pit or cold air trench shall not exceed eighteen inches (18") in depth below the casing ring and the width of the trench or trenches shall be of proper measurement to make the area at least equal, to the pipe to which it is connected. The connection between the cold air pipe or duct and the underground pit shall be made with converse transition joint as described in Article IV, Section 8 (b) and (d). g. The cold air face or faces shall be made of wood, or metal. When set in floors the top of same shall be flush with,floor. Where cold air face is placed in a seat or side wall (whether furnished by owner, general contractor or furnace contractor) the open work of face must extend to within at least one inch (1") of the floor line. The free area of cold air faces shall be at least equal to the free area of the duct or ducts to which they are connected. . h. The effective area of a vertical cold air face lies within fourteen inches (14") of the floor line, hence, the capacity of any vertical cold air face shall be determined by multiplying the base line in inches by not to exceed fourteen inches (14") in height and deducting for the grilles or cross bars. *' When a fan is installed in the air supply duct of a gravity system the same net area of all ducts shall be maintained as calculated under Article 3, Sections 1,2 and 3 and Article 4, Section 8-(b). Smoke Pipes Section 9. a. The smoke pipe shall be as short and direct as consistent with the location of the furnace. It shall be made of metal not lighter than No. 24 U. S. standard gauge, and not less than the full size of the collar on the furnace throughout its entire length. It must have no opening for attaching any fireplace, stove, range, water heater, gas or ventilating connection. It shall be lock seamed or riveted; all joints shall lap not less than one and one-half inches (1M") and it shall be rigidly secured. Cast iron smoke pipe may be used. ' ... . b. All smoke pipes shall be provided with check dampers, placed on the side of the pipe or at the end of a .tee; when cast iron smoke pipe dampers are used they must be placed between the check damper and the furnace and supported .on both sides of the pipe. . c. Where the smoke pipe enters the flue, a thimble shall be cemented into the flue and the connections thereto made air-tight. Should any smoke pipe come within eighteen inches (18") of any combustible material, such combustible material must be covered with asbestos paper and a metal shield so fastened that a two inch air space exists between this shield and the combustible material. This shield shall be no less in size than twice the diameter of the smoke pipe and of sufficient length to cover the combustible material at all points. . d. No smoke pipe shall project through any external wall or window. No furnace connection is to be made to a flue without a cast iron or steel cleanout having first been provided in the flue (not more than eight inches (8") below the smoke pipe opening). The base of the flue shall be filled up to the bottom of the cleanout, all of which must be made air-tight. . Pipeless or One-Pipe Furnaces ' Section 10. a. When but one duplex grating is used for both warm air and cold air in a so-called pipeless furnace, the area of the cold air intake shall be at least equal to the area of the warm-air outlet of the grating. Art. 4, Sec. 4, relative to casing shall not govern when this type of furnace is installed, but the following specification shall be followed; The inner and outer casing of this type of furnace may be made of either black or galvanized iron.not lighter than No. 26 U. S. standard gauge. -A uniform air space shall be maintained at all points between the inner and outer casing. In no case shall the top of the heater be allowed closer than twelve inches (12") to any ceiling or joists above the furnace. ' b. Where joists are cut. to accommodate this furnace, headers shall be put in and braced. c. Art. 3 for determining area of warm-air pipe shall not govern in figuring a pipeless furnace. B 187 American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1929 d. Where one warm-air register face is used and separate face or faces for cold air supply are used, then Art. 4, Secs. 5, 7 and 8 shall apply. ARTICLE No. 5.--Provisions to be made in Buildings under Construction for Reception of Gravity Warm Air Heating Systems a. The following provisions shall be made by the owner or building contractor, in. any building wherein a gravity warm-air heating system is to be installed.. b. Where warm-air register boxes, heads, pipes or stacks are to be installed, joists shall be set not less than sixteen inches (16") on centers and shall be butted and not lapped. Studding shall be set directly over and under joists, leaving a space of not less than fourteen inches (14") between studs and joists. Wherever joists are cut, headers must be put in to support joists. c. All first story single or sub-floors shall be continuous. In all houses having studded ' exterior walls, these floors shall be extended to the outside sheathing and all spaces between studding shall be closed at the attic line. Note 9.--It is strongly recommended that the attic be tightly floored or ceilings insulated to reduce heat losses. - d. All partition walls (or sections of these walls) in which heat stacks to second or third floor rooms are to be installed, shall be of sufficient size to accommodate stacks required to heat said rooms. FORCED OR BOOSTER CIRCULATION Results obtained in practice, as well as in Laboratory tests, indicate that the capacity and efficiency of furnaces may be raised by the use of fans to increase the velocity of flow over the heating surfaces. The question of how much air may be forced through the furnace, without the added requirements of baffles or deflectors, before the air flows through insufficiently heated has not been determined. Experiments at the University of Illinois* have shown that the capacity of a furnace may be increased nearly three times by an adequate fan, with a constant register or delivery temperature maintained, provided that the rate of fuel consumption can be increased to provide the necessary heat. In other words the capacity of a forced circulation system is limited by the ability of the chimney to produce a sufficient draft. Several types of "booster" fan equipment, all intended to stimulate flow over the heating surfaces, are available. It is essential for obtaining increased furnace efficiency that all such devices be capable of increasing the quantity of air flowing above that flowing by gravity. Fans of this type run at constant speeds and outputs and it is therefore inevitable that the full advantages of forced circulation with proper regulation of air delivery cannot be obtained. As a result the booster equipment is most effective in increasing efficiency at low operating temperatures. According to tests, efficiencies may be advanced from 60 per cent for gravity to 70 per cent with boosters at low operating temperatures, but at high operating temperatures gravity and booster efficiencies are almost identical.5 In selecting booster equipment it is important that the frictional losses and static head, against which the fan must operate, be determined and units of adequate capacity be used. See University of 111. Eng. Exp. Sta. Bui. 120, p. 129. See Univ. of 111. Eng. Exp. Sta. Bui. 141, p. 79. 188 CHAPTER IX FAN FURNACE HEATING Data on Furnace Performance, Temperatures and Velocity of Air, Ratings, Duct Systems. THIS chapter covers that field of warm-air heating and ventilating in which the air is warmed by direct transmission heaters and the air circulation is maintained at all times during heating periods by means of blowers. Designated, the fan-furnace system, it is strictly mechanical and is comparable to the common steam blast system. For data on booster fans in conjunction with gravity warm-air furnaces (See Chapter VIII) and for direct-fired unit heaters (See Chapter X). The fan-furnace system of heating provides a positive circulation of either outside air or return air over direct transmission heaters, through ducts to various rooms in the building and thence to the atmosphere by exhaust or back to the fan for recirculation. The use of fans permits warm-air heating and ventilation to be easily provided in larger buildings than could be properly handled by gravity means. When first introduced, fans were used with the existing gravity fur naces, but gradually the practice developed of building heaters par ticularly designed for fan service. Due to the fact that the fan could be made to deliver any given volume of air against higher resistances, the free area through the fan duty heaters was reduced by interposing more heating surface in the path of the air and creating a more intimate contact between the air and the heating surface. Fan furnaces must be designed to secure this increased heating surface, fire travel and grate area within economical space limits. Many of the heaters of larger capacity are designed horizontally to secure these features and to properly care for expansion and contraction. A furnace system affords a direct transfer of heat from fuel to air, has few parts, gives quick response with high temperatures and contains no water to scale, corrode or freeze. HEATER ARRANGEMENT Any number of furnaces can be set in battery; all to be enclosed by an outer casing consisting of either brick or insulated metal. This casing provides space under the heaters for air supply and forms a plenum space above furnaces from which ducts lead to space requiring heat. "^j-e *s- PreferablY pl^-C&d at the rear of the heaters to secure equal air distribution over heating surfaces. It is considered best practice to WTMTM`a1lf0,r `hi3,Ch^ter prepared especially for The Gu.de by the following committee: J. H. Kitchen, ctiatrman, Bert C. Davis, Lloyd Howell, E. B. Langenberg and J. C. Miles. 189 American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1929 blow air through heaters rather than to draw through by suction and most fan furnaces are designed for this arrangement. The fan-furnace system can be readily applied to each of the following standard duct systems or any combination thereof: 1. The straight fan blast trunk line system carrying heated air only for a series of rooms on any one run. 2. The double duct system furnishing warm air in one and tempered air in the other, the mixture to be secured near the room heated and ventilated. 3. The individual duct system with separate ducts to each room, providing mixture of warm and tempered, air at the furnace casing. In general the fan blast duct design follows standards- set forth in Chapter XXVIII (Air Duct Design and Construction). The use of fanfurnace system enables the same freedom of design in ducts as does any other blast method of heating. The fan-furnace system cari also utilize many of the well known devices which will greatly improve its. operation. Several of these additions are as follows: First.--Automatic temperature control. Second.--Humidifying apparatus. Third.--Use of air washer. Fourth.--Humidity control. Fifth.--Use of air filters., Sixth.--Use of ozone. Automatic temperature control can readily be used on the trunk line system of ducts, the double duct or the individual duct. See Chapter XVI for control of tempered air. For all plants a warm-air plenum thermometer, indicating the ternperature leaving the heater, is of great assistance for proper operation. Humidifying pans connected to outside water supply and regulated by a float valve mechanism are frequently used for humidification.. To accelerate vaporization, water coils, connected to humidifying pans, extend inside the combustion chamber, but must be carefully sized to prevent excessive steaming. Automatic control of humidity can be secured by means of sprays or air washers controlled through humidistats. It is necessary to introduce a warm-air supply in front of the air washer or to use heated water to prevent freezing. ' The further use of air washers in conjunction with refrigeration instal lations is practical with this system as in other blast plants. This is also true with all styles of air filters. See Chapter XXV (Air Conditioning and Cooling) and XXIX (Air Cleaners). Wherever recirculation is used extensively, ozone may be applied. See Chapter XXX (Ozone in Ventilation). FUEL , Coal, oil and gas-fuels are commonly used with fan furnaces and there are many heaters particularly designed for the use of a particular fuel. Anthracite', semi-anthracite, semi-bituminous and bituminous coals are suitable when selected in the proper sizes. The fan-furnace system lends itself to the burning of buckwheat coal by using forced draft from fan' 190 Chapter IX--Fan Furnace Heating and grates with small air spaces. For burning small sized bituminous coal, a stoker or Dutch oven can easily be added. See Chapter VII (Mechanical . Draft). Where oil fuel is used in larger buildings using batteries of heaters, manually controlled mechanical atomizing oil burners are generally used. Care must be exercised in selecting the proper size oil burner and baffling arrangement to produce a clean fire. Burners are generally inserted in the ashpit door to secure greater combustion space. For smaller installations the automatic type of burner may be applied. With either type of burner it is desirable to supply fan motor with automatic starter governed by plenum room temperature and a time limit control for burner cut off in case of fan failure. It is also advisable to install an electric oil preheater in connection with fan-furnace systems unless steam is available for warming the oil. This applies more particularly to those installations using heavier grades of fuel oil. In connection with the burning of gas, good results have been obtained with a burner having a number of jets, or burning points, spread out in horizontal plane and approximating a coal fire on grates. Nozzle type burners inserted through the ashpit door with grates removed work satisfactorily if proper baffling is employed to secure a maximum im pingement of the hot gases on the heating surface. In any case it is important to have a damper in the smoke connection from, each heater to the breeching for the purpose of adjusting the draft conditions to suit whatever gas burner is selected but in no case should such damper restrict the entire area of the smoke connection. Another wise precaution is to provide ample air supply for combustion from outside the building to the firing space in front of the heaters, this would also dilute any accumulation of gas which might originate from leaks in pipe or valves. As safety features, each installation of gas burners should be fitted with safety pilot lights and a temperature limit control in the warm-air plenum space in conjunction with an automatic snap valve. These last will function to shut off all gas to the burners in the event the pilot lights go out or in the event the temperature in the warm-air plenum exceeds any set point. ' See Chapter XIV for further information on gas burning. APPLICATIONS OF FAN FURNACE HEATING i The fan-furnace system is adapted to public and industrial buildings including schools, churches, theatres, auditoriums, convention halls, factories and garages. In each case the building plans largely determine which type of.duct system can be most advantageously used. State laws, city ordinances, or the wishes of the owner dictate the percentage of. outside air to be figured. Insofar as the design of the ducts is concerned, the engineer has only to follow his customary practice in ventilating work. That is to say, he can calculate the ducts either on the velocity basis or the pressure loss basis, using the same velocities, data, tem perature ranges and methods he would in planning any other system of forced air circulation for heating and ventilation. (See Chapter XXVIII.) 191 y American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1929 . Chapter IX--Fan Furnace Heating ' Direct transmission heaters for fan-furnace systems are to be had made of cast-iron or steel. The former are made in sections which are cemented and then bolted together on the job; steel heaters are assembled with welded or riveted joints. Efficiency of Heating Surface The emission of heat from the heating surface of these furnaces will vary from 2000 to 3000 B.t.u. per square foot per hour; 2500 is a good average value. Ratio of Heating Surface to Grate In commercial sizes the ratio of the heating surface to the grate surface will vary from 30 to 1 to 50 to 1. Free Area and Resistance . The free area through the heaters and resistance to the flow of air at varying velocities are characteristics depending upon the heater in question. RATINGS This class of equipment is usually rated in one of three ways, as follows: 1. The temperature rise of the air is listed over a certain range of velocities through the free area of the heater for varying combustion rates, for a certain heating value of the fuel. 2. The volume of air in cubic feet per minute is listed over several temperature rises with the necessary fuel consumption, taking coal of some known heating value as a standard. 3. The B.t.u. imparted to the air is listed for varying combustion rates. Either of the first two methods is preferable to the third because of the inaccuracies that are apt to creep into the latter, due to the fact that for the same combustion rate on any given heater, the B.t.u. imparted to the air will not remain constant, but will vary with the volume of air passed over the heater. SELECTING THE HEATER In selecting heaters for any particular work, the engineer should be governed by certain considerations that arise through the nature of the service for which the plant is intended. The volume of air to be passed over and through the heaters limits the free area required in the latter, once the velocity at this point is agreed on. It will be evident that more heater capacity is required to offset the heat losses of a building with outside 'air than with recirculated air. Consequently when designing a plant for operation on recirculated air, the volume of air per heater will be considerably larger than would be the .case for outside air. If the velocity through the heater in this case is not investigated, it may become excessive thus increasing the static resistance of the system unduly, spelling larger power bills for the owner. The free area may easily be increased by using wider casings, thus reducing the resistance and power 193 American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1929 Table 1. Air Velocities and Register Temperatures for Fan Furnace Systems VELocmss in Feet res Minutb Ttpe or Building Thru . In Free Area Horizontal of Heaters Heat Ducts In Heat Risers Into Room. In Vent Outlets In Vent Risers In Regihteb Horizontal Tempera Vent Ducts ture and Recir culating Ducts Schools 800 800 500 300 300 500 600 90 to to to to to to to to 1000 1000 600 400 400 600 800 120 Churches 800 700 400 300 300 400 500 80 to to to to to to to to 1000 900 600 500 500 600 700 120 Auditoriums 800 800 500 300 300 500 600 80 and to to to to to to to to Convention Halls 1000 1000 600 500 500 600 800 120 Garages and Industrial Buildings 1000 1000 600 400 400 600 800 80 to to to to to to to to 1400 1400 1000 1000 600 1000 1200 140 consumption. In practice, velocities through the free area of the heaters are used as follows: ' 1. Schools, Churches, Auditoriums, Theatres, etc., from 800 to 1000 ft. per minute. 2. Industrial Buildings, Factories and Garages, from 1000 Jo 1400 ft. per minute. The importance of power costs effects the decision as to what free area and static resistance are allowable. The thermal efficiency of the various makes of heaters is a consideration deserving some thought in case the fuel to be burned is relatively high in cost. First cost and fuel economy are items that also bear on the type of casing to be employed. One of the most important considerations is the durability or life of the apparatus. Investigation of the several, makes of heaters contemplated submitted to him should include such -data as the thickness of the metal in each heater, the provisions made for expansionand contractions, and the protection afforded the firebox at the point of most intense heat. . A heater made of thicker metal than others will naturally give greater length of service, all other things being equal. . " Proper provisions for expansion and contraction are imperative. With% out such provisions a cast-iron heater is likely to crack and a steel heater is likely to warp and buckle. : _ Most furnaces have linings around the periphery of the fuel bed to protect the firebox from the action of the hottest part of the fire. Thelinings are removable and are as easily installed as new grates. 194 Chapter IX--Fan Furnace Heating SUGGESTED METHODS OF PROCEDURE IN DESIGN OF FAN FURNACE SYSTEMS 1. Calculate Heat Loss of each room in building. See Chapter I. Example.--Assume school room with cubic content 6550. Heat loss = 45,269 B.t.u. , 2. Determine volume of air per minute. ' Based on number of occupants. Based on number of air changes. . Example.--Assuming 33 occupants; 30 C.F.M. per occupant. 33 X 30 = 990 C.F.M. 6550 content = 6}4 minutes air change or approximately 9 changes per hour. 3. Figure diffusion temperature of air for each room.* Example. Diffusion Temperature = gox" = 60 X 990 = 42,3 deg` 4. Determine required register temperature. Register temperature equals room temperature plus diffusion temperature. . .. Example.--Assume 70 deg. room temp. 42.3 deg. plus 70 deg. = 112.3 deg. 5. Set final temperature of air leaving heater. Final temperature equals register temperature plus allowance for loss in ducts. ` Example.-- 112.3 deg. register + 10 deg. Loss in ducts -- 122.3 deg. 6. Determine temperature rise through heater. Temperature rise equals final temperature minus initial tem. perature. Where part outside and part recirculation is used. Initial temperature approximately equals PoFo + PrTz. P0 = percentage outside air. T0 = temperature. Pz = percentage recirculated air. Tt = temperature recirculated air. ' . `The diffusion temperature may be defined as the number of degrees the volume of air as determined under Item 2 must be in excess of the room temperature, in order to offset the heat loss by cooling over that range. In other words it is the number of degrees representing the difference between the necessary supply register temperature and the room temperature for the conditions under which the heat losses are calculated in Item 1. It is readily calculated by using the following formula: - 5fl/, h is the heat loss in B.t.u. per hour. ` Diffusion temperature *= tt-- where v is the volume of air in cubic feet per minute wv . measured at 70 deg. fahr. for the room in question. 195 American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1929 Example.-- . , Temperature rise 122.3 deg. -- 0 deg. = 122.3 deg. with all outside air. or Assume 50 per cent outside air 0 deg. 50 per cent recirculation 60 deg. PoTo + PrTr = (0.50 X 0) (0.50 X 60) = 30 deg. initial temperature. Temperature rise through heater -- 122.3 deg. -- 30 deg. = 92.3 deg. 7. Calculate required free area through heaters.* Select velocity through heaters suitable to problem. Free area = Total C.F.M. Vel. in F.P.M. Example.--Assume total C.F.M. of all rooms = 21,000. Assume 900 F.P.M. through heater. (See table.) 21,000 900 = 23.3 sq. ft. free area. 8. Select size and number of heaters. Take temperature rise from 6. Take free area from 7. Assume maximum allowable combustion rate for fuel to be burned and stack available. Note resistance of heaters for air volume. Select suitable heaters from ratings. 9; Design duct system. Ducts may be designed according to standard practice. See Chapters VIII and X. 10. Calculate total static pressure for entire system. 11. Select blower. See Chapter XXVI and Fan Manufacturers tables. 12. Select motor (See Chapter XXVII). 13. Select drive. *Some heaters are rated on the basis of the volume of air that may be warmed over any given temperature range for all heater sizes and list the static resistance in each instance. In this case the free area need not be calculated, but the combustion rate should be investigated. ' / 196 CHAPTER X UNIT SYSTEMS FOR HEATING AND AIR CONDITIONING Industrial Types, Direct Fired Units, Air Conditioning Units, Piping Connections. INDUSTRIAL UNIT HEATERS THE unit heater for industrial plant application is composed of a radiator or heating element enclosed by a casing in which a power driven fan or fans are mounted. The fans draw or force air over the heating surface where it is heated and discharged in selected directions. Unit heaters are placed directly within the room to be heated and dis charge the heated air into the enclosure, where it is distributed uniformly over wide areas under the direct impulse of the fans and by the currents of circulation set up. The function for which unit heaters are designed are: To circulate the air in the building at a rapid rate; to promote uniformity of tem peratures and quick heating-up; to control and direct the heated air for the positive and rapid placing of the heat where it is effective; to distribute heat over wide, areas, to reduce the number of units and simplify piping and installation; to increase the capacity of the heating surface by passing the air over it at high velocity; to provide a system by which room temperatures are readily controlled manually or by thermostats. . Different types of unit heaters are built to suit various purposes. Most employ a heating coil to be supplied with steam or hot water. Some are designed primarily for mounting on the floor, others for suspension over head. Heating surfaces in the form of pipe coils, non-ferrous tubes or shapes with extended surfaces, cast-iron, pressed and built-up sections of the cartridge or automotive type are all used in one or more of makes available. Fans employed are the disc or propeller, housed centrifugal and cone types. ' Unit heaters may be arranged to recirculate the air or to supply warmed air from the outside for ventilation or to make up air exhausted. One type combines a means for exhausting air with the above functions. In addition to their prime function of plant heating, they may be adapted to a number of industrial processes, such as drying, curing, etc. Here the use of heated air in more rapid circulation with uniform distribution is of particular advantage. They may be used for moisture absorption, such as fog removal in dye-houses or the prevention of condensation on Material for this Chapter especially prepared for The Guide by the following committee: Thomas Chester, chairman; D. E. French. E. P. Heckel and W. A. Rowe. 197 yy American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1929 roofs or cold surfaces of buildings where process moisture is given off. When such conditions are bad, it is necessary that the heaters draw air from outside in enough volume to provide a rapid air change and that they operate in conjunction with ventilators or fans for exhausting the moisture laden air. Unit heaters are made to operate on hot water, vacuum or vapor steam systems or steam at any pressure up to 200 lb. or more. When high pressure steam is used, a heater must be selected with the coil especially designed to withstand the maximum pressure that will exist. It is usual to rate unit heaters in B.t.u. per hour at a given temperature of air entering the heater and a given steam pressure maintained on the coil. Steam at 2 lb. pressure and air entering at 60 deg. fahr. are usually taken as standard. The B.t.u. capacity of a heater increases as the steam pressure increases, and decreases as the entering air temperature increases. The B.t.u. capacity for any condition of steam pressure and entering air temperature may be calculated from any given fating by the use of factors in Table 1. - Table 1. B.t.u. Constants for Various Steam Pressures and Temperatures of Entering Air Steam Pressure Id. 0 2 5 10 IS 20 30 40 so 60 80 100 125 135 140 150 Temperature op Am Entering Heater -10" 0" 10" 20* 30* 40" 45" 50* 55" 60' 65" 70* 75* 0.975 0.93 1.01 0.96 1.04 1.00 1.06 1.05 1.15 1.10 1.18 1.14 1.25 1.21 1.30 1.26 1.35 1.31 1.39 1.35 1.49 1.43 1.53 1.49 1.59 1.56 1.61 1.57 1.62 1.58 1.64 1.60 0.89 0.92 0.96 1.01 1.05 1.09 1.16 1.22 1.27 1.31 1.38 1.44 1.51 1.53 1.54 1.55 0.84 0.87 0.91 0.97 1.01 1.05 1.12 1.17 1.22 1.26 1.34 1.40 1.46 1.48 1.49 1.51 0.80 0.83 0.87 0.92 0.97 1.00 1.08 1.12 1.18 1.22 1.29 1.35 1.42 1.44 1.45 1.46 0.76 0.79 0.82 0.88 0.92 0.96 1.03 1.08 1.13 1.18 1.25 1.31 1.37 1.39 1.41 1.42 0.73 0.76 0.80 0.85 0.90 0.94 1.01 1.06 1.11 1.16 1.23 1.29 1.36 1.37 1.38 1.40 0.71 0.69 0.67 0.74: 0.72 0.70 0.78 0.76 0.74 0.83 0.81 0.79 0.88 0.86, 0.83 0.92 0.89 0.87 0.98 0.96 0.94 1.04 1.02 1.00 1.09 1.07 1.04 1.13 1.11 1.09 1.20 1.18 1.16 1.26 1.24 1.22 1.33 1.31 1.29 1.35 1.33 1.30 1.36. 1.34 1.32 1.38 1.35 1.33 0.64 0.68 0.71 0.76 0.81 0.85 0.92 0.97 1.02 1.07 1.14 1.20 1.27 1.28 1.29 1.31 0.62 0.65 0.69 0.74 0.79 0.83 0.90 0.95 1.00 1.05 1.12 1.18 1.24 1.26 1.27 1.28 0.60 0.63 0.67 0.72 0.76 0.81 0.88 0.93 0.98 1.03 1.10 1.16 1.22 1.24 1.25 1.26 Note.--To get B.t.u'a at any steam pressure and entering temperature, multiply constant from table by rated B.t.ue at 0 deg. entering and 5 lb. pressure, . The B.t.u. required to heat-a building with unit heaters is determined in the same way as for any other heating equipment. (Use data in Chapter I). If all or a part of the air is to be taken in from out-of-doors the B.t.u. necessary to heat this air from the outside temperature to the insidetemperature must be added. Unit heaters of the number and size needed to furnish this quantity of B.t.u. are then selected from the manufacturers rating tables, using their raitings at the steam pressure to be used and at the temperature at which the air mjll enter the heater. For recirculating heaters with intakes at the floor level, use the tern- 198 X--Chapter Unit Systems for Heating and Air Conditioning perature to be maintained in the room as the temperature of the air entering the heater and where suspended heaters are used without any ' intake boxes extending down to the floor level, a higher entering air . temperature should be used than that at which the room is to be main tained. With suspended heaters taking in air at some distance above the floor, the temperature variation from floor to ceiling has been found to be approximately 1 deg. fahr. for each foot of elevation. Unit heaters' taking in recirculated air at the floor level will maintain temperature differentials of less than 1 deg. per foot of elevation. These temperature differences per foot of height are less than the corresponding variations for spaces heated by direct radiation. Heaters supplied with superheated steam will have less B.t.u. capacity than with saturated steam at the same pressure. When superheated steam is supplied or when the steam in the heater coils is superheated by throttling from a higher line pressure, the heater manufacturer should be asked for a special rating for the conditions of the case. The present day tendency for straight heating is to use steam at lowpressure when the boiler supplies steam for heating purposes only and when the transmission lines are short. Many industrial plants, however, generate steam at high pressure either for long distance transmission or process uses. When such high pressure steam is available in sufficient quantity for the heating load, it is most often more economical to select heaters with coils good for high pressure. Thus the line pressure may be turned into the coils directly without reducing valves, fewer or smaller heaters can be used and the condensation can be boosted to overhead returns whenever desirable to do so. Among the unit heaters available are types having from one to four outlets that can be arranged to discharge in selected directions and that will project their heating effect over distances of from 30 to 200 ft. from the heater, depending upon the capacity of the heater and the design of the fans and outlets. This leaves the engineer comparatively free to select the heater location best suited to the production layout. The smaller capacity propeller fan type heaters with outlet velocities from 300 ito 600 ft. per minute may be placed from 60 to 100 ft. apart. The larger capacity housed fan high outlet velocity heaters may be placed up to 400 ft. apart, depending upon their design. Heaters may be distributed through' the central portions of a room discharging toward exposed surfaces, or spaced around the walls, discharging along .the walls- and inward as well, when there are considerable roof losses. In general, it is better to direct the discharge from the unit heater in such fashion that rotational circulation is set up by the system rather than having the heaters discharge in random and counter directions. Usually hot blasts in the working zone are objectionable, so heaters mounted on the floor should have their discharge outlets above the head line and suspended heaters should not be placed so low or turned in such direction that the heated air stream will not be objectionable in the working zone. In the interest of economy, however, the elevation of the heater outlet and the direction of discharge should be so selected that the heated air is brought as close to the head line as possible, but not into the working zone. 199 S American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1929 Unit heaters should be carefully air vented and usually a blast type trap of at least 50 per cent excess capacity should be used to take care of the load during the heating-up period. During that period the tem perature of the air entering the heaters is low and the heaters therefore condense more steam than they do when the building is up to temperature. Steam pressures below 5 lb. can be used with safety for recirculating heaters when proper provision is made for returning the condensation. If heaters are to take in air that might be at a temperature below freezing, a steam pressure of at least 5 lb. should be maintained on the heater coils. Stopping the fan motor but with steam on the coils reduces the heat output 70 to 95 per cent, depending upon the design of the heater. , Thus room temperatures can be controlled by starting or stopping the fan motor on one or more of a group of units. This can be done manually or by means of a simple thermostat which makes and breaks the circuit either direct to the motor for fractional horsepowers or through an auto matic starting switch. Of course the heat output of the heater may also be controlled by the throttle valve to the heater coil. This can be done thermostatically either with a graduated or with an on and off action. In some applications thermostatic controls to both the motor and the steam valve are used in conjunction. What has been said relates generally to units in which steam or hot water is used as the heating medium. On rare occasions electrical resistances are used as the heating element but are applied only where electric power is abundant and cheap and other forms of fuel scarce and expensive. DIRECT FIRED UNITS . In places where these heating mediums are not available the directfired type of heater is used. Here the heating element is a firebox in which coal, coke, oil or gas is burned directly. This firebox is enclosed in a casing in which fans are mounted so as to draw air over the firebox, and combustion chamber and discharge it directly into the room. This type of heater is also used for temporary heat or,where the installation of a steam or hot water plant is for some reason not justified. AIR CONDITIONING UNITS A recent development has been the introduction of self-contained unit air conditioning devices. Essentially an outfit of this kind consists of a unit heater with the addition of an air-washer, humidifier or dehumidifier. Several types are on the market and are being used, in certain cases, to render a service similar to that produced by the well known types of central air conditioning systems, which central systems are equipped with' supply air ducts for uniform distribution of conditioned air and recirculating ducts for returning the air to the apparatus. In most lines of manufacture where the product is of such value as to necessitate the use of air conditioning equipment, it may be considered . imperative to provide a highly uniform delivery of conditioned air. A. few years ago it was considered necessary to install a return duct system similar to the supply ducts, but recent practice has been to eliminate 200 XChapter --Unit Systems for Heating and Air Conditioning many of the smaller branch return ducts and pick up the return air in comparatively large volumes at suitably spaced return intakes. A logical development of this trend is to eliminate the delivery ducts, also, by the use of individual air conditioning units. Good judgment and thorough knowledge of the art are prerequisites for the design of both unit and central types of air conditioning apparatus. For some purposes it will probably be satisfactory to deliver conditioned air from one or more units suitably located within an enclosure. An air conditioning unit is so designed that it will draw in air from the room or enclosure in which it is placed or it will draw air from the outside, or through a medium of mixing dampers; it will also draw any pre determined mixture of the two. This entering air passes through one or more spray or mist chambers, in which space, moisture is either added to or removed from the air in accordance with the temperature of the air and of the spray water and at the same time the air is washed substan tially free of dust and solid matter. The air next travels between the customary labyrinth eliminator plates to lose its entrained water. A suitably located fan assembly causes the air to flow over a heating element and the conditioned air is delivered to the room. A motor-driven centrifugal pump or other means is used to take water from the tank built into the base of the unit and deliver this water under a suitable pressure to the spray- heads, mist nozzles or other atomizing apparatus. In some makes of unit conditioners spray nozzles have been discarded in favor of other means of producing the required water spray or mist for the transfer of heat from air to water or vice versa. Automatic instru ments control the condition of the leaving air by regulating the tem perature of the spray water and also the amount of steam supplied to the air heater. Such instruments are usually placed in the path of the return air as it enters the unit to be conditioned, as the entering air is a sample of room air, The spray water can be heated by either an ejector or closed type heater, in the usual manner for humidifying purposes. For dehumidifying work cold water can be supplied under automatic control as needed. It will be found best to employ a separate water cooler located in close proximity to the compressors and condensers, where artificial refrigeration is used, instead of making use of direct expansion coils or brine coils within the air conditioning units. Unit air conditioning equipment may be of the following types: (1) the air washer type which does not control the moisture content or tem perature of, but simply cleans the leaving air, (2) -the humidifying type which controls the relative humidity without washing the air or con trolling its temperature, (3)'the complete air conditioning unit, which washes the air, controls its moisture content and heats or cools the room within which the unit is located. In addition to the use of air conditioning purely for human comfort, there are many industries where the materials handled are hygroscopic in nature, and where the processes are greatly facilitated by the use of conditioned air. An example is a printing plant where many difficulties such as those from static electricity or from improper register are en countered with the paper as it passes through the presses. There are certain other industries whose higher existence depend upon American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1929 the reproduction day after day of the same air conditions. An example is, a bakery where the quality of the bread is almost entirely dependent upon the condition of the air in the fermentation room and the proof box. . Tobacco, textiles, paper, rubber, candy and celluloid are a few of the products with which conditioned air may be used to advantage during the manufacturing process. Conditioning units lend themselves very well to the production of dif ferent air temperatures and humidities in the different rooms or depart ments of a manufacturing plant. When equipped with automatic control they very effectively reproduce the same conditions day after day. Additional units can be added to keep pace with the growth of a depart ment and they can also be moved, from one room to another to suit plant alterations or changes in production routine. In a plant where several units are 'being used, the breakdown of one unit does not seriously impair the production, inasmuch as the remaining units will furnish a considerable quantity of conditioned air until the disabled unit is repaired. Other possible advantages are small first cost due to elimination of supply and return ducts, small operating expense due to low air pressure required with the absence of ducts and high salvage value. Possible dis advantages are maintenance costs, cost of supply and return lines for water and steam, cost of electric wiring and possible difficulties met with in keeping a number of sets of regulating and controlling devices in good operating condition. PIPING CONNECTIONS FOR UNIT HEATERS Piping connections for unit heaters are similar to those for other types of fan blast heaters. One-pipe gravity and vapor systems are not recommended for unit heater work. On two-pipe gravity or pump and receiver systems the return from each unit should be fitted with a blast trap or a heavy duty thermostatic trap and an air valve should be connected into the return header of each unit. On vacuum systems the return from each unit should be fitted with a blast trap to discharge the water of condensation and with a thermostatic air trap for eliminating the air, or with a heavy duty thermostatic trap for handling both the condensation, and the air, provided the air can be finally eliminated at some other point in the return system. On high-pressure systems the same kind of traps may be used as with vacuum systems, except that they must be properly constructed for the pressure used. If the air is to be eliminated at the return header of the unit, it is customary to use pet cocks, otherwise the air is passed with the condensate through the high-pressure return trap. 202 CHAPTER XI CENTRAL HEATING SYSTEMS ` Typical Service Connections, Control Devices, Underground Distribution Systems, Expansion and Contraction, Conduits and Tunnels, Insulation, Steam Requirements for . Different Types of Buildings. THE object of this section is to present the outstanding engineering features of central station heating, omitting any discussion of con tracts, rates and other commercial features. A great, deal of the infor mation given will apply not only to the public utilities generally classed as district heating systems, but also to those institutional groups supplied from a central source, and perhaps better classified as central heating systems. SERVICE CONNECTIONS FROM HIGH PRESSURE AND LOW PRESSURE SYSTEM The practice of two companies in connecting the customer's premises with the street system are shown in accompanying sketches. Figs. 1 and 2 show the methods employed by a'Boston utility for cooling condensate of customer's steam systems before discharging the condensate to the meter. Similar requirements pertain where customers purchase steam by flow meter. In the latter case, however, the company does not insist that the customer meet the requirements completely as any loss in metering is borne by the customer. A vacuum or condensation return pump may be attached to these systems. Fig. 3 shows a typical installation for service from the system of a New York utility. The practice followed by utilities in other localities may be found in the Handbook or the Proceedings of the National District Heating Association. CONTROL OF STEAM SUPPLY . Because radiation for a building must provide for maximum load con ditions, variable weather in many localities brings the problem of variable steam demand from the various heating elemenfs in the building. This condition may be controlled by hand method or by any one of the systems of automatic heat control described in Chapter XVI. Another form of regulation, known as the time limit control, is sometimes employed for regulating the steam supply from the central station main to the building. Such a control provides an intermittent supply of steam to the radiation either throughout the 24 hours of the day or during the daytime hours 'only. The setting of a switch may provide no service, continuous service, The material for this chapter was especially prepared for The Guide by the following committee: .George W. Martin, chairmen; A. S. Armagnac, D. S. Boyden, Walter J. Kline. Edward Lenz, L. B. McMillan, A. W. Moulder, George B. Nichols, and Ralph C. Taggart. . 203 American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1929 or periodic service. For the latter, by means of several intermittent set tings, steam will be supplied, during each period, in increments of a certain number of minutes for each successive setting of the switch, steam being shut off during the balance of the period. These settings afford from 15 to 80 per cent of that maximum heating effect, required on days Of zero temperature. A night switch with a variety of settings, may be adjusted so as to maintain throughout the night the intermittent supply called for by the day switch setting, or may be set to interrupt the operation of the day switch and entirely cut off the supply of steam to the radiation at night during certain hours which are selected by the operating engineer. A morning service switch may operate independently of the day and night switches to supply full steam service to the radiation during the early morning hours (6.00 a.m. to 9.00 a.m.) or afford an excess heat supply when desired by the operator. Still another form of control regulates the pressure in the mains leaving the boiler plants to correspond with the changes in local factors. In general practice, the size of a pipe line is fixed so that steam can be delivered to the system at full rated boiler pressure. With a maximum load, the pressure drop in the line will be such that a fixed pressure can be held at a distant point due to definite requirements of the customer. This maximum load is generally fixed by future requirements that may not be reached for years, also the daily and hourly load may vary ma terially, or the pressure requirements fixing the design may vary at certain periods. Rather than carry full boiler pressure on the system with its corresponding line loss under varying loads, considerable saving can be made by installing one or more pressure-reducing valves in the boiler plant for holding the pressure at a point to correspond with the actual load requirements. In institutional heating these pressure-reducing valves make it possible to reduce the night pressure materially, thereby making a decided saving in coal. Where the load requirements vary considerably, a bank of reducing valves is often installed in multiple; so that the valve in use will be working very close to its rating. At the present time, the tendency is to distribute at as high a steam pressure as possible, without unduly increasing the cost of the line con struction. With standard weight pipe and welded joints, there is no reason why the line should not carry at least 200 lb. pressure at maximum load. With these higher pressures the lines can be kept small, decreasing the investment cost and corresponding line losses, The reduction in pressure at the boiler plant, together with a consider able drop in the line, will produce a superheating of the steam so that the superheating will balance the line loss and this will make very little, if any, trap drip discharge, thereby eliminating water hammer. Too strong emphasis cannot be placed on the idea of having the distributing lines the right size rather than excessive. ' The pipe line can be designed for any grade, but all low points should be drained through traps, discharging to the sewer or to return lines. The practice of designing a line based on velocity of steam is becoming obsolete in favor of designing for pressure drop. 204 Chapter XI--Central Heating Systems PIPE LINE EXPANSION In laying out a pipe line the expansion should be actually determined for each run, and adequate provision should be made for it. Two methods are in use for taking care of expansion, (1) by some form of expansion joint, and (2) some form of offset or bend. Table 1 shows the expansion in 100 ft. of pipe at various temperatures. The expansion of any length of pipe is determined by taking the difference Table 1. Expansion of Pipe in Inches per 100 Ft. Temperature Deo. Fahr. 0 10 20 30 40 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 Wrought Iron ob Steel 0.00 0.08 0.15 0.23 0.30 0.38 0.76 1.15 1.57 1.99 2.47 2.94 3.46 Cast Ibon 0.00 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.25 0.36 0.72 1.10 1.50 1.90 2.35 2.80 3.30 Copfeb and Brass 0.00 0.13 0.25 . 0.35 0.45 0.57 . 1.14 1.75 2.38 3.02 3.74 4.45 5.24 Table 2. For Length of Expansion Offsets and Bends for Proper Expansion of Pipe Total Expansion Feet op Pipe and Offset ob U-Bbnd fob diffebent Diameters of Pipe 1 2 3 4 5 6. --7 8 2' y 4' 5' . 6' . 8' lO* 12' 14' 16' 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 25 27 30 15 18 21 23 26 29 32 35 38 42 18 22 26 29 32 36 40 43 48 52 21 26 30 34 37 42 47 50 56 58 24 30 34 38 41 47 53 57 63 65 27 33 37 41 45 52 58 63 69 71 30 36 40 44 48 56 62 68 74 .... 32 39 43 47 52 60 66 72 .... .... This column shows the total expansion the offset will take care of without a cold strain. In general these amounts can be increased 40 per cent which increase can be taken up in cold strain of the pipe on fbeing madp,up. - S The length of pipe in the expansion piece should be the same whether in the form of a single right-angle `.offset or double offset or U-Bend. ' 1 The lengths of arms figured for 12,000 lb. per square inch tension for wrought iron pipe. If steel pipe is used this is good for 16,000 lb. per inch so that the arm will take care of M more expansion. in expansion at minimum and maximum temperatures and dividing by 100 to arrive at the expansion per foot; then multiplying by the number of feet of pipe for which expansion is to be figured. In the installation of transmission lines it is frequently the practice to figure on an installation temperature of 70 deg. fahr. and to com pensate for about 40 per cent of the total expansion by means of a cold 205 American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1929 206 F ig . 1. St e a m Se r v ic e a n d M e t e r C o n n e c t io n s w it h C o o lin g R a d ia t o r Chapter XI--Central Heating Systems Table 3. Capacity of Returns for Underground Distribution Systems in Pounds of Condensate per Hour , Size* or Pipe In. i lM 2 3 4 5 6 8 10 12 6' 448 1740 2700 4980 13900 30900 54800 90000 190000 344000 555000 r 998 2490 4190 7380 22500 44800 79800 138000 277000 498000 798000 Pitch or Pipe per 100 Ft. V 1890 3990 5740 10700 30900 64800 120000 187000 404000 724000 1148000 3' 2240 4880 7480 13900 37400 79700 144800 237000 508000 900000 1499000 5' 3490 6480 9480 16900 50400 105000 195000 312000 660000 1190000 1990000 10' 5490 9480 14500 24900 74800 154000 294000 449000 938000 , 20' 7490 13500 20900 36900 105000 229000 418000 -- Size of pipe should be increased if same carries any steam. Table 4. * Steam Requirements of Buildings from Outside Mains in Pounds of Steam per Hour . So. Ft. TION 0 200 61.8' 400 123.6 500 154.5 750 232 1000 309 2500 774 5000 1545 7500 2320 10000 3090 12500 3865 15000 4640 20000 6180 25000 7740 30000 9290 40000 12380 50000 15450 75000 23200 100000- "30900 125000 38650 150000 46400 175000 54200 200000 61800 Steam Pressure or 8ehvice Main Lb. Gags 10 ` 61.2 122.5 153 230 306 765 1530 2300 3060 3820 4590 6120 7650 9180 12250 15300 22800 30600 38300 45900 53600 61200 20 60.8 121.6 152 228 304 760 1520 2280 3040 3800 4560 6080 7600 9120 12160 15200 22800 30400 38000 45600 53200 60800 60 59.8 119.6 149.5 224 299 747 1495 2240 2990 3740 4480 5980 7470 8970 11960 14950 22400 29900 37400 44800 52300 59800 100 59.4 118.8 148.4 223 297 743 1485 2230 2970 3720 4460 5940 7430 8910 11880 14850 22300 29700 37200 44600 52000 59400 140 59.2 118.4 148 222 296 740 1480 2220 2960 3700 4440 5920 7400 8890 11840 14800 22200 29600 37000 44400 51800 59200 180 200 59.0 118.0 147.5 221 295 737 1475 2210 2950 3690 4420 5900 7375 8850 11800 14740 22100 29500 36900 44250 51600 59000 58.8 118.0 147 220 294 735 1470 2200 2940 3680 4410 5880 7350 8830 11780 14700 22000 29400 36800 44100 51400 58900 Each square foot of radiation transmits 250 B.t.u. per hour. Table for steam entering buildings at stated pressures then reduced to required amount and condensed in radiator to water at 212 deg. fahr. 0 pressure. The above table also allows 20 per cent for piping loss in the building. strain put in the line at the time of installation. This allows for only 60 per cent of all expansion to be taken care of by expansion joints, offsets or bends. Table 2 gives the length of pipe that should be made up to provide for the expansion. In general the arms should be made up with pipe bends which can be welded into one continuous length. 207 American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1929 F ig . 2. Ste a m S e r v ic e a n d M e te r C o n n ec tio n s w it h W a t e r P r e h e a te r Chapter XI--Central Heating Systems Table 5. ' Pipe Sizes for Underground Supply Mains Based on a Velocity of .. 10,000 Ft. per Minute Gage Pressure Lb. feb Minute 200 Deg. Fahr. per Hr. Pipe Loss B.t.u. per Hour, per Ft. Length Bare Covered (10% of Bare) Lb. Steak Hour per Ft. Length 0 10 20 40 60 80 100 . 120 140 160 180 200 2.23 3.65 4.98 7.68 10.3 12.8 15.3 18.1 20.6 23.0 26.0 28.5 , 0 8.70 10 14.2 20 19.4 40 29.8 60 40.0 80 49.7 100 59.8 120 70.5 140 80.4 160 . 89.6 180 . 101.0 200 . 111.0 0 19.2 10 31.3 20 42.8 40 65.5 60 87.5 80 108 100 130 120 153 140 174 160 194 180 220 200 240 0. 10 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200 33.0 54.0 73.8 113 153 189 227 268 305 340 384 420 1 in. Pipe 131,100 217,200 298,200 461,400 627,000 780,000 936,000 1,110,000 1,272,000 1,416,000 1,608,000 1,764,000 2 in. Pipe 512,400 846,000 1,158,000 1,794,000 2,436,000 3,030,000 3,660,000 4,338,000 4,950,000 5,520,000 6,240,000 6,888,000 S in. Pipe 1,129,200 1,860,000 2,562,000 3,588,000 5,280,000 6,588,000 7,980,000 9,420,000 10,740,000 11,940,000 13,560,000 14,880,000 . 4 in. Pipe 1,944,000 3,210,000 4,422,000 6,840,000 9,300,000 11,520,000 13,920,000 16,440,000 18,780,000 21,000,000 23,760,000 25,440,000 116 143 168 206 236 260 284 304 322 337 355 373 209 258 306 372 426 471 513 548 582 608 641 674 309 380 451 549 628 . 694 756 809 857 897 945 993 397 489 579 705 806 891 971 1039 1101 1152 1214 1275 11.6 14.3 16.8 20.6 23.6 26.0 28.4 30.4 32.2 33.7 35.5 37.3 20:9 25.8 30.6 37.2 42.6 47.1 51.3 54.8 58.2 60.8 64.1 67.4 30.9 38 45 55 63 69 76 81 86 90 94 99 39.7 48.9 57.9 70.5 80.6 89.1 97.1 103.9 110.1 115.2 121.4 127.5 0.0119 0.015 0.0179 0.0224 0.0262 0.0292 0.0322 0.0349 0.0374 0.0395 0.0420 0.0445 0.0216 0.0270 0.0327 0.0406 0.0472 0.0529 0.0582 0.0631 0.0675 0.0714 0.0760 0.0804 0.0319 0.0399 0.0480 0.0600 0.0693 0.0775 0.0864 0.0931 0.0999 0.1058 0.1110 0.1180 0.0404 0.0514 0.0617 0.0769 0.0895 0.1000 0.110 0.119 0.128 0.135 0.144 0.152 'l 209 American. Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1929 Table 5. Pipe Sizes for Underground Supply Mains Based on a Velocity of ' 10,000 Ft. per Minute--(Continued) Gags Pressure Lb. Lb. Steam per Minute Total B.t.u. above 200 Deg. Fare, per Hr. Pips Loss B.t.u. per Hour, . ' per Ft. Length ' Bare Covered (10% of Bare) Lb. Steam Condensed per Hour per Ft. Length 0 10 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 . 200 0 10 20 40 60 80 100 . 120 140 160 180 200 74.6 122 167 256 345 427 514 606 690 770 870 950 134 218 298 458 617 765 917 1080 1230 1375 1550 1700 6 in. Pipe 4,504,000 7,260,000 10,020,000 15,360,000 20,880,000 26,040,000 31,440,000 37,260,000 42,480,000 47,400,000 53,700,000 58,800,000 8 in. Pipe 7,980,000 12,960,000 17,940,000 27,540,000 37,560,000 46,680,000 56,160,000 66,480,000 75,300,000 84,600,000 95,400,000 105,600,000 . 585 719 852 1037 1186 1311 1428 1528 1620 1694 1785 1872 760.7 936.7 1109.5 1351 1543 1707 1859 1988 2107 2207 2325 2443 58.5 71.9 85.2 104 119 131 143 153 . 162 169 178 187 76.1 93.7 110.9 135.1 154.3 170.7 185.9 198.8 210.7 220.7 232.5 .244.3 0.0604 0.0755 0.0918 0.1135 0.1320 0.1470 0.1630 0.1760 0.1880 0.1980 0.2110 0.2230 0.0785 0.0985 0.118 0.147 0.171 0.191 0.212 0.229 0.244 0.258 0.275 0.291 0 10 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200 0. 10 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200 . 211 345 474 730983 1210 1455 1670 1960 2180 2470 2700 297 485 664 1020 1372 1700 2040 2410 2750 3060 3460 3800 10 in. Pipe 12,420,000 19,520,000 28,380,000 43,860,000 59,760,000 73,800,000 89,100,000 102,600,000 120,600,000 134,400,000 152,400,000 166,800,000 \ 949 1170 1384 1685 1927 2132 2322 2486 2635 2755 2903 3051 12 in. Pipe 17,460,000 28,860,000 39,900,000 62,100,000 83,400,000 103,800,000 124,800,000 148,200,000 169,200,000 182,400,000 213,600,000 235,200,000 1125 1387 1641 1999 2240 2529 2753 2945 3121 3266 3440 3616 94.9 117.0 138.4 168.5 192.7 213.2 232.2 248.6 263.5 275.5 290.3 305.1 0.0978 0.1230 0.1480 0.1840 0.2130 0.2390 0.264 0.286 0.306 0.323 0.343 0.364 112.5 ' _138.7 cf64.1 199.9 224.0 252.9 275.3 294.5 312.1 326.6 344.0 361.6 ; 0.116 0.146 0.175 0.218 0.248 0.284 0.314 0.340 0.362 0.383 0.406 0.430 210 Chapter XI--Central Heating Systems The offset lengths which are required for expansion in the case of wrought iron pipe may also be used for brass pipes, using in each case the actual amount of expansion in the piping. . CAPACITY OF RETURNS WITH VARIOUS GRADES In general, return lines when installed follow the contour of the land and Table 3 gives sizes of return pipes'for various grades. It is evident that at points where the grade is great, smaller pipes can be installed. Table 4 gives the number of pounds of steam condensed to water for various steam pressures which can be used in determining the size of steam main or return line. Table 5 gives the capacity of various sizes of pipes under various steam velocity of 10,000 ft. per minute. The pipe loss will not vary under other velocities. For other velocities, the capacity may be determined by dividing by 10,000 and multiplying by actual velocity. HEATING CONDUITS Conduits for steam pipes buried underground should be water-proof, able to withstand earth loads and take care of the expansion and con traction of the piping without strain or stress on the couplings, also without affecting the installation or conduit. Expansion of the piping must be carefully controlled by means of anchors and expansion joints or betids so that the pipes can never come in contact with the conduit. Anchors can be anchor fittings or U-shaped steel straps which partially encircle the pipes and are firmly bolted to a short length of structural steel set in concrete. In laying out conduits of this type the following points should be borne in mind: 1. The conduit should be laid out in successive straight runs between manholes or anchor pits. 2. An anchor should be placed wherever the line changes direction. 3. An expansion joint offset or bend should be placed between each two anchors. 4. Manholes should be provided at each expansion joint. Where slip joints are used manholes should be vented. 5. Branches should be taken off at or near an anchor. 6. If the distance between buildings is 150 ft. or less and the steam line contains high-pressure steam, it may be anchored in the basement of one building and ' allowed to expand into the basement of the second building. If the steam line contains low-pressure steam (up to 4-ib. pressure), this method may be used if buildings are 250 ft. or less apart. 7. If the distance between buildings is between 150 ft. and 300 ft. and the steam line contains high-pressure steam, the lines should be anchored midway between the buildings and allowed to expand into the basements of both buildings. If the steam line contains low-pressure steam this method may be used if buildings are between 250 ft. and 600 ft. apart. No manhole is required at the anchor, and a blind pit is all that is necessary. ' 8. For longer lines, manholes must be located according to judgment and depending upon the expansion value of'the type of expansion joint or bend that is used. The minimum number of manholes will be required when an expansion bend or 211 X American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1929 212 F ig . 3. T y p ic a l Se r v ic e n s t a l l a t io nI Chapter XI--Central Heating Systems an anchor with double expansion joint is placed in each manhole, and the pipes are anchored midway between manholes. 9. Stabilizers to maintain alignment of pipes should be placed on each side of each expansion joint or bend. 10. A proper hydrostatic test should be applied to the piping before^ the top of the conduit is applied and before application of insulation. The pressure used in this test should be greater than the pressure used in service, and should be not less than 100 lb. per square inch in any case. The styles and construction of conduits commonly used may be classified as follows:1 Filler Type.--The pipes are supported on expansion rollers properly supported from the conduit or independent masonry base. The pipes are protected by a split tile con duit, and the entire space between the pipes and the tile is filled with an insulating filler. Thus the pipes are nested and the insulation between them and the tile effectively prevents circulation of air. The conduit is placed on a bed of gravel or crushed rock from 4 to 6 in. thick, which is extended upward so as to come about 2 in. above the parting lines of the tile. A tile underdrain is placed beneath the conduit throughout the entire length and is connected to sewers or to some other point of free discharge. Insulated Tile Type.-^The insulating material is molded to the inside of a split tile conduit. The pipes are supported on expansion rollers usually. The space between the pipes and the insulating conduit lining may also be filled with an insulating filler. The conduit insulation, piping and earth load are supported by the base drain. A few inches of gravel or crushed rock are placed about the conduit and the base drain. Sectional Insulation Type (Tile Conduit).--Each pipe is insulated in the usual way with any desired type of sectional pipe insulation over which is placed a standard water proofjacket with cemented joints. The pipes are enclosed in a split tile conduit which is placed on a bed of crushed rock or gravel from 4 to 6 in. thick. This gravel bed is extended upward so as to come about 2 in. above the parting lines of the tile. Under drains are sometimes omitted where this type is used, any water which seeps into the conduit being allowed to flow down the bottom of the conduit to the nearest manhole. Drains are laid from the floor of each manhole to some point of free discharge. The pipes are supported on roller frames and these, according to the type of conduit used, are either supported by the conduit itself or have their lower parts.set in concrete, thus supporting the pipes independent of the conduit. .. * Sectional Insulation Type (Tile or Concrete Trench).--A type of construction fre quently used in city streets, where service connections are required at frequent intervals,' the pipes are insulated as described in the preceding paragraph, and are enclosed in a box or trench made either entirely of concrete, or with concrete bottom and specially constructed tile sides and tops. The pipes are supported on roller frames secured in the concrete. , . Sectional Insulation Type' (Bituminized Fibre Conduit).--Each pipe is individually insulated and encased in a bituminized fibre conduit. The insulating material is 85 per cent carbonate of magnesia sectional pipe covering, applied in the usual manner as on overhead pipes, except that bands are omitted. After every fifth section of magnesia covering there is applied a short, hollow section of very hard asbestos material in the bottom portion of which rests a grooved-iron plate carrying ball-bearings upon which the pipe rides when expanding or contracting. This short expansion section is of the same outside diameter as the adjacent 85 per cent magnesia covering. Over the pipe covering and expansion device there are placed two layers of bituminized fibre conduit with all joints staggered and the surface of each conduit finished with liquid cement. Conduits are placed on a bed of crushed rock or gravel, approximately 6 in. deep, and this is extended upward to about the center line of the conduit when trench is backfilled. Underdrains leading to points of free discharge are placed in the gravel or crushed rock beds. , For further data on pipe insulation see Chapter XV. 213 American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1929 HEATING TUNNELS Where steam heating lines are installed in tunnels large enough to provide walking space, the pipes are supported by means of hangers or roller frames on brackets or frame racks at the side or sides of the tunnel. The pipes are insulated with sectional pipe insulation over which is placed a sewed on painted canvas jacket or a jacket of asphalt saturated asbestos water-proofing felt. The tunnel itself is usually built of concrete and water-proofed on the outside with membrane water-proofing. Tile drains are installed at each side or in the center below the level of the tunnel floor to prevent the building up of static water pressure on the outside of the construction. On account of their relatively high first cost as compared with smaller conduits, walking tunnels are sometimes not installed where provision for the heating lines is the only consideration, but only- where required to accommodate miscellaneous other services, such as for underground passage between buildings. . STEAM USED PER SQUARE FOOT OF RADIATION PER SEASON ft' The following factors are used in New York City for the different classes of buildings listed. The factors are based on maintaining for certain hours 70 deg. inside temperature with a minimum of 0 deg. outside and an average of 43 deg. for the heating season, eight months, October 1 to June 1. In this group are six types of buildings: For manufacturing or commercial loft type, where steam is used to heat the premises during the day hours to maintain 65 to 68 deg. from 9 a.m. to 5 p.m. No Sunday or holiday use and no night use. Factor: 325 lb. per square foot of radiation per season. . For office buildings using steam during daylight hours only to maintain 70 deg. from 9 a.m. to 6 p.m. for approximately 240 days (heating season). No night use. Factor: 400 lb. per square foot of radiation per season. For office buildings using steam during day hours and at night when required to 7, 8 and 9 p.m. (customary where there are stock brokers or banking offices (204 days. Factor: 500 lb. per square foot of radiation per season. For residences of the block type (not detached) where high class heating service is required somewhat similar to apartment buildings. Factor: 550 lb. per square foot of radiation per season. . For apartment houses where high class heating service is required. (Steam off at mid- ,night). Factor: 650 lb. per square foot of radiation per season. For hotels (commercial type) where very high class service is required--24-hour service. Factor: 800 lb. per square foot of radiation per season. By assuming 1 sq. ft. of direct low-pressure steam radiation equivalent or required for each 100 cu. ft. of space heated, which seems a fair ratio in New York City, it is possible to roughly estimate the steam required per cubic foot of space prhich is often more easily obtained than the radiation. Considerable additional data on the heating requirements of various types of buildings in a number of cities may be found in the section on Utilization in the Handbook Of the National District Heating Association. 214 CHAPTER XII GREENHOUSE HEATING SYSTEMS Temperatures Required, Steam Heating Systems. Hot Water Radiation. Location of Radiation. Air Circulation^ AGLASS structure for horticultural purposes owing to the manner of its construction and the materials employed, offers less resistance . to the penetration of frost and cold winds, than many other kinds of buildings and necessarily requires a proportionally greater amount and a more even distribution of heat. The heating apparatus must be so arranged as to diffuse an even heat throughout every part of the house, and must be of sufficient heating . power to increase the heat quickly in case of sudden changes in the weather, and so maintain the desired temperature during the night. The temperatures usually required depends on the class of vegetation to be grown and are given in Table 1. . Although the same tables, formulae and other data that are used to estimate the heating requirements of systems in the usual- types of build ings are also applicable to greenhouse heating and although the same pumps-, traps, regulators, valves and other devices and fittings are used in greenhouses as in other systems, there are many differences that must be kept in mind so that due allowances may be made in the specification of a heating plant. For instance--the highest temperatures in greenhouses are required at night, whereas with most other systems the maximum temperatures ' are required in the day time. . Greenhouse fires are banked almost always during the day throughout the firing season, even in mid-winter when the sun is shining; this, in marked contrast to practically all other types of heating systems where the fires are banked at night. Greenhouse radiation is almost exclusively made up of piping. The temperature demands are almost always below 70 deg. and horizontal piping carries a higher coefficient of emission than the radiating surfaces used in other systems. Special care must, therefore, be given to the selection of the boiler; the demands on it will be higher than with other forms of radiation. Long runs of pipe are used and expansion and contraction require more consideration than in house-heating work; piping must be tied up, anchored, installations must be flexible. Although expansion joints are no more desirable in greenhouse heating than elsewhere, expansion must be compensated for by "spring" of pipe and by swivel fitted joints, Material for this Chapter prepared for The Guide by G. T. Cornwall. 215 American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1929 expansion joints being used where expansion may not be compensated otherwise. The height of the heating coils above the boiler affects the design and proportion of the heating mains. In many greenhouses the coils are not more than 1 ft. 6 in. above the top of boiler and the arrangement of the greenhouse doors necessitates some of the coils being much shorter than others. In this case special care is necessary to avoid short circuiting or interference with the circulation of the water in the longer coils. Table 1. Usual Temperatures Required in Greenhouses Kind of Vegetation Temperature Re quired, Deq. Fahr. Violets--................. Camefias-............... Azaleas..................... Lettuce.................... Cool Palm Houses Carnations.............. General Purposes. Roses--.................. Mushrooms........... Forcing Houses................................. Conservatories--................................ Orchid Houses.............. -.................. Fern Houses.--.................................. Peach House................. :................... Vinery--........................_...... -........... Early Tomatoes and Cucumbers. Tropical Palm House...................... 40 to 45 > 50 to 55 55 to 60 60 to 65 65 to 70 Private greenhouses and medium size commercial greenhouses are mostly heated by hot water, and the large commercial houses by steam. The radiation is made up of coils of pipe placed along the outside walls and under the benches. Twenty or twenty-five years ago, it was customary to use 3 or 3^ in. pipe for the hot-water heating coils as the large water contents of this size pipe maintained a steady temperature in the houses where there -was.no night fireman and the gardener gave no attention to the fire during the night. , Now, most commercial houses where hot-water heat is used, the heating coils consist of 2 in. wrought iron or steel pipe. This smaller size holding much less water per square foot of radiation than the larger sizes, enables the fireman to raise- the temperature of the house much quicker than when larger size pipe is used, and when the sun shines the house can be cooled off much quicker which is often desirable. For small houses and long firing periods 3}/2 in. pipe is best. To proportion the amount of hot-water radiation required for a green- 216 Chapter .XII--Greenhouse Heating Systems Table 2. Factors for Estimating Hot Water Radiation for Greenhouses For 70 to 75 deg. divide square fret of glass and equivalent by 2.00 65 " 70 " 60 " 65 " " " U u uua ` 2.28 a " 2.62 55 " 60 " 50 *.55 " 45 * 50 " 40 " 45 . " 35 " 40 " " " " " " u uuu U u .a a u u u uuu a u uua a a uu a a " 3.00 u " 3.46 a u " 4.00 " 4.67 a " 5.50 house, it is almost impossible to figure the air leakage through the laps of the glass. This is not of any importance, however, for in cold weather these laps freeze and seal tight. Those that have had years of experience and specializing in greenhouse heating consider the exposed glass surface and its equivalent only and can guarantee a specified temperature by dividing the exposed glass and its equivalent by the factors in Table 2, which are based on the mean temperature of the water in the coils at 150 deg. and temperature outside at zero. Greenhouses do not respond to figures in.various ways: Two green houses covering the same amount of ground surface may be quite dif ferent in square feet of exposed glass surface. The workmanship, quality of glass, and exposure to prevailing cold winds must be taken into con sideration. The humid atmosphere of greenhouses--and for some pur poses the atmosphere is much more humid than for others, as for instance, for rose growing--at some temperatures causes the laps to seal with condensation, thus checking, or stopping the air loss through the laps. At lower temperatures, these laps are sealed with ice and at still lower temperatures, the inside surface of the glass is entirely frosted over so that its conductivity is changed. It may be much more difficult to heat a greenhouse at 15 to 25 deg. above zero with the wind blowing, than at zero or below, because the low temperature house may be sealed with ice, as stated. Table 2 gives the factors for dividing the square feet of glass and equivalent in order to determine the square feet of hot-water radiation required in horizontal pipe coils. These are based on average water tem perature of 150 deg. fahr., a temperature in flow mains of 180 deg. fahr. and outside temperature of Q deg. fahr. If the house is to be heated by 1J4 in. steam coils use the same divisors as given by Table 2, and the results will give lineal feet of 1J in. pipe coil required, (not square feet of radiation.) I ABLE o. FACTORS TO MULTIPLY FIGURES OBTAINED FROM TABLE 2 TO DETERMINE oquare Feet of Hot Water Radiation for other than 0 deg. Outside Temperatures 5 deg.above 0 10 " " 0 15 " 0 20 " " 0 25 " " 0 30 " 0 0.92 0.84 0.75 0.66 0.58 0.50 5 10 deg. below U 0 ................... o.................. ....... 1.06 1.15 15 a u 0 ........... ....... 1.24 20 U 25 u u 0. 0 ..... ....... 1.33 .. ....... 1.42 30 u a 0 ........... ....... 1.05 35 0 ........... ....... 1.58 40 0 ........... ....... 1.63 217 "i of andAmerican Society Heating Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1929 Tables 1 and 2 are based on the house being of ordinary sound con struction and tightly glazed with double thick glass. POSITION OF RADIATION Greenhouses are piped in all sorts of ways to suit the great number of different ideas of greenhouse owners and operators; the location and arrangement of the piping are governed largely by the plant bench or plant bed arrangement, suiting the special requirements of the plants or flowers to be grown in the houses. In houses for vegetable growing, where planting is directly on the floor of the greenhouse, piping should be mainly, and if possible, entirely, on the sides so as to provide the maximum grow ing surface. For rose growing the piping should be more scattered or distributed; than for any other purpose-;--if there, are raised benches, some heating surface must be under every bench; if there are solid beds, some radiating surface must be in every walk. The bulk of the piping for all purposes, however, should be on the side walls, or just inside the outer walls of the greenhouse. For sweet pea growing, most of..the pipe surface should be on the side walls and some on.the pipe columns, generally high enough to permit walking under. There is much latitude, however, in the placing of pipe coils. . AIR CIRCULATION Recent experience shows that proper air circulation and' conditioning greatly accelerates the. growth of most plants and also prevents the growth of spores and moulds. This is accomplished by the use of proper mechanical apparatus for supplying and exhausting the air and for con trolling its temperature and humidity. 218 CHAPTER XIII DOMESTIC AND INDUSTRIAL OIL BURNING Data on Fuel Oils. Types of Burners. Automatic Control, Installation Data, Costs to Operate, Domestic Heating, Industrial Hearing. IT is the purpose of this chapter to give the essential data on the equipment and methods to be employed in the use of oil as a fuel for heating and industrial services. There is claimed for liquid fuel, the advantages of space for storage, simplicity in location of storage adjacent to boilers and means of trans portation from the remote points of storage to boiler, reduction in labor and handling of fuel, the elimination of ash removal, ease of control of furnace temperatures, and the elimination of the expense of banked fires. Each case, however, where the liquid fuel is contemplated, will have, of necessity, to stand on its merit. The operating cost both with oil and other fuels must be figured and the user will have to evaluate the extra convenience, after which a decision can be made as to what type of fuel should be used. ' In the selection of burner. equipment and in the determination of storage facilities, it is well to decide what grade of oil is to be used, its Baume' gravity, viscosity, flash point, and cold test, or temperature at which it will cease to be fluid. The uniform fuel oil specifications of the American Oil Burner Asso ciation classify fuel oils according to Table 1. The furnace oils are used primarily for domestic purposes and do not require pre-heating. The fuel oils with the exception of No. 4 are viscous at normal temperatures and require pre-heating for satisfactory operation. For commercial oil burning oil No. 6 is used when available because of its higher heat content and lower price. Installations for the heavy oil and the labor to operate cost more than those for furnace oils but the lower price and higher heat contents frequently justify their use. Fig. 1 gives the heat contents of various quality oils, per pound and per gallon. DOMESTIC OIL HEATING With the large number of domestic oil heating units that are available, it is important to look into the construction of the burner as to design, workmanship and materials, but one of the most important {joints to be kept in mind is the ability of the man making the installation and adjusting the burner to meet the needs of each application and to give the proper service to the installation. Further considerations in making a choice are the adaptability of the particular burner to the boiler, its Material for this Chapter prepared especially for The Gu.de by Harry F. Tapp and W. F. Goodnpw. 219 American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1929 ability to satisfactorily burn the fuel that is available in a given locality, and its quietness of operation. DOMESTIC FUEL OILS Furnace oils, Nos. 1 to 3, are those used for domestic heating installa tions as they are available in most territories and they do not require pre-heating. They are suitable for installations requiring up to 15 gal. per hour, or more, in districts where heavy oil is not available. Burners should be selected that will satisfactorily handle the grade of oil available and owners should be advised to employ, only the grade of fuel for which the burner is designed, except that a lighter grade than the one specified, can be used in most any type of burner. BURNER TYPES AND CHARACTERISTICS There are two distinct types of oil burners used for oil heating--the natural draft burner and the mechanical draft burner. Their names . indicate the manner in which the air for combustion is obtained. The natural.draft burner requires no motor and usually has no.moving parts. The air for combustion is supplied by the pull of the chimney and is, therefore, dependent .upon the construction of the latter. This type of burner is often incorrectly referred to as a "gravity" type burner. Gravity indicates the manner in which the fuel is fed to the burner and a gravity system is applicable to either natural draft or mechanical draft burners. This type of burner is more susceptible to changes in the weather, wind currents about the chimney and other factors which cause a variation in the draft intensity than is the mechanical draft burner, - unless the effects of this variation in draft can be overcome in the design of the chimney, or in the design of the burner, or by the use of a draft regulator. A natural draft burner is usually limited to small heating loads, depending in size somewhat on the design of burner, and for'best operation requires the use of lighter oils. It has in its favor a low first cost, simplicity of design, noiseless operation and requires no power for operation. The mechanical draft burner is motor driven arid often the air for com bustion is supplied by a fan or blower. Generally where a fan is used it is of sufficient capacity to supply the entire amount of air for combustion when the burner is operating at its maximum capacity. Often where a blower, either centrifugal or positive pressure, is used, only a portion of the air required is supplied under pressure, the balance being induced by the injector action of the air from the blower plus the natural draft from ''> , Table 1. Fuel Oil Specifications r . (A.O.B.A. Standard) ' Oil No. i 2 3 4 5 6 Name Furnace Oil Light Furnace Oil--Medium Furnace Oil--Heavy Fuel Oil--Light Fuel Oil--Medium Fuel Oil--Heavy Approximate Geayitt Range Battue (36 - 40) (32 - 36) (28-32 and 25 Pacific Coast Diesel Oil) 24+ . 18+ 14+ 220 Chapter XIII--Domestic and Industrial Oil Burning tne ciinimey. ine air irom me blower is usually used to aid in the atomization of the fuel. The fan or blower produces a more constant 221 X American Society- of Heating and- Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1929 . Another classification of burners used is with reference to the means employed to prepare the fuel for combustion. The terms are vaporizing and atomizing burners. In the vaporizing burner the fuel is prepared for combustion by the addition of heat. The heat serves to convert the liquid fuel into a vapor which is mixed with the air for combustion, either just before or during the combustion process. Blue flame combustion is sometimes advocated but as a blue flame radiates very little heat it is of no particular advantage in a boiler or furnace' that has been designed for' coal burning, wherein the major heat transfer is secured through radiation. By vaporizing the fuel, moving parts can be eliminated and it is easy' to control at low com bustion rates. However it requires a light fuel for best results and with poor design there is the possibility of carbon trouble due to "cracking" or decomposition of the oil in the vaporizing cha'mber. In the atomizing burner the fuel is broken into a- fine mist which is mixed with the air for combustion either just before or progressively during the combustion process. The particles are so fine that they are quickly vaporized by the heat of combustion and if properly mixed with sufficient air will burn with a clean hot flame. There are,many ways to atomize oil--under pressure through a small orifice,_ by compressed air or steam, by centrifugal force from the edge of a rapidly rotating cup or disc and numerous other equally effective methods. Any of the methods used will break the oil into very fine particles and when applied with intelligence will give satisfactory results. With the atomizing type of burner cheaper oils may be utilized; they will start readily from a cold condition and can be applied to installations requiring a high fuel consumption. , The perceptible sound incident to the combustion of oil is dependent largely upon the means employed to mix the oil and air and the rate of B.t.u. liberation per unit of combustion volume, :It is obvious that this . characteristic can be controlled to some degree by the design of the burner and the method of application to the combustion chamber, of the boiler. A further controllable factor is the amount of mechanical sound; this will vary with design, mechanical condition and the adjustment of the unit. The transmission of both mechanical and combustion sounds can be governed to some extent by the utilization of some means to absorb vibration. O' - . . IGNITION SYSTEMS In most natural draft burners the oil is lighted manually with a torch through the fire door, although some of them are provided with a r gas, electric or oil pilot, at the option of the owner. Full automatic burners are ignited with either an electric spark from a high tension trans former or from a gas pilot light. This gas pilot, in some designs, burns cqnstantly while in others a combination of the electric and the gas system is used, the spark igniting the gas and the gas flame igniting the oil. The type of ignition system used is dependent to some extent upon the design of the burner and upon the personal opinion of the designer: Several burners are being designed so as to make the means for ignition optional with the purchaser. Where gas is used the application of the 222 Chapter XIII--Domestic and-Industrial Oil Burning burner may be limited to a territory having a gas supply although it can be used with gas Supplied in containers. Under average conditions the cost of ignition with gas is slightly greater than with electricity. AUTOMATIC BURNER CONTROLS There are two systems of control instruments. The low voltage (15-20 volts) and the high voltage (110 or 220 volts). Both systems are used with complete satisfaction. A room thermostat is used to indicate the temperature of the room and to control the operation of the burner so as to maintain the desired temperature between limits of plus or minus 2 deg. This instrument is mechanically accurate and will function according to the temperature conditions of its location. Therefore, it should be located with care. Most people prefer to,have it located in the living-room. It should be. on an inside wall about 5 ft. from the floor at the breathing level, pro tected from abnormal drafts such as stairways, or entrances; it should not be placed near chimney, radiators, registers, hot-water or steam pipes or other sources of heat. Special care should be taken to avoid concealed steam or hot-water pipes. Another important factor in maintaining a satisfactory uniform heating throughout the house, which cannot be gontrolled by the thermostat is the matter of installed radiation. It is important that the radiation be carefully proportioned so that when, the desired temperature is reached in the room where the thermostat is located the same temperature will have been reached in all of the rooms of the house. Apparatus is also usually provided to control the operation of the burner so as to prevent overheating of the boiler or furnace ; in case of a steam boiler to prevent the development of abnormal pressures, and in case of a hot-water boiler to prevent too high a water temperature. Control devices are sometimes added for keeping the temperature of the water in steam boiler below the boiling point during the Summer, so that the same boiler may be used for continuing the domestic hot-water service throughout the Summer without sending steam to the heating system. Such a device is, of course, switched off in 'the Winter. A safety control is provided to establish a time limit within which the oil must be ignited every time the burner is started and to shut the burner down, if for any reason the ignition does not take place or if there is a - cessation of combustion. Nearly all of the burners use standard control instruments which in some cases are modified to meet some peculiarity of the design. The majority of the burners operate on the intermittent system, but there are a few that operate on a system known as the high- low, where the burner is continuously operating, the flame intensity being varied to meet the temperature variation as indicated by the thermostat; There "is considerable discussion among designing engineers as to the relative merits of the two systems but as the high-low may have a slight advantage during the coldest weather, the intermittent burner will be more economical during the milder weather, so that over the entire heating season, the total amount of fuel used will be very nearly the same. . 223 of andAmerican Society Heating Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1929 BURNER INSTALLATIONS , Most burners are installed in boilers designed for coal and the results in most cases are quite satisfactory. Where a boiler is being purchased for use with oil heating equipment care should be taken to select a boiler that has long flue passes, that do not short circuit the gases from the combustion chamber to the flue. There are several boilers that have been designed especially for oil burning that are very efficient and economical. All oil fuel boilers should be provided with automatic feed water regulator or low water cut-off as the boiler is often neglected on account of the automatic features eliminating the necessity of a daily inspection. Although slightly less draft is required for oil heating equipment than is required for coal fires and a smaller chimney area would be satisfactory, it is recommended that the chimney be designed to meet the boiler manufacturers' requirements as specified for coal burning. It is pre ferable to have the oil burner flue isolated fiom other flues as this may be helpful in preventing any mechanical sound from being transmitted to the rooms of the house. A well designed chimney that will insure uniform draft conditions is just as important to an oil burner as it is to a coal fired heating plant. . With many of the cast-iron water-tube sectional boilers it has been found possible to increase their rating to some extent by using oil as a fuel. This increase amounts to from 10 to 25 per cent, but boiler equip ment should not be selected on this basis without the knowledge and approval of the boiler manufacturer. This increase in rating is usually not possible with round boilers. Where round boilers are used with oil heating equipment it is best to select a boiler that has extra indirect heating surface in the form of intermediate sections. In applying oil heating equipment to existing coal burning boilers it is often advisable to baffle the passes in order to increase the travel of the hot flue gases and also to keep them in closer contact with the heat ing surface. In fire-tube boilers it is often desirable to use retarders inserted in the tubes so as to give the flue gases a spiral motion and keep them in contact.with the surface of the tube. For warm-air installations a furnace of,welded construction should be selected as it is more suitable for the conditions imposed by oil heating and will require less attention. Cast-iron sectional furnaces will give satisfactory results if care is taken to insure tight joints and a careful inspection made each year. For domestic hot-water supply a steam coil heater is quite satisfactory r with steam or vapor and, with suitable controls on the hot-water tank, can be used the year round at a very reasonable cost. An iron shell type of heater with local hot-water circulating lines between the shell and the water of the boiler and with a copper coil in the shell, through which the water in passing is heated, is very satisfactory with either steam or hotwater boiler, but care must be taken to have such heaters of ample capacity and connected to ample size storage tanks, especially with hotwater boilers. This system may also be very successfully used the year around if an automatic control such as described under "Automatic 224 XIIIChapter --Domestic and Industrial Oil Burning Burner Control" is used. Small size burners are made that are suitable for installing under small hot-water heaters and operating automatically from a control on the hot-water tank. A coil in the combustion chamber is not generally satisfactory. . Oil Consumption-Gallons per Hour Installations should always be made by trained men under the direc tion of the burner manufacturer as every burner has peculiarities that should be given consideration when the installation is made. It is also important that the burner should* be correctly, adjusted for each instal- 225 American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1929 lation as a greater loss in efficiency often results from poor adjustment rather than from poor design. A burner should have sufficient capacity to develop full rating of the boiler and it is preferable that it have some excess; it should also be adjustable over a range from 50 to 100 per cent rating, see Fig. 2. The flame adjustment is best determined by a flue gas analysis but a good check can be made by noting the color of the flame. A white flame indicates excess air or insufficient oil, a red smoky flame insufficient air or excess oil, and an orange flame just tipped with' red indicates an efficient and clean combustion. The boiler room should be well ventilated so that the burner can obtain an adequate supply of fresh air at all times. Burner and tank installation and all electrical work should be installed in accordance with local ordinances. If no local, rules are in force the rules recommended by the National Board of Fire Underwriters should be followed. ' TANK INSTALLATIONS Tank installation should always be made in accordance with local regu lation but usually inside exposed tanks are permitted where the maximum capacity does not exceed 275 gal. This amount may be fed to the burner by gravity if desired and proper precautions are taken to prevent an abnormal flow of oil. These tanks should be installed on non-combustible supports and located at least 10 ft. from the boiler. A very desirable installation is with an outside buried tank, of at least 1100 gal. capacity, preferably located below the level of the burner. Where this is impractical some means must be used to prevent syphoning of the oil from the tank in case of a break in the fuel supply line. There aie several devices of this nature approved by the Underwriters' Laboratory. The use of a large tank eliminates the necessity of watching the fuel supply and will often permit fuel to be purchased at a price enough lower-to pay for the dif ference in installation cost. All tanks should be provided with a direct reading gage which gives a constant check on the amount of fuel on hand. Tanks should be located so that the fill line is near the drive'or curb so as to facilitate delivery from the tank truck. CHIMNEY DESIGN Although slightly less draft is required for oil heating equipment than is required for coal fires and.a smaller chimney area would be satisfactory it is recommended that the chimney be designed to meet the boiler manu facturer's requirements as specified for coal burning. It is preferable to have the oil burner flue isolated, from other flues as this may be helpful < in preventing any mechanical sound from being transmitted to the rooms of the house. A well designed chimney, that will insure uniform draft conditions is just as important to an oil burner as it is to a coal fired,heating plant. For further data on Chimneys, see Chapter VI. COMPARATIVE COSTS Comparative cost figures for various fuels depend entirely upon the heat content of each fuel and the efficiency with which each is utilized. 226 XIIIChapter --Domestic and Industrial Oil Burning With oil it is reasonable to assume an increase in efficiency of 10 to 15 per cent over coal. Charts shown in Fig. 3 and 4 gives comparative ___ _____ _____ _ tvvjuuoiiciiui. i nese figures are based on an oil containing 141,000 B.t.u. per gallon. By referring to Fig. 2, these figures can be corrected for other grades of.oil. 227 of andAmerican Society Heating Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1929 Burners INDUSTRIAL OIL BURNING . ' Atomizing burners are used exclusively for installations with heavy oil. Of these, there are three types: steam atomizing burners, air atomizing burners and mechanical atomizing burners. The steam atomizing burner has two classifications, the outside mixing and the inside mixing type. With the outside mixing type, the oil is forced through an orifice at 3, comparatively low-pressure and just as it emerges from this orifice it is struck by a jet of steam traveling at a high velocity from a direction at right angles with the flow of oil. The steam jet breaks the oil and injects it into the combustion chamber in a fine spray or mist. The inside mixing type has a turbulence mixing chamber between the steam orifice and the burner opening. The mixing inside the burner permits some vaporization of the lighter hydrocarbons from the heat in the steam so that the mixture issuing from the burner opening lights readily and maintains a steady burning flame. Steam burners require from 1.5 to 5 per cent of the total steam generated for atomiza tion ; 2 to 2.5 per cent being a good average. This average can be easily maintained by correct adjustment of the burners. For the best results the steam should be dry. Air atomizing burners using high-pressure air are similar in design to those using steam. This type is not used as much as low-pressure air burners. Ordinarily, high-pressure air burners are used where a supply of compressed air is available. Low-pressure air burners use compara tively large volumes of air under pressure of to 2^ lb. per square inch. Air atomizing burners are efficient and if the blowers or com pressors supplying the air are steam driven, they will require approxi mately 2 to 3 per cent of the steam generated for the motive power, but the exhaust steam is available for use in the pre-heaters, so that the steam consumption compares very favorably with steam atomizing burners. The first cost, however, is greater with air atomization than with steam atomization. Mechanical atomizing burners are those which atomize the oil without the aid of air or steam, although it is common practice to iise air under low-pressure in connection with mechanical atomizers to further atomize the fuel but this is not essential. The high-pressure atomizer forces the oil through the small orifice under high pressures (100 to 200 lb. per square inch). The oil is given a rotary motion by slots cut tangentially to the diameter of the orifice of the burner, so that the centrifugal force of the oil leaving the orifice acts as an aid in atomizing the fuel. Another type of mechanical burner is the rotary cup burner. In some burners the cup is positively driven by an electric motor or steam turbine and has a fan mounted on the same shaft so as to provide a portion of the air for combustion under pressure to aid in the atomization of the oil as it leaves the edge of the rotating cup. Another type of rotary cup burner has the cup driven by an air turbine utilizing the velocity of low-pressure air from a centrifugal blower. This blower is usually located at a remote point from the boiler and is of sufficient capacity to supply all of the burners in the battery, although there are some installations where each burner has its own individual blower. While the first cost of mechanical atomizing burners is usually comparatively high, they have the advan- 228 XIIIChapter --Domestic and Industrial Oil Burning tage of returning all the steam used for pumping for heating the boiler feed water. Further advantages of this type are simplicity and eco nomical operation with uniform combustion regulation. Oil Consumption perSeason in Gallons Fig. 4. Oil Consumption per Season as Compared with Gas Consumption, for Heating Burners for commercial installations are usually manually operated although they have semi-automatic controls which vary the amount of air and oil as the load fluctuates. For some burners, the air for combustion is partially supplied from a 229 American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1929 blower and is used to aid in the atomization of the fuel, the balance being induced by the natural draft through openings in the refractory hearth of the combustion chamber.' These openings are usually arranged to conform to the shape of the flame from the burner so that the air comes in contact with burning fuel and is not permitted to escape unused through the boiler passages and up the stack. With other burners there, is an air register, designed as part of the burner which admits the air by natural draft through adjustable vanes, giving a rotating motion to the air as it enters the combustion chamber about the atomizer. Some installations are provided with forced draft by connecting the air register to a duct from a fan blower. . There are many factors that should be taken into consideration when selecting burners for application to a particular installation. A good burner should be flexible in its adjustments, it should be easily adjusted over a considerable capacity range, it should be suitable for the lowest grade of oil that will be used, and its design should permit the shaping of the resulting flame from the burner so that the flame will fit the com bustion chamber closely. A flame that does not properly fit the shape of the combustion chamber permits air to escape around the flame without mixing with the fuel and is therefore responsible for inefficient combustion results. If possible, it is. best to use a single burner, rather than burners in multiple, wherever the shape of the flame can be adjusted to meet the combustion chamber requirements and the burner has sufficient capacity and flexibility to meet the variable loads imposed on the boiler. Single burners ordinarily meet the requirements of buildings such as schools, theatres, churches and apartments. For large office and commercial buildings the boilers are usually of such size as to require two or more burners per boiler in order to obtain the required flame application and flexibility of control. Draft . There are several reasons why less draft is required with Oil burning equipment than is necessary where coal is used as a fuel. The principle reasons are that the-draft loss through the fuel bed and grate is eliminated, and as a general rule the stack temperatures are lower and the volume of gas less than with coal. For this reason the cross-sectional area of the stack may be smaller, some authorities say that it may be safely assumed as 60 per cent of the area that would be furnished for an equivalent coal fire boiler. In determining the height of the stack, care should be taken to design a stack that will give sufficient draft for the maximum require ments of the boiler and no more. It is therefore advisable to follow the recommendations of the boiler manufacturer and if possible the burner manufacturer should also be consulted so that the air register or parts can be designed correctly for the available draft, and in this way provide for sufficient air to develop the rating of the boiler in the combustion volume available! , Furnace , Under average conditions the combustion volume should be such that a release of 40,000 B.t.u. per cubic foot per hour would not be exceeded at 100 per cent of the boiler rating. This is not the maximum B.t.u. release possible but it is representative of good practice. . 230 XIII--Chapter Domestic and Industrial Oil Burning Where oil burning equipment is applied to existing coal burning boilers excess draft can be corrected by using a damper. It is also advisable in many cases-'to use baffles to provide for a longer flue travel and in fire- tube boilers it is good practice to insert retarders in the tubes which give the flue gases a spiral motion and keep them in contact with the surface of the tube. ,. Auxiliary Apparatus Regardless of the type of burner used, the installation of the oil system, which includes the tank, heaters, strainers, pumps and piping, is important. Tanks should be installed in accordance with the local rules for the storage of oil fuel, but in the absence of local regulations, it is suggested that the rules and regulations of the National Board of Fire Underwriters be followed. The size of the storage tank is often.governed by the amount of space available but it is a question that should be given due considera tion, taking into account the time required for delivery, the daily fuel requirements, also the price in various quantities. Where purchases are to be made-by carloads it is advisable to have at least a 15,000 gal. tank. While oil consumption cannot be checked by. gaging the tank, an oil meter is the best means of readily determining fuel consumption. It is recommended, however, that each storage tank be equipped with a gage in order to have a constant check of the oil on hand. A small heater is usually installed in the storage tank around the suction inlet. This heater is used to reduce the viscosity of the oil so that it'can be readily pumped. The oil heaters are usually steam coils, but some local regulations require that this heating be done by hot water only. The oil is delivered from the pump to the supply line for the burners and is passed through larger heaters where the temperature is raised to a point that insures the viscosity being low enough for atomization. This temperature is variable for different oils but will usually be between 150 and 200 deg. fahr. It is important that oil be kept at a uniform tempera ture for satisfactory atomization. This is done by means of automatic' temperature regulators which open and close the steam supply valve to the heater coils. From the heaters the oil is delivered as directly as possible to the burners for atomization. As all fuel oils contain a certain amount of foreign matter in suspension, it is important that the oil line have large strainers with sufficient screen area to permit their being used for some period of time without the screens becoming clogged and preventing the flow of oil. The best practice calls for strainers in duplicate on the suction side of the pump and additional strainers, known as discharge oil strainers, on the delivery side of the pump. It is important that strainers be located where they are readily accessible for cleaning. For small commercial installations, the oil pumps are usually of the rotary type driven by electric motors and are some times incorporated into the design of the burner. For large installations, steam operated piston type pumps are commonly used. It is recom mended that pumps and heaters be installed in duplicate. This is required by some local regulations where the boiler service is used in connection with the fire protection apparatus. With the various types of burners that are being used, there have 231 American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1929 been developed systems which differ in their construction and arrange ment of piping, pumping and tank equipment. One of the most widely used oil systems at the present time is the continuous circulation system. In this system, the oil is pumped from the tank by the oil pump and is delivered to the burner supply line; any excess oil is by-passed through a regulating valve back to the tank or to the suction side of the oil pump. In this way the proper atomizing temperature of the oil is maintained and choking or accumulation of sediment in the supply line is avoided. In the layout of the piping for pre-heated oils it is important to keep the oil supply pipe below the level of the burner and without traps to prevent the formation of vapor pockets which are liable to shut off the fuel supply or cause irregular operation. -c 232 CHAPTER XIV HEATING WITH GAS Data on Gas Fired Boilers and Furnaces, Space Heaters, Combustion and Heat Values, Installation Data, Costs to Operate, Conversions. USING gas for building heating purposes does not bring in any new heating problems. The only problem peculiar to the use of gas for this purpose is one of fuel utilization. Gas is a fuel with a high form value, easy to handle and control. This ease of control makes possible extreme economy, and gas-burning appliances should, therefore, be designed and selected so as to take full advantage of this potential economy. Determination on the part of gas companies that building heating is a desirable load to have on their lines has led to an increasing number of such corporations granting materially reduced rates for gas used fot heating purposes.. These communities in which reduced rates for heating purposes have been granted are of a widely diversified character as to size, climate, geographical situation and industries. In natural gas ter ritory, the rates, while showing a tendency to increase, are still such that gas is a cheap fuel for any purpose. The most marked effect of more costly natural gas has been the increasing demand for efficient gas burning appliances. The average user of gas for heating is in the very enjoyable situation of having the corporation from which he purchases his fuel display a con-, tinued interest in the up-keep and efficient operation of the fuel-burning appliance. A large proportion of the gas-burning heating appliances that are installed are distributed through gas companies. The gas company then stands ready to see that the purchaser of the appliance enjoys unin terrupted and efficient service from it. A notable development of com paratively recent date is the offering of gas-burning boilers designed with the object of meeting the requirements peculiar to large scale heating. Compact and automatic in operation, these large unit boilers are appro priate to the heating requirements of commercial, industrial and insti tutional buildings. ORIGINAL INSTALLATIONS COMPARED WITH CONVERSIONS (FOR CENTRAL HEATING PLANTS) During the period when gas heating was limited to those localities where a cheap supply of natural gas was available, practically all instal lations were conversions; that is, appliances designed fot coal, with gas Material for this Chapter prepared especially for The Guide by the following committee: W. Elliott Stark, chairman; R. M. Connor, E. R. Downe, H. B.. Johns, N. T. Sellman and A. E. Stacey. 233 American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1929 burners inserted in them. This practice has not been generally followed . by manufactured gas companies, for definite economic reasons. The usual coal-burning appliance is designed so as to present a large ' amount of heating surface to the radiant heat emitted by the flame and fuel bed. Flue passages for the absorption of heat by convection are large because the draft loss, already large on account of the fuel bed resistance, must be kept within reasonable bounds. Heating surfaces in the flue passages must not be so great as to cool the stack gases to a very low temperature, since high stack temperature is required to produce sufficient draft for high rates of combustion. ' When gas is burned in appliances, it may be burned either with a Bunsen (non-Iuminous) flame or with a luminous (radiating) flame. If a Bunsen flame is used and no attempt made to cause this flame to produce radiant heat, such as by the use of refractories; the heating surface in the combustion chamber will absorb heat much slower than it would if a solid fuel were burning in the combustion chamber with an incandescent flame and fuel bed. The next result is that the appliance cannot absorb as much heat as is necessary to produce rating. By burning the gas with a luminous flame, or in such a manner as to heat refractory surfaces to incandescence, the heat absorbing in Ike com bustion chamber of the appliance designed for coal can be made to absorb the heat they were intended to absorb. The large flue passages, however, are not efficient as heat absorbing surfaces because they do not bring the hot gases in sufficiently intimate contact'with water-backed surfaces. The use of incandescent refractory surfaces, therefore, increases the heat absorbing capacity of the appliance, but we are still faced with the fact that if sufficient gas is burned to cause the appliance to deliver rated capacity, the stack temperature will be so high as to cause the loss of a great many expensive heat units. If, on the other hand, the rate of gas consumption is adjusted so as to give a low stack temperature and there fore high efficiency, the output of the appliance will be below its capacity when burning solid fuel or liquid fuel. , GAS BOILERS ' Gas boilers have taken on a well-defined form just as coal boilers have. The usual boiler is sectional in construction with a number of independent burners placed beneath the sections. In most boilers each section has its own burner. Some designers fashion their sections so as to. give the effect of a horizontal tubular boiler in order to accelerate water circulation. Other makers either do not incorporate the tubular feature in their designs or depend on internal baffling to give the tubular effect. In all cases the sections are placed very close together, much closer.than would be possible with any soot-forming fuel. The effort of the designer is always to break the hot gas up into thin streams, so that all particles ofthe heat-carrying gases can come as closely as. possible to the heat absorbing surfaces. Because there is no fuel bed resistance and because the gas company supplies the motive power to draw in the air necessary for combustion (in the form of the initial gas pressure) draft losses through gas boilers are low. A gas boiler will therefore operate with a very slight draft, thus making it possible to run at very low stack temperatures. 234 Chapter XIV--Heating with Gas INSTALLATION AND CONTROL OF BOILERS AND OTHER APPLIANCES One feature of the piping installation that adds to the satisfactory service rendered by gas boilers is provision for adequate and rapid venting of the air from steam heating systems. If air leaks into the steam distribution system during the period that the gas is turned off, and then vents out slowly when the thermostat calls for heat, the result will be a further cooling of the premises between the time that the thermostat calls for heat and the time that steam reaches the radiators. A freely venting steam or vapor system gives maximum economy and minimum temperature variation. When gas boilers are attached to existing heating plants, it is good practice to check the effectiveness of the venting devices and if necessary, replace them with more effective ones that will prevent the. return of air into the heating system, and also to check the tightness of the piping. On account of the ease and effectiveness with which the fuel can be, controlled, gas-burning appliances are particularly adaptable to full automatic control. Standard equipment on steam boilers quite generally includes provision for control through a thermostat, steam pressure regu lation, and safety devices by means of which the gas is.cut off either by lowering oif ,the water in the boiler below a safe level, or by extinguishment of the pilot burner. Water boilers are adapted to operation under ther mostatic room temperature control and are also provided with water temperature- control, as well as the safety pilot feature. Warm-air furnaces can be under the control of thermostats in the spaces being heated, as well as thermostats located in the heat ducts for the purpose of preventing unpleasantly hot air reaching the heated spaces. Variations in the pressure under which the gas is supplied to the appliance are controlled by means of a gas-pressure regulator. This is a.standard part of practically all makes of gas-burning heating appliances. WARM AIR FURNACES Gas-burning warm-air furnaces are variously constructed of cast iron, sheet metal arid combinations of the two materials. If sheet metal is used, it must be of such a character that it will have the maximum resis tance to the corrosive effect of the products of combustion. With some varieties of manufactured gases, this effect is quite pronounced, and extremely difficult to contend with. Warm-air furnaces are obtainable in sizes from those sufficient to heat the largest residence down to sizes applicable to a single room. The practice of installing a number of separate furnaces to handle individual rooms is peculiar to mild climates, such as southern California. Small furnaces, frequently controlled by electrical valves actuated by push-buttons in the room above, are often installed to heat rooms where heat may be desired for an hour or so each day. The same fundamental principle of design that is followed in the construction of boilers; that is, breaking the hot gas up into fine streams, so that all particles are brought as close as possible to the heating surface, is equally applicable to the design of warm-air furnaces. The remarks in a previous paragraph, relative to the great desirability of using an 235 American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1929 appliance designed for gas, when gas is to be the fuel, perhaps apply even more strongly to furnaces than they do to boilers. Codes for the proportion of warm-air heating plants, such as that formulated by the National Warm Air Heating Association (see Chapter VIII), are equally applicable to gas furnaces and coal furnaces. Re circulation should always be practiced with gas-fired warm-air furnaces. It not only aids in heating, but is essential to economy. Where fans are used in connection with warm-air furnaces for residence heating, it is well to have the control of the fan and the gas so coordinated that there will be sufficient delay between the turning on of the gas and the starting of the fan, to prevent blasts of cold air being blown into the heated rooms. . SPACE HEATERS In residence heating work, the space heater is most commonly used in the form of a radiant heater. Radiant heaters make admirable auxiliary heating appliances to be used during the occasional cool days at the beginning and end of the heating season; when heat is wanted in some particular room for an hour or two. The radiant heater gives off its heat in the form of radiant energy emitted by an incandescent refractory that is heated by a Bunsen flame. Radiant heaters, and all other types of space heaters as well, are preferably flue connected and should never be operated in unvented rooms, particularly bedrooms. Luminous flame reflector heaters diffuse a large part of their heat by virtue of. the radiating power of the bright yellow flame. They are usually backed by a polished copper sheet which reflects radiant heat into the room. Convection type heaters are typified by the gas-fired steam radiator, the gas-fired tubular heater (built in radiator form) and the floor furnace. The radiator types of gas-fired heaters provide an economical form, of heating apparatus for intermittently heated spaces, such as stores, small churches, and some types of offices and apartments. Since they give off the greater portion of their heat by convection they do not produce a hot spot within the room and are therefore capable of being operated under thermostatic control. The floor furnace is a convection type heater that is hung underneath the floor. It is generally installed with a duplex register having a warm-air outlet and a cold-air return, so that complete recirculation is secured. COMBUSTION OF GAS Most gas appliances consume the gas with a blue or Bunsen flame, although some room heaters use a luminous or yellow flame. Bunsen flames and luminous flames differ in the way in which the air necessary for combustion is supplied. Bunsen type burners are provided with an external mixer, in which a portion of the air is mixed with the gas previous to ignition. This is called primary air. The aspirating effect of the jet of the mixture issuing from the burner ports, and the chimney effect of the gas passages above, draw currents of air past the flame and into it, in sufficient quantity to cause complete combustion; This is known as 236 Chapter XIV--Heating with Gas secondary air. In order for combustion to be complete and for the products to be free of carbon monoxide, it is necessary that heating sur-. faces be sufficiently high above the burner to prevent the pale blue inner cone, which is a characteristic part of a Bunsen flame, from striking any cold heating surfaces. A yellow tip on the flame indicates insufficient primary air and is corrected by opening the adjustable air shutters. Some room heaters which consume gas in very small amounts use the luminous flame. A luminous flame is limited in its application to appliances burning small amounts of gas on account of the increased furnace volume required for combustion. No part of a luminous flame can be allowed to touch any cold surface, as this will result in incomplete combustion with the formation of soot and carbon monoxide. Table 1 shows the heat values of a cubic foot of three common varieties of gas, together with the theoretical air requirements and the air require ments with 50 per cent excess. In practice excess air must be admitted to the fire in order to insure complete combustion. Table 1. Volume of Air Required for Combustion of Different Gases Gab Mixed Coke Oven and Water Gas...... B.t.u. per Cubic Foot 1131 560 537 Theoretical Air per Foot op Gas 10.70 C. F. 4.78 C. F. 5.03 C. F. Actual Am with 50 Peb Cent Excess 16.05 C. F. 7.17 C. F. 7.55 C. F. In designing and installing gas-burning installations, particularly where large amounts of gas are to be consumed, it is important that provision be made for the easy access of sufficient air to support combustion and to provide boiler room ventilation. Very little motive force exists to . draw air into the boiler room. Therefore, the opening through which it enters must be large enough to keep the velocity to a very low value. It is well to see that appliances have the A. G. ^. approval seal and installation should be made in accordance with the recommendations of A. G. A. Bulletin on Requirements for House Piping and Appliance Installations. CHIMNEYS See Chapter VI and the material relating to gas appliance chimneys contained therein. HEAT VALUE AND EFFICIENCY When gas is burned a large amount of water vapor is produced as one of the products of combustion. This ordinarily escapes up the chimney, carrying away with it a certain amount of heat. However, when the heat value of gas is determined in an ordinary calorimeter, this water vapor is condensed and the latent heat of vaporization that is given up during the condensation is reported as a portion of the heat value of the gas. The heat value so determined is termed the "Higher Heat Value" and this is what is ordinarily meant when the heat value of gas is specified. 237 American Society 0/ Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1929 The heat that is reclaimed by the condensation of the water vapor . amounts to about .10 per cent of the total heat value. It is practically impossible to utilize the entire higher heat value of the gas in any house heating appliance, because to do so it would be necessary to cool the products of combustion down below their dew-point, which is ordinarily in the neighborhood of 130 deg. A stack temperature of 130 deg. is not sufficient to produce a good draft under actual installation conditions. . The heat balance of a gas-burning heating boiler or furnace, therefore, includes the following items: Heat in the dry flue gas. Heat in the water vapor. Heat loss due to incomplete combustion. Heat loss through radiation. Heat absorbed by the water or air in the boiler or furnace. . ' Table 2, shows the maximum theoretical efficiencies when burning a typical manufactured gas with various stack temperatures. These are based on the higher heat value of the gas, and do not include any cor rection for radiation from the boiler covering. Radiation will reduce these efficiencies as much as 5 per cent, depending on the insulating properties of the covering. The gas is assumed to be burned with 35 per cent excess air and has the following composition: CO, 8.6 per cent H, 52.5 " " CH4 31.6 " " C.H. 1.1 " " C.H, 1.1 " " O, 0.1 " " CO, 1.5 " " N, 3.5 " " Heat value per cubic foot at 60 deg. fahr. and 30 in. hg., 535 B.t.u. Specific gravity 0.58. (air = 1) Air Temperature 60 deg. fahr. Atmospheric moisture neglected. 100.0 Table 2. Products of Combustion and Theoretical Efficiencies with a Typical Manufactured Gas Stack Temperature (deg. fahr,) Radiation (not calculated).. 250 -------- 3.57 ......... 9.13 (%) 87.30 ______ 0 275 4.05 9.22 86.73 0 300 4.52 9.30 86.18 0 350 5.48 9.47 85.05 0 Flue Gas Analysis 100.00 100.00 . , 100.00 5.63% N, 83.19% 100.00 It will be seen from Table 2 that the maximum attainable efficiency under practical operating conditions, which include the necessity of having a stack temperature sufficiently high to insure a good draft, and with a normal radiation loss, is approximately 80 per cent. RATINGS FOR GAS-HEATING APPLIANCES Since a gas appliance has a heat generating capacity that can be pre dicted accurately to within 1 or 2 per cent, and since this capacity is not affected by such things as condition of fuel bed and soot accumulation, 238 Chapter XIV--Heating with Gas makers of these appliances have an opportunity to rate their product in exact terms. Consequently, all makers give their product an hourly B.t.u. rating. This is the amount of heat that is available at the outlet of a boiler in the form of steam or hot water, or at the bonnet of the furnace in the form of warm air. In the case of boilers, this rating can be put into terms of square feet of equivalent direct radiation by dividing it by 240 for steam, and 150 for water. This gives what is called the A.G.A. (American Gas Association) rating, and is the manner in which all ap pliances approved by the American Gas Association Laboratory are rated. To use these ratings it is only necessary to increase the calculated heat loss or the equivalent direct radiation load by an appropriate amount for starting and piping, and to select the boiler or furnace with the proper rating. . . It might be stated at this point that the rating given by the American Gas Association Laboratory is not only a safe rating when considered from the standpoint of capacity; but is also a safe rating when considered, from the standpoint of physical safety to the owner or care-taker. The rating that is placed upon an appliance is limited by the amount of gas that can be burned without the production of an amount of carbon monoxide that would be dangerous to human life. This same limitation applies to all classes of gas-consuming heating appliances that are tested and approved by the Laboratory. Gas boilers are available with ratings up to 10,000 sq. ft. of steam, while furnaces with ratings up to about 500,000 B.t.u. per hour are available. . HEATING COSTS (RESIDENCES AND SIMILAR BUILDINGS) The subject of heating costs will be considered under two divisions. First, the cost of heating the average residence with gas, and second, the cost of heating larger buildings, such as office buildings. A great deal of data are available from which to draw conclusions as to the heating cost for the average residence, but the data pertaining to the cost of heating large buildings are not so extensive. . It is a fact, based upon observation, that the user of a gas-fired central heating appliance in a residence uses more 'heat during the course of a year than he does when depending upon solid fuel. The extreme ease of starting and operating a gas-burning appliance leads to the pilot light being lighted on the first cool day of the season. Thereafter the system generally operates entirely under thermostatic control. It is in operation on many days when very little heat is required, days when it would be impracticable or inconvenient to keep a coal-fire going. On many cold days the gas unit is kept operating continuously at maximum capacity, so that the premises are never permitted to cool below the temperature ordinarily maintained. ^ . For a given building maintained at a given temperature, the.curve of gas consumption follows the curve of outdoor temperature very closely. The efficiency of the appliance is almost independent of the load, so that the gas consumption is almost proportional to the temperature difference. This property of the gas-burning heating plant makes it relatively easy to estimate the heating costs once the basic relations have been de termined. " 239 s' Chapter XIV---Heating with Gas F ig . 1: G as C o n s u m p t io n per Sq u a r e F o o t o f St e a m R a d ia t io n In making an estimate of the gas that will be consumed by a gas-fired heating installation during the average heating season, two variables must be taken into account. The first of these is the size of the heating system, usually expressed in terms of square feet of direct cast-iron radiation. The other one is the duration and intensity of the heating season. This is easiest expressed in terms of degree-days. A definition of the term degree-day may be in order. It has been found that people who use gas under automatic control for heating their homes, seem to require heat on those days when the mean temperature drops below 65 deg. Thus 65 deg. is taken as the datum line from which to measure the number of degree-days in a month or any other given period. The degree-day can be defined as a day on which the mean temperature is one degree below 65 deg., or 64 deg. Therefore, if the mean temperature for each of the 30 days in a month was 64 deg., we would have accumulated 30 deg.-days in that month. By summing up the degree-days for the dif ferent days of the heating season, we get the total degree-days for the entire heating season. Studies of weather reports have established the number of degree-days for over 300 cities in the United States and Canada, and it is easy to calculate the heating demands for a particular city. Gas consumption for a given type and size of installation will always be proportional to the number of degree-days in the heating season for the locality in question. A very complete chart, giving the characteristics of the heating season for all parts of the entire Continental United States, was published by the Heating and Ventilating Magazine in 1925. Table 3 gives values of degree-days for several representative cities. . By averaging the records of a large number of gas-boiler installations, operating under thermostatic control, with a reduced temperature at night, the following equations have been derived: For Steam G = 110 X RX H D 64 X R X D For Water G = H where G = cubic feet of gas per season R = square feet of direct cast-iron radiation (as calculated) D -- degree-days per season H -- B.t.u. (gross) per cubic foot of gas Example.--To estimate the gas consumption for the average heating season for a 200 sq. ft. steam heating system in Chicago. From Table 3 it is found that the average heating season in Chicago has 6007 degree-days. The gross heat value of the gas supplied to that city is 535 B.t.u. per cubic foot. Substituting in the equation: 110 X 200 X 6007 535 247,017 cu. ft. Observe in the equation that the calculated theoretical amount of radiation is to be used. By this is meant the actual amount of radiation that is required,, as determined by accepted methods of heat loss calcu lations. Over-radiation will not materially affect the gas consumption while under-radiation will merely reflect itself in inability to heat in extremely cold weather. The amount of gas consumed for heating- a residence during any given heating season may vary decidedly from an estimate according to the method outlined but the variation will be in almost direct proportion to the difference between the actual degree- 241 American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1929 days for the season in question and the average degree-davs as shown in Table 3. ' Table 3. Duration of Heating Season City Atlanta................ Boston--............ Buffalo...... .......... Cincinnati......... Cleveland........... Chicago__............ Dallas................... Denver................. Detroit................. Jacksonville........ Kansas City....... Minneapolis........ New York.... ....... Oklahoma City.. Pittsburgh........... San Francisco__ St. Louis.............. Philadelphia........ Seattle.... .............. Washington......... Degree--Days for Heating . 2880 . 6055 . 6750 . 5302 . 6096 . 6007 . 2455 5880 6202 1080 5302 7953 5303 3827 5327 3450 4583 4950 5156 4562 PROPORTIONING RADIATION The charts of Figs. I and 2 graphically represent the number of cubic feet of gas per square foot of radiation for the heating season in any climate, the climate being expressed in degree-days, and are applicable to any heating condition in the United States. These charts give very close estimates when the radiation is proportioned to maintain a maximum inside temperature of 70 deg. and when that temperature is maintained. It seems hardly possible to formulate a general rule to cover the esti mating of fuel consumption when temperatures other than 70 deg. are to be maintained; at least to formulate a rule based upon the ones just given. For example, the maintenance of a temperature other than 70; let us say 55 deg.; would amount to cutting a much different proportion off. the heating season in San Francisco than would be the case in some . other locality, for example, New York. It would seem, therefore, that in the absence of sufficient data on which to base rules for estimating fuel consumptions in those cases where temperatures other than 70 are to be maintained with the building to be heated, it would be safest to handle each case individually, strictly according to its own peculiarities. A suggested procedure would be to examine the weather reports for the locality in question, determine the difference between the average outdoor temperature and the temperature to be maintained in the heated spaces for each week during the heating season, and then calculate the actual heat loss for each of the weekly periods taken. The total loss for the heating season; which would of course differ in length from the usual heating season, which is based on the maintenance of an indoor tempera ture of 70 deg.; divided by an assumed year-around efficiency for the entire heating plant, which could safely be taken as 75 per cent; would 242 XIVChapter --Heating with Gas give a very fair estimate of the annual fuel requirement expressed in g t.u. to be supplied to the gas-burning appliance. CROSS-CONNECTING COAL AND GAS BOILERS Quite frequently, when a customer already has a coal boiler in his home, it is sometimes expedient to leave the coal boiler in place, and to cross-connect the gas boiler with it. Where gas heating is new to the community, it produces a more secure feeling in the customer's mind when putting in gas-fired house-heating equipment, if he knows that he can burn coal at any time he has occasion to. In hot-water heating systems, it is necessary to valve off the return pipes on the coal boiler, which prevents circulation through the latter when the gas boiler is in use. Since the gas boiler holds comparatively little water and is almost always insulated, no valves are needed on the return pipes to the gas boiler. Hence, by opening the valves on the coal boiler, it may be operated independently or in conjunction with the gas boiler. . For steam or vapor installations, it is necessary to vajve off all the returns and flows on each boiler unless the gas boiler is set so that the water line in both boilers is at the same level, in which case it is necessary to valve off only the coal boiler to prevent the heating of the water in the coal boiler when it is not in use. ' The gas boiler should be set as close to the coal boiler as practicable, and the flows and returns should cut into the flows and returns of the coal boiler as near to the latter as possible. LARGE BUILDING HEATING COSTS ! The foregoing material on the estimating of heating costs when gas is used as the fuel is somewhat more applicable to residences than it is to large buildings or 'to buildings that are used for other than residential purposes. The use of specially designed gas boilers for large installations, such as office buildings, department stores, and other buildings of a similar nature, is increasing so rapidly that it is possible to give fairly accurate data covering several phases of these installations. In com paring the true cost of heating a large building of a commercial, nature with gas, as opposed to other fuels, there are a number of items that should be considered in addition to the bare fuel costs. Rental value of the floor space occupied by the boiler installation and of the space re quired for fuel and ash storage, may have a strong bearing on the true cost of heating. When gas is burned the added feature of cleanliness resulting from the elimination of coal delivery and ash removal may add materially to the attractiveness of the building. It is difficult to evaluate the reduced necessity for redecoration when gas is used, because the frequent changes in tenancy encountered in this class of building always necessitate redecoration. There are many cases however, where this factor, has a tangible value. The supervision of a gas-heated plant is reduced to a minimum. The methods of control produce a uniform temperature at all times, with the minimum requirement of making sure that the pilots are operating and that the temperature controls are set at the proper joint. It is often 243 I American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1929 Chapter XIV--Heating with Gas F ig . 2. G a s -C o n su m ptio n per Sq u ar e F oot of H o t W a t e r R a d ia t io n possible to eliminate on even the smallest job three engineers and coalpassers, substituting therefor about a half-hour's supervision of a build ing supervisor or porter. Gas companies generally provide necessary engineering attention to the installations, such as periodic inspections; which include cleaning, washing down and adjustment of controls and burners. Gas-fired installations for larger building heating are controlled by the usual methods, or by the application of distinctive gas methods designed to prevent sudden large demands on the gas services at the instant when the boilers are called upon for heat. Where a battery of boilers are installed, magnetic valves bleeding gas from the tops of unbalanced snap- action diaphragm valves may be employed under the control of an inter mittent timing device or of a conventional type of thermostat. By drilling the bleed orifice on each of the boilers of a different size, the boilers will come on at intervals, depending on the size of the bleed orifice. In this way the full demand is not allowed to come on the meters or gas service instantaneously and full line pressure is available for each of the boilers as it starts. In the same way, when the boilers are shut down, the demand is taken off in steps, eliminating fluctuations in the service pressure. . The steam pressure controls on each one of a battery of several boilers may be set to cut off at different steam pressures. By this means, one boiler can be allowed to carry the base load and the other boilers can be ajlowed to come on at different pressure intervals, and thus carry the peak-loads. ' GAS REQUIREMENTS FOR LARGE BUILDINGS It has been found by analysis of a number of installations that the values given in Table 4 represent the gas requirements of large com mercial building heating installations under thermostatic control, ex pressed in B.t.u.'s per square foot of steam radiation per degree-day. Table 4. Gas Requirements for Large Buildings Steam Radiation 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000 8000 , 9000 ' 10000 11000 12000 13000 14000 ' 15000 .20000 . B.t.u. per Square Foot. per Degree---Day 114.5 110.0 107.0 105.0 104.0 102.0 100.5 99.0 97.5 96.0 94.5 92.7 91.0 89.5 88.0 80.5 These values can be converted into annual gas consumptions by the method outlined on a preceding page. 244 245 American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers- Guide,- 1929 The rate structures of many gas companies are so devised that addi tional uses of gas, such as. hot-water supply, restaurant use and incinera tion are charged for at preferential rates if the main load is for building heating. ' i i 246 Chapter xv HEAT INSULATION FOR PIPES AND SURFACES Uninsulated Surfaces, Cold Surfaces, Hot Water and Steam Lines, Effective Air Velocity, Economic Thickness. IN order to be able to estimate the savings that can be effected by insulating a hot-water or steam line with a specified covering, it is first necessary to know accurately the heat loss from the bare line. HEAT LOSS FROM UNINSULATED SURFACES Fig. 1 shows the loss in B.t.u. per square foot of bare pipe surface per hour per degree Fahrenheit temperature difference for various diameter pipes. - Table 1 gives the B.t.u. loss as well as the loss in dollars and cents and in pounds of coal per 100 lineal feet of bare pipe for temperatures up to 350 deg. fahr. Pounds of coal used are given per 100 lineal feet of pipe per month (assuming continuous use of the apparatus, .70 per cent boiler efficiency,' and 13,000 B.t.u. per pound of coal). The dollars column represents the money value of the coal used per 100 lineal feet.per month (assuming coal at $4.00 per ton and boiler room expense at $1.00 pier ton). The heat loss from bare pipes of various diameters up to 18 in. and at various temperatures can be calculated from the empirical equation where Q= 77 + Td -- 103 D0 -11 103 D-" --Td + 1020 Q = B.t.u. loss per hour per square foot of bare pipe surface. D = outer diameter of pipe, in inches. Td = temperature difference between pipe surface and air, deg. fahr. The loss of heat per unit area from flat surfaces varies greatly with the size and position of the body. The loss from the surface in a horizontal position is entirely different for the same surface in a vertical position. Also, the loss is different for the same flat surface facing downward or upward. For these reasons a single equation or curve has not yet been obtained that will give accurately the heat loss from flat sui faces in various positions. However, until more experimental work has been conducted, it is suggested that the heat loss from flat bare iron surfaces Material for this Chapter prepared especially for The Guide by the following committee: R. H. Heilman, chairman; E. C. Lloyd, G. B. Nichols and L. B. McMillan. 247 IT i American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1929 be taken as equal to 95 per cent of the values given for the 18-in. pipe in Fig. 1. In order to determine heat losses per linear foot of pipe from known losses per square foot, it is necessary to know the number of square feet area pier linear foot of pipe. Table 2 gives these areas for various standard pipe sizes while Table 3 gives the area in square feet for flanges and fittings for various standard pipie sizes. I Temperature Difference. 6eg Farr Pipe to Room (R. H. Heilman. Mcch. Eng., Vol. 46 [1924], p. 593) Fig. 1. Bare Pipe Loss Curves 1 INSULATION FOR COLD SURFACES The data appearing in this section are taken mostly from the paper by L. L. Barrett1 which was presented before the American Society qf- Heating and Ventilating Engineers in 1923. . . It is the common practice to insulate cold surfaces for the purpose of . preventing sweating even when the question of the heat gained by such surfaces is of no economic importance. Moisture will be deposited on a ^Insulation of Cold Surfaces to Prevent Sweating by L. L. Barrett, Transactions A. S. H. & V. E., Vol. 29. 1923. . . 248 h T a b l e 1. L o sses p r o m H o r iz o n t a l B a r e r o n St e a m P ip e sI From 100 lineal feet of pipe per m onth of 30.days w ith steam in pipes 24 hours per day. Coal a t $4.00 per ton of 2000 lb. 1805 0.815 2190 0.990 2601 1.18 3280 1.48 3710 1.67 , 4549 2.05 ! 5460 2.46 6450 2.91 7322 3.30 8200 3.70 902S '4.07 9850 4.45 11,720 5.29 13,480 6.09 15,050 6.84 16,840 7.60 18,690 8.44 22,120 10.00 24,200 10.92 27,320 1 12.34 30,570 13.80 Chapter XV--Heat Insulation for Pipes and Surfaces B.t.u. per. Lineal Ft. per Deg. Fahr. ; Diff. per Hr. Lbe. Coal 120 Las. 350 D eo. Fahr. II xeowifoNio4ioQNeo<9eogoQo !P)<en^w4N)ioco>oN<di9ii}isN<d>oQoo<o . . 3.92 1566 0.779 4.74 1895 0.943 5.72 2290 , 1.14 7.14 2860 1.42 7.98 3190 1 1.58 9.78 3910 1.94 11.66 4660 2.32 13.88 5550 2.76 15.82 6325 3.14 17.70 7075 3.52 19.48 7790 3.87 21.25 8500 4.23 25.30 10,110 5.02 29.10 11,640 5.78 32.60 13,030 6.45 36.25 114.500 . 7.21 40.20 116,100 8.01 47.40 18,950 9.42 52.00 20,800 10.34 58.76 123.500 1 11.70 65.40 26,150 13.00 B.tiu. per Lineal F t. per JP8Fahr. i Diff. per Hr. Lbs. Coal 80 L bs. .. 324 D eo. F ahr. . Dole. Loss B.t.u. p e r. Lineal F t. per Deg. Fahr. D iff. per Hr. GAGE PRESSURE TEMPERATURES H ot W ater . Lbe. Coal B.t.u. per Lineal F t. per Deg. Fahr. - Diff. per H r. Dots. Loss Lbs. Coal B t.u . per Lineal .F t. per Deg. Fahr. Diff. per Hr. at <D ^ 1i o" M f$c d H Q M S qS a e ( d a Q 00 . js S S<OSCK0OvuCiO4f'W)>0C9il^Od,0f>4O>/F)<^*,S0^iniON</O$0O0OiNr-00d. 897 1083 1305 1610 1818 2142 2660 3292 3554 3950 4370 4790 5680 6470 7300 8130 8820 10,580 11,560 13,120 14,460 0.638 0.762 0.920 1.15 1.29 1.58 1.87 2.22 2.51 2.78 , 3.08 3.38 ! 4.01 4.58 1 5.14 5.71 6.34 7.46 8.10 9.20 10.33 ^o<o9i|<nOiN^i.Mv)<nv)^ooo <v*fjr*,3^<R*'0'0 00 000'--<^f'O00c''O00e''*'O Ot^*0(H0r.nAwO)hO>tvo0(ONim0A0W0on'0r'000O>n Own NriU)9iNSC0NP)Oi0OOl#OR)v)OOQ nrtf$<,m'$'O'OOr.009tMN^ii0NOC4VI|0 ooifl0NOfH0OQOOQ<OR)OO>'Uf>>nOO O t-- ao O CNt* OObMMMp,r4NMN(>)N)9V)W)IGier.OOO -4 . . ioiGf2|sgf*ino<ogoogOiGwo N2'0^'Oi^iN6Tf BOOOOOiiO'dONJN V)t'9iONintOON)iOt'Nh.MlOOOiO',K' N<SDaGOO-*<'MCimO'N*>OC<O0in00M0^0MOfftioCQNQ^OOf''O4GOQOSOoCO'4O0 1 0.573 0.690 0.829 1.02 1.15 1.40 1.67 1.99 2.24 2.50 2.75 3.02 3.56 4.06' 4.55 5.05 5.61 6.62 7.22 1 8.20 9.20 B.t.u. per Lineal F t. per Deg. ` Fahr. 1 Diff. per Hr. d a Q oo ' fae d a Q o ft 1 03 B.t.u. per Lineal Dollars Lbs. F t. per Dollars Loss Loss Coal Deg. Lbe. Coal Fanr. . Diff. v per H r. -------------- i MNiROOiOQOOOOOOOQ00 N<O)'}HNO)N'OhN-0C0OU<)NMTj0ilG0r-MOll(oNIIOWllOOM>`nGOMiVr')9MlCOO4 0i9O>wnNCvCRO('4NMM4Vi$o)O^iil#'>$>('O<rCC4NO0'>0'<0<^w'9^G<*O> >nO<q>omoi\w9-oi A>Rofn>ovo)a0w<'>^'$on-O*>N)eoc<iONcor.ao 0000'4<RHMNNN(i<,><^'9"4'V)<0<OI'n 1900 2100 2475 2700 3065 3440. 215 261 313 ! 388 432 530 625 744 843 934 1030 1135 1342 i 1533 1 1710 1 ; | N)V)OOt^Oo'(NvOiON)N^>W)N)h.tf)OM^"00 000*<"MNMMNNNIOfOT(<^ilOO' 1 xx, Sts. & x, x HrtMNNO'K'^iO'ONOOOiONsJi'OW 249 In these tables coal has-been figured a t $4.00 per ton o f 2000 lb.-- 13,000 B t.u . per lb. o f coal-- labor, boiler room expense, etc., taken a t $1.00 per ton, making to ta l value o f coal fired a t $5.00 per ton. Boiler efficiency taken a t 70 per cent. A ir tem perature 70 deg. fahr. Experim ental data obtained a t the M e llo n In s titu te . American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1929 Chapter XV--Heat Insulation for Pipes and Surfaces . surface whenever its temperature falls to that of the dew point of the surrounding air. Fig. 2 gives the temperature difference between the air. and the dew point corresponding to different air temperatures and different relative humidities, as computed from Goodenough's tables. The temperature of the outer surface of the insulation depends upon the temperature of the air, temperature of brine, thickness of insulation,, conductivity of insulation, diameter of insulation surface, nature of Fig. 2. Temperature Difference between Air and Dew Points at Different ' Relative Humidities 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 - _ Temperature DifferenceDe^- Fahr I .In. Pipe '3-In. Pip* Fig. 3. Thickness of Insulation to. Prevent Sweating 250 MeanTemperature, Deg. Fahr. between Inner'and Outer.Surfaces (R. H. Heilman, Mech. Eng., Vol. 49 [1924], p. 593) Fig. 4. Thermal Conductivity surface, etc. The conductivity of various coverings in common use are shown in Table 4. A value of 0.3 for k has been used in the computation of the curves shown in Fig. 3. The surface resistance used in calculating these tables has been taken from results obtained on canvas covered surfaces. However, it has been found that the resistance for asphaltic and roofing surfaces is practically the same as for canvas surfaces so that the curves given may be safely used with no alternations for the surfaces commonly used. . To determine the thickness of covering necessary to prevent sweating for. coverings having conductivity values differing from the value of 0.3 -used in computing the curves'increase or decrease the values taken from the curves by the percentages .indicated in'the last-column of Table 4. These percentages will give values approximately. correct. In Fig. 3, To = temperature of air on warm side of insulation. T'" -- temperature of the medium on cold side.of insulation. 251 American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1929 Table 2. Radiating Surface per Linear Foot of Pipe Pips Size In. Surface Sq. Ft. Pipe Size In. Surface Sq. Ft. Pipe Size In. Surface Sq. Ft. ; K 0.22 K 0.275 1 0.344 IK 0.435 ik 0.498 2 0.622 2K 0.753 3 0.917 3K 1.047 4 1.178 5 1.456 6 1.734 8 2.257 10 2.817 12 3.338 INSULATION OF HOT WATER, LOW AND HIGH PRESSURE STEAM LINES The conductivities, in B.t.u. per square foot per hour per inch thick per degree Fahrenheit temperature difference between inner and outer surfaces of the insulation are given in Fig. 4 for various insulations./ In this figure the conductivities are plotted as functions of the mean remperatures or the mean of the inner and outer surface temperatures of the insulations. . ! This method of plotting conductivities, enables one to readily calculate the heat loss through single or compound sections. It should be empha sized that in this figure, the conductivities given for the various insula tions are the average values from a number of tests on each type of material, also that all variables due to differences in.thickness, different pipe sizes, and different air conditions are eliminated. . The heat losses through any of the insulations shown in Fig. 4 for various thicknesses of covering and for any temperatures generally used Table 3. Areas of Flanged Fittings, Square Feet Nominal Pipe Size LD. i" IK' IK' 2". 2K" 3* 3K' 4' 4K' 5" 6' V. 8' . 9" 10' 12' 1 14' O. D. 15' O. D. 16' O. D. ! Flanged Coupling 90 Deg. Ell Long Radius Ell Tee Cross Standard Extra Heavy Standard Extra Heavy Standard Extra Heavy Standard Extra Heavy Standard Extra Heavy 0.320 0.438 0.795 1.015 0.892 1.083 1.235 1.575 1.622 2.07 0.383 0.510 0.957 1.098 1.084 1.340 1.481 1.925 1.943 2.53 0.477 0.727 1.174 1.332 1.337 1.874 1.815 2;68 2.38 3.54 0.672 0.848 1.65 2.01 1.84 2.16 2.54 3.09 3.32 4.06 0.841 1.107 2.09 2.57- 2.32 2.76 3.21 4.05 4.19 5.17 0.945 1.484 2.38 3.49 2.68 3.74 3.66 5.33 4.77 6.95 1.122 1.644 2.98 3.96 3.28 4.28 4.48 6.04 5.83 7.89 1.344 1.914 3.53 4.64 3.96 4.99 5.41 7.07 7.03 9.24 1.474 2.04 3.95 5.02 4.43 5.46 6.07 7.72 7.87 10.07 1.622 2.18 4.44 5.47 5.00 6.02 6.81 8.52 8.82 10.97 1.82 2.78 5.13 6.99 5.99 7.76 7.84 10.64 10.08 13.75 2.17 3.46 6.17 8.62 7.38 9.73 9.37 12.33 12.00 16.83 2.41 3.77 6.98 9.76 8.56 11.09 10.55 14.74 13.44 18.97 3.00 4.44 8.71 11.44 10.57 13.17 13.18 17.23 16.78 22.10 3.43 5.20 10.18 13.58 12.35 15.60 15.41 20.41 19.58 26.26 4.41 6.71 13.08 17.73 16.35 18.76 19.67 26.65 24.87 34.11 5.39 8.30 16.38 22.31 20.17 25.70 24.81 33.63 31.48 43.15 6.18 9.52 18.50 25.28 22.92 29.34 27.91 38.04 35.48 48.79 6.69 10.05 20.17 27.18 25.41 31.73 30.32 40.94 38.34 52.35 252 Chapter XV--Heat Insulation for Pipes and Surfaces ' in engineering practice can be obtained from Table 5 and Figs. 5 to 7 inclusive. In these curves the unit loss through 1, l]/2 and 2-in. thick covering is given for temperature differences up to 700 deg. fahr. The loss through other thicknesses of covering can be obtained from the curves by inter polation. Table 5 gives the factor by which the loss from the curves shown in Figs. 5 to 7 must be multiplied to give the loss through any of the coverings whose conductivity values are given in Fig. 4. Table 4. Values of k Corresponding to Commonly Used Coverings Hair Felt........................ Keystone Hair.............. Wood Felt...................... Cork, 6.9 lb. per cu. ft. Cork, 9.7 lb. per cu. ft. Cork, 16 lb. per cu. ft. Per Cent Variation k from k = 0.3 0.246 0.27 0.36 0.27 0.30 0.35 -18% -10% +20% -10% 0% +17% Table 5. Pipe-Covering Factors Ttfe of Covering Temperature Difference. Pipe to Air, Deo. Fahr; 100 200 300 400 500 000 . 700 85% Magnesia.............................. ;........... Laminated Asbestos Type. Approx. 20 laminations per inch...................... Laminated Asbestos Type. Approx. 30 to 40 laminations per inch............ High Temperature........................ ........... Felted Brown Asbestos Fibre. -......... Rock Wool................. ....... ........................ Corrugated Asbestos, 8 plies per inch Corrugated Asbestos, 4 plies per inch 1.234 1.515 1.022 1.438 1.665 1.058 1.349 1.520 1.184 1.474 1.019 1.358 1.577 1.045 1.340 1.550 1.148 1.441 1.016 1.292 1.505 1.035 1.333 1.580 l.iii 1.409 1.013 1.233 1.436 1.022 1.323 1.605 1.082 1.383 1.010 1.190 1.387 1_.0_2_0 1.051 1.025 1.360 1.345 1.007 1.005 1.147 1.109 1.340 1.300 1_.0_1_4 .1_.0_1_0 Table 6. Thicknesses of Insulation Ordinarily Used Steam Pressures (Lb. Gage) Steam Temperatures (Deg. Fahr.) Thickness of Insulation Pipe larger Pipes Pipes than 4. in. 2 in. to 4 in. H in to lMin. 0 to 25 25 to 100 100 to 200 Higher Pressure or Superheat Higher Pressure or Superheat 212 to 267 267 to 338 338 to 388 388 to 500 500 to 600 1 in. IK in. 2 in. 2K in. 3 in. 1 in. 1 in. . IK in. 2 in. 2K in. 1 in. 1 in. 1 in. IK in. 2 in. Example.--Determine the heat flow in B.t.u per hour per square foot of pipe surface through a magnesia covering 1 in. thick on a 4-in. pipe. Solution.--The temperature of the pipe is 270 deg. fahr. and the room temperature, 70 deg. fahr. The loss through a covering 1 in. thick on a 4-in. pipe at 200 deg.- tem perature difference from Fig. 5 = 0.395; the factor for magnesia at 200 deg. temperature difference from Table 5 = 1.184; then the heat loss through the magnesia covering = 0.395 X 1.184 X 200 = 93.5 B.t.u. per square foot of pipe surface per hour. 253 American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1929 EFFECT OF AIR VELOCITY ON SURFACE LOSSES The rate of heat loss from a surface maintained at constant temperature is greatly increased by air circulation over the surface. Fig. 8 is based on Langmuir's equations {Trans. Am. Electro-Chem. Soc., Vol. 23). Other investigators have shown even greater increases in rates of heat loss from bare surfaces due to air velocity. . Chapter XV--Heat Insulation for Pipes and Surfaces If the conditions are such that the air may circulate through cracks and crevices in the insulation, the increases may be far greater than those given above. Therefore, it is essential that insulation be sealed as tightly as possible. Pipe insulation out-of-doors should be provided with a weather-proof jacket, and other.outdoor insulation should be thoroughly weather-proofed. ' Fig. 5. Heat Loss through 1 in. thick Covering In the case of well-insulated surfaces the increases in losses due to air velocity are very small as compared with increases shown above for bare surfaces, because of the fact that air -flowing over the surface of- the insulation can increase only the rate of heat transfer from surface to air ' and cannot change the internal resistance to heat flow inherent in the insulation itself. The maximum increase in loss due to air velocity ranges from about 30 per cent in the case of Tin. thick insulation, to about.,. 10 per cent in the case of 3 in. thick insulation, provided that the insula tion is thoroughly sealed so that air can flow only over the surface. 254 Fig. 6.. Heat Loss through 11^ in. thick Covering ECONOMIC THICKNESS OF INSULATION Table 6 shows the thickness of insulation which are ordinarily used for' various temperature conditions. Where a thorough analysis of economic thickness is desired, this may be accomplished through the use of the chart, Fig. 9i - The dotted line on the chart illustrates its use in solving a typical example. In order to use the chart, start at the lower left hand corner and proceed to the right to a point representing the given number of hours of operation per year; then proceed vertically to the line representing the given value of heat; thence horizontally, to the right, to the line repre- 255 American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1929 senting the given temperature difference: thence vertically to the line representing the conductivity of the given material; thence horizontally, Chapter XV--Heat Insulation for Pipes and Surfaces weather-proof the insulation and to provide a drainage system for the water which may get into the conduit. HEAT LOSSES FROM BARE FITTINGS Very often, even where pipes are thoroughly insulated, flanges and fittings are left bare due to the belief that the losses from these parts are Fig. 7. Heat Loss through 2 in. thick Covering to the left, to the line representing the given discount on that material; thence vertically to the curve representing the required per cent return on the investment; thence horizontally, to the left, to the curve repre senting the given pipe size; thence vertically to the scale at the top of the sheet where the economical thickness may be read off directly. The dotted line on the chart illustrates its use in solving a typical example. It is impossible to determine accurately the economic thickness of insulation to use for an underground installation owing to the -many variables which are present such as depth of line, conductivity of ground, moisture `conditions, etc. However, it is considered good practice to insulate underground _Iines-with_approximately Yi in. less thickness of insulation than for above ground installations under similar operating conditions. . It is necessary to keep the insulation absolutely dry if the efficiency is to be maintained, therefore,' precautions should be taken to thoroughly - 256 not large. However, the fact that a pair of 10-in. standard flanges having an area of 3.43 sq. ft, would lose, at 100 lb. steam pressure, an amount of heat equivalent to more than a ton of coal per year shows the necessity for insulating such surfaces. Table 3 shows the areas of both standard and extra heavy flanged fittings including the accompanying flanges bolted to the fittings. 257 American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1929 258 CHAPTER XVI AUTOMATIC HEAT CONTROL Types of Thermostat* Applications of Automatic Control Air Washers. Unit Heaters. House Heating Systems, Domestic Hot Water, Gas Burning Appliances, Indus* trial Applications, Double Control, Test Data on Temperature Regulators. IN the best functioning of many social and commercial services, auto matic temperature regulation is proved to be necessary, not only to comfort and health, but also to the prevention of waste and to the perfection of manufacturing processes. Temperature control is usually achieved by preventing overheating. It follows that automatic heat control is a better term than automatic temperature regulation, and it is obvious that automatic heat control in itself must always effect economy. Overheating, is much more common than underheating, and the results of overheating are more harmful to health and efficiency. All heating equipment must be sufficient in capacity to render accept able service tinder the most arduous conditions. The most arduous conditions, especially as to extreme cold outside; are in effect only a small part of the heating season. It may surprise many people to realize that in Chicago, for instance, the most extreme cold prevails, only on about six days per year. During the balance of the heating season the heating apparatus must be operated at much less than full capacity--generally in colder climates at about 40 per cent of the maximum. Hence there is ample ability and strong probability for overheating during the major part of each heating season unless automatic control of the heating apparatus is provided. Ventilating systems without automatic heat control give trouble both from excessive overheating and from drafts. Rooms heated by radiators can be cooled more quickly by opening windows than by shutting radiator valves, so that it is found that great heat waste occurs through open windows and open radiator valves, unless automatic heat control is furnished. . Gas and oil heaters and similar devices using quickly responsive fuels become prohibitively expensive for fuel unless automatic heat control is used. Service hot-water heaters must have automatic heat control, not only for economy and satisfaction, but also to prevent scalding the bodies of users. Automatic heat control is responsible for a goodly share in the increase in efficiency of modern manufacturing processes, especially in saving of Material for this Chapter prepared especially for The Guide by the following committee: J. C. Hornung, chairman; G. L. Blanding, S. R. Lewis. F. W. Powers and C. P. Yaglou. 259 American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1929 time. It has made possible the drying of lumber in months, where it formerly took years. In the manufacture of prepared foods automatic heat control has shortened the time and has made the processes exact, saving much spoilage formerly wasted. The introduction of automatic heat control in manufacturing plants almost always releases labor which would otherwise be kept occupied manipulating valves and dampers. The installation of automatic heat control is a justifiable investment for many heating systems, inasmuch as it very positively contributes to: (1) conservation of fuel, (2) improvement in health, (3) increase in comfort and efficiency. Automatic heat control is a desirable addition to or rather a funda mental part of the heating and ventilating apparatus in: 1. All public buildings such as schools, theatres, etc. 2. All residences, particularly those using oil or gas fuel. 3. All offices, especially those having many employees. . Automatic heat control is vitally necessary in order to operate satis factorily and economically: 1. All manufacturing processes in which heat is employed, and where varying tem peratures affect the quality of the manufactured product. 2. All refrigerating systems, especially the ultramodern small automatic unit type. 3. All service hot-water heating systems. , Thermostats Thermostats are very, simple mechanisms. Almost every physical thing expands or changes under the influence of heat and so can be made into a more or less effective thermostat.- Liquids can be compounded which will become gases at any reasonable temperature desired. Metals having different rates of expansion can be harnessed together so as to give a greatly increased thermostatic, movement. Common air is an excellent thermostatic medium, and is used extensively. , ' There are two general divisions into which devices for automatic heat control may be grouped, as follows: 1. The simpler class includes the type in which the thermostats and the valves and dampers which they operate are self-contained without any outside power, gaining sufficient energy from the thermostat itself (Fig. 1). This class of apparatus is especially adapted to single installations, as for service hot-water heaters, residence heating, and the like. It is suggested that this kind of thermostat be called the unit type. In present commercial practice most unit type thermostats use the expansive power of a liquid or gas, contained in a hermetically sealed receptacle. 2. The other and more elaborate class of thermostat. Fig. 2, includes the type of thermostat which, controls air or liquid or electricity already under pressure, and which by controlling this outside power, operates the dampers or valves against springs^ of weights and similar opposition which will reverse conditions when the outside power is shut off. There is practically no limit to the power which can be applied in this manner. : It is suggested that this kind of thermostat be called the pilot type. In present commercial practice, pilot type thermostats are used for large buildings, where many thermostats are required, usually with air at>about 15 lb. pressure, from an electric or steam compressor. . 260 Chapter XVI--Automatic Heat Control Compressed air is a very reliable agent, capable of great flexibility and elaboration of control, and is of considerable corollary use for remote operation manually of distant^ dampers and valves. Pilot type ther mostats often are used to operate electric switches, the current then passing to electric motors or to magnets which move the dampers and valves. Electricity is so flexible and adaptable that very complicated and elaborate interlocked functions are possible. Pilot type thermostats are also used to operate valves on pipes from water supply mains, thus using hydraulic power for moving valves and dampers. Owing to silting up of pipes which have sluggish currents and . to corrosion, this method is not always to be advised. APPLICATIONS OF AUTOMATIC CONTROL New uses and styles are developed almost daily. Some of the applications will be listed which are believed to be approved methods of installation. Fig. 1. Example of Unit Type Thermostat Fig. 2. Example of Thermostat Using Outside Power Note.--The expansive material in the thermostat acts directly on the diaphragm of the valve, against the spring, which opens the valve when the thermostat contracts. Tempering Heaters The tempering heaters, particularly if they are of copper with extended surfaces, and if there is a two-pipe vacuum system of steam circulation having a vacuum pump, should be arranged with a separate outer layer of radiation capable of heating the air from the coldest temperature likely to be encountered to a temperature above freezing. This outer layer should be controlled. by a thermostat on the cold side set to shut off steam when the outside temperature gets warmer than around 34 deg., and set to keep steam turned on when the outside temperature becomes cooler than 34 deg. Th,ere should be an additional layer of tempering heater, controlled by an additional thermostat in the duct beyond the fan discharge after mixing of the strata of air shall have been accom plished by the fan. This thermostat should be set to control the tem perature at the desired degree for cooling the building, such as will give an average temperature at the delivery opening of say 65 deg., or if this causes drafts, at a slightly higher temperature. If there is no vacuum system of steam circulation, it is decidedly likely' that any attempt to control the temperature by opening and closing steam and return valves will result unfavorably, due to freezing of the radiation and sudden temperature fluctuations in the rooms, as tempering heaters are immediately responsive and flash hot or freeze solid with great rapidity. Where no vacuum system is available it will be wiser 261 American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers.Guide, .1929 to control the tempering heaters by means of- dampers, preferably of the interlocked double type operating in a slow or intermediate manner and reducing positively the air volume through- the heaters as they increase the air volume through the by-pass around the heaters. Under this condition no diaphragm valves will be placed on the tempering heater supply and return connections. Air Washers The air washer should invariably be placed between an outer tempering heater capable of warming the air above a freezing temperature, pre ferably controlled by an outside thermostat, and, an inner tempering heater capable of warming the conditioned air to the desired delivery temperature and controlled by a thermostat in the duct on the discharge side of the fan. It is never advisable^ to use a by-pass damper around a tempering heater in front of an air Washer, since the cold air might cause freezing. Control of humidity is possible by adjustment of the temperature of the air as it meets the water, and in greater refinement, by control with an additional thermostat, of the water temperature, cooler for lower relative humidity, possibly from a refrigerated supply; and warmer for a higher relative humidity, possibly from a heated supply. Room Temperatures . The room temperatures are controlled by individual thermostats, operating valves on the radiators, and mixing dampers in the flues, as may be necessary. If a vacuum system of steam circulation is installed, the room thermostats should be intermediate or slow moving, while if steam circulation is by single-pipe or any kind of gravity system, the .radiator valves should be operated quickly from full open to full closed. It is important that the mixing dampers in any case shall be moved slowly and held in intermediate positions. If there is any room which has a separate supply fan and heating equipment, such as an auditorium or gymnasium heated by warm air and without radiation; as is often convenient and desirable, it is advisable to provide against cold drafts by a variation in the above arrangement, as follows: Suppose that there is a fan drawing through a heater composed of five layers, and delivering air directly to an auditorium, or to a picture theatre. The thermostat in the room ordinarily will strive to keep the room cool. If there are many occupants and many artificial lights, the problem will be to keep cool rather than warm, and the room thermostat, in a temperature above that at which it is set to operate, will ordinarily shutoff all heat, while the-fan will deliver unheated-air. In a room at 80 deg. the admission of air colder than about 70 deg. (depending on the point of entry) will cause discomfort from drafts. The prevention of this unfortunate situation is achieved by installing two ther mostats, one in the room and one in the air duct, the room thermostat serving merely to admit air to the duct thermostat. When the room is cool, both thermostats' will be closed and warm air will enter. When the room temperature gets to the critical point of the room thermostat, the room thermostat opens, passing air to the duct ther mostat. The.duct thermostat may be set to permit this air to pass on by and to function at the heater to reduce the temperature, but will be set so that when the duct tempera ture lowers to the critical point of the duct thermostat, the latter takes control and prevents the entering air from getting so cool as to cause drafts. 262 Chapter XVI--Automatic Heat Control Unit Systems These individual fan-radiator units are usually equippedi with highly efficient radiators in one section, having one supply and one return valve, and depend on nicely adjusted dampers for mixing the heated air with unheated air to gain a desirable admission temperature. In the milder climates, it is necessary to operate steam supply valves with thermostats arranged to close after mixing damper has been completely closed. Some unit heater manufacturers are furnishing two sets of heating coils' in the unit heaters so that- one coil may be used as a tempering coil. The approved procedure is to use an intermediate or slow acting room ther mostat for operating the mixing dampers in the unit. This thermostat may also operate the radiator valves if a vacuum system of steam circu- Fig. 3. Plan of Class Room In an Elementary School, Showing Location of Thermostat lation is provided. If. the steam circulation is single-pipe, or any kind of gravity type, the direct radiators should have positive thermostats. The fresh air intakes to the units should be closed when the building is unoccupied, and the human operator cannot be trusted, especially in an installation comprising many units, to do this by manual means at each unit. An excellent recourse is to handle these cold-air intake dampers by a compressed air line running from the control point, say in the boiler room, which by manual opening of a valve permits air to pass to all of the units and to open all of the inlet dampers, the arrangement being such that the dampers will always be held shut by springs or weights when no air is permitted to pass pr when the air compressor is shut down. Direct-Indirect Radiators ' Direct-indirect radiators ate usually housed in, having cold-air inlets at their bases, and give rather a make-shift type of ventilation. It is not practicable usually to install mixing dampers, such as are used with fan-units, in these, and since the heating surface is in. a single radiator calculated for the coldest air inlet temperature; regulation is' difficult. The best results are obtained,, where the use of direct-indirect radiators is necessary, by installing slow acting thermostats on special brackets directly above the radiators where the thermostat will be exposed to the air currents from the outside, and arranging for these to receive air only 263 American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1929 through additional thermostats placed in the room and controlling the direct radiators. There should be a vacuum system of steam circulation, and the thermostats should be of slow or intermediate acting type, operating on the supply valves to the radiators. Hot-Water Radiators . Hot-water radiators lend themselves to automatic heat control, especially where the circulation of water is of the forced type, but as the radiators heat and cool rather slowly, there will be some temperature fluctuation or range at the thermostat, especially when the radiator <--Thermos fa i Double Mixing Damperj Moving Slowly \-s Healer-... /////////////////////y//P///////T//^ Cold Air Shu I-off Damper / Operatedby Pneumatic Manual Valve Fig. 4. Diagram of a Method of Control for a Unit Ventilator surface is excessive in amount. It is wise to use supply valves which will close tightly and to place lock-shield valves on the return ends of radiators, to facilitate repairs, and the lock-shield valves may prove invaluable in equalizing.with great nicety the circulation. : In residence heating with hot water it often suffices to install a general thermostat in some representative room, which controls the draft, as . with coal, or which controls the fire, as with gas or oil, but there should always be furnished in addition a thermostat in the water or circulating medium which will reinforce the general thermostat and which will prevent boiling over in case the general thermostat should be subjected to unfair exposure, such as an open window. '^ Warm-Air Heating Systems . _ , With warm-air heating from furnaces, with fans, as in public buildings, it is always necessary to provide a supply of tempered air for cooling after the rooms become warm. A duct thermostat and dampers easily and positively will accomplish this, either by mixing some cold air with 264 Chapter XVI--Automatic Heat Control .. heated air from the furnaces in an intermediate chamber, or by injecting some hot air from the furnaces into the cold air at the fan inlet, recir culating a measured and controlled part of the air around the furnaces. The room temperatures are controlled by intermediate thermostats and double mixing dampers the same as for a steam system. Warm-air heating for residences may be controlled by a general thermostat in a representative room, and again, as with hot water, an additional thermostat at the furnace in the warm-air chamber is desirable to reinforce the general thermostat. Service Hot Water It is safe to say that no service hot-water heater should ever be installed without automatic heat control. Automatic heat control for this service not only saves fuel, but also prevents scalding and damage to materials. It also brings about a great reduction in maintenance of valves, pipes, Duct fr> Room -------------- Mixing Dampers' Controlled by " Thermostat m Each Room .! Thermostat^x V ______ Tempered Ai?Ty\-\-7n3ulafecldub /Mixing Dampers- 4^7*0? for Tempering 'Fan "........................--CSJdAir- Fig. 5. An Arrangement for Tempered' Air with Warm Air Furnaces and fixtures. A unit type thermostat is most desirable, since it will function whether or not the general mechanical apparatus is in service, and will control steam and return valves or draft dampers, oil or gas fires, or electric heaters, . ` In hotels, hospitals, and similar institutions, there should always be at least two independent water heaters, one having very hot water for kitchen uses, the other having wafer of medium temperature for bath and lavatory purposes, both controlled automatically; Thermostatic anti-scalding devices are available for showers and the like, but these will not prevent the great heat waste due to maintenance of scalding temperatures for bath water. No kitchen administration is-satisfied without very hot water, but this demand is intermittent and small in volume as compared with usual bath and lavatory demands. Oil Burner Control No oil burning apparatus, unless provided with automatic heat control, can compete in operating cost with coal. An approved method for residence heating with oil is to install the following combination: 1. A general thermostat in a representative room, controlling the electric supply to the burner motor. 2. A second thermostat in the' boiler or furnace which will take control should No. 1 265 American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1929 thermostat fail to prevent improper or unsafe temperature being maintained inside, the heater. 3. A third thermostat at the gas pilot which, unless kept warm by the pilot flame, will bring about the opening of the main switch to the burner motor, thus insuring that no fuel shall be injected unless a flame is in being surely to ignite it. There are many other combinations for giving assured protection with oil burners other than thermostatic devices, such as pressure and weight-actuated mechanisms, but it is doubtful whether they are as reliable as the thermostatically controlled schemes. Where electric ignition for the intermittent oil spray is used, it is safer to provide for a continuously operating spark, and to have a thermostat in the heater which will cut out the main switch if the tempera ture ever gets lower than the critical point which indicates failure to ignite the spray. Gas Burning Appliances The same high intensity as with oil fuel makes it necessary to depend on thermostats to prevent waste, and the intermittent operation and Fig. 6. Thermostat on Storage Water Heater Note.--Connected to special heavy duty water heater and regulating temperature of water by flow of. steam In coils. Flow of steam controlled by temperature of water to be heated. necessity. for a pilot flame makes it wise to install for gas the same combination of three thermostats as for oil burners, one on the general service, one in the heater, and one on the pilot flame. Automatic Fuel Burner Control for House Heating and Water Heating The automatic burning of fuel for house heating has made rapid progress within the last decade, and it may be said this entire industry is basicly dependent upon automatic heat control. Liquid fuel such as oil, solid fuel such as certain coals, an'd gas are all responsive to automatic control through what might best be called a system of controls. The thermostat on the wall, of say the living-room, is the master device but may be made inoperative through the functioning of one or several other devices more properly called safety devices. These are all more or jess well understood. ' In practically every home there are two . primary heat requirements, that of warming the house and that of heating water for domestic needs. One automatic fuel burner may perform this double function and thus give service through the entire year. - Fig. 10 shows typical arrangement of installation employing standard boiler, fuel burner, indirect water heater, storage tank with thermostat 266 Chapter XVI--Automatic Heat Control Supp/y Fig. 7. Thermostat on an Instantaneous Water Heater and Storage jTank Note.--Controlling supply of steam to an instantaneous water heater and storage tank. Control of steam to heater maintained by temperature of water in tank. '' and control valve with thermostat, with the added safety controls to fit the fuel burner employed. ' The thermostatic heat controls consist of room thermostat and tank thermostat. These thermostats are so interconnected that readiness to serve on the part of the fuel burner is maintained while both or either heat or hot water is wanted. When no heat for warming is wanted the room thermostat simply closes the heating equipment off and the burner continues to maintain the hot-water supply, and that at very satisfactory efficiency. The tank thermostat closes the burner off whenever the heating valve to the house is closed and the water in the tank is at the temperature for which it is set. There is a pressurestat for closing the burner off when the steam pressure reaches a certain point. Fig. 8. Thermostat on an Open Feed Water Heater ___Regulating temperature of feed water by injection of live steam to supplement exhaust steam. controlled from temperature of feed water. ' 267 American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1929 One heat equipment in this way takes the place of two. A steam heating coil with an automatic control valve may also be added to hot-water tank so that the water in the tank may be heated by steam so long as any Steam is present in the boiler, thus avoiding the contingency of having to run the burner for heating the water by the slow process of heat transfer from the water in the boiler to the water in the tank at such times as steam' is not required in the house. An aquastat may also be added to a steam heating boiler for limiting the temperature of the water in the boiler to a degree below the boiling i Chapter XVI--Automatic Heat Control Central Station Heating Control Central plants should always be governed by thermostats as a measure of economy, and many public service companies require the installation of automatic heat control for this reason. Where economy is of greater consideration than comfort, it often suffices to install one unit type thermostat in a representative room, this controlling a main valve at the entrance to the building. , Where steam at appreciable pressure is furnished from a central station, a combination of pressure reducing valve and cut-off valve, con trolled by a thermostat in a representative room, gives excellent results, Fig. 9. Water Temperature Control for Laundry Machinery .Note --Washing of Woolens by Laundries. A Thermostatic Water Mixer installed on the pipe line to a wash wheel will automatically deliver water of the exact temperature required properly to wash woolens. No matter how hot or how cold the water is admitted to the mixer, or whether the pressure ofeither varies, the temperature of the water delivered to the wash wheel will remain constant. Woolens should not be washed with water warmer than 80 deg. fahr. point so that the apparatus may be used for heating the hot water at such times as steam is not required in the house. The connection between this aquastat and the electric control of the burner is arranged with a cut in and out switch so that its fun6tioning may be cut in and out at will and in this way the heating boiler is used for heating water in summer or spring and fall without furnishing heat to the house. -An unique arrangement of control for a heating boiler is to have a coal fire operated from one end of the boiler furnace and controlled from a general thermostat operating the drafts and an auxiliary oil burner in stalled at the opposite end of the furnace controlled fromjyr-aquastat in the water of the boiler. With this system of control the coal fire may be made to take the burden of the load, but in case the coal fire is neglected or fails otherwise to meet the demand the oil burner automatically comes in. This makes a very reliable and economical arrangement where it is not desirable to use oil for the entire load on account of its cost. . 268 as it automatically varies the steam pressure in the radiating surface within a considerable range, giving excellent regulation as well as economy. (See Chapter XI for further data on central heating system control). Laundry Machines Many laundry machines, especially for washing woolens, are improved wonderfully in service by the installation of automatic heat control. By using automatic water mixers on the water supply pipe lines, water at the exact temperatures desired will always be delivered, no matter how hot the warm water may be, thus preventing the aggravating and expensive shrinking of woolen goods so common when water over about 80 deg. is used. .. There is also a tremendous fuel saving by preventing overheating of all laundry water, while still insuring, by use of thermostats, that the* water always shall be hot enough for each specific condition. Refrigerating Units In most buildings where refrigeration is used, common practice until recently at least, has been to install a central system, where cold brine is 269 American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1929 Fig. 11. Two Thermostats Controlling Automatic One Fuel Burner, on Dual Service, House Warming and. Water Heating Note.--Usual safety controls to be used although not shown here. produced, and which is pumped through insulated pipes to the various out-lying boxes. Since the brine temperature is usually much lower than the desired temperature for many of these boxes;'the automatic heat control of each unit is desirable and effects a considerable saving in operating cost. Unit type thermostats are especially well adapted to this service and are available for control of such comparatively cool substances as drinking water, or storage compartments in ice boxes. The low temperature thermostats..are placed in the water pipes or in the air chambers with balanced valves in the brine pipes, and automatic control, without atten tion and enduring for many years without adjustment; goes into effect forthwith. . The normal cost' of producing refrigeration is approximately fifteen * times, per degree difference in temperature, the cost of heating a given space. Products requiring refrigeration are often very sensitive to temperature fluctuations. It is, therefore, highly desirable to auto-. matically control refrigeration sources both from the standpoint of economy in cost of producing refrigeration as well as in the safe guarding of the refrigerated products. . '' DOUBLE THERMOSTATIC CONTROL A great majority of buildings are heated to normal temperatures from nine to 12 of the 24-hour per day for five days of the week. Many are so heated but six or seven hours Saturday and are not necessarily heated,on Sunday, except to prevent freezing. This would indicate that a normal 'heating week would have 56 hours normal temperature out of lp8 hours total-or 33 Mi per cent. During the remainder of the time in ^nany parts of the United States, it is necessary to have some heat to prevent freezing or excessive cooling. '. ." . It has been demonstrated clearly that it is more economical to carry a building at a temperature somewhat lower than the normal temperature 270 Chapter XVI--Automatic Heat Control during the night and periods of non-occupancy than it is to allow the building to cool to a point that requires excessive pressure or heating effect to retum it to normal temperature. It has been the practice to sub-divide heating mains so that heat may be furnished to parts of buildings which are occupied during periods when the building is not completely occupied. In this manner, the major portion of the building may be dropped to its economical unoccupied temperature. Thermostatic equipment is now available to satisfy this demand in that each thermostat is provided with two separate temperature sensitive elements either one of which may be selected at will-from the boiler room or office of the building. One sensitive element is set at- a normal or operating temperature, say 76 deg., while .the second temperature sensi tive element is set at any lower temperature which it may be desired to maintain at times when the normal temperature is not required, say 50 deg. This apparatus is furnished where desired with individual switches on each thermostat so that the occupancy of any room may restore the temperature of that room to the normal from the low tem perature. Thermostats can be so grouped on the air piping that any series of rooms throughout the building may be operated simultaneously from a remote source without the use of separate steam mains and return piping. This apparatus is, therefore, available on many jobs at practically no extra cost when credit is taken for the separate steam mains. The double system of automatic temperature control assists in. main taining any building at a uniform low temperature throughout the nonoccupied period, thereby eliminating the excessive cooling, in parts of the building remote from the steam source which are the first to cool and the last to heat. During the past few seasons, economies have been demon strated ^mounting to 40 per cent over normal hand operation by the use of the double control apparatus. The double control system is applicable to factories where certain portions of the building must be maintained at a uniform temperature continuously or where operated overtime or unusual periods. It is also applicable to club, school and office buildings. Fig. 12. Unit Thermostat Thermostat on brine refrigeration system automatically controlling flow of brine by temperature of air in box. This installation is also typical of rooms or driers heated by steam or hot-water. 271 American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1929 INDUSTRIAL APPLICATIONS Automatic control of heat in manufacturing processes is believed to be still in its infancy. The promotion and development of automatic heat control was hard pioneering for many years. The reward for this pioneering seems to be in process of realization in the fabulous uses of thermostats in industry. . Without automatic heat control in innumerable manufacturing pro cesses, what now are sure and perfect reactions would be only occasional successes, and the cost of production would be much higher.- In beet sugar making there are at least eleven processes where exact thermostatic control is imperative. In tanning leather there are at least fourteen such stages. Without exact temperature and humidity control, no fine printing is possible, and no good weaving or dyeing is assured. In the preparation of most food products automatic heat control is vital. Thermostats prevent scorching in clothes dryers, They reduce evaporation and are a safety device for oil storage tanks. They are essential to control gelatine temperature in making photo7 graphic films. They are used to control paraffin vats in making waxed paper, milk containers, etc. They control baking ovens, no matter how the ovens are heated. They are in use to an enormous extent in the drying and hardening of paints and enamels. . Automatic Control of Unit Heaters The steady advance of the use of unit heaters for industrial heating has made automatic temperature control available with comparatively small expenditure in practically- all buildings thus heated. Several general -methods are in vogue; first, for small installations with single orj at the most, two or three unit heaters, a very satisfactory method is to use an electric thermostat operating through a relay or direct control switch; second, where a large number of unit heaters are furnishing ventilation as well as heat it is advisable to provide them with pneumatic control. The . unit heaters may be controlled by means of the standard gradual acting type thermostats controlling steam supply which may be further sup plemented with a pneumatic governor switch arranged to automatically shut off the heater when the temperature reaches a limiting degree^ ,, - - An arrangement of this type where several unit heaters are furnishing heat for a single room will tend to keep the air in circulation and allow a few heaters to furnish the necessary heat with a minimum expense for electric current as well as for steam. With the last named arrangement, double automatic temperature control" may be used which will auto matically shut down all unit heaters during the non-operating period until the temperature falls below the safe operating point. Most of the floor type of unit heaters have a normal gravity circulating capacity about one-third of their heating capacity. This is enough to heat many build ings for average outside temperatures and also enough to overheat buildings for outside temperatures above the average. It is desirable, 272 XVI--Chapter Automatic Heat Control therefore, to control the steam as well as the electric supply to floor type unit heaters. Unit Control Automatic control of temperature in any given space as for instance the warming of a room or a group of rooms may be accomplished in several ways. If several rooms are heated from one source and controlled with one thermostat the control may and probably should be called Group Control, or Zone Control, or Master Control, or possibly Service Control, but where each radiator or unit heater is controlled by individual thermo stat the control may be called Unit Control and this type of control may be of the pilot type with thermo element relaying to control valve or of Fig. 13. Variations in Room Temperatures with Unit Control and Poor Circulation of Air the self-contained type with thermo element an integral part of control valve. Thermostatically ControlledWater Mixers Hot and cold water may be thermostatically mixed to a predetermined temperature and delivered for various purposes ranging from the control of hydrotherapeutic hospital equipment to gang shower baths and various industrial uses where warm water of a specified temperature is needed. This automatic water mixing is accomplished by an apparatus con sisting of a shell enclosing a three-way valve operated by a thermostatic motor, the shell having hot and cold water inlets, an outlet for delivery, and a controller handle, or wheel, by which the apparatus may be adjusted for any desired delivery temperature. A typical application of this thermostatic water controller is to have one connected in on the hot-water supply to a group of showers, the instrument being so arranged as todimit the hot-water temperature to a safe degree (usually 110 deg. fahr.) leaving it to the bather to mix as much cold water with it as he chooses through the ordinary hand valve. Another application is to use four of these controllers on the hot-water 273 X American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1929 supply to a progressive or lane shower bath, such as is used in connection with swimming pools. The lanes are separated by perforated pipe railings directing horizontal sprays toward the center and the bathers on their way to the bath pass through four different temperature zones beginning with 105 deg. and ending at 60 deg. fahr. PERFORMANCE AND REGULATION OF AUTOMATIC HEAT CONTROL Variations in the performance of automatic heat control are sometimes misunderstood and in consequence the choice, regulation and care of such controls is improperly handled. In order that a thermostat may function there must be a certain amount of temperature change in the medium being controlled; depending upon the sensitiveness of the control instruments and the rapidity with which the average change in the temperature of the medium, whose temperature is being controlled, is transferred to the medium surrounding the thermostat. When the thermostat operates the steam or hot-water supply to a time in mnures Fig. 14. Variations in Room Temperatures with Unit Control and Poor Circulation of Air radiator or heater is automatically shut off or turned on, as the case may be, but some time must elapse before this takes effect upon the tempera ture of the medium being controlled. ' When the supply of the heating medium is being cut off the remaining steam or water contents must condense or cool and when being turned on new steam or water must be supplied. In the' first instance the material of the heater must be cooled and in-the second instance it must be heated before full effect is exerted upon the medium being.controlled. j The same principles are true of other systems of control such as for coil or oil fired boilers or furnaces, where, the fire must be increased or de creased and the material and water in the boiler and system, must be . cooled or.heated; for refrigeration; where the brine and materials in the system must be cooled- or heated and in hot-water systems where the water and materials must be heated, before full effect is felt where the thermostat is usually located. ' The operation of these and other such factors, over which the auto matic control usually has.no jurisdiction, tend to cause variations in the. temperature of the medium being controlled, the amplitude and periodicy of which depend upon the heating medium, system and the. -sensitiveness of instruments. 274 Chapter XVI--Automatic Heat Control In testing the accuracy of controls the sensitiveness of the thermometers, the movement of the medium around same also play an important part. All temperature measuring instruments have a lag due to the time required to heat their expansive media. . Recording instruments have still more lag, due to the poorer, circulation of the surrounding media. Sling instruments or instruments with forced circulation of the surrounding media are more sensitive than stationary ones. Some of the later types of thin non-ferrous heaters have less lag than the older cast-iron types, which makes it more important to have good circulation of the medium being heated, between the heater and the thermostat, so as to prevent overheating when the heating medium is turned on and underheating when it is shut off. Fig. 13 shows a case of the variation-in room temperature produced by a temperature controlling and recording instrument of the vapor-tension, positive acting, unit type, controlling (by means of compressed air) the steam flow to a copper fan-blast reheater in a central air conditioning installation. The bulb of the instrument containing a volatile fluid was exposed in the room near the breathing zone. The room temperature had a definite cyclic, variation resembling the sine curve wave, Curve (.4) represents the room temperature fluctuation obtained by a sling psychrometer; curve (B) shows that recorded by an ordinary mercury ther- Table 1.* Test Data on Performance of Temperature Regulators in Rooms Heated by Fan Blast Heaters and Ventilated Mechanically Thermostat Number and Ttpb Air Movement Around . Thermostat Air Changes in Room per Hour Valve, Operating Medium Variation ' Ttpb or nr Room Temperature Heaters bt Sung Controlled PbTCHEOMETER, Deg.' Fahr. Room or duct type: No. 1. Vapor tension, posi- Still air tive action, plain copper thermostatic bulb. No. la. Same as above. ____ 650 ft./min. No. 14. Vapor tension, posi Exhaust duct tive action, with capillary (680. ft./min.) coil bulb. 30 30 30 Comp, air 44 Copper -blast heater 44 8.9 4.1 2.9 Room type: No. 2. Bi-metal expansion, positive action. . No. 3. Vapor tension, posi- tive action. No. 3o. Vapor tension, posi-- tive action. 650 ft./min. .. .. 30 30 30 ... .. 3.8 <4 3.9 44 4.8 Duct type: No. 4. Metal expansion, in- Exhaust ducf termediate action. (680 ft./min.) No. 5. Metal expansion, pos- tive action. , 41 30 6 Cast iron 4.9 blast heater 44 5.0 Electric make and break type: No. 6. Liquid expansion. .. ' -. 650 ft./min. From testa reported by C. P. Yaglou. 30 Electricity Copper blast heater 8.3 275 American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1929 mometer located near the bulb of the instrument; curve (C) that traced by the automatic recording mechanism of the instrument; and straight line (D) the temperature at which the instrument was set. The true fluctuation in temperature is about 8.9 deg. fahr. according to the sling psychrometer, although that shown by the mercury thermometer is only 3.5 deg. and that traced by the recorder about 1 deg. Fig: 14 shows the extent to which the sensitivity of the regulator was increased by blowing air, at a velocity of 650 ft. per minute, over its bulb, all other conditions remaining the same. Equally good results were obtained by placing the thermostatic bulb in the exhaust duct leaving the room. This is a better arrangement, because the temperature of the . air in the exhaust represents more nearly the average temperature of the room. Table 1 gives data on the performance of several well known tem perature regulators. Apparently thermostat 6 was not designed for the purpose for which it was tested. In plenum systems of heating and ventilation, temperature fluctua tions between 4 and 5 deg. fahr., are not of sufficient magnitude to produce discomfort, if the variation is partly above and partly below the proper temperature, so as to average the proper temperature, and if the oscillations in temperature occur frequently enough to avoid sensations of coldness or warmth. A systematic temperature variation of this order is, in fact, very agreeable because of its stimulating effect on the skin. However, little is now known concerning what should be the magnitude and cycle frequency, of such temperature oscillations. _ When these become known, the thermostat, in conjunction with mixing dampers, will probably lend itself remarkably well to controlling both of these factors. In rooms ventilated spontaneously and heated by direct radiation, the problem of temperature control is much more difficult than in plenum ' systems. As a general rule, the tendency is toward overheating; because there is ample heating capacity--in fact too much for the average winter conditions--but no adequate means for cooling the room once it becomes overheated. The result is that the greater part of the temperature wave produced by the regulator lies above the proper room temperature and remains in this warm region too long, until the excess heat is dissipated to the air out-of-doors by transmission through the exposed wall and glass, or by opening windows. Care should be taken to choose the most sensitive thermostat for this purpose, which should be set according to indications of the sling psy chrometer. - Similar precautions should be taken in split systems of heating and ventilation. The temperature of the air delivered by the ventilation system should, under all conditions, be several degrees lower than the temperature at which the room thermostat is set. If this precaution is not taken, the duct thermostat might fall in synchronism with the room thermostat and produce overheating. 276 CHAPTER XVII HEAT EXCHANGERS FOR WATER AND OIL Factors in Heat Transfer, Critical Velocities, Variation of Heat Transfer, Design of Exchangers, Operating Quotations, Economics of Design. IN problems of fluid friction and heat transfer to fluids, the concept of a fluid film has become; of great use. This surface film varies in thickness with velocity and viscosity and, hence, heat transmission through the film, and friction drop of a flowing liquid are dependent upon these and other properties of the liquid. Results of various experimental determinations of friction drop and of heat- transfer from the wall of a tube to a liquid flowing inside; it are best Correlated by the use of the Nusset type of equation: : where - .. . t-'(?)/() '. . , h = heat transfer coefficient. D = diameter of pipe in inches. K = thermal conductivity. V = mass velocity. z = viscosity. . c = specific heat. F, f -- functions of the groups of variables. The various factors are arranged in dimensionless groups, and the effect of each group upon the-heat transfer rate is found, based upon experi mental results. In general, there are two flow conditions of a fluid inside a tube. These are determined by its physical properties and the diameter, length and condition of the tube through which it flows. The velocity of the liquid past the surface is the major factor in film thickness, but since this velocity is difficult to determine, the average velocity of the fluid is used in calcula tions. For very low velocities or for high viscosity, the fluid may be considered to. move as a series of concentric cylinders sliding in one another. Under this condition the friction drop of a liquid along a tube varies directly with the velocity, if viscosity remains constant. For this type of flow, the average velocity is approximately half the maximum w H3 McAdams^ Chapter was prepared especially for The Guide by D. J. Bergman, A. E. Rrook and 277 American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1929 value found at the center. This condition is termed viscous or straight line flow. If the velocity be gradually increased and eddy currents set up, the average velocity becomes much greater than one-half the maximum, the . friction drop increasing closely in proportion to the square of the velocity. This condition is termed turbulent flow, .and the velocity at which the type of flow changes is called the critical velocity. The change is usually not well defined and often passes through an intermediate stage. -- temperature of medium being cooled or con* densed. = metal temperature In contact with the film being cooled or con* densed. = metal temperature in contact with the film being heated. = temperature of medium being heated. Fig. 1. Temperature Gradient through Two Fluid Films and Metal Wall The critical velocity is a function of viscosity and density of the liquid and also of the pipe diameter. It is given as . where 0.122 2 Pc *=. Ds vc = critical velocity, feet per second. z -- viscosity in centipoises. relative to water at 68 deg. fahr. D -- pipe diameter in inches. j = specific gravity of liquid. . As an example, in a 2 in. pipe the critical velocities of water and a. refined oil with a viscosity of 10 centipoises, or 63 seconds Saybolt Uni versal are, respectively, 0.059 and 0.65 ft. per second. These same liquids in a tube of in. I. D. have critical velocities of 0.23 and 2.7 ft. per second. _ In heat transfer equipment, the velocity should preferably be main tained above the critical value determined as above. Calculations based on data below the critical range are very unreliable, and also the heat transfer rate is low. There is always an additional turbulence set up near 278 Chapter XVII--Heat Exchangers for Water and Oil the entrance and exit of a short tube, hence the heat transfer for a short tube is greater than for a long one. Correlation of heat transfer data was delayed many years by the search for equations to fit overall coefficients. Greater progress was made by resolving the overall thermal resistance into parts and treating it in a manner analogous to an electric circuit. Temperature corresponds to voltage, heat flow to current, and thermal resistance to electrical re sistance. The individual resistances of cooling film, metal, scale, and heating film added together give the total resistance, and the reciprocal of this sum gives the overall conductance or heat transmission coefficient. Fig. 1 shows the temperature relations existing during heat transfer through two fluid films and a metal wall. U = overall heat transmission or conductance (B.t.u. per hour per square foot per deg. fahr). H = total heat transmitted (B.t.u. per square foot per hour). . he -- -- = conductance of cooling film (B.t.u. per hour per square foot per deg. fahr.) Am -- -- -- conductance of metal. (B.t.u. per hour per square foot per deg. fahr.) Aw = -- = conductance warming film. (B.t.u. per hour.per square foot per deg. fahr.) R = -fj -- total resistance to flow of heat from heating medium to cooling medium. rc = r, -T, H Pw -- h-l, H Adding the above equations u ir~d 1 __ (T, - r.) + (T, -1,) + {t,~ 1,) r, -1, .A h-- Any additional resistances, caused by scale or dirt, should be added to give the total resistance. ' To obtain a value for the film resistance of a liquid flowing in a pipe, Morris and Whitman give a curve as the result of many experiments, which can be considered approximately a straight line, with the formula (?) 60hD K-. = 0.83 0.37 A -- heat transfer for liquid film (B.t.u. per hour per square foot per deg. fahr.) D = inside diameter of tube in inches. ` K = thermal conductivity of liquid (B.t.u. per hour per square foot per deg. fahr. per foot thickness). ; V = mass velocity (pounds per second per square foot). z = viscosity in centipoises, relative to water at 68 deg. fahr. c = specific heat (B.t.u. per pound per deg. fahr.) ,, 11 we iet represent the quantity flowing through the tube, Q = 0.005454 D'V, \0.3 r 0.37 On this basis, it is seen that if other conditions remain constant, the rate of heat transfer increases directly with the quantity flowing, inversely 279' American Society 0/Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1929 with the square of the tube diameter, and inversely with the 0.63 power of the absolute viscosity in centipoises. In this formula, c and 2 are taken at the temperature of the.body of the liquid rather than at the temperature of the film. A formula given by McAdams and Frost from experiments on water, using film temperature is: r = ratio of length of tube to diameter. As an approximation, the above formula may be used for liquid flowing outside tubes by using four times the hydraulic radius for D. The Chapter XVII--Heat Exchangers for Water and Oil j Fig. 2. c-hemting fluid by CONOCNSING PURE VAPOR d-cooung fluid by VAPORIZING PURE FLUID TempEratcre Differences for Various Conditions of Heat Transfer turbulence is usually much greater than is indicated by this means, especially when cross flow occurs. The value of h found from the equations is, of course, only the heat transfer rate from the tube through one liquid film. If the problem to be considered is the transfer of heat frbm oil to oil, or from water to water, the reciprocals of the three heat transfers through heating film, tube, cooling film, and any scale or dirt, must be added to obtain the overall resistance. .' In the absence of non-condensable gases, the coefficient of heat transfer from condensing steam to a tube may be from 1500 to 3000, or rs = 0.0007 to 0.0003. Oil in the steam increases the resistance greatly and. the resistance for condensing oil vapors, benzol, or other materials is much higher than for steam. The resistance of the tube wall to heat flow can be easily calculated, knowing the conductivity of the metal. It is based upon: the^logarithmic mean diameter of the tube, which can be taken as the arithmetic average diameter, with very little error in all ordinary '280 Fig. 3. Chart for Calculation of Logarithmic Mean Temperature Difference cases. If a = thickness in inches, Da = average diameter of tube, and K = heat conductivity in B.t.u. per hour per square foot per degree per foot thickness, rt = i2~K = res`stance of tube wall to heat flow. 12 K ht =---a---- = conductance o tube wall. Values of K are given in the following table for different metals. There 1S a jlgT- va,rlatl0n ln K with temperature, but this change can be dis regarded in almost all cases. Silver............... Copper............ Aluminum...... Bronze............. Wrought Iron Cast Iron.;___ Steel..... .......... . Lead................. .K 240 220 120 64 26 36 26 20 From the above table, the resistance of a copper tube x/% in. thick would , 0.125 . be aJU X 12 = 0.000047; while that of a steel tube of .the same 281 American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1929 Fig. 4. Variation of Viscosity of Water with Temperature 0.125 thickness would be - 2a5v X/\ 1xa2 0.0004. Compared with these values, the resistance of an oil film or a water film may be as high as 0.03 and 0.004 respectively, so that in steam heaters the overall resistance may often be assumed with little error to be equal to that of the liquid film only. Having determined the individual resistances, they should be added, with corrections made to bring them all to the same unit of area where thick tubes are used. Thus, if the inside area of a pipe be accepted as a base, the resistance of the outside film would be multiplied by and L)q the resistance of the tube by D* Fig. 5. Variation of Viscosity of Petroleum with Temperature 282 Chapter XVII--Heat Exchangers for Water and Oil where D = inside diameter of pipe in inches. -Da = average diameter of pipe section in inches. D0 = outside diameter of pipe in inches. The next step is to determine the average temperature difference, which is the driving force. This value is usually a logarithmic function of the difference in temperature between the two fluids at entrance and exit of an exchanger. -- -------- - .r- ------ ;> E==? 7- 1--H-Jh =/" Fig. 6. .... 20 40 70 UO 200 400 TOOm 1000 5000 Tine IN SECONDS-UNIVERSAL SttBOLT Relation of Saybolt Time and Kinematic Viscosity = Absolute Viscosity in Centipoises Specific Gravity Fig. 2 shows temperature differences for counter-current flow, parallel flow, condensation of a pure vapor, and vaporization of a pure fluid. The logarithmic mean temperature difference for each case in Fig. 2 is given as dt, - dt. loge = natural or hyperbolic logarithm. at, = greatest temperature difference. dt, = least temperature difference. A convenient curve for calculating the logarithmic mean temperature difference with a slide rule is given in Fig. 3, which gives the value of the above function divided by dt, for various values of dt,. To obtain the logarithmic mean difference, multiply the value from the curve for . . . dt2 a given ratio of --, by dt,. dt, . The viscosity of water changes with temperature, as shown in Fig. 4. If the viscosity of an oil at any given temperature be determined, Fig. 5 283 American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1929 Fig. 7. Variation of Specific Heat of Petroleum with Gravity 284 1. XVIIChapter --Heat Exchangers for Water and Oil gives a convenient means of estimating the viscosity at any other tem perature. Fig. 6 gives the conversion from Saybolt Seconds Universal, to kinematic viscosity which is absolute viscosity in centipoises divided by specific gravity. The viscosity of water at 68 deg. fahr., is one centipoise. The heat conductivity K, for liquids, is usually assumed as a constant, but it is possible that improved results would be obtained if this were taken corresponding to the average main stream temperature. Data on the variation of K with temperature are scarce, but for water, an equation is given as K -- 0.304 (1 + 0.00175 /) where t is the temperature in degrees fahr. In the data of Morris and Whitman on oil (K) is taken as a constant with a value of 0.078. The variation of the specific heat of oil with temperature has been investigated by many, especially in the lower ranges. Fig. 7 gives the results of the work by Fortsch and Whitman. . Figs. 8 and 9 give the results of the work of Morris and Whitman on heat transfer. In their work the end effect of the tubes was eliminated, and the properties used are those of the main stream. They recommend that values 25 per cent lower be used for cooling, and that a suitable correction be made for end effects. As a check upon a given design, the following shows good general practice for the overall coefficient of heat transfer for different classes of apparatus, using tubular exchangers. Condensing steam to water 300-500, Water to water 150, Steam to oil 75, Water to oil 50, Condensing oil vapors to water 60, Condensing oil vapors to oil 40, and Oil to oil exchanger 25. The above figures can vary widely as they are naturally dependent upon individual conditions of velocity, viscosity, turbulence, diameter of tubes, and presence of scale, etc. The design of the tube bundle in an exchanger should be made com patible with the available head. In this connection McAdams states that the friction drop in tubes when a liquid is being heated is lower than is expected from ordinary isothermal friction data. This is probably due to the reduction of the viscosity of the liquid film next the wall. As a rough indication of the magnitude of this correction the friction drop is reduced about 1 per cent for each 3 or 4 deg. fahr. temperature dif ference between wall and liquid, depending on the type Of flow. Many problems involve the transfer of heat to a relatively stagnant body of water, such as storage heaters. In this case, the velocity of the water due to convection currents is difficult to estimate, hence an assump tion of the value of h must be made on the basis of experience. Tests on condensing steam in deep tanks with cast-iron sections have shown a value of k from 80 to 100, and a standard design of copper coil water heater is based on an average h of 120. Tests on similar oil heaters consisting of pipe-coils inside large tanks, show values of h from 4 to 20. This would depend greatly upon the viscosity of the oil. OBTAINING QUOTATIONS In obtaining quotations on heat exchange equipment, give as much data connected with the problem as possible. The more completely this 285 / American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1929 can be covered, the closer the design can be fitted to the requirements. The following outline may be followed: 1. Normal quantities of liquids and / or vapors. 2. Normal desired temperature of liquid and / or vapors entering and leaving. 3. Maximum and minimum temperatures. 4. Overload requirements. 5. Permissible friction drop (pressure drop each side). 6. Specifications of liquid. For oil or other liquids, give specific gravity, viscosity, specific heat, latent heat, water content,, wax content, sediment content, corrosive or erosive characteristics, temperature fluctuations, pressure pulsations. Give a distillation curve for petroleum, if possible, as vaporization of oil must be accommodated by vents, etc., to prevent vapor binding. ECONOMICS OF EXCHANGERS In the design of heat exchangers, there is always one set of conditions which will give the desired result at a minimum overall cost when initial investment, carrying charges, and operation cost are all taken into account. In some cases it does not pay to install a very efficient exchanger because the additional heat recovered over that which would be saved by a less efficient exchanger would cost more than heat brought in from an outside source. On the other hand, an exchanger may increase plant capacity out of all proportion to its cost, and this may justify an exchanger which would not be economical on a heat recovery, basis only. In general, the higher the velocity which can be allowed in an exchanger, the lower will be its cost for a given result. In many cases an exchanger is specified to give a pressure drop of 2 or 3 lb., when there is available 30 or 40 lb. ' For further data on the design of heat transfer equipment a partial bibliography is given: . Principles of Chemical Engineering, Walker, Lewis & McAdams; Heat Transfer & Evaporation, Badger; Evaporating, Condensing and Cooling Apparatus, Hausbrand; Engineering Thermodynamics, Lucke; Proper Design and Operation of Heat Ex changers, Kallam & Semino; Oil Flow, Viscosity and Heat Transfer, Danforth; Heat Transfer for Oil and Water in Pipes, Morris & Whitman, Ind. & Eng. Ckem. (March, 1928); Heat Transmission for Condensing^Steam to Water in Surface Condensers and Feed Water Heaters, McAdams, Sherwood & Turner, Trans. A.S.M.E. (1926); Heat Transfer Symposium, Ind. & Eng. Chern. (May, 1924); A Graphical Method of Deter mining Heat Transfer in Pipes, McAdams, Chem. & Met. Eng. (October, 1927); Heat Transfer for Water Flowing Inside Tubes, McAdams & Frost, Am. Soc. of Ref. Engrs. (December, 1923). 286 Chapter xviii PUMPS AND TRAPS FOR HEATING AND VENTILATING EQUIPMENT rumps ana Receivers, Lentniugsl Pumps, Vacuum Heanng Pumps, Connections for Pumps. Specifications for Pumps, Definition of Terms. Installation Data, Traps. THE various kinds of pumps ordinarily used in connection with heating and ventilating installations may be. classed under the following heads: (1) Boiler feed pumps, (2) condensation return pumps, (3) return line vacuum heating pumps, (4) sump pumps, (5) forced circulation hot-water heating pumps, (6) circulating pumps for water, brine, etc., (7) refrigeration pumps and compressors. BOILER FEED PUMPS Boiler feed pumps may be of the following types:. (1) direct acting steam-driven reciprocating pumps, (2) power-driven reciprocating pumps, ' (3) centrifugal pumps, (4) screw or other similar type pumps. Capacities The capacity of a boiler feed pump should be based on 3.45 lb. of water per hour per. maximum boiler horsepower served, with a slippage allowance of 10 per cent in the water cylinders and a factor of safety allowance of two for intermittently operating pumps and, one and one-half for continuously operating pumps, to provide for unusual conditions, such as low water in boilers, drop in steam pressure or excessive loads. Piston Speeds and Efficiencies . For reciprocating boiler feed pump not to exceed 10 times the square root of the number of inches in the length of stroke of the water pistons. Direct acting reciprocating steam driven or power driven boiler feed pumps are generally found to be more efficient for smaller installations especially with widely fluctuating loads as the efficiencies of centrifugal boiler feed pumps drop off very rapidly for the smaller sizes of pumps and for low load conditions. For this reason centrifugal pumps are not usually employed for installations of less than 1000 boiler horsepower. fr thiS Chapter of The Guide was prepared especially by Otto E. Goldschmidt and 287 / American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1929 Screw pumps may be used with good economy for small capacities. Since the capacity and pressure at which screw pumps will operate is almost infinite, we can only give some idea of their capacity. Efficiencies range frcm 60 to 70 per cent. Table 1. Direct Acting Steam Driven Duplex Reciprocating Boiler Feed Pumps Dia. Dla. OF OF Steam Water Cyl. Cyl. in IN Inches Inches Length of Stroke in Inches No. OF . Strokes per Min. Discharge in Gallons Per Per Stroke Min. H. P.Equiva Boiler s tsize Pipe , INCHX lent Served Dia. of Single Cyl. Without Factor of Steam > Ex haust Suc Dis tion charge Pump Safety 3 iM s'H 6~ 7K 714 10 12 '2 2% 3H 4 4M 5 6 7 3 4 5 6 6 TO 10 12 70 0.04 5.6 2% 80 K K ik i 60 0.10 12.0 4 180 K K ik 1M 50 0.20 20.0 5 300 K ik 2 i/4 50 0.33 33.0 3% 480 1 m 214 2 50 0.42 42.0 m 600 IK 2 3 2K 40 0.85 68.0 7 1000 ik 2 3 2/4 40 1.22 97.6 8>4 1400 2 2K 4 3 35. 2.00 140.0 9Vs 2000 2K 3 5 4 Table 2. Horizontal Duplex Piston Packed Power Driven Boiler Feed Pumps for 100 Lb. Working Pressure Size of Pump Cylinders in Inches Dia. Stroke . No. of Revolu tions per Min. Displacement Gallons Per Rev. Per Min, 2\4 4 34 3H 5 46 8 10 30 : 0.34 10.2 30 0.49 14.7 30 0.83 24.9 25 1.30 32.5 20 8.69 173.8 Boiler H. P. Served Without Factor of Safety 148 213 361 471 2520 H. P. Required to Drive Pump 1.5 4.0 3.5 4.0 18:0 Pipe Sizes Inches Suction Discharge ik i K 2 2K 2 3 214 54 Table 3. . Reciprocating Single Acting Power Driven Triplex Boiler Feed Pumps for 150 Lb. Working Pressure Size of Pump Cylinders in Inches Dia; Stroke No. of Revolu tions per Min. Displacement Gallons \ Per Rev. Per Min. Boiler H. P. Served Without Factor of Safety 114 21M 2K 3 4 .. 4' 5 6 8 2 214 3 4 4 4 6 8 8 10 50 0.045 2.25 50 0.078 3.90 40 0.122 4.88 30 0.255 7.65 30 0.367 11.01 30 0.652 19.56 25 0.978 24.45 20 2.041 40182 20 2.938 58.76 20 6.520 130.40 33 , 57 70 110 160 280 355 592 852 1891 H. P. Required to Drive Pump 0.40 0.65. 0.80 1.15 1.40 2.6 3.10 5.00 6.00 14.00 Pipe Sizes Inches . 1 Suction Discharge .. k i iK ik ik 2 2H 3 314 4 ' K 1 1 IK' ` IK IK 2 2/4 3 3 Chapter XVIII--Pumps and. Traps for Heating and Ventilating Equipment CONDENSATION PUMPS Condensation return pumps are generally of one of the following two typos: (1) automatic pumps and receivers, (2) continuously operating non-automatic return pumps! Automatic Pumps and Receivers . The volumetric capacity of receivers for electrically-driven pumps should be not less than three times the maximum minute volumetric flow of Fig. 1. For Selection of Size and Stage of Centrifugal Boiler Feed Pumps condensation to be handled, measured between the high and low water lines in the receiver. For direct acting steam-driven pumps the receiver capacity may be less than for electrically-driven pumps. The piston speed in feet per minute should not be more than 10 times the square root of the number of inches in the length of stroke. The volumetric displacement rate of water pistons should not be less than three times the maximum volumetric rate of the flow of condensate to be handled. The normal capacity of centrifugal pumps should not be less than twice the maximum rate of flow of the condensate to be handled. 289 American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1929 - Size 2 214 3 314 4 5 3% 6 7 8 9 10 12 16 Table 4. Screw Pumps G. P. M. 2- 15 10- 20 20- 50 40- 60 55- 100 85- 200 175- 275 200- 325 275- 475 300- 600 450- 750 700-1000 800-1400 1200-2100 1750-4200 Max. Rev. 1600 1600 1600 1600 1500 1400 1200 1200 1200 1000 875 720 700 600 425 Suction Inches 2 2 214 3 4 4 5 5 6 8 8 10 12 14 16 Discharge Inches m m 214 214 3 4 4 4 6 6 8 10 12 14 15 Continuously Operating Return Pumps The piston speed in feet per minute should not be more than 10 times the square root of the number of inches in the length of stroke. Table 5. Sizes, Revolutions per Min. Heads Pumped Against, Power Required and Boiler Horse Power for Several Commercial Sizes of Centri-. : fugal Boiler Feed Pumps Size of Pump Inches Brake H. P. Pipe Sizes Inches Suction | Discharge Capacity Gallons Boiler H. P. Served Without Factor of Safety 2 214 3 4 5 6 8 2 214 3 4. 5. 6 8 13.3 16.9 23.6 37.2 57.0 76.5 125.0 Two Stage for 100 lb. Working Pressure 2H 2 100 3 214 150 43 225 54 400 65 620 86 900 10 8 1600 Three Stage for ISO lb. Working Pressure .19.9 25.4 35.4 55.8 85.5 114.7 187.5 214 3 4 5 6 8 10 2 \ 214 3 4 5 6 8 100 150 225 400 620 900 1600 Four Stage for 260 lb. Working Pressure 33.2 42.3 59.0 93.0 143.0 192.0 312.5 214 3 4 5 6 8 10 2 2% 3 4 5 6 ,8 100 150 225 400 620 900 1600 1450 2175 3262 5800 8990 13,000 23,000 1450 2175 3262 5800 8990 13.000 23.000 . 1450 2175 3262 5800 8990 13.000 23.000 ' Chapter XVIII--Pumps and Traps for Heating and Ventilating Equipment The volumetric displacement rate of water pistons should not be less than twice the maximum rate of flow of the condensate to be handled. The quantities of condensate to be handled from direct radiation, S' Fig. 2. Typical Characteristics of Centrifugal Boiler Feed Pumps direct-indirect radiation and indirect or fan blast radiation may be estimated as follows: ' ; For direct radiation W = 0.3 R* For direct-indirect radiation W = 0.6 R* where For indirect radiation W =' ^ ^ ^ ^ ' 55.o X H W = pounds of condensate per hour. R <= square feet of radiation. Q = cubic feet of air per minute. T = temperature rise of air in deg. fahr. H = the latent heat of steam in the system in B.t.u. per pound. : . . '" The normal capacity of standard centrifugal pumps should be based on condensate at a temperature of not over 180 deg. fahr: "For tempera tures of condensate above this the capacity should be increased as in Table 6. heating*up periods*8 ** sreater than the standard 0.2S lb. of condensate per square: oot, to take care of 291 American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1929 292 Chapter XVIII--Pumps and Traps for Heating and Ventilating Equipment The increase in pump capacity may be reduced if a static head above the pump suction is provided. When this static head is made equivalent to the absolute boiling pressure of the condensate (measured in feet of water) minus 12 ft., no increase in pump capacity is required. Such static Table 6. Correction Factors for Standard Centrifugal Pumps for Tempera tures of Condensate above 180 Deg. Fahr. at Pump Suction Deo. Fabb. 190 200 204 Factob 1.15 1.56 2.00 Note.--To use Table 6, multiply the quantity of condensate to be handled by the factor corresponding to the temperature of the condensate at the pump suction and select a pump suitable for the quantity thus found. ` suction head requirements may also be reduced about 50 per cent when special large suction inlets or special impellers are provided. Sufficient head in addition to the total head necessary to overcome static head, velocity head, pipe friction and- boiler pressure should be provided wherever condensate is to be returned direct to a boiler from the pump. Table 7. Duplex Piston Type Return Pumps with Receivers Standard Pressure . Size op Pimp 3 X 2 X 3K 4MX2MX4 5MX3J4X5 6X4X6 7KX5X6 Receiver Capacity Gallons 12 20 40 . 60 100 Sq. Ft. Direct . Radiation 6000 10,500 19,500 30,000 45,000 Lb. Condensate per Hour 2000 3500 6500 11,000 15,000 Minimum Steam Pressure 50 40 35. 35 30 4K X 2 X 4 5K X 214 X 5 6 X 2J4 X 6 6X3X6 6X3HX6 Imw Pressure 12 6000 20 . 10,000. 40 120,000 40 180,000 60 . 290,000 2000 3500 4000 6000 9000 25 20 15 20 25 Table 8. Centrifugal Return Pumps with Receivers Size op Pump Discharge Inches i m 2 Receiver Capacity Gallons 40 60 100 .Sq. Ft. Direct. Radiation 12,000 25,500 42,000 Lb. Condensate per Hour 4000 8500 .14,000 , H. P. to Drive i ik 2 293 Total Head Ft. 25 50 50 X American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1929 VACUUM HEATING PUMPS Return line vacuum heating pumps may be of the following types: (1) Direct acting reciprocating steam driven return line vacuum pumps; (2). reciprocating power driven return line vacuum pumps; (3) motor driven return line vacuum pumps, of the centrifugal or rotary type having one of the following arrangements: Table 9. Characteristics of Centrifugal Return Pumps and Receivers Delivering Against 15 Lb. Size 101 102 103 104 105 Sq. Ft. Equivalent Direct Radiation Gal. per Min. 8000 16,000 26,000 40,000 65,000 ii 22 35 60 90 R. P. M. 1725 . 1725 1725 1140 1140 Actual H. P. 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.4 H. P. Motor Supplied Floor Space Shipping Weight V*, 1Si 2m 5' 3'x3'8' 5' 3'x3' 8" 6' 7' 6'x4'2' 7'6'x4'2' 700 700 750 1050 1100 Table 10. Sizes, Speeds, Horse Powers and Capacities of Motor Driven Condensation Return Pumps Rating in Sq. Ft.................. ...... Discharge Pressure, Lb Gallons per Min......................... H. P. Motor...... .................... -- R. P. M. 60 Cycle and D. C... R. P. M. 25 Cycle--.................. Shipping Weight.... .................... 0-2000 10 20 3 % 1700 3 Si 1700 1440 1440 330 350 2000-4000 10 20 66 H Si 1700 1700 1440 1440 350 370 4000-8000 10 20 10 10 Vs Si 1700 1700 1440 1440 420 440 8000-16000 10 20 20 20 Vs Vi. 1700 1700 1440 1440 535 565 Table 11. Motor Driven Condensation Pump Capacities for Delivering Against Various Pressures Radia tion in Sq. Ft. of Direct Radia tion Minimum Gallons per.Min. Maximum Boiler Pressure Lb. Motor H. P. 4000 4000 4000 6-8 6-8 6-8 10 15-40 50-60 Vi a v< 6000 6000 6000 9-12 9-12 9-12 10 15-40 50-60 Vi Vi. 1 8000 8000 8000 8000 10,000 10,000 10,000 10,000 10,000 12-16 12-16 12-16 12-16 15-20 15-20 15-20 15-20 15-20 10 15 20 30-60 10 15 20-30 3040 50-60 V, 1 Vi. IM V Vi. 1 1M 2 Sug gested Size of Piping Inches i i i m im lA m Wi. m ih m m m Radia tion in Sq. Ft. of Direct Radia tion Minimum Gallons per Min. Maximum Boiler Pressure Lb. Motor H. P. 15,000 15,000 15,000 15,000 15,000 ,20,000 20,000 20,000 20,000 20,000 25,000 25,000 25,000 25,000 25,000 30,000 30,000 30,000 30,000 25-30 25-30 25-30 25-30 25-30 30-40 30-40 3040 3040 30-40 40-50 40-50 40-50 40-50 40-50 50-60 50-60 50-60 50-60 10 15 20r30 40 50-60 10 15 ,, 20 30-40 50-60 10 15 20 3040 50-60 10 15 20 30-60 i Vi. m. 2 3 Vi. 1 2 3 5 1 1H 2 3 5 1 1A 2 5 Sug gested Size of Piping Inches 2 2 2 2 .2 2 2 2 2 2 2A 2A 2A 2A" 2*2 2A 2A 2A 2 A~ 294 XVIII--Chapter Pumps and Traps for Heating and Ventilating Equipment (a) One pumping unit and motor lor handling both air and condensate. (b) One pumping unit and motor for handling air and a separate pumping unit and motor for handling condensate. . (e) One pumping unit and motor for handling condensate with an air ejector operated by a recirculated portion of the condensate for handling the air. (d) One pumping unit for handling condensate and another for handling the air, both operated by one motor. . The volumetric displacement rate of the water cylinders of steam or power driven reciprocating return line vacuum pumps should be from 8 to 10 times the volumetric rate of flow of the condensate to be handled. The piston speed in feet per minute of steam or power driven recipro- Fig. 4. , Method of Discharging High-Pressure Apparatus into Low-Pressure Heating Mains and Vacuum Return Mains through a Low-Pressure Trap eating return line vacuum pumps should not be more than 20 times the square root of the number of inches in the length of stroke. The speed of crank shafts of power driven reciprocating return line vacuum pumps should not exceed 40 r.p.m. The type of drive to be employed between motor and . pump may be chain, belt or gear. When gears are used they should be of a type which will be quiet in operation. a The receiving tank may be placed either on the suction or on the dis charge side of the pump; generally on the suction side of centrifugal or rotary pumps and on the discharge side of reciprocating pumps. The capacity of receiving tanks, when placed on the suction side of pumps, should be proportioned to the operating condition to be met. To this end its capacity should be such as to retain the condensate and to take care of fluctuations between the rate of returning condensate and the rate of the pump delivery. This capacity in case of automatically controlled units should be the capacity of the tank in gallons between the high and low water' levels in the tank, as determined by the water line control, and when not. otherwise provided for, should be in accordance with Table 12. Air capacities of vacuum heating pumps are in general referred to as equivalent cast-iron direct radiation, and may be assumed on a decreasing 295 American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1929 ratio as the system increases in capacity, in accordance with Table 13. It should be noted that while water capacities of pumps for fan blast heaters are to be based upon their equivalent in direct radiation the air capacities for this class of radiation may be considerably less than that corresponding to this equivalent. The air capacity measurement of a vacuum heating pump should be made at a point in the main vacuum return line close to and before it enters the pump strainer, while the pump is in operation, under the Table 12. Receiver Tank Capacities for Centrifugal or Rotary Vacuum Heating Pumps . Sq. Ft. Equivalent Direct Cast Iron Radiation Total Receiver Tank Capacity in Gallons Receiver Tank Capacity between High and Low Water Limits where Automatic Water Line Control is Used. 8,000 16,000 26,000 40,000 65,000 100,000 28 33 40 49 63 80 20 24 29 35 47 63 vacuum specified at the pump suction and while handling the quantity of condensate specified at a temperature not exceeding 180 deg. fahr. Air test in general may be made with water at lower temperatures; these determinations shall be made by means of a standard test orifice located in an inlet connection to the pump suction, consisting of a plate in. thick with a reamed hole having sharp edges and of a diameter corresponding to the capacity of the pump. Table 13. Air Capacities for Vacuum Heating Pumps Sq. Ft. Direct Equivalent Radiation Surface 8,000 . 16,000 26,000 40,000 65,000 100,000 150.000 300,000 Diameter Orifice Vac. 10 in. JS.." ft' xr A" %" X" ft' Three (3) X" Air Capacity Cu. Ft. per Min. 5 9 15 19 34 60 80 180 . Fig. 3, may be used to give the quantity of air handled, corresponding to several sizes of orifices and different degrees of vacuum to be met. The water capacity of vacuum heating pumps, when operating against 8 in. of mercury vacuum, should be not less than 2A lb. of water per hour per square foot of equivalent cast-iron direct radiation, based upon condensate at a temperature of not over 180 deg. fahr. when the pump is delivering water against a specified gage pressure at the water discharge of the pump. For pumps handling both air and. water the above water capacity must be delivered when the pump is maintaining a vacuum.of -8 in. of mercury and handling air through a standard orifice corresponding to the air capacity of the pump as herein specified. 296 XVIIIChapter --Pumps and Traps for Heating and Ventilating Equipment In estimating the water capacity no additional allowance need be made for covered mains or risers, but exposed mains or risers used as heating surfaces should be included in computing the equivalent square feet of direct radiation. Steam driven vacuum pump size determination should take into con sideration the following variables: (a) The degree of tightness of system, (6) the efficiency of the radiator traps, (e) the temperature of the condensate at the pump, (d) the probable cooling effect of the return piping, (e) the use of lift points in the return, (/) vacuum to be maintained at the pump, (g) introduction of large volumes of high temperature water into the return piping near the pump, (h) the use of long runs of piping from the source of steam supply to the farthest radiator. High-pressure traps should not discharge directly into a vacuum return because of the vapor formfed by the re-evaporation of a part of the hot condensation. Fig. 4 shows one method which may be used for disposing of the greater part of the vapor of re-evaporation. Table 14. Direct Double Acting Steam Driven Reciprocating Vacuum Pumps Diameter in Inches Water Cylinder Condensation Lb. per Hr. for Pumps with Stroke Equal to Bore Direct Cast Iron Radiation Served . .. Pipe Sizes . Steam Suction In. In. Discharge In. Pumps Having Unequal Stroke and Bore Stroke -7* Capacity Bore Factor 3 510 1700 X IX . X 2.50 1.58 4 1047 3490 X vx : i 2.25 1.48 5 1830 6100 X2 ix 2:00 1.38 6 2890 9633 X 2X- . IX 1.90 1.34 7 4250 14,166 X 2X-3X 1X-2 1.80 1.31 8 5920 19,733 X 3-3X 2' 1.75 1.29 9 7980 26,600 X 3X4 2 1.70 1.27 10 10,350 34,500 l A4X 2X 12 16,300 54,333 1 4^-5 2X 14 24,000 80,000 IX 5-6 3 1.67 1.60 i.50 1.25 1.23 1.10 16 33,500 111,666 ~ m 6^7 3X 1.40 1.15 18 45,000 150,000 ix 7 4 1.33 1.13 20 58,500 195,000 ix 7-8 iX 1.30 1.12 22 74,300 247,666 2 : 8 iX 1.25 1.10 24 92,300 317,666 2 8-10 5 1.20 1.08 26 112,800 376,000 m 10 28 135,800 452,666 2X 12 30 161,300 537,666 2X. 12 32 189,600 632,000 3 14 ' 6 1.10 6 1.00 ;6 0.90 . -7 : 0.80 1.04 1.00 0.96 0.91 34 221,000 736,333 3, 14 . ... 7. 0.75 0.89 36 254,000 846,666 3 14 8 0.70 0.87 . 0.67 0.85 0.60 0.82 0.50 0.78 Note I.---The capacities given in Table 14 are for pumps having water cylinder with the length of stroke equal to the diameter of the water piston. Note 2.--The capacities for pumps of a greater or less length of stroke may be found by use of the last two columns in this table as follows: Divide the stroke by the piston diameter and find the corresponding ratio m the column headed stroke bore. The capacity factor opposite this in the last column is then multiplied by the capacity given in the table to give the capacity of the pump in question. . Note 5.--When reciprocating pumps discharge against a head exceeding 5 lb. per square inch the pump stroke should exceed the bore to reduce the ill ettect of clearance.' . 297 American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1929 tOAm M# Steam driven pumps can be economically used with steam pressures of 15 lb. or over and where the exhaust steam can be completely utilized. Where the supply of exhaust steam from engines or other sources is continuously in excess of that necessary to supply the heating system the electric driven pump is generally the most efficient and is also pre ferable when the steam pressure is too low to operate a steam driven pump. Steam cylinder sizes of reciprocating vacuum pumps should include the effect of frictional resistance of the piping system, the pump resistance and the possible drop in steam pressure under unusual conditions. When this analysis is not feasible the following formula may be used: 4S = 3 ^~2 ~ fd^ in which , Ab = area of steam piston in square inches. Aw = area of water piston in square inches. Pb = boiler pressure in pounds per square inch. Pd = discharge pressure in pounds per square inch. V = vacuum at pump expressed in inches of mercury. -- = approximate vacuum in pounds per square inch (2 in. mercury = approximately 1 lb. per square inch). . Water cylinder sizes of steam driven reciprocating vacuum heating pumps may be determined from Table 14. . ... The discharge from reciprocating vacuum heating pumps should be pro vided with means for releasing the entrained air. This may require water 298 Chapter XVIII--Pumps and Traps for Heating, and Ventilating Equipment surface area in either a tank having a large horizontal cross section or a stand pipe of sufficient sectional area to permit a low velocity of downward water flow while the entrained air is escaping to the surface against the water current. For removal of air in a separating tank 1 sq. ft. of hori zontal cross section for each 2100 lb. of water per hour should be provided. When a stand pipe is used for air separation, one with a diameter equal to that of the pump cylinder is usually sufficient. The freely vented air separating tank is preferable wherever a suitable location is available. The tank should be located at such a height that the pressure produced by the water column in its discharge pipe will be sufficient to overcome that in the low-pressure boiler feed water heater or other point of disposal. Fig. 5 shows an arrangement which may be used for vacuum pump, air separating tank and feed water heater. This . arrangement provides means for the air to escape through a vent in the top of the tank and for the water to flow by gravity to the. feed water heater, through the loop seal attached to the discharge outlet of the tank. If the rate of flow of returns to the tank exceeds the rate of discharge from the tank the excess is permitted to overflow through an opening in the end of the tank, near the top. The hydro-pneumatic type separating tank may be used whenever an open tank cannot be located at a height sufficient to provide gravity head to discharge the tank contents against the maximum pressure in the heater or boiler. A float controlled valve is placed on the air outlet of the separating tank and so arranged that when the water of conden sation has insufficient head to flow by gravity to the point of use, the air will be confined in the upper part of the tank. Its operation is such that when the pump continues to deliver water and air to the tank the pres sure within the tank increases until it becomes sufficient to discharge the water, thus lowering the water line and eventually permitting escape of the surplus air through the float-controlled air valve. The confined air . pressure in the tank plus the gravity head in the tank discharge pipe must be sufficient to cause flow to the place of disposition. This confined ^Discharge from VacuumPump Ghbe Wzhre t'Lubncaior Globe Valve CastIron BasePlate-. andDripPan Si BalerFeedPomp andReceiver By-pass Globe Valves andUnions Specials Cfadclbfve \ ... Lift Fitting Dra,n to Sewer I'andDripPan ' c Floor Line Fig. 6. Method of Connecting Vacuum Pump and Automatic Boiler-Feed Pump and Receiver 299 American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1929 : Vent to Atmosphere Run to Air above Roof" Pump Control Valve Discharge from Pump fofank Steam to ^Vacuum Pump Globe Valve 7Lubricator Globe Valve' Boiler feedPump CastIron Baseplate ^ and Drip Ron Lubricator -Globe Value Globe Valve By-pass / GaleVatvey 'SuctionStrainer Lift Filling ToSetuer -VacuumPump CastIronBase Plate andDrip Pan FloorLine Fig. 7. Method of Connecting Vacuum Pump, Boiler-Feed Pump and . Steam-Control Receiving Tank Fig. 8. Method of Making Connection to Steam-Operated Vacuum Pump 300 XVIIIChapter --Pumps and Traps for Heating and Ventilating Equipment air pressure plus the column of mixed air and water in the pump discharge to the tank constitute the total head against which the pump must act. pig. 5 shows a hydro-pneumatic separating tank as well as a freely vented separating tank, for alternate use as conditions require. Where the pressure in the heater, boiler, etc., varies materially from time to time and where it is desired to save energy by diminishing the head against which the pump shall work, a hydro-pneumatic type tank may be used, instead of a plain tank set at a higher elevation, to over come the peak pressure in the boiler or heater. Table 15 gives the size of plain and hydro-pneumatic tanks for air separating purposes and also those for storage of returns. In the latter case the tanks are based upon storing the quantities of water which will be discharged during five minutes at the basis of hourly rates given in the first column. ._ . When the head on the delivery side of steam driven vacuum return pumps exceeds 15 lb. per square inch the condensate should be delivered to a vented receiver located close to the level of the vacuum pump outlet. This receiver'should be connected to a.separate steam or power driven water pump capable of delivering against the maximum head and should be controlled by a throttle valve or motor control, actuated by some suit able means, from the water line in the receiving tank. . Typical vacuum pump connections for several different conditions of service, are shown by Figs. 6, 7 and 8. LIFTS In vacuum heating systems where condensation is to be raised to a higher level it should be accomplished by means of lift fittings. ( . Lifts of 6 ft. or over should be made in steps rather, than in one rise or through drag lift (consisting of long upwardly-inclined pipes.) In any case the pipes between the lifts should grade downward toward the pump. Table 15. Sizes of Plain and Hydro-Pneumatic . Separating Tanks Condensation Pounds per Hour 4,000 6,000 8,000 10,000 16,000 24,000 34,000 45,000 60,000 -Fob Air Separation Onlt ' Diameter Inches Length Inches 12 12 18 18 24 . 30 24 24 36 30 48 . 48. 48 72 ' 36 60 36 72 42 : 36 60 96 42 72 . 42 96 For . Air Separation and Water Storage Diameter Inches " Length Inches 24 24 24 30 30 . . 36 36 ' 36 48 72 48 60 60 72 . 36 42 96 72 42 : . . 96 . -- ' 48 72 48 96 301 American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1929 SPECIFICATIONS FOR PUMPS General.--Reciprocating and power driven pumps should be specified as to make, size, working water and steam pressures, piston speed, tem perature of water to be handled, electric motor characteristics, and to insure economy in production, such standard practices as subsequently indicated. The kind of drive should be specified for power driven pumps. Centrifugal and rotary pumps should be specified as to make, type, \fartinto Rcctirrr t$mng Check tb/re ' i HtaJcr 'restore Owe Safeiy Valve *etorn Lore Vafee Smng Check Valve Direct ReturnTrap rtobe atleast4'-0 0 above WaferLevel ofBoiler Valve Fig. 9. Traps and Receiver for Returning Condensate from High and Low Pressure Systems to a Boiler capacity, temperature of water to be handled, speed and motor char acteristics including the following: (l).Name of motor manufacturer, (2) manufacturers rated horsepower, (3) the maximum temperature rise (deg. C.) for any part of the motor above the temperature of the surrounding air, (4) full speed in revolutions per minute, (5) current characteristics, (6) whether the motor is to be open, semi-enclosed or. fully enclosed, (7) kind Of starting and control equipment, i.e., open or enclosed panels, manual or automatic controls. There should also be included in the specifications such items as total head to be pumped against including suction lift, friction head, velocity 302 Chapter XVIII--Pumps and Traps for Heating and Ventilating Equipment head and head against which the pump must discharge. The vacuum under which return pumps are required to operate and whether two or more units are to operate in parallel or separately. TYPES OF PUMPS The following definitions of the types of pumps, which are in accordance with the Hydraulic Societies ' Standards, should be used : Direct Acting Steam Pump.--A steam driven reciprocating pump in which the steam piston is directly connected to the liquid piston or plunger through the piston rod. Crank and Flywheel Pump.--:A steam driven reciprocating pump with crankshaft on which a flywheel is mounted for storing energy during the early part of the stroke and imparting this stored energy to the liquid piston or plunger during the latter part of the stroke, after the steam is cut off in the steam cylinder. The length of the stroke is determined by the throw of the main crank. Single Steam Pump.--A steam driven reciprocating pump having one liquid piston or its equivalent single or double acting plunger. . Duplex Steam Pump.--A steam driven reciprocating pump having two liquid pistons or their equivalent single or double acting plungers. Power Pump.--A reciprocating pump driven by power from an outside source applied to the crankshaft of the pump. Single Power Pump.--A power driven reciprocating pump having one liquid piston or its equivalent, single or double acting plunger. Duplex Power Pump.--A power driven reciprocating pump having two liquid pistons or their equivalent single or double acting plungers. Triplex Power Pump.--A power driven reciprocating pump having three pistons or their equivalent single or double acting plungers. . Single Stage.--A centrifugal pump having one impeller. Multi-Stage.--A centrifugal pump having two or more impellers acting in series in one casing. Screw or Propeller Pump.--A centrifugal pump having a screw type impeller. May be axial flow or combined axial and radial flow type. FITTINGS OF PUMPS . The following definitions of the fittings of pumps, which are in ac cordance with the Hydraulic Societies' Standards, should be used: Standard Fitted Steam or Power Pumps (Symbol S. F.).--Steel piston rods, iron liquid pistons or plungers, bronze or rubber liquid valves, bronze liquid valve seats, guards and springs, liquid cylinders iron or steel. Piston pattern pumps have bronze lined liquid cylinders. Plunger pattern pumps, iron cylinders and plunger glands (not bushed), steel cylinders, and plunger glands (bronze bushed). Bronze Fitted Steam or Power Pumps (Symbol B.F.).--Bronze piston rods (except end packed plunger pattern) iron liquid pistons or plungers, bronze or rubber liquid valves, bronze liquid valve seats, guards and springs, liquid cylinders iron or steel; piston pattern pumps have bronze lined liquid cylinders, plunger pattern pumps have bronze bushed plunger glands and throats. Full Bronze Fitted Steam or Power Pumps (Symbol F. B. F.).--Bronze piston rods (except end packed plunger pattern) bronze liquid pistons or plungers, bronze or rubber liquid valves, bronze liquid valve seats, guards and springs. Liquid cylinders iron or steel. Piston pattern pumps have bronze lined liquid cylinders, plunger pattern pumps have bronze bushed plunger glands and throats. Acid Resisting Pump (Symbol A. R.).--All parts of the pump in direct contact with the liquid pumped are to be constructed of such materials as will offer the maximum resistance to the corrosive action of the liquid. All Bronze Pump (Symbol A. B.).--All parts of the pump coming in direct contact with the liquid pumped are to be made of bronze. 303 American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1929 All Iron Pump (Symbol A. I.).--AH parts of the pump coming in direct contact with the liquid pumped are to be made of iron or ferrous metal. Standard Fitted Centrifugal Pumps (Symbol S. F.).--Casing of cast-iron, shaft of steel, impeller of bronze or cast-iron, wearing rings and shaft sleeves when used of bronze or cast-iron. Bronze Fitted Centrifugal Pumps (Symbol B. F.).--Casing of cast-iron, shaft of steel, impeller of bronze, wearing rings and shaft sleeves when used, of bronze. STANDARD EQUIPMENT OF PUMPS The following lists of standard equipment, which are in accordance with the Hydraulic Societies' Standards, should be used: Trade Steam Pumps {Single or Duplex).--The following is considered standard equip ment for trade pumps and is to be furnished by the manufacturer: Drip cocks for steam cylinders, Drain plugs for liquid cylinders, Special wrenches, Piston packing for water only, Oil or grease cups for rocker shafts, companion flanges for all openings up to 6 in. inclusive. Plunger packing will be furnished for inside packed plunger pumps. Packing will not be furnished for outside packed plunger pumps. Power Pumps.--The following is considered standard equipment for duplex and triplex power pumps: Liquid Valve Service, Oil or Grease Cupers, Tight pulley only, Discharge air chamber up to 400 lb. pressure. Companion flanges up to and including 6 in. Special wrenches where required. Gear Guard covering the teeth of the pinion and the adjacent teeth of the gear will be furnished as a part of the Standard Equipment. Gear Guards conforming to the laws of the various states will be furnished as extras, when such laws are quoted in the pur chaser's inquiry or order. Centrifugal Pumps.--The following is considered standard equipment for horizontal centrifugal pumps: Coupling or pulley, Bed plates up to 24 in. pumps inclusive, Oil gages for bearings. Air cock at top of pump casing. Drain plug at bottom of pump casing. Packing for shaft stuffing boxes. Water seal gland--piping for same optional. Special wrenches when required. ' DEFINITION OF TERMS USED The following definitions of terms, which are in accordance with the Hydraulic Societies* Standards, should be used: Static Head is the vertical distance between the free level of the source of supply and to the point of'free discharge, or to the level of the free surface of the discharge water. Total dynamic head is the vertical distance between the source of supply and point of discharge when pumping required capacity, plus velocity head, plus friction, velocity, entrance and exit losses. ' Total dynamic head as determined on test, where suction lift exists, is the reading of a mercury column connected to $he suction nozzle of pump plus the reading of a pressure gage connected to discharge nozzle of pump, plus vertical distance between point of attachment of mercury column and center of gage, plus excess, if any, of velocity head of discharge over velocity head of suction as measured at points where the instru ments are attached, plus head of water resting on mercury column* if any. Total dynamic head as determined on test, where suction head exists, is the reading of a gage attached to the discharge nozzle ofpump minus the reading of gage connected to the suction nozzle of pump, plus or minus vertical distance between centers ..of gages (depending on whether suction gage is below or above discharge gage), plus excess, if any, of velocity head of discharge over velocity head of suction as measured at points where instruments are attached.: 304 \ Chapter XVIII--Pumps and Traps for Heating and Ventilating Equipment Total dynamic discharge head is the total dynamic head minus dynamic suction lift, or plus dynamic suction head. Suction Lift.--Suction lift exists when the suction measured at the pump nozzle and corrected to the center line of the pump is below atmospheric pressure. . Static suction lift exists when the source of supply is below the center of pump and is the vertical distance from the free level of source of supply to center of pump. Dynamic suction lift, where static suction lift exists, is the vertical distance from the source of supply, when pumping required capacity, to center of pump, plus velocity head, plus entrance friction and velocity losses, but not including internal pump losses,1 where static suction head exists but where the losses exceed the static suction head, the dynamic suction lift is the sum of the velocity head, entrance, friction and velocity losses, minus the static suction head, but hot including internal pump losses. Dynamic suction lift as determined on test, is the reading of a mercury column connected to suction nozzle of pump, plus vertical distance between point of attachment of mercury column to center of pump, plus head of water resting on mercury column if any. Suction Head (sometimes called head on suction) exists when the pressure measured at the suction nozzle and corrected to the center line of the pump is above atmospheric pressure. Static suction head exists when the source of supply is above the center of pump and is the vertical distance from the free level of the source of supply to center of pump. Dynamic suction head, where static suction head exists, is the vertical distance from the source of supply, when pumping at required capacity to center of pump, minus velocity head, minus entrance friction and velocity losses, but not minus internal pump losses. Dynamic suction head as determined on test is the reading of a gage connected to suction nozzle of pump, minus vertical distance from center of gage to center line of pump. Suction head, after deducting the various losses, may be a negative quantity, in which case a condition equivalent to suction lift will prevail. Guarantee on Suction Lift.--All guarantees unless otherwise specified should be based on handling dear fresh water at a temperature of not over 85 deg. fahr. and a total dynamic suction lift of not over 15 ft. at sea level. HORSE POWER OF MOTORS For motors of less than 100 hp. capacity When rated on a 50 deg. basis and when used . to drive centrifugal pumps should be of a capacity at least 20 per cent above the actual horsepower required by the pump. When rated on a 40 deg. basis the extra margin of capacity should be made 5,per cent in excess of the actual power required by the pump at the normal rated capacity conditions for which the pump is guaranteed. For motors over 100 hp. capacity the rated motor capacity may be less than that given previously. INSTALLATION DATA All pumps, in general, should be set on substantial foundations and be provided with heavy cast iron sub-bases, securely anchored to foundation and provided with drip rim with drain connected to sump or sewer. Especially in the case of centrifugal or turbine pumps every reasonable precaution should be taken to prevent distortion of base plates of pumps due to handling in shipment or bolting down without suitable grouting. Flexible couplings should not be used to compensate for misalignment but only to compensate for temperature variations. Pipe connections should, in general, be supported to prevent undue stresses in pumps due either to weight or expansion. The exhaust from steam driven pumps supplying steam for heating purposes should be taken through an effective oil separator before entering any part of the heating system or other apparatus. A full set of the manufacturers working drawings should be used in connection with each installation. 305 X American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1929 TRAPS Traps ordinarily used in connection with heating and ventilating engineering may be divided into the following three types: (1) steam traps, (2) oil traps, (3) air traps. Steam traps may be sub-divided into: (a) high-pressure steam traps, (b) low-pressure steam traps, and each of these two sub-divisions may be further sub-divided into: (1) float traps, (2) bucket traps, (3) ther mostatic traps, (4) return traps, (5) lifting traps, (6) alternating receiver traps, (7) tilt traps. The fundamental principle upon which the operation 6f practically all traps depend is that the pressure within the trap at the time of discharge, shall be equal to, or slightly in excess of, the pressure against which the trap must discharge, including the friction head, velocity head and static head on the discharge side of the trap. If the static head is in favor of the trap discharge it is a minus quantity and may be deducted from the other factors of the discharge head. The capacity of a trap depends upon the clear area through its discharge ports and the difference between the pressure within the trap and the total pressure against its discharge, at the time of discharge. The opening of the ports of a trap may be a very variable quantity, . depending upon the action of the mechanism in opening and closing the valves. Float traps and thermostatic traps generally have gradual opening and closing of valves, although some of these are arranged with levers, weights, springs, etc., so as to snap open and close, thus giving a.full opening of the valves and ports during the entire time of each discharge: . Bucket traps, tilt traps and alternating receiver traps have quick acting valves arid therefore wide open ports during each discharge. Uses of traps in connection with heating and ventilating apparatus are for; draining the condensate from all kinds of radiators, heaters, steam piping systems, kitchen equipment, laundry equipment, hospital equip ment, drying equipment and many other kinds of steam heated apparatus. The usual function of a trap is to allow the passage of condensate and to prevent the passage of steam. In addition to these functions, traps are frequently required to allow the passage of air as well as condensate. Traps are also required to allow the passage of air and, to prevent the passage of either water or steam, or both. In addition traps are used for returning condensate either by-gravity, by steam pressure, or by both to a boiler or other point of disposal. Also for lifting condensate from a lower to a higher elevation, or for handling condensate from a lower to a higher pressure. . By-passes are usually provided around traps with a valve and union on each side of the trap and one of each in the by-pass. Some traps are provided with integral by-passes for temporary relief in case of emer gency, but these do not allow the removal of the trap for repairs without interrupting the service. High-pressure float, and alternating traps are usually provided with glass water gages, drain cocks and air relief cocks or automatic air relief valves. . 306 Chapter XVIII--Pumps and Traps for Heating and Ventilating Equipment Tilt traps are not ordinarily equipped with glass water gages as the action of the trap shows when it is filling or emptying. The air relief of tilt traps is taken care of by the valves of the trap. High-pressyre traps for handling large volumes of condensate are usually of the float, bucket, tilt or alternating types, although some forms of thermostatic traps are designed for this kind of service. For smaller high-pressure apparatus many types of thermostatic traps are- very efficacious. Care should be taken to see that thermostatic traps of the bellows or diaphram type, when used for high-pressure service are 307 . American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1929 properly constructed with materials and solder that will properly with stand the maximum temperature of the steam. Low-pressure traps of the various types are equipped substantially the same as high-pressure traps of similar types. Thermostatic traps are generally used for draining radiators and heaters except for very large capacities where bucket, float or blast traps are used. Thermostatic traps for this service usually pass both condensate and air and in case of float and bucket traps the air is usually relieved through an auxiliary ther mostatic trap in a by-pass around the main trap. Sometimes this auxiliary air trap is ah integral part of the trap. Blast traps are sometimes used on a vacuum heating system for connecting old one or two-pipe gravity systems in parallel with vacuum return line systems; in which case the blast traps should not be provided with auxiliary air by-pass, as the action of this will allow the vacuum to draw air into the old system through its air valves, especially when the steam is wholly or partially cut off. The air from the returns of such old systems should be relieved just ahead of the blast traps by means of quick venting automatic air valves, preferably of the non-return type, especially if the other air valves on the old. system are non-return valves. , Lifting traps will discharge from, a lower to a higher pressure and are usually of the tilt or alternating type. Either of the two former types of traps are provided with two or three valves, operated by the action of the trap. V In case of the two-valve traps, one valve closes a steam inlet and the other valve opens a vent outlet while the trap is filling and as soon as the trap dumps the first valve opens the steam inlet and the second valve closes the vent outlet, while the trap discharges. In this type of trap there must be a swinging check valve on each side of the trap, in addition to the usual by-pass, to prevent the pressure in the trap, while discharg ing, from backing up through the inlet and the pressure in the discharge line from backing up into the trap while it is filling. This type of trap will blow steam out through the vent while filling, if the pressure on ithe inlet side is sufficient, and should not be used, therefore, with such pres sures unless the vent is properly piped back into the return to a feed water heater, condenser or to a perforated pipe in the bottom of the receiver to which the trap .discharges, in such a way as to prevent the escape of the steam that comes in with the condensate and passes through the vent. In the three-valve traps of this type there is an extra valve for closing the discharge while the trap.is filling. Some tilting traps are designed for use without venting any steam but with automatic thermostatic air trap for venting the air. Some of these are equipped with automatic valves for introducing a water spray while the trap is filling thus condensing the steam, not only from the former discharge but from the intake and re-evaporation. Such may be used as vacuum traps for producing pressures below atmosphere on the system to which the trap is connected. ` Fig.. 9 shows a lifting trap, a receiver and a return trap connected for lifting condensate from a system of returns and returning same- to a boiler. The venting and condensing arrangements referred to above are also shown. . . 308 XVIIIChapter --Pumps and Traps for Heating and'Ventilating Equipment Fig. 10 shows a'direct return trap and receiver properly connected for automatically feeding a boiler from a system of returns delivering the condensate to the receiver. . .: Oil traps are used for draining the oil and condensate from oil separators, muffler tanks, etc., and are usually of the float type. Air traps are used for relieving the air from steam heating systems, hot-water heating systems, domestic hot-water systems, etc; For steam heating systems where air and water are to be passed and steam retained they are of the thermostatic type. Where air is to be passed and steam Fig. 11. Alternating Receiver on Low Pressure Heating Returns and water retained they are of the combination thermostatic and float type. For water systems where air is to be passed and water retained they are of the float type. Alternating receiver type traps are used for returning the condensate to boilers or for lifting condensate from a lower to a higher level. They are generally of the two-valve type with one valve in the steam supply and one valve in the vent. The action of the float opens the vent and closes the steam supply while the trap is filling by gravity and closes the vent and opens the steam supply while the trap is discharging. The steam from the vent may be connected back into the return system to the trap to prevent the waste of heat. This type of trap requires a swinging check on each side to prevent the backing up of the discharge from the return system while the trap is discharging or into the trap while 309 American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1929 it is filling. The air is vented from the system, either'through the vent of the trap to the atmosphere, or where this vent is connected back into the returns the air is vented separately from the trap vent through a theFrimg.os11tastihcoawisr atrnapa.lterna,ting:receiver properly connected for returning the condensate, from a low-pressure heating system to the boiler.. The trap, vent in this case is connected .back into the returns with a ther mostatic air trap for relieving the air. In this arrangement a check valve on the air vent prevents, the return of air to the system during periods when the pressure in the system is below atmospheric pressure. With this arrangement or with some other special types of non-return air venting apparatus the system may be operated over long periods below atmospheric pressure, thus retaining heat over night or during warmweather with a low fire and nothing more than a vapor in the system. The pressure must eventually be raised above atmosphere, however, at certain times to drive out the air, which eventually leaks into even the tightest system, while operating below atmospheric pressure. 310 CHAPTER XIX laundry, kitchen and hospital EQUIPMENT AND PIPING SYSTEMS Types, Kinds and Sizes of Apparatus Recruited, Steam and Hot Water Requirements; Electric Requirements, Layouts, Installation Data. , THE requirements of laundry, kitchen' arid hospital equipment vary over wide limits, because, first--there are so many different classes of laundries, kitchens and hospitals, second--the operating technique varies so much. The data and methods herein given are for average operating conditions, but unusual requirements should be given special con sideration. ' Piping systems for laundry, kitchen and hospital equipment, generally, should have separate flow and return lines either above or below the equipment but it is better to have the return liriris below. Traps (preferably high-pressure thermostatic) are placed on each coil or unit, and the condensation is trapped into a return main, which is itself vented, and leads by gravity to a vented receiving tank or feed water heater. . The vertical pipe in connections, especially the drop lines from over head mains may be dripped through separate traps, although these may well be omitted as the fixture coils and traps will care for a limited amount of condensation when the fixture valves are opened up, without damage. The steam mains should be dripped and drained in about the same manner that would be required in steam piping for any other purpose. LAUNDRY EQUIPMENT It is not the purpose to include custom laundries here but rather flat work laundries for hospitals, institutions, hotels, etc. . , .; There is a wide variety of special machines, used mostly in custom or general laundries, that will not be mentioned herein. Some of these machines are occasionally used in flat work laundries where a limited amount of other classes of work is to be done but usually, they occupy little floor space, use small amounts of steam, water and electricity and when their need is felt they can be added without materially effecting the layout of the other and larger machines which require much floor space and use considerable quantities of steam, water and electricity.. These larger machines are washing; machines, extractors, tumbler dryers, flat work ironers and similar units. it The^ material for this Chapter was prepared especially for The Guide by a committee consisting of H. C. Russell, chairman; E. E. Ashley, R. C. Taggart and W. B. Underwood: ' ` 311 American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1929 Proportioning Equipment Probably the minimum equipment of a well equipped flat work laundry, outside of the capacity of a domestic laundry, is as follows: one, 36 in. x 48 in. washing machine; one, 36x64 in. washing machine; one, 26 in. centrifugal extractor; one, 4-roll 90 in. flat work ironer; one, 30x42 in. drying tumbler; one, 2-truck dry room; one, 15 gal. starch cooker; one, ,38 in. pressing machine for uniforms, etc.; one, hand ironing board, two 8 lb. electric irons; two, laundry tubs and one wringer. If it is a hospital laundry, one disinfector about 36 in. high x 42 in. wide x 84 in. long may be included. This is large enough to receive an ordinary hospital mattress without distortion. It is placed in the laundry, rather than elsewhere, for the reason that its principal work consists of disinfecting (or sterilizing) clothes and other things to be laundered. . Such a laundry would meet the requirements of a 250 bed hospital or a 350 room hotel, on a basis of 44 hours operation per week. For a smaller number the equipment would be about the same but it would be operated fewer hours per week. The purpose of the two washing machines in the minimum laundry is primarily to provide a breakdown service. Washing machines require repairs oftener than any other machine in the laundry and they are indispensable to the operation of the plant. One small washing machine is generally desirable in any plant, however large the number of washing machines. ' Typical Layout Fig. I illustrates a layout of a laundry for a 500 bed hospital, the equip ment consisting of: One, 36 in. high x 48 in. wide x 84 in. long disinfector; one, 36 in. x 48 in. standard washing machine; two, 42 in. x 72 in. standard washing machines; one, 60 gal. soap tanks; one, 48 in. and one, 30 in. extractor, one, 42 in. x 90 in. drying tumbler; one/120 in. six-roll flat work ironer; two, 38 in. garment presses; two, 49 in. garment presses; one, 66 in. handy flat work ironer; one set of hose forms; five hand ironing boards; six, 8 lb. electric irons; one, 20 gal. starch cooker; one, 36 in. x 60 in. starch table; two laundry trays; two wringers attached to trays; two, 36 in. x 120 in. wood tables for flat work ironing; four, 24 in. x 24 in. x 30 in. truck tubs; one, electric sewing machine. Washing Machines v In the instances cited the washing machines are of the standard type, in which about one cycle, or washing, per hour is accomplished. There is another type of so-called high duty washer in which, on account of larger supply and waste connections, approximately two cycles per hour are possible if the attendants will work fast enough, with consequent doubling of capacity. Another type is called a sterilizing washing machine and is specially designed for hospital use. The bodies are steam tight and operate with a pressure of about 30 lb. while' washing. Laundry from the average hospital is not disinfected, even though much, if not all of it, might better be. With average material about 2 lb. of dry laundry per cubic foot cylinder 312 Chapter XIX--Laundrvy. KKiittcphhpenn And hospital Equ,p,,ent and Piping SySTEMs American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1929 capacity, of standard machine and twice this amount for high duty machines, may be figured per hour. . Flat Work Ironers .. The capacity of flat work ironers depends upon width of machine, number of rolls, steam pressure carried and efficiency of .venting and draining steam and air. The proportions given in the cases cited give a good index as to the number of machines required. Probably it is not advisable to install flat work ironers with less than five rolls, especially when blankets are to be laundered, which is usually the case in a flat work laundry. With a lesser number of rolls too much material has to be run through twice or more. In most cases a six-roll flat work ironer is pre ferable.. Care must be taken to see that the length of the rolls is well above the width of the widest sheets, etc. to be ironed. Flat work ironers are rated on length of roll in inches and number of heated rolls. Thus a 110 in. five-roll machine has five heated rolls each 110 in. long. Tumbler Dryers The proportion of tumbler dryer capacity to washers is established in the instance previously mentioned. For an unusually large proportion of blankets and similar articles, larger tumbler dryers would be required, and in a locality where no blankets were used they may be reduced. ; Tumbler dryers are simply high duty dryers for work that could be done in the dry rooms. It is not an absolutely necessary machine, but is . practically so regarded today. . Tumbler dryers are rated on diameter and length of the cylinder ior the reception of material to be dried. A 42 in. x 72 in; drying tumbler nas cylinder 42 in. diameter x 72 in. long. ' . ! Each of these machines is provided with a small hot-air fan as part of the machine. Provisions should be made for a duct from air outlet to discharge out-of-doors, as the lint and humid air carried is objectionable when discharged into the rooms. Water, Steam and Power Requirements . The minimum water, steam and power requirements are about 100 gal. of cold water, SO gal, of hot water, 30 lb. of steam and 1 k.w. of electricity per 100'lb. of clothes (dry), The-.average laundry will exceed these by 50 per cent and small laundries by 100 per cent. The instantaneous demands for steam and water are much higher than the-average. Due to the heavy instantaneous demands, especially in a small laundry, it is well to supply the laundry from the main boiler plant, where these drafts will be least felt. In this case the amounts given in Table 1 are satisfactory for a medium size flat work laundry, with standard washers. They should be doubled if high duty washers are used. If an individual boiler is installed for the laundry, or for other .reason the load curve must be flattened out, the use of larger tanks .and conse quently more storage is necessary. Tanks double the sizes given in this table are frequently required. In estimating the hot water demand the laundry trays may ordinarily be neglected. 314 XIX--Chapter Laundry, Kitchen and Hospital Equipment and Piping Systems Table 1. Water Requirements of Standard Washers Sub Of . . Washing Machinb Small--,.......... Medium---- Large----------- .. Gallons Hot Watsb per Houb peb Washkb 150 200 300 Capacitt in Storage Tank pkh Warheb 100 150 200 The average drying tumbler, say 42 in. x 72 in. requires about 600 lb. of, steam per hour. Steam requirements of other machines and dry room combined do not.exceed one third that of the drying tumbler. Washing machines have steam connections .and sometimes considerable steam is, used there, but this is reflected in the reduced amount of hot water used.. In some cases steam, is liable to carry oil in suspension and its use in washing machines is objectionable so provision for its elimination should be made. ". ^ ; The maximum `demand for electric feeders should be taken at full connected load for direct current, and for alternating current the power to operate the largest washing machine should be added to the fulleOn-': ' nected load. The ..reason for the latter requirement is to provide-for reversal of machines which is negligible with direct current but con siderable for alternating current.. Washing machines require from'2 to 8 hp. for drive according to size, plus 100 per Cent for reversing when alternating-current machines are used.'-Extractors require 2'to 5 hp. to drive, according to size. Tumbler dryers require 3 to 6 hp. to drive, according- to size. Flat work-ironers from % to 2-hp: according to size.-' Electric irons require from 500 to 1000 watts, according to size. '' Steam Pressure Required, The capacity required of the flat work ironer largely fixes the steam' pressure required as all other machines may use steam at'Widely varying pressures without appreciably effecting their operation or capacity.:. -. With a flat work ironer of five orsix-rolls and of ample capacity*70 lb. per square inch is generally sufficient but pressures. of. 90 lb,, are not uncommon in order, to get the capacity out of the machine. Occasionally the Work on' such a machine is so light.that 50 1Jj. is sufficient. Sixty pounds are ample for the disinfector and small presses used for miscellaneous pressing work. . . ,` . Pipe Sizes and Systems of Piping . . . The branches to each machine must be large enough to meet instan taneous requirements but the steam and,,water mains need not exceed one half the combined area of the branches, as it is unlikely that, more than two heavy machines will be drawing full capacity simultaneously. Steam connections to washing machines are % in. to 1 in. according to size; tumbler dryers, 1 in. to lJ4'in. according to size; dry rooms generally AS in.; flat work ironers, % in. to 1 in; according,to size; to starch cookers K in. and to garment presses and miscellaneous small machines Y2 in. There are several small connections to the disinfector, but main'.supply should be 1 in. 1 f 315 ; .American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1929 A 3^ in. return connection and (4 in. thermostatic trap is ample for any coil or heating unit except ironers and tumblers which should be 34 in. return with 34 in. thermostatic trap. Return mains having an area one half the combined area of the branches is ample, 34 in- being the minimum pipe size. Occasionally it may be necessary to run return mains at the laundry ceiling, but this should be avoided if possible, in such cases mechanical traps instead of thermostatic traps are used, the condensation being lifted from floor to the return by the pressure of the steam. Cold water and hot water connections to washing machines are 1(4 in. to 2 in. according to size; J4 in. to soap tank and starch cooker and 24 in. to each laundry tray. These are sufficiently large with water pressures ordinarily found. The so-called high duty washing machines usually have two connections each same size as for standard washers of corresponding size. Quick filling is a necessary requirement to secure the extra capacity claimed for these machines. Water Softening . . Fairly soft water, the softer the better,- is an absolute necessity if a clean white wash is to result. With hard water the soap forms insoluble compounds with calcium, magnesium and iron which cling to the washed fibres and after they have been through the flat work ironer the spots turn .various colors. In addition to this more soap is required with hard waters than with soft, the excess depending upon the amount of hardness present. . Before any lather is formed the soap must neutralize the hardness of the water. One pound of average soap will soften (bring to point of producing lather) 167 gal. of water when the hardness is 20 parts per million, but only 40 gal. when the hardness is 100 parts per million. Seventeen parts per million is equivalent to one grain of hardness, by weight, per gallon. , From 15 to 25 per cent more water is used when it is very soft than when it is very, hard for the reason that in rinsing, the hard water im mediately precipitates the excess soap used in the washing process. Arrangement Of Equipment 1 For efficient operation the arrangement of equipment must be given careful study so that it will fit in with the natural sequence of operations from receiving to delivery. Any , backward movement of material that might involve possible contact of washed materials with unwashed material must be guarded against. . Whenever possible the laundry should be a separate building. The ceilings of the building should be high and the- rooms well ventilated by. large windows and adequate roof ventilators. Ventilating fans will fr&juently be required, ./ ' All operations except receivings mending, storing and delivery should be carried on in one room. . , '.; '' KITCHEN EQUIPMENT .. ; -* i' ' ' [ The equipment covered herein includes the usual cooking equipment fbund in the ordinary institution or hotel kitchen. There are other 316 XIX--Chapter Laundry, Kitchen and Hospital Equipment and Piping Systems special appliances found in all kitchens, but for the most part such appliances require small space, nominal amounts of steam and in many cases none at all. They are frequently added and may be placed in any properly designed kitchen with little or no disturbance to existing equip ment. Character of Equipment Nearly all steam kitchen equipment such as steam tables, dishwashing machines, warmers, kettles, etc,, can be obtained either for gas or steam heat. For a small kitchen, where gas is available, and a separate steam boiler would be required for the kitchen, it is probably better to use the direct gas-fired equipment. If the kitchen is large it is better to install the usual steam equipment even if a separate steam boiler is required. Steam heated equipment has certain inherent advantages over gas for steam tables, dishwashers, kettles, etc. It is more nearly fool-proof and steam can be left on a dry fixture indefinitely without damage but not so with gas. The upkeep and maintenance cost of steam equipment is less than with gas equipment and the fuel costs are generally less, even with a gas-fired steam boiler. The range may be fired with wood, coal, oil or gas, preference being given to the latter. Electricity will be considered as always available for power purposes and for small hot-plates, broilers, etc. The use of electricity for the range is practicable, and for that matter ideal, but too expensive except in isolated cases. Proportioning Equipment . It is difficult to lay down general rules for proportioning equipment. So much depends upon the technique employed by the management and the partial preparation of food at points other than in the main kitchen. The proportions laid down here are subject to wide variation to meet requirements for a specific case. They are based on steam heated equip ment but no substantial difference in capacity exists if gas heated equip ment is used. ; : Ranges . .... The smallest practicable gas or coal range has a top surface of about 7(4 sq. ft. and an oven volume of about'4000 cu. in., which is sufficient for about 25 persons on the theory that no kettles, roasting ovens.etc., would be installed in such a small kitchen, and that all such cooking would be done on the range. About 15 sq. ft. top surface and 8000 cu. in. oven space is good for . 100 persons. For each additional 100. persons allow about 7(4 sq. ft. top surface and 4000 cu. in, oven space. ., A steel hood with a good draft is required over, the range and generally a fan is used to produce sufficient dependable draft. The range generally stands against a wall and the hood should project 12 in. or more beyond the edge of the range at ends and fropt. The best type of hood is a double hood as shown in Fig. 2. The slot is 2 in. wide and is the full periphery of the hood on front and sides. The volume of air should be sufficient to ; American Society of Heating and. Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1929 :produce a velocity of 900 ft. per minute through the slot, or about 150 cu. ft, air per minute per linear foot of slot. , Cook's Table .. The cook's table is about 3 ft. wide, practically the full length of the range and is generally placed opposite the range front and about 4 ft. 6 in. from it. Cook's tables (frequently contain warntirig closets underneath and: steam tables on top. . Fig. 2. Details of Range Hood The ",bain marie." is generally built in-a part of . the cook's table or installed: at one end of the table. A cook's sink, which is a simple galva nized sink without back, size about 18 in. x 36 in. x 6 in. deep is often placed at the end of the cook's table opposite the."bain marie." The saucepan rack is almost invariably the full length of the cook's table and consists of two rails or racks about 24 in. apart, one rail'over each edge of the table, with semi-circular connecting rail at each end. Hooks are attached to the rails upon which pans and kettles are stored. In small units, they are often supported by standards attached to the table but in larger sizes they are supported from the ceiling, leaving the table free of such obstructions. : Kettles, Ovens and Steamers -. .. Stock kettles, roasting ovens, vegetable steamers, cereal cookers, are not often installed in kitchens to. serve less than 50 persons, such cooking being done on the range.- . .... , The following sizes of steam kettles and roasting ovens are suggested: One, 25 or 30 gal. kettle.and one,-25 or 30 gal. roaster will serve 250 to 300-persons; one, 40 or 50 gal. kettle and one, 40 or: 50 gai. roaster will serve. 350 to 450 persons; two, 30 or 40 gal. kettles and two!* 30 or 40 gal. roasters will serve 500 to 700.persons; three; 30 dr 40 gal. kettles and three, 30 or 40 gal. roasters will serve 750 to 1000 persons; 318 XIX--Chapter Laundry, Kitchen and Hospital Equipment and Piping Systems To put it in another way the requirements of hotel kitchens where steam kettles alone are used are given as follows: 100 rooms, one, 40 gal. . 250 rooms, one, 50 gal., one, 25 gal., and one 10 gal. without cover. 500 rooms, one, 75 gal., three, 60 gal., and one, 20 gal. without cover. , 800 rooms, two, 100 gal., two, 75 gal., one, 60 gal., one, 40 gal., and one, 25 gal. without cover. 1000 rooms, four, 100 gal., three 80 gal., one, 60 gal., one, 25 gal., one, 25 gal., tilting type, and one 60 gal. without cover. A hospital or institution kitchen where the staff dining hall and diet kitchens are served by the main kitchen should be equipped about as follows: For 50 beds, one, 25 gal.; 150 beds, one, 25 gal. and one 40 gal. 250 beds, two, 60 gal. and one, 10 gal. without cover. Vegetable steamers are not usually installed for less than 50 persons, such cooking being done on other equipment. A two bushel steamer will serve 200 persons and an additional two bushel steamer for each 200 persons until three such steamers are installed which is sufficient for 1000 persons. Vegetable steamers are made in one, two and four bushel sizes. The compartment type of cast-iron vegetable steamers are not largely used now. They are difficult to keep clean, leak between the sections and the doors are hard to keep tight. Cereal Cookers One, 15 gal. cereal cooker will serve 100 persons and an additional one of the same size is needed for each 200 persons additional until four such cookers are installed which is sufficient for 1000 persons. Coffee Urns A pair of coffee urns, each having a capacity of 5 gal. per 100 persons, should be provided; urns having capacity of 3 gal. each being the mini mum size to be installed. Coffee urn stands are fitted with a water boiler between the urns having a capacity equal to the combined capacity of the two urns. Generally the urn stand should contain cup warming cabinet below, heated with steam coil or gas. Steam Tables In cafeteria kitchens (not cafeteria dining rooms) the. steam tables are usually placed opposite the ranges and stock kettles, and largely take the place of the cook's tables, hereinbefore referred to. The following data is given to approximate the size of steam tables: A 5 ft. 0 in. long unit with two meats, four pots and two gravies will serve 100 to 250 persons; a 6 ft. 0 in. long unit with two meats, four pots and two gravies will serve 150 to 300 persons; a 7 ft. 0 in. long unit with three meats, six pots and two gravies will serve 350 to 500 persons. One or more of the above sizes are to be installed according to number to be served from steam tables. . Sinks - . :. Pot sinks, work sinks,, vegetable sinks,-meat sinks are made of galva nized sheet, iron, with back 12 in. high and where space permits with integral drain boards on each end. . 319 American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1929 One 36 in. x 26 in. x 16 in. deep, two compartment, pot sink will suffice for 50 persons and for larger kitchens one such sink 72 in. long, 27 in. wide and 16 in. deep in three compartments should be provided. Only a very large kitchen would require more than one pot sink. One vegetable sink same size as pot sink should be provided in the vege table preparation room, and a sink of same size in the general, work room. Smaller sinks, generally 30 in. long by 18 in, wide by 6 in. dep will be required in the salad preparation room, meat cutting department, general serving counter, dessert preparation room and adjacent to the fish refrigerator unless the sink for meat room is available for the latter use. Fish Refrigerator Fish cannot be kept in an ordinary refrigerator but may best be kept packed in ice. Up to 100 persons capacity, some make-shift may be depended upon unless fish are to be used extensively, but for larger kitchens a fish-box should be provided. The smallest has an internal capacity of about 9 cu. ft. and is sufficient for 200 persons. The installation of the larger sizes would depend upon whether fish are to be bought daily or kept for longer periods. ' Ice Cream and Sherbets . . . . If ice cream is to.be made a 20 qt. motor driven freezer should be pro vided for less than 200 persons. For more than 200 persons a 40 qt. freezer will generally suffice. Ordinarily cracked ice is used, but for large institutions having a central refrigerating plant the use of a brine cooled freezer should be considered. In such cases the refrigerators are usually available for the storage of the cream until used. An ice-breaking machine should be considered. Requirements for serving cabinets will vary, considerably. It should never be less than the capacity of the freezer, however. One 20 qt. can will serve 200 portions. ; ' Ice Chests , ., An ice chest is required in the kitchen or in connection with it; a 22 in. x 28 in. x 33 in. long is a convenient size. Mixing Machine .. * A mixing machine for batters, salad dressings, is generally installed for kitchens serving over 50 persons and occasionally for smaller ones. The 15 qt. size is sufficient only for the smallest kitchens, especially if it must be used for baking mixtures. The 60 or 80 qt. size should be provided for larger kitchens, the 60 qt. size haying a capacity great enough for 300 persons. . . Vegetable Peelers Vegetable peeler, or paring machine, should be provided in the vege table preparation room. The 25 lb. size is sufficient for 100 persons, 40 lb. for 500 persons and the 60 lb. size for 1000 persons. ; It: is advisable, but not an absolute necessity, to install a small sink with a 3 in. waste outlet, adjacent to this machine, with cold water faucet over it, to take care of the waste. The hopper must be installed close to 320 XIXChapter --Laundry, Kitchen and Hospital Equipment and Piping Systems the floor, which will generally require the trap to be placed at the ceiling below. Dish Washing Machines Dish washing machines are rated in dishes per hour and frequently rated well beyond capacities obtainable under ordinary conditions. The rated capacity of the machine should be ten times the number of meals to be served in any hour. Such machines are built with one, two and three tanks and a like number of separate sprays. The object of the two or three tank machines is to avoid mixing the wash and rinse waters. The single tank machines are generally made only in small sizes and are suitable for diet kitchens and similar small kitchens only. In the two tank machines the wash and rinse water is separate and in the three tank machines there are two rinse waters. Certain types of dish washing machines, of the three tank style are semi-sterilizing in their operations in that the last spray, through which the dishes pass, is a mixture of hot water and steam. This type should be installed in hospital kitchens but may be unnecessary in other kitchens. In the ordinary, non-sterilizing type steam connections are required also but steam is used only for heating the water or keeping it hot. A dishwashing sink, say 30 in. long x 18 in. wide x 6 in. deep with wood drain board at each end, should be provided somewhere near the outlet end of the dishwasher. For one cause or another a dish frequently passes through the average machine without getting properly washed, and must be picked up as it passes out. . ./ Sterilizing dish washing machines and possibly some others, discharge the dishes sufficiently hot to dry themselves almost instantly but not all machines by any means will do. this and in such.cases dishes must be dried by hand. ' , Broiler -. .. A broiler may or may not be required in an institution kitchen but is always necessary in a hospital, hotel, club and similar kitchen if more than 100 persons are to be served. . They are obtainable for electric, charcoal or gas heat and in widths 18 in. to 40 in. They are approximately the same depth as ranges and are usually placed at one end of the range so that the range hood can be utilized to carry away the odors. Miscellaneous Meat blocks, meat slicers, coffee mill, bread slicers, are necessary and a barrel truck is frequently advisable for a large kitchen or in the bake shop. Short Order Kitchens ; Short order kitchens are sometimes required in hospital kitchens for the preparation of eggs, bacon, toast, etc., which must be served very quickly, and prepared on special order. Such kitchens require equipment of certain variety but of nominal capacity. For the ordinary size hospital 24 in. x 30 in. gas or electric hot-plate, a small steam heated warming closet, an 18 in. x 30 in. x 6 in..deep sink and a small work table would serve. 321 ' American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1929 Diet Kitchens . In connection with hospital kitchens, diet kitchens distributed among the wards and bed rooms are invariably provided. The main dining rooms are built adjacent to the main kitchen and in some cases the socalled "ambulant" patients, and personnel, go to these dining rooms. The diet kitchens are for those confined to beds or rooms. The bulk of the preparation is performed in the main kitchen and carried to the diet kitchens in heated food carts. A diet kitchen equipment usually consists of an 18 in. x 24 in. gas or electric hot-plate; one, 4 ft. long steam table with meat pan, four vegetable jars and two gravies; a warming closet below the steam table, a 1500 piece capacity dish washing machine, a small refrigerator and an 18 in. x 30 in. x 6 in. deep sink. BAKE SHOPS Baking of bread and pastry if done on the premises should be separated from the main kitchen but adjacent thereto unless there are good reasons for another location. In a contagious hospital, for instance, where the main kitchen may be subject to infection the bake shop would probably do baking for the entire hospital and should be well away from possible infection. Oven The capacity of the oven at one baking, which is the method of rating ovens, should be about one half of a pound loaf per person. In large insti tutions it may be smaller relative capacity and based on more continuous baking operations. . Pastry Oven A pastry oven having an aggregate baking surface of about 5 sq. ft. per 100 persons should be provided in the bakery. Not infrequently pastry only is baked on the premises and bread is purchased, in which case the separate bake shop can be dispensed with and the pastry oven installed in the main kitchen. Fuel If gas is not available it may be advisable to use electric baking and pastry ovens. Ovens fired by coal or wood are often used but are not satisfactory. In general electric copking is expensive, but of all cooking equipment the bake oven and'pastry ovens are the pieces which are best adapted to electric heating. In addition to the ovens, a properly equipped bakery should contain the following: One bakery combination consisting of flour hopper, sifter, elevator, tempering tank and dough and cake mixer; having a capacity of Vz bbl. per 100 persons; one steam or gas heated proofing box having a capacity of 12 sq. ft. of shelf per 100 persons; a dough trough from 4 ft. to 10 ft. long with table over; a pair of 400 lb. platform scales; a baker's stove, baker's table, pan racks, bread storage cabinet and a baker's sink. CAFETERIA RESTAURANT SERVICE Cafeteria restaurant service, by which persons serve themselves, is frequently provided in institutions and elsewhere. In such cases the .322 Chapter XIX-Laundry, Kitchen and Hospital Equipment and Piping Systems coffee urns, milk urns, ice cream cabinets, heretofore referred to are placed behind the cafeteria rail. In addition to this, provision must be made for steam tables and cold pans for salads; etc. The smaller the relative capacity, of course, the oftener supplies must be replenished. The requirements for steam tables are given hereinbefore under Steam Tables. Cold pans are about 24 in. wide and various lengths, and are refrigerated by ice or coils. Probably 4 ft. long would be the minimum length cold pan that should be installed.' . A small sink should be provided behind the cafeteria rail arid com venient to it. . Fig. 3 shows a kitchen for a 500 bed hospital. . ., Fig. 4 shows a kitchen for a 500 room hotel. 323 American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1929 ' F ig . 4. K it c h e n fo r 500 R o o m H o t e l (F lo o r A r e a 5175 sq. f t .) Water Requirements .. Hot water requirements for kitchens may be taken as 20 gal. per hour for each sink faucet and 40 gal. per hour per 1000 pieces capacity per hour of dishwasher. There is a peak load which occurs at dish washing time, and must be met either by instantaneous heaters or by a storage type heater. The requirements of the dish washing machine are somewhat under control of the operator, for by more liberal use of steam less hot water, is used, and vice-versa. Cold water requirements are approximately double the hot water requirements but will easily be met through pipes of ample size. Steam Requirements The dish washing machine will consume from 50 to 100 lb. of steam per 1000 pieces capacity of machine, per hour. An allowance of 150 lb. steam per person, per hour will meet all steam requirements for kitchen except dish washing machine and water heating. The average steam requirements for a kitchen serving 300 to 500 persons will be cared for by a 25 to 30 hp. boiler. The annual consump tion of such a kitchen will be about 2,000,000 lb. of steam. Power Requirements Dish washing machines require 1 to 2 hp. per 5000 pieces capacity per hour, to drive, with the smallest machine using 34 hp. motor. Kitchen mixing machines take 34 to 1 hp.; bake shop combinations 2 hp; per barrel rating of machine. The 17 in. meat, food and vegetable choppers require 1 hp. and the 20 in. size requires 2 hp. Coffee grinders, knife polishers, silver burnishers need nominal amounts, about 34 hp. Vegetable . peelers take 34 to 1 hp. according to size. Allow 34 hp. for a 25 qt. ice cream freezer and 1 hp. for 40 qt. size. Electric Cooking Requirements ' In a complete electric kitchen, i.e., one in which ranges, broilers ,and hot-plates are electric, the watts required lor a complete meal will average as follows; which are minimum: ' General restaurant.................................................... 400 to. 500 watts Institution kitchen........ ........................................... 175 to 200 watts Colleges, boarding schools, etc--........................ 250 to 350 watts Clubs, etc.......................................................-............ 450 to 600 watts Electricity is subject to considerable abuse, resulting in waste, unless care is used in' its operation. It is easily possible for the figures to be exceeded by 100 per cent and probably that they always will be exceeded by some amount. Steam Pressures ... . Not less than 30 lb. gage, and not over 50 lb. are the usual pressure limits for steam cooking. Lower pressures down to I lb. are ample for warmers, but the steam kettles require higher pressures and .it is cus tomary to carry the higher pressures mentioned on all equipment. All jacketed pots, have safety valves usually set at 50 lb. and usually vacuum breakers are required on-the jacketed fixtures to prevent collapse under vacuum conditions. . 324 American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1929 ' Water Connections ' ^ Hot and cold water connections to sinks are 34 in.;'hot water only is provided for dish washer from 34 to 134 in- according to'size; 34 in. hot and cold water to "bain marie;" and 34 in. cold and hot water to coffee urns. Stock kettles, soup kettles, vegetable steamers, roasting steamers and potato peeler sink are frequently provided with a 34 in. faucet over each of them, supported independent of the fixture. Generally hot water only is so connected. These are not an absolute necessity but often, a great convenience. Drinking fountains and water coolers require 34 in. cold water. . In sizing mains to care for two or more items make the mains about one half the sum of the areas of the branches. Steam Supply Connections Steam connections to jacketed kettles, soup kettles, vegetable steamers, steam tables, coffee urns, plate warmers and roll warmers are 34 in. for smaller sizes and 34 in. for larger sizes and in cases where runs are long. Steam connections to dish washing machines are 34 to 134 in. according to size. In sizing mains to take care of two or more items make the area of same about one half the sum of the branch areas, keeping the sizes well up, toward the ends of the runs. ' Return Connections Return connections are uniformly 34 in. size and are made to all equipment having steam connections except the spray to dishwashing machine. However the coil in this machine requires a return connection. Each unit or separate coil should be provided with a 34 in. thermostatic trap. . If more than one unit or coil is connected to the same trap air binding will, result. Connections of the same size are made to return mains. , Gas Connections .. The proper manner is to obtain from the manufacturer, the gas con sumption per hour of. the different fixtures,, to be used and size the gas pipes accordingly. ; Excellent tables for this purpose, when the gas consumption and length of run are known, are given by the American Gas Association. . As an' approximation the following-is given as sizes of connections commonly found in equipment of average size. Bake shop oven 134 in.; pastry oven 34 in.; dish washing machines 34 to 134 in.; broilers 1 to 134 in.; ranges 1 to 2 in.; small ranges in diet kitchens 1 in.; salamanders and warmers 34 in. and steam tables 1 in. Grease Traps - The dish washing machine, all pot sinks, pan sinks and any sinks into which grease may find its way should be provided .with grease traps. When grease traps on the individual fixtures are used the cold water supply.to the fixture is connected to pass through the jacket of the grease trap. ' 326 Chapter XIX--Laundry, Kitchen and Hospital Equipment and Piping Systems HOSPITAL EQUIPMENT Every modern hospital must sterilize all instruments and utensils used in operations and treatments, all dressings before being used, all bed pans from wards and rooms, the baby's milk and the bottle in which it is served. Provision should also be made to sterilize mattresses, bedding and similar articles and also dishes when occasion arises. A plentiful supply of sterilized water and distilled water must also be provided. Hospitals for mental and nervous diseases must include hydro-therapy and electro-therapy treatment. The equipment with which this chapter deals is largely, but not altogether, sterilizers. Instrument, dressing, utensil, dish and mattress sterilizers are usually rated by their internal dimensions in inches; water sterilizers by, the gallons capacity of each of the two reservoirs, water stills by their capacity in gallons and pasteurizers and bottle sterilizers by their capacity in 8 oz. bottles. The method of rating other hospital equipment will be referred to later. Selection of Type of Sterilizers Sterilizers and water stills may be had heated either by steam, elec tricity, gas, kerosene or gasoline; the preference being in the order named. Steam is the only method, however, for which the entire line of sterilizers are ordinarily made. They are simpler, contain less equipment liable to derangement, quicker in operation- and cheaper both to install and operate than those heated by any other method. Electrically heated sterilizers, in practice, are confined to the smaller sizes, and such as for dentists' and doctors' treatment rooms outside of hospitals. Electricity is superior to any other method only in one case, i.e., the solution warmer, where due to its adaptability to automatic control it is preferred to any other method. Cost of Operation The cost of operation of steam sterilizer equipment is very little more than the cost of keeping steam constantly available and the amount of use has little effect on the total cost of operation. The cost of operation of electric sterilizers may be considerable, depending upon how much they are used and the cost of standby service for them. This will be seen when it is noted that the smallest instrument sterilizer is rated at 2200 watts and the largest dressing sterilizer at 12,000 watts. The cost of operation of gas, kerosene and gasoline heated sterilizers is much more than for steam heated ones but usually less than for electric heated ones, depending entirely on the amount of use. Open and Closed Sterilizers There are two general classes of sterilizer, i.e., the open type in which the articles to be sterilized are immersed in a water bath heated by steam coils, the limiting temperature obviously being 212 deg. fahr., and the closed type in which there is no water bath and the articles to be sterilized are brought into temperatures corresponding to steam at 40 to 60 lb. pressure per square inch. The former is the older type and has the disadvantage of depositing 327 American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1929 lime or other impurities, which may be in the water, on the instruments, etc., sometimes requiring them to be dried before storing. The latter type is the newer one, and obviously provides better sterilization by the higher temperatures obtainable, does not deposit impurities of the water on the instruments, and the articles are dry when removed from the sterilizer. Obviously sterilizers for dressings and fabrics must be of the latter type. There is considerable tendency now to the use of so-called built-in sterilizers in the operating suites and other places where several sterilizers are installed at one point. Only pressure type sterilizers, which are loaded and unloaded from one end, are adaptable to this arrangement. With this method simply a thin partition, is built flush with the sterilizer fronts, with only the doors, gages and operation valves visible in the rooms, the bodies projecting into an unfinished space behind the partition. This space must of course be accessible for repairs. Proportioning Equipment It is extremely difficult to lay down fixed rules as to the number and size of sterilizers to be installed in a hospital because requirements vary ' so widely and the technique followed by different hospital managements likewise varies widely. However an attempt will be made to give some idea of the equipment considered sufficient under ordinary conditions. The number of major and minor operating rooms are fixed by considerations beyond the scope of this chapter. One 16 in. x 24 in. dressing sterilizer will care for two major operating rooms and pdssibly for three, but for more than two such rooms it is better to provide a 16 in. x 36 in. size or better still to install two 16 in. x 24 in. sterilizers. The use of two sterilizers makes provision for breakdown service and in addition one of them may be used as a pressure utensil sterilizer, in some cases doing away with the necessity of installing a separate sterilizer for utensils. One 20 in. x 20 in. x 24 in. open type, utensil sterilizer will care for two major operating rooms, unless the work is very heavy in which case one such sterilizer should be provided for each room. ` One 9 in. x 10 in. x 20 in. open type, instrument sterilizer should be provided for each major operating room, although one 10 in. x 12 in. x 22 in. may serve two such rooms. The 12 in. x 16 in. x 24 in. instrument sterilizer finds its use where it is convenient to sterilize from three or more major operating rooms at one place. One 14 in. x 22 in. (the smallest size advisable to use) pressure type, instrument sterilizer will easily serve two major operating rooms. A small hospital might install one 20 in. x 28 in. pressure type dressing sterilizer which would serve both for dressings and utensils, but of course no breakdown service would thereby be provided. . From the references to both open and closed sterilizers it will of course be understood that both types for the same purpose are not to be installed. It is simply a choice of one type or the other for a given purpose; ' Water sterilizers usually consist of twin reservoirs of the same capacity mounted on one frame. One reservoir is for water kept hot by steam coil 328 Chapter XIX--Laundry, Kitchen and Hospital Equipment and Piping Systems in the reservoir and the other somewhat cooled by circulating cold water through a coil in the reservoir. Both reservoirs of course have provisions for sterilizing their contents. Water stills, when so ordered, are part of the water sterilizing unit and consist of still and reservoir, generally mounted between the two water reservoirs. Water sterilizers are available in sizes from 6 to 100 gal. capacity of each reservoir and stills in capacities of 1-3 and 6 gal. reservoir capacity. The total capacity of the two water reservoirs on the water sterilizer should range between 5 and 10 gal. per major operation per day, as it is preferable to start with full tanks in the morning and have sufficient supply for the entire day. The 3 gal. still would suffice for hospitals up to 100 beds and the 6 gal. size for larger hospitals, in connection with the water sterilizers. Stills of same capacity are obtainable independent of the water steril izers. There "will frequently be need for a 6 gal. separate still in the pharmacy and frequently one in the maternity department. The dressing, instrument, utensil and water sterilizers listed above are primarily for the major operating rooms. Sterilized dressings are stored in sealed containers, easily handled, and it makes little difference whether the operating activities are scattered or concentrated. Obviously the instrument, utensil and water sterilizers must be in or adjacent to the operating rooms as instruments, utensils and water should hot be carried very far. If operating rooms are scattered the sterilizer equipment, with exception of the dressing sterilizer, must be duplicated for each location. The sterilizers should preferably be located in a room fitted up for the purpose, opening directly into the operating rooms. It is well to re member, however, that uncontrolled sources of heat, however small, in an operating room are to be avoided whenever possible. In hot countries this is very important, for oscillating fans are usually not allowable in such rooms. . Maternity department delivery rooms are operating rooms so far as this discussion is concerned and are to have the same equipment. Even when they are so located that they may be served from same sterilizers as other operating rooms, which is usually not the case, there is a tendency to provide separate equipment for this room to avoid any possibility of infection from outside sources. This applies to the dressing sterilizer as well as other sterilizers. In each minor operating room where eye, ear, nose and throat opera tions are performed and in treatment rooms where minor operations of various kinds are performed, and in the dental clinic, if one is provided a small electric sterilizer, say 5 in. x 6 in. x 16 in. for instruments should be provided. In the surgery and maternity departments, and at convenient locations to rooms and wards, blanket and solution warmers should generally be provided. They are available in sizes approximately 18 in. x 24 in. x 72 in. and 18 in. x 30 in. x 72 in. and are simply heated, metal cabinets, suitably divided into compartments, in which bedpans, blankets and solutions may be kept suitably warmed, ready for use. For the wards and rooms they should be placed in or near the utility 329 American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1929 rooms, hereafter referred to, because the bedpans are-washed and steril ized after use in the utility rooms. The compartments for blankets and bedpans are better heated by steam but the one for solutions will be better heated by electricity due to the fact that to keep solutions .at the proper temperature for immediate use accurate automatic control of the tem perature is necessary and the electric heating is best adapted for this purpose. This compartment for solutions is not generally necessary, however, except in the surgery and maternity departments. Surgical dressing rooms must have provision for sterilizing water, instruments and utensils. Dressings may be sterilized at the central station. If it is adjacent to the main sterilizing room the equipment there may be utilized, but if not adjacent and in a large hospital, separate sterilizing equipment should be provided for this room. In case the sterilizing equipment of the operating rooms are used for this purpose a little liberality in their equipment should be practiced. For surgical dressing room in a small hospital a 6 gal. water sterilizer, one 8 in. x 9 in. x 18 in. instrument sterilizer and 16 in. x 15 in. x 20 in. utensil sterilizer will suffice. For larger hospitals the next size larger equipment in each case should be provided. In the laboratory there should be installed an autoclave, which is simply a dressing sterilizer without the jacket, for the wet sterilizing of material. A 16 in. x 24 in. will suffice for a 100 bed hospital. Two larger sizes, approximately 18 in. x 26 in. and 22 in. x 30 in. are available for larger hospitals or for very busy laboratories. Utility Rooms So called utility rooms should be provided in all hospitals, one or more on each floor, depending upon the area served, for all bed patients. Separate utility rooms should be provided for surgical ward and maternity departments. . Each utility room should contain, in addition to combination sink and tray, one 20 in. x 20 in. x 24 in. utensil sterilizer and one bedpan sterilizer. Those serving surgical and maternity patients should also contain an 8 in. x 9 in. x 18 in. instrument sterilizer and a 10 to 15 gal. water sterilizer. The bedpan sterilizer is a combination bedpan washer, and sterilizer and is available only for steam heating. If steam is not available simply a bedpan washer, which uses hot water but no steam, should be provided for washing bedpans and a 16 in. x s15 in. x 20 in-, utensil sterilizer alongside the washer must be provided solely for the purpose of sterilizing bedpans. The utensil sterilizer of course may be for gas or electric heat. Nursery In the nursery equipment for pasteurizing milk and sterilizing milk bottles must be provided. In a small hospitat this may be a combined pasteurizing and sterilizing outfit but in larger ones time will be conserved by installing separate pasteurizing and bottle sterilizing equipment. Pasteurizers are obtainable in 54-72-144 and 288 bottle capacity, 8 oz. nursing bottles. About one hour is required for a cycle as laws frequently require the pasteurizing process to consume 30 min. When bottle 330 XIXChapter --Laundry, Kitchen and Hospital Equipment and Piping Systems sterilizing is done separately a pressure type sterilizer for nursing bottles . is provided. Such a sterilizer must be used for no other purpose. Sterilized water of course is required in the nursery and various con siderations rpay decide whether or not a small water sterilizer must be installed there, . Special Sterilization . . Where contagious diseases may be handled provision should be made for dish sterilization. On a large scale dishes from contagious patients are sterilized in special sterilizing, dish washing machines. On a small scale however, a 20 in. x 20 in. x 24 in. utensil sterilizer fitted with special racks will serve the purpose. The sterilizing dish washing machines are referred to in the section on kitchen equipment. For sterilization of mattresses, see the laundry equipment section of this chapter. Specifying Sterilizers The different manufacturers have sizes of sterilizers which are approxi mately the same but not absolutely standardized as to sizes. It is there fore advisable when specifying sizes to give approximate inside dimen sions and minimum capacity in cubic inches and in cases, like the mattress sterilizer referred to, where for some reason there are certain limitations oh certain dimensions these limitations should be stated. ' ' Piping Systems and Pipe Sizes Steam and return pipe sizes for sterilizers are almost nominal and the amount of steam used by such equipment is so small as to be negligible if drawn from a central plant for the heating. More detailed data is given in tabular form hereinafter. ,. A in. supply and return connection is ample for any utensil, instru ment or dressing sterilizer. Water sterilizers up to 15 gal. use % in. supply and % in. return, above that size 1 in. supply and Yi in. return; For the large mattress sterilizers use 1J4 in. supply and % in. return. Water stills up to 6 gal. use in. supply and return-. - When sizing the steam and return, mains it may be assumed that all sterilizers will be in use at one time in a small hospital and half of them in a large hospital.. The mains can then, be, sized, by the usual table of equalization of pipe sizes. A- return main one half the . diameter of the steam main, with % in. as minimum size, may be used. . The uniform practice is to provide a thermostatic trap on the return from each coil or unit of the size given previously for return connection. The return main should itself be vented and condensation should return by gravity to a vented receiving tank. . When gas is used a x/l in. connection is made to each instrument, dressing and utensil sterilizer. Water sterilizers up to 15 gal. capacity should have M in. gas line and above that size 1 in. line. The mains should be sized on an equalization basis same as explained for steam supply lines, assuming all sterilizers in use in a small hospital at the same time and half of them in a larger hospital. 331 American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1929 Waste and Vent Systems All open type sterilizers, i.e., those in whichthe articles to be sterilized are more or less immersed in water which is in turn heated by the steam must have waste connections similar to plumbing fixtures. With the exception of the bedpan sterilizer in which the trap is part of the fixture, traps on these waste lines must be provided in the plumbing work, the sterilizer equipment merely including a valve on the waste line and pipe to floor or wall, as may be required. Waste connections are seldom more than 34 in. at the fixture, however, as the usual sanitary fittings for plumbing work are not standard in sizes less than 134 in- it is customary to provide traps and connections of, that size from the wall or floor line, as the case may be, to the waste piping of the plumbing system. Waste connections from bedpan sterilizers are uniformly made 3 in. and trap is part of fixture, connected to floor or wall as required. This sterilizer waste should be connected up to the drainage system similar to a slop sink or water closet. Vent connections are also necessary on such sterilizers to avoid the nuisance of steam and vapor in large quantities escaping into the room when a sterilization is finished and the sterilizer opened. Such connec tions usually take the form of a combined overflow and vent, connected into the back side of the chamber near tpp. This combined connection is usually carried as one horizontal pipe to a suitable location, as close to the sterilizer as possible, where the vent is taken upward as directly as pos sible to atmosphere and the overflow and condensation waste taken from the bottom through a suitable trap and connected to the waste lines of the plumbing system or connected to the waste from the body of the sterilizer between trap and sterilizer. The usual sizes of combination overflow and vent connections to open sterilizers are as follows: utensil sterilizers 1 34 in. up to 16 in. x 15 in. x 20 in. size and 2 in. for larger sizes; instrument sterilizers 134 in. for all sizes; milk pasteurizers and sterilizers 134 >n- up to 72 botjtle size and 2 in. for larger sizes and for bedpan sterilizers 2 in. Vents to atmosphere are same size as combination overflow and vent. The overflow connection to plumbing waste pipes from the combination vent and overflow is 1J4 in in all sizes of all sterilizers and is generally connected to the waste from sterilizer body between trap and sterilizer. Where practicable it is well to run the vents from sterilizer equipment through the roof separate from other plumbing vent lines and to make them extra heavy galvanized pipe for the large amount of condensation in them often destroys standard weight piping in the smaller sizes rather quickly. A 2 in. vent line will carry a half dozen sterilizers but in climates where freezing weather often occurs it is necessary to carry them at least 4 in. in size through the roof to avoid frosting over. Care must be taken to see that the bases or heels of vent lines from sterilizer equipment are drained through a suitable trap into the waste lines of the plumbing system to take care of condensation in such lines which might otherwise cause a nuisance by draining back into sterilizer at the bottom of the line. : Closed, or pressure type, sterilizers, both jacketed and otherwise, re- 332 Chapter XIX--Laundry, Kitchen and Hospital Equipment and Piping Systems quire a vent to atmosphere connected to the chamber and provided with a valve. The relief valve, with which every closed sterilizer must be pro vided, is usually connected to this vent line on the line side of the control valve. These vents are made, generally 34 in. from each sterilizer, but for reasons heretofore explained the vent lines, after wall or floor is reached, are made 134 in.; the bases or heels of vent pipes must be dripped into the plumbing system and the vents should be carried through the roof separately and often 4 in. or larger pipe is required through the roof for same reasons as in case of open sterilizers. Sterilizer Data Sterilizer data is given in tabular form and while this is not standard for all manufacturers it is intended to give a general idea of the various requirements. The dimensions of sterilizers of various manufacturers vary and likewise the capacity in cubic inches. The pounds of steam per sterilization would not be materially different for different makes of sterilizers of approximately the same size. The watts required in case of electric sterilizers would not be materially different for the combined requirements of an installation as a whole, but. the electrical require ments of individual sterilizers of same kind and size vary considerably with the different manufacturers. For instance a 12 x 20 in. dressing sterilizer of one manufacturer is rated for 3500 watts and the same sterilizer of another at 6000 watts. Obviously the one at 6000 watts would heat up more quickly and more work could be done with it. If the 3500 watt sterilizer was connected on a line designed for 6000 watts no harm would result but some useless copper would have been used but if the converse were permitted disaster would result. So in layouts for electric sterilizers the actual requirements of the sterilizer to be used must be investigated. Frequently, both open and closed sterilizers of all kinds, are provided with condenser exhausts which consist of a special ejector, manipulated by a valve, throwing a stream of cold water into the ejector. Cylindrical Dressing Sterilizers Sues in In. 10" X 20" 12"x 20" 14"x 22' 16'x 24" 16'x 36' 16"x 48' 16"x 60" 20"x 28" 20"x 36" 20"x 48" Internal Capacity Cu. In. 1571 2260 3388 4824 7236 9648 12060 8792 11304 15072 . Pounds op Steam per Sterilization 10 12 14 . 18 24 31 39 30 37 47 Watts Required . in Wiring 4000 6000 6000 6000 6000 12000 12000 12000 12000 12000 . 24" x 24" x 36" 24' x 24" x 48" 24" x 24" x 60" Rectangular Dressing Sterilizers 20736 27648 34560 Approx. 55 Approx. 70 Approx. 88 Not standard Not standard Not standard 333 American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1929. Open Type Utensil Sterilizers. In. 16' x 15' x 20' 20' x 20' x 24' Internal Capacitt Co. In. . 4800 . 9600 Pounds or Steam peb Sterilization 30 . 50 Watts Required : . nr Wiring 4400 6600 8'x 9' x 18' 9' x 10' x 20' 10' x 12' x 22" 12' x 16'.x 24' Open Type Instrument Sterilizers 1296 1800 2640 4608 . 6 8 10 16 . .2200 2200 4400. . 4400 . . Water Sterilizers (Steam and watts are for each reservoir) 15 25 37^ 50 62K 87'H 125 3000 6000 6000 12000 12000 18000 24000 This condenser exhaust is a part of the fixture, when used, and generally requires to waste over an open funnel, also part of the fixture, leading to the plumbing system waste through a suitable trap or connected to waste pipe from sterilizer chamber, between chamber and trap. Where separately connected a in. trap should be provided although the outlet of the funnel'is smaller than; that size. The purpose of the open funnel is to prevent the creation of a pressure on the plumbing system'which is not permissible. A y<i in. water supply connection should be made to each sterilizer \ provided with this ejector. Such a pipe will carry a large number of such ejectors for the reason that the operation requires only a short time and more than one sterilizer will seldom be ejecting at the same time. Any pressure above 25 lb. per square inch will operate these ejectors, the higher the pressure the more efficiently the work is done and the less the water is required. Cold water only is used. ' Chapter xx WATER SUPPLY SYSTEMS AND PIPING FOR BUILDINGS Cold Water Supply, Risers and Connections, Pipe Sizes, Hot Water Supply, Sizes of Mains. THE following gives a great deal of reliable data upon which to base water pipe sizes for plumbing fixtures, branches and mains, the former lack of which data has probably been due to the great number of variables which enter into their proper determination. Plumbing fixtures in common use, having what is known as good water flow, deliver the quantities of water per outlet as given in Table 1. Water flowing in pipes is retarded by friction, the extent of which depends upon the velocity, which is the cause of unsatisfactory service when pipes are too small. The amount of head necessary to overcome this friction is known as the friction head, which is usually expressed in feet. It is also known as pressure drop, usually expressed in pounds per square inch per 100 ft. of pipe. The total pressure needed to discharge a given quantity of water is the pressure necessary to overcome friction in the pipes (when horizontal) plus the static pressure when the discharge is higher than the supply. . Table 6 gives the water pressure required to deliver water to the top of a fixture up to 150 ft. in height, with 15 lb. pressure at the top branch. This table also gives the water pressure in pounds required to give ade quate service at various vertical heights up to 150 ft. The underlying principle involved in determining the proper pipe sizes for mains, risers and branches is to so regulate the size of these pipes that they will carry the maximum amount of water required of them and absorb by friction and static head, all the pressure at the source and still deliver water at the fixture in sufficient quantity, but at a pressure prac tically equalling zero or slightly above except that due to velocity of flow through the fixture,. Table 1 gives the . amount of water in gallons which should flow per minute for the number of fixtures indicated of each different type, together with the branch pipe size necessary to carry this amount of water with a pressure drop of 30 lb. per 100 ft. of run. The volume of water required per fixture is reduced as the number of fixtures in each group is increased, to take care of. the factor of probable use. " . In.estimating the pipe size for any part of a riser in a building of several stories, take 60 per cent of the water to be used on any floor and all floors above as determined from Table 1 and deduct 10 per cent for each floor Material for this section was originally compiled for The Guide by.the late W. S. Timmis and has been revised for this edition by the following committee: Prof. S. E. Dibble, chairman; H. H. Angus, C. E. Hanson and Prof. G. L. Larson.. ' ' ' 335 American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1929 above. This reduction in estimated amount is to take care of probable use. Thus, if 100 gal. are used on each floor of a 10-story building the size or pipe will be determined as in Table. 2: . The pressure drop of 30 lb. per 100 ft. of run will give satisfactory results for branches on the top floor but a higher pressure drop can be used on floors below corresponding with the pressures as given in Table 5 which show that for a building 100 ft. in height, a pressure drop of 100 lb. can be used on the fixture lowest branches and that for a building 50 ft. Table 1. Cold Water Branch Supply Sizes for Fixtures and Maximum Flow in Gallons per Minute Number of Fixtures 1 2 4 8 12 16 24 32 40 Water Closet9-- Gal. per Min.; ' . .... .... ................. 8 16 24 48 60 80 96 128 150 Tanks Pipe Size .. ,, .. '......... ........... K K Gal. per Min........ _ ................................ 30 50 1 IK IK IK 2 2 2 80 120 140 160 200 250 300 Flush Pipe Size........................................................ 1 IK IX 2 2 2 ZK ZK ZK Valves Urinals-- Gal. per Min... _ _____ _______ 6 12 20 32 42 56 72 90 120 Tanks Pipe Size............... .............. .K H Gal. per Min............................. . . 25 37 1 IK IK IK IK 2 2 45 75 85 100 125 150 175 Flush Pipe Size _______ . . . 1 IK IK IK IK 2 2 2 2 Valves Lavatories and Wash Sinks-- - Based upon Each Faucet Gal. per Min............ ..................... .. 4. 8 12 24 30 40 48 64 75 Pipe Size _ ........................ .... ........ K X K 1 1 IK IK IK IK Bath Tubs-- Gal. per Min............. ........................ 15 30 40 80 96 112 144 192 240 Pipe Size........................ ................................ k 1 IK IK 2 2 . 2 m ZK Shower Bath9-- Gal. per Min................ Pipe Size_____ ____ .. . ,,. _ 8 16 32 64 96 128 192 256 320 8" rain K K IK IK. 2 2 ZK m 3 Head Acid and Slop Sinks, Manufacturing, . Kitchen and Laundry-- Gal. per Min_______ __ ___ ____ 15 25 40 64 84 96 120 150. 200 per bibb Pipe Size.... .... ... ........................... . H 1 IK IK IK 2 2 2 ZK per bibb Note.--The above sizes are based upon a pressure drop of 30 lb. per 100 ft. . In estimating risers and mains, the number of gallons for W. C. and urinals where flush valves are used are to be as given for tanks. . The hot<water faucets are to be disregarded when estimating cold-water risers and mains. in height, a pressure drop of 52 lb. can be used on the lowest fixture branches; Table 1, however, can be used with safety on any of the floors but will give pipe sizes larger than necessary for the lower floors in a very tall building. Table 5 gives the amount of water in gallons which may be passed through pipes of % in. to 4 in. diameter with pressure drop from 5 lb. to 150 lb. per 100 ft. of run. This table may be used in sizing horizontal and vertical mains. For example, if the water main pressure available is known, say 90 lb., and the horizontal run from water main to vertical riser is 100 ft., and the vertical riser is 100 ft. to'top branch; it will require 43.31 lb. for static head (see Table 6), and 15 lb. pressure at a minimum should be allowed for the uppermost fixture or a total of 58.31 lb. which would leave available for friction 90 -- 53.31 = 16.69 for friction in 200 ft. run, or 336 Chapter XX--Water Supply Systems and Piping for Buildings 8.34 lb. pier 100 ft. The main can thus be sized from the 7 lb. pressure drop of Table 5. Table 2. Water Risers for Manufacturing Buildings, Loft Buildings, Apartment Houses, Hotels G. P. M. G. P. M. Pipe Size with Drop per 100 Ft. Run 51b. 10 lb. 20 lb. 10 " 6 * 10 * 5 " 10 " 4 " 10 " 3 " 10 * 2 * 10 1 * 100x0.60 200 x 0.60 300 x 0.60 400 x 0.60 500 x 0.60 600 x 0.60 700 x 0.60 800 x 0.60 900 x 0.60 1000 x 0.60 60% = 60 90% - 108 80% - 144 70% - 168 60% - 180 50% - 180 40% - 184 40% - 192 40% - 216 40% - 240 2m ZK' 3' 3K' 3K' 3K' 3M' 3)4* su* 3X* 2' 2K' 2K' 3' 3' 3' 3' 3# 3* 3' IK' IK' 2' 2K' ZK' ZK' 2M' 2*4' 2 H* 2K' Note.--For residences, use Table 1. and for the main supply use 25 per cent of total of gallons used by fixtures and then take pipe size from Table 5 on a basis of 10 lb. pressure drop per 100 ft. or less if water supply pressure is less than 50 lb. . ' Table 3. Apartment House Supply Risers Based upon One, Two, and Three Baths pier Apartment One (1) Bath Apartment 1 bath 1 W. C. 1 sink 1 lav. 15 gal. 8 gal. 4 gal. 4 gal. 31 gals. 50% demand--15 gals, per min. UTop Floor 15 gal Next " 28 38 a " " " " -" " 51 60 67 71 78 81 a a u u a " 83 " " 84 " 85 a Riser IK" iK" l K" 2' 2' 2" 2' 2" 2' 2" 2' 2' Two (2) Bath Apartment 2 baths 2 W. C. 1 sink 2 lavs. 24 gal. 14 gal. 4 gal. 6 gal. 48 gals. 40%--20 gals. per min. 20 gal. 38 " 54 " 68 " 80 " 90 " 98 " 104 " 108 " 110 " 110 " 110 " Riser IK' IK" 2" 2" 2" 2" 2 K" 2 K' 2K" 2 K' 2 K' 2 K" Threb (3) Bath Apartment 3 baths 3 W. C. 1 sink 3 lavs. 30 gal. 18 gal. 4 gal. 9 gal. 61 gals. 40%--24 gals, per min. 24 gal. 43 " 64 " 82 " 96 " 108 " 117 " 124 " 134 " 143 " 143 " 143 " Riser IK' 2" 2" 2' -2 2K' 2K" 2W 2 K" 2 K' 2 KT 2 K" Note.--T'iie pipe sizes are based upon a drop of 10 lb. water pressure for each 100 ft. run. The size of branch for each Apartment should be not less than 1FF in. Example--What is the riser size needed for a six-story apartment house having one bath for each apartment? . Table 3 gives 2 in. diameter for all from four to twelve stories with IK in. to supply the top floor and next to top and IK in. for floor below. What is the size of riser needed for a twelve-story apartment house with three baths to each apartment? Table 3 gives 2K in. for all floors up to eighth floor, 2 in. for ninth, tenth and eleventh, and IK in. for top floor. What is the riser size for a two bath apartment six stories high? Table 3 gives 2 in. for the first four floors with IK in; at fifth floor and IK in. on the top floor. -. 337 American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1929 Table 4. Apartment Houses. Sues of Water Supply Mains* and Meters Based upon pressure drop of 10 lb. per 100 ft. run ' For 4 and S Stories Apartments per Floor 1 bath. .. .......... 2 baths..-........... 3 baths. Fodb GaL Main 120 2M' 160 3' 200 3" Six Gal. Main 160 3' 200 3' 240 3' Eight Gal Main 200 3' 240 3* 280 3* Ten Gal. Main 240 3" 280 3' 320 3H' 1 bath_______ _ 2 baths.________ 3 baths. 150 190 230 For 6, 7 and 8 Stories . 2M" 3' 3* 190 230 270 3* 3' 3' 230 270 310 3* 3* 3W 270 310 350 3' 3W 3M' For 9, 10,11 and 12 Stories 1 bath__________ 2 baths. ___ ___ 3 baths.._______ 200 250 300 3' 3* 3H' 250 300 350 3' 3W 3H' 300 350 400 3 y? 3M" 3M" 350 400 450 Nolc.--The gallons per. minute given above are approximated maximum demand for conditions stated. Table 4 gives the. sixes of mains for apartment houses of one, two or three baths for each apart ment, and with four, six, eight or ten apartments per floor and from four to twelve stories in height. Example.--What is the required size of water main for apartment house eight stories high, six apartments per floor, each having three baths? Answer from Table 4 is 3 in. . # Example.--What is the required size of main for a ten-story apartment house with six apartments per floor, each having two baths? Answer from Table 4 is 3H in. main. Table 5. Pipes may be Sized for Giving any Desired Pressure Drop per 100 Ft. of Run Friction Pressure Drop Lb. per Sq. In. per 100 Ft. Run. H Pipe Sizes in Inches 1 1H 1M 2 2H 3 3K 4- Gallons.per Minute ' 5 7 10 20 30 40 50 75 100 125 150 . . 5.4 . 11 19 30 6.4 13 23 36 7.6 15 27 43 10.8 22 38 61 13.2 15.0 27 31 47 ' 54 76 86 . 17.0 35 60 96 21.0 43 .74. 117. 24.0 49 85 136 27.0 55 96 .152 30.0 60 . 105 166 62. 74 88 125 153 176 197 242 278 311 341 109 129 154 218 267 308 345 423 485 544 598 171 203 242 343 420 . 485 542 665 769 858 939 252 298 357 504 618 714 800 978 1130 1260 1380 353 418 ^ 499 ; 706 864 .998! 1115 1365 1578 1765 1930 338 XX--Chapter Water Supply Systems and Piping for Buildings Table 6. Showing Water Pressure Required to Deliver Water to Top of Vertical Riser with. 15 Lb. Pressure at the Top Branch and to .. Give Adequate Service at Vertical Heights Given Water Pressure in Lb. Required to Deliver Water to Top of Riser with 15 Lb. Terminal Pressure Pressure Drop per 100 Ft. Static Head in Lb. Vertical Rise op Water from Main to Highest Water Pressure in Lb. Required to Give Adequate Service at Vertical Heights Given Horizontal Run from Supply to Riser 51b. 15 20.5 25 29.5 35 39.5 44 49.5 54 58.5 64 68.5 73 77.5 83 87.5 7 lb. 15 20.7 25.4 30.1 35.8 40.5 45.2 50.9 55.6 60.3 66 70.7 75.4 80.1 85.9 90.5 10 lb. 15. 21 26 31 37 42 47 53 58 63 69 74 79 84 90 95 20 \b. 15 22 28 34 41 47 53 60 64 72 79 85 91 97 104 110 0 4.33 8.66 12.99 17.32 21.65 25.99 30.32 34.65 38.98 43.31 47.64 51.97 56.30 60.63 64.96 Branch 0 10 20 30 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120 130 140 150 25' 0" 50' 0" 75' O'' 100' 0" 22.8 lb. 28.1 8 33.5 8 38.8 8 44.1 * 49.5 * 54.8 *. 60.1 * 65.2 * 70.8 8 76.1 8 81.5 8 86.8 8 92.1 8 97.5 * 25.3 lb. 30.6 * 36 8 41.3 * 46.6 * 52 * 57.3 862.6 * 67.7 73.3 8 78.6 8 84 * 89.3 94.6 8 100 27.8 lb. 33.1 38.5 8 43.8 8 49.1 54.5 59.8 8 65.1 70.2 * 75.8 * 81.1 8 86.5 8 91.8 8 97.1 8 102.5 * 30.3 lb. 35.0 8 41 8 46.3 8 51.6 * 57 8 62.3 8 67.6 8 72.7 8 78.3 8 83.6 8 89 8 94.3 8 99.6 8 105 8 ~ *TWe water pressures given in above table are the pressures at the base of the riser, necessary to deliver water to top of riser with a terminal pressure of 15 lb. when discharging the number of gallons per minute called for in Table 5, at the pressure drop indicated. **Based uDon 10 lb. pressure drop per 100 ft. run of pipe and a terminal pressure of 15 lb. at the uppermost fixture. A terminal pressure of 15 lb. has been selected for operation of flush valves. For terminal pressure of 10 lb., deduct 5 lb. from the figures given above; or for a terminal pressure of 5 lb. deduct 10 lb. from above values. Example.--What are the sizes required for mains and branches in. a building 100 ft* high, supplied with a water pressure of.75 lb. per square inch with 100 gal. of water per minute required on each floor? ... This is worked out in Table 2 and gives the pipe sizes for the main riser with a 10 lb. drop for 100 ft. of run and shows that a 3 in. main, reduced to 2 in., would be required: branches to the various groups of fixtures can be taken from Tables 5 and 6. On the top floor it will be necessary to use a 1^6 in. branch to carry 60 gal. per minute with a pressure drop of 30 lb. but that at 30 ft. vertically from the supply, a V/i in. branch pipe will carry 60 gal. per minute, therefore 1J4 in. pipe could be selected for this branch. Assuming that the pressure drop in the main riser is 10 lb. per 100 ft. run and the pressure drop on the top floor in the branch does not exceed 15 lb. in all and the static head for building 100 ft. as given in column 2 of Table 6 is 43.31 lb. making a total of 58.311b.; it will be seen that 75 lb.-58.31 lb., which equals 16.59 lb., is the amount of pressure over and above that required, and that this pressure can be utilized to overcome the friction drop in the main feed line running from the source of supply to the base of the riser. FromTable2it is found that 240 gal. per minute will flow at the first floor, and assuming that this water supply is to be brought in a main 300 ft. long; Table 5 will show that a in. supply would be necessary. ' Example.--What pressure is required in the water supply main to give 15 lb. pressure at the uppermost fixture in a building where the riser is 100 ft. high and is located 75 ft. from the water main in a horizontal direction, when the other fixtures within the building are in use to their estimated average capacity? : Answer is found to be 75.8 lb. at the intersection of 100 ft. vertical height and 75 ft. horizontal run. ... Note.--If only 10 lb. be required at the uppermost fixture, then 70.8 lb. would be the answer. WHEN TANK IS ON ROOF If tank is elevated about 35 ft. above highest fixture, which would be about 25 ft. above the roof, similar computations will apply for branch 339 American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1929 connections and main risers except that the main riser will have its greatest diameter at the top. It will be seen that 35 ft. elevation will give the necessary 15 lb. pressure at the highest fixture and that the pressure drop may be made equal to the static head from the top fixtures down, or 40 lb. per 100. . ' FRICTION IN ELBOWS Friction caused by elbows should be added to straight pipe friction. Each elbow in a line will add friction equal to a length of straight pipe forty times the diameter of the pipe: PipeSize......... ................... %A 1 1^ IK 2 2M Equivalent length of straight pipe in feet__. 2.5 3.3 4.1 5 6.7 8.3 3 3H 4 10 11.7 13.3 The water supply formula herewith makes it possible to accurately compute the flow of water in gallons through any pipe with any friction head and also gives formula for the additional head due to water entering the main, which, if extremely accurate calculations are necessary, should be added to the head required for friction; generally, however, this can be neglected as it is comparatively small. WATER SUPPLY FORMULA CF = cubic feet per minute discharged. G = gallons per minute discharged. H -- friction head of water in feet = pressure X 2.31; if water is raised vertically, deduct number of feet raised, from head due to pressure. L = length of pipe in feet--including horizontal and vertical runs. CF = 0.16 ... Y X3 H L (1) rt - i * .I(3d)5 X 3 H \L (2) (CF)* X L .0768 (3d)` ,, (G)*XL (3) 4.32 (3d)5 (4) The above formula neglects the head due to entry, which need not be computed except when L is very short. Hi = head due to entry in feet. (/ 0.83 G V H, Id* X 13/ or Hi 6.25 CF\* d* X 13/ Example.--Required the discharge of a 2 in. main with pressure 30 lb. 100 ft. hori zontal run and 30 ft. vertical run. H = 30 X 2.31 - 30 = 39.3. Formula (2) G = 1.2 J(3 *-2)` X 3 X 39 3 = 100.8 T 100 + 30 In the above case the head due to entry would be Hi /0.83 X ioo.8y V2 X 2 X 13/ = 2.56 ft. Usually this can be neglected except for very close calculations. 340 Chapter XX--Water Supply Systems and Piping for Buildings HOT WATER SUPPLY , Tables 7, 8, 9, 10 and 11 give the hot-water requirements for several kinds of buildings in terms of gallons per maximum hour and per day. Pipe sizes for hot-water systems may be calculated from the foregoing data on cold-water systems; using the same quantities for the gallons of hot water required per minute as is given for the cold water. It may be borne in mind that a column of hot water is lighter than one of cold water amounting to about ft. per 100 ft. in the height of columns of equal weight. In cas'e the cold water must first be fed down from roof tanks to heaters in the basement and then back up to the top floor fixtures, the extra length of run must be taken into consideration. As a check on the total quantity of hot and cold water required per day it is well to know that this generally runs from 2 to 3 times the amount of hot water re quired and from 80 to 100 gal. per occupant of the building. Table 7. Hot Water Requirements for Apartment Buildings Class Lavatories Hot-Water Futures per Apartment ' Bath Tubs Showers Over Tubs Kitchen Sinks Laundry Trays . Separate Showers Gallons Hot Water per Apartment per Maximum Hour Ai i i i 2 0 . 25 A2 2 i i 2 0 30 A 2 2' 2 i 2 0 35 A2 1 1 i 2 1 55 B1 .1 0 i 2 0 20 C1 1 0 i 1 0 15 Note.--The quantity of hot water required per day is usually about 10 times the maximum hour requirement. .- Table 8. Hot Water Requirements for Hotels Class Gallons Add for Kitchens per Meal Capacity Add for Laundry Hot Water PerH. W. perH. W. Fixture per Fixture., per Day - Hour Per Day Per Maximum Hour Per Washer Per Piece per Day Per Washer per Day MaxIfim* um Hour High-class transient...... Medium-class transient...... Apartment hotels__ ______ 85 70 50 6.8: 6.5 5.0 3.0 2.5 2.0 1.0 0.80 0.60 1.0 1.0 1.0 1200 1000 1000 250 200 200 Note.--Instantaneous demand rate for laundry washers from 25 to 60 gal. per minute. Table 9. Hot Water Requirements for Office Buildings Class Hot Water per Hot-Water Fixture Per Day Per Maximum Hour Having hot water in public toilets only.......... ...................... Having hot water in private offices as well as in public For self-closing hot-water fixtures deduct.--......................... 50 30 40% 5.0 3.0 25% American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1929 _ As a check on the sizes of hot-water mains, Table 8 will give safe sizes for gravity systems fed from roof tanks set not less than 20 ft. from the water line in tanks to the highest fixtures. Table 10. Sizes of Hot Water Mains Gallons per Maximum Hour 500 750 1000 1250 1500 . 1750 ' 2000 2500 3000 Size of Hot Watch Main, Inches 2 2K 2H 3 3 3^ ZH 4 4 Table 11. Hot Water Requirements for Hospitals Hot Watch Hot Watch Per Patient Per Fixture Gallons used oer average dav............ Gallons used oer maximum dav. I...................... Average maximum rate of flow for 15 min. in gallons per hour____ Maximum rate of flow for 15 miri. in gallons per hour.................. 82 127 11 19 48 65 7 8 Nou. The above values are based on Utility Demands of a Modern Hospital by Larson. Nelson and Rose. See Journal. American Society op Heating and Ventilating Engineers, January 1928. Nole.---The hot water used is 25 per cent of total water requirements. The above requirements are for a hospital without a laundry. - Table 12. Water Requirements for Hospitals! Total Watch Total Watch Used Ex clusive op Amount 'Used in Toilets. Slop Sinks, Sopteneb Flush ing and Refrigeration Cooling ' Cold Watch Used Ex clusive op Amount Used in Toilets, Slop Sinks, Softener Flush ing and Refrigeration Cooling Per Patient* Per Fixture Per Patient Per Fixture Per Patient Gallons used per average day___ : Gallons used per maximum day____ Average maximum rate of flow for 15 min. in gallons per hour...TM...... Maximum rate of flow for 15 min. in gallons per hour.1.......................... 366 527 29 . 50 77 275 104 193 116 423 174 296 . 7 25 8 14 12 44 16 30 tThe values given are based on Utility Demands of a Modern Hospital by Larson, Nelson and Rose. See Journal, American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers. January 1928. (No laundry included.) *The items in this column, include water used for flushing softeners and refrigeration condenser. The total water used per patient day was 366 gal. and exclusive of softener flushing and refrigeration condenser requirements was 308 gal. On the latter basis, the water used per occupant day was 127 gal. Laundry requirements would be in addition to above amounts. 342 Chapter xxi PIPE AND FITTINGS Standard Dimensions, Composition of Material, Copper and Brass, Roughiog-ln Dimen* sions. Design of Fittings. - DURING the past 20 years in particular there has been a remarkable development in the wrought tubular industry, including the tonnage used, the capacity of mills, diversity of pipe service, and improvements in the material itself. The factors which control the characteristics and properties, and thus produce the modern improvement in various tubular materials, are the facilities of the manufacturer; the special processes employed; the availa bility and quality of raw materials and the ideals and skill of the men in the organization. Among modern improvements none have received, greater attention than the efforts to produce a uniform quality of wrought pipe. To - secure and maintain uniformity, necessitates complete control of all materials and manufacturing operations--from ore to finished product. This practice of producing uniform skelp and its fabrication into finished tubular products is supplemented by a mechanical process of roll-knob bing, to make the metal more uniformly dense when there is any tendency to physical irregularity in this respect. Another condition which gives rise to electrolytic centers and pitting is the presence of irregular areas of heavy welding-scale on the surface of the finished product, caused by oxidation at the high'temperature of welding. This scale is strongly electro-negative to iron, like copper, and should therefore be removed in the interest of preventing corrosion. Other advantages of having the scale removed from pipe are: its clean, smooth surfaces present an -ideal .base for the .adherence of a galvanizing coating, full working capacity is assured (the interior being free from any obstructions tending to reduce the flow), troubles caused by the deposit of scale in valves, strainers, and other apparatus, are practi cally eliminated and pitting by corrosion is materially reduced. Scale removal, where accomplished in the process of manufacture, is done by passing the oversize pipe through a series of finishing rolls (after its temperature has been reduced to about 1800 deg. fahr.) which rolls reduce it to the proper size and also crack the hardened welding-scale from both the inside and the outside of the pipe. The loose scale is then washed or blown off. While with such expedients considerable improve ment has been attained, the fact still remains that the life of pipe is governed largely by .installation conditions, and no matter how well made Material for this Chapter was prepared especially by S. E. Dibble, Thomas Dugan. James Ashton and G. Schneider. .. 343 T a b l e 1. St a n d a r d W r o u g h t P ip e Table of Standard Dimensions American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1929 N o m in a l W e ig h t per F oot Threaded and Coupled C^C>lNHOflOu0o0r-<>-*O'OONOt^O\0^0r0--'P~HP40o0OOr0t0<~ior*o`O>o0S0oi2oOOOO^crNwOS^o 43 jilf AhW r O' oONr>MN5ioo\o'ooN.Tj'Ti''0^^-Hnr-tON 000-'^Ne<rOiOh*OiON^<OOrO^OOtOH^<OioN501 j b. o IS Ah o a ts 5 OP Ja 'H ft. If External Surface 2" S3 csNt>.io\ooor''oa<onootvH4noTHi>.iooo Tj,Or^'OTt,c^(NCS-H h-i -h >-<0C>00000000 ,^0'Ou,>*OCTkeo,Or^^ciOt^*'0OtO'^iH^coeocor^rr>CsICN 0\tv.i0^xtOC'4CSCS-H-4^-C>0 4> , Sg e*!^ni^'OtiJiO5f!O2O'^i'2O0x,`ue,),O*'M000o0^ro*oc0OHe-H0P'O4i'oOaOx,'^^o*?o*ei^>o.Oo^O-iiNo*ot^\ 0*HHNfO^,'Orr*M\0*H\or)u,>0>MrOOi-'OOx^'COiO OOOOOOOO'-'*-'VMf,0N)xI'OOf>000\0d'-<<y5N,i* T ransverse A reas 1. J# r^3!:i,3?r<2'^lo'Oiy'>C|0f^v!Or-~'O*-icc>^-r--'OLO-HU->er>r-, toa'fo\og't2U5ooooofo^,QO\PO'Oesooooostofoo> 0^>-'to`ooo<J`Of*)r'ooor'0'Oooi>-HMO'Ooocoo OOOOOO^HCStO^t^OxNxOOoOOOr-iOpq >-'*itNNfO>OiO'OOOOONO>'-'H-t I* oJ29S^n20'^Sioo<m-''o^"O'Oxm^' o\o ro to to ^ *0 C'lCNl/)0'00'0t0t00'CS'0Of0ONl0c4N'0'0'0'0f0Nb. OO^H(NM't'OO'tN>GON'tTt,lOC00CtSOOO00Is't' . . '-tw^-fvr0^"G'G^.0\0\0'OMiN Internal 1 Inches 2S!2^S:5i2cSr,,t^oosc,?2,0'0',:*,fr:>'0f^o,`0'r^ovoocspv ^'t^toooo't0`0o\<oto,t^io*0`0\oot>.oo^'^r*ooo0' oO'-'io^uitNcoOrJ'f^'O'H'DrHCOnnrononfnrtnortV) g sz 0'-i-'f-iNfo^>oxoe0''Hei^,looxN,oiooots^H^HTi'rHr* . T-H^H^H^,^HCMr^cM?NfOror<5c^cr>cD a I 5 CN'0iH\0d^(CS0xY}'O0'lO-Ht''4'!0O'OONt^NN0vOO --iMlNfO'tlO'ONOiOCS'tiONOtONNOrOrOfO'Odo External Inches N o m in a l T h ic k n e s sI Approximate . n c h e s Internal 1 Inches HS2Sl?2f<)!2S!?'^2[?'0'0,s',^000'-it^cscMOx^ie>toOto 000'-`'HrH^iT-(H(s|Mr4 C'JCN fNCStOCNCOrOMtOfOtOfO <Dooo, ' . g & a O'*5't0CNTf<O'OKC>i'000D'O'OC'lOf0'H-H*-'r4\OOCiC,O v0^g5^f^J^J^'CO-i'Ovp'0-^r^O'^''OCNt^-oo^OcG)r^ON NfO^'OMO'O'OO^O^OvidoOOO'O^MOSOO 00-H-HrH(N(v)rotOT}"d,iG'ONCOr^oOOOO^fNoi 0[3'*^r3jJ2-^'0t-^ - O Q 'OCNCNMP4P4<0`0`010`00 ^<0'0o0ro'00itoooio0'00`00'0'0'0'0e*^e.et'b* O T-'-HrtrHfVJMfOXtxl'IOVJOr' OO OO OlOOO'-NCN External Inches / ea M - nn CO S5 .. T-i-H^HCSCNCDrO^'tiG'Ot^OOClOO'OOO-HMCN 344 ' Chapter XXI--Pipe and Fittings or uniform the pipe may be, its life, particularly under severe corrosion conditions; such as, hot-water supply lines, boiler feed and return lines, is limited, and some protective measures are necessary to secure a longer life. The electrolytic theory of corrosion,-as formulated in 1903 by Dr. Whitney, led to the development of certain protective methods for closed 4 4*4x2 TEE 4 4x3x2TEE '? . 4 4*4x2 LATERAL ; 4 a / j*"? 3 4. 4x3*2 LATERAL -4 4*4x2x2 CROSS " 4 4x4x3x2 CROSS 4 4x3*2*li CROSS Fig. 1. Usual Method of Designating Fittings water systems, which are based on- the removal of dissolved oxygen from the water. Careful experiments in various research laboratories have demonstrated that the amount of corrosion found in such systems is almost directly proportional to the amount of oxygen in solution, and varies with the temperature. All reliable data on this subject indicate that the composition of the iron--i.e., the varying amount of carbon, phosphorous, manganese, sul phur, silicon, oxides, slag and copper usually found in wrought.iron and soft steel---makes Very little difference in the amount or character of 345 American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1929 Chapter XXI--Pipe and Fittings corrosion under water, although under atmospheric exposure the influence of composition is sometimes more marked. In practice, oxygen removal has-been accomplished in two ways, namely; by de-aerating the water mechanically; and by fixing the free oxygen by chemical combination. Suitable apparatus is now being manufactured for this purpose. T a b l e 2. E x t r a Str o n g W r o u g h t P ip e Table o f Standard Dimensions Fig. 2. Standard Roughing-in Dimensions Angle Type Valves She or Valve w H' l* iH" m' 2" Tolerance ADimension Steam And Hot Water Angle Valves and Union Elbows Effective Jan. 1,1926 2H" 2 X" 3' 3H' 3H' 4K' . - ADimension Modulating Valves Effective Jan., 1, 1926 w*r 2:%' 3' 3W 3 H" AH' A, Dimension - - . Return Line Vacuum Valves Effective Jan. 1.1925 3 H' The standardization of the Roughing-in Dimensions of Angle Steam and Hot Water, and Modulating Radiator Valves was made possible by the cooperation of the Manufacturers Standardization Society of the Valves and Fittings Industry. Tables 1 and 2 give the important physical properties of Standard and Extra Heavy Wrought Pipe. Copper and Brass Pipe Copper and brass tubing are commonly stocked and supplied in sizes varying from to 10 in. o. d. and in gages from 2 to 25 B. & S. and Stubbs. Copper and brass pipes are stocked and supplied in standard, extra heavy and double extra heavy iron pipe thicknesses and sizes. See Tables 1 and 2. Both tubing and piping are usually stocked in 12 ft. lengths, and can be obtained in lengths from 2 to 20 ft. or more if required. The serviceability and usefulness of brass piping is due principally to its inherent resistance to corrosion. For this reason it is used for boiler 346 347 American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1929 feed systems, water supply systems, and for other purposes where cor rosion is an important consideration. . Corrosion is caused by the chemical interaction between the oxygen of the atmosphere and the metallic surfaces. In the case of closed water systems this applies also to the oxygen of the air dissolved in the water. This type of corrosion or oxidation is universal and is the chief cause of the deterioration and decay of metals and alloys used in engineering. Other types of corrosion or chemical decomposition frequently occur and are very often due to the action of acids on the metals. In cities sulphur dioxide, chlorides, sulphides and other ingredients also have a distinct corrosive influence. Copper or brass piping does not discolor the water, which it conveys, with rust. Due to its maintenance of a smooth, unrusted interior, full flow and pressure are continued throughout the life of . the system, and piping friction losses do not increase with age of the system. Certain special conditions conducive to Corrosion may require special mixtures, in order to obtain for the piping systems the longest life. Where unusual factors of corrosion are present, the engineer or contractor should heed the recommendations of the pipe manufacturer. In all cases, pipe fittings should have approximately the same composition as the metal of the pipe itself. FITTINGS Fig. 1 shows the usual method of designating fittings. The dimensions of cast-iron and malleable screw fittings should be in accordance with the standards approved by the American Engineering Standards Committee. Fig. 2 indicates the roughing-in dimensions for radiator valves and traps adopted as standard by the Heating and Piping Contractors'National Association. 348 CHAPTER XXII design and operating data for mechan ical EQUIPMENT OF FEDERAL BUILDINGS UNDER CONTROL OF U. S. TREASURY DEPARTMENT Heating Requirements, Boiler Capacity, Electric Requirements, Water Requirements, Elevator Requirements, Sanitary Equipment, Isolated Plants, Janitorial Service. THE following data have been compiled by Nelson Thompson, Chief Mechanical and Electrical Engineer, Office of the Supervising Archi tect, U. S. Treasury Department, Washington, D. C., to show the principles upon which the installation and operation of the mechanical equipment of Federal Buildings under the control of the United States Treasury Department are based. It is not intended to be of a highly technical or research character, but of a more practical nature, for the use of the busy architect or engineer in thegeneral planning or arranging of mechanical equipment for buildings ' of this character. While much of the data referred to do not pertain strictly to heating and ventilating, it is so related so as to come within the scope and practice of heating and ventilating engineers and will, it is hoped, be of general interest to those engaged in this field of work. Table 1: Approximations used in Study and Design of Plumbing Equipment U.' for Smaller S. Post Office and Court House Buildings '. Fixtures .. Shall Buildings 25 or Less Employees 1 to 10 1 to 25 . 1 to 15 1 to 50 . Medium Buildings 26 to 100 Employees 1 to 20 1 to 30 1 to 20 1 to 50 . Large Buildings Over 100 Employees , 1 to 23 1 to 46 1 to 30 1 to 50 ` In the smaller buildings toilet facilities for office floors where the number of employees is not known are estimated on the basis of one employee for each 100 sq. ft; of net office space, divided, about 70 per cent for men and 30 per cent for women. . Private toilet's are always provided, for the postmaster, judge and petit juries. They may also be provided for other officials in special cases. Lavatories are installed in all office rooms or suites. . Fire hose are not installed in the small one story buildings. Where installed in larger buildings they are so located that no room is over 75 ft. from the hose cabinet. Material for this Chapter was prepared especially for The Guide by Nelson S. Thompson. 349 of and 1929American Society Heating Ventilating Engineers Guide, The size of the main sewer from the building to the city sewer is generally not less than 6 in. Where sewers are combined, or where the sanitary sewer is less than 4 ft. below the basement floor, back water valves are installed to protect basement fixtures and areas. For combined sewers the roof water is separated, so far as possible, from the sanitary drainage. A cleanout manhole is installed on the main sewer line just inside the basement wall to facilitate testing and cleaning the connection to the city sewer. If the center line of main sewer is more than 30 in. below the floor, cleanout manholes are made,22 x 40 in. ' " . The minimum size of water service for any building is 1*4 in.' without fire hose, and 2 in. with fire hose. All fire risers are 2 in. No meters are installed, but outlets are provided for same. Connections for fire lines are taken off just inside the main shut-off valve on street side of meter outlets. ' HOT WATER HEATERS AND STORAGE TANKS In the smaller buildings 20 gal. in the storage tank is allowed for each shower bath, TO gal. for each sink and 5 gal. for each lavatory. This works out on an average in these buildings as a 65 gal. tank, a cast-iron water heater with 12 in. grate and an. indirect type of heating element connected below the water line of the heating boiler. In the larger buildings the storage tank is usually about 36 in. diameter by 8 ft. long, contains 424 gal. and has a copper steam coil of 36 lin. ft. 2 in. diameter tubing. The cast-iron water heater has an 18 in. grate. DRINKING WATER Consideration is not given to the installation of mechanically refrig erated drinking water systems in any building with less than 2,500,000 cu. ft. contents, nor where there are fewer than-20 drinking fountains or less than 500 occupants for the reason that from October 1, to April 1, iced-drinking water is not furnished in buildings located north of .the 37th parallel of latitude. South of that line it is furnished the year around. The average cost of the, ice purchased throughout the United States is 55 cents per 100 lb. and the consumption averages, north of the 37 parallel, in summer, 1H lb. per day per occupant for the period of 180 days. No labor can be saved by mechanical refrigeration when fewer than 20 drinking fountains-are to be'iced daily. In the smaller post offices and court houses the following rule is used: Drinking fountains on the basis of one fountain for each- 50 employees are to be installed in all large and small post-office workrooms. A drink ing fountain is also to be installed in each corridor on upper floors in the smaller buildings. One pint of refrigerated drinking water per hour is allowed for each occupant. .- HEATING . One-pipe steam distribution is used for small and medium sized build-, ings except where there is a central heating service, when the system in the building is so designed that the outside service can be used. 359 C . XXII U.S.hap --Design and Operating Data, Mech. Equip., Treas. Dept. Bldgs. Boilers, generally in the smaller buildings are single pass and in the larger buildings double pass firebox portable type. Care is taken to see that the architect provides a stack of ample size ahd height. In general, a fire-brick lined stack 21x21 in. inside is provided for the smaller buildings. Fuel rooms are provided on a basis of 1 sq. ft. for each 1000 cu. ft. gross cubic contents of the building and are in no case less than 500 sq. ft. in floor area. Mechanical ventilation is installed for court rooms and, sometimes, for other assembly rooms in larger buildings. The ratio of direct steam radiation to the architectural cubic contents of the building will average 1 to 110. CONDUIT AND WIRING Ceiling lighting outlets in post-office working spaces are spaced approxi mately 10 ft.'on centers. Each screen window has a bracket outlet. Lock box and similar screen sections have bracket outlet spaced approximately 3 ft. apart. One city telephone per each 1200 sq. ft. of net floor area is about the average which must be provided for. The illumination, exclusive of furniture lighting, is figured on the basis of one watt per square foot for all post-office working spaces, swing rooms, lobbies and office rooms and % watt per square foot for corridors, toilets and similar rooms. Court rooms are figured at two watts per square foot. Boiler rooms and basement storage rooms are supplied with drop cord outlets, using 25 watt lamps, spaced approximately 15 ft. apart. One drop cord outlet is installed for gage light on the boiler. Fuel rooms have one drop cord outlet at the entrance. ELEVATORS Regularly, one.passenger elevator is allowed for each 40,000 gross floor area above the first floor, and as a check against this, one elevator for every 300 occupants of the building above the first floor is used. Elevators are located as close as possible to the entrances to the building. Not more than six elevators are placed in any one bank. Elevator conditions in Federal Buildings are very different from those obtained in high class office buildings--the service will not be so frequent. MARINE HOSPITALS . None of the foregoing rules apply to Marine Hospitals. In fact, few rules can be established for the design of the mechanical equipment of these establishments. Data for the equipment of a hospital recently designed by the Office of the Supervising Architect are-as follows: The kitchen is provided with hoods over the ranges, steam kettles, etc. Motor-driven fans exhaust from these hoods, giving 12 air changes per hour. .' The main dietdcitchen is equipped with a gas-range about 30 in. long,' a large refrigerator with brine'coils supplied from the central refrigerating plant, and a steel table having mounted thereon a motor-driven fruit juice extractor and a small motor-driven mixing machine. 351 American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers-Guide, 1929 Table 2. Mechanical Equipment for U. S. Marine Hospital Group* Boilers No. H. P. Each 4 120 So. Ft. Steam Rap. 17,000 Hot Water Tank and Heater Capacitt . For Toilets and Baths For Kitchen and Laundry 1400 gal. storage 2500 gal. per hr. 700 gal. storage 1500 gal. per hr. Total Hot and Number of Plumbing Cold Water Fixtures, per Patient peb Occupant W.C. Urin. Lav. Bath Tubs 200 1/9 1/18 1/6 1/12 Pounds Dry Wash per Week 14,400 Floor Space 3740 sq. ft. Laundry Washers No. Size No. 30 in. Drying Extractors Tumbler i 36'x54" 2 i Power Presses for Uniforms Flat Work Iboner 4-38' . .110 in. 6 roll 65 lin. ft. per minute. Tons Capacity 8 Refrigeration Ice Made 1 ton Refrigerated Storage Space Cu Ft. 2400 Floor Area 2300 sq. ft. Kitchens Diet Kitchen' on each Floor of Hospital 13' x 20' Kettles and Steamers 1-50 gal. 2-40 " ' 2-60 " 1--4 sect, steamer RANGES, OVENS AND WARMERS Gas range 8 ft. 0 in. long Comb, gas and coal range,8 ft. 0 in. u Gas broiler, 3 ft. 0 in. u * Gas griddle and toaster, 3 ft. 0 in. u 4 compartment pastry oven. 20 sq. ft. baking shelves. machines One-2 peck per minute paring machine. s One-2 lb. per minute meat chopper. . 0ne-80 qt. mixing machine and coffee grinder. One-40 qt. ice cream freezer. Capacity: 249 beds for patients, 57 attendants, 26 nurses, 2 internes, 1 officer in charge, 4 junior medical officers and 4 administration assistants. The serving and diet kitchens in the main building are each equipped with a household type gas range and an automatic electric refrigerator. As food for the wards will be distributed'generally by means of insulated food carts direct from the main kitchen, diet kitchen equipment has been kept to the minimum. -. In addition to the above equipment, however, two of the diet kitchens are provided with dishwashers with steam sterilizing equipment for use in case of contagious diseases. . The main serving kitchen and dining rooms are located on the main floor directly over the kitchen. An electric dumb-waiter is provided for carrying food between the kitchen and serving rooms. An average of 60 per cent of the patients in Public Health Service Hospitals are am bulant. This gives about 150 patients to be served from the main-serving 352 XXII U.S.Chap --Design and Operating Data, Mech. Equip., Treas. Dept. Bldgs. kitchen. The serving kitchen is about 20x 40 ft. and is arranged in cafeteria style. It has a steam table 10 ft. long, provided with meat, soup and vegetable dishes, and about 30 lin. ft. of counters with tray slides. This steam table and counter is ample to serve at least 300 people per hour, so that the 150 patients can be served in one-half hour. The counters and steam table are made of galvanized iron, finished with lacquer paint, and are equipped with solid nickel silver tops. They have storage shelves with sliding doors underneath. The dining rooms for patients aggregate about 2500 sq. ft. or about 17 sq. ft. per person served. . A large dishwasher is located adjacent to the dining rooms, and a smaller dishwasher is located on the first floor to serve dining rooms on that floor, so that all dishes are washed on the same floor as that on which they are used, thereby greatly reducing the required capacity of the dumb-waiter. Nurses and attendants are served in separate dining rooms on the same floor as the patients, and in a dining room on the first floor adjacent to the main kitchen. OPERATING DATA ON 1400 BUILDINGS Table 3. 1400 U. S.General Summary of Operating Data from Treasury 1910 LowDepartment Buildings Containing Pressure and 90 775High Pressure Boilers, Elevators and 8- Electric Generating Plants Value op Build ings and. Equip ment Exclusive of Land Value op Mechanical Equipment Yearly Cost op Repairs to Mechanical Equipment Yearly Cost op Operating Supplies Yearly Cost op Repairs Yearly Cost to Building,Vaults, New op FuRNtTURE, Furniture Labor . Repairs, Carpets, Light ing Fixtures, Etc. $500,000,000 $50,000,000 $550,000 $3,011,500 $6,500,000 $1,805,000 About 6000 engineers, janitors, laborers, firemen, charwomen, me chanics, etc., are employed to care for these buildings. There is approxi mately one employee of this character for each 100,000 cu. ft. of building content.. To approximate roughly, one mechanic or maintenance man proper is estimated for each 1,000,000 cu. ft. In addition, a fireman force is estimated on the following basis: . One man to each 800 to 1000 tons of coal fired when.steam is generated the year round, or one man to each 400 to 500 tons when steam is gener ated during the heating season only. If an electric generating plant is operated, three additional watch engineers are required. The foregoing does not include the cleaning force. In a building containing an electric generating plant and having a cubic content of about 18,000,000 cu. ft. using 9000 tons of coal, the force so obtained is split up about as follows: . One chief engineer, 4 assistant engineers, 1 plumber, 1 electrician, 14 engineer helpers (general mechanics, oilers, etc.) and 10 firemen. A laborer is expected to keep clean, on an average, 6000 to 8000 sq. ft. 353 American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1929 of floor area, while a charwoman (working five hours per day) is expected to keep clean 3000 sq. ft. The average cost per square foot of net floor area for all items of maintenance and operation, both material and labor (except repairs), is about 25 cents in the new buildings and 30 cents in buildings of the older and more antiquated type. The average cost of fuel and labor to heat the buildings, using bitu minous coal (at approximately $5.33 per ton) is cent per cubic foot per annum. Table 4. Yearly Costs of Repairs to the Mechanical Equipment in 1400 U. S. Treasury Department Buildings Plumbing repairs, including new brass water piping........................... ................ 2148,753 Heating and ventilating apparatus...... ...................................................................... 250,171 Elevator repairs and new elevators................................................................!.......... 102,221 Conduit and wiring................. ,...................................................................................... 46,890 Pneumatic tubes..................................................................................... :................1...... 1,965 2550,000 An analysis of all the Federal Buildings for which steam is purchased shows that north of Richmond, Va., approximately 5 lb. of steam is used per cubic foot per season for heating the.buildings. This, of course, varies widely due to local conditions, winds, building construction, manner of operation, etc. In fact, in the north we will get, in the same t State, variations running from 3 lb. of steam per cubic foot for one building to 7 lb. for another building. Generally-speaking, an isolated electric generating plant begins to be feasible in a Federal Building when the full connected load is 150 k.w. or more, the annual current consumption 200,000 k.w.h. or more and * Table 5. Yearly Costs of Operating Supplies for 1400 Uj S. Treasury Department Buildings 136,871 tons of bituminous coal, at an average cost of 25.33 delivered in the bunkers____:.............................................................................. ........ ........ ......... 23,100 barrels of fuel oil, at an average cost of 21.42 per barrel delivered , at building............ .......... ...................................... ................................................... Central Station Steam 294,625 thousand pounds............................. ....:............. Natural gas for use as fuel in heating boilers, 97,777,000 cu. ft. at an average cost of 34.8 cents per thousand cubic feet...... ........ ...................... -....... ......... (It is found that 25,000 cu. ft. of natural gas is equivalent to one ton of good bituminous coal, and that on the average 6M cu. ft. of natural gas is burned per cubic foot of building content.) .. Water for . these buildings (average water consumption 25 gal. daily per . employees, except in marine hospitals, where it runs up to 200 gal. daily) Electric light bulbs................................................. -....................................................... (Approximately one new electric light bulb is required for each electric light socket in the building per annum. The light is used on an average in all these buildings about 1500 hours per annum.) Electricity for light and power for all purposes 26,800,000 k.w.h., at an ! average cost of 4.07 cents-...................................................................................... Oil, waste, engineers' supplies, ice, soap, brooms, janitor's supplies, etc........ . $730,010 32,802 256,876 34,000 200,000 72,114 1,090,828 594,870 $3,011,500 354 Chap! XXII--Design and Operating Data, Mech. Equip., U.S. Treas. Dept. Bldgs. Table 6. 1400Yearly Costs of Repairs to the Buildings under the Control of the U. S. Treasury Department Building Repairs Remodeling, Painting, Etc. New Vaults and Repairs to Old Ones , New Furniture, Furniture Repairs, Carpets, Lighting Fixtures, Etc. $930,000.00 $100,000.00 $775,000.00 Table 7. ISOLATED ELECTRIC PLANTS Data Relating to Isolated Electric Generating Plant U. S. Treasury Department Buildings Pounds of steam figured per square foot of direct radiation per year, north of Richmond, Va..................... .......................... Pounds of steam figured per cubic foot of net heated contents of building.................... Equivalent of 1 ton (2000 lb.) of run of mine bituminous coal.................................. Kilowatt-hour per day for elevators. Steam for heating domestic hot water........ Kilowatt-hours per year of electric current for all purposes per square foot of total floor area.... .................................................... 500 5 4 bbls. fuel oil 25,000 cu. ft. of natural gas. Average 5 k.w.h. per car mile. Car miles per day in small buildings 5 and in large buildings 10 miles a day per elevator is the average. 10 per cent of steam used for heating. 24 hour large buildings with Post Office, 2.5 8 hour large buildings without Post Office, 1.5 24 hour smaller buildings, 0.8 the cost of current from the central plant four cents per kilowatt-hour or more. . In. arriving at the monthly consumption of steam the following table is used: October. ........................................................................................ 6% November..................................................................... !.......... 10% December-:-........................................................!............................ 18% January-.............-.................................................... .......................... 18% February............................................................................................ 18% March--........................................................................;........ ........ ~ : 15% April............. ............................. -...................................................... 10% May........ ----........................................................................ ......... 5% . The average demand for steam per hour for heating and ventilating equals the annual consumption divided by. 5000 ((he number of hours in the average heating season). ... . . The maximum demand for steam per hour for heating and ventilating is two and one-half times the average demand. This maximum demand figure divided by 30 gives the maximum boiler. horsepower. : If the heating surface is known, the fan blast coils are reduced to the 355. X American-Society 0/ Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1929 equivalent of direct radiation by multiplying the square feet of heating surface in the fan blast coils by 3; arid after all surface is reduced to equivalent direct steam radiation, to ascertain the total steam required per annum, the number of square feet of equivalent direct steam radiation is multiplied by 500. This is used as a check on the first assumption, and the mean of the two quantities is usually taken. Indirect steam radiation (where no fan is used) is reduced to equivalent direct steam radiation by multiplying by 1)^. To reduce direct hot water to direct steam equivalent, it is divided by 1.6. The average demand for electric power and light will be the total annual consumption divided by 8760, and the maximum demand will be two and Qne-half times the average demand in a 24 hour building and five times the average demand in an 8 hour building. High grade 4-valve or una-flow engines are assumed to require 50 lb. of steam for each kilowatt-hour generated, on the switchboard, with 80 per cent allowance for the exhaust into the heating system. A rough check is to allow 5 lb. of coal for each kilowatt-hour generated. In the old style engine in common, use 70 lb. of steam per kilowatt-hour is a fair average. To reduce the pounds of steam to coal, covering all losses in the plant, an average evaporation of 8 to 1 is assumed for bituminous coal in the larger plants, 7 to 1 in the smaller plants, and 6 to 1 for anthracite pea or buckwheat coal. Roughly, 6/10 lb. of coal per cubic foot is required per year for heating the ordinary building, while in buildings containing electric generating plants 1 lb. of coal per cubic foot is approximately correct for all purposes. Roughly, the maximum electrical demand in the large buildings averages 6/10 k.w. per square foot of gross floor area. For boiler room repairs allow 82.00 per horsepower nominal rating. For engine room repairs allow $2.00 per annum per kilowatt total nominal rating of generator. For boiler and engine room supplies allow $2.00 per annum per horse power of boilers installed. Boiler room labor averages $2:00 per ton of coal fired, based on an 8 hour shift and 48 hours per week. Ash removal averages 1/5 of a cubic yard to each ton of coal burned and is estimated to cost $1.00 per cubic yard to remove it. The labor in a Federal Building containing an electric generating plant will roughly average the same as the cost of the coal, supplies and repairs to the boilers and electric generators. The fixed charges for machinery in a Federal Building are 3 per cent interest and 5 per cent depreciation per annum on engines, boilers, etc. while on buildings, tunnels, etc., 2 per cent depreciation per annum is allowed. The annual dividend which must be earned by the ordinary isolated Federal plant in comparison with the purchase of current from a public utility company is 10 per cent on the cost of the Government plant. 356 PART II--VENTILATION CHAPTER XXIII MODERN STANDARDS OF VENTILATION AND MEASUREMENTS OF AIR QUALITY AND QUANTITY General Requirements, Air Supply, Temperature, Recirculation, Testing Methods, Instruments, Physiological Effects, Human Comfort, Comfort Charts, Comfort Zone, Humidity and Comfort. VENTILATION is the science that treats of air in relation to human comfort, health, and efficiency. A study of the science of ventilation is a study of the best methods of conditioning and handling air, and a study of the effect of that air on the human system. The test of good ventila tion is the measure of health, comfort and efficiency derived from it. In general the application of ventilation applies to spaces which are densely occupied by human beings, such as auditoriums and school rooms, to spaces in which atmospheric contamination or overheating would otherwise occur, as under, certain industrial conditions, and to spaces in which a fixed and controlled air condition is required, as in certain manufacturing processes. It is the object of ventilation to provide and maintain the desired atmospheric conditions. GENERAL REQUIREMENTS OF VENTILATION In the present status of the art of ventilation it is no longer felt that the chemical composition of the air is the important factor, but that proper ventilation depends upon a number of other factors which may be stated as follows: 1. Air Supply. 2. Air Temperature. 3. Relative Humidity. 4. Mr Motion. The four factors, in combination, are the bases of what is termed " Effective Temperature." 5.. Air purity, in reference to its freedom from odors, dust, bacteria, toxic.gases, and other objectionable matter. 6. Air Distribution, with reference to general distribution, air movement, and free dom from drafts. 7. Psychological effects. 357 American Society o/Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1929 Chapter XXIII--Modern Standards of Ventilation . Air supply is not the all important factor in ventilation, but the amount AIR TEMPERATURE of air to be supplied per person, or the number of air changes to be fur nished for any particular space, may be considered the starting point, for the air supply may be used as a means to an end in providing the conditions desired. AIR SUPPLY FOR VENTILATION III A comparatively small quantity of air supply is required to take care of the needs of the lungs. A large quantity of air is required to meet It has been the experience of accredited engineers that overheating is detrimental to the quality of ventilation, and more harmful to human beings, than any other one thing. Dry bulb temperatures are customarily required as given in Chapter I under Inside Temperatures. Methods of controlling air temperature in ventilating plants are dis cussed under Automatic Heat Control, Chapter XVI and Air Condi tioning and Cooling, Chapter XXV. the needs of the outside of the body and to provide the heat control necessary for the maintenance of health and comfort. In order to provide the necessary air movement to maintain uniform temperature conditions, remove odors and provide comfort, in spaces of considerable occupancy, the delivery by the ventilating plant of the following quantities of air, have been general practice and Table I gives the quantities of air re quired on the basis of occupancy and air changes: The laws of many States require 30 cu. ft. of air per minute per pupil in classrooms. At the instance of Investigators who feel that this may" be unnecessary, studies of this subject are being made. Freedom from injurious substances, such as gases and fumes, may be of the utmost importance. These are handled usually by mechanical exhaust ventilation with effective distribution of inlets to the exhaust ducts. This phase of ventilation involves, in one way or another, nearly all of the other items. See Chapter XXXII Dust, Exhaust and Collecting Systems. Relative humidity bears an intimate relationship to air supply and air temperature. These relations are described under Physiological Effects of Ventilation in this Chapter. The effective temperature index fixes no limits for relative humidity. Two practical limits are 30 to 60 per cent, the lower to hold during the Table 1. Quantities of Air Required for Ventilation winter season and the higher in the summer. Air motion is most important and is intimately associated with the Schools: Classrooms......... ...................................... 30 cu. ft. of air per person per minute Assembly rooms........'.............................. IS to 25 " " " " * " " Gymnasiums........................................... 12 changes per hour. Picture Machine Booth........................ 30 " "" Dining rooms............................................. 12to 20 " "" Kitchens......................... 20 to 60 " "" . Wardrobes and lockers......................... 5 to 10 " "" Toilet, Bath, etc!......... ............................. 10to20 " "" temperature and humidity, all of which enter into the Comfort Zone term, which has been designated Effective Temperature; as discussed under Physiological Effects of Ventilation. Air purity has to do with human health, both from.the standpoint of freedom from dust and other suspended substances, and from the stand point of freedom from bacteria and other infectious media carried along with the dirt in air. Methods of cleaning air are treated in Chapter XXIX. Freedom from odors is often accomplished by plentiful air supply and Theatres: . Seating spaces....... .................................. 30 cu. ft. of air per person per minute Toilets, etc--............................................ 20 to 30 changes per hour. efficient distribution. In special cases this may be facilitated by other means, among which are Ozone, treated in Chapter XXX of The Guide. Air distribution is of the utmost importance, and is closely correlated Hotels: Assembly rooms.....................,................ Dining rooms..................................... . ' Kitchens and Laundries....................... 30 cu. ft. of air per person per minute 10 to 20 changes per hour. 20 to 60 " "" with effective temperature. Chapter XXIV, Systems of Ventilation, has much to do with the effectiveness of air distribution, as also does Chapter XXVIII, Design and Construction of Air Ducts. Toilets and Service rooms................... 12 " ' " ". Hospitals: ' Wards........................................................ 40 to 60 cu. ft. of air per person per minute Dining rooms................................................... 12 changes per hour. Toilets and Service rooms.................... 12 to 20 " "" . Kitchens and Laundries....................... 20 to 60 " "" These quantities assume the introduction of air of proper quality and they may be subject to change as may be indicated by local or special conditions. Many other spaces will be found in which ventilation is . required. See Code of Minimum Requirements for the Heating and Ventilation of Buildings, adopted by A. S. H. & V. E. in 1925, also Chapters XXIV and XXV. VENTILATION DESIGN In the practical work of engineers who design mechanical ventilating systems, and of. architects and owners who have to pass upon these systems, the one item which is the basis of all calculations and layouts, is the quantity of air to be handled by the ventilating system to produce the results desired. The functions of the air handled in connection with ventilated spaces are: (1) to supply the necessary oxygen for'respiration, (2) to keep the dilution of objectionable substances down to the proper proportion, and (3) to maintain the proper effective air temperature. It has been estimated that an adult at rest will breathe 0.25 cu. ft. of air per minute and exhale 0.01 cu. ft. of CO in the same period, or at the rate of 0.6 cu. ft. per hour, thus removing about 5 per cent of the 358 359 American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1929 oxygen from the air actually breathed. This does not necessarily indicate the effect on the air in the room occupied. The same air may be re breathed for a limited time without apparent harmful effect. Air may be filtered, washed, cooled and recirculated with evident satisfaction. The air handled by the ventilating system may consist entirely of air taken in from the outside or it may consist partly of new air and partly of recirculated air. HEAT FROM OCCUPANTS, LIGHTS, EQUIPMENT In a crowded place of assemblage the heat given off by the occupants, together with' that given off by the lighting and power equipment, is usually more than the normal heat loss through the structure to the out side air, even in winter under cold climatic conditions. This means that in order to preserve an equilibrium of effective temperature the entering air must be cooler than the leaving air, so that the problem is usually one of cooling and ventilating, rather than of heating and ventilating. A typical case for winter might show about 300 B.t.u. of body heat, plus 100 B.t.u. per person from light, etc., being given up to the building against about 200 B.t.u. heat loss from the building, per person per hour. This would mean that 200 B.t.u. per person must be carried away by the air. (See page 60, Chapter I.) . If the flow of air is upward, or from the side, so as to bring the incoming air into direct contact with the occupants, the temperature of the incoming air should not be more than 5 deg. below the temperature of the air leaving the occupant, otherwise the conditions will be drafty and uncom fortable. Where the air is admitted through the ceiling, and the ceiling is high, the temperature difference may be slightly increased and, in some cases, the air quantity may be slightly decreased. If a room is crowded in weather of 85 deg. outside temperature, with relative humidity of 70 per cent while giving each occupant 30 cu. ft. of air per minute, it may be assumed, that there will be an increase of temperature of at least 5 deg., due to body heat and heat from equip ment. The moisture increase, from the bodies of the occupants, may be assumed as 10 grains per minute, or 0.30 grains per cubic foot of air handled. Under such a condition some method of air cooling will be needed to obtain satisfactory ventilation. A good air washer may reduce the tem perature of the air passing through it'about 70 per cent of the difference between the wet and the dry bulb temperatures. Its operation would hardly be worth while without a water supply of 50 deg. temperature or less because of increasing relative humidity with a decreasing tempera ture. The beneficial effect of an air washer will increase in proportion as the relative humidity of the outside air is lower. It will be understood that the example cited is an extreme case of temperature and humidity. Experience, however, shows that a supply of fresh air which proves to be adequate for maintaining a desirable effective temperature in winter will prove inadequate for the same purpose in hot weather. While an increased volume of air supply is often,of material benefit, the use of - 360 Chapter XXIII--Modern Standards of Ventilation refrigeration brings the final hot weather solution, not so much in actual temperature drop as in humidity control. . When using an upward system of air supply, as through floor mush rooms, drafts will be felt with the introduction of air at temperatures of more than 5 deg. cooler than the average room temperature. For this reason, and for the additional reasons of sanitation and control, the downward system of ventilation is perhaps more efficacious in large and intensively occupied places of assemblage. The air should be brought in at a point high enough to permit of its being diffused before corning into contact with the occupants. RECIRCULATION Where recirculation of air in ventilation work is utilized care should be taken that the recirculated air is suitable. In many cases it must be reconditioned by cleaning, dehumidifying and deodorizing. The saving in operating costs obtainable by recirculation of the air in ventilation systems, while very considerable, must not be obtained at the expense of quality. A reduction in the quality of the ventilation when recircu lation is used can be prevented by the installation and use of complete mechanical ventilation equipment available for this purpose. The percentage of recirculated air may be varied to suit the seasonal changes so as to conserve heat in winter and,refrigeration in summer, but at no time should the recirculated air exceed 75 per cent of the total air supply. Toilets and similar rooms, in buildings using recirculation, should be separately, mechanically ventilated, with the exhaust in excess of the supply, in order to prevent objectionable odors from diffusing into other parts of the building. . PSYCHOLOGICAL AND PHYSIOLOGICAL REACTIONS The engineer who disregards the psychological factor in ventilation is indeed short sighted. As in most human contacts and activities, the effect on the mind of air conditions is profound. . Consideration must always be given to the elimination of objectionable noise from machinery and to air friction noises. It is usually helpful if the occupants of a Ventilated room may visualize some indication that air is moving. It helps if they may, when they wish, place their bodies or portions thereof, in sensible air currents, to demonstrate that venti lation is in effect. Periodical or occasional temperature reductions, or increases in air movement, possibly accompanied by muscular exercises, are of great value, psychologically as well as physically. After a good ventilating system is designed the engineer is only fairly well started on the road to good ventilation. A system is not a ventilating system until it ventilates. Here is where the operating man and proper supervision of operation come in. It is recommended that the engineer who designs a ventilation plant should supervise its installation, and that his interest and responsibility should be maintained during the operation of the plant. 361 American Society- of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1929 It is a familiar fact that a room may be comfortable at one temperature and yet decidedly uncomfortable at another time at the same dry bulb temperature. This fact may be due either to a change of relative hu midity or to air motion. On the other hand a room may feel equally comfortable with different dry bulb temperatures provided the relative humidity or air motion is varied to produce this effect, Other factors enter into this problem, such as changes of clothing (seasonal or other wise), acclimatization, degree of activity, etc. The prolonged effect of temperature, humidity and air motion upon health is not so well understood as their effect upon comfort. Strictly speaking good ventilation is merely a relative term, but today ventilation is considered.necessary for personal comfort and for good health. These reactions are further discussed under Physiological Effects of Ventilation in this Chapter. ' TESTING METHODS AND APPARATA Temperaturer In the measuring of room temperatures care must be exercised to pre vent the results from being affected, by the body heat of the observer, by drafts from doors, windows and other openings or by radiant heat from some local source such as a radiator, a wall, etc. All thermometers should be mercury thermometers with engraved stems. The total gradu ations of the thermometers should be from 20 to 120. deg. fahr., in one degree graduations. No ten degrees should occupy a space of less than in. The accuracy throughout the whole scale must be within one-half degree. The operator should take hold of the top and no part of. the body, including the hand, should be nearer than 10 in. to the bulb; The thermometer should not be closer than 5 ft. to any door, window, or other opening; should not be closer than 12 in. to any wall, and should be between 4 and 6 ft. from the floor. A sling instrument should be used for extreme accuracy. For measuring duct temperatures an. angle duct thermometer should be used, having a flange to bolt on the side of the duct, with the bolt extending into the duct at least 6 in. Recording thermometers, generally have considerable lag and should not be used for the taking of temperatures for testing, but rather for giving continuous records of the operation of the plant, as the charts will indicate any lack of attention on the part of those responsible for the operation of the plant. ' Humidity The sling psychrometer is the recognized standard instrument for determining humidities. In order to obtain accurate readings consider able skill is required on the part of the operator. The wicking must be clean, distilled water should be used, and the temperature of the water should be slightly above the wet bulb temperature of the sur rounding air. ' The psychrometer should be swung rapidly and two or three obser vations should be made to see that the wet bulb temperature has gotten to a point where it is stationary before the final reading is noted. Errors 362 Chapter XXIII--Modern Standards of Ventilation in reading wet and dry bulb thermometers are usually because of not obtaining a complete depression of the wet bulb temperature. The standard dry and wet bulb tables giving the relative humidity should be used with sling psychrometer readings. . In taking humidity readings in ducts it is practically impossible to use a sling psychrometer. For this work the stationary hygrodeik ar ranged for bolting on to the side of the ducts, with two bolts extending into the ducts, will be found very convenient. Due to the velocity of the air passing over the bolts within the ducts an accurate reading will be secured, corresponding to those given by the sling psychrometer. CO, Determinations ' The amount of carbon dioxide in the air, while not a harmful element, is a convenient index of the rate of air supply, or of the frequency of air. change in an occupied room, and of the distribution of the air within large rooms. A high carbon dioxide value indicates air stagnation and liability to stale odors and overheating. The Peterson-Palmquist apparatus has been generally accepted as the standard device for the determination of carbon dioxide in air investiga tions. The principle involved is the measurement of a given volume of air, the absorption of the contained carbon dioxide in a caustic potash solution, and the re-measurement of the volume of air at the original pressure in a finely graduated capillary tube, the difference in volume representing the absorbed carbon dioxide. See Report of Committee on Standard Methods for Examination of Air. American Public Health Association, Vol. 7, No. 1 American Journal of Public Health, Jan., 1917.) Where field conditions are such that, this apparatus may not be con veniently used, as in street cars, the laboratory method is recommended. Dust - Atmospheric dust becomes of great importance in certain industrial processes, and if the dust be siliceous in nature the hazard to health may be very serious. The Hill Dust Counter is a simple device with which to measure the number of very large particles of dust in the air, while more exact studies of dust may be made with the Konimeter, or with the Impinger. (See Public Health Bulletin No. 144, 1925, U. S.. Public Health Service.) Bacteria The number of bacteria which are' attached to heavy particles of dust or drops of moisture may be determined by the number of colonies that develop on a culture plate which has been exposed for two minutes. A standard 4 in. Petrie dish, with agar-agar for a media, is used for this purpose. The plates are incubated from 24 to 48 hours at a temperature of 98 deg. fahr. At the end of this time the separate colonies have de veloped to a size which are easily counted. If an incubator is not available, cultures may be grown at room temperatures (70 deg.) for a period of five days. .' The number of bacteria actually present in the air may be determined by the use qf the Wallace and Tiernan Sampling Pump or the Impinger, with subsequent plating. . 363 /- American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1929 VOLUMETRIC AIR MEASUREMENTS Volumetric air measurements must be made with skill and precision and great care must be taken in securing the right conditions under which such measurements are made. There afe two general methods in use for measuring air volumes, the first being the anemometer method, and the second, by means of determining the kinetic energy of the moving air current by the use of suitable U-gages containing a fluid (known as the Pitot tube method). The use of these two methods is described in ChWaphtieler XthXeXaInVe.mometers give the air velocities directly, the kinetic measurements of the air current require specially constructed gages, tubes, etc. Generally speaking, it will require considerable more skill to take volumetric air measurements by means of the latter method, whereas the anemometer method can be used fairly accurately after a short experience. ANEMOMETERS The ordinary anemometers should be used for the lower velocities only, the maximum range being considered as from 2 to 20 ft. per second. In testing the air flow in a large ventilating plant a preliminary meas urement should first be made as to secure a general knowledge of the air distribution. Before preliminary readings are taken all dampers and registers should be opened. Preliminary readings can be made by holding the anemometer 2 in. from the register face or grille and going slowly back and forth over the entire area of the register for one-half minute's time. The amount of air should be computed for the entire area travelled by the anemometer, no deduction being madefor the metal of the register itsAelft.er preliminary readings and adjustments, the final readings should be taken. The registers or openings should then be proportioned off in about 8 in. squares and a reading taken on each square, the average of velocities to be taken as the average air velocity through the register orWgrhilelere. exterior diffusers are used, the average velocity should be deter mined by placing over the diffuser a suitable cellar of not less than four times the length of the distance that the diffuser extends beyond the wall face and readings taken as above described for registers. . The time for taking readings should be not less than one-half minute for the preliminary measurements and as much time as is required to secure accurate readings for the final measurements. Anemometers should be calibrated frequently as to their accuracy under the varying velocities, and all readings should be corrected in accordance with the calibration curve for the particular instrument used. (See Report on Measuring Air Velocities with the Anemometer, with discussion, American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Transactions 1913, Vol. 19, pp. 202 to 207.) PITOT TUBES Measurements of air velocities exceeding 20 ft. per second should be made by means of pitot tubes. Volumetric determinations from pitot ' 364 ' XXIII--Chapter Modern Standards of Ventilation tube readings must take into account the barometric pressure, tempera ture, humidity, and the possible dust of the air. These factors determine the weight or density of the air. In general, no accurate velocity pressure readings can be taken of any air current which is affected by changes of directions of the ducts. Accu rate readings can only be taken in a duct which is straight and without turns and elbows for a distance of at least 50 times the diameter of the circular duct, or the greatest dimension of a rectangular duct. Where space conditions do not make such conditions possible, baffling or dividing the duct into numerous smaller ducts by division plates becomes neces sary. Pressure conditions must be determined over the entire area in the drawings of duct traverses as taken from the Standard Code for Testing Centrifugal and Disc Fans of the American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers and the National Association of Fan Manufacturers. For determining the velocity of moving air current in ventilating ducts standard tables of velocity pressures will assist in giving quick but approximate results. Where greater accuracy is desired the density of the air must be determined and the pitot tube readings must be converted into velocities. The velocities corresponding to the velocity pressure readings should be averaged to obtain, the average velocity for each traverse. Average velocity pressures should be calculated from the average velocities thus determined. V = 1096.2 '. V = velocity in feet per minute. Pv -- velocity pressure in inches of water. , For dry air at 70 deg. and a barometric pressure of 29.92 in. the formula becomes: V = 4005 ^ Py . Gages or Manometers In view of the fact that the velocity pressure exerted by moving air in ordinary duct systems is very slight, frequently going below 1/1000 in. of water, the most accurate gages for measuring these low pressures must be used. For all such measurements gasoline, benzine, or preferably alcohol should be used, with levels for setting the instrument horizontal in both directions. The instruments must be placed upon a firm support to avoid vibration. The tube should be inclined for accurate measure ments on low velocities about 1 to 50, and even 1 to 100 may become necessary where extreme accuracy at low velocities is desired. With care it is possible to read with accuracy very nearly 1/100 in. of water. (See Report on the use of the Pitot Tube, American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Transactions 1914, Vol. 20, p. 211, and Standard Code for the testing of Centrifugal and Disc Fans, American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Trans actions 1923, -Vol. 29, pp. 407 to 416.) Also Chapter XXXIV of The Guide. 365 of 1929American Society Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, AIR MOVEMENT DETERMINATIONS Temperature, humidity and .volume of air supply or exhaust do not appear to be the only determining factors of atmospheric comfort. Air movement is a vital factor in the prevention of stagnant areas and bodily discomfort. Where a determination of air movement is desirable the Kata thermometer, as developed by Dr. Leonard Hill, of England, may be used. (See Report of Committee on Standard Methods for Examina tion of Air, American Public Health Association, American Journal of Public Health, Vol. 7, No. 1, January, 1917. The wet Kata-thermometer gives the rate of cooling by radiation, convection and evaporation. The dry Kata-thermometer gives the rate of cooling by radiation and- con vection. The difference between, the two is the rate of heat loss due solely to evaporation. Air movement is a consideration in the deter mination of the effective temperature. Air movement may be approximately determined by observation- of the movement of'a smoke cloud and the use of a stop watch, the smoke cloud being formed by means of an ammonium cloud device, or by a smoke bomb. Carefully balanced gas balloons may also be used. The synthetic air chart devised by Dr. E. Vernon Hill, and revised on the basis of investigations by the Society's Research Laboratory has been frequently used as a means of graphically recording the measure ments of air conditions as found. This will be found fully described, in, Chapter XXXIV. (For original of this chart see-also Ventilation Stand ards and the Synthetic Air Chart, Transactions 1917, Vol. 23, pp. 607 to 62T8.h) e weighting given to the different factors for which provision is made therein may be subject to modification and to the experienced judgment of the Engineer. Obviously weightings of these factors as given for a school room may not do for an industrial plant, garages, etc. As more becomes known about the physiologic effects and the threshold concentrations of various kinds of dusts, gases, bacteria, and odors, it may be able to more definitely determine the characteristics of such' a chart as may be more generally useful and acceptable. . PHYSIOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF VENTILATION* THE atmospheric condition of space for human occupancy should be based upon the relation and effect of the various factors entering into the well being of the individual as regards his physiological reaction, feeling of comfort, psychological reaction, and morale. A person's well being may be positively improved, unaffected, or positively harmed by the condition of the air with which he is surrounded. Whether satis factory . ventilation demands only a condition which is not positively harmful or whether it demands a condition which is positively beneficial depends upon one's point of view. - To the public health official charged with inspection of sanitary con ditions, in industrial plants it is usually sufficient that the condition of the air be not a positive menace to the health of workers. To the efficiency expert and to the engineer in charge of designing equipment for con- 1 Prepared by F. C. Houghten. 366 Chapter XXIII--Modern Standards of Ventilation ditioning air for schools and audience halls, it is desirable to produce a condition which is positively beneficial to comfort, health, and morale. To the management of places of amusement it is decidedly advantageous to produce a condition of maximum comfort. This difference in point of view is no doubt responsible for much of the difference of opinion in regard to proper atmospheric conditions. The factors which may affect a person's health, comfort, or well being are: (1) temperature, (2) humidity, (3) motion of the air, (4) dustiness, (5) bacteria content, (6) odors present, (7) other injurious substances. The first three factors taken together determine a person's feeling of warmth and influence elimination of body heat. As such, they are the three most important factors in the physiological effects. of the sur rounding atmosphere. Besides their combined effect on heat elimination from the body and one's sense of warmth, moisture content and motion of the air may otherwise affect a person's well being. Dust, bacteria, and odors may be of less importance when compared wjth the combined effect of temperature, humidity, and air motion but they are nevertheless important factors, and must be given consideration. HOW TEMPERATURE, HUMIDITY, AND AIR MOTION AFFECT HUMAN COMFORT A person's feeling of warmth is not due alone to the temperature of the surrounding air as registered by a dry bulb thermometer; neither does it depend solely upon the temperature indicated by a wet bulb ther mometer. Dry air at a relatively high temperature may feel cooler than air of considerably lower temperature with a high moisture content. Air motion makes any moderate condition feel cooler. Human comfort or discomfort, as. regards feeling of warmth, depends largely upon the body temperature, and, therefore, upon the relation between the rate of production and dissipation of heat. By the process of metabolism heat is constantly generated within the body, which heat must be eliminated from the surface of the body and the respiratory tract by radiation, convection and evaporation. To maintain a constant body temperature the heat loss must equal the heat produced. It is, therefore, apparent that any interference with the elimination of heat from the body is accompanied by a rise in temperature and a feeling of , discomfort. There are three principal factors affecting loss of body heat: (1) temperature, (2) humidity, (3) air motion. As the temperature of the air and surrounding objects rises, the loss of heat by convection and radiation decreases. When the air temperature reaches that of the body, the loss by radiation and convection ceases. Finally as the air temperature exceeds that of the body, heat is trans ferred from the air to the body. . As the temperature of the air rises and heat loss by radiation and con vection decreases, the body, endeavors to maintain temperature equi librium by making available more perspiration and a resulting greater heat loss by evaporation. . From the above, it is concluded that there must necessarily exist certain 367 American Society- of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, .1929 combinations of temperatures and humidities, which produce the same total body heat loss by radiation, convection, and evaporation and there fore the same feeling of comfort or discomfort. Lines passing through such air conditions plotted as a psychrometric chart may be called equal Chapter XXIII--Modern Standards of Ventilation Ventilating Engineers, in order to locate these lines on the psychro metric chart. Complete reports of these studies for both still and moving air are reported in the Society's Transactions, Vol. 27-32 inclusive, and in the Journals for 1926 and 1928. comfort lines. The fact is further substantiated by the general experience of heating engineers in observing that the lower the humidity the higher the dry bulb temperature required for the same degree of comfort. A series of tests have been made in the two psychrometric rooms of the Research Laboratory of the American Society of Heating and 368 60 70 Dry bulb temperature Fig. 2. Psychrometric Chart with Effective Temperature Lines for 100 ft. Air Velocity. Shaded Area Indicates the Comfort Zone The relation of temperature and humidity to comfort for persons normally clothed and at rest in still air, is given in Fig. 1, while the effect of air motion upon comfort or effective temperature for persons normally clothed is given in Figs. 2, 3 and 4. . 369 / American Society of Heat.no and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1929 HOW TO USE THE COMFORT CHARTS In the Psychrometric Chart, Fig. 1, dry bulb temperature is plotted as abscissae and grains of moisture per pound of dry air as ordinates. The maximum moisture which the air can hold at various temperatures 80 90 Oty bulb temperature Fig. 3. 300Psychrometric Chart with Effective Temperature Lines for ft. Air Velocity. Shaded Area Indicates the Comfort Zone gives the saturation, or 100 per cent relative humidity curve; Relative humidities between 0 and 100 per cent are given by a series of curved lines similar to the saturation curve. The wet bulb temperatures for all atmospheric conditions are given by a series of nearly parallel oblique 370 Chapter XXIII--Modern Standards of Ventilation lines. Effective temperature is given by a series of oblique but not parallel lines which approach being parallel to the wet bulb lines at high tempera tures and humidities, and to the dry bulb lines at low temperatures. The numerical values of the wet bulb and effective temperature lines are given by the dry bulb temperatures at their intersection with the saturation curve. . Dry bulb temperature is the temperature of the air as determined by an ordinary dry bulb mercury thermometer. ' Wet bulb temperature is the temperature as determined by a similar thermometer, except with its bulb encased in a fine mesh fabric bag moistened with clean water and whirled through the air until the tem perature depression due to the cooling effect of evaporation from the moistened bag reaches equilibrium. The conditions of comfort as shown by these charts are primarily for winter time conditions in relatively cold climates, and what is hereinafter said relative to these charts pertains to such conditions. The conditions of indoor comfort corresponding to summer time conditions or to conditions in the warmer climates are somewhat different. For data pertaining to this subject see Inside Temperatures, Chapter I, pp. 4. . Wet bulb temperature corresponds to that which a thoroughly wet body will attain if the air passes over it.for a sufficient length of time and with a high enough velocity. A person's body is not thoroughly wet and hence does not react entirely in accordance with either the dry or the wet bulb temperature. At high temperatures when the body is moist with perspiration, it reacts more nearly in accordance with wet bulb tem perature while at low temperatures when the body is comparatively dry it reacts more nearly in accordance with the dry bulb temperature. Effective temperature is an experimentally determined scale which unlike the dry bulb and wet bulb scales is a.true measure or index of a person's feeling of warmth in all combinations of temperature, humidity, and air motion. In other words, for any one given effective temperature a person will feel the same degree of warmth or coldness regardless of the dry bulb temperature, wet bulb temperature and velocity of the air, re quired to produce that particular effective temperature. The psychrometric charts for moving air, Figs. 2, 3 and 4 differ from the chart for still air (Fig. 1) only in that the effective temperature lines for any particular degree do not intersect the dry bulb, wet. bulb or dew-point temperature lines at the same degree on the saturation or 100 per cent relative humidity curve but are removed to the right so that the effective temperature for any dry and wet bulb temperature is lower for moving air than it is for still air. This difference between the effective temperature for still air and for moving air, of any velocity, is the cooling resulting from that velocity. The difference between the dry or wet bulb temperature and the effective temperature at saturation also gives the cooling produced by the velocity for that condition. The psychrometric chart (Fig. 5) gives the effective temperature lines for still air and for three velocities ranging from 150 to 500 ft. per minute on the same chart. It is of value in giving at a glance the relative cooling effect of different velocities. . 371 Socieiv ,, Heating .* V.t,e,,,,g E,g,.., 0TM, THE COMFORT LINE AND THE COMFORT ZONE That range of effective temperatures over which 50 per cent of people feel comfortable, namely 62 to 69 deg. fahr. is called the Comfort Zone. 60 70 Dry bulb temperature 80 wj . -- F .ig 4. Psychrometric Chart with Effective Temperature Lines for 500 ft. Air Velocity. Shaded Area Indicates the Comfort Zone ,, That particular effective temperature at which a maximum number of people feel comfortable is called the comfort line. While at rest, 97 per cent of people have been found to be comfortable at 64 deg. fahr. effective 372 Chapter XXIII--Modern Standards of Ventilation temperature. Persons working at various rates are most comfortable at effective temperatures below 64 deg. The exact effective temperature giving maximum comfort for persons working at various rates have not yet been determined by the Research Laboratory but from the best data available, they are as follows: At rest, 64 deg.; Light work, 62 deg.; Hard work, 60 deg. The data given in the charts, Figs. X to 5 are for persons normally clothed and differ somewhat from the data contained, in earlier editions of The Guide which data were for persons stripped to the waist. HEAT DISSIPATED TO THE ATMOSPHERE FROM THE HUMAN BODY The heat dissipated from the human body is a factor which must be taken into consideration in conditioning air in audience halls. Research at the Laboratory of the American Society of Heating and Ventilat ing Engineers4 shows that the total heat dissipated from the body of an individual does not vary greatly over the temperature range usually met with in air conditioning and is a function of Effective Temperature. The relative proportion of this total heat loss dissipated as latent heat (heat of evaporation of perspiration) and sensible heat (heat loss by radiation and convection) does, however, vary greatly over this tempera ture range and is for all practical purposes a function of dry bulb tem perature. The curve, Fig. 6, gives the total heat loss in B.t.u. per hour for an average' person for different effective temperatures. The per centages of the total heat loss dissipated as latent and sensible heat are plotted against dry bulb temperature in Fig. 7. ' An atmospheric condition resulting in sensible perspiration is to be avoided for good air conditions. Table 2 gives the approximate effective temperature at which perspiration is noticeable in different degrees by most individuals for 95 per cent and 20 per cent relative humidity. (A) How much sensible heat, how much latent heat, and how many pounds of water vapor will be added to the atmosphere of an auditorium per hour by an audience of 1000 adults, when the dry and wet bulb temperatures are 75 and 63,5 deg. fahr. re spectively. (5) If the dry and wet bulb temperatures of the auditorium were 85 deg. and 63 deg. respectively, how much heat and moisture would be dissipated to the atmosphere? (C) From Fig. 1 find the effective temperature of the atmospheric condition to be 70.3 deg. and from the curve, Fig. 6 find the total heat loss for this effective temperature to be 403 B.t.u. per hour for an average person. This curve Fig. 7 shows the sensible and latent heat loss at 75 deg. dry bulb to be 69.0 per cent and 31.0 per cent respectively. The sensible heat added per hour by the audience is 0.69 X 403 X 1000 = 278,070 B.t.u. The latent heat added per hour is 0.31 X 403 X 1000 = 124,930 B.t.u. The weight of water vapor added to the atmosphere per hour is given by the latent heat loss divided by the latent heat of evaporation at body temperature or " 120.6 lb. 1036 (D) The wet and dry bulb temperatures of 85 aiid 63 deg. respectively wiil give an effective temperature of 74.9 deg., and a total heat loss of 401 per hour per person. The sensible heat added to the atmosphere will be 0.45 X 401 X 1000 = 180,450 B.t.u. per hour and the latent heat added will be 0.55 X 401 X 1000 = 220,550 B.t.u. per ' non CCA hour. The water vapor added to the atmosphere of the auditorium will be --^ lOoo 212.9 lb. per hour. 3Will be published in future issues of the Journal of the American Society of Heating and Venti lating Engineers. ' 373 American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1929 The above examples demonstrate that while the effective temperature and hence the feeling of warmth and rate of total heat loss does not differ greatly in the two cases the relative proportion of sensible and latent heat loss is reversed. In order to maintain the air conditions stipulated the air conditioning equipment must remove 54.1. per cent more sensible heat in (a4) than in (5); and 76.5 per cent more latent heat or water vapor in (B) than in {A). In 04) 69 per cent of the total heat loss is sensible while in (B) qnly 45 per cent of the total loss is sensible. CONDITIONING AIR FOR HUMAN COMFORT There are four fundamental ways of producing effective cooling: (1) The dry bulb temperature may be lowered by direct cooling or removal of heat. (2) The moisture content of the air may be reduced. (3) Air motion may produce effective cooling except for extremely severe con ditions. (4) Evaporation of water without addition or subtraction of heat is accompanied by an increase in moisture content and a fall in dry bulb temperature along the wet bulb line resulting in effective cooling. Take as an example a condition of 92 deg. dry bulb and 40 per cent relative humidity having a wet bulb temperature of 72.8 deg. and effec tive temperature of 81.T deg. This condition can be made equivalent to 78 deg. effective temperature or it can be made to feel 3.1 effective deg. cooler by any one of the four fundamental changes mentioned. (1) By the removal of heat the dry bulb may be made to fall to 85.5 deg. (see Fig. 1) along the "90 grain moisture per pound of dry air" or 64.2 deg. dew-point line when the effective temperature will be 78 deg. (2) Without removal of sensible heat or lowering of the dry bulb, the moisture content may be reduced from 90 to 44 grains per pound of dry air, when the effective temperature will be 78 deg. (3) A 500 ft. velocity (see Fig. 4) will change the still air condition of 81.1 deg. effective temperature to 78 deg. Effective Temperature or will give 3.1 deg. Effective Temperature cooling- . . (4) Evaporation of water at room temperature without addition or.removal of heat will cause the point on the chart, Fig. 1, indicated by our condition, to move along the wet bulb line to the left thereby lowering the dry bulb temperature and increasing the moisture content. The wet bulb temperature will remain the same but the effective temperature will be lowered. By adding 14 grains of moisture without ;heat, the dry bulb will fall to 83.8 deg. and the effective temperature will fall to 78 deg. The best method of producing effective cooling to be employed in any particular case will depend upon accompanying circumstances and should be determined by a competent engineer. Generally, the removal of heat or water vapor or both, by direct cooling or dehumidifying is most effective. Effective cooling by air motion or evaporation of water is relatively much less expensive, but these methods of cooling are limited to certain conditions of temperature and humidity. Cooling by evapora tion of water is effective when the air is dry or when there is considerable difference between the wet and dry bulb temperature. Cooling by air motion is most effective at low temperatures. When the effective tem perature approaches that of the body little or no cooling results and for certain higher temperatures air motion will make an uncomfortable con dition even less bearable. Eor moderately high temperatures greater effective cooling is ex- 374 Chapter XXIII-Modern Standards of Ventilation <h" 'ow of evaporation and air motion. Take, for exampTM^<5,,JSo"of ^ 375 American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1929 ture improvement. A 300 ft. air velocity with this new wet and dry bulb will give an effective temperature of 75.7 deg. or a total improvement of 10.0 deg. For cooling produced by velocities other than those given in Figs. 2, 3 and 4 the reader is referred to the Tables and Examples on page 737 of the November 1926 Journal. Example 1.--Given dry bulb and wet bulb temperature of 75 and 68 deg. First: what is the effective temperature? Second: is this condition warmer or cooler than 80 deg. dry bulb and 60 deg. wet bulb? ' Answer.--The first condition is given by the intersection of the 75 deg. dry bulb line and the 68 deg. wet bulb line. The effective temperature is given by the numerical Chapter XXIII Modern Standards of Ventilation will give the desired result. The exact velocity may be found by looking through the various tables 2 to 7, for moving air, in the Journal of the American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers, November 1926. Example 4--Given a condition having dry and wet bulb temperature of 90 and 85 deg. respectively, how much cooler will this condition feel if 300 ft. air velocity is supplied instead of still air? Answer.--From Fig. 1 it will be found that this condition in still air has an effective temperature of 86.6 deg., while if the air has 300 ft. velocity it will be found from Fig. 3 that it will have an effective temperature of 83.8 deg. Cooling of 2.8 deg. will be pro duced by the 300 ft. air velocity. There are many applications for these data. In warm weather it is especially desirable to have greater comfort in school rooms, theaters, value of the effective temperature line, passing through this point and indicated by the scale along the saturation curve, and is 71.9 deg. effective temperature. The second condition is given by the intersection of 80 deg. dry bulb and 60 deg. wet bulb and is 71.7 deg. effective temperature. It is therefore 0.2 deg. effective temperature cooler than the first condition. Example 2.--Given 76 deg. dry bulb and 61 deg. wet bulb how many degrees difference between this condition and the comfort line or 64 deg. effective temperature? Answer.--The effective temperature of this condition is given by the intersection of the 76 deg. dry bulb and 61 deg. wet bulb lines and is 70 deg. effective temperature or 6 deg. effective temperature warmer than the comfort line. Example 8.--Given the dry and wet bulb temperatures in a room 76 and 54 deg. respectively, what air velocity will be necessary to make this condition ideally com fortable, that is, 64 deg. effective temperature? ; ' :: Answer.--From Fig. 1 for still air it will be seen that this condition has an effective temperature of 68.1 deg. in still air, while an air velocity of 300 ft. (see Fig. 3) gives an effective temperature of 64.7 deg. A velocity of something more than 300 ft. per minute 376 Fig. 7. Per Cent Heat Loss by Evaporation and by Radiation and Convection auditoriums, also factories, foundries, iron, steel and glass works, mines and other places where workers are subjected to extreme temperature conditions. Maintaining comfortable conditions indoors in summer when the thermometer registers about 95 deg. is a more complicated problem than maintaining the proper condition in winter. Effective cooling, using cold water or refrigeration, is frequently resorted to in theaters and other public buildings and this practice may be expected to increase. HOW RELATIVE HUMIDITY AFFECTS HUMAN COMFORT Relative humidity has a bearing on the well being of man besides having an effect in determining his feeling of warmth. While its effect on health and comfort has never been thoroughly investigated, and while authorities do not agree as to reasons why a high or a low humidity is 377 American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1929 harmful, there is general agreement that very high or very low humidities indoors are to be avoided. It is generally accepted that for good ventilation the relative humidity should not be below 30 per cent or above 60 per cent. Maintaining proper humidity indoors is particularly a problem in cold weather. The reason for this can easily be seen when one considers that most rooms have from 1 to 2 air changes per hour due to infiltration (See Chapter I, p. 48-60 of The Guide) or, that air circulates freely between the outside and inside of most buildings. Table 2 Condition of Sensible Perspiration for Various Atmospheric ` -------------- ----------- Conditions ErrEcnvB Temperatures at orDsgbb Perspiration 95 Per Cent Relative Humidity 20 Per Cent Relative Humidity Butly , ,. 73 75 73 75 80 8b 85 90 85 90 90 95 90 95 The psychrometric chart, Fig. 1, shows that one pound of dry air at 30 deg. fahr. can have a maximum of only 24 grains of moisture even if the relative humidity is 100 per cent. If this air upon coming indoors is heated to 70 deg. fahr. without addition of moisture the moisture content will still be the same but the relative humidity will fall to 23 per cent. Likewise an outside temperature of zero with 100 per cent relative hu midity will give 5.2 per cent relative humidity inside while 20 deg. beiow zero outside will give 1.7 per cent inside. 70 deg. air with relative hu midity of 20 per cent or lower is noticeably dry or has a great affinity for moisture and takes it rapidly from any available source, resulting in raising of dust, damage to glued furniture, and a parched.or irritated con dition of the mucous membrane of the outer portions of the respiratory tract. Contrary to common belief, however, the total moisture removed from the entire respiratory tract through breathing a given mass of . air is practically the same indoors with 70 deg. and 5.2 per cent relative humidity as it is out-of-doors with zero and 100 per cent relative humidity. . There is likewise difference of opinion concerning the relation of high relative humidity to health and comfort. A high humidity indoors is objectionable due to precipitation on windows and other cold surfaces and a general tendency for a damp unsanitary condition to develop. 378 CHAPTER XXIV SYSTEMS OF VENTILATION Methods of Fan Application, A,Y Supply,^an Selection. Types of Equipment VENTILATING. systems may be classified as follows: Method of Supply Window.' (or other natural means) Gravity . Fan . Fan ' Method of Exhaust Gravity Fan ;< ; Gravity . Fan (with or without recirculation) In addition to these, there is also a system employing fan supply with out exhaust fans or gravity exhaust duct work, the exhaust depending entirely on natural leakage around doors and windows and through open entrance doors. This system has seen considerable use in connection, with , theatres and auditoriums where air cooling and refrigeration is employed and where a large percentage of the air-is recirculated. A more modern adaptation of this type of system for theatres includes a system of exhaust recirculating ducts extending back to the inlet of the supply apparatus, with an exhaust relief branch duct leading to the outside through which most of the discharged air is forced. The air forced outward by interior excess air pressure is equivalent in volume to the outside air taken in by the supply apparatus. ' The movement of air in natural ventilation. systems is produced by the difference in. density , between that of the air in building and that of the outside air, coupled with the action of the outside air movements on ventilators, openings and the building itself. The greater the difference in temperature between the two columns of air, other conditions being equal, the more rapid the air movement. ' . Outside air movements may either augment or retard the air move ments due to temperature difference, depending upon the velocity and direction of the outside currents, the location and. character of openings and the character of the building. (See Chapter XXXlII, Natural Ventilation.) . With mechanical systems the circulation of air is maintained positively and uniformly regardless of outside air conditions and when properly designed and operated they will also furnish any desired temperature or humidity under automatic control. Five methods of fan application in heating and ventilating are common, as follows: Material for this Chapter originally prepared by E. P. Heckel, Jno. Howatt, Samuel R. Lewis and A. Rowe. (Edited for this edition by Perry West.) '' 379 }American Society 0 Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1929 1. Fan system for supplying both heating and ventilation. 2. Fan system for supplying air for ventilation, with direct radiation for supplying 3. hFeaant.system for supplying air for ventilation and a portion of the heating, with direct radiation for supplying the remainder of the heating. 4. Fan system for supplying entire heating (no ventilation supplied). 5. Fan system for supplying ventilation only. Typical installations of the first type of system will be found in churches, theatres, auditoriums and other places of assembly requiring a relatively large amount of ventilation and little heating. The second type of system is usually provided in hotels and office buildings where only certain rooms need ventilation. Experience has shown that the third type is economical for schools, manufacturing plants doing special work, hotels and other places where a properly controlled air volume is essential. The fourth type of system is especially adapted to industrial plants and shops to convey heat to the points desired and to create an effective air motion and uniform temperature with minimum heat loss. Unit heaters are an adaptation of this system. When the fan is required to do both heating and ventilating it is necessary to keep it in operation. Great success has been reported in school work with systems of this kind, particularly be cause of flexibility, easy temperature and humidity control, and economy of operation.1 The fifth type of system is used in connection with the ventilation of kitchens, restaurants* dining rooms, some places of assem blage and in industrial plants where exhaust or fresh air dilution systems are employed for the removal of heat, vitiated air or other objectionable atmospheres. The Fan System for Heating and Ventilating consists of a combination of a fan operating in conjunction with a blast heater, with or without a system of air distributing ducts. An air washer or humidifier may be added when required without otherwise changing the type of system. When used for ventilating purposes, the fan will be required to supply whatever amount of air is specified to meet the ventilation requirements. The system may be arranged so that the fan will either blow or draw the air through the heaters. Each arrangement possesses its own peculiar advantages, but the selection depends largely upon the individual require ments of the installation. The draw-through apparatus is usually employed in factory buildings on account of its compactness as well as on account of the advantage gained by connecting directly to the piping system. In this case the temperature of the air delivered will be the same for all parts of the building. The blow-through apparatus is used in public buildings, or wherever different air temperatures and independent air temperature regulation are required for different rooms of the building. The use of a by-pass around the heating coils permits the mixture of hot and cold air in any desired proportions, by the use of a mixing damper at the point where the two ducts, one from the heater, and one from the by-pass, join to form one duct leading to the room. In the case of public buildings, the American Society Heating and Ventilating Engineers Transactions, Vol. 25, 1919. Com parative Study of Natural and Mechanical Ventilation for School Rooms. Legg & Walker; Vol. 28, 1922. Intermediate and Junior High Schools in Detroit, H. W. Anderson; Vol. 29,1923, Heating atid Ventilating Chicago Schools, John Howatt. 380 Chapter XXIV--Systems of Ventilation fan frequently blows the warm air into a space termed a plenum chamber, from which the air ducts radiate to the various rooms of the building; this arrangement is sometimes called the plenum system of heating and ventilating. . Air supply systems may be distinguished as upward and downward systems; the former being sometimes used in such buildings as theatres and auditoriums where people are associated closely. Air is supplied near the floor and exhausted through grilles in or near the ceiling. The downward plan is used in schoolrooms, hospitals, and other public buildings, air being introduced about 8 ft. above the floor and drawn out near the floor. This system is frequently used in theatres where the air is introduced downward from the ceiling and removed from under the seats. The selection of either system depends upon conditions confronting the engineer. ' The amount of heat to be supplied is governed by the losses from trans mission plus those from infiltration, with proper allowances for heat supplied by persons, lights, mechanical apparatus," or processes. Tem peratures usually specified for various types of buildings are to be found in Table 1, Chapter I. The amount of air to be supplied depends largely upon the type of service required, the amount of heat to be supplied or removed, the per fection of ventilation demanded, etc. The total quantity of air to be circulated in an indirect heating system, either mechanical or gravity type, is demonstrated in the seven cases set forth in the Fig. 1, Cases 1 to 6, page 383 as follows: H = heat loss of room or building as determined by formulae and data given under Chapter I (B.t.u. per hour). M = weight of air passing into room per hour in pounds from the heating system. Mr -- weight of air recirculated per hour, pounds. Ma -- weight of air drawn into the system from the outside for the ventilation require ments per hour Jb. and passed through the indirect radiation system. Mi -- weight of tempered air by-passed around the reheater per hour, pounds. Mh = weight of air passed through heater or reheater per hour, pounds. . ( = mean air temperature of the room of building. fo = mean outside air temperature. t, = mean temperature of the air entering the heater. It = mean temperature of the air leaving the indirect radiator, ti = temperature loss assumed in the air duct system. ty = temperature of the air entering the room or building. . " 0.24 = specific heat air of constant pressure. (B.t.u. required to raise 1 lb. of air I deg. fahr.) . Note 1.--The mean temperature (<,) if the air leaving gravity indirect pin type castiron heaters may be taken from the data in Chapter II. Note 2.--The mean temperature (I,) of the air leaving all other types of indirect heaters including blast heaters, reheaters, tempering heaters and unit heaters should be taken from reliable published data of the manufacturer of the particular type of heater to be used. Note 3.--The calculated amountof heat (//) in B.t.u. per hour to be supplied any type of indirect radiation by the boiler equipment may be ascertained by the following formula: H = 0.24 Mh (tt - q) Note 4---The amount of steam condensed per hour, per square foot, or per lineal foot of surface in a heater unit or battery, may be taken from manufacturers' tables for the 381 American Society o/yHEATiNG and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1929 type of heater specified for any condition of steam pressure, air velocity through heater, entering air temperature and final air temperature desired. The amount of heating surface shail then be multiplied by the condensation per square foot to obtain the total condensation in pounds of steam per hour. This same amount of condensation may be checked from the air quantity specified, by the following formula: _, ., cu. ft. of air per min. X 60 X temp, rise deg. fahr. Cond. pKounds pKer hour -------- -------------- r5e5e.-6a X l.ait--enrt rh--ea-t--ofr~szte--a--m------ 2------------------ Case 1--When all of the air passing through indirect heater is recirculated air: . ff , Mo = 0; Mh *= Mr -- M; Temperature of air entering heater, t, = t; M = q 24 fa _ . Case S--When all ofthe air passing through the indirect heater isdrawn from the outside: . fj : Mr = 0; Mh ~ M = Af0 Temperature of air entering heater, t, = t0 M = o 24 fa -- t) Case 8--When a portion of the air passing through the indirect heater is outside air and the remainder recirculated air: Mh = m = Mr + Mo = erfcj----------------------------------- ---------------------- <3> In this case Mo is known from the ventilating requirements and the amount of. airyyto be recirculated is ascertained by the following formula: Mr -- M -- M0 or Mr = o 24~fa -- <) - Mo-------------------- ------------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ------ -----------:.(4) The mean temperature of the air entering the indirect heater is ascertained by the following formula: , . Mo fa + 460) + Mr (f + 460) ,,,,,, ' = -------- W+Mr----------------- i6---------------- -- Case 4--When all of the air circulated is drawn from the outside and passed through a tempering coil, air washer or humidifier and reheater. . The temperature of the air t, entering the reheater will have the same dew-point tem perature as the air in the room or building to which the air is delivered, having tempera ture t and relative humidity as specified. If the relative humidity is not specified it shall be assumed as 35 per cent. If.the room temperature is not specified it shall be assumed as 70 deg. fahr. ' .. A relative humidity of 35 per cent for a room temperature of 70 deg. has been selected because this is the highest percentage of moisture which the air can hold without pro ducing dripping on single-thickness windows in cold weather. , In this case: M = Mo = M* = q 24 fa -- ------------- ------------~----------------- ..--.(6) .. . . \ ' '' If it is desired to maintain a room temperature of 70 deg. with 35 per cent relative humidity from an outside temperature of zero and with simply an air washer without any water heater in connection, the tempering coil must be of sufficient capacity to heat the entering air from the outside temperature to 88 deg. dry bulb temperature and 52 deg. wet bulb temperature, and this will be represented by to in the diagram.. In this case the difference is 36 deg. between the wet bulb temperature and the dry bulb tem perature and assuming the washer to be 67 per cent efficient, moisture will be evaporated into the air in sufficient quantity to bring the temperature down to 24 deg. which is 67 per cent of 36 deg. Subtracting 24 deg. drop in temperature through the air washer from 88 deg. dry bulb temperature of the air entering the air washer, gives 64 deg. as the final temperature of the air leaving the air washer, the wet bulb temperature remain ing at 52 deg. The reheater will heat the air to any temperature necessary to take care of the heat losses since room heating is desired. . The dew-point temperature of the air leaving the air washer and in the room itself will be 41 deg. 382 Chapter XXIV-Svstkms of Ventilation Case s 383 American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1929 Using the same illustration and assuming that a humidifying air washer is used with a water heater, the tempering coil will simply have one stack, section or tube row deep to raise the air temperature to about 35 deg. from zero outside temperature. The hot water sprays in the air washer will saturate this air at a temperature of 41 deg. and the reheater will simply raise this temperature to any point required to maintain a room temperature of 70 deg. and a relative humidity of 35 per cent. The amount of heat to be furnished by the water heater in connection with the humidifying air washer is made up of the sum of two factors--First: to heat the specified air volume from the temperature leaving the tempering coil to the saturated air tem perature leaving the washer, and Second: to evaporate sufficient moisture into this air to saturate it at the temperature required. . If only 23 per cent relative humidity is desired in the room in connection with 70 deg. dry bulb temperature, the temperature entering the air washer, without water heater will be 64 deg. dry bulb, and the temperature leaving the air washer will be 48 deg. dry bulb, which is a drop of 16 deg; through the washer or 67 per cent of 23J4 deg. difference between 64 deg. dry bulb and the corresponding 40} deg. wet bulb temper ature. .. The illustration in connection with Case 4 indicates that this arrangement is used entirely for heating the room by the fan system. In many cases the heat losses in a room or building are taken care of entirely by direct radiation, and in such, cases the final temperature of the air leaving the heater will probably be in the neighborhood of 80 deg. In such a case the same arrangements of tempering coils and reheaters will be used. The arrangement shown in the diagram contemplates the same air tempera ture being delivered to all rooms on this system, and will not be applicable to the heating of several rooms where individual control of each room is desired. Case 5--When a portion {Mo) of the air circulated is drawn from the outside and the remaining Mr recirculated air, the air drawn from the outside is passed through a tempering coil and the mixture of air, from the outside and recirculated air, being passed through an air washer or humidifier and a reheater. Similar conditions will apply to Case 5 as have been outlined for Case 4 except that a percentage of recirculated air at a different dry and wet bulb temperature and a different percentage of relative humidity will be mixed with the fresh air after it has been warmed by the tempering coil. In Case 5, (Mo) is known from the ventilation requirements as specified, and the amount of air permitted to be recirculated is, therefore: H Mr = 0.24 (ty~t) - Mo- ..(7) Cose 6 (a, b, c)--When all of the air circulated is drawn from the outside, passed through a tempering coil and air washer or humidifier, a portion of the tempered and conditioned air passed through an indirect heater or reheater and a portion of the tempered and conditioned air by-passed around the reheater and the mixture passed into the room or building for heating and ventilating. The weight of air to be circulated per hour equals (Mo) as determined by the ventila tion requirements. The dry bulb temperature of the mixture of tempered and reheated air. entering the room or building is to be ascertained by the following formulae: Mo X 0.24 (ty-t) = H... (8) H + 0.24 Mot ty~ 0.24 Mo ' (9). This case illustrates the arrangement of apparatus when the heating of several rooms is required with individual control of temperature for each room. The arrangement of apparatus, including tempering coil, air washer or humidifier, retempering coil and reheater coil, will be the same as has been outlined in Case 4. The air leaving the reheater and the air by-passed around the reheater, although having different dry bulb temperatures, will have the same dew-point temperature as the air (t) in the room or building to which the air is delivered and with relative humidity as specified: if no relative humidity is specified it can be assumed as 35 per cent. If no room temperature is specified it should be assumed as 70 deg. The relative weights 384 Chapter XXIV--SVstems of Ventilation of air passed through the reheater and by-passed around the reheater shall be ascertained by the following method: . X = parts of reheated air in mixture. (1 -- X) = parts of tempered air in mixture. ty ~ mean dry bulb temperature of the mixture entering room or building. lx -- loss of temperature in the duct system. /, = mean dry bulb temperature of the air entering reheater and by-pass. tj = mean temperature of the air leaving the reheater. (X) (t, + 460) + (1--X) (/, + 460) = (lm + 460)............................................................(10) tm -- mean temperature of air entering the duct system = (fy + tx). SOLVE: for X. Then Mh = X . Mh is the weight of air in pounds per hour to be passed through the reheater. The temperature (ty) will ordinarily be different for each room of the building. The total weight of air passed through the reheater will be the; sum of the requirements for all the rooms. Case 7--Indirect system for warming the air drawn in from the outside for ventilating purposes only. (When an indirect system is employed to warm the air drawn into the system from the outside for ventilating purposes only, the heat loss is provided for by direct radiation or by some other means). The weight of air to be circulated per hour is (Mo) as may be determined from the specified ventilation requirement Mh = M -- Mo. The temperature of the air delivered to the room (ty) shall be assumed 5 deg. higher than room temperature (I) specified. a. If no air-conditioning apparatus is to be employed the arrangement is similar to Case 2 where li -- to and ty = t + 5. b. If air-conditioning apparatus is to be employed the arrangement is similar to Case 4; Mh = M = Mo. , Loss of Temperature in Duct Systems (tx): a. When the indirect heater and duct system, are located in the enclosure to which the air is to be delivered, it may be assumed that there is no loss of temperature between the indirect heater and the point or points of discharge . into the enclosure, tx -- 0. ; b. For gravity indirect heating, a loss in air temperature of 5 deg. for the first floor, 8 deg. for the second floor, and 10 deg. for the third floor between the indirect radiator and room register can be assumed. c. For ducts run underground an allowance must be made based on the estimated heat loss of the duct, assuming an average temperature of the ground of 55 deg. fahr. d. For ducts run in outside walls to the second floor and above, a loss of not less than 10 deg. shall be used in the calculations. When the heating and ventilation requirements have been found the size of the heater and fan are calculated for a given friction,- temperature range, pressure loss in: ducts, etc. Pressure losses build up rapidly as velocities are increased and generally vary approximately as the square of the velocity. The allowable pressure loss through the heater should in general not exceed 50 per cent of the total static pressure of the system; In public building practice allowable pressure loss through tempering coils and reheaters should be under in. of water and when an air washer is used the friction through the tempering coil and reheater should not exceed 40 per cent of the total resistance as a rule. 'i For data on design and construction of ventilating duct systems, see Chapter XXVIII. . ^. American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1929 ' Factory work permits greater friction allowance for the heaters where duct runs are comparatively short and the resistance of the heater is a large part of the entire pressure loss in the system. The fan can be selected when the following facts are knowh: 1. Quantity of air required in cubic feet per minute. 2. Static pressure of system (ducts, heaters, air washers, filters, entrance connections, etc.). For data on selection of fans, see Chapter XXVI. The quantity, velocity and pressure of air delivered by the fan should be determined by the A. S. H. & V. E. Standard Code for Testing Cen trifugal and Disc Fans (See Transactions, 1923, Vol. 29, p. 407). . . A fan installation rightly designed and operated will be quiet and efficient, but every precaution should be taken to prevent vibration or sound transmission to the rooms. ' . It is usually more effective to float the entire mechanical apparatus on cork, including its foundations, than to attempt to isolate each separate apparatus. There are several systems for the sound-proofing of machinery available, and contracts may be made covering guaranteed and assured results. For data on ventilation requirements for different kinds of buildings and,for the effects.of ventilation see Chapter XXIII, Modern Standards of Ventilation and Measurement of Air Quality and Quantity. For data on Air Conditioning and Cooling, see Chapter XXV. For data on the Use of Ozone in Ventilation, see Chapter XXX. For further guidance in determining the quality of ventilation usually desirable for different kinds of buildings and in the selection of the class pf. ventilating apparatus which may be used for meeting these respective requirements the following data is given. :: ; types OF EQUIPMENT SUGGESTED FOR ATTAINING SPECIFIED . SYNTHETIC AIR CHART PERCENTAGES ' The following classification is given to assist in selecting the type of equipment necessary to attain certain percentages on the Synthetic Air Chart. It will be understood that considerable variation may be found in certain classes of equipment due to, the individual ideas on the part of the designer; the character of the installation work, the location of the building jn which the equipment is installed, etc.; nevertheless, if the equipment ,is; properly designed,, installed and operated, it will give at least .the, percentage listed under any particular classification.; To'design an.installation approaching. 100 per cent, it is necessary to provide ap^ paratus for, heating and humidifying the air, for thoroughly cleaning it and properly, distributing it with controlling devices that will maintain the temperature and humidity; in conformity with the comfort lines as given by the Research Laboratory qf the American Society of Heating and Ventilating .Engineers; -Axiy equipment omitted or any part .that is .ineffective will, reduce: the .final percentage attained. . Class "A " equipment capable of attaining over 95. per cent, on the 386 Chapter XXIV--Systems of Ventilation Synthetic Air Chart, consisting of a mechanical system including the following apparatus: .. 1. Mechanical air supply having a maximum capacity of 30 cu. ft. per minute per occupant. 2. Mechanical exhaust equipment.. . 3. Excellent air distribution. . . 4. Accurate automatic temperature control. . 5. Efficient humidifying apparatus. . . 6. Accurate automatic humidity control devices. 7. Efficient air cleaning apparatus. Note.--It is understood that 100 per cent efficiency is a physical impossibility since this would mean 100 per cent efficiency in the air cleaning device, in air distribution, in temperature control, etc. Perfect results of this kind have not yet been obtained in practice, although it is possible to obtain approximately 99 per cent of the Synthetic Air Chart with an apparatus of this kind carefully designed and installed and skillfully operated. '' Class "B" equipment capable of attaining from 90 to 95 per cent on the Synthetic Air Chart, consisting of a mechanical system including the. following apparatus: 1. Mechanical air supply having a maximum capacity of 30 cu. ft. per minute per occupant. 2. A well designed gravity exhaust system. .... 3. Efficient air distribution by properly located supply and exhaust registers. 4. Automatic temperature control. ` 5. Adequate humidifying apparatus. ' , ' 6. Automatic humidity control. .. ; . . Note.--All.cleaning devices have been omitted from Class "B" as 05 per cent can be obtained under ordinary conditions without air cleaning. In exceptionally clean localities higher percentages will result. Where the air contains considerably more than the average amount of dust slightly lower percentages may result. Air cleaning apparatus may be substituted in Class " B" for automatic humidity control without' materially affecting the final percentage. ' -- ... ' Class "C" equipment capable of attaining from 85 to 90 per cent.on the Synthetic Air Chart, consisting of a mechanical system including the following apparatus: '. 1. Mechanical air supply having a maximum capacity of 30 cu. ft. per minute per, . occupant.'" .' . ': 2. Gravity exhaust. 3. Efficient air distribution by properly located supply and exhaust registers. . ' 4. Automatic temperature control. . . .. ... 5. Adequate humidifying apparatus. .; .. ' . j .. !- ,6. Humidity control from one or more selected points or manual control. Class "D" equipment capable of attaining 80 to 85 per cent-on the: Synthetic Air Chart, consisting of a mechanical system including the following apparatus: 1. Mechanical supply having a maximum capacity of 30 cu. ft. per minute' per' ' Occupant. ' ',...... . ' . .... . ................. .............. " 2. Gravity exhaust. , ., ....... ............ .- . 3. Good air distribution. ' ' .................................. .......... ... 4. Automatic temperature control from one or more selected points or manual control. 387; :! M fl American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1929 Class "E" equipment capable of attaining from 75 to 80 per cent on the Synthetic Air Chart. (a) Mechanical air supply with gravity exhaust but without air cleaning device, humidifying apparatus, temperature or humidity control. (b) Direct-indirect systems with either mechanical or gravity exhausts. (c) Open window and other so-called natural systems of ventilation. Table 1. Recommended Percentages of Ventilation Perfection Based on the Synthetic Air Chart* Schools: Per Cent Class Rooms......... .......................................,.................................................. 92 Manual Training Rooms--........................................................................... 90 Domestic Science Rooms.................................................... ......................... 90 Amphitheatres.____........................ ................................. :.....................-....... 90 Corridors............................. ........... -..........................................................................85 Churches............. ...........................................................................-................... ........ 85 Hospitals: Wards--......................................... -......... .......................................................... Operating Rooms............................................................................................ Other Rooms.: ............................................................................................... 90 95 90 Theatres: Auditorium................................................................................. ...................... Dressing Rooms, etc.--,.................................................................. -.............. Dance, Lodge and Assembly Halls...................................... ................................. 85 85 85 Office Buildings: ' Offices in office buildings or other buildings where persons are con tinuously employed- ......................................................................... Department Stores......................... ............................................:....... -..................... Other Stores......................................... ......................................... -............................ 90 88 88 Factory Buildings: The percentage desirable for factory buildings will vary over a considerable range, depending upon the character of the work and the processes employed, modified to a considerable degree by the dust content of the air and the possibility of maintaining it free from objectionable dust and fumes. This wilt require careful study for each instal lation. The following Table 2 is offered as a guide for proportioning ventilation on the basis of square feet of floor spaceand may be used for certain cases where it might be more applicable than the cubic feet per person basis on account of the number of occupants being unknown or subject to possible change, or more applicable than the air change basis where unusual ceiling heights 6ccur. Table 2. Air Required for Ventilation Based on Square Feet of Floor Space Schools: Classrooms........ ............................... 2.0 cu. ft. Assembly rooms....... ...................... 1.5 cu. ft. Gymnasia.......................................... 1.5 cu. ft. per minute per square foot of floorarea per minute per square foot of floorarea per minute per square foot of floorarea See Chapter XXXIV for description and data on the use of the Synthetic Air Chart. 388 Chapter XXIV--Systems of Ventilation Picture Machine Booth__ Dining-rooms................. ...... Kitchens.--.......................... Corridors................................ Wardrobes and lockers...... Toilet, Bath, Etc.--........... Theatres: Seating spaces-................ .. Toilets, etc........................... Hotels: Assembly rooms................... Dining-rooms........ ................ Kitchens........ ............ ;.......... Hospitals: Wards.... .................................. Dining-rooms........ ................. Toilets.,................................... Kitchens.--........................... 1.5 cu. ft. per minute per square foot of floor area 1.5 cu. ft. per minute per square foot of floor area 2.0 cu. ft. per minute per square foot of floor area 0.5 cu. ft. per minute per square foot of floor area 2.0 cu. ft. per minute per square foot of floor area 2.0 cu. ft. per minute per square foot of floor area 2.0 cu. ft. per minute per square foot of floor area 2.0 cu. ft. per minute per square foot of floor area 2.0 cu. ft. per minute per square foot of floor area 1.5 cu. ft. per minute per square foot of floor area 4.0 cu. ft. per minute per square foot of floor area 1.0 cu. ft. per minute per square foot of floor area 1.5 cu. ft. per minute per square foot of floor area 2.0 cu. ft. per minute per square foot of floor area 4.0 cu. ft. per minute per square foot of floor area tioning and Cooling) for further data on the quantities of Air required for Ventilation. UNIT SYSTEMS2 Unit systems consist of an individual unit incorporating all the apparatus necessary for providing, directing and controlling the necessary volume of air heated to the proper temperature for the purpose. Two types are in common use, one for public building work and the other for factory and industrial installations. All unit heating and ventilating devices consist essentially of small fans connected closely with heat radiating surfaces. Steam or hot water usually is used for heating, and electric motors usually are used for power. Public Building Work A unit heating and ventilating machine intended for public building work consists usually of a small rectangular steel cabinet, enclosing the following essential parts:-- 1. A fresh air inlet. 2. An air filter. 3. A motor and fan assembly. 4. A radiator or heating element. 5. A cold air or by-pass chamber. 0. Mixing chamber. 7. Air discharge outlet. 8. Fresh air and recirculating control damper. . 9. A by-pass or temperature control damper. . Note.--Both the recirculating control damper and the by-pass damper can be manually operated,or the recirculating control damper may be pneumatically controlled from some remote point. The by-pass or temperature control damper can be automatically operated on room temperature by means of ther mostatic motor in connection with the use of any pneumatic automatic temperature control system. (See also Chapter XVI.) When the fresh air inlet damper is open the fresh air is drawn im mediately from out of doors, having the dust and dirt removed by means of the air filters. From this point the air is driven by means of the motor , *Data on Unit Systems contributed by H. B. Hedges. New York, N. Y.; G. E. Otis, Moline, III., and A. J. Nesbitt, Philadelphia, Pa. ' 389 American Society of Heating and.Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1929 and fan assembly and forced up through the machine, using either polyphase, alternating current or direct current motor. All of the. air may be driven through the radiator to be heated and thence to the room, orall of the air may be driven through the cold air or by-pass chamber and thence to the room, or part of the air may be driven through the radiator and part through the cold air chamber in any desired proportion, depending upon the.position of the by-pass damper.. The closing of the fresh air damper simultaneously opens the recirculat ing grille at the floor line, so that there is a free path for the air to circulate by gravity through the radiator. Thus, when the motor is not operating and the fresh air damper is closed, the radiator of the unit becomes an enclosed direct radiator, functioning in the same manner, as any other enclosed direct radiator. By starting the motor during heating-up period in the morning, the air may be drawn from the room at the floor line,' heated, discharged, recirculated, reheated and redischarged, this process . Continuing until the room has reached the desired temperature, thus effecting a tremendous saving in time and fuel in preparation of the room for occupancy. With this system of ventilation, the air outlets for the room serve strictly in the capacity of vents to permit of displacement .and they should be small, with as little exhausting effect as possible. Under such conditions their location is unimportant further than that they be placed at or very near the floor. In the typical layout they are usually placed in the wall opposite the fan unit. In school work where it is desired to circulate ajr through adjoining wardrobes, room outlets should be in low panels of doors or near floor in partitions. Wardrobe outlets may be either at 'floor or ceiling. The latter arrangement is usually preferable from a purely ventilation standpoint but the former provides a better heating effect. By such a plan direct radiation may usually be omitted from such rooms. When half doors or no doors are used between classrooms and wardrobes, outlets from the latter must be at the floor. With the mechanical unit ventilation system exhaust fans or aspirating coils in vent flues are neither necessary nor desirable, it being the idea to force the air out of the rooms under back pressure. .Where the outlets are properly proportioned this has an inflation effect that retards infiltra tion and assists in diffusion. One vent for each machine is.sufficient and both the grille and flue should have a net free area of about 18 sq. in. for each 100 cu. ft. of air delivered per minute by the ventilator. In order to carry out the principle of diffusion and get proper results from the unit system of ventilation, consideration must be given to the number, size, location and general application of the mechanical venti lators. With a correctly designed system and proper equipment, good diffusion will be effected if the frequency of air change in the room; ventilated is equivalent to five or more volumes per hour but the extent to which the desirable effect of air motion is present will be governed both by the frequency of air change, and the ceiling height. , ; ; On the same principle that underlies the necessary distribution of direct radiation there is a limit to the amount of air which can be dis tributed from a single point in ventilation work if good results are to be 390 XXIVChapter --Systems of Ventilation . expected. Practical experiments seem to indicate that this limit is about 1500 cu. ft. per minute with this type of apparatus. In a practical way this determines the number of unit machines to be used in a given case. Where the very best results are desired it is recommended that the capacity of any single machine be limited to 100 cu. ft. per minute per foot of ceiling height. ` Mechanical unit ventilators should be located centrally on the outside wall of the room which they serve. Corner locations are liable to result in inefficient and unbalanced distribution. In fact, under adverse con ditions, drafts may result from such a location. . Unit ventilators may be recessed but they should never be enclosed or concealed. Not only are enclosures liable to affect the perfection of diffusion, but from a practical standpoint they interfere with proper care and attention by rendering the machine inaccessible. Moreover, there is a certain psychological value to an exposed machine. The occupants quickly learn its purpose and operation with the result that they appredate its value and see that it is operated and properly cared for. No single mechanical unit ventilator should be made to serve more than one room by the extension of ducts from the outlet, since this is contrary to all the basic principles of the system. Adjacent rooms, if not sufficient in size and importance to be equipped with individual ventilating systems probably do not require any ventilation. Where the total heat required is in excess of the rated capacity of the unit, the unit must be supplemented by direct radiation. Otherwise, the unit can be used for both heating and ventilating without direct radiation. No special treatment of vent flues is required by this system, the vitiated air being discharged from the building in the same manner, as all other mechanical systems. It has been found that the best results have been obtained where the cross sectional area of the vent flue does not exceed 20 sq. in. per 100 cu. ft. of air per minute. Industrial Service . Unit heaters for industrial work consist of a heating element over which air is forced or drawn by means of a power driven fan which also distributes this heated air to the space to be heated. The area that can be served by one unit varies according to the type of unit and the location of the unit within the building. . Industrial units are available in capacities from that of the smallest disc or propeller, type fan up to that of gangs of centrifugal fans, and in ranges, expressed in heating output, from perhaps one hundred square feet of radiation up to several thousand square feet of radiation. . They may be placed on the floor, or may be suspended from overhead construction, and may be heated by steam or water-or other fluid, or may be direct fired, with coal, oil or gas. There has been a remarkable recent expansion in the demand and in the production of all sorts of industrial heaters, and their use no longer is confined, by any means, to industrial buildings alone. The tendency is apparent to return after some digression, toward a location for the units as near the floor as is practicable, especially with 391 American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1929 suction ducts or high velocity outlets arranged to move the cold heavy stratum of air which is likely otherwise to lie close to floors. The service of industrial unit heaters is essentially that of heating, and recirculation is usual, with dependence on windows and doors for ven tilation. Since the fans can be operated without heating the radiators there is some advantage from them in warm weather. Due to the very high heat transmission rates from radiators over which air is driven at high speed by fans, industrial unit heaters usually effect material space economies. Industrial units are now being employed for washing, humidifying, dehumidifying and otherwise conditioning air for manufacturing pro cesses. See Chapter X for further data on Unit Systems for Heating and Air Conditioning. 'V \ 392 CHAPTER XXV AIR CONDITIONING AND COOLING Air Supply, Relative Humidity, Air Cooling, Refrigeration, Humidifying, Dehumidifying, Automatic Controlling Devices, Cleaning Units. TEMPERATURE and humidity of surrounding air is an important factor influencing comfort and efficiency. While temperature and humidity affects human comfort, it also has an important bearing in the industrial fields where hundreds of manufacturing processes are dependent for their success upon some definite atmospheric conditions to be main tained. Climatic conditions, of course, vary with geographical locations. A study of temperature and humidity variations in different localities tends to show that such places having an average wet bulb temperature in the neighborhood of 56 deg. fahr. with corresponding dry bulb temperatures to give an effective comfort temperature of from 62 to 69 deg. are favored with best health conditions. (See Chapter XXIII, page 366). This chart indicates that maximum comfort is produced when tem perature and humidity conditions are approximately such as to give a 64 deg. effective temperature. One condition in combination is 70 deg. dry bulb, 57 deg. wet bulb and 45 per cent relative humidity, which corresponds to a dew-point of 48 deg. and 3.59 grains of moisture per cu. ft. See Chapter XXIII Figs. 2, 3, 4 and 5 for definite conclusions regarding the relation between temperature, humidity and air motion to produce physical comfort. Air conditioning is the science of mechanically controlling: (1) tem perature, (2) humidity, (3) purity and (4) the movement of air within buildings and other enclosures, thereby controlling the effects of such air. upon the people and materials exposed to it. Conditioning for industrial processes has become an exact science with results measurable in dollars and cents, in a more perfect product, in increased production, in elimination of waste or in some equally important factor. Varying degrees of moisture are required in manufacturing pro cesses and the nature of the product will indicate whether a high or low relative humidity is to be maintained. Heating as well as cooling must be considered in air conditioning work such as that of textile mills, printing plants, bakeries, candy kitchens, laundries, etc., all presenting definite problems. For example, in spinning rooms 75 deg. fahr. and 65 per cent humidity have been found best for the operations; in match factories 68 deg. dry bulb and 55 deg. wet bulb permit continuous opera tion and reduce fire hazards; in candy dipping rooms 66 deg. dry bulb Material for this Chapter was prepared especially for The Guide by the following cojnmittee: E. P. Heckel, chairman; W. L. Fleisher, E. S. Hallett and Ernest Szekely. - - 393 American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1929 Table 1. Amount of New Air to be Supplied per Person With and Without Air Conditioning ' Cubic Feet pea Minute Schools-- Assembly Rooms_______ Without Hamidlocation or Recirculation 30 15 to 25 30 With Humidification and Dehumidification but Without Recirculation With Humidification. Dehumidification and Recirculation 20 10 to 15 25 5 to 10 5 to 10 15 to 20 Locker Rooms................. Kitchens....................... ..... -.......... - ----------- -----........ - OP AIB Changes peb Houb 10 to 20 20 to 60 10 to 20 Theatres^-- Seating Space_______ ___ . 30 to 50 Hospitals-- 40 to 60 20 to 30 30 to 40 Hotels-- Dining Rooms.... ........ ..... . Assembly Rooms...... ...... 20 to 30 20 to 30 - 15 to 20 15 to 20 10 to 15 10'to 15 10 to 15 20 to 60 10 to 20 10 to 20 10 to 20 20 to 60 5 to 10 5 to 10 and 50 per cent relative humidity give a high quality product. In some cases, humidity must be supplied, in others, dehumidifying is necessary. In some cases such as with textile manufacture, the condition of relative humidities of the surrounding air must be sufficiently high to.provide for moisture absorption by the materials in process. In other cases the materials in process require air conditioning that will be conducive to a reduction in weight of materials by evaporation. For this reason, it is quite impractical here to give the exact temperature and humidity con ditions best suited for the infinite numbers of -materials or varying processes. The best suited conditions are quite generally known and understood by those who have studied the effects of moisture conditions in relation to any particular process or product. ' Air has certain definite properties and obeys certain well known laws. Therefore, to properly handle problems of air conditioning and cooling, the relation between the wet and dry bulb temperatures, relative hu midity and the dew-point should . be thoroughly understood: Dew-point is the temperature of the air at which saturation.occurs for a given amount of water vapor. With air at the dew-point the wet a.nd dry bulb temperatures are the same. At ordinary temperatures, the absorption of 1 grain of moisture-per cu. ft. reduces the dry bulb tem perature 8M deg, ' Relative humidity of air is the weight of moisture actually contained 394 Chapter XXV--Air Conditioning and Cooling by the air at a given temperature expressed in per cent of the amount of air it would hold if it were saturated at the same temperature. The maximum moisture which the air can hold at various temperatures is given by the saturation, or 100 per cent relative humidity curve of the psychrometric chart. Relative humidities between 0 and 100 per cent of saturation are shown by a series of oblique curved lines similar to the saturation curve. . The wet bulb temperatures are given by a series of nearly parallel, oblique lines and the numerical values of these wet bulb temperatures are given by the dry bulb temperatures at their intersection with the satura-. tion curve. - Example.--If air is at a temperature of 70 deg. and its moisture content' is '4 grains per cubic foot the relative humidity is approximately 50 per cent, since 4 grains of moisture per cubic foot is very nearly 50 per cent of 7.98 grains, the maximum moisture carrying capacity of the air at 70 deg. Therefore, to provide a final room condition of 70 deg. temperature and 50 per cent relative humidity the air should first be saturated at a tem perature corresponding to 4 grains of moisture per cubic foot which has already been referred to as a dew-point of 50 deg. This condition is easily obtained during the heating season, since; during this time of the year steam may be used for varying the spray water temperature through which the air being conditioned is passed, and thus the moisture carrying capacity of the air is raised to the desired point. The problem, however, is reversed in summer. Instead of humidifying, or increasing the moisture content of the air, it must be. reduced from some higher level down to a 50 deg. dew-point. Humidifying is the process of adding moisture to air. Dehumidifying is the process of removing moisture from the air. It may be necessary for the example cited, to cool below. 50 deg. depending upon infiltration, air liquidage, as well as liberation of moisture from material to the air in the room which is desired. The necessary dew-point correction value to be considered will, of. course, vary with building or room construction. It is also dependent upon dry bulb temperature as well as moisture content differences between- inside and outside air conditions. Compensation in dew-point.. temperature correction should also be considered from a standpoint of moisture liberated by occupants of the room as well as moisture given off by material in process of manufacture. In air conditioning, the amount of air to be handled by the fan equip ment is not covered by any air change or cubical content rule; it should be based and is dependent upon a correct heat balance, handling the re quired amount of air which when absorbing all sources of heat within a room, will not raise above the predetermined temperature'desired for the room. Example, desired--70 deg. temperature and 50 per cent relative humidity. This corresponds to 50 deg. dew-point. The difference between 50 deg. dew-point and 70 deg. final room, temperature is 20 deg. Assume-the total value in heat units to be absorbed in main taining 70 deg. as 20,000 B.t.u. then the air capacity of the equipment is 395 T 396 Chapter XXV--Air Conditioning and Cooling --= 56,000 cu. ft. per minute. {Note. The factor 56 is a convenient factor representing the air volume in cubic feet that will rise 1 deg. in absorbing 1 B.t.u.) The above briefly expressed shows the method of determining air capacity required for the problem considered. Dehumidification being required to first cool the air to 50 deg. during warm months of the year involves the use of mechanical refrigeration. The next step is to determine the refrigeration load and water cooling surface requirements. It must not be presumed that the 20,000 B.t.u. factor used in the above example to determine air capacity also represents the refrigeration load. . The refrigeration load should be based upon the cooling of 56,000 cu. ft. of air to at least 50 deg. The total heat to be removed in cooling air to 50 deg. is dependent upon the difference between the total heat of the air before and after cooling. The total heat to be removed varies with the proportion of the outside air and return air used, and this in turn is governed by the nature of the particular problem and geographical location. It should be understood that the greater the proportion of outside air used during maximum summer weather the greater will be the refrigeration or cooling load. The usual way of adding moisture to air in large plants is with the use of an air washer while in homes and offices, water pans in furnaces, or devices used in connection with radiators tend to better prevailing indoor conditions. While with air washers the degree of humidity as well as the temperature can be definitely controlled, little attention is paid to these items in the average dwelling as contrasted with factories, theatres, schools and other large buildings. USE OF REFRIGERATION IN AIR CONDITIONING The advantages of one method of cooling air over another and the general factors governing the proportioning and design of air conditioning units are of interest to all whose work may bring them in contact with systems using refrigeration. It is the purpose of this section to give those not familiar with this important branch of air conditioning a better understanding of how refrigeration is applied in this work. . The producing of the refrigeration for an air conditioning installation is a problem for the engineer, and is the same as any other refrigerating problem with a varying load. The method of treatment of the air, and its distribution is a separate study involving the entire subject of air conditioning. The remaining problems, then, in connection with the use of refrigera tion in air conditioning is the actual application of refrigeration in a unit or apparatus for cooling the air. The transfer of heat in air conditioning apparatus is usually accomT plished by one of three methods: 1. Passing air through cold water or cold brine sprays. 2. Passing air directly over cold coils. 3. Combination of the above two methods. 397 y American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1929 Fig. 2. Square Feet Wet Coil Surface 398 Chapter XXV--Air Conditioning and Cooling COLD SPRAYS VS. COLD COILS A liquid spray which absorbs the heat from the air and transfers it to cooling coils is more frequently used than cooling coils in direct contact with the air, for the following reasons: . (1) An economic method of securing an enormous radiating surface for heat transfer from the air, (2) relatively small amount of cooling coils surface required, therefore, relatively low first cost, relatively small space and light weight, (3) economy in power for driving compressor, (4) ease of keeping unit clean, (5) ease of controlling effect on air, (6) securing of air cleaning at all times, (7) humidity control during all seasons of the year, (8) continuous cleaning radiating surface, unhampered' by any frosting, with accompanied increase of heat transfer, (9) high heat transfer from liquid to air and from liquid to liquid cooling coils. Water is generally used for spraying when the lowest liquid temperature is not too close to freezing. For lower temperature calcium or brine solutions of varying strengths, according to the requirements, are used. With the comparatively small temperature differences encountered in such work, as 40 deg. water and 55 deg. air, the need of considerable heat absorbing surface is apparent. When water is sprayed the heat transfer must take place on the surface of the drops and the square feet of surface will depend upon how finely the water is divided. Ten gallons of water sprayed and divided into spheres of 0.25 in. diameter gives about 380 sq. ft. of drop surface. If divided into drops of 0.10 in. diameter spheres, the surface increases to about 1000 sq. ft. The water is divided into almost invisible drops and the square feet of radiating surface secured is corre spondingly great. ' With water flowing over the cooling coils the rate of heat transfer is many times that secured with air passing over or through the coils even when the coils are dry and not frosted. With the correct design and proportioning 40, 50, or even 60 B.t.u. per hour per sq. ft. per deg. difference may be obtained in practical commercial units as compared to the 2 B.t.u. or 6 B.t.u. from dry coils to air. The high transmission from water to coil, frosting disadvantages and other factors all combine to necessitate much less water-to-coil surface than coil-to-air surface with an accompanying saving of cost, space, and weight. ' Many air conditioning installations are operated 24 hrs. per day and on every installation power used for operation is important. It should be understood that with the higher refrigerant temperatures operating at the higher refrigeration plane, the power used by the compressors will be lower per ton of refrigeration effect, than when operated at lower temperatures of refrigerant and at a lower refrigeration plane. This is true regardless of whether ammonia, carbon dioxide, or dielene or any of the other refrigerants are used. , CLEANING UNIT When using the coil-to-air bunker room designs in order to get contact between the coils and air, the coils must be close together, arranged in some staggered form or with deflectors and baffles. Such arrangements make it.almost impossible to allow for proper cleaning. . American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1929 400 Chapter XXV--Air Conditioning and Cooling Dirt collects on the wet surfaces as on the wet eliminator or scrubber plate surfaces in the dehumidifying unit but in the bunker room there is no flow of water to clean the surface. Fungus slime frequently collects which, together with rust and dirt and matter carried in by the air, makes frequent cleaning desirable, if not an absolute necessity. With the spray method the flowing water keeps all surfaces cleaner and the draining of the tanks gives a ready means of carrying away all matter collected. CONTROLLING EFFECT ON AIR The control of outgoing air conditions, whether by hand or by auto matic devices, is more rapidly changed in the spraying method than in the coil-to-air method. If an operator is cooling the air with coils covered with frost (and they are practically always covered with frost and ice) and he desires to remove the cooling effect he may shut off the refrigerant but the bunker room will continue to treat the air until the frost and ice are melted which may take quite a while. The alternative method of chang ing the air temperature is to use more space and increase the cost by providing a by-pass duct around the bunker room. . By using a small tank capacity in relation to the volume being pumped it is possible quickly to cool or heat the water and thus have quick effect on the air. r _ .. Cleaning of Air ~ . Where dirt or gases carried by the outdoor air which would harm a product or be undesirable for persons, the coil-to-air bunker room does no cleaning and may even add unsatisfactory bacteria due to the unit not .being easily kept clean. The spray unit is in itself an efficient air cleaning apparatus. Humidifying of Air - When refrigeration is used in air conditioning work, whether primarily for lowering the dry bulb or for lowering the humidity, the resulting moisture in the air is seldom as low as in the outdoor air during our many winter months. For many uses too low a humidity is as undesirable as too high a humidity and many times a constant humidity is desired all year to control yearly manufacturing conditions. The coil-to-air method offers no humidifying whatever while the spray type unit changes from a dehumidifier to a humidifier as soon as the water is not cooled. By air recirculation or by heating the water or by both, any desired degree of relative humidity may be produced by the spray type unit and the humidity controlled all year. Coil and Spray Combined Without study it might appear that placing the coils in the spray chamber would be the practical solution. It is seldom that this is advisable. On light duty units, that is, where not much refrigeration is being used in comparison with the air being handled and in some small units, coils may be placed in the spray chamber thus doing away with the lower coil chamber, tank, and troughs, but more coil surface and a' large spray chamber must be used. 401 American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1929 Eig. 4. Size of Pipes and Number of Pipes High 402 Chapter XXV--Air Conditioning and . Cooling Unless the resistance of the unit is to be increased the spray chamber must be increased to allow for the space occupied by the coil in the air path. If much refrigeration is being used-it will be found that the hori zontal projected area of the coil is considerable. : Only a small , fraction of the water'sprayed hits or comes in contact with the coil surface. Some of the water is therefore not cooled during each cycle and to maintain a certain average water temperature some of the water must be cooled considerably lower. As it is not advisable to operate too close to the freezing point, either brine must be sprayed or a low temperature cannot be carried without submerged coil surface as well as extra coils in the spray chamber. When the sprayed water hits the cooling coil it does not have a ten dency to stick to the coil. The result is that a lower total volume of water will be .flowing over the total coil surfacb and less total cooling will be secured: per foot of surface used. - If the cost of a larger spray chamber, extra coil surface in the spray chamber, and the submerged coils required and the other factors are favorable, the coils may be used in the upper spray chamber with satis factory results in some installations. For some duties a return bend arrangement may be used passing the air through the upper chamber and then down and back through the lower coil chamber. The coils are covered by a film of running water at a lower temperature than the air and as some air will come in contact with the cold water and other cooled surfaces a limited amount of extra cooling may be secured. There is one important point which is a problem for the refrigerating engineer, but which has sometimes been overlooked. This is the matter of control of the refrigeration. Almost all air conditioning installations, whether with automatic or hand control, give a varying refrigerating load. Systems have been operated using many tons of refrigeration and this load has suddenly been removed owing to changing requirements. Meanwhile the ammonia compressor may be operating, and freezing of the system with accompanying damages results if carried far enough. Ammonia lines in a plant cannot be tapped and valves turned on and off quite as readily as in a steam line. The refrigerating engineer should be fully advised regarding the varying of the air conditioning refrigerating load. With the accompanying charts no one should have difficulty in checking a layout or making preliminary approximate estimates of the part of an air conditioning unit using ammonia as the refrigerant. It is impossible to give here all the factors governing the use of refrigeration and the allowance to make for different conditions such as coils that are dirty or oily bn the inside, coils with poor outside surfaces, the element of time in changing'conditions of air treatment, structural considerations, and par ticularly the action of the water when it is sprayed in the coil chamber in cqntact with the air. It is not suggested by the author that those unfamiliar with the details of such work use these charts except as a source of general information as to the factors governing the design of such equipment. 403 T able 2. C ubic I nches of A mmonia V apor to be Circulated to Produce One on of Refrigeration inT T w enty-Four H ours 170 245 2 5 9 .7 1 1 2 .6 American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1929 vi\OpoOr-O*--C\ qs ^ooONr*fOoO'* 0 0- r*> o 00 04 04 t- to sU0 o> 04 04 0 N co 8 Rf o 04 e 0- CO tO 09 09 ^` t- ia a 00 to to 00 'o CO ss e N Rf . a> 04 04 00 f- * sto o ** -----_ - ws.(SOQOfOO^OOOOOOOOOOOO^-'O-'OOOOOsO(NQ^<*O5lOO VO'OlOVlTj'Tj'f^N-HlHO...................................................... - Os oo t*- *-- SO *0 ^ ^ *+) rn fO .* _ .. -w.-.^O(O'O'O'N'fvlCOrN----N-----O-----a_*-_' OOsnoOf^OOOtN'00>^-HfOt'OOtO^NO>'OfO 'Ciom^^wtoN^oo ...............................................................-* oO-> *-->0 ^ ^ **5 fO **> t`O^vO30O>O5O0Q0<>O,0Q>O0OoQ5Q'0O0sQ0Q^lO0'Q^0O0Ocs>O0vQ`0^ cO^.r.V>..)*..>..^.0N..'s.i.,O.,.t.^.fH.0..rC.-.o.N.O..s(..N-.i.T..t`.-.oO..O.oO<o*>t--OesosJ*t0^O0'^Os^r'if,*o0roNroooor^ ' r*i0i.O50HOOo0^plOgO>Os5ONONi0oOO>s-O'MOO'lH^NOOo'0OO>O-''-0Q`0'o00O0O>OHOO'NO*-r0O'0*>-QOO^fNs0J v.O.....'.O......i.o....^....i.....>........N.....^....'.-..i..O.....O-oo oof- 'O m ^ ^ f<) oo to sOi^ioOO^sOO^soOOOOOiDOQOOOO h*l>fSOMN^-'NOv5>OsQsNOsN^OCS'0>0 0' lO G Rj>* rf fO fO CN rO--..O^...O.O..O..--..C<..s..H).N..O..^.o.'.Oo..'.O.O..N.^-vO>v's0o0'iC^*"o*5>rRif^s'qOsNvO^*0>'Oo^CO^.N<0s_*0)_<<0* . `OOOO^OOOQOOOOOOOC > O JJ) g o. v)oI^b'^OrNsoo6fob6>oo6^'00&i4oofo^ ................................................ -Os 00 t'-*'-s o ^ 3* <*> to oooooooooooooooooooooo ~HC--OCTNrct--,'i|CON T0f0|.C0'4(^^,r--^iotHo'O>C^N'ift^s-f^NH'G-''O^Ooo'^t'O'-~'OHefO'4O^ IGrt ^POf^fStN^OO.......................................................- Os 00 C-- t"> * 0 ^ to fO fO to OOOOw`50*oOQOOOOOOOOQOO 55irtOV5O'O00HW,)OWfO'O-H^''O00^0'OfNO .......................................................-Os OOr^t-- S 0 ^ Th CO to fO CO ooOOccmOcOsO^fOoOCOO^^tO--1O^<^-oo1oooso- sp8-os-oloOti.^f-ot_HrO'(omS5T>sifGtOlo^tOM1o<OSGotO^oGfO-o^-fMNOoOOCoON ^ CN (S H -i O So (0 .o O< to 5 l H in U o u s o* J o fi a E H HSH 50; P(Pj fONOsoot-^`r^ooso^r-^,s^>'>-'^ t^n^NNNCSNfSiHr-RH i I | _L-Hi-(SNfOn I I I II I I I I I I I 1 1 1+++++++ fs r-. (\j r- n n r--t-R b. t- t-- p- n i- i---c-* i"* t- fe fe % fc fc 404 . Chapter XXV--Air Conditioning and Cooling Estimates as shown by the dotted lines on the charts are made as follows: .. 1. Total heat load--4,000 B.t.u. per minute 20 tons refrigeration .. .. 2. Design and conditions allow 6 deg. rise in water temperature 3. Average water temperature 44 deg.' 4. Average ammonia temperature 10 deg. 5. Difference ammonia and water 34 deg. 6., Gallons handled per ft. of trough 1J4 7. Standard unit available allows 8 ft. long troughs Fig. 1 shows that 80 gallons water per minute are required. Fig. 2 shows that 140 sq. ft. of. cooling coil surface are required when working at the rate of 50 B.t.u. per hour per square foot per degree difference. Fig. 3 shows 64 lineal feet trough required. Also shows 8 troughs and coils wide and space required as follows: 6 in. coil centers require space 54 in. wide 8 in. coil centers require space 68 in. wide 10 in. coil centers require space 82 in. wide 12 in. coil centers require space 96 in. wide From Figs. 2 and 3 it was found that 140 sq. ft. of surface and 64 lineal feet of troughs were required. Fig. 4 shows the following: Pipe diameter.......... 1J4 in. Lineal Feet............. 225 Pipes High................ 5 134 in. 283 6 1 in. 404 7 Pipes High have been increased to eliminate fractions and in designing a unit the lineal feet of coil required would have to be increased in proportion. Allowance must be made for dirty coils, uneven water distribution, quick control of temperatures, and other factors, all of which might double the coil surface shown mathematically by the charts. The heat-transfer which may be obtained in the upper chamber and the maximum rise in the water temperature, and therefore the use of Fig. 1, will vary with each change in nozzle, pump pressure, time element, pounds of water used per pound of air, water to air temperature differences, and other such factors as might be expected, but once the volume of water and the temperature through which it must be cooled are determined, the design of that part of the apparatus using refrigeration will be a comparatively simple problem to those familiar with such work. In this work the problems are many and varied, for cooling is used in many industries as well as for the conditioning of air in hotel diningrooms, theatre auditoriums, and many other rooms where it is desirable to maintain a temperature under that prevailing out of doors. With modern refrigerating and dehumidifying apparatus properly designed and applied it is possible to obtain most any percentage of ventilation perfection. Unless artificial cooling is resorted to it is hardly 405 ! ] j { ' ; : ; . ! J ] American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1929 possible to obtain better than 75 per cent perfection in hot sultry summer weather. In hotel, theater, etc., cooling work recirculation will conserve heat in winter and refrigeration in summer. The development of the science of air conditioning has been rapid and the. textile industry has derived great benefit from the adoption of adequate systems.. Its applications are wide entering somewhere into every process in making of articles used every day, such as clothing, candy, meat products, and a host of others. Mass production of uniform quality products has been made possible and has placed manufacturing schedules on a year round basis for many industries. It has also improved conditions of comfort and permitted the operation of theaters and other assembly places every day of the year contributing greatly to the health comfort and wealth of the nation. . 406 CHAPTER XXVI SELECTION OF FANS FOR HEATING, VENTILATION, DRYING AND CONVEYING Service Requirements, Fan Characteristics, Characteristic Faa Curves, Types of Fans, Selection of Fans, Designation of- Fans, Arrangement of Drive. IN order to properly select fans, it is necessary to know the requirements of the system and the operating characteristics of the various types of fans available. The items of requirements are: 1. Cubic feet of air to be moved per minute. 2. The static resistance of the. system. 3. The type of motive power available. 4. The nature of the load such as variable air quantities or pressures. The items of fan characteristics are: 1. Efficiency. 2. Noise. 3. First cost. 4. Space required. 5. Type of fan best suited to service required. . . In order to facilitate the choice of apparatus, fan tables usually show the following factors for each size fan operating against a wide range of static pressures: X. Volume of air in cubic feet per minute (68 deg. fahr.-50 per cent Relative Humidity --0.07488 lb. per cubic foot). 2. Outlet velocity. 3. Revolutions per minute. 4. Brake horsepower. 5. Tip or peripheral speed. . 6. Static pressure. The most efficient operating point of the fan is usually shown by either bold or italicized figures in the capacity tables. . Fans can be grouped into two general classes: 1. Disc and propeller fans, which produce, motion of the air by the thrust effect of inclined blades. . . 2. Centrifugal fans or. blowers, which produce air movement by the centrifugal force generated in a rotating column of air. . The material for this'Chapter was prepared especially for The Guide by the following committee: Henry Mathis, chairman; W. Gardner, John Howatt and H. F. Maier. ' 407 American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1929 Centrifugal fans or blowers are usually housed, though certain types operate fairly well without housing. These fans or blowers can further be classified according to the type of wheel as follows: '. (a) Paddle wheel or steel plate type with radial blades. (ft) Multiblade with forward curved blades. (c) Multiblade with radial blades. (d) Multiblade with partially backward curved blades. (e) High-speed fans with fully backward curved blades. CHARACTERISTIC CURVES Characteristic curves of each type of fan are shown, illustrating the performances of each type. Reference is made to The Standard Test Chapter XXVI--Selection of Fans for Heating operation, and are particularly desirable for use in types of unit heaters having low resistance heating elements and in moving large volumes of air with little or no duct work. While this type can operate against considerable resistance, the power increases rapidly and the noise often becomes objectionable, so that they do not always compare favorably with centrifugal fans for such service. CENTRIFUGAL FANS AND BLOWERS With centrifugal fans and blowers, when the resistance is increased (at constant speed) the power and capacity decrease. The efficient operating range covers a considerable latitude of capacities and occurs when the static pressures produced are highest, making, this type pre ferred in any system having considerable resistance to overcome. Code for Disc Fans, Propeller Fans, Centrifugal Fans and Blowers as adopted by the American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers and the National Association of Fan Manufacturers. Manu facturers' capacity tables ordinarily list capacities between the dotted vertical range lines. All characteristic curves are for constant speed. The contour of performance curves will vary with different makes and designs, but all fans of a similar type have thesame general characteristics. DISC AND PROPELLER FANS Disc and propeller fans are best adapted for free air delivery, or opera tion against slight resistances, as the characteristic curve of these fans shows their rapid reduction in capacity and increase in power as the resistance increases; (See Fig. 1.) Disc fans properly designed have a satisfactory efficiency at low resistance, being equal in this respect to a good centrifugal fan or blower. Under these conditions, they excel in low first cost and. economy of 408 A fan of any type should be chosen at or fairly near the point of maximum efficiency. Selecting a fan beyond this point results in higher capacity) higher outlet velocity, lower efficiency and tendency to create noise. . The paddle wheel type of fan is practically obsolete for ventilation where large volumes of air are to be moved efficiently. Their use is largely confined to such application- as conveyors, where quantities of material are to be carried, or to handling air or gases containing foreign materials, as the open construction and flat blades do not allow this ' material to collect as readily as do other types. Fig. 2 shows that over the entire useful range the static and total pressure decreases as the capacity increases. The horsepower curve is practically a straight diagonal line increasing from no delivery to full open delivery. A larger size fan is required for a given capacity in com parison with multiblade fans. --. . .... The forward curved, multiblade fan is the type most commonly used 409 American Society 0} Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1929 Chapter XXVI--Selection of Fans for Heating . The partial backward curved multiblade type of fan lends itself par ticularly to direct drive through a considerable range of sizes, as this fan must be, driven approximately 75 per cent faster than the forward curved multiblade fan for the same results. Fig: 4 shows a continually dropping contour as the quantity of air delivered increases. The horsepower curve gradually increases showing a tendency to flatten at maximum delivery, reducing the probability of motor overloads if the actual resistance is lower than calculated. ' As with the paddle wheel fan, the air delivery at a. given speed is more constant with varying resistance than is the forward curved multi blade type. . Multiblade fans with radial blades have performance characteristics Fig. 3. Characteristics of Forward Curve Multiblade Fans in heating and ventilating work, as it has a low peripheral speed, a large capacity and is quiet in operation. The point of maximum efficiency for this fan occurs near the point of maximum static pressure. The static pressure drops consistently from the {Joint of maximum efficiency to full open operation. Fig. 3 shows that this type of fan will have a high and low delivery for a given static pressure at constant speed. Manufacturers' tables ordinarily list only the capacities between the vertical range lines, and selection of fans should be made within this range. The horsepower curve rises continually from low to peak capacity, but if reasonable care be exercised in figuring resistances, there is no danger of overloading the motor. . The multiblade forward curved and partial backward curved fans are good types for general ventilation. Fig. 4. Characteristics of Partial Backward Curve Multiblade Fans 410 resembling the partially backward curved multiblade fan. The outstand ing difference occurs in the revolutions per minute as the radial blade fan must be operated at approximately 80 per cent of the speed of the partial backward curved multiblade fan for like results. The outstanding characteristics of the fully backward curved multi blade type fan are the steep pressure curves, the non-overloading power curve; and the high revolutions per minute. This fan operates at a peripheral speed of. approximately 250 per cent of the forward curved multiblade type for like results. The pressure curves begin to drop at very low capacity and continue to fall rapidly to full opening. This makes it adaptable to parallel operation for such applications as-large stoker installations. The steep pressure curves tend to produce constant capacity under changing pressures. Where wide fluctuations in resistance of a system occur, the use of this type of fan is desirable to prevent motor overloading. The maximum horsepower requirements occur at about the maximum efficiency. Consequently, a motor selected to carry the load at this point will be of sufficient capacity to carry the fan over its full range of capacities at a given speed. The speed is high for a given pres sure making it adaptable for direct-connected high-speed drives. 411 American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1929 The high speed of these fans makes necessary heavier construction, larger shafts and bearings. Consequently, more operating, attention and service is required than for the multiblade type. The dimensional bulk for a given duty is one and one-half to two times that of a forward curved multiblade fan, . SELECTION OF FANS FOR VENTILATION Two important factors in selecting fans for ventilating systems are: Efficiency (which affects the cost of operation) and Noise. First cost and space available are secondary. Proper size fans should be selected to operate at maximum efficiency without noise. Noise in a ventilating system is irritating and cause for complaint; fans must be selected of proper size in order to reduce it to a minimum. Noise may be caused by other factors than the fan; namely, high velocity in the duct work, loca tion of the fan room, construction of floors and walls and improper instal lation. (See Chapter XXVIII on Air Duct Design and Construction.) Where noise is chargeable directly to the fan, it is either caused by excessive peripheral speeds or the fan is of insufficient size. A fan that is noisy is usually one that is operated at a point considerably beyond maximum efficiency. For a given static pressure there is a corresponding outlet velocity and peripheral speed wherein maximum efficiency is obtained. If a fan be selected to operate at this point, cost of operation and noise can be held within control. To aid in selecting fans as near as possible to point of maximum efficiency, there are listed for each static pressure corresponding outlet velocities and tip speeds that will give satisfactory results. Table 1. Good Operating Velocities and Tip Speeds for Forward Curved Multiblade Ventilating Fans Static Pressures In Inches of Wateb K Vs K y M ' Vs i IK IK IK 2 2K 2K 3 ' Outlet Velocttt Feet per Minute - 10004100 1000-1100 1000-1200 1100-1300 1200-1400 1300-1600 1500-1800 1600rl900 1800^2100 1900-2200 2000-2400 2200-2600 2300-2600 2500-2800 Tip Speed Feet per Minute 1520-1700 1760-1900 1970-2150 2225-2450 2480-2700 2660-2910 2820-3120 3162-3450 3480-3810 3760-4205 4000-4500 4250-4740 4475-4970 4900-5365 Lower outlet velocities than listed above may be used, but care rtiust be exercised to avoid selecting a fan operating below its useful range. In exhaust ventilating systems where the air column moves toward the fan, noise due to the higher tip speeds and outlet velocities, will not be so readily transmitted back through the air column to the building. 412 Chapter XXVI--Selection of Fans for Heating Therefore, higher outlet velocities up to 2000 ft. per minute may be used, but at the expense of increased power. Amply large fans should be used for both exhaust and supply systems, as there may be leakage through joints in the duct work, necessitating the delivery of more air than is exhausted from or supplied through the openings in the various rooms. Long runs of distributing ducts, heaters, air washers, etc;, are usually part of a system where high static pressures are needed; therefore, it is good practice to select fans with the higher outlet velocities and peripheral speeds recommended, as the duct system, itself, will tend to muffle objec tionable air sounds. Where the fan is connected with short ducts to register faces, fans with low outlet velocities should be used regardless of the static pressure. FANS FOR DRYING Both disc and centrifugal types of fans are used for drying work. The former is well adapted to the removal of moisture-laden air when op erating against low resistance and handling air at low temperatures. Motors on these fans are usually of the fully enclosed moisture-proof type so that saturated air or air containing foreign material will not ' injure the motors. Unit heaters employing disc or propeller type fans are widely used in the drying field. In drying, disc or propeller fans can be used where duct work is required and air is to be delivered against pressure as the noise developed from the high peripheral speed is not ordinarily objec tionable in process work of this nature. Centrifugal fans or blowers of the multiblade type are generally selected to supply air for drying, as they are capable of delivering large volumes against all pressures with a minimum amount of power. Belt driven fans are preferred as they make a more flexible and eco nomical unit. Wherever drying is done throughout the year and air requirements change as the drying conditions change, the drying can be speeded up or reduced through control of the fan capacity by either fan speed or volume dampers. Due to low speeds of forward curved multiblade or paddle wheel type fans, these, can be direct connected to reciprocating steam engines and the exhaust steam used in the heating coils. In selecting engine driven fans for drying processes, wherein a large quantity, of exhaust steam is used in the heaters, a smaller fan can be. used because power economy is not essential. ;. Where static pressure in a dryer varies and battery operation is re quired, the full backward curved fan is recommended. This type is well adapted for direct connected motors of the higher speeds. FANS FOR DUST COLLECTING AND CONVEYING ' The application of fans or exhausters for handling refuse, dust, fumes, etc., generated by machine equipment is well covered in Chapter XXXII of. The Guide. Information is there given regarding the method for (determining the necessary air quantities, velocity required for carrying various materials and method of determining maintained resistance'or total static pressure at which the fan is to operate. 413 American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1929 The selection of a proper size fan or exhauster is at times governed by the future requirements of the plant. In many instances, additional future capacity is anticipated and should be provided for. Having determined the necessary volume of air and maintained re sistance or static pressure required, the proper size fan is selected from the fan manufacturers' performance chart or capacity table. If the fan is to be pulley driven, its selection is a simple matter. The fan chosen is the size that will provide the required ultimate quantities with the minimum power consumption. In selecting fans to be direct connected to alternating current constant speed motors, it is necessary to choose one that will operate at a speed Fig. 6. Correct Rotation Fig. 7. Incorrect Rotation to accommodate standard motor speeds which on alternate currents are as follows: 60 cycle 425, 490, 570, 680, 860, 1150, 1740 and 3400 r.p.m. 50 cycle 360, 410, 475, 570, 715, 965, 1450 and 2800 r.p.m. 25 cycle 180, 205, 240, 285, 360, 480, 1440 and 1720 r.p.m. * Either belt driven fans or direct connected fans are commonly used. Both types have their advantages and disadvantages. While a fan driven by a belt requires more space, more upkeep and more loss in power due to belt slippage, the belted fan is suitable in a plant where fans are changed from time to time to operate on different systems. It is well known that alternating current motors of higher standard speeds have better efficiencies than the low speed motors. Therefore, the overall efficiency of a belt driven fan and motor will usually exceed that of a fan direct connected to a less efficient motor. Low speeds A. C. motors, although sometimes used, are not to be recommended as they are less efficient and higher in cost than high speed motors. (See Chapter XXVII on Motive Power and Controls for Fans.) Direct connected units require a minimum of space,'no loss in power transmission and less attention. The speed, however, is fixed. Variable, speed motors with controllers may be used, but are expensive in first cost and maintenance, and inefficient at the reduced speed. 414 Chapter XXVI--Selection of Fans for Heating GENERAL SUGGESTIONS Single inlet, single width fans should be selected wherever possible: If double width, double inlet fans are selected, care must be taken that both inlets have the same free area. If one inlet is obstructed more than the other, the fan will not operate properly, as one half of the wheel will deliver more air than the other half. . Where duct connections are made on double width fans, static pres sure on both inlets must be carefully balanced; otherwise, the fans may be over or under capacity. Inlet connections on double width fans neces sitate the driving arrangement on the outside with extended shafts and outboard pedestals. It is not considered good practice to drive the belt through duct connections. In selecting the discharge and rotation of the fan, the design of the duct should be continuous with the fan scroll, as in Figs. 6 and 7 which show the proper and improper rotation for connecting fan to duct work.-- DESIGNATION OF FANS' This method of designation will apply to all centrifugal fans, single or double width, and single or double inlet. Do not use the word "hand," but specify "clockwise" or "counter-clockwise." Facing the driving side of the fan, blower or blast wheel, if the proper direction of rotation is clockwise, the fan, blower or blast wheel will be designated as clockwise. If the proper direction of rotation is counter-clockwise, the designation will be counter clockwise. (The driving side of a single inlet fan is considered to be the side opposite the inlet regardless of the actual location of the drive.) The discharge of.a fan will be determined by the direction of the line of air discharge and its relation to the fan shaft, as follows: Bottom horizontal.--If the line of air discharge is horizontal and below the shaft. Top horizontal.--If the line of air discharge is horizontal and above the shaft. Up blast.--If the line of air discharge is vertically up. .. .. Down blast.--If the line of air discharge is vertically down. All intermediate discharges will be indicated as angular discharge as follows: Either top or bottom angular up discharge or top or bottom angular down discharge, the smallest angle made by the line of air discharge with; the horizontal being specified. ARRANGEMENT OF DRIVE , For the convenience of fan users, and to prevent misunderstandings which cause delays and losses the following suggestions are made for such arrangements of drive which-are most often used. Reference to Arrangement 3 will be understood by all members of . the Association as referring to accompanying Fig. 8 and description. ........... - Arr. 1. For Belt Drive. . . , Single fan. Wheel overhung. Includes housing, wheel, shaft, two' bearings, pedestal and pulley. Arr. 3.. For Belt Drive. .. Single fan. Pulley overhung. Includes housing, wheel, shaft, two bearings and pulley. Arr. 4- For Direct Connection. Single fan. Includes housing, wheel and base. Wheel Is overhung on engine or motor shaft. .. . . Recommendations adopted by the National Association of Fan Manufacturers. 415 X American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1929 Arr. 6. For Direct Connection. .- Single fail. Includes housing, wheel, shaft, bearing on drive side of fan, flanged coupling and base. ASirnrg.le6. faFno.r DInirceluctdeCsonhnoeucstiionng., wheel, shaft, bearing in fan inlet, flanged coupling and base. ASirnrg.le7. faFno. r IDnicrelucdteCsohnonuescitniogn,. wheel, shaft, two bearings, flexible coupling and base. Arrangement 1. Fan is of the overhung wheel type with the two bearings mounted on one side and the driving pulley in between. Arrangement 1 is preferred where the . Ait.5 .. .. . Fig, 8. Arrangement of Fan Drive .. .. fan exhausts from shafts making the inlet bearing inaccessible. It is also used for high temperatures and other conditions where it would be impossible to locate the bearing in the fan inlet. . , Arrangement S. Is the commonly used Ian as it is furnished with a bearing on each side with wheel supported in the center. . This fan is arranged for driving with belt which permits the use of high-speed efficient electric motors which can be purchased at a low initial cost. Arrangement 3 can be purchased at a lower initial cost than any other type shown. Arrangement 4- Fan is used for practically all direct connected work; The fan motor is mounted directly on the motor shaft, the rotor being mounted on pedestal built integral with the fan housing, both motor bearings being easily accessible. . ; Arrangements S, 6 and 7. Are used in larger fans where the fan motor is of such weight as to not permit it being suspended on an extended motor shaft. Standard Test Code All fans should be tested and guaranteed in accordance with The Standard Test Code for Disc and Propeller Fans, Centrifugal Fans and Blowers as adopted by the American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers and the National Association of Fan Manufacturers. 416 CHAPTER XXVII MOTIVE POWER AND CONTROLS FOR FANS Different Kinds of Motor Drives, Data on Steam, Power, Noise Prevention, Systems . of Hand and Automatic Control, Remote Control. , TO make a proper selection of motors for heating, ventilating, drying, air conditioning, exhaust and collecting systems is an important function of an architect's and engineer's work in producing a plant that is efficient and economical. Points to be discussed briefly are fan character istics, motor selection, methods of drive and general requirements of control as well as other power sources and sound deadening methods. FAN MOTIVE POWER . Motive power for fans should be determined in accordance with the Standard Code of the American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers, Transactions, Vol. 29, 1923; p. 442.. Fans divide themselves into two general classes; the disc or propeller type, and the centrifugal type. ' . Disc and Propeller Fans . The disc or propeller type of fan is available for conditions of low air resistance, with very short ducts, or no ducts at alt. The low speed of the blades near the hubs, compared with the relatively high peripheral speed renders, this entire class of fans of low efficiency when overcoming heavy resistance. The air driven by the more effective blade areas near the rim can pass back through the less effective blade areas at the hub more easily than if can overcome the duct-resistance. The-power required for such fans increases with the cube of the speed as the.speed is increased, and the static efficiency curve falls rapidly at any given-speed when the resistance to air flow is increased. Disc and-propeller fans lend themselves to1 direct-connected motive power, especially as the speeds may be high enough for economical electric motor speeds. In specifying direct connected electric motors for these fans it should always be remembered that the motor will be subject to the dust and j5ossible high temperature of the material handled by the fan. ; , Enclosed and specially cooled electric motors are.available for this service, and in many types the fan is suspended on the motor shaft. Centrifugal Fans - :. The centrifugal, housed type of fan is available for conditions of high air resistance, with heaters, ducts, etc., and is used for systems requiring., from one-fourth to two inches or more of water pressure to overcome the air friction. ; . : - Material for this section prepared especially, for The Guide by S. R. Lewis. ; . 417 American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1929 The power required for such fans is proportional to the volume of the air moved, and to the pressure overcome. Centrifugal fans with radial or forward-curved blades require power proportional to the volume at constant speed and have a power increase as the cube of the speed. If the resistance is increased the air volume is reduced, and the power at constant speed is reduced. If the resistance is reduced the air volume is increased at constant speed, and the power demand will be increased. Centrifugal fans with backward-curved blades and those with com pound curves while following the same general laws as the fans with the forward-curved blades, have been developed to the extent that they have a self-limiting power demand at a certain peripheral velocity even though the resistance at that speed may be decreased. I t is no easy matter to predetermine the exact resistance to be encoun tered by a fan, or having determined this resistance, to insure that no changes in construction or operation shall ensue which may increase air resistance, thus requiring more fan speed and power to deliver the required volume, or which may reduce air resistance, thus causing delivery of more air and a consequent increase of power even at constant speed. It is recommended therefore for centrifugal type fans that the rated piower to be supplied shall exceed the rated fan power by a liberal margin, depending on the type of blade, of from 10 per cent minimum, to about 25 per cent maximum. '" Justification for liberal power provision exists also in the possibility of varying demand due to changes in ventilation requirements, intensity of occupation, weather conditions, etc. Speed Control Some method of volume control of fans usually is desirable. This may be done by varying the peripheral velocity, or by interposing resistance, as by throttling-dampers. Both methods, since they reduce the volume of air, reduce the power required. In many installations adjustments of volume are desirable during varying hours of the day. In others an increased supply of air in summer over that needed for winter, is demanded. There is room for judgment in deciding whether speed-control or damper-control shall be used for. specific cases. Where noise is a factor, it may be exceedingly desirable to reduce the speed at times, while on the other hand a centrifugal fan which has its normal speed reduced as much as 50 per cent without change in resistance will move so small a volume of air thatNoperating the . fan will .be hardly worth while; . . Electric Motors ` - ' Electric power is the almost universal solution for fan operation, and each type of motor and current has its advantages and disadvantages. Direct connected electric motors are usually very efficient for fan driving because there is no slippagedueto belts, and no wear or noise due to chains or gears. . Unless the fan speeds are high enough to permit comparatively high rotative speeds, however, direct connected motors must be unduly large and heavy and will be costly. If anything goes wrong with a direct Chapter XXVII--Motive Power and Controls for Fans connected motor there may be a considerable delay in replacing or repairing it, and changes in speed are not always made easily with full efficiency. On the other hand, the non-direct-connected motors have transmission subject to wear and slippage, and chains and gears may be noisy. With the latter type, however, changes in speed-ratio are easily made, and in case of a break-down a standard stock-motor may be substituted quickly. Improved operating characteristics are obtained in the higher speed belted motors than in the slower speed direct connected motors. Ef ficiencies and power factors of alternating current higher speed motors are greatly improved over those of the slower speed motors, Quietness of operation in induction motors is more easily obtained in the higher speed machines. Magnetic noise is the chief offender because it is carried, and sometimes is amplified, by the steel work of a building. It is possible, however, to obtain motors especially designed for quiet operation, which will practically be free from objectionable noises. Even though these quiet operating motors shall be used the motor and fan still should be insulated from the foundation and the duct system should be broken and a suitable connection made by canvas or some non-metallic substance. KINDS OF ELECTRICAL CURRENT Direct current motors are extremely satisfactory for fan drive. Various kinds of speed-control can be obtained by the use of hand, semi-automatic or full automatic controllers. Single phase, constant speed motors are satisfactory and available in sizes 10 hp. and smaller. Single phase adjustable speed motors (repulsion motors) in small sizes are available, but are satisfactory only when the load is always present. The repulsion single phase motor has an inherent characteristic of being subject to change of speed with a change in load. It should not, therefore, be used in driving centrifugal housed fans where there is any restriction in the fan line, such as a damper. Shutting off the air intake or air outlet from a centrifugal housed fan relieves the motor of the load and, with a repulsion single phase motor, the speed attained because of this light load would be objectionable from a noise standpoint and might do some damage to the fan wheel itself. With a propeller type of fan, the repulsion motor is quite satisfactory because if the air outlet is closed, load on the motor is still maintained. Single phase motors require special starting devices, which are noisy and troublesome as compared with electric motors for direct current or polyphase current. Polyphase motors are generally satisfactory for driving fans, though they are not adapted to exceedingly low speeds. It is seldom necessary to reduce the speed of a ventilating fan more than 50 per cent from the maximum fan speed and this feature is obtainable with alternating current motors by the use of hand, semi-automatic or full automatic controllers. CONTROLLERS FOR ELECTRIC MOTORS Very small direct current motors may be started by throwing them directly on the line through a suitable starting switch. The larger sizes require some type of starting device. When speed adjustment is desired, 419 I: t American Society of Heating and Ventilating-Engineers Guide, 1929 the starting device and means for adjusting speed are usually incorporated in one controller. . Alternating current motors, 5 hp. and smaller, may usually be thrown directly on the line, unless local regulations may prevent. Remote speed indicating controllers are available for operating fan motors. Speeds are changed by push-button stations, and small electric lamps indicate at what speed the fan is running. This type of control is very desirable in large buildings where the engineer is to have complete charge of the ventilating system. The push-button station may be located in the engineer's office, giving him complete control of the motor and indicating to him at what speed the various fans are running, or these push-button controls may be located in the spaces being ventilated, either with or without duplicate pilot lights.in the engineer's office. Re mote control may also be effected by pneumatic or by hydraulic apparatus. Fan speeds generally are constant unless changes in the weather require corresponding variations. There is available a dial switch controller which can be pre-set manually for any speed desired and which after having been so pre-set will operate to control the motor indefinitely, in connection with the push-button. The dial switch may be located either at the remote station or near the fan. Arrangements can be made for remote control of fan motors, or for automatic control by. influence of temperature. Remote control may be by pneumatic or by hydraulic manipulation as well as by electrical means. In many large ventilating systems which have heating plants in connection/ steam engines are used to operate fans. A medium-speed steam engine, exhausting at low pressure into the radiators which heat the building or which warm the air, is a very economical source of power, is nearly noiseless, and has a wide range of speed variation. The steameconomy of such an engine usually is of little importance, since the engine serves as an auxiliary to the pressure-reducing valve interposed in such cases between-the boiler and the radiators. Internal combustion engines and line shafting are often used for fan driving, requiring clutches or shift-belts with loose pulleys in order to secure proper starting and control. Control of Noise from Fan Motive Power Experience seems to indicate that noise is largely eliminated by isolation of foundations. The best practice is to bolt the fan and motor rigidly to substantial foundations of concrete or'wood, to give inertia and solidity, and to float this foundation above a yielding, inert non-resonaht buffer of cork or dry sand, with arrangements to prevent any side motion by interposing similar side-buffers. It is sometimes necessary to sound-insulate the Walls of the machinery room. : The best practice for this purpose is cork, felt or other sound absorbing material against the walls, faced with sheet metal, the metal being isolated from direct contact with the building structure, or it is better still to use some porous and non-resonant material instead of the sheet metal. ' .. . All .duct connections to fans should be made with canvas or other rion-sound transmitting materials. . . 420 CHAPTER XXVIII AIR DUCT DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION Velocities, Properties of Air, Pressure Losses, Proportioning Ducts. Construction Data.' . THE successful operation of a mechanical or plenum heating installa tion, an exhaust system or a dust collecting plant is largely dependent upon the correct design of the duct system. Materials, proportions, friction, location and innumerable other items are factors in the correct operation of a duct system. In the design of ducts and flues for gravity or mechanical circulation of air, losses due to friction are the basis for figuring and these losses must be kept within the available pressure difference. This pres sure difference in mechanical ventilation is that derived from the fan, while in gravity ventilation it is the aspirating effect due to the tempera ture and height of the column of heated air. When attempting the design of a duct system the general rules to remember are: 1. The air should be conveyed as directly as possible at reasonable velocities to obtain the result desired with greatest economy of power, material, and space. 2. Sharp elbows and bends are to be avoided. 3. All ducts or flues shall have sides as nearly equal in size as possible. (In no case shall the ratio between long and short sides be greater than 10 to 1.) The piping systems for various operations must be of different design as the principal consideration for industrial work is for heating white in public buildings the air required for ventilation greatly exceeds the volume needed for heating. For instance, the ducts for a school, theatre or other public building,' where freedom from noise and elimination of drafts is essential and where branch ducts serve individual rodms,' present more difficult problems in design than are involved in proportioning ducts intended for heating a factory, where a main duct of decreasing dimensions extends lengthwise of the building and gives. a uniform distribution of air. For public buildings air velocities must, therefore, be kept low between 900 and 1200 ft. per minute while in industrial buildings they can range from 1500 to 2000 ft. per minute or even more With no other disadvantage than expensive operation. .: - Material for this Chapter especially prepared for The Guide by A. A. Criqui. 421 American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1929 Table 1. Corresponding Pressures and Velocities of Dry Air at 70 Deg. and 29.92 In. Barometer Inches of Water 0.05 0.10 0.20 0.25 0.30 0.40 0.43 0.50 0.60 0.70 0.75 0.80 0.87 0.90 1.00 1.25 1.30 1.50 1.73 1.75 2.00 2.17 2.25 2.50 2.60 2.75 3.00 3.03 3.25 3.47 3.50 3.75 3.90 4.00 4.25 4.34 4.50 4.75 Ounces per Sq. In. 0.0289 0.577 0.1154 0.1443 0.1730 0.2308 0.2500 0.2884 0.3460 0.4037 0.4326 0.4614 0.5000 0.5190 0.5768 0.7209 0.7500 0.8650 1.0000 1.0092 1.1535 1.2500 1.2975 1.4418 1.5000 1.5860 1.7300 1.7500 1.8740 2.0000 2.0185 2.1630 . 2.2500 2.3070 2.4510 2.5000 2.5950 2.7395 Velocity Ft. per Min. 896 1266 1791 2003 2193 2533 2637 2832 3102 3351 3468 3582 3729 3800 4005 4478 4566 4905 5273 5298 5664 5895 6007 6332 6457 6641 6937 6976 7220 7457 7492 7756 7910 8010 8256 . 8337 8496 8729 Inches of Water 4.77 5.00 5.20 5.50 6.00 6.07 6:50 6.94 7.00 7.50 7.80 8.00 8.67 9.00 9.54 10.00 10.40 11.00 11.27 12.00 12.14 13.00 13.87 .14.00 15.00 15.61 16.00 17.00 17.34 18.00 19.00 19.07 20.00 20.81 22.54 24.28 26.01 27.74 Ounces per Sq. In. 2.750 2.884 3.000 3.172 3.460 3.500 3.749 4.000 4.037 4.326 4.500 4.614 5.000 5.190 5.500 5.768 6.000 6.344 6.500 6.921 7.000 7.497 -8.000 8.074 8.650 9.000 9.227 9.805 10.000 10.380 10.960 11.000 11.535 12.000 13.000 14.000 15.000 16.000 Velocity . Ft. per Min. 8745 8943 9134 9392 9810 9864 10210 10545 10595 10968 11187 11328 11792 12015 12367 12665 12915 13282 13445 13875 13950 14440 14913 14985 15510 15820 16020 16513 16675 16990 17456 17488 17910 18265 19012 19730 20120 21090 Corresponding Velocity for Dry Air at Various Pressures and Temperatures and 29.92 In. Barometer \ PreSSURB Inches 0.25 0.5 0.75 1.00 1.25 1.50 1.75 2.00 2.25 Ounces 0.1443 0.2884 0.4326 0:5768 0.7209 0.8650 1.0092 1.1535 1.2975 60 60 70 1965 2778 . 3402 3929 4393 4812 5197 5556 5892 1986 2808 3439 3971. 4440 4864 5254. 5616 5956 2003 2832 3468 4005 4478 4905 5298 5664 6007 100 2059 2911 3565 4117 4602 5042 5446 5822 6174 150 2149 3038 3720 4296 4804 5262 5683 6076 6443 300 2399 3391 4153 4796 5362 5874 6344 6783 7193 600 2696 3812 4668 5390 6027 6602 7131 7624 8085 650 2895 4095 5020 5795 6470 7100 7655 8195 8690 422 Chapter XXVIII--Air Duct Design and Construction \ Standard velocities of air in public buildings are as follows: - 1. Through the outside air intakes 1000 ft. per minute. 2. Through connections to and from heater 1000 to 1200 ft. per minute. 3. Through the main discharge duct from 900 to 1200 ft. per minute. 4. In branch ducts 600 to 1000 and vertical flues 400 to 800 ft. per minute: 5. In registers or grilles 200 to 400 ft. per minute depending upon the size and location. : 6. If diffusers of proper design are used, 25 per cent higher air velocities may be permitted. It is customary in proportioning ducts for heating and ventilating work to follow either of two methods: 1. Arbitrarily select sizes from assumed velocities, depending upon velocity of air at fan outlet. . 2. Determining the velocity which will give an assumed resistance within fan capacity at noiseless operating speed. . By decreasing the velocity in main duct as air is delivered through branch outlets: (1) more uniform air delivery through outlets is accom plished, (2) friction in smaller pipes is reduced, (3) portion of velocity head is converted into static pressure. FRICTION LOSSES IN PIPES . The two greatest losses in duct systems are dynamic losses and friction losses. The former are chiefly caused by changes in direction or in velocity of air flow and are expressed as pressure in inches of water gage-- see Table 1. . The loss of head caused by friction, which is numerically equal to the pressure required to._ maintain a given velocity, may be most easily expressed by the modification of the Fanning formula, when, dealing with round pipe and standard air (70 deg. fahr. -- 29.92 Bar). h = f-hv = -- (--Y CD 1,4005/ ` When dealing with rectangular ducts and standard air, where . .' V \2 (4005/ ' h = loss of head in inches of water. V = velocity of air in feet per minute. L = length of pipe. 1 Da == odniaemseidteerooffrepicptea.ngular duct. / A" ln feet or .mch. es' b -- other side of rectangular duct, f / = coefficient of friction,which varies from about 0.01 to 0.03. C *= length of pipe in diameters for one head loss. For most calculations it will simplify, matters to consider that the value of / and C vary only with the nature of the pipe surface. Thus, C may be taken as about 60 for smooth piping, such as used in planing mill exhaust systems; C = 50 for ordinary galvanized iron heating and ventilating 423 425 424 Fig. 1. Friction of Air in Pipes Friction in Inches of Waterper 100 Ft. ^_ o' e o <o- co. ......n......n.......1.0..i.0..... _ 522 5552 2525" S33S <e o 222 D uct 3 no M r-1 o Oi 6.9 7.6 7.3 9.0 . 7.7 8.4 8.0 8.8 .8 .3 9 .2 i.V 9.6 9.9 9 .2 j 10.2 9.5 10.5 9.8 10.8 10.0 11.1 10?3 11.4 10.5 1 11.0 11.4 : 11.8 11.6 12.1 12.6 13.1 j 12.2 . 13.5 1 12.6 13.9 12.9 14.3 13.2 14.7 13.6 13.9 14.3 14.5 15.1 15.4 15.7 16.1 14.8 1 16.4 15.1 16.7 15.4 : 17,0 15.7 17.3 18.7 19.0 19.2 19.5 8.2 8.8 8.7 9.3 9.9 699 .2 . ! ' 9.8 10.2 10.4 10.9 11.0 . 11.5 12.1 .2 u \ i10.0 10.7 11.4 12.0 12.6 13.2 10.4 : 11.8 12.5 13.1 13.7 14.3 10.8 11.5 12.3 12.9 13.6 14.3 14.9 IS .4 . 711.1 11.9 12.7 13.4 14.1 14 ' 15.3 16.0 . 8 28 11.4 12.3 . 13.1 13.8 14.5 15.2 15.8 16.5 17.1 17.6 11.8 12.6 13.5 14.2 15.0 15.7 16.3 17.0 17.6 18.2 18.7 12.1 13.0 13.8 14.6 15.4 16.1 16.8 17.4 18.1 18.7 19.2 12.4 13.3 14.2 15.0 15.8 16.5 17.2 17.9 18.6 19.2 19.8 12.7 13.6 14.5 15.4 16.2 17.0 17.6 18.4 19.0 19.7 20.3 20.9 21.5 22.0 13.2 14.2 15.2 16.1 16.9 1 17.8 18.5 19.2 19.9 20.6 21.3 21.9 22.5 23.1 23.6 24.2 13.8 14.8 15.8 16.8 17.6 ! 18.5 19.3 20.0 20.8 21.5 22.2 22.8 23.5 24.0 24.7 25.2 25.9 26.4 14.3 15.4 16.4 17.3 18.3 19.2 20.0 20.8 21.6 22.3 23.0 23.8 24.4 25.1 25.7 26.3 26.9 27.5 14.8 IS .9 17.0 18.0 19.0 ! 19.8 20.7 15.2 16.4 17.5 18.5 19.5 20.5 21.4 15.6 16. 9 . 18.0 19.1 20.1 21.1 22.0 16.1 17.3 18.5 19.6 20.7 2 1 .6 22.6 . 22.4 ! 23.1 23.8 24.4 23.1 23.9 23.9 ! 24.7 24.6 25.4 25.3 26.2 25.3 i 26.0 26.2 ! 26.8 27.0 27.7 27.7 28.5 26.6 . 27.5 28.4 29.2 27.3 ! 27.9 28.2 28.8 29.1 29.8 30.0 30.7 28.5 29.5 30.5 31.3 5333 222 saasi 16.4 19.0 20.1 21.2 22.2 . 23.2 24.2 25.1 26.0 26.8 27.* 29.3 30.0 30.8 31.5 32.2 16.8 19.4 20.6 21.7 2 2 .8 23.8 24.8 25.8 26.7 27.5 1 28.4 3 0 .0 3 0 .8 31.5 32.3 33.1 17.2 19.8 21.1 22.2 23.3 24.4 25.4 ' 26.4 27.3 28.2 29.1 30.8 3 1 .6 32.4 33.1 3 3 .9 17.6 20.3 2 1 .6 22.7 23.8 24.9 25.9 26.9 27.9 28.8 29.1 31.4 3 2 .2 3 3 .0 33.8 34.5 18.0 19.4 20.7 . 22.0 23.1 24.3 25.4 26.5 27.5 28.5 29.5 30.3 31.2 32.1 , 32.9 ; 33.7 34.5 ' 35.3 18.4 1 19.8 21.1 22.4 23.6 24.8 25.9 27.0 29.1 30.1 i 31.0 31.9 32.8 33.8 34.6 35.4 , 36.2 18.7 20.1 21.5 22.8 24.1 25.2 26.4 27.5 29.6 30.5 i 31.6 32.5 33.4 34.3 i 35.2 36.1 | 37.0 19.0 j 20.4 21.9 23.2 24.5 25.7 26.9 28.0 29.2 30.3 31.3 1 32.2 33.1 34.1 35.0 35.9 36.8 1 37.6 19.2 1 20.8 22.2 23.6 1 24.9 19.6 21.1 22.6 24.0 25.3 19.9 i 21.5 1 24.4 , 25.7 l 20.2 21.8 23.3 24.7 26.1 26.2 27.4 28.5 29.6 30.7 31.8 26.6 27.8 29.0 30.1 31.2 32.3 27.0 l 28.3 l 29.5 1 30.6 l 31.7 l 32.8 . 27.4 28.7 ! 30.0 31.1 32.2 3 3 .3 i 33.8 34.7 35.6 34.4 35.3 36.3 1 34.9 1 35.9 1 36.9 35.4 36.4 37.4 37.4 38.3 38.0 38.9 l 38.7 1 39. 6 ' 39.4 40.3 1 20.4 22.1 i 23.6 25.1 26.5 27.8 ! 29.1 30.5 31.6 32.7 33.8 20.7 22.4 1 24.0 25.5 26.9 28.2 29.S j 30.9 32.1 33.2 34.3 21.0 22.7 24.3 25.9 27.3 : 28.6 29.9 31.3 32.6 33.7 34.8 21.2 23.0 24.6 26.2 27.7 29.0 30.3 31.7 33.0 34.2 35.3 36.1 37.1 36.6 | 37.7 37.1 38.2 37.6 38.7 38.1 38.7 39.2 39.8 40.0 40.9 40.6 41.6 41.2 42.2 41.8 42.8 ssss 3 3 3 8 ' 2' oo < * w ^d ri ^ Chapter XXVIII--Air Duct Design and Construction American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1929 American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1929 426" T a b l e 2. C ir c u l a r E q u iv a l e n t s o f R e c t a n g u l a r D ucts fo r E q u a l F r ic t io n -- (Continued) CQ to >e> CO .s N CO s 00 > o s s_ s IN <o s So-' 8 S o w w> - OS t. S g g W Q 8 Pi Chapter XXVIII--Air Duct Design and Construction >n CinN i*n* \m0 CmO O P<No ><e (oCpO- Np- 427 55.0 56.1 57.2 , 57.2 58.3 59.4 58.3 ' 59.3 60^3 59.4 60.5 61.5 60:5 61.6 i 62.7 61.3 62.5 63.7 62.2 63.5 64.7 63.2 64.4 65.7 64.1 65.4 66.6 65.0 66.3 67.6 65.9 67.2 68.5 66.8 68.1 69.4 67.6 69.0 70.3 68.4 69.8 71.2 69.2 . 70.1 70.9 . 71.7 72.5 73:3 70.7 71.5 72.3 73.2 74.0 74.7 74.1 ! 75.5 74.8 76.3 75.5 77.1 72.1 73.0 73.8 74.6 75.5 76.3 77.1 77.8 78.7 in i) M Sgig 0\^"pC O CO PE'SK- SHE N O lO g ;; g Oi GO 00 S3g CO O 01 3 S3 P* GO 33 3 .6 3 .8 64.9 66.0 66.0 67.1 68.2 67.1 68.2 69.3 70.4 68.1 69.3 70.4 71.5 69.1 70.3 71.5 72.6 70.1 71.3 72.5 73.7 71.1 72.3 73.5 74.7 72.0 73.3 74.5 75.7 72.9 74.2 75.5 76.7 73.9 75.2 76.4 77.7 74.8 j 76.1 77.4 78.6 75.7 i 77.1 78.4 79.6 76.6 78.0 79.3 80.6 77.4 78.3 79.1 78.9 , 80.3 81.5 79.8 81.2 82.5 80.6 82.0 ! 83.4 f 79.9 81.4 82.8 84.3 80.7 82:2 ' 83. 7 * 85.1 81.6 83.0 84 5 85.9 p~ p* *> p- p* p- p- p> go <o cococo cococo Ol Q m rc*> , IQ O N f*5 ^ o O N GO in o> e> Oi o n no k o. o. cn 74.8 75.9 77.0 77.0 78.1 78.1 . 79.2 ' 80.2 79.2 80.3 81.4 81.2 82.4 82.1 83.4 83.1 84.4 84.0 , 85.0 85.9 85.3 86.3 87.2 86.9 87.8 88. 7: 88.2 89.1 9* 0 .0 co 5O - c<opcto^c0o0 c'O>c*o<c/o) O00 -C-O PcNo 0> . . . " . o 'O'O m m 81.4 82.5 83.6 83.6 84.7 85.8 84.7 85.8 86.9 88.0 85.8 86.9 88.0 89.1 86.8 88.0 89.1 ; 90.2 87.8 89,6 90.2 91.3 88.8 90.0 91.2 1 92.4 89.7 91.0 92.2 93.4 90.7 92.0 93.2 94.4 91.7 93.0 94.2 95.4 92:6 93.9 95.2 96.4 5. o. ot o* - o> oi ot n O O -- CN ro ^ <o <o <e <e r**) l 92.4 93.5 94.6 94.6 , 95.7 < 96.8 95.7 1 96.8 97.9 96.7 97.9 99.0 97.8 99.0 100.1 98.8 100.0 101.2 r~ p- Cp~O OcocNocto .. ooo CSO OS PoCo^>'-'Oo Chapter XXVIII--Air Duct Design and Construction F ig . 2. M a in a n d B r an c h P ipes fo r E q u a l F r ic t io n per F oot of L e n g th ducts; and C = 45 for smooth and 40 for rough conduits of tile, brick or concrete. The value of / and C given, not only vary with the roughness of the inside surface of the pipe, but also with the diameter and velocity. The coefficient of friction / decreases with both increase of diameter and velocity. It should also be noted that the coefficient of friction varies directly with the air density and approximately inversely as the absolute temperature. The chart shown (Fig. 1) will be found very convenient to determine the-friction for a given air capacity, in various size ducts at corresponding velocities. The coefficient of friction has been corrected for the various diameters and capacities, based on the rule that the coefficient of friction Varies inversely as the 2/7 power of the diameter, and inversely as the 1/7 power of the capacity. This chart is based on a loss of one velocity head (at 2000 velocity) in a length equal to 50 diameters of 24-in. galva nized swedged pipe. . As an example of the use of the chart, assume that it is desired to pass 10,000 cu. ft. of air per minute through 75 ft. of 24-in. diameter pipe. Find 10,000 cu. ft. of air per minute on the right scale and move hori zontally left to the diagonal line marked 24 in. The other intersecting diagonal shows that the velocity in the pipe is; 3200 ft. per minute. Directly below the intersection it is found that the friction per 100 ft. is 0.59 in., then for 75,ft. it will be 0.75 X 0.59 = 0.44 in. In a like manner any two variables may be determined by the intersection of. the lines representing the other two variables. Other losses of pressure are at the entrance to the duct, through heater, air washer, etc. In ordinary practice it is usual to keep the sum of the piping losses Jd to yi and the loss through heater at less than of the static pressure. The remainder is then available for producing velocity. The ideal duct system will take all factors into consideration and proportion air velocities so that the resistance will be practically equal in all ducts regardless of length. . Friction in Elbows Experience has shown that with an elbow of radius R = D. fairly good results rtiay be obtained. The loss with such an elbow will be about 17 per cent of a velocity head for round ducts and about 8 per cent of a velocity head for square ducts. It has been found of little or no advantage in making an elbow or radius greater than two diameters. If, however, a smaller radius than lJ^Dbe used, the losses increase rapidly. For instance, the loss for an elbow of R -- 1 D will be as high as 17.5 per cent of a velocity head for a square duct and 25.5 per cent for round ducts. For ordinary calculations one easy long radius elbow (R = V/i D) in a circular pipe may be considered as equal in friction loss to 10 diameters of straight pipe. Proportioning the Size for Friction . It is often found convenient to size pipes for different capacities but having the same friction per foot of length. Such a system may be used in any supply system, and is advantageous from the point of view that the 429 D iam eter of B ranch Pipe F i g . 3 . M a i n a n d B r a n c h P ip e s f o r E q u a l F r ic t io n p e r F o o t o f e n g t hL American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1929 XlIOedB^ 'lUSJ J 430 XXVIII--Chapter Air Duct Design and Construction calculations areiquickly made and a fairly uniform air distribution may be effected-. By proper" manipulation of charts shown (Figs. 2 and 3) the engineer may determine: the diameter of branch pipes, to carry a given per cent of the total: air in main pipe with the same friction per foot of length, for instance: Suppose the main pipe is to be a 60-in., and it is desired to know the size of branch pipe to carry 50 per cent of total air in the main. Find 50 per cent at the left of the chart, move right to 60-in. diagonal line and note directly above at the, top of the chart, that the branch pipe will be a 45.5 in. diameter. . .. . Where rectangular ducts are used it is frequently desirable to know the equivalent diameter of round pipe to carry the same capacity and have the same friction per foot of length. The table on pages 425, 426, 427, gives directly'-the circular equivalent of rectangular ducts for equal friction and capacity; . '' To obtain. the size of rectangular pipes for different capacities and having the same friction per foot of length, first obtain the equivalent round pipe for equal friction1. Thus, suppose a branch to carry 30 per cent of a 12 x 36 in. pipe is wanted; from Table 2, it is found that the main is equivalent to a 22.2 diameter found pipe; from page 425, 30 per cent of this is a pipe 13.5 in. in diameter, and referring again to page 425, the rectangular equivalent branch is a 12 x 13 in., 10.x 15 in. or any other combination desirable. ' , Exhaust Systems In design of piping for an exhaust system where no dampers are pro vided, it is considered good practice to make the area of the main pipe approximately 20 per.cent greater than the sum of the areas of the branch pipes at that point! This method gives greater uniformity of distribution than where the increase in area is riot made. : ' SOME GENERAL INSTALLATION AND CONSTRUCTION HINTS 1. For heating and ventilating work, ducts 6x6 in. represent a minimum size. In any place where other considerations do not outweigh, round pipe for small flues is recommended. . . 2. Abrupt'turns or sharp bends should never be made. Elbows shopld haye a throat radius equal to the depth of the duct. . -...... ' ! 3. Transformations and offsets should not be made abruptly. Angles greater than 45 deg. should be avoided. In any case, care should, be taken not to restrict the true cross-sectional area. ... 4. Tees or branches from main ducts should make curved connections. Accessible and operative volume dampers should be used. Adjustable dampers should be provided with a means of indicating from the outside, the true position of the damper. ,. 5. Access doors to ducts should be hinged and tightly fastened. Fire dampers in supply and vent ducts should be }/& in. steel plate, held by a fusible link for release at 160 deg. fahr. 6. Air intake should be screened with 1 in. mesh or less, at least No. 10 wire galvanized. 7. Final exit for exhaust discharges should be protected from the weather and pointed away from prevailing wind where possible. 8. Underground ducts should be water-proofed, provided with means of access for inspection and cleaning; also a drain connection trapped to sewer. 431 American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1929 9. The use of varied metals and special finishes for different conditions encountered is of prime importance. The present day metal market affords wide range of choice, and a study of requirements for the individual application should be made. 10. Wherever moisture is present, either in the form of free water or a possibility of condensation occurring, galvanized iron sheets should always be used. 11. When service encountered is severe and the material used may be subjected to rapid deterioration, either from abrasion or excessive corrosion, heavier gages of materials than ordinarily used are recommended. : 12. In exposed work the same method of formation should be used throughout. AH visible work should present a neat and workmanlike appearance. 13. Accompanying table gives recommended gages of galvanized iron or steel sheets used for ducts, both rectangular and round: Round Ducts Diameter, In. 6 in. to 19 in. 20 in. to 29 in. . 30 in. to 39 in. 40 in. to 49 in. 50 in. and above Gage U. S. Standard No. 26 gage No. 24 gage No. 22 gage No. 20 gage No. 18 gage Rsctangulab Ducts Wtora, In. ' 4 in. to 18 in. 19 in. to 30 in. . 31 in. to 60 in. 61 in. to 118 in. 120 in. and above 14; Methods of supporting and bracing rectangular ducts should be used so that sagging and buckling of sheets is entirely prevented. Hangers and angle iron stiffeners are recommended for ducts over 36 in. wide at intervals of 4 ft. 0 in. 15. For public building work ducts should be thoroughly braced to prevent vibration of sides. . 16. Longitudinal seams and transverse joints should be flat and smooth inside. Slip joints should be in the direction of air flow. The quantity, velocity, and pressure of air discharged by a fan or flowing through a pipe may be determined by various methods. An anemometer is used where accuracy is not required and where air velocities not over 600 ft. per minute are to be measured, as at registers. For the greatest measure of reliability the anemometer shall have been newly calibrated, and correction shall be made for the error as shown by the calibration. - : The standard method for measuring air velocity and pressure shall be the Pitot Tube as described in the A. S. H. & V. E. Standard Code for the Testing of Centrifugal and Disc Fans (Trans., A. S. H. & Vi E., Vol. 29, 1923, p. 407.) Installation tests for determination of fan capacity and efficiency shall be under laboratory conditions, in accordance with this Code. 432 CHAPTER XXIX AIR CLEANERS Types of Air Cleaners, Air Washers, Temperature and Humidity Control, Steam Re* quired for Air Washers and Humidifiers, Viscous Filters, Efficiency in Dust Removal. IN the selection of a suitable air cleaning device the engineer is guided largely by the character and amount of the impurities to be removed. While almost every conceivable substance enters into the composition of dust, by far the most objectionable and destructive components are soot, flue dust,'carbon and its related elements. The impurities in the air may be classified as dusts, fumes and smokes. Dusts are particles which are large and heavy enough to fall with increasing rapidity due to gravity in still air. For instance, particles of flying sand or grit, such as are blown about on a windy day, the average diameter of which would be approximately 0.01 cm., are called dust. Fumes are smaller particles which fall with constant velocity due to gravity in still air. The solid particles from atmospheric fog, for instance, are called fumes and have an average diameter in the neighborhood of 0.0014 cms. ' Smokes Are. particles which do not settle at all in still air, which diffuse constantly, and which are actuated by the Brownonian motion rather than by gravity. An example of this type would be certain smokes, the average diameter of the particles of which is in the neighborhood of 0.0000015 cms. . - , . The first attempt at air cleaning for general ventilation work was probably by the use of dry screens. Since ordinary Portland cement all passes a screen having 100 mesh to the inch, it is apparent that much dust may pass the finest mesh screen. When a screen as fine as this is moistened, not only the dirt ceases to pass but also the air passages clog up so that the filter becomes ineffective. Fine cloth filters were then tried and found very effective, except that they also clog up rapidly and soon become impervious to air. These considerations led many years ago to the development of the air washer types of air cleaners. . TYPES OF AIR WASHERS Air washers are arranged to bring the air into contact with a large water area: (1) by passing it through a fine spray; (2) by passing it over Material for this Chapter especially prepared for The Guide by the following committee: H. C. Murphy. chairman; W.TI. Carrier and F. B. Rowley. .. 433 American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1929 wet surfaces; (3) by passing it both through a spray and over wet surfaces. After the air is washed it is freed from entrained water. . When air is cleansed by washing its humidity or moisture content is usually changed. In passing through the water spray'or over the wet surfaces, both the dry and wet bulb temperature of the air approaches that of the water, at which temperature the air tends to become saturated. The moisture content of the air may, therefore, be controlled by control ling the water temperature. By using water at a temperature below the dew point temperature of the entering air the washer becomes a dehu midifier; or by heating the water to a temperature above the dew point of the entering air the humidity or moisture contents of the air may be increased.. By raising the dry bulb temperature of the air after .leaving the washer, its relative humidity may also be controlled. The humidifying efficiency of any air washer may be given as : . E = 1 -- Final wet bulb depression . Initial wet bulb depression for example: With,an initial wet bulb depression of 20 deg. and the final wet bulb depression of 5 deg., the humidifying efficiency is e = i; 5 deg. = 0.75 20 deg. The usual humidifying efficiency of a good air washer is 70 per cent. The humidifying efficiency of air washers of the' commonly termed humidifier type should range from 95 to 98 per cent. TEMPERATURE AND HUMIDITY CONTROL Air washers require a method of control of temperature to prevent freezing by too low temperature, and to prevent-over-humidification by too high temperatures of the air entering and leaving'the washer. There are available one method of hand control and five methods of automatic or semi-automatic control. The method of hand control is by tempering heaters, divided into two or more sections in series; the outer section being turned on by hand whenever the outside temperature approaches freezing; the,successive sections being turned on as the temperature drops below freezing. Where two sections are available it is usual to turn on the second section when the outside temperature goes below zero, and to turn on the third section, where necessary, at temperatures below zero. The first, or outside section must always be "turned on full in cold weather to prevent freezing of the heaters. The steam supply to the second, or inside section, may be hand-regulated at all temperatures warmer than about 10 deg. above zero. The five systems of automatic regulation are: 1. Substitution of automatic regulation for hand regulation,, the automatic regulation , being operated in a similar manner; the sections being controlled both by variations in the outside temperature conditions and by an auxiliary control for one inside section from a thermostat located on the discharge- side of the air washer. (It is not possible ordinarily to control the temperature of the air entering the washer except where there 434 Chapter XXIX--Air Cleaners is an unusually long tunnel or duct for the thorough mixture of the air leaving the tempering heaters before it comes in contact with the thermostat.) 2. By heating the spray water so as to maintain a temperature or dew point (as the air is then saturated) of;the air leaving the washer at between 35 and 40 deg. This method does not necessarily require a tempering heater. It is preferable, however, to use one section for the purpose of tempering the air should the washer be shut down, this to prevent freezing of the water when the apparatus is not in operation. More than one tempering section should never be used except where temperatures may go considerably below zero; then the tempering sections may be turned on, one at about 20 deg.fahr., and the second at about 0 deg. fahr. The temperingsection may be operated manually or by a thermostat connected with the outside air. The steam supply for water heating should be sufficient to heat and saturate the air at from 10 to 35 dag. fahr., when water heating is used in conjunction with a tempering section. This is to allow a sufficient margin for safety of operation. The steam requirements for this are given later. 3. By regulating, the heat supplied either through tempering sections or through the spray water so that the water in the tank shall be kept well above the freezing point. Inasmuch as the wet bulb temperature of the air and the water in the tank are but few degrees apart when the water in the tank is not heated directly, this method is a fairly effective and simple one. One permissible variation of this method is to use a thermostat in the air leaving the washer, controlling the dry bulb temperatures at this point throughregulation of the steam supply to the inside tempering section. The wet bulb temperature of the air1 is controlled by means of water leaving the eliminator plates and is held at the desired point by means of adding heat to the spray water. This will control exactly the temperature and relative humidity of the leaving air. Two or more tempering sections are required for this method. 4. The fourth method is desirable where recirculation is used and consists in main taining the temperature leaving the washer at about 40 deg. by means of a thermostat located at this point and controlling the admixture of fresh and return air through automatically operated dampers. This prevents over-humidification, eliminates danger of freezing, and effects the highest economy in cost, as no steam is required for either tempering or humidifying except after the air has passed the washer. 5. The fifth method of automatic control is to reheat the air leaving the air washer to a definite thermostatically controlled temperature, and to control the relative hu midity of the air by means of a hygrostat which operates either on the tempering sections to heat the air or which controls a water heater for the spray water. STEAM REQUIREMENTS FOR HEATING AND HUMIDIFYING AIR Where the spray water is not heated it' is necessary that the wet bulb temperature of the incoming air be above the freezing point; otherwise the ' eliminator plates will coat with ice and stop up, even if the dry bulb tem perature of-the leaving air is above the freezing point.. It is necessary, to heat zero air to 48 deg. in order that the wet bulb temperature may be 35 deg. The temperature of the leaving air may then be expected to be approximately 39 deg. dry bulb and 35 deg. wet bulb, with a dew point of 31 deg. The additional heat required due to humidification is that indicated by the temperature drop of 9 deg., or 162 B.t.u. per 100 cu. ft. of air, or 1 b.hp. for every 3400 cu. ft. of air perjninute. These are the minimum requirements for humidification, above those required for heating the air. The following Table 1 gives the heat re quired, from, various outside entering wet bulb temperatures, to various dew point temperatures corresponding to various relative humidities at 70 deg. ' ' ' These values are the total heat required for both heating and humidifying the air. The amount of heat required for humidifying only may be found by subtracting from the values given the heat required to 435 American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1929 Table 1. Heat Required to Raise 1000 Cu. Ft. of Air from various Outside Entering Wet Bulb Temperatures to various Dew Point Temperatures 70and Corresponding Relative Humidities at Deg. Fahr. . See Marks' Engineers Handbook. - Temperature op Entering Air. Dbg. Fahr. -10 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 Relative Humidity, Pee Cent at 70 Dec. Fahr. (and Dew Point. Dec. Fahr.) 30% (37.25) 1194 984 750 510 300 40% (44.5) 1452 1246 1025 779 496 178 50% (50.5) 1653 1447 1228 983 700 384 60% (55.3) I860 1663 1445 1200 920 603 220 70% (59.6) 2044 1840 1621 1377 1097 783 394 80%. (63.5) 2245 2039 1822 1581 1300 987 619 181 raise the temperature of 1000 cu. ft. of air per minute between the limits specified. The heat required for heating the air is given by the formula H = 1000 h -U 55.5 where H = B.t.u. required to raise ,1000 cu. ft. of air from'a temperature of ti to a temperature of tx deg. fahr. . AIR FILTERS Air filters are distinguished from air washers in that they clean the air without the use of water and without the addition of a water spray. They are, usually of the following types: 1. The .viscous filter, depending upon the dirt impinging on a surface covered with a viscous fluid or oil. 2. The dry filter, which removes the dirt from the air by straining or filtering it through cloth, felt or paper screens, the openings in which are too small to allow the passage of dirt, or which removes the dirt by passing the air through tortuous passages: VISCOUS AIR FILTERS . All of the so-called viscous type , air filters operate on the principle of adhesive impingement. Investigation has shown that the dirt and dust in air, including, the soot and carbons--the great destructive elements in modern ventilation -work--are trapped and retained by successive impingements on oil coated surfaces. This is not a new idea--for years roads and floors, have been oiled to keep the dust from flying about. Considerable ingenuity, however, has been shown in the various arrange ments of metallic surfaces which are formed into filter units and made available for air cleaning work. While , the, arrangement of filtering media and the kind of materials used are almost unlimited, there are certain rather definite requirements 436 . Chapter XXIX--Air Cleaners for a practical commercial filter, and these have limited the possible constructions. . To fulfill the essential requirements of clean air an air filter must: 1. Be efficient in dirt removal. 2. Interpose low resistance to air flow. 3. Have a large dust holding capacity. 4. Be easy to clean and to handle. There are other factors of importance, of course, among them weight, strength and permanency. . In order to secure maximum efficiency, it is necessary to divide the air into innumerable fine streams; the more intimately and frequently the air is brought into contact with the viscous-coated media the better the Fig. 1. Resistance to Air-Flow of a Typical Unit Air Filter cleaning will be. Theoretically seven impingements are sufficient; more will give better service. " As the dirt and dust are leached out of the air and collected on the adhesive coated surfaces, additional supplies of binding liquid are required in order to bind further layers of dirt. For this reason filters are usually designed to. hold somewhere within the unit additional supplies of the binding liquid, capable of distribution by capillary attraction, or by some mechanical means. ., Investigations in this country and abroad demonstrate that the first impingement of dust-laden air on a viscous coated surface removes 60 per cent of the dust, the next impingement takes 60 per cent of what then remains--that is, 24 per cent--the next impingement removes 9.6 per cent, etc. The principle of progressively packed media is embodied to a greater or less extent in all unit viscous filters. This arrangement gives relatively large spaces for the collection of dirt in the front part of the filter, where the bulk of the solids are taken out, without undue increase in resistance. At the back of the filter the openings are smaller and finer dust particles are removed. The charging'liquid used with these filters should be odorless, fire-proof, and germicidal in its action. . 437 American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1929 UNIT VISCOUS FILTERS - Unit viscous filters usually are made up of a number of separate filter units with a frame or frames designed to support them and arranged so that the filter units are easily removed from the frame for cleaning and recharging. If the unit filters are cleaned "progressively" the resistance and volume of air delivered may be kept practically constant. By cleaning a predetermined number of filters every week--or every month, as the case may be, the resistance and consequent air volume can be held at any desired figure. Obviously, the resistance and efficiency of a unit air filter of the ad hesive impingement type depends upon the velocity at which the air Fig. 2. Chart showing change in Resistance due to Dust Accumulation is handled and the condition of the unit--that is, whether the unit is clean or dirty. ' The efficiency of the unit is usually highest after it has accumulated approximately 75 per cent of its maximum load of dirt--as the dirt and dust accumulated in the cell usually offer highly efficient media for the further collection of solids from the air. The resistance of the commercial unit air filter of the adhesive impinge ment type varies from -jV to % in. water gage when clean, depending of course upon the design selected. As dust accumulates in the filter, the resistance and cleaning efficiency usually rises, charts Figs. 1 and 2. Fig. 1 shows the resistance to air flow of a typical unit air filter, which is built in three types, having respectively }/%, J4 and A in. water gage resistance when operated at a velocity of approximately 365. lin. ft. per minute. Fig. 2 shows the change in resistance due to dust accumula tion. Under actual operating conditions one pound of dust represents about eight weeks of normal service. The resistance of an installation of filters under the above conditions could be held at any point between 0.15 in., the resistance of a clean filter, and 0.27 in., the resistance after accumulating one pound of dust, by cleaning a sufficient number of cells each week to maintain the desired average. 438 Chapter XXIX--Air Cleaners To make sure of proper periodic cleaning of the units the installation of a standard draft gage is recommended'. Proper washing, drying and recharging equipment should be installed as convenient to each set of filter as possible. AUTOMATIC VISCOUS FILTERS Unit air filters have certain limitations in the amount of dirt which can be handled. If the dirt reaches the filter too rapidly, or in such quantities that the adhesive liquid does not have sufficient opportunity to soak through and wet the successive layers, the cleaning efficiency drops off. Removals for unit filter cleansing sometimes prove so frequent as to be objectionable or impracticable. This fact, and perhaps the age-old effort to eliminate dependence where possible on the human element, brought forth the self-cleaning or automatic viscous filters, several distinct types of which are now available. In the main these filters are based on the same fundamental principles as unit viscous filters. All utilize the principle of adhesive impingement. Various ingenious arrangements of struts, woven wires or foraminous metal sheets are arranged to move progressively through the. bath of charging liquid, the dirt thus being'flushed off, while in other types the filter media itself remains stationary, and the charging liquid moves over the dirt-collecting surfaces, flushing off the accumulated dirt at regular intervals, usually once in 24 hours. DRY AIR FILTERS There are now available various types of unit and automatic air filters in which the dust is impinged upon or filtered out through felt, cloth or paper screens. These devices require no adhesive liquid of any kind, but depend on the straining or screening action of. the filter media. The filters are cleaned by rapping,' by reversing the air flow or by supplying new filter areas. " EFFICIENCY IN DUST REMOVAL , The comparative efficiency in dust removal of various air-cleaning devices can be determined by means of standardized tests made with air at stated capacities and with dust of definite quantity and quality. There are a number of excellent commercial instruments available for this purpose. The percentage of dust removal for commercial air-cleaning devices should lie between 80 and 98 per cent, and the minimum,removal under such conditions should be specified and guaranteed by the manu facturer. CODE FOR AIR CLEANERS A Code for the Testing of Air Cleaning .Devices is now being developed by a Committee of the American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers and considerable research is being carried on for this work. 439 American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1929 RATING OF AIR CLEANERS Air washers and filters are rated as follows: 1. Capacity in cubic feet of air handled per minute. 2. Resistance in inches of water which the cleaner offers to the flow of air at its rated capacity. 3. Percentage of dust removal at its rated capacity. . 4. Percentage of entrained moisture remaining in the air after passing through the cleaner while operated at its rated capacity. 5. If considered as a humidifying agent, the humidifying and dehumidifying efficiency. 440 CHAPTER XXX OZONE IN VENTILATION Physical* Chemical and Germicidal Properties* Deodorizing Ozone Production, Proper Concentration, Industrial Uses. OZONE is a normal constituent of pure, natural air and its quantity varies with the topography of the country, particularly with regard to the altitude, the presence of bodies of water, and certain plant life. Ozone is produced, photo-chemically, by ultra-violet light of short wave length (120-180 pp.), while light of greater amplitude (300-330 p.p.) exerts a decomposing effect. At high altitudes, where short wave radia tions are more intense, ozone naturally occurs in greater quantities. It is continuously under the destructive effect of longer waves, however, but a dynamic equilibrium is finally reached between the rate of formation and the rate of decay, which shifts with the altitude. Since light of longer wave length penetrates closer to the earth than does that of shorter amplitude, the equilibrium becomes favorable to ozone directly as the altitude. - In summing up the evidence at hand it may be concluded that ozone, while mostly absent from city air, is normally present in pure country air, but in amounts that are difficult to estimate accurately. In nature the air is continuously under ionizing influences, and the enclosing of air, as in buildings, excludes these influences, in addition to destroying the original ionization of the air. Ionization is involved in chemical activity. The process of ozonizing, in addition to supplying ozone, ordinarily absent from city air, further provides considerable ionized oxygen, producing a fresh, chemically active air, comparable with fresh, pure air of nature. Physical Properties Density--Observed Values; 1.657 (Otto, Direct weight method). 1.717 (Soret, by diffusion). Calculated Value; 1.66 The foregoing values refer to air as unity. Its rate of diffusion, with respect to oxygen is 0.75. Heat of Formation--The production of ozone is an endothermic reaction, the heat of formation being 34,000 calories per gram molecule (Jahn, Zeit. Anorg. Chem. 68, 250;1910). Boiling Point --112 deg. cent. (International Critical Tables, 1926). At a temperature of 270 deg. Cent. (518 deg. fahr.), Ozone is instantly decomposed. Odor--Strong, penetrating and characteristic. Perceptible to the sense of smell in concentrations above 0.01 p.p.m, by volume (Hill & Aeberly, Heating and Ventilating Magazine, December, 1921). ' Olfacty (minimum perceptible concentration expressed in molecules per c.c.) .2.705 X 10" at 0 deg. cent, and 760. Solubility--Soluble in water and dilute acids, quite soluble in carbon tetrachloride arid many vegetable oils. Material for this Chapter prepared especially for The GuhJe by Frank E. Hartman. 441 American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1929 Its solubility in water, like all gases, is dependent upon the temperature and partial pressure. Nemst (Festschrift, 391; 1912) gives the solubility coefficient for water, at Odeg. cent, and 760 m.m. Hg., as 0.494; or about ten times as great as oxygen. However, high concentrations of ozone, in solution, in water, are not easily obtained in practice, due to the low concentrations at which ozone is available commercially. Of the two factors, temperature appears to have the greatest bearing, as evinced by the following tabulation wherein the experiments are listed in order of decreasing pressure, with only small variations in temperature. The experiments listed here are typical of many hundred of the kind, made by the author. Expebiment.No. 19 82 22 151 4 10 Gage Pressure Above an Atmosphere mmHg i 300 240 300 150 500 500 Partial Pressure op Os 5.83 5.75 5.72 4.87 3.19 3.19 Temperature Deo. Cent. SOLUTtON OP 0s in HtO ppm by Weight 21.5 17.5 20.5 17.7 21.5 18.9 1.7 3.0 1.5 1.98 1.0 1.7 Concentration TTIglL OS PER Litre op Air ii.o 11.5 10.8 10.7 4.7 4.7 Chemical Properties Ozone is one of the strongest oxidizing agents known. It is capable of oxidizing all of the elements, with the exception of gold and some of the metals of the platinum group. . In the dry state its activity towards metals is not so marked, and in very low concentrations, such as used in ventilation, it may be considered as being, practically inert towards the common metals. ' It exerts a depolymerising action on the rubber molecule, its destructive effect being quite characteristic even at comparatively low concentrations (ca. 3 to 4 ppm). However, unless the rubber is under stress, fairly high concentrations (ca. 50 to 100 ppm), fail to effect it appreciably. The low concentrations used in ventilation have no noticeable effect on ordinary rubber goods. Iodine is liberated from potassium iodide by ozone. Many of the low oxidation salts (ous salts) are carried to a higher degree of oxidation (ic salts) by ozone. Generally, ozone reacts to liberate molecular oxygen, only the third atom entering into combination. This may be expressed by the equation; M + O, = MO + 0,....;(a) which is typical of the inorganic reactions of ozone. In many cases, however, ozone reacts as follows: M + 0, = MO,_____ __________________ ________ -(b) This reaction is examplified in the oxidation of sulphur dioxide: 350, + O, = 350, ' Reaction (b) is more typical of the organic, than the inorganic, reactions of ozone, as illustrated by the oxidation of urea: C0(NH,), + 0, = N, + CO, + 2HiO.....................................,...(c) In the oxidation of odoriferous substances, commonly met with in ventilation, such as skatole, indole, amine compounds, and the like, 442 Chapter XXX--Ozone in Ventilation reaction (c) may be said to-hold throughout. Where an amino group is present, molecular nitrogen will be produced, in addition to the carbon dioxide and water produced from hydrocarbons. Germicidal Properties - Ozone compared with other gaseous germicides, generally used for fumigation, rightfully holds first place, as is revealed by the following table: Agent Per caeinrttonebceegssearrmy iicnidmaloisted Ozone. ...................................................................................... ......... 0.1 Formaldehyde................ ....................................-................................ 1.0 Sulphur Dioxide...... ............................................................................ 4.5 One-tenth per cent by weight, of ozone in air is equivalent to approxi mately 560 parts per million. Such a concentration of ozone could never be used in ventilating work. Rideal (Ozone, D. Van Nostrand) cites . 0.05 per cent concentration as germicidal in air. Hill and Aeberly (Heating and Ventilating Magazine, February, 1922), report noticeable bacteriacidal effects in concentrations ranging from 300 to 450 ppm by volume. Ozone, even in respirable concentrations, is effective in in hibiting the development of fungi in cold storage; however, its action is inhibitory and not destructive. Deodorizing T. Graham has pointed out that odoriferous substances are susceptible to oxidation. It is further known that most odoriferous substances contain unsaturated valencies, which render them particularly suscep tible to attack by ozone. The so-called odors of animal effluvia, frequently encountered in crowded places, and where a large percentage of the air is recirculated, consists of low oxidation gases, and whilst present only in vanishingly small quantities, are highly odoriferous. These gases are completely and rapidly oxidized to odorless and innocuous products by ozone. Hydrogen sulphide is thrown off in small quantities by man, and is frequently present in the air in relatively large quantities, as the result of many industrial operations. Ozone oxidizes hydrogen sulphide very rapidly; under some conditions to sulphuric acid and under other con ditions to free sulphur and water. Products of putrefaction, such as trimethylamine, indole, skatole, the mercaptans, etc., are readily oxidized by ozone; as are the odors arising from foods, especially during cooking. Many of the odors resulting from the combustion of organic matter are destroyed. Sulphurous gases produced by the combustion of coal are completely oxidized, whilst many of the unsaturated gases resulting from the incomplete combustion of natural gases, oil and spirit fuels, are deodorized by ozone. Carbon monoxide is but slowly oxidized to the dioxide, the reaction being accelerated by the presence of a catalyst and also at elevated " temperatures. However, the molecular concentrations of ozone must be comparable, and preferably in excess of, that of the CO, in order to obtain reaction velocities of sufficient value for practical purposes. 443 American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1929 In garages and testing rooms the air is frequently contaminated with gasoline vapors and unsaturated gases, resulting from incomplete com bustion, which cause headaches and feelings of lassitude. Ozone is valuable in oxidizing these gases and freeing the air from odor. However, CO must always be taken into consideration. It is an odorless and very insidious poison, since the victim has no warning of his condition until coma is induced. Four parts of CO per ten thousand of air is the maximum concentration which may be respired continuously without noticeable effect. (Henderson, Yandell, et al--Journal. Ind. Hyg. Vol. 3, 1921). Carbon monoxide frequently has been found present in quantities much greater than four parts per ten thousand in the atmosphere of garages and the like, and so far, adequate ventilation is the only remedy known. It is obvious that, chemically, ozone has nothing to offer for carbon monoxide correction, since the reaction is, at best, slow in the absence of a catalyst, and a molecular concentration of ozone comparable with a lethal concentration of CO, would produce quite as much physical distress as the carbon monoxide. Carbon monoxide is the index of good garage ventilation; this factor may be favorable and still an odoriferous condition, causing minor distress, may attain. Here ozone is of value, but it must be used with judgment, and does not permit of a curtailment of any of the ordinary CO precautions. Ozone and ionized air may possibly have some physiological effect on the haemoglobin, which may cause a shift, in selectivity, in favor of oxygen, but to date knowledge on this subject is not available. The Production of Ozone The air actually passed through an ozone generator should be free from water vapor, dust and gases normally foreign to the atmosphere. Rideal (Ozone, D. Van Nostrand) states that a RH of 25 per cent, at a dry bulb temperature of 20 deg. Cent., limits the yield of ozone 60 to 70 per cent of that which would be produced with dry air, other conditions being equal. The vapor content of air to be ozonized should not exceed 0.1 grains per cubic foot, for the best results. . The presence of sulphur dioxide, nitrogen dioxide, chlorine, etc., appreciably reduces the efficiency of an ozonizer. Ammonia gas, should it be admitted to the ozone generator in appreciable quantities, may cause anTehxeplporseiosenn. ce of dust favors the passage of sparks, which cause thermal decomposition of the ozone, and adds- to the formation of oxides of nitrogen. Ozone generators are now generally supplied with an air filter. Sparking and "creeping discharges," which frequently form at the edges of the electrodes, should be prevented by the proper design of the electrode members. ',. .. The rate of decomposition of ozone is greatly accelerated at high temperatures, therefore, ozonizers should be operated with a minimum temperature rise. At room temperatures the rate of decomposition is neDgluigeibtloe.the catalyt.ic effects on the decomposition of ozone, inherent in commercial ozonizers, there is a decided limiting concentration at which ozone may be produced. As a rough approximation, it may be stated 444 Chapter XXX--Ozone in Ventilation that the rate of decomposition is proportional to the concentration of ozone. Thus, the energy necessary to produce high concentrations is much greater than that required to produce the same weight of ozone in a more dilute state. The rate of air flow, to energy input, determines the concentration; therefore, air flow is a very important factor in ozonizer' design. However, it must be pointed out that the yield does not increase indefinitely, with increasing air flow; and since the power required to dry the air is considerable, in relation to the power required to produce the quantities of ozone used in ventilation, it becomes necessary to strike a compromise between these two costs, in order to obtain the lowest gross cost of production. Hill and Aeberly (Heating and Ventilating Magazine, December, 1921) have published graphs showing the relation between yield of ozone and air flow, while Hartman {Ice & Refrigeration, November and December, 1924) has given a detailed analysis of this factor, in the terms of dollars and cents. . Analysis of Ozone-Air Mixtures Ozone, in air, is best determined quantitatively by iodimetric titration. Of the numerous methods, for the quantitative determination of ozone, that have been advanced from time to time, none combine as high an order of accuracy - with simplicity of technique, as does this standard method, the technique of which is familiar to all chemists or may be found in any textbook of volumetric analysis. A few precautions, not ordinarily described in standard textbooks, should be observed when applying this method to ozone determinations (See Hartman, F. E., Analysis of OzoneAir Mixtures, Aerologist, August, 1926.) ` As the output of an ozonizer can be. very closely controlled by the manufacturer, it is recommended that the output be checked, when desired, by an analysis of the ozonized air coming directly from the ozonizer, thus eliminating the errors inherent in fan deliveries, leakage, etc., which may be addative, and of sufficient magnitude to give quite an erroneous idea of the performance of the ozonizer. It is frequently desirable to determine the concentration of ozone actually produced in the spaces for which the ventilation is intended. Such concentrations are generally of the order of 0.01 ppm minimum, to about 0.5 ppm maximum, and are without the range of accuracy of the standard iodimetric method. A fairly accurate, and comparatively simple, method for determination of concentrations of this order has been devised by Yant, Jones & Houghten, which is described in detail in the Transactions, A. S. H. & V. E., Vol. 29, p. 331 et seq., 1923. . Periodical checks of the actual.output of the ozonizer, together with a check of the concentration established in the ventilated spaces should be fruitful of exceedingly interesting and suggestive data. Determining Proper Concentration The concentration of ozone in the air of ventilated spaces, should not be allowed to rise appreciably above 0.01 ppm. However, this does not s mean that this is the. proper concentration to introduce. The quantity of ozone necessary to maintain this concentration will depend upon, what has been aptly termed "respiratory load," or cubic feet of air, per person, 445 American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1929 per unit of time; together with a consideration of such odoriferous operations as may exist in the ventilated spaces, and the purity of the ' source of air supply. Thus air drawn from near the level of the city streets will require more ozone to maintain the proper concentration, than will air drawn from purer sources. This applies equally to air drawn from the vicinity of stock yards and the like. , Likewise restaurants, smoking rooms, dance halls, and theatres will require a greater quantity of ozone than will schools, offices, etc. Depart ment stores, particularly the basements, due to odors arising from fabrics and other wares, require special consideration. There is also what may be called the "building coefficient," which includes the length of the duct system, the heights of the ceilings, and the condition of the venti lating system, whether old and dusty or new and clean, together with the rate of air change, and whether humidity, control is provided or not. In industrial ventilation, where specific contaminants are to be con tended with, a knowledge of the concentration and character of the contaminating substances is essential for best results. Ozone is not a cure-all for industrial odors in general, for instance, allyl alcohol vapors, which possess an annoying odor, when subjected to action with ozone, produce the aldehyde acrolein, which is exceedingly irritating, even in very small concentrations. Here harm rather than good will be done. It is best to submit problems of this character to engineers experienced in the use of ozone for definite recommendations. It has been recommended (Hill & Aeberly, Heating and Ventilating Magazine, March, 1922) that sufficient ozone capacity be provided to permit of building up comparatively high concentrations when the building is not occupied. In schools, for example, the ozone equipment should be operated at a capacity to give perhaps 0.01 ppm of ozone when the building is- occupied, and after the pupils have left the building, the full capacity of the machine should be used, closing all openings, recircu lating the entire amount of air, and building up a sufficient concentration to exert the maximum deodorizing effect throughout the building, the duct work and mechanical equipment. For general ventilation, under average conditions (85 per cent ventila- tioii), the ozonizer should be of sufficient capacity to provide a concen tration of 0.05 ppm of ozone in the fan volume. For 100 per cent ventilat ing systems a lesser quantity can be made to suffice. A generalization cannot be made broad enough to cover the many special conditions, particularly problems of specific deodorization. Determining Required Capacity Having chosen the maximum required concentration of ozone, for the purpose in hand, it becomes necessary to calculate the capacity of the ozonizer. There seems to be no agreement, among makers of ozone' equipment, regarding the unit of rating for ventilating ozonizers. There are three methods in common use, as.follows: . Parts per Million: wherein the ozonizer is rated in parts per million (generally, by volume) in some specific air volume. At first this may seem a very desirable method for rating ozonizers, as it is simply necessary to state the ppm of ozone, required for the specific CFM of air. Ozonizers so rated, have their ozone meter calibrated in ppm for the specified CFM, and should the fan volume be varied, the meter is liable to become 446 XXX--Chapter Ozone in Ventilation misleading, as the original CFM may not always be considered when reading it. Con sideration of the original CFM, and proportioning to any nevy CFM, is essential with . an ozonier so rated, if accurate knowledge of the concentration employed at any other CFM is desired. . Ozone is generally applied on the basis of ppm by volume, and as there is no existing agreement concerning a standard temperature and pressure at which the ozonizer should be calibrated, this method of rating leaves the actual capacity of the unit open to question, unless the temperature and pressure employed for calibrating is stated. Since weight is unaffected by temperature and pressure, and as ozone is determined chemically, directly in the terms of weight, weight forms a better basis for the rating of ozonizers, and eliminates a number of qualifying factors, together with tedious calculations in ozonizer design. Milligrams per Minute: Ozonizers so rated have their ozone meter calibrated directly in the terms of milligrams per minute, and leave no questions concerning the actual capacity of the unit. Errors of omission are further circumvented by forcing a con sideration of all factors, when determining the concentration of ozone in the air of the ventilating system. The expression ppm, generally means parts per million by volume at room temperature and average barometric pressure, when referred to ozone in ventilation. One litre of ozone at 25 deg. Cent, and 740 mm Hg, weighs 1.9127 grams. Taking these conditions as a basis, the weight of 1 cc. of ozone may be taken as 2 milligrams, yielding a very convenient figure for use, easily remembered, and sufficiently accurate lor all practical purposes. The metric system is best employed here, for convenience of analysis and calculations of design, with final conversion into English units for purpose of application. It is on this basis that the following formulae have been derived: Formulae for Application: CFM = fan capacity, cubic feet per minute of air. riipm = milligrams of ozone per minute. , ppm = parts of ozone per million parts of air,1 by volume, at 25 deg. cent, and 740 mm. Hg. 28,320 = cc per cubic foot. 2 = weight of 1 cc of 03 at 25 deg. cent, and 740 mm. Hg. Given: CFM and ppm; Find: mpm CFMi$ PP~m X 28'320 x 2 = mPm which reduces to: CFM X ppm .. ,, .. , -------x 5664 = mPm............................. ;.................... --G) Given: mpm and ppm; Find: CFM TMPgLX10> x _1_ = CFM.......................................................... (2) 56.64 ppm Given: mpm and CFM; Find: ppm mpm 10* ... 56.64 X CFM ppm~................................................... Ventilating Unit--The Ventilating Unit (VU) has been created by the author, for the purpose of simplifying the calculations for applying ozone to ventilating systems. It is a compound unit, taking into consideration quantity and time. It is analagous to the horsepower, wherein 33,000 lb. are lifted one foot in one minute. It represents that quantity of ozone necessary to produce a concentration of 0.1 ppm in 1,000 CFM, at 25 deg. cent, and 740 mm Hg. 1 VU = 5.7 milligram of 03 per minute 340 milligrams of Oa per hour The formulae for its application are very simple: Given CFM and fipm; Find VU ^XPPm= VU------------------------------------------------ (4) 447 American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1929 which reduces to pointing off two places in the CFM and multiplying by the ppm. Given: VU and CFM; Find: ppm 0.1 X VU X 1,000 = ppm. CFM (5) which reduces to pointing off three places in the CFM, one place in the VU, and dividing the former into the latter. Given: VU and ppm; Find: CFM . -'P~ X VU = CFM.:.................................................(6) ppm X 10 As the VU represents a definite weight of ozone, in a definite period of time, ozonizers so rated leave no question as to their actual capacity. The decimal character of the unit admits of much facility in calculations. WATER PURIFICATION Ozone finds a very important application in the purification of water. Operating costs rarely exceed an energy expenditure of 500 watt-hours per thousand gallons. Ozone successfully eliminates odors and tastes of organic origin, particularly the tastes and odors due to excessive chlorination, and the presence of chlorinated phenols and tarry substances. Organic colors are bleached, and the effluent of a properly designed ozonizer is practically sterile. . The essentials of a good water ozonizer are an adequate and constant supply of ozone, in sufficiently high concentrations to effect high solubility at normal temperatures, adequate mixing of the ozonized air and water, under conditions.which produce maximum diffusion and absorption, and over a sufficient period of time to effect sterilization. The control should provide under and over voltage release, together with a release for water pressures too low to efficiently operate the mixing device. INDUSTRIAL USES Ozone finds a number of applications as an oxidizing agent, in industrial operations, many of which are of little interest in ventilation. However, ozone may be used to accelerate the drying of paints and varnishes, the "oxidation" of drying oils, and many other drying operations involving oxidation. Such problems are generally 'specific, and it is advisable to consult the manufacturers of ozone equipment concerning them. COLD STORAGE . /` Ozone is of value in cold storage for the prevention of mould develop ment, deodorizing of storage spaces, after removal of odoriferous products, to prepare for other commodities. The preservation of flavor, particularly in eggs, and the general freshening and vitalizing of the air, the advantage of which is reflected by the superior condition of products stored in "fresh" air over those stored in "dead" air. 448 CHAPTER XXXI METHODS OF DRYING Natural Dryiog Types of Dryers, Moisture Content. Air Circulation. Moisture Re moval, Heac and Air Volume* Required Time of Drying, Dryer Construction. DEFINITION OF TERMS DRYING is usually understood to mean the removal of moisture (usually water) by evaporation. In its broader sense, it includes such processes as dessication, concentration, distillation, ordation, baking and calcining. In this discussion the term drying will be limited to the removal of moisture by evaporation. The material to be dried may be in a liquid, plastic or solid form. In the case of substances containing an excessive amount of free water, the evaporating process is often preceded by the removal of a part of the water by such-methods as gravitational settling, filtration, condensation, absorption by contact with dry materials, or mechanical extraction with presses or centrifuges. NATURAL DRYING In natural drying, evaporation is obtained by utilizing the sensible heat of air at ordinary temperatures (air drying), or by exposure to the radiant heat of the sun (sun drying), or by a combination of the two. For many industrial processes, natural drying is either unsatisfactory or uneco nomical. Artificial drying produces evaporation artificially by supplying heat to the material either (1) by contact with surfaces heated by combustion, steam, hot.water, heated oil, electricity, or latent heat of condensation, (2) by radiation directly to the material from a heated surface, or (3) through a current of heated air, superheated steam, or other gas, such as products of combustion, passing over or through the material. Evapo ration may occur either at the boiling point, in a saturated atmosphere, or at a temperature below the boiling point. In the latter case, the vapor pressure of the surrounding atmosphere must be maintained below the vapor pressure of the liquid in the material through some means of pro ducing a circulation of air and vapor and of removing the evaporated moisture from the air. Where products of combustion can be used, a particularly high overall efficiency of the dryer is possible. Radiant heat, transferred to the material by direct radiation from heated surfaces, is sometimes used to supplement the heat supplied by Material for this ChaptA was prepared especially for The Guide by the following committee: D. R. Brewster, chairman; B. S. Hamson and A. E. Stacey, Jr. . 449 X American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1929 air currents or gases. About one-third to one-half of the heat given off by a radiating surface passes through the air to the object which is to be dried, without materially raising the air temperature. The remaining portion of the heat from the radiator warms the air by convection and produces warm air currents which assist in the removal of the moisture. From five to fifteen times as much radiating surface is required for radiant heat as would be needed to heat the same amount of material by heated air currents, so that this method is limited to those operations where the advantages of radiant heat will offset the higher first cost of the equipment. TYPES OF DRYERS Film dryers are used for drying thick liquids, pastes and semi-pastes. A thin film of the material is spread over heated cylinders, usually heated by steam and the dry product is scraped off with a knife scraper into a conveyor or receptacle. ' Agitator dryers of the rotary or pan type are used for drying sludges, slimes and fine powders. The material is kept in a continual state of movement or agitation by means of revolving blades or scrapers and by the rotation of the cylindrical container in the case of the rotaiy dryers. Heat is transferred to the material either directly by contact with steam jacketed casings or rotating steam pipes attached to the agitators or indirectly by passing heated air or gases through the rotary cylinder. Agitator dryers of the hearth or trough types as well as the rotary type are used for drying organic waste products. These granular materials are also dried in vertical dryers, in which the material drops more or less vertically through currents of heated air either with or without contact with heated surfaces. . Cylinder dryers are used in drying flexible material in long lengths such as textile fabrics of all kinds, paper and fiber board products. Heat is transferred to the material by direct contact with a series of steam heated cylinders. Vacuum dryers are adapted to liquids, pastes or finely divided granular materials of a delicate nature such as valuable food products which must be dried rapidly at low temperatures in order to preserve flavors and other properties which might be impaired if the drying were done at the higher temperatures necessary with atmospheric pressures. Heat must be supplied to the material either by conduction in contact with a heater container, which is the usual method, or by direct radiation, either from the heated walls or shelves of the container or from the radiating surfaces within the container. The vapor is removed by means of condensers in the vacuum line. Some materials containing only 2 to 3 per cent moisture are first heated before being put in a vacuum chamber. When the vacuum is pulled, the heat vaporizes the moisture and becomes latent, thus cooling the material at the same time. Spray dryers are used for the drying of thick liquids including any product in solution, suspension, or emulsion. The liquid is first con densed to from 35 to 50 per cent solid content and is then atomized in the form of a fine spray which is distributed in a current of air, heated to a considerably higher temperature than would be used for the same material in a contact dryer. The moisture in the material is vaporized 450 Chapter XXXI--Methods of Drying almost instantly, leaving a dry flour-like powder which falls to the bottom of the dryer. The spraying is done by atomizing nozzles worked either by the pressure of the liquid or by compressed air, or by whirling plates or rotating beaters. '. , Tumbler dryers are used for drying camp clothing and similar articles. The material is revolved in an open cylinder covered with wire or per forated sheet metal through which a current of heated air is blown; Air current driers, of either the continuous or charge type, are used for drying material in masses of considerable thickness or size and having a close or open texture and a cellular, granular or fibrous structure. The material is placed on trays, trucks or moving conveyors inside of a room like enclosure and heated by contact with warm air currents which also serve to carry away the evaporated moisture. Drying of this sort is sometimes called "air-processing." The air is warmed, either by direct mixture with furnace gases or by contact with surfaces heated either by direct flame, flue gases, steam or hot water. The source of heat may be either "direct"--located within the dryer, usually in the form of wall coils, floor coils, or distributed coils--or "indirect," the air being heated by radiators outside the dryer and circulated through the dryer by fans and distributing ducts. . Continuous and Intermittent Dryers Dryers are called continuous or progressive when a minor portion of the charge is removed and a like portion admitted at more or less regular intervals or in a continuous flow. Continuous dryers are used whenever there is a sufficiently steady production to keep the dryer functioning at. approximately full capacity and whenever the duration of the drying period is less than 6 hours or more than 24 hours. Liquids are adapted to continuous dryers of the film or spray type. Sludges; organic wastes and loose granular materials are dried in continous dryers of the agitator variety including hearth, rotary, pan and trough types. Flexible materials in long lengths are dried continuously on cylinder;;dryers, while room dryers of the tunnel type are used for bulky products placed on movable trays, trucks, or endless conveyors. For heavy materials, such as lumber, handled on trucks, the rails in the tunnel.are often sloped toward the discharge end in the ratio of from 1 in 60 to 1 in 100 to obtain the benefit of gravity in moving the material. Continous tunnel dryers do not lend themselves to exact control of drying conditions for the following reasons: variation in the amount of evaporation from the material, irregularity of charging and discharging and the opening and closing of doors permitting heat to escape and outside air to enter thus effecting the temperatures and humidities in the dryer. Intermittent or charge dryers are charged in one operation and dis charged again after the drying is completed. Vacuum dryers and room dryers of the compartment type are the principal kind of dryers operated in this manner. Compartment dryers consist of an enclosure in which the material is arranged on trays or trucks or in piles in such a way that currents of heated air pass over the surfaces. The material is usually stationary but is sometimes shifted in position or kept in motion for greater uniformity and speed of drying. 451 S/ American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1929 MOISTURE CONTENT CALCULATIONS Moisture content is usually expressed as a percentage of the original combined weight of the material and its contained water. Thus, if the moisture content were 20 per cent, the dry material would weigh 80 per cent of the total weight. In drying some types of material, notably lumber, it is customary to use the "bone-dry" or water-free weight of the material as the divisor (100 per cent), the weight of the water being calculated as a percentage of this dry weight. Regain is practically always expressed by the latter method, as a per centage of the water-free weight of the material. Moisture Transfusion and Gradient The rapidity with which evaporation can be carried on at the surface of a material depends upon the rate of transfusion or movement of water from the interior to the surface. This is particularly important with thick, bulky, solid substances such as clay and lumber in which the rate of transfusion is slow and which shrink with loss of moisture; In drying material of this kind, the rate of evaporation must be retarded by the use of high humidities in order to prevent too rapid drying and shrinkage of the surface, with consequent case-hardening rupture or distortion of the material. At the same time, internal transfusion must be stimulated by the use of as a high a temperature as the material will stand. At any given temperature, the rate of transfusion varies inversely as the thick ness of the material, therefore the minimum time for drying varies approximately as the square of the thickness of the material. See low temperature drying for a discussion of case-hardening. What is known as the moisture gradient, between the moisture content at the center of the material and the moisture content close to the surface, is determined by the rate of evaporation at the surface and the rate of transfusion from the center outward. In drying hygroscopic or colloidal materials, good drying practice ordinarily requires that this gradient be held within a narrow range in order to avoid case-hardening or damage due to rapid shrinkage of the surface of the material. With every material having hygroscopic properties, a point of equi librium is reached at any given temperature between the vapor pressure of the moisture in the air and the vapor pressure of the moisture in the material. In rapid artificial drying at high temperatures, an extremely low moisture content is often produced in the material which is below its natural equilibrium moisture content (E. M. C.) in ordinary air. The percentage of moisture that it re-absorbs from the air is sometimes called the regain. It varies with the relative humidity of the air and decreases to some extent as the temperature increases. High Temperature Drying In what is known as high temperature drying, temperatures range from 212 to 1000 deg. fahr. or more. Since these temperatures are above the boiling point, all of the water in the material will vaporize quickly at atmospheric pressures- and the humidity of the air becomes of minor importance. 452 Chapter XXXI--Methods of Drying Within the critical limits, many materials produce better results if dried quickly at maximum temperatures than if dried more slowly at lower temperatures. It is important to remove products of oxidation as well as explosive or inflammable gases as quickly as possible, by means of ample circulation. Agitator fans within the dryer are often used in high temperature work to create the necessary velocity for close contact without moving an excessive volume of air. In drying with temperatures above the boiling point, it makes little difference whether the superheated vehicle is gas, air or steam. Static electricity which sometimes accu mulates with hot dry air and makes powders and fabrics difficult to handle, may often be controlled with a small steam spray. Many ma terials dried at high temperatures are soft when removed from the dryer and must be hardened in air that is warm enough and dry enough to prevent sweating and moulding. Low Temperature Drying Air processing at temperatures below 200 deg. fahr., involves control of both the temperature and the relative humidity of the air, as well as the velocity and uniformity of circulation. Regulation is governed so that evaporation from the surface is allowed to proceed only as fast as moisture transfuses from the interior of the material, after allowing a safe moisture gradient to be set up. In the early stages, when the material contains a considerable amount of free water, a relative humidity of between 80 and 90 per cent is usually called for, with a comparatively low temperature in the case of materials of cellular structure which are liable to collapse if allowed to become too hot when still very moist. At these high humidities, a rapid and uniform circulation is essential to secure uniform drying and the housing of the dryer must be well insulated in order to prevent condensation on the material and on the inner surfaces of -the dryer, particularly the ceiling and air ducts. ' _ As the drying proceeds, successive changes in the moisture content and condition of the thicker arid more exacting materials call for gradual increases in temperature and decreases in humidity until the final stage is reached. This is usually a somewhat lower moisture content than equilibrium under conditions, of use, to allow for enough regain to balance the moisture remaining in the interior and surface to a uniform condition. For every temperature there is a certain humidity which will dry the material to a certain point and then stop. It is usually undesirable to allow the drying to proceed much beyond the equilibrium point of the material in use, as over-drying is liable to produce undesirable physical changes in the material, and such over-drying also unnecessarily prolongs the time.and increases the cost of the operation. - . . Uncontrolled humidity is also liable to cause excessively rapid drying of the surface of the material in the early stages. This produces a con dition known as "case-hardening," the material being encased in a dry layer which it is difficult for the interior moisture to work through. In this way the drying operation is retarded and may, in some cases, be entirely stopped and replaced by a baking operation. Another harmful result in materials subject to shrinkage, such as wood and clay, is that the case-hardened surface is dried and stiffened or "set" in an expanded 453  American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1929 condition which is later apt to restrict the normal shrinkage of the interior and cause internal rupture and distortion. . Raising the temperature of air increases its capacity to hold moisture and correspondingly lowers its relative humidity and increases its drying power. The moisture holding capacity of the air at atmospheric pressure and representative temperatures is given below: " '' Table 1. ' Approximate Amount of Moisture in Saturated Air (at Normal Atmospheric Pressure of 29.9 in. Mercury) Temperature Deo. Fa.hr. 40 60 80 100 120 Grains Moisture per Cu. Ft. 2.86 5.8 11.1 20.0 34.0 Temperature Deo. Fahr. 140 160 180 200 . 212 Grains Moisture per Cu. Ft. 57 91 140 208 261 It is seen from the table that if saturated outdoor air on a rainy day, containing 5.8 grains of moisture per cubic foot at a temperature of 60 deg. fahr., is heated to 180 deg. fahr., its moisture holding capacity per cubic foot will be increased approximately 24 times and its relative humidity will be reduced from 100 per cent to 4 per cent. The result at 180 deg. fahr., would have been practically the same, no matter what the humidity of the outdoor air happened to be, and it is for this reason that outdoor humidities are of comparatively small importance in designing air processing, equipment in which temperatures of 140 deg. or higher are to be used. In such dryers, any outside air is potentially very dry when heated to the temperature at which it is to be used. For many exacting materials, the increased capacity of the air at higher ' temperatures must be offset, to a large extent, by the increased humidity required to prevent rapid surface drying. In order to maintain this increased humidity and counteract the effect of outside air entering the dryer, it is often necessary to add moisture to the air in the dryer to supplement what evaporates from the material. This is usually done with steam sprays although in some cases, evaporating pans, water sprays or atomizers are used. . Circulation-of Air Currents \ The velocity of circulating air currents must be fast enough to transfer to the surface of the material all of the heat required, for evaporation. At the same time, it must also be sufficient to carry away the water vapor. The volume necessary for this purpose will correspond roughly to the volume needed for heat transfer. A third requirement is that the velocity should be sufficient to carry away the film or layer of nearly saturated air that is apt to hug the evaporating surface,; and whose high vapor pressure retards further evaporation. ,/ Circulation is expressed either by the rate of air flow over the material per minute or by the number of air changes in the dryer per minute or per hour. The former is the logical method as it expresses positive drying 454 Chapter XXXI--Methods of Drying power while the latter may be misleading, because of short-circuiting of some of the moving air without coming in contact with the material. When air is saturated (at any temperature), the water vapor which it contains weighs 0.623 times as much as the air it has displaced. It follows, then, that the higher the relative humidity (that is, the greater the pro portion of air that has been displaced by water vapor) the lighter will be the mixture of air and vapor. Natural Draft . Circulation by convection, due to the rising tendency of heated air and the falling tendency of cooled air, is the only means of circulation in many of the older and simpler types of dryers. Dryers of this kind give best results with fairly high temperatures and low humidities and are adapted to drying material which will stand a considerable variation in temperature and humidity conditions without injury. In natural draft dryers the moisture evaporated is usually allowed to escape through ventilators, to be replaced by fresh air. This means that a large amount of only partially saturated warm air is allowed to escape giving this type of equipment a low thermal efficiency. Where coldwater coils or sprays are used for moisture removal, a somewhat higher efficiency is obtained. Natural draft dryers are sensitive to changes in outside wind and weather and the temperature and humidity conditions within the dryer usually vary within a wide range since such variation is necessary in order to obtain enough difference in .specific gravity to produce a vigorous circulation. The direction of natural air currents is difficult to control; they often short-circuit from one part of the dryer to another, leaving portions of the material surrounded by stagnant air of low drying power. In some designs, this is partly overcome by the use of baffles and ducts for guiding the air and by the use of water sprays or steam jets placed at certain points for the double purpose of increasing the velocity of the air as well as adding to its humidity. Tunrtel dryers are better adapted to a natural draft circulation than are compartment or charge type dryers. The desirability of maintaining higher temperature and lower humidities at one end of the tunnel than at the other creates a rising circulation at one end and.a'falling circulation at the other which produces a general end wise circulation of air through the dryer. The higher the temperature and the longer the tunnel, the greater will be the volume and velocity of air movement. In most dryers of the tunnel type the flow of air is opposite to the flow of material, or counter-current. The freshly-heated air, at maximum temperature, comes in contact with material in the final stage of drying at the discharge end where high heat is needed and can be safely used. This air then works its way back through the dryer to the charging end, losing heat and picking up evaporated moisture, thus giving a graduated range of conditions suited to the different stages of drying. Such dryers arq often designed to create a sidewise as well as endwise movement of the air for more uniform drying. The internal circulation is usually aided by placing ventilating chimneys at the charging end of the dryer, to draw the moist air in that direction. . 455 American Society of Heating and. Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1929 Mechanical Draft Mechanical circulation is produced either by blowers of the centrif ugal type outside of the dryer, or by multiple fans of the propeller type inside the dryer, or by a combination of the two. In some designs, the general volume movement is taken care of by an external blower and the velocity over the surface of the material is obtained from internal fans, placed to furnish a transverse circulation. In any mechanical system, it is important to secure as high a volume of recirculation in the dryer as possible, as this adds to the thermal effi ciency and cuts down power cost. Mechanical systems are best suited to rapid drying under close control of both temperature and humidity and may be designed with automatic control instruments so as to hold the temperature within a range of 2 deg. fahr., and the humidity within a range of 4 per cent relative hu midity. Indirect heaters of high efficiency are usually placed in the blower ducts and humidity is controlled either by steam jets, air washers or refrigerating coils in the duct system or steam sprays in the dryer itself. In such dryers, a higher thermal efficiency may be obtained by the use of interchangers, by which the saturated air from the washers is partially heated by absorption of heat from the warm, moist air returning from the dryer. MOISTURE REMOVAL More or less of the moisture evaporated from the material is taken care of by loss of warm moist air, either through leakage or ventilators, and corresponding influx of outside air, either by infiltration or through special openings for the purpose. It is a mistake to attempt to obtain a practically saturated condition of the leaving air, as this is apt to slow down the speed of drying and cause undesirable condensation in the moist air ventilators or ducts returning to the blower, A saturation of from 50 to 75 per cent is usually as high as can be obtained without sacrificing speed. ESTIMATING HEAT AND AIR VOLUME REQUIRED It is necessary to figure 2Yi lb. of steam furnished to the dryer, per pound of water to be evaporated, although under the most favorable conditions of high thermal efficiency, 2 lb. of steam is sufficient. In very slow drying of thick, bulky materials such as lumber, it may require as much as 10 lb. of steam per pound of wdter evaporated. The temperature will drop approximately 8J/2 deg. fahr. per grain of water evaporated per cubic foot of air (measured at 70 deg. fahr.) or approximately 0.62 deg. fahr. per pound of air at any temperature. Approximate calculations may be based on air volume, but for exact determinations, the weight of the air should be used, since the weight is a fixed quantity at any temperature. CONTROL OF THE DRYING OPERATION . The wet bulb temperature is far more important, in determining the moisture absorbing power of the air, than the dry bulb temperature. 456 . Chapter XXXI--Methods of Drying In drying very wet materials, the material takes the temperature of the wet bulb. This is important in rapid drying with hot, dry air, as the wet bulb temperature in such a case, is the only temperature that need be kept below the critical temperature limits of the material. The higher the temperature, other things being equal, the faster will the moisture in the material transfuse to the surface, and the faster will the drying operation proceed. Hot water passes through the material more rapidly than cold water both because of its increased vapor pressure as well as its decreased viscosity. Increasing surface evaporation by greater circulation at low temperatures does not produce faster drying unless a corresponding increase in the rate of transfusion is obtained. Several types of automatic thermostatic control instruments are avail able for controlling both the temperature and humidity of the air in the dryer. For many types of dryers, hand operation of valves as determined by periodic reading of thermometers and hygrometers is all that is required for good results. In other cases, such crude control would result in serious losses of material. In some operations, time controllers are used which automatically alter the conditions according to a pre determined schedule and finally bring the drying operation to a close. With other dryers, regulation is obtained in accordance with loss in weight of samples of the material suspended on sensitized scales within the dryer, the drying being automatically terminated when the samples reach the desired degree of dryness. Extremely sensitive materials may be dried successfully in air which is kept in a continued state of practical saturation. This can be done either if the material is warmer than the surrounding air, in which case it must be heated by conduction or radiation, or if a certain amount of condensation is taking place in the surrounding air which will permit a corresponding evaporation from the material. ' Suitable facilities should be provided for sampling and testing the material, and watching the conditions within the dryer. Systematic record forms are usually desirable for recording the movement of material, the length of the drying period, the temperatures and humidities at critical points in the dryer, and other operating data. Standard schedules of drying time and drying conditions for material of different thickness and moisture content are also very useful in estimating production and regu lating the operation of the dryer. DRYER ARRANGEMENT AND CONSTRUCTION ' Outside handling and storage space is usually -an important considera tion in dryer design. Continuous dryers have an advantage in this respect since they provide storage for a considerable proportion of the material in process, while for charge dryers enough outside space must be provided to handle at least one full charge awaiting the diyer and one full charge upon removal. The more rapid the drying operation, the more'efficient must be the handling facilities, in order to hold operating costs to a minimum and keep the dryer operating at maximum capacity. An important consideration in construction is to provide tight, wellinsulated doors which can be opened and closed easily, with minimum 457 American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1929 Table 2. Drying Time and Conditions for Representative Materials Eero Afro Thecenesb or Matebial Temfehatube Deo. Fahb. Dbtino Time Bedding...................... .............................. .........................:................ Cereals......................... J-- --...............- ---................................ Cocoanut--......................... ....................... :-....... -............................ Coffee.__.'._______ __ --......... .......................................................... Cores, Oil Sand, for molding...................M in- - 1 in. thick Black sand with Goulac Binder | in " : about 6/10 of time for oil sand cores 16 in! " Feathers..--- ....................................... ........ -------........................... Films, Photographic.................................-----.......... .................. Fruits and Vegetables:--:............ ............................,.................... Furs..:---------- --------------- ----------------.................-......................... Glue.------------ ----------------1-----:.............--.................. --*.--**.............. Glue Size on Furniture......... ................-..................... .................. Gut......... .................................. -....................................................... -- Gypsum Wall Board................................................. {tinSh^* Gypsum Blocks....... ..................................................................... Hair Goods........................................................................................ Hats, Felt....................................... .................................................. Hops...... .........................................................................................---- Hides, Thin leather....... :.......... --............ ....--............................ Ink, Printing...... ........................................... ---.-............ .......... Knitted Fabrics...............J..................... :........................:---.......... Leather, Thick Sole--..................................................................... Lumber, Green Hardwood............................................................ Lumber, Green Softwood...:---.--.............. ;................................ Macaroni_________________--.......... ............................................ Matches.... ......................................................................................... Milk and other Liquid Foods (Spray Dried)-------'.......... --. Molds, Green Sand-, C. I. Flasks (one Surface only exposed) 8 in. thick........................................................... 13 in. " ...............:................... -..................... Nuts--............................................................................ Paper, Glued...... ........................................................ Paper, Treated...:--................................................ Rubber--............... ..................................................... Sand, loose, 1 in. deep...... ..................... ................. Shade Cloth.......... ........................................... .......... Soap-- ........................................ ;......:............... :-- Starch.---------...................:........... --.............. ----........ Stock Feed, Mixed--____ ,........................................ Sugar-......... ........................................-....................... Tannin and other chemicals (Spray . Dried)----Terra Cotta (air-drying in conditioning room). Wall Board............ ...............................-................... 150-190 110-150 145-155 160-180 300 480 480 700 150-180 a 90 140 110 70-90 130 150 350 190 350-190 150-190 140-180 120-180 90 70-300 140-180 90 100-180 160-220 90-110 140-180 250-300 4--6 Hours 24 " 30 Minutes 2^ Hours 10 2-6 " . 2-4 " 4" 60 Minutes 8-16 Hours 1 Hour 2-4 Hours 4-6 3-180 Days 2-14 " Instantaneous ' 600 700 75-140 130-300 140-200 80-90 300 240 125 180-200 180-220 150-200 250-300 150-220 2CKF250 6 Hours 13 " 24 " 6-12 " 10-15 Minutes 1-2 Hours 12 " 1-4 " 20-30 Minutes 20-30 " Instantaneous 12-96 Hours 12-24 " 458 : . Chapter XXXI--Methods of Drying labor and loss of time. Fire resistance of doors is also important, in case of outside exposure to fife'risks. Insurance rates must be considered in their relation to fire protective arrangements such as automatic sprinklers, fire doors and walls, steam jets for use in smothering fires that may start inside the dryer, etc. Ceilings of dryers should be as flat as possible and the space between the material and the walls and ceiling should be held to a minimum. .A factor often overlooked is suitable provision for ventilation of the space around the dryer openings so that warm moist air which may escape from the dryer when the doors are opened may be carried away before it has a chance to condense on the ceiling or windows of the building in which the dryer is located or into which it opens. Convenient arrangements for the operator should also be provided where tests can be made, records kept, and clothes changed, in case it is neces sary for the operator to work inside the dryer. SPECIAL PROBLEMS Practically every problem in air processing and drying presents its individual considerations which affect the over-all efficiency of the final installation. The peculiarities of the material to be dried, the allowable temperature and humidities, the most efficient means of handling the material, the speed with which the process must be effected, and the mechanical or physical limitations imposed by the plant conditions them selves are all factors' which must be carefully considered in the design of air processing and.drying equipment. The selection of the type and size of dryer, the method of heat supply, the method of moisture removal, the location and layout of the equip ment with reference to handling the material to best advantage, are prob lems which may require a different solution for each installation. Engi neers who specialize in the design of drying equipment have found it best to treat each case individually and develop a design and arrangement that will most nearly meet the specific requirements on the basis of research and experience. . Drying is an extraordinarily interesting problem in engineering, and thousands of the products that are in common use every day go through some sort of-drying process during their manufacture. Wood when dried becomes 'a workable and dependable material, the leather used in shoes must submit to the drying operation, and the manner of its drying determines its value in the finished product. Clay when dried becomes ceramic ware, flour mixed with water when dried becomes macaroni, wood pulp dried becomes paper and gelatine dried and sensitized becomes photographic film. All textiles require the drying process at some time during their manufacture so that it is easy to see why the handling of each is a special problem. . REFERENCES The American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Transactions, Vol. 22, p. 479, Commercial Drying Apparatus, L. P. Dwyer; Vol. 23, p. 231, Artificial Drying with Special Reference to the Use of Gas, G. C. Shadwell; p. 255, Drying By Evaporation, F. R. Still; p. 265, Drying in Industrial Plants, J. G. Ross; pp. 339, 511, 529, 537, 545, Food Drying; Vol. 24, p. 7, High Temperature Drying, Burt S. Harrison; 459 American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1929 p. 25, The Temperature of Evaporation, W. H. Carrier; p. 352, Bibliograph on Food: Drying and Dryers; Vol. 26, p..551, Commercial Dehydration, J. E. Whiteley; Vol. 27, p. 251, Drying as an Air Conditioning Problem, A. W. Lissauer; Journal American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers, October, 1921, p. 715, A Chrono logical Survey of Drying and Dryers, J. E. Bolling; Modern Drying Machinery, H. B. Crenshaw, London, 1926; The Kiln Drying of Lumber, A. Koehler and R. Thelen, New York, 1926; Drying, W. H. Carrier, Marks' Mechanical Engineers Handbook, 2nd Ed., New York, 1924, p. 1444; Drying, Kent's Mechanical Engineers Handbook, 10th Ed., New York, 1923, p. 619; Calculations for Drying Design, Grosvenor, Trans. A. 1. Chem. Eng. 1908, p. 184; The Rate of Drying Solid Materials, J. Lewis, Ind. Eng. Chem., 1921, p. 427. CHAPTER XXXII DUST, EXHAUST AND COLLECTING SYSTEMS Types of Systems, Air Velocity, Sire of Connections, Suction at Hoods, Resistance of Conveyor Pipes, Fan Selection, Collectors. PNEUMATIC exhaust and collecting systems may be classified in various ways. They may be classified by the economic purpose to be accomplished by the industries served, or by the type of system used. Classifying exhaust systems by industries served, they fall in sub divisions such as, metal working, woodworking, leather and shoe manu facturing, rubber industry, flint grinding, pottery works, pulverizing works, celluloid manufacturing, printing establishments, felt hatting and fur manufacturing, textile mills, grain and cereal industry, etc. TYPES OF SYSTEMS . The type of exhaust system to be used is determined by the industry served, kind of material handled, and the work to be accomplished. There are two general arrangements; the central and the group systems. In the central system a single or double fan is located near the center of the shop with a piping system radiating to the various machines to be served. In the group system, which is sometimes employed where the machines to be served are widely scattered, small individual exhaust fans are located at the center of the machine groups. The group arrangement has the advantage of flexibility. Exhaust systems are'also classified, by the means employed to collect dust or other material handled. The dust or refuse, may be collected and controlled by enclosing hoods, open hoods, inward' air leakage or general room exhaustion. ..... With some classes of machinery it is not feasible to closely hood the machines and in these cases open hoods over or adjacent to the machines are provided to collect as much of dust and fumes arising as .possible. In this class come such machines as rubber mills, package filling ma chinery, sand blast, crushers, forges, pickling tanks, melting furnaces, and the unloading points of various types of conveyors. , The open hoods should be placed as close to the source of dust or fumes as possible with due regard to the movements of the operator. _ When the hood has to be placed at some distance above the machine it should be large enough to encompass an area of considerable extent as diffusion is usually quite rapid. Consideration must also be given to the natural movement of the fumes. For those that are lighter than air the hood should be over or Material for this Chapter originally prepared for The Guide by H. M. Nichols, revised by R. E. Shaw, and W. A. Rowe.. . . . 461 American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1929 above the machine and where a heavy vapor or dust-laden air at ordinary temperature is to be removed, horizontal or floor connections are re quired. If it is attempted to remove heavy dust such as lead oxides by an overhead hood the conditions may be worse than if no exhaust were used at all, owing to the rising air current carrying the dust up through the breathing zones. The principle to keep in mind in all cases is to take advantage of the natural tendency of the material to move upward or downward. . .. In another class of operation the main object is to prevent the escape of dustinto the surrounding atmosphere, the removal of some dust from the machine or enclosure being merely incidental. The dust creating apparatus is enclosed within a housing which is made as tight as prac ticable, and sufficient suction is applied to the enclosure to maintain, an inward air leakage, thus preventing escape of the. dust. While the ex haust system is only required to handle the air which leaks in through the crevices and openings in the enclosure,' yet in many 'installations leakages are very high and great care is required to obtain satisfactory results with a system of this kind. The inward leakage principle is utilized for controlling dust in the operating of tumblingbarrels, grinding, screen ing, elevating and similar processes. Certain dust and fume producing operations are test carried on by isolating the process in a separate compartment or room and then apply ing general ventilation to this space. The compartment or room in which the work is performed should be as small as is consistent with convenience in handling the work. The ventilating system should be designed so that a strong current of Clean air is drawn across the operator, and away- from him toward the work, where the dust is picked up and carried from the room. : ` , IMPORTANT REQUIREMENTS OF AN EFFICIENT EXHAUST AND COLLECTING SYSTEM It is impracticable to enumerate all of the requirements for an efficient exhaust and collecting system, however, among the more important are the following: . 1. Fans, collectors, hoods, and ducts should be of adequate size. ' 2. Air volume and velocities should be adequate for the work to be accomplished. 3. The exhaust hoods should not interfere with the operation of the machine or access to its working parts. 4. The system should not increase the fire'hazard. 5. The system should not increase the dust explosion hazard. 6. Where power is expensive, it should do the required work with a minimum power consumption. 7. In cold climates, it should not remove any more air than necessary, from the building. ' 8. Where-power is comparatively cheap, first cost should be low, even if the power required to operate is slightly higher. ' The first step in designing systems employing hoods to trap the material is to determine the number and size of the connections for each individual machine. At this point the designer's past experience is of great value,' as, while it is possible to set certain general standards, yet in actual practice the sizes are considerably affected by the local conditions which the 462 l Chapter XXXII--Dust, Exhaust and Collecting Systems ' layout man finds in the field, and he bases the pipe sizes and hoods'on his: judgment, being guided by his experience and die general practice.' The size of hoods and connections are determined by the size and type of machines or apparatus to be handled by the exhaust system, by the kind of material worked, by the duty of the machines and other local conditions. It is impracticable to lay down any general, rules for de termining size connections for the various types of machines and Tables 1 to 3, giving sizes as used in some of the common industries are only intended to serve as a general guide. Under certain favorable conditions smaller connections may be supplied. Open bottom exhaust hoods of the canopy type, where it is impractical to enclose completely the point of origin of the dust or fumes, should' extend over the machine or operation at least 12 in. in every direction if the hood is not elevated more than 2 ft. For each -additional 2 ft. of elevation, the size of the hood should be increased 12 in. in all directions; It is.desirable to make the area of the connecting pipe not less than TS of the total hood area. . .. . . In systems employing inward air leakages the area of connections must be proportional to total leakage area in, the enclosing housing. : Tumbling barrels have connections ranging from 4 to-8 in., bucket con veyors 6jto 12 in., and screening machines 6 to 10 in.. \ ' ' In general room exhaust large connections should be provided so that the air: may be handled at low velocity and with a minimum power con sumption. ' ' '- After having determined on the proportions of the exhaust system as regards hoods and connections it is then necessary to choose the air velocity or suction at the hood connections, suction at the hood con nections being a measure of the air velocity at that point. , ' AIR VELOCITY The air velocity required is dependent upon the specific gravity of the material, the fineness of the particles, and their physical characteristics. Certain materials such as grease wools, silk waste, salt, and other hydro scopic substances are difficult to handle due to the tendency to deposit in the conveyor pipes. . While the velocity in the system should be sufficiently high to insure the removal of the material it should be kept as low as practicable since any higher velocity requires the use of unnecessary power. With a fixed system or orifice the power increases as the cube of the increase in velocity, or'for the same quantity of air and material handled^ inversely as the fifth power of the diameter of round ducts. Velocities commonly employed are: 2500 to,3000 ft. per minute.for light dusts, cotton, shavings and sawdust from dry wood, and similar substances. Heavy dusts, wool, shavings and sawdust from wet wood, rags, waste paper and similar materials 3000 t6 4000 ft. per minute. Lead dust, hog waste, pulp chips, etc., 4000 to 6000 ft. per minute. : In choosing the pipe sizes consideration must be given to the way and manner in which the machines will be operated, as in case a considerable number of machines, all discharging into one main, should be shut off 463 American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1929 at the same time, the velocity in the main might easily be lowered to the point where it would not be sufficient to carry the material from the machines still in operation, and thus result in clogging the pipes. Ac cordingly, it is sometimes desirable to use velocities higher than the mini mum to allow a factor of safety to cover this contingency. Table 1. . Size of Connections foe Wood-Working Machinery . Type of Machine Diameter of Connections in Inches Band Saws, Blade 3-4 in. wide.--................................... .................................. Planers, Matchers, Moulders, Stickers, Jointers, etc.-- . Belt Sander, Belt 10-14 in. wide.;......................................................... ............ Drum Sander, 24 in------------- ----- -------- ------------------------- :.......... .................... Drum Sander, 48 in.--............................................................................ ........... 4 5 6. 4 5 6 7 .8 6 6 7 10 5-6 6-8 6-10 4-5 8 5 6 7 5 6 7 8 10 5 6 7 4 . In some .states codes have been issued specifying suctions to be main tained for the more common dusts. , . A suction standard should always be considered in conjunction with the shape of hood, and size connection, as these factors together determine the volume of air exhausted and its velocity which in turn are a measure of the effectiveness of the exhaust system. . The cubic feet of air of standard density taken into the system at each connection is given by the formula: Q = 4000 A f ^ * where . , Q = cubic feet of air per minute. A"e= area of connection in square feet. / == orifice or restriction coefficient. * = static suction measured in inches of water. 464 : Chapter XXXfl--Dust, Exhaust and Collecting Systems Table 2. Size of Connections for Grinding and Buffing Wheels . Diameter of Wheels Grinding-- 6 in. or less, not over 1 in. thick 7 in. to .9 in., inclusive, not over 1J4 in. thick.......... 10 in. to 16 in., " " " 2 in. a 17 in. to 19 in., " " " 3 in. a 20 in. to 24 in., " " " 4 in. u 25 in. to 30 in., " " " 5 in. u Buffing-- 6 in. or less, not over 1 in. thick. 7 in. to 12 in., inclusive, not over 1^ in. thick.......... 13 in. to 16 in., " " " 2 in. a 17 in. to 20 in., " " 3 in. u 21 in. to 27 in., " " " 4 in. u 27 in. to 33 in., " " " 5 in. "--------- Max. Grinding . Surface Sq. In. 19 43 101 180 302 472 19 57 101 189 338 518 Min. DiAm. of Branch Pipes in Inches 3 3H 4 4H 5 6 3H 4 4H 5 6 7 Table 3. Suctions Required at Hoods For Connections of Usual __________________ Proportions Work Static Suction in In. of Water . Exhaustine from minding and huffing wheels Exhausting from tumbling harrels Exhausting from wood-working machinery--light dutv Exhausting from wood-working machinery--heavy duty Shoe machinery exhaust. ............. * '' Exhausting from rubber manufacturing processes. Flint grinding exhaust.................1............... ~ * Exhaustine from DOtterv orocesses..... ............. : Lead dust and fume exhaust . Fur and felt machinery exhaust. ............. Exhaustine from textile machinerv..... Exhausting from elevatinv and crushing machinerv Conveying bulky and heavy materials . 1-2 1-2 1-2 . 2-4 2-3 1-2 1-2 1-2 1-4 2-3 1-3 1-2 3-5 - The orifice coefficient / is dependent upon the shape and construction of the hood and will range from 60 to 90 per cent. An average value is 70 per cent. . Knowing the suction at each hood and the diameter of each connection', the volume of air passing up each' branch can be taken from the accom panying Table 4. The sum of all these volumes gives the total volume to be handled by the exhaust fan. Common practice is to provide a main suction pipe having an area 20 to 25 per cent in excess of the sum of the areas of the branches enter ing it between the point in question and the dead end of the main. Similarly the discharge pipe leading from the fan outlet to collector is frequently made the same diameter as the large end of the main suction pipe. The reason for this increase in size is that a considerable power saving results from the lower air velocity. However, there is no technical reason why mains should be a certain percentage greater area than the 465 American Society, of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1929 sum of the connections, and still lower power consumption can be ob tained by using larger branches and mains of equal area. While the rule of thumb method of determining size of mains works very well in many cases, yet it is always desirable to figure the mains and branches of the proper size to give the velocity which has been found best suited to the work to be done. .. - In certain special cases where explosive or poisonous dusts such as aluminum buffings, grain dust, powdered sugar, or lead dust are handled, increasing the size of the mains unduly would introduce a serious hazard. Table 4. Cubic Feet of Air Handled Per Minute Through Average Collecting Hoods Based on Coefficient of Orifice of 0.71 with 10 Per Cent Added for Leakage Diameter of Connection Pipe In. 1 Maintained Suction--In. Water Gage iM 2 2M 3 4 5 2 2H 3 3 Yt 4 4H 5 6 7 8 9 10 38 68 107 153 209 273 345 427 614 ,, 835 1092 1381 1705 47 84 131 188 256 334 423 523 751 1023 1337 1694 2090 54 97 161 217 296 386 488 605 867 1181 1546 1953 2409 61 108 168 243 330 431 546 676 970 1322 1727 2184 2695 67 118 185 266 362 473 598 741 1062 1448 1892 2387 2959 76 136 214 306 418 546 690 854 1228 1670 2184. 2762 3410 86 153 238 343 466 609 775 955 1373 1870 2440 3091 . .'3806 The maintained resistance of the exhaust system is comppsed of, three factors: (1) loss through the hoods; (2) collector drop; and (3). friction drop in the pipes. ' Collector drop in inches of water is given roughly by `the following formula; but where possible the resistance of the .particular collector to be used should be ascertained from the manufacturer as these resis tances differ quite widely] r; v ; ' where p V 40p0 ) . . .` . . ' C = a constant which depends upon the type of collector and is found to range ' :. from 0.25 to 0.75. . 1 V = velocity in feet per minute of air entering the collector. : Friction drop in the pipes must be computed for each section where there is a change in area or in velocity. Find the velocities in each section of pipe starting with the branch furtherest from the fan. The friction drop for these sections can be determined by reference to Table 5. Total friction loss in the piping system is the friction drop in furthest branch, plus the drop in. the various sections of the main, plus the drop in the discharge pipe. . . 466 Chapter XXXII--Dust, Exhaust and Collecting Systems Table S. Frictional Resistance of Straight Conveyor Pipe To Flow of Air Per 100 Feet of Pipe Vel. op Air per Min. 2000 2200 2400 2600 2800 3000 3200 3400 3600 3800 4000 4200 4400 4800 5200 5600 6000 Loss of Pressure in Inches for Given Diameter Pipe 4' ' 1.92 2.32 2.77 3.26 3.76 4.33 4.93 S.56 6.23 6.95 7.69 8.48 9.26 11.05 13.00 15.25 17.30 5' 1.53 1.85 2.22 2.60 3.01 3.46 3.94 4.45 4.98 5.55 6.15 6.78 7.41 8.85 10.50 12.05 13.85 6' 1.28 1.55 1.84 2.17 2.52 2.88 3.28 3.71 4.15 4.62 5.13 5.65 6.18 7.38 8.66 10.05 11.52 7' 1.09 1.32 1.58 1.86 2.15 2.47 2.82 3.18 3.56 3.97 4.40 4.85 5.30 6.32 7.44 8.61 9.89 8' 0.962 ' 1.16 1.39 1.63 1.89 2.08 2.47 2.78 3.12 3.48 3.85 4.25 4.63 5.55 6.50 7.55 8.66 10' 0.770 0.932 1.01 1.30 1.51 1.73 1.97 2.22 2.49 2.78 3.08 3.49 3.71 4.43 5.21 6.03 6.92 12' 0.640 0.778 0.924 1.08 1.26 1.44 1.64 1.85 2.08 2.32 2.57 . 2.83 3.09 3.69 4.34 5.05 5.76 . 14' 16' 18' 20' 22' 24' 30' 2000 2200 . 2400 2600 2800 3000 3200 3400 . 3600 3800 4000 4200 4400 4800 5200 5600 6000 - ' ' -0.550 0.655 0.790 0.930 1.07 1.24 1.41 1.59 1.78 1.99 2.20 2.43 2.66 3.17 3.72 4.32 4.95 0.482 0.582 0.693 0.810 0.932 1.08 1.23 1.43 1.56 1.74 1.92 2.12 2.33 2.77 3.25 3.78 4.33 0.428 0.578 0.617 0.722 0.838 0.961 1.09 1.24 1.38 1.54 1.71 1.88 2.06 2.46 2.89 3.35 3.85 0.385 0.465 0.553 0.650 0.754 0.865 0.985 1.11 1.25 1.39 1.54 1.70 1.85 2.22 2.61 3.02 3.46 0.350 0.423 0.504 0.590 0.685 0.788 0.895 1.01 1.13 1.26 1.40 1.54 1.68 2.02 2.36 2.74 3.14 0.320 0.388 0.462 0.542 0.628 0.722 0.820 0.925 1.04 1.16 1.28 1.42 1.54 . 1.85 . 2.16 2.52 2.89 0.257 0.310 0.369 0.434 0.503 0.577 0.657 0.742 0.832 0.926. 1.03 1.13 1.24 1.48 1.75 2.01 2.31 ' FRICTIONAL RESISTANCE OF ELBOWS , Elbows having a throat radius equal to the pipe diameter, set up a resistance equivalent to a section of straight pipe approximately 10 diameters long. With a throat radius of 1M times the diameter the resistance is about the same as seven diameters of straight pipe. ... SELECTING THE FAN Having determined the volume of air' and static head required, the size of exhaust fan, speed and horsepower can be'found by reference to the manufacturers' performance tables or charts covering the type of exhaust fan selected. . . ; ! . ; The usual types of ventilating fans are unsuitable for exhaust systems which are required to handle materials such as shavings, sawdust, emery dust, etc.- Higher pressures are required than in ventilating work and in addition housings and blast wheel must be so constructed that the materials handled do not deposit in same. While the fans used in different 467 American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1929 exhaust systems are more or less of the same general type, modifications are frequently necessary to fit them for handling such materials as long shavings, strips of paper, cotton, pulverized coal, etc. Where considerable quantities of explosive dust or inflammable materials pass through the exhaust fan, the blast wheel should be con structed of brass composition, copper or other soft metal and in all cases ample clearance should be provided between blast wheels and housings. Where stringy or fibrous material is to be handled through the fan be sure to employ a fan wheel especially designed for that purpose. COLLECTORS The most common method of separating the dust and other materials from the air is to pass the mixture through a centrifugal or "cyclone" collector. In this type of collector the mixture of the air and material is introduced on a tangent, near the cylindrical top of the collector, and the whirling motion sets up a centrifugal action causing the compara tively heavy materials suspended in the air to be thrown against the side of the separator, from which position it spirals down to the tail piece, while the air escapes through the stack at the center of the collector. For most systems, the inlet size of the collector may be the same as the diameter in inches of the main pipe leading, to it. The larger the col lector within certain limits the better will be the separation, and the less will be the back pressure on the fan and power consumed. Special construction is sometimes required for fine dust, also some blow pipe manufacturers use a special type of collector for furnace feed, the object being to deliver the material to furnaces as uniformly as possible. When more than one fan delivers into a single collector a back pressure valve is required to prevent one fan blowing back through the other in case the second fan should stop for any reason. In most plants, where wood refuse is used for fuel, it is delivered by gravity directly from the collector to the furnace. The discharge pipe leading from the bottom of the collector is divided and the junction fur nished with a switch or valve so arranged that when the material comes too fast for the fires it can be diverted into a reserve bin. .. . The furnace feeder should be hinged where it is attached to the lower end of the discharge pipe, in order that it may be disconnected from the furnace when the fan is shut down. Also great care must be taken to provide an absolutely tight switch, Otherwise,-when discharging- refus,e to the storage bin, fine sawdust will sift through this valve and settle in the furnace feed pipe, and, in case the fireman has neglected to dis connect the feeder from the furnace, the flame may flash back, following this train of fine sawdust, into the collector. .- _ Other forms of collectors or separators, are: settling chambers, cloth screen and bag collectors, bag houses, air washers and electric precipi tators. DESIGN OF HOODS The mechanical design as regards shape and construction of the hoods is extremely important." Probably more systems fail from improper hood construction than from any other one cause. 468 Chapter XXXII--Dust, Exhaust and Collecting Systems If the material to bemoved is already in motion, as are the chips thrown off from woodworking machines, the hoods should be arranged in the path of the particles so that the velocity of the particles assists the air in carrying the material to the throat of the hood. Hoods should be arranged to draw dust and fumes away from the face of the operator. They should be placed as close as possible to the source of dust or waste material and wherever practical, the hoods should en tirely enclose the dust producing operation. ~ Hoods are usually constructed of galvanized sheet iron or other equally substantial and durable material. The material should be heavy enough to stand the abrasive action of the dust and refuse. The hoods should be of sufficient mechanical strength to keep their shape and should be well braced and substantially supported. Galvanized iron used should never be lighter than No. 22 gage, . If acid or corrosive fumes are present heavy material painted with acid resisting paint should be used, or the hoods may be made of non-corrosive material. The exposed edges of all sheet metal hoods Should be bound with wire or band iron, not only to give the necessary stiffness, but also to prevent the operator from being cut by the raw edges of the sheets. CONVEYOR PIPES The conveyor pipes leading from the hoods to the fan and thence to the collector are commonly made of galvanized iron, the gage of which varies from No. 24 to 14, depending upon the diameter. The piping shpuid be free from dents, fins and projections of all kinds on which refuse ma terial might catch. :. All permanent circular joints should be lap-jointed, riveted and sol dered, and all longitudinal joints either grooved and locked or riveted and soldered. Circular laps shpuid be in the direction of the flow, and piping installed out-of-doors should have the longitudinal laps at the bottom. Every change in pipe size should be made on a taper not by an abrupt change. . All pipes passing through roofs should be equipped with collars so arranged as to prevent water leaking Into the building. The main trunks, and branch pipes should be as short and straight as possible, strongly supported, and have the dead ends capped to permit inspection and cleaning. All branch pipes should join the main at an acute angle, the junction being at the side or top and never at the bot tom of the main. Branch pipes should not join the main pipes at points such that the material from one branch tends to enter the branch on opposite side of main. . Cleanout openings having suitable covers should be so placed in the main and branch pipes that every part of the system can be easily reached in case the system clogs. Either a large cleanout door should be placed in the main suction pipe near the fan inlet or a detachable section of pipe, held in place by lug bands, may be provided. Elbows should be made at least two gages heavier than straight pipe of the same diameter, the better to enable them to withstand the addi tional wear caused by changing the direction of flow. They should 469 American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1929 preferably have a throat radius of at least one and one-half times the diameter of the pipe. Every pipe should be kept open and unobstructed throughout its entire length, and no fixed screen should be placed in it, although the use of a trap at the junction of the hood and branch pipe is permissible, provided it is not allowed to fill up completely. The passing of pipes through fire-walls should be avoided wherever possible, and sweep-up connections should be so arranged that foreign material cannot be easily introduced into them. Fig. 1. Collectors on Roof Piano Factory : MAINTENANCE OF SYSTEM Because of its simplicity the exhaust system usually receives but little attention once it is installed; however, to obtain the best results, it should be inspected at suitable intervals and necessary adjustments made. The exhaust fan should be given proper attention the same as any other high-speed machine. It should be kept in proper alignment and tightly bolted to its foundation. Suction hoods, which have been removed to adjust the machines, should be replaced as soon as the adjustments are completed. Never start a machine with the blast gate closed, as the slight air leak age past the blast gate may draw material into the pipe and clog it. Disconnect furnace feeders from the furnaces when not in operation, and do not overload the system by ill-advised additions. ' 470 CHAPTER XXXIII . NATURAL VENTILATION Motive Forces, Proper Arrangements for Coordinating Temperature Difference and Wind Effects, Fundamental Formulae, Practical Installation Suggestions, Ventilators . - -, for Industrial, Residential and Farm Building Types. NATURAL ventilation requires no motive power equipment and costs nothing for power to operate. Enormous areas can usually be made available for air flow, and rates' of air changein excess of those usually feasible with fans may often be attained. On the other hand, natural' motive forces being largely beyond human control, natural ventilation is not as amenable to regulation as a fan system. The natural forces available for utilization in Ventilation are (1) the wind, and (2) the temperature difference between the inside and outside of a building. These two forces'are entirely separate and distinct, and may either cooperate or oppose each other at any given ventilating opening. If possible, therefore, openings should be arranged so that the two forces always act cooperatively, or the control should be such that only groups of openings at which cooperative action occurs will be in use. ., the wind The wind operates to produce regions of pressure or suction about the exterior of a building as compared with the conditions that would exist in these regions if the air were still. The action of the wind is described in a paper by W. C. Randall, Airation of Industrial Buildings, A. S. H:. & V. E. Journal, January, 1928. The principal effects of the wind when blowing directly against one face of a building are illustrated in Fig. 1. The maximum intensity of pressure at point C is approximately given by the equation. . : Ev,' = 0.00048AP " .. ; ;(1) where Pw is'pressure in inches of Water, and Af is Velocity1 of..Wind; in miles per hour. The mean pressure over the windward face-is Somewhat less, being perhaps 75 per cent of the maximum. . The maximum suction occurs. at 'point B at roof and sides, and `in magnitude is about three-quarters pf. the .maximum pressure as given, by equation (1). The distance A, measuring the extent of the suction regions on sidewalls and roof, caused by the leap, or splash, of the wind from the ' windward face, seems to be determined by the height and width of the windward face, and is independent of the wind velocity. The intensity' of the suction diminishes from the maximum at B to zero at the point where the stream lines again flow parallel to the surfaces of the building. Maximum effect of the wind in producing ventilation can be obtained by providing openings in the windward face for ingress of air and in the _ Material for this Chapter was prepared especially for The Guide by the following committee: Prof. J. E. Emswiler. chairman: Prof. J. P. Calderwood, Prof. FTL. Fairbanks and W. C. Randall. 471 1929American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, leeward face, or in sidewalls and roof riear the leeward face, for egress of air, in which case the air moves through the building in the same general direction as the wind; or, with no openings in the windward face, but with openings provided in the suction regions in sidewalls and roof near the windward face for egress of air, and openings in the leeward end, or in sidewalls near the leeward end for ingress of air, in which case the air movement within the building is in a direction opposite to that of the wind. A knowledge of these facts and their application will often result in a better layout of operations and processes, and even in a more favor able orientation of a building with respect to the prevailing direction of the wind, so that heat and objectionable fumes may be removed more advantageously from an industrial building. Where the wind comes at an angle to the building, the same general rules apply. The mean pressure of the wind on the oblique faces may be considered as being approximately equivalent to the normal component of the wind, except that when the wind's direction is within 15 or 20 deg. of parallelism, the splash from the corner begins to appear, and there will then be suction near the windward corner. TEMPERATURE DIFFERENCE Temperature difference inside and outside a building tends to produce flow as in a chimney. The total head or force arising from this cause is given approximately by equation (2). pt = 0.000028mD (2) where pt is the total force or head in inches of water; m is the vertical distance between inlet openings below and outlet openings above; and D is the temperature difference. The total force or head is consumed in forcing the air in at inlet openings, through the building, and out at the outlet openings. The force required to move the air through the building is usually negligible, so that the total head may be considered as being consumed at inlet and outlet openings. The part of the total head consumed in forcing the air to flow through the lower or inlet opening will be manifested as. an excess of outside pressure over inside pressure at that level; while at the upper or outlet opening, the part of the total head consumed in forcing the air out will be manifested as a pressure inside, greater than outside. Thus the lower part of the building inside, will be in a state of partial vacuum with respect to the outside, while the upper part will be in a state of pressure. At some point between the levels of the two openings, the pressure state is neutral, and no flow will take place through an opening at that level. This level is called the neutral zone. For a discussion of the neutral zone, and effect of temperature difference in general, see paper by J. E. Emswiler, The Neutral Zone in Ventilation, Trans. A. S. H. & V. E., Vol. 32, 1926. RELATION BETWEEN HEAD AND FLOW The relation between head or pressure difference on the two sides of an opening, and the velocity that will be created thereby, is given approxi mately by equation (3). _ V - 4000 yp (3) 472 Chapter XXXIII--Natural Ventilation where V = velocity in feet per minute through an opening, and p is the pressure difference, in inches of water, existing at that opening from any causes or combination of causes. With V known, the flow, Q, at the opening can then be easily computed by the familiar relation. Q - A VC (4) where Q is the flow in C. F. M.; A is the area in square feet, and C is a coefficient. . For openings such as result from swinging or sliding windows and doors, where the aperture is essentially an orifice, the value of C will be about 0.60. It would be comparatively easy to calculate flow through an opening, if the pressure difference could be determined. However, so many factors participate in the general action that it is very difficult to evaluate a pressure difference arisingfrom a given wind velocity and temperature. The difficulty is further augmented by the fact that the pressure difference is likely to have a different value for every different opening or group of openings of a building. . Although it is almost out of the question to attempt to predetermine accurately the pressure difference from fundamental data of wind velocity, wind direction, temperature difference, building dimensions and disposition of openings, in most cases merely a general knowledge of how the forces of wind and temperature difference act, what their maximum magnitudes are, and how they are disposed in and about a building, will be helpful in planning ventilation. On this basis, the following simple rules are suggested: 1. In an industrial building where furnaces, that give off heat and fumes, are to be installed, it is better to locate them in the end of the building exposed to the prevailing wind. The strong suction effect of the wind at the roof near the windward end will then cooperate with temperature difference, to provide for the most active and satisfactory removal of the heat and gas laden air. 2. In case it is impossible to locate furnaces, in the windward end, that part of the building in which they are to be located should be built higher than the rest, so that the wind, in splashing therefrom will create a suction. The additional height also increases the effect of temperature difference to cooperate with the wind. 3. In the use of monitors, windows on the windward side should usually be kept closed, since, if they are open, the inflow tendency of the wind, counteracts the outflow tendency of temperature difference. Openings on the leeward side of the monitor result in cooperation of wind and temperature difference. 4. In order that the force of temperature difference may operate to maximum advan tage, the vertical distance between inlet and outlet openings should be as great as possible. Openings in the vicinity of the neutral zone are less effective for ventilation. 5. " In order that temperature difference may produce a motive force, there must be vertical distance between openings. That is, if there are a number of openings available in a building, but all are at the same level, there will be no motive head produced by temperature difference, no matter how great that difference might be. 6. In the design of window ventilated buildings, where the direction of the wind is quite constant and dependable, the orientation of the building together with amount and grouping of ventilation opening can be readily arranged to take full advantage of the force of the wind. On the other hand, where the direction of the wind is quite variable, it may be stated as a general principle that windows should be arranged in sidewalls and monitors so that there will be approximately equal area on all sides. 473 ' American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1929 Thus, no matter what the wind's direction, there will always be some openings directly exposed to the pressure force of the wind, and 'others to a suction force, and effective movement through the building assured. VENTILATING OPENINGS _ The openings employed in natural ventilation are: A. Windows, representing apertures in walls or roof. B. Roof ventilators of the unit type consisting of some kind of special construction designed to develop a localized suction from the wind, at the exterior of the opening. C. Roof ventilators of the continuous type, giving openings throughout the length of building, having no special features to utilize the force of the wind. D. Stacks causing flow by gravity (temperature difference) action. Windows have the advantage of transmitting light, as well as providing ventilating area when open. Their movable parts are arranged to open in various ways; they may open by sliding as in the ordinary double- hung, wood window; by tilting on horizontal pivots at or near the center; or by swinging on pivots at top or bottom. Whatever the form and type of window used the thing of essential importance in ventilation is the amount of clear area that can be made available. The motive head to produce flow through, windows is almost entirely dependent upon the distribution of those motive forces in and about a building, as discussed under .wind and temperature difference. A pivoted window, projecting out, from the plane of the wall is bound to impose some obstructive influence upon such air currents as exist in that particular vicinity, and may result in the. production of. some localized pressure or suction that will influence flow there, and to that degree, one type of window might give more or less active ventilation than another. But, speaking generally, the motive head causing flow through a window is determined by the forces of wind and temperature difference existing there, and not by the kind of window, except in so. far'as the kind of window establishes the area of opening. ...... , ' Windows may be arranged for individual operation, or they may be grouped in long runs, as in factory buildings. Those usedin office build ings may have deflecting devices it the sills for avoiding direct draft upon occupants, or a bottom pivoted ventilator, arranged to swing in at the top, may serve the same purpose. ROOF VENTILATORS OF THE UNIT TYPE A roof ventilator of the unit type consists of a structure built up around a roof opening in such a way.as to^ cause,the wind to create a suction in the vicinity of the opening, and so induce an outflow. Roof ventilators also have the advantage of whatever temperature difference prevails. Since. they are. intended- for installations on roofs of buildings, and function as outflow openings only, they constitute but a part of a ventilating system, and some attention must be given to openings available, for inflow. It is evident that such ventilators could not function even in the strongest wind, and with the maximum temperature difference, with out inlet openings. Often such ventilators must depend upon infiltration only for inflow. Inlet openings of about twice the area of - ventilators 474 Chapter XXXIII--Natural Ventilation should be provided. Dampers should be installed in ventilators, with adequate and accessible operating mechanism. . In considering roof ventilators, the general action of the wind upon the building, as described in the earlier part of this chapter, should be kept in mind. A ventilator located within the region indicated by A in Fig. 1, will not contribute any inductive effect because in this region there is little or no wind. The ventilator opening will function, but will function in the same way as would a window in that locality, because of the resultant effect Fig. 1. The Jump of Wind from Windward Face of Building. (A--Length of Suction Area; B--Point of Maximum Intensity of Suction; . C--Point of Maximum Pressure) of the suction produced by the wind acting upon the building, and by whatever temperature differences prevail. Roof ventilators have the advantage in that the opening is effective if wind strikes the ventilator at all, no matter what the direction. On the other hand, if ventilators do not stand in the path of the wind, and depend only upon the same forces for producing flow as do windows or any other plain opening, they are at a disadvantage because of the greater resistance of their more complex passages. ;. . : ' While ventilators may be divided into certain classes or groups and the average efficiency of one class will be higher or lower than the average efficiency of another class, this does not in any way determine the 475 American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1929 capacity of individual ventilators, as ventilators of the same class and, which from a casual observation appear to be the same, will have entirely different characteristics, due to the fact that some of the fundamentals have been overlooked or changed in one or the other. r The principles which should be followed are: . A--Stationary. Ventilators. 1. A head sufficiently large to. produce a large low-pressure area on . the side opposite die wind, and to give an area of outlet for the air leaving the head large enough to obviate undue resistance to flow. At the same time the head should not be so large as to be unwieldy in handling or to be structurally weak when erected. 2. A storm band on stationary non-siphoning ventilators should be sufficiently wide and so placed as to prevent the entrance of external air into the ventilator head. 3. If the ventilator is a siphoning type, additional outlet air space must be provided in the head in order not to restrict the air pas sage from the exhaust pipe. 1' ............ B--Rotary Ventilators. . 1. A flaring outlet from a rotary ventilator will give a better exhaust ' than a straight outlet. i? .- . 2. Practically frictionless and noiseless turning of the ventilator head, . when the wind direction changes. The head should'turn at very . low wind velocities. 3. Smallest possible change of direction of the air ascending from the building and least possible resistance to its egress by louvres or other obstructions at the outlet opening. C--All Ventilators. 1. Freest possible outlet for the air from the building, with large areas and smallest possible change of direction of the air flow. 2. Freedom from down drafts and from entrance of rain or snow. 3. Freedom from being rendered inoperative by collection of snow or formation of ice on ventilator. The simplest form of ventilator, shown in Fig. 2, consists of an outlet pipe with a conical hood above it. The addition of a storm band, as shown in Figs. 3, 4, and 5, gives an increased protection against the entrance of rain or snow. The storm band, if placed so close to the cones as to restrict the outflow of air, interferes with ventilation. On the other hand, if the openings are made large enough to permit free egress of the inside air, the storm band, increases the ventilation by better utilizing the wind velocity to produce suction. ' A further development of the latter principle is the siphon ventilator, as illustrated in Fig. 6, in which siphons or ducts are introduced for the particular purpose of. producing suction. In the swiveling or rotary ventilators, typified by Figs. .7 and 8, a freely rotating cowl is used. A wind vane is provided for keeping the opening facing away from the direction of the wind. This type, allows 476 Chapter XXXIII--Natural Ventilation free egress of the inside air (unless the outlet is made unduly small). Its action depends chiefly upon the suction produced by the wind on the leeward side of the ventilator. -! ' : In the induction or ejector type of ventilator, which is also of the swivel ing or rotary type, Fig. 9, the kinetic energy of the wind is intended to create a suction inside the cowl as well as outside. Resistance to flow of air in the ventilator is caused by; (1) restricted outlet openings, or (2) many turns or changes of the direction of the air Various Styles of Roof Ventilators flow. As regards the first item, this depends entirely upon the proportions, and not upon the type; some of the stationary ventilators have smaller, and others have larger outlet area than some cowl ventilators of the same nominal size. Regarding the second item, the swiveling cowl ventilators offer less resistance than the stationary type, in that the direction of air flow is changed as little-as possible. Unless swiveling ventilators move very freely, the opening, at times, faces towards the wind so that ventilation produced by temperature difference is much reduced, of wholly, counteracted. *In that case, snow and rain may blow in. The rumbling or creaking noise-caused by a hard turning swivel ventilator is also very unpleasant. These troubles are, .. ' 477 . X American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1929 of course, eliminated in well designed ventilators, but must be kept in mind: . In Fig. 10, is shown a rotary or air-turbine ventilator, which rotates continuously under the action of the wind, the motion being produced by * the difference.of wind pressure on the convex and concave sides of the Rotary Ventilators Fig. 10 Air-Turbine Ventilator vanes. This type of ventilator must be very carefully designed if it is to be leak-proof, and if the noises and impact forces, due to ice accumu lating on the vanes in the winter are to be eliminated. : CAPACITIES OF UNIT TYPE ROOF VENTILATORS The variety of factors affecting capacity makes it essential for the user of ventilators to exercise-great care in respect to the item of capacity. All comparisons of capacity must be referred to a given, dimension, namely the throat area, corresponding to the nominal size of the ventilator. - Careful tests pf ventilators of various types have been made by reliable investigators, and the reader is referred to their work for information on 478 Chapter XXXIII--Natural Ventilation capacities (See Trans. A. S. H. & V. E,, Vol. 27, 1921, p. 67; Vol. 28, 1922, p. 189; and Vol. 29, 1923, p. 39. -Also Bulletin No. .14, Engi neering Experiment Station, Kansas State Agricultural College). Conservative figures for the best types of ventilators now on themarket, under conditions of'unrestricted flow of air to the ventilator, are given by the equation: ' '. . ' ' where 36 Q=A X 6+ V + 20 X. V Q = cubic feet of air exhausted per hour through a ventilator having a free area at the throat of A square inches, mounted on a roof at a height of H feet from the center of the ventilator outlet to the inlet opening of the building, and with a wind velocity of V miles per hour, and average tem perature t\ inside tQ outside. ' ' j'- High class ventilators, for instance those of the: ejector type, will, under favorable conditions, discharge continuously 25 per cent more air than these conservative figures indicate. Capacities are lower, on the other hand, if ventilators of lower efficiency are used, or if the flow of air into or through the building is restricted, or if the ventilator is not ex posed to the free sweep of the wind. Tests occasionally show consider ably higher discharge rates over short periods of time. These abnormally high results are produced by the action of the wind upon certain openings pf the building; they are not due to the ventilator, Itself, and cannot be depended upon for continuous ventilation if the direction of the wind changes. In the smaller sizes of ventilators (12 in. or less in throat diameter) the air discharge per square inch pf cross-sectional area is reduced; on account of the frictional' resistance and, in the rotary types, on account of reduction of free atea'by the supports, bearings, etc! `' Example.--What is the capacity of an 18 in. ventilator, located 35 ft. above the inlet openings, with 6 miles per hour wind velocity, 50 deg. fahr. outside temperature, 68 deg. fahr. inside temperature? .' ' . Answer.--:A ..= 0.7854 X (18)' = 255 sq. in. '. 36 X. y 35 X ^68 - 5o) Q = 255 X ; 6+6 + 20 X 6 average capacity under these conditions. = 50,000 cu. ft. per hour, The air supply per person and pier hour, or the number of the renewals of air contents per hour is given in Chapter I. (See also Chapter I under " Infiltration, " and Chapter XXVI). '. To obtain effective, uniform Ventilation and avoid local drafts, the ventilators should not be placed more than 30'ft. apart; 20 ft. apart is a good average. It is best, although not absolutely necessary, to locate the ventilator at the ridge of the roof, unless the building exceeds 40 ft. in width, in which case two rows of smaller ventilators should be used. Where the building, to be ventilated is surrounded by higher buildings 479 American Society of.Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1929 which obstruct air currents, it is desirable to extend the ventilators above the buildings by mounting them on. stacks. Example.--A foundry building is 40 ft. wide, 200 ft. long, with an average height of 40 ft.; the ventilators are to be mounted at the ridge of the roof, at a height of 55 ft. above the floor. What number and size of ventilators are required? Answer.--In this case, ventilation is especially necessary in summer. The air in the building should not be over 10 deg. fahr. warmer than the outside air. The wind velocity may be as low as 4 miles per hour. Spacing the ventilators, tentatively, 25 ft. apart, 8 ventilators would be required. Under average conditions, 10 air renewals per hour are sufficient. If the foundry is small and cramped, and pouring takes place over a large section of the floor space, 15 or more air renewals per hour may be needed. On the basis of 10 renewals per hour, the capacity of each ventilator must be: 10 X (200 ft. X 40 ft. X 40 ft. ) Q= 8 = 400,000 cu. ft. per hour . The discharge per square inch of throat area under these conditions is; 36 X y 55 X 10 deg. [ 6 + 4 mi./hr. ]-+ 20 X 4 mi./hr, 165 cu. ft. of air per hour. The required throat area per ventilator is 400,000 165 = 2420 sq. in. if there is no resistance and no wind pressure. The diameter is .*/ ^420 _ 55 5 in. Standard sizes are 54 in. and 60 in. . J 0.7854 Either eight--54 in. or else seven--60 in. ventilators could be used, spaced respectively 25 ft. or 28 ft. apart. The foregoing is based on the use of high class ventilators. If ventila tors of lower efficiency are used, or if the air flow into the building is restricted (as in winter) larger ventilators may be required. CONTINUOUS TYPE OF ROOF VENTILATOR . The continuous type of roof ventilator is illustrated in Fig. 11. It furnishes a continuous opening in the roof throughout the length of the building, and is in effect a ridge louvre or monitor. It is stated that the high temperature of the air immediately beneath the sheathing, resulting from exposure of the roof to the sun's rays, induces a powerful convective effect along the pitched roof toward the opening which offers a direct avenue of escape, whereas in the unit type of ventilator, the free egress of the air is confined to definite points along the roof, and the natural upward flow is diverted with some loss, to a longitudinal move ment. These ventilators are expected to function by the force of tem perature difference alone, and have no external features designed to generate a suction by the action of the wind. The absence of a conspicuous external structure makes this type of ventilator particularly suitable for certain, types of buildings. DAIRY STABLE VENTILATION Natural ventilation has an important application in dairy stables and other buildings housing live stock. A paper by F. L. Fairbanks, A. S. H. 480 Chapter XXXIII--Natural Ventilation & V. E. Journal, February, 1928, offers valuable information on this subject. Some of.the most important facts.are stated below. Although they have been derived from a study of dairy stables, it will be found that some of them are general in their application: 1. For good ventilation, there should be provided about 3500 cu. ft. of fresh air per hour per 1000 lb. of live stock weight. 2. A strong convective circulation is generated by the heat from the bodies of the stock causing an upward movement toward the ceiling, about them, and a consequent downward movement at the walls. 3. Intake openings should be located in the walls near the ceiling so that incoming cold air, falling toward the floor, will accentuate the convective action induced by the heat within. 4. Outlet openings seem to function merely as exhaust ports, to relieve the interior pressure, and appear to have little influence on the direction of air currents. Hence, the spacing or distribution of outlet openings is rather immaterial, so long as the required aggregate area is provided. Area of outlet openings should be about one-third greater than intake. 5. It is better to take the air out at the floor than at the ceiling since by the former there appears to be a larger volume of warm air held in the stable, which contributes to better temperature control. 6: The active circulation resulting from the down flowing cold air entering at open ings in the walls near the ceiling, cooperating with the convective action induced by the heat of the animals, effectually prevents condensation and keeps the air fresh and odorless. Fig. 12 illustrates a dairy stable ventilation system embodying the principles stated. CONTROL OF VENTILATION Control of natural ventilation depends upon hand regulation, which may be applied in two ways, First, by the selection of appropriate locali ties about the building at which to make openings, with regard to direc tion of the wind,' and Second, by regulation of the amount of .opening, which is accomplished by window operative devices, dampers, or louvres. Control may be effected by the regulation of either inlet or out;let;openings, or both and for satisfactory results needs careful study and close attention. 481 American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1929 APPLICATION OF NATURAL VENTILATION Factory or industrial buildings are usually. ventilated by natural forces, and most commonly by means of windows arranged in side walls and monitors of some form. The vast amount of openings made available by operative windows gives opportunity for unbelievably large air flow, even with forces of slight intensity. Roof ventilators are found on buildings of all kinds, particularly where fumes and gases are produced. ' Dwelling houses are almost always ventilated by natural means, sometimes by roof ventilators, but more often by windows. In colder weather, practically the only ventilation in houses is by infiltration. 482 CHAPTER XXXIV REPORTS, CODES AND STANDARDS OF THE A. S. H. & V. E. (1) FLANGED FITTINGS Standards for Flanged Fittings and Flanges, presented at annual meeting, January 1912. See A. S. H. & V. E. Transactions, Vol. XVIII, p. 44. . (2) USE OP THE ANEMOMETER Standards for Measuring Air Velocities at Air Supply Openings by means of the Anemometer, presented at annual meeting, January 1913. See A. S. H. & V. E. Transactions, Vol. XIX, p. 202. (Not adopted). The following is a~synopsis of this report: Opening shall be divided into twelve equal squares or at least into equal squares not over 10 x 10 in. One-hall minute readings shall be taken at the center of each square. If the anemometer is held against the face of a register or the periphery of diffusers the volume of air shall be gotten by multiplying the average of the velocities by the net area through the grille or diffusers. If the anemometer is held 2 in. away from the face of the grille or diffusers no deduction shall be made for the area occupied by the material of the grille or diffuser. (3) USE OF THE PITOT TUBE Code for the use of the Pitot Tube, presented at annual meeting, January 1914. See A. S, H. & V. E. Transactions, Vol. XX, p. 211. Adopted,, Jariuary 1914. The following is a synopsis of this Code. Pressure readings of 1 in.' or less should' be taken on an inclined tube type differential draft gage, graduated to at least hundreths of an inch, calibrated by a hook gage. Readings over 1 in. should be taken either with an Ellison type gage or with a U-tube graduated to at least tenths of an inch. Great care should be taken to have perfectly tight connections, especially on the static side. The reading should be taken at a cross-section where the pipe is straight and the flow undisturbed. This.should be preferably at least 10 diameters from the fan outlet, from an elbow, or from a change in cross-section in the duct. The readings should be taken over a plane at right angles to, and the tube should be pointed in a direction parallel to, tjje direction of the air-flow. In making a traverse of a rectangular duct the cross-sectional area may be divided into, a number of smaller rectangles, and a reading taken in the center of each small rectangle. ... . A.round pipe should be divided into at least three concentric zones of equal area per foot in diameter, and four readings taken on a circle drawn through the center of area of each zone or ring. That is, readings should be taken across the horizontal and vertical axis of the pipe. . 483 American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1929 The corresponding velocities for each of these readings should be determined and an average taken of all of these velocities in order to compute the air quantity. Inasmuch as the velocity varies as the square root of the pressure, accurate results cannot be obtained by averaging the pressure readings and taking the corresponding velocity as the average. The velocity may be determined from the velocity pressure by use of the formula. ' . V = 1096.5 ^ V = velocity in feet per minute. Pv -- pressure in inches of water. W = weight of air in pounds per cubic foot under the existing conditions of tem perature, barometer and humidity. With dry air at 70 deg. and 29.92 in. barometer W = 0.0749 whence the formula becomes: V = 4005 With saturated air at 70 deg. and 29.92 in barometer. W = 0.0735 V = 4046 yPv . (4) SYNTHETIC AIR CHART Ventilation Standards arid Synthetic Air Chart. Presented at the semi-annual meeting 1917. See A. S. H. & V. E. Transactions, Vol. XXIII, p. 607. The following gives a brief description of the Synthetic Air Chart and method of using same. The form of this Chart has been slightly modified since it was adopted by the Society and the form here presented is the one in use at the present time. . Description of the Chart The Synthetic Air Chart is designed for measuring the air conditions maintained in a room. Instead of speaking of the ventilation of a room as good, bad or indifferent, the results of tests are plotted on a chart, and the air conditions as a whole determined on a percentage basis. (Fig. 1.) This is done by plotting test data for all known factors that make up the air conditions. These factors with their proper weights are arranged in vertical columns across the chart. The base of each column represents ideal conditions, or 100 per cent perfect. The columns are seven in number, and the first six are indicated by the capital letters. A, B, C, D, E, F. A = the Effective Temperature Difference, or the amount of variation from the ideal effective temperature. B = Dust Particles per Cu. Ft. C = Bacteria. - D ~ Percentage of freedom from objectionable odors., . . E = Carbon Dioxide, parts per 10,00f). ... . . P = the Distribution Percent. . The last column is the Percent of Perfect column used for plotting the final percentage. Each of these main columns is further divided into three smaller columns, the center one of which is left blank for recording the test data. To the left of this is the scale for the individual factor, effective temperatures in degrees, dust in particles per cubic foot, carbon dioxide in parts per 10,000, etc. On the right of each central column is the penalization scale. This is arranged with main graduations of 1 per cent which are numbered. Each graduation is further subdivided into 5ths so that the scale may be read to 0.2 of 1 per cent on the scale, or by interpolation to 0.1 per cent. 484 Chapter XXXIV--Codes and Standards of A. S. H. & V. E. The chart gives not only final percentage of the test as a whole, but also indicates at a glance which factors are satisfactory and which at fault. In this way it is a con venient guide in correcting bad conditions, and bringing the final percentage up to the point desired. Making the Test .. In making a Synthetic Air Chart test the observer first divides the room by imaginary lines into small sections, each section having an area of approximately 200 sq. ft. of floor space. He locates an observation station in the center of each section. Taking a school classroom for example, the room should .first be divided into four equal rec tangular areas by imaginary lines bisecting at right angles through the center of the room. (See Fig. 2.) Four stations are now selected, one at the center of each rectangle. These stations are numbered 1,2,S and 4. If isfiilwaysrwell to use a standard method of numbering stations, so that whoever reads the report can visualize each location. Standing at the rear of the room facing the teacher's desk No. 1 is the station nearest the teacher at her right. No. Sis the one directly back of No. 1. No. 3 is the station nearest the teacher at her left, and No. 4 the remaining station. The tests are conducted in the following manner: Column A.--A Psychrometer reading is taken at each station beginning with 1, following with S, S and 4. The wet and dry bulb readings are separately recorded on the data sheet, Fig. 3, for each station. . 485 American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1929 Column B.--Dust determinations are next made at stations 1, 2, 3 and 4, and the count of particles per cubic foot recorded from each station. The scale of the chart is arranged for a direct reading dust counter. If some other type of instrument is used, a correction factor is, of course, necessary. Column C.--Culture plates are next exposed to determine the bacterial content of the air. One plate is exposed at each station for two minutes, incubated, and the colonies that develop are counted and recorded for each plate. The average of all plates is plotted on the chart. . Column D.--Odor determinations are made of the room as a whole. The observer should go outside of the room or preferably outside of the building for a few moments previous to making the test. He then enters the room quickly, and makes his determinations of the air in the classroom by means of the olfactory sense, recording the results whether perfect, very faint, noticeable, etc., in accordance with the following table. \ 100% Perfect 95% Very Faint Freedom from Odors 90% Faint 85% 4 Noticeable 80% Distinct 75% Decided 70% Strong An Odorometer consists of a case of six vials each containing an odor substance in varying strength. It adds materially in classifying and standardizing* odor perception. Its use, however, is not imperative. ;j . Column E.--Samples of air are next taken at each station, and,.later analyzed for carbon dioxide, and results of this analysis plotted in Column E in parts in 10,000. Column F.--Distribution of the air in the room is determined from the CO2 analysis . taken at the various stations. v 486 Chapter XXXIV--Codes and Standards of A. S. H. & V. E. The following example illustrates the method of making the calculation: ' Stations * COa Stations ' Variations from the Average 1.............. ................11.1 111.1 - 10.2 = 0.9 2................................. 9.4 2..... 10.2 -- 9.4 -to 0.8 3... .10.4 3...... 10.4 - 10.2 = 0.2 4... .. 9.9 4....... 10.2 - 9.9 = 0.3 Total 40.8 Average 10.2 Total 2.2 Average 0.55 0--.-5--5--X----1--0-0- 5,.4. = per ce nt of. vari.ation. 100 -- 5.4 = 94.6 = final per cent of distribution. fxrf-- TiMPcmruez mm mens mm / X floor FttX fSX ' NOTION test n/rm ' DfTTE _____________________________________________ nnr. OUT MCram oooxs CO, mrw ttwraej tmf woort cr.M. amur tmf moan cr.M. J 4 .3 6 7 $ 1 9 to // /* IS 74 PRiMner .... jcnsc inuxsnck______________________________Narco. /XiocamfTo ms/cot onrrr mono, rut ocar/urr TOTfU. ax SUPPLYBY CO. nix Jixnr mt oca/rmror co. .* * * MN at uSTraunoH X WKiom m . TYPC NSCfl LUKN&' - xena^aicMTOfr fUotmanenxacN gtamrofo TYPC. ; n' nose*. jortee net wmat. m. TKWJ CMCCKSO * mx Fig. 3. Data Sheet for Synthetic Air Chart Test After-the tests have been made as described, the observer completes his test by a study of air motion and air currents. This is done by liberated puffs of ammonium chloride in different locations in the room with a suitable apparatus. Observations of the velocity and direction of travel of these small artificial smoke clouds add materially in obtaining a true conception of the velocity and general behavior of the air currents in the room. Plotting the Test Data The results of the tests are plotted in each' column as previously described. The following data from the test illustrated on the chart on page 485 will make the entire procedure clear: Average Dry Bulb temp. 75 deg.--Wet Bulb temp. 59.7 deg.--Effective temp. 67.4 deg. Effective temp. Dif. 3.4 deg.--Plot in Column A. . Aver. Dust Count for 4 Stations---7000 particles per cu. ft.--Plot m Column B. Aver. Bacteria for 4 Stations -- 3.5 --Plot in Column C. Aver. Odors Percentage --90 percent --Plot in Column D. Averi CO2 -- 10.2 --Plot in Column E. Distribution Per Cent -- 94.2per cent --Plot in Column F. 487 American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, : 1929 Adding the penalization for these factors found at the right of each column and sub tracting the sum from 100 gives a final percentage of perfect of 84.7, which is plotted in the last column. (5) CODE OF ETHICS Code of Ethics for Engineers, presented at annual meeting, January 1922. See A. S. H. & V. E. Transactions, Vol. XXVIII, p. 6. Adopted, January 1922. See also page xii of this Guide. (6) CODE FOR TESTING FANS Standard Code for the Testing of Centrifugal and Disc Fans adopted at semi-annual meeting, May 1923. See A. S. H. & V. E. Transactions, . Vol. XXIX, p. 407. (7) CODE FOR TESTING HEATING BOILERS Code for Testing Low Pressure Steam Heating Boilers adopted at annual meeting, January 1924. See A. S. H. & V. E. Transactions, Vol. XXX, p. 9. (8) WARM AIR FURNACE CODE Standard Code Regulating the Installation of Gravity Warm Air. Furnaces in Residences. See 1925-26 Edition A. S. H. & V. E. Guide, p. 151. (9) CODE OF MINIMUM REQUIREMENTS Code of Minimum Requirements for Heating and Ventilating Equip ment of Buildings, adopted 1925 and printed in book form and in separate sections as follows: Section Appendix 1. 1. Ventilation Requirements for. Public Buildings. 2. Requirements for Heating Buildings. 3. Direct Steam or Hot Water Radiation. 4. Indirect Steam or Hot Water Radiation. 5. Heating Boiler Capacity. 6. Warm Air Furnace Heating. 7. Design of Chimneys and Flues. 8. Pipe Sizes for Steam Heating. 9. Pipe Sizes for Hot Water Heating. . 10. Air Ducts for Ventilation. 11. Air Washers and Humidifiers.. . 12. Pumps for Heating Systems. 13. Definition of Terms. Appendix 2. Standard Symbols for Drawiftgs. . : . . TENTATIVE CODES 1. Tentative Code for Testing Insulating Materials. 2. Tentative Code for Testing Radiators. . CODES UNDER DEVELOPMENT , The following Codes and Standards are in course of development. 1. A Revised Code for the Testing of Low-Pressure Steam Heating Boilers. 2. Standard Code for the Rating of Low. Pressure Heating Boilers. 3. Standard Code for Measuring the Heat Transmission of Building Construction. 4. Standard Code for Testing Air Cleaners. .' 488 Consulting Service Section DIRECTORY OF ENGINEERS Specialising in Heating ; . and Ventilating IVork ARRANGED ALPHABETICALLY A. R. ACHESON Consulting Engineer Heating and Ventilation Power Plant Designs Electrical Engineering 601 Eckel Building Syracuse, N. Y. ALPHONSE A. ADLER M.E., Sc.D. Consulting Engineer 9 Murray Street New York, N. Y. ESTEN BOLLING, M.E. Consulting Engineer Technical Publicity Sales Development Box 46 East Orange, N. J. THOS. CHESTER Air Conditioning, Cooling, Dehumidifying 1318 Cordova Road Pittsburgh, Pa. SAMUEL E. DIBBLE Consulting Engineer Heating, Ventilating and Plumbing 415 Hastings Street Pittsburgh, Pa. THE FROST RESEARCH LABORATORY X Robinson V. Frost, C.E. Director ; A consulting research service in Heating and Ventilating 1326 Markley Street Norristown, Pa. 490 LEE P. HYNES Electric Heating Engineer Design and Construction of Electric Heating and Control Electric Unit Air Heaters Electric Water Heating Electric Steam Boilers Off Peak Power Utilized Industrial Process Work 30 Church Street New York, N. Y. JAROS & BAUM Consulting Engineers for Mechanical Equipment of ' Buildings 116 West 39th Street New York, N. Y. ALFRED KELLOGG Engineer . Designing - Consulting Public Building Engineering Power Plants . Investigations, Appraisals and Reports 89 Franklin Street Boston, Mass. CARL J. KIEFER Consulting Engineer Member A. S. M. E. Member A. S. H. & V. E. Mechanical - Heating Ventilating Sanitary Equipment Designs Schmidt Building Cincinnati, Ohio RICHARD D. KIMBALL CO. Engineers ' Heating and Ventilating Electrical Sanitary Central Plants a Specialty 6 Beacon Street Boston, Mass. A. S. LAU Mechanical Engineer 51 East 42nd Street New York, N. Y. 491 SAMUEL R. LEWIS Engineer for Mechanical Equipment of Buildings 407 S. Dearborn Street Chicago MENSING & CO. Consulting Engineers Presser Building Philadelphia, Pa. ROBERT P. SCHOENIJAHN, M.E. Consulting Engineer Industrial Trust Building Wilmington, Del. WEBSTEB TALLMADGE & CO.. INC. Specialists in Steam Engineering High Efficiency Heating with Zoned Electrical Control Emergency Engineering Service Heating Surveys 50 Church Street New York, N. Y. PERRY WEST, M.E. Consulting Engineer x Consulting Service Cards 13 Central Avenue ' are Newark, N. J. Profitable i 1? 492 Catalog Data Section (Pages 495-818) with an INDEX TO MODERN EQUIPMENT (Pages 819-840) and INDEX TO ADVERTISERS . (Pages 841-844) Air Conditioning Bentz Engineering Corporation Apparatus for Temperature and Humidity Control for every Industrial Air Conditioning Requirement. DRYING -- REFRIGERATION Newark, N. J. Offices New York.__...................................... 122 Greenwich St. Chicago......................................................... Builders Bldg. Boston....................................................Park Square Bldg. London...................................... .92 Fenchurch St., E. C. "CHILLBLAST" (Reg. U. S. Patent Office) Air Conditioner, Cooler and Dehumidifier . The choice of discriminating Engineers. Selected by many after comparative tests. Construction rugged, dependable and compact. Noted for simplicity of design and economy of operation. Refrigerating coils and impinging surfaces in path of the air, assuring maximum efficiency. Bentz Cataract Type Air Washers and Conditioners Essentially the same as the "Chillblast" but without refrigerating coils. Large impinging surface results in most effective scrubbing of the air. . Bentz Unit Air Conditioner Suitable for installations where a central plant is not desirable. Bentz Spray Type Air Washers and Conditioners Manufactured in all sizes in accordance with standard specifications for Spray Type Apparatus. 495 Air Conditioning Carrier Fngineerinq Corporation Atmospheric Conditioning Corporation Offices and Laboratories: 850 Frelinghuysen Ave. Newark, N. J. Boston, 1011 Statler Building New York. 39 Cortlandt Street Chicago, Burnham Building Cleveland, Union Trust Building Philadelphia, Land Title Building Kansas City, Manufacturers Exchange Building Los Angeles, 911 Mateo Street Washington, D. C., 418 Washington Loan & Trust Building Air Conditioning Systems--Especially designed for Textile Mills, Candy Fac tories, Bakeries, Flour Mills, Drug and Chemical Plants, Printing and Litho graphic Plants, Packing Plants, Labora tories, Theatres, Public Buildings, and for numerous other industries where there are requirements for clean air uniformly dis tributed and automatically controlled at any desired condition of temperature and humidity. Equipment, installation and results are guaranteed. Ask for Bulletin 58-G, or request specific information. Cooling and Air Conditioning in Public and Private Buildings--With a background of more than twenty-five years' experience in the design and applica tion of Air Conditioning equipment, the Carrier organization has logically led in applying this science to the maintenance of conditions of physical comfort of people congregated within buildings. In Theatres, Auditoria, Hospitals, Hotels, Department Stores, Office Buildings, Factories and Mansions it is now possible to maintain ideal conditions of physical comfort, regardless of seasons or outdoor weather. Winter conditions require humidification and heating. In Summer, cooling and dehumidification must be accomplished. Nearly 3000 Carrier installations in more than 200 different industries are producing the desired conditions unfailingly. We are at all times pleased to cooperate with Architects, Engineers and Builders in the design and installation of Air Conditioning equipment within buildings under their direction. Write for the book, " Theatre CoolingG-l. A Typical Carrier Humidifier or Dehumidifier showing the automatically controlled fresh and return air dampers, the spray chamber with pumping and water heating equipment and, on the left, the fan which delivers the air to the duct system 496 Carrier Engineering Corporation Air Conditioning Cross Section of a Typical Theatre equipped with a Carrier System for Cooling. Dehumidifying and Purifying the AtS*n and Warming, Humidifying and Purifying the Air in Winter. Note the use oj Carrier Centrifugal Refrigeration in connection with this equipment Carrier Centrifugal Refrigeration-- This system is an innovation in the pro duction of cold. The refrigerant is a harmless, inoffensive liquid--"Carrene." The compressor is a simple centrifugal unit similar in construction and operation to a centrifugal pump. Control is automatic. Space requirement is one-quarter that of any other system of like capacity. This A Complete Carrier Centrifugal Refrigeration Unit. Safe. Simple. A uiomatic system is used in connection with all Carrier cooling and dehumidifying instal lations. Complete safety, simplicity and efficiency of operation are assured. Details on request. The Carrier Unit Air Conditioner--A simple, efficient, compact, portable and inexpensive Unit which performs every function of the Carrier Central Station System. It washes the air, cools, heats, humidifies, dehumidifies and produces effective ventilation and air circu lation. Capacity 2,500 cu. ft. of conditioned air per minute. Entire operation by 1 hp. motor. This is not a miniature humidifier copied from the central station eq uipment, but is an entirely new and novel design de veloped to place Manu factured Weather within the means of any manu facturer. Ask for "The Carrier Unit Air Con ditioner," Bulletin 52-G. 497 Air Conditioning The Cooling & Air Conditioning Corp. Executive Office Boston Chicago 11 West 42nd Street New York City Engineers and Contractors Atlanta Pittsburgh Automatically Controlled Air Conditioning Systems: Cooling--Humidifying-- Dehumidifying -- Heating -- Ventilating -- Drying -- Ross Paper Conditioning -- Fleisher Bakery Systems Complete Dehumidifying Equipment Air Conditioning Systems are designed to overcome the handicaps. imposed on industry by variations in weather, or adverse climatic conditions. They insure to the manufacturer that effect on materials and processes which can only be produced by ideal temperature and humidity values, making his plant entirely independent of the seasons or changeable daily weather. Whether the cure for such difficulties involves the creation of high or low temperatures and high or low humidities in any combination, this organization offers a broad experience in the careful design of dependable equipment united with the highest type of engineering and contracting service. In addition to the treatment of industrial departments requiring humidifying or dehumidifying, the cooling of theatres, moving picture houses, cafes, and other places of assembly are fields in which we have specialized with marked success. ', The experienced active personnel of this organization enables us to design and in stall automatically controlled cooling and air conditioning equipments of any size, for any purpose and having had broad experience in practically all fields where this type of equipment ist employed, our sales engineers will be glad to cooperate with those requesting their'service. 498 Air Conditioning and Heating Equipment Niagara Blower Company AIR ENGINEERING PRODUCTS AND SYSTEMS Factory and Engineering Office--C7Z Ontario St., Buffalo. N. Y. Sales Office -.......................... 95 Liberty St., New York City Air Conditioning, Humidifying, Dehumidifying, Heating, Cooling, Ventilation Equipment. Niagara Air Conditioner, Niagara Fan Heater. Drying, Dehydrating, Solvent Recovery, Pneumatic Conveying Systems. Niagarifin Heating Surface. Corrosion Resisting Equipment for Industrial Processes. NIAGARA AIR CONDITIONER Manufactured for long life and efficient operation, these units offer all the advan tages of air conditioning-controlled humidi fication and dehumidification and constant desired conditions of temperature and rela tive humidity automatically maintained as required for manufacturing processes or for human comfort. Advantages-- . Simplification of all air conditioning applications with standardized apparatus. Avoids the need for complicated and expensive air distributing systems. Flexibility in Arrangement, Location and Capacity-- Units can be moved with other equip ment in plant changes and additional units can be used to provide increases in capacity. Unit No. A B 125 160 161 40* 22* 225 260 261 70* 25' 325 360 361 94' _ 27' *1--Fan Unit **2--Fan Unit **3--Fan Unit. 499 Niagara Blower Company Air Conditioning and Heating Equipment RATED OUTPUT CAPACITIES--Steam at 5 lb. Gage Pressure Unit No. Fan Motor R.P.M. HP. Pump Motor RPJV1. HP. S.P. In. Water on Fan Dncnarge AC 125 AC 160 AC 160 AC 161 AC 225 AC 260 AC 260 AC 261 AC 325 AC 360 AC 360 AC 361 720 660 860 1160 720 660 860 1160 720 860 860 1160 1 2 2 3 2 3 3 5 2 .5 5 v/i 1440 1730 1730 1730 1440 1730 1730 1730 1440 1730 1730 1730 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.2 Cu. Ft. Air per Min. Saturated at 60 deg. 3250 3900 3500 4400 6250 7500 6900 8500 8750 10500 9600 12000 Lb. Air per Min. 244 292 262 330 468 562 517 638 656 787 720 900 Capacity No. Cu. Ft. Contents Thousands 16 to 48 19 to 57 17.to 51 22-to 66 31 to 93 38 to 114 35 to 105 42 to 125 44 to 132 52 to 156 48 to 144 60 to 180 Venti lation Persons at Work No. Equivalent in Direct Radiation Sq. Ft. 65 830 78 920 70 860 88 980 125 1650 150 1600 138 1720 170 t920 175 2310 210 2600 192 2480 240 2800 Units Nos. 125, 225 and 325 are for 25-cycle current Units Nos. 160, 161, 260, 261, 360 and 361 are for 60-cycle current. The cubic feet contents of a room which an air conditioning unit will handle is dependent upon the relative humidity and the amount of heat to be absorbed (from lights, power consumed in running machinery or other source of beat)--the higher the humidity and the greater the amount of heat, the less room space in cubic feet contents with a given sired unit handle. The capacities given are only to serve as a rough guide for average conditions; even then the capacity may vary over a wide range as given. ' Flexibility in Control-- The Units permit maintenance of dif ferent atmospheric conditions in different departments. original installation and with changes for use in layout and equipment for new methods of processing. Convenience and Economy of In stallation-- Units are shipped assembled ready for installation by connection to steam, fresh air, water and electric lines. Units re quire minimum of floor space. Economy in Operation-- Heating, ventilating and air washing are included in unit's operation. Controlled for maximum steam economy. Places warm air immediately where needed. Special Processes-- Units are easily arranged for use with any special plant processes where materials must be brought to a required condition of moisture as in drying or moistening cabinets. Engineering Service-- This company, because it is primarily interested in the results secured by its equipment, makes available the most expert engineering service for air con ditioning applications, assuring the user of the best advice in connection with the NIAGARA FAN HEATER For^the heating and ventilating of in dustrial plants, foundries, machine shops, garages, assembly floors, large areas and high ceiling buildings. Especially adapted to conditions where ventilating as well as heating is required--packing plants, laun dries, dairies, dye houses, paper mills. Put the Heat Immediately Where Needed-- Niagara Heating Units cut the time required to bring a room to working tem perature by delivering the warm air 500 Niagara Blower Company Air Conditioning and Heating Equipment immediately into the working zone. They maintain uniform temperature, leaving no cold spots or corners and draw the cold air off the floor without creating drafts. Efficient Heating--, By recirculating air in the working zone, Niagara Heating Units prevent the waste of heat caused by overheating the upper part of the room to obtain normal tem perature below. Because of -this saving and the large amount of air handled in relation to the heating surface, Niagara Heating Units consume less fuel in main taining desired uniform temperatures. . Construction Advantages-- Specially designed, high efficiency fan produces large capacity with slower speed and more quiet operation. Niagarifin Heating Surface combines advantage of welded steel pipe construction and fin distribution of heat. Unit No. A B C 125 126 160 161 40* 21' 34'/,' 225 226 260 261 70" 23" 33'/,' 325 326 360 361 94" 25' 32'/,' Unit No. RP.M. 125 ~ 160 126 161 225 260 226 261 325 360 326 361 720 860 720 860 720 660 720 860 720 860 720 860 HP. Motor 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 3 Recirculating Air--60 Deg. Entering Unit 5 Lb. Steam Pressure Cu. Ft. Air Lb. Air Final Temp. B.T.U. per Min. per Min. Deg. Fahr. per Hr. 4340 4340 4400 4400 295 295 295 295 124 274000 124 274000 132 308000 132 308000 8680 590 124 542000 8680 590 124 542000 8800 590 132 616000 8800 590 132 616000 (2600 12600 12800 12800 655 124.5 800000 855 124.5 800000 855 132.6 900000 855 132/6 900000 Lb. Cond. per Hr. 277 277 311 311 554 554 623 623 808 808 909 909 "Equivalent in Direct Radiation Sq. Ft. 1190 1190 1340 1340 2380 2380 2680 2680 3475 3475 3910 3910 `Niagara Fan Heater will heat a building with a minimum saving of 10 per cent in B.T.U. or steam required for heating compared with direct radiation. This factor has been taken into account in giving the equivalent in square feet of direct radiation. Units Nos. 125,126, 225, 226, 325.and 326 are for 25-cyde current. Units Nos. 160, 161, 260, 261, 360 and 361 are for 60-cycle current. Charts, showing final temperatures, also B.T.U. output, at inlet temperatures from--20 to 160 deg. fahr. and at steam pressures from 2 to 200 lb., are available on request. SOI Air Diffusers Knowles Mushroom Ventilator Go. 202-204 Franklin Street, New York Knowles Air Diffusers for Auditoriums of Theatres, Churches, Schools PRODUCTS:--Cast iron and All-Steel Adjustable Mushroom Ventilators; Aisle Hood, Tu-Way and Camelback.Air Deflectors; Round and Oblong Gallery Riser Vents. Knowles Aero Volvo The Improved Mushroom Air Diffuser The newest Knowles product. An up-to-date mechanically cor rect air unit of fixed height made of heavy rolled steel. Easy to reg ulate and install, and low in price. Combines maximum efficiency with convenient adjustment af fording finest control of air by simply turning screw on top of cap. Provided with or without sleeve and protecting steel ring. Same capacity as Nu-Notch. (See booklet for detail). Specifications--(For Unit No. IV--Fur nish add install, where indicated on drawings or as hereinafter specified (6-in.) [8-in.j Aebovalve Mushroom Air Diffusers with adjustable air regulator complete, known as Unit No. 1 as manufactured by Knowles Mushroom Ventilator Co., New York, N. Y. (See sleeve specification form below.) For Unit No. 2 -- Furnish and install where indicated on drawings or as hereinafter specified (6-in.) (8-in.j Aebovalve Mushroom Air Diffusers with adjustable air regulator complete with galvanised iron sleeve 6 in. long known as Unit No. 2 as manufac tured by Knowles Mushroom Ventilator Co., New York, N. Y. The sleeves are to be set by the Heating Contractor in conjunction with the General Contractor at the time the floor is laid, and just before the seats ore placed the Aebovalve Mushrooms are secured to the sleeve rings by three machine screws furnished in the holes provided. . Note.--If preferred, we will furnish the Sheet Metal Contractor with the steel rings separately to attach to his own galvanised iron sleeves in the rivet boles provided. The Nu-Notch Mushrooms may also be anchored to these steel rings in sleeves in 6 in. and 8 in. sizes only. Size A B c D E F G Wgt. Area In. In. In. In. In. In. In. In. Lbs. Sq. Ft. 16 8 6V. v. i'/2 8>/< v. 2 | 6 8 8 i'/i i'/i 0.1964 10 2 0.3491 Knowles $i$C*oC' Gallery Riser Ventilators are designed to insure better control of air. Round holes in the gallery risers do not weaken the construction but, on the contrary, with the cast iron rings it is actually strengthened. The sleeve is a plain galvanized iron cylinder, with a ^ in. turnover flange, and with a special cast iron ring, riveted flush to the inside front Net No. A B c D E F Sq. Ft. 4 VA 5'/s % '/ 4V. 4 0.08 5 W* 6V V, % >% 5 0.13 6 5Va m % V. >v 6 0.19 7 6>/, I'/< V, 1% 6% 0.24f CJ.m. at 300 Velocity 24 39 57 72 With or without regulating damper. tSquare grill. 502 Knowles Mushroom Ventilator Co. Air Diffusers end. Sleeves are grouted in when concrete is poured. The cast iron grill is quickly inserted and locked by a simple twist motion--no bolts, screws or springs. Furnished with or without damper to fit same rings. Knowles Tkifffliotch Mushroom Ventilator or Air Diffuser The ideal cast iron mushroom. Head has three outer bearings and is absolutely rigid. Ten recessed notches give close regulation of air. Locked into, positive adjustment by tightening head screw. Supplied with dome or flat tops. Three screwholes in floor flange for fastening to wood, or three steel L lugs for setting in concrete, or three set-screws in floor collar for fastening to sleeve. Specifications--Furnish and install where indicated on drawings or as hereinafter specified (6-in.) [6-in.J (7-in.) [8-in.] (10-in.) [Dome TopJ [Flat Top) Nu-Notch Cast Iron Mushroom Air Diffusers with recessed notches for the permanent adjustment of mushroom caps at any desired opening together with center locking screw feature as manufactured by Knowles Mushroom Ventilator Co., New York, N. Y. Provide under each air diffuser one No. 20 galvanized iron sleeve to be set by the heating contractor in conjunction with the general contractor at the time the floor is laid. In concrete floors when sleeves are located on forms fill sleeves with sand before being grouted in to prevent their distortion. For wood floors: attach the mushrooms to the floor by means of flat head screws. For concrete or similar type floors: by tightening 3 set-screws in the collar, or.by embed ding 3 L lugs in cement or by screwing to Knowles Sleeve rings. (In your specification indicate the desired size, style of top and method of attachment). Size A B _c D E F Weight Area CJjn. at Velocity of No. In. In. In. In. In. In. Lbs. Sq. Ft. 200 ft. 250 ft. 300 ft. 350 ft. 400 ft. 5 6 6 ly. vf '/? l>/. i'/i i, IV; 5 6 6 i'/. 4 0.1364 27.3 4/. 0.1964 39.3 34.2 49.1 41.0 59.0 47.7 68.7 54.6 76.6 7 8% 2'/ 1% 7 8V5 V/l 0.2573 53.5 66.8 60.2 93.5 107.0 8 i% 2 10 11'/2 m 3 2 m 8 10 10'/. 11% 9 14'/! 0.3491 69.8 0.5454 109.0 87.3 136.3 105.0 163.6 122.0 140.0 191.0 216.0 Tu-Way Air Deflectors are designed to give maximum area of discharge of air with minimum fixed height. The air is discharged at both ends along the row of seats. - Do not interfere with the back of chair seats when they are raised. Made of heavy cast iron with heavy wire screens locked into grooves at each end. Damper easily adjusted with screwdriver. Standard Aisle Hood Air Deflectors are used to throw the fresh air out into the aisles in one direction. They provide the engineer with an inex pensive method of introducing a large volume of air wherever needed without causing annoying drafts. A curved damper reduces friction loss. Long Wide High Lbs. Large Size.............. 8' 8# W 6' 4'/2' 6* Wl 13 May also be made in any size to suit conditions. C.F.M. at 300 VeL 75 100 Area Sq. Ft. 0.25 0.333 Send for new booklet of Complete Engineering Data 503 Air Filters General Air Filters Corporation Division, The W. B. Connor Co., Inc. 367D Lexington Avenue New York City PRODUCTS--Manufacturers of Air Purification and Conditioning Equipment, Air Filters, Air Washers, Spray Nozzles; Steam Traps; Pumps for All Viscous Liquids. Ace Full Automatic, Self-cleaning Air Filter Types and Sizes for All Applications where dekn air is needed for general ventilating, the pro tection and preservation of motors, generators, compressors and other machinery, and for food products and other materials in process of manu facture and in stock. Requires Minimum Floor Space.--Can be erected in "L" or. "U" formations where space is limited. Ace Eliminates All Manual Cleaning.--It is simple, positive, durable, safe, with minimum erection, operating and maintenance costs. Ace Automatic for Continuous Duty.--This type flushes itself while air is passing through. Used where continuous uninterrupted service is imperative, Ace Hand-Cleaned (Unit Type) Air Filter Built up of easily removable unit cells.' Cells are washed by hand. Spare cells are substituted for those being cleaned, making interruption to service negligible. This type is fully equal to the automatic in air-cleaning'efficiency, and is admirably suited for all applications where small filters are adequate, and for large installations where proper attendance is practicable. Engineering and Laboratory Service.-- Full co-operation offered for working out individual and special air-cleaning problems. Ace Non-Return Steam Trap (With A--Filter Cell. B--Front Piashing, removable. C--Com bined Bear Plashing and Cell Support. D--Steel End Fram ing. E--Reservoir. P--Flush Pump Unit. G--Pump Suction from Reservoir. H--Flushing Liquid Distributor. I--Bucket Sediment Conveyor. J--Spiral Sediment Con veyor. K--Drive for Sediment Ejector Mechanism.. L--Cloth Strainer Basket. M--Return Oil Drain from Strainer Basket. Normal capacity, individual cells, 3500 c.f.m. For any capacity, length of filter equals t ft. by necessary number of sections; height equals 40/4 is. by nuinber of cells, plus S7 in. for reservoir at bottom and oil distributor at top. Depth, all filters, in. Resistance, JS6-in. water gauge. Requires No Attention in Service.--Cleans the air thoroughly, washes itself and ejects the accumulated sediment automatically. Air-Cleaning Efficiency.--As near 100 per cent as can be attained by any practical air-cleaning device. This is due to the patented two-stage filter -media. Initial high efficiency and low resistance to air flow are maintained in service because of effective functioning of automatic self-flushing system. the Improved Corliss Valve) Has only five parts. No screws, pips, toggles, springs, packing or stuffing boxes--nothing to come loose or get out of order. No adjustments. Cannot clog or air-bind. Steamtight and water-sealed, self cleaning Corliss valve. Large drainage capacity, hair-trigger sensitiveness. Shipped ready for easy installation. Shortt Pumping Trap.--For pumping high and low temperature fluids such as gasoline, oil, acids, condensates. For draining condensers, dry kilns, blast coils, vacuum pans, water heaters, receivers, paper machine dryers, etc. For feeding boilers. Has high capacity and efficiency. - Station ary receiver design eliminates trunnions, dashpots, bumpers and balance weights. Piston operation of pressure and vent valves gives quick, full opening action. All valves and operating mechanism out side; nothing inside but the float. _ Cannot air-bind; requires no adjustment. Easy to install; absolutely reliable. Works equally well on steam or air. Du Bus Pump for All Viscous Liquids.-- For piimping molasses, oils, tar products and any viscous liquid- that will pass through pipes. Embodies a new, patented mechanical _ principle thoroughly proved in service. Gives higher ca pacities with much lower power requirements and slow operating speed; smooth, balanced rotary action; uniform discharge, air-free and at uniform pressure. Has only three moving parts. Simple, powerful, thoroughly re liable. Small space require ments.- Low operating and maintenance costs. Typical Large Ace Full Automatic Air Filter Normal Capacity, 90,000 C.F.M. Literature and Quota tions.--Information on any of these products sent on request. 504 Air Filters BRADFORD PENNSYLVANIA Midwest Canada, Ltd. Montreal, ' Branches in Principal Cities Horizontal Self Cleaning Filter The Midwest Horizontal Filter consists of inter changeable unit cells laid horizontally in tiers, with diagonal baffle aprons for pre-cleaning air of heavy dust placed between. Cleaning is accomplished by an automatic flushing device which travels back and forth over the cells, flushing one row at a time, with oil traveling in direction of fine to coarse filter medium, against air flow. Push button or auto matic control is furnished. Over 40 gal. of Visco sine are used per cell per cleaning. There are over 19.000 sq. in. of filter medium in each cell oper ating at low resistance. Cleaning of filter can be accomplished without shutting down fans when desirable.. Fans can be slowed down and c.f.m. reduced without affecting the efficiency of this filter. Power consumption is low, less than 3^ hp. being capable of cleaning more than 1,500,000 sq. in. of impingement surface. Efficiency 97-99 per cent guaranteed. Pressure drop, % in. water gauge, constant. Capacity 3,000 c.f.m. and up. Viscosine consumption, 1 gal. per 1.000 c.f.m.--a year's supply. * Section of Clean Cell Section of Cell after being Put in operation A Ntne-CeU Horizontal Filter A Nine-Cell Unit Filler 505 Construction All types of Midwest Filters are based upon the unit principle of construc tion, each cell being a complete and inter changeable unit. The filter cell proper consists of a heavy, welded box like frame with expanded metal front and back,, containing a series of strong, specially shaped filter sheets, so arranged as to provide progres sively increasing density from front to rear of the cell. Note in the illus tration how dust accumuates but does not obstruct. Midwest Unit Filters Unit installations are built in wall type set-ups to deliver the required air capacity, and are as sembled in angle iron frames to fit the space available. Midwest cells are easiest to install and handle. They automati cally snap into place and require no corner clips. Rigid one-piece frames provide durable, leak-proof joints. Filter medium of progressively increasing density provides maximum dust holding capacity. Filter area is 19 per cent larger than in other styles of filter unit, making for low resistance and ef ficiency of 97 to 99 per cent guaranteed. Can be cleaned by steam or hot water hose. Complete recommendations, draw ings and data furnished without charge. Air Fillers and Cleaners National Air Filter Company Manufacturers of Air Filters 5130 Ravenswood Avenue, Chicago Products: National Air Filters--Dry types, manually serviced and automatic; oil coated types, fully automatic, semi-automatic, and manually operated. A National Filter for Every Need: Beginning with the Phoenix Filter, the standard self-cleaning air filter awl the only one in ita class having a long record of successful operation, the National line has been developed to include types specially adapted for all the conditions encountered in ventilating and industrial installations. The two most widely applicable models are the AIRMAT and the TooPas.' The AIRMAT Filter: The AIRMAT--unique in its utilization of a dry. fibrous textured filtering medium--presents a hi$h standard of efficiency and a simple economical method ofservicing, heretofore unknown among air filters. The specially developed filtering mat sold under the trade name "AIRMAT" comprises multiple layers each with millions of tiny openings which permit the air to pass with tittle resis tance, out cause it to leave behind all dirt particles in the mazes of the mat. ' In the AIRMAT eeo. tionai filter, sheets of this filtering medium 2 ft. square are held by wire frames in sectional cabinets 12 in. high, 24 in. wide and 24 in. . deep. Each of these sections holds 4 AIRMAT frames and has a filtering capacity of 1000 c.f.m. Any desired capacity can be secured by laying up tbese sections in tiers like filing cabinets. The servicing of this filter ts simple, easy and clean. The mats are used for a predetermined length of time, depending on the amount of dirt in the air and the degree of efficiency desired. When a mat is soiled, the frame is removed from the cabinet, the mat taken out and thrown away, and a clean one inserted. The cost of AIRMAT replacements constitutes the lowest material cost of any manually serviced system of air filtration. But the big saving is in labor. With the AIRMAT, this is practically nothing. Architects can take advantage of any space available for this filter because of its sectional construction. Additions or changes are obviously easy to make. There are no accessories to an AIRMAT installation. No space is required for tanks or other special equipment. The TooPas Filter: The TooPas, like the time tested Phoenix, embodies the double pass principle of cleaning the air. The filtering medium is an endless curtain composed of multiple layers of woven copper ribbon and coarser outer layers of expanded metaL This is made up in small units flexibly con nected which operate over supporting wheels in the form of a roller curtain. The lower end of this curtain dine into a tank of oil which removes toe dirt from the filtering medium by solvent action. Years of experience with the Phoenix Filter have demon strated that this ia the most simple and satisfactory means for removing dirt from a metal surface. In this system, there is no need to pump the oil. Pumps with all of their troubles are eliminated. The oil never has to be removed or treated. Since it is never disturbed, it clarifies itself by the natural process of sedimentation. The TooPas Filter is easy to operate by a simple hand crank. Several sections can be placed side by side and operated by a tingle handle. Servicing is limited to a few turns each week. When motor drive is advisable, it can be furnished at nominal extra cost. The important advantages of this filter are: 1. The elimination of oil entrainment. The double pass principle makes it possible to absolutely guarantee this filter against oil entrainment in the air. *, 2. Unit construction of standard width and any required height. This permits the ready adaptability of this filter to any ventilation system--office building, school, hospital, theater, church, public building or factory. _ 3. Adaptability to volume manufacture, ease of shipping and erecting. This filter for the first time brings the advantages of the Phoenix principle into a form which lends itself to volume production. All parts are carried in stock and assembly can be made on short notice. The sheet, metal duct work is readily attached to the frame work of the sections. No other framing is necessary. The contractor saves in labor and has very little to figure on in the erection of the TooPas. Note the table of sizes and capacities. S/s* number 48 60 72 64 96 106 120 \ Rated capacity 4,000 5.000 6.000 7,000 6000 9.000 fO.OOO Met weight' l faction Shipping weight 750 1030 BOO i/OO 650 /no 900 1240 950 I3IO tooo 1390 toso I860 Dim A haeoht Oim 6 height of running 6^4' 4'-0` 7`-4" 8-4' . 5-06'-0` 9'-4` r-cr iO`-4` 8'mO` tr-4' 9`-Om tZ'-A' to'-o- Application of AIRMAT Filter, thawing Cron Section, Elevation, and Front View 506 Other Types: In addition to the two types de scribed above, the National line of oil coated filters includes the Phoenix constant effect filter, the Rotary self cleaning filter, the Simplex, and the Cartridge Compressor Filter. It also includes several styles of Dust Arresters and the Dri-Drum, using "AIRMAT," the dry filtering medi um. This company's engineers have had many years of specialized experi ence in connection with.air filtration and will gladly counsel .with you regarding any special applications. Air Fillers and Cleaners Reed Air Filter Co., Incorporated Factory and General Offices: 202 Central Avenue, Louisville, Ky. . District Representatives in Principal Cities ReedAir Reed Air Filters--Streamline Self Cleaning, Continuous and Standard Unit Types--provide a simple, efficient, eco nomical method of supplying clean air for general ventilation purposes and industrial processes. Reed Streamline Automatic Air Filter--The Reed Streamline (Self Cleaning) Filter is an outstanding develop ment in automatic air filtration. It is entirely automatic and requires no per sonal attention in its operation. The filtering media, consisting of staggered Reed Continuous Filter--The Reed Con tinuous Filter has been developed for the exacting air-cleaning requirements and severe operating con ditions for such applica tions as turbo-generators, mill motors, Diesel en gines, air compressors and manufacturing processes that demand continuous operation with maximum efficiency in dust removal. While conventional in appearance, it embodies several new principles in automatic air filtration. Its efficiency in dust re moval is comparable to the Type A Reed Unit Filter which has the highest efficiency of any air filter on the market. Made in various types and sizes. . ,Rel2.StanS.?rd yni' The Reed Continuum Air Air Filter--The Reed Mer-for Haw-Duty, Standard Unit Air Filter Uninterrupted Sendee consists of a durable metal cell progressively packed with double-crimped, galvanized wire filtering media thoroughly coated with Adhesine. Because of the small size of the individual baffles, this form of media separates the air into innumerable fine streams, insures the greatest number of impingements and makes possible the highest cleaning efficiency--97 to 99 per cent guaranteed. rows of streamline baffles similar to the low-wind-resistance shapes developed in airplane service, is stationary, thus eliminating moving parts. These forms offer less resistance to air flow than any other shape yet developed. Performance characteristics are constant, cleaning efficiency guaranteed 97 per cent, resis tance to air flow 0.25 in. of water. To facilitate the laying out and instal lation of filters of various capacities, and to best use whatever space is available, the Reed Streamline is built in standard sections, in three different sizes and capacities. Complete half sections are made to furnish intermediate capacities between multiples of the standard sections. Instead of the usual Reed Automatic Electric Control, a push button control or time switch may be installed when the fan is operated intermittently. By progressively packing the media and gradually increasing the density toward the rear of the filter, greater, dust capacity and minimum increase in resistance are assured. Periods between cleanings are therefore correspondingly increased. The Reed Automatic Latch facilitates the handling of cells in restricted areas and the felt gasket between cell and frame prevents leakageand insures full efficiency. The new Reed Steam Cleaning Tank cleans the cells far more thoroughly and the labor of manual washing is entirely eliminated. Our engineering department will gladly furnish complete data and drawings on any Reed Air Filter, for any purpose, without cost or obligation. 507 Automatic Stokers Whiting Corporation HARRINGTON STOKER DIVISION Harvey, Illinois Manufacturers of the "King Coal" Automatic Stoker for Heating and Small Power Plant Boilers The "King Coal" Automatic Stoker is a front, over-feed, stepped grate mechanism having two stationary and two movable sections wherein gravity plays no part in progression of the fuel bed. It provides fully automatic stoking of boilers from 40 hp. and up. Hospitals, hotels, apartments, schools and laundries find its smokeless combustion, fuel saving and fully automatic features of substantial value in figuring their heating costs. . Fuel--Coal of the cheapest grade is burned at high efficiency. Forced Draft--This takes care of low chimney troubles in small boiler in stallations. Ash Discharge--Stokers are entirely self cleaning and the patent ash discharge provides a continuous ash seal where all of the latent heat in the ash is given up before being discharged into the pit. . Standardization--All sizes of "King Coal" Automatic Stokers are identical in construction. Adding sections to length and additional width increases the capacity. Each section or step is made up of in dividual grate bars which merely rest in place (no multiplicity of pins, cotters, bolts or joints). Flexibility--Varying speed of travel and depth of coal bed secured by a one to four inch adjustability of the stroke and the adjustability of the hopper gate. Only alternate grates are movable, thus securing uniform flow of coal without caking. 1. Feed hopper and feed plate, the latter being first of 4 grates. 2. Second grate tedion resit upon grate (S). 3. Movable grate section rests and slides upon (4), at the same time sliding back and forth under section (#). 4. Rear grate. 5. Ash plate. x Standard Sizes Grate Widths (in feet)............................... ............... 3.4 ,.5,6 Grate Lengths (effective grate surface, in feet), 6, 7,8,9 Each width can be made in either length. Required furnace width always just one foot more than the grate width. Furnace depth for 6-ft. stoker is 7 ft. 5 in.; furnace depth for 8 and 9-ft. stoker is 10 ft. 2 in. "King Coal" Model "B" S|oker Designed particularly for simple and easy installation in boilers of the fire box type as well as the smaller brickset boilers. Range in coal burning capacity from 40 to 500 pounds of coal per hour. Smokeless combus tion guaranteed, and self-cleaning fires. 508 Boilers American Radiator Company 40 West 40th Street, New York City Manufacturers of Ideal Redfiash Boilers, American Corto Radiators and other Products for Heating, Ventilating and Refrigerating IDEAL REDFLASH BOILERS for Hard Coal, Soft Coal, Coke, Oil, and Gas 1--Perfected Design--Highly Efficient--The Ideal Redfiash Boiler has a very rapid pick-up capacity. - 2--Thoroughly and Indestructibly Insulated. 3--Completely Equipped with Automatic Regulation and All Accessories. 4--Permanently Beautiful. All Doors Porcelain Enameled. The New Ideal Redfiash Boiler is the achievement of forty years of designing and manufacturing experience. Its per fected sectional design insures quick heat ing response and a high degree of operating -economy. The boiler is completely equipped, both water and steam, with automatic regula tion and all accessories. It is thoroughly and indestructibly insulated. Its clean liness and beauty permit the use of the basement as a livable place. The Ideal Redfiash Boiler (sizes 2, 3, 4 and 5) are available also with the famous Ideal Smoke Oxidizer for the burning of any . grade of soft coal. This . simple, perfected device is water-backed throughout, and cannot burn out. The Ideal Redfiash Boiler for soft coal does not require any special degree of skilled attendance. It is easily fired and cared for, assuring satisfactory service with ordinary attention. A catalog containing complete data on these boilers will gladly be sent on request. American Radiator Company Data and Measurements NO. 1 IDEAL REDFLASH BOILER Burns Hard and Soft Coal, Coke, Oil, and Gas Boilers American Radiator Company Data and Measurements NO. 2 IDEAL REDFLASH BOILERS Burns Hard Coal, Coke, Oil, and Gas Smokeless Type burns Soft Coal Smokelessly Boilers Number Rating ' Crate Fuel Outlets of Steam Area Capacity No. and Boiler Sq. Ft, Sq.Ft. Lb*. Size l-S-4 350 1.33 120 1-3' l-S-5 500 1.79 160 1-3' l-S-6 650 2.25 200 2-3' l-S-7 600 2.71 240 2-3' i-s-a 950 3.17 230 2-3' l-S-9 1100 3.63 320 2-3' Number Rating Crate Fuel Outlet* of -Water Area Capacity No. and Boiler Sq. Ft. Sq. Ft. Lbs. Size l-W-4 > ' 600 1.33 120 1-3' l-W-5 850 1.79 160 1-3' l-W-6 1100 2.25 200 2-3' 1-W-7 1350 2.71 240 2-3' l-W-8 1600 3.17 280 2-3' l-W-9 1850 3.63 320 2-3' Inlet* No. and Size Chimney Size Height Inches Feet 2-2' 2-2' 2-2' 2-2' 2-2' 2-2' 8z 8 8* 8 8x 8 8x 12 8x 12 8* 12 30 30 30 35 35 35 WATER Inlets No. and Size 2-3' 2-3' 2-3' 2-3' 2-3' 2-3' Chimney Size Inches 8x 8 8x 8 8x 8 8x 12 8x 12 8* 12 Height Feet 30 30 30 35 35 35 Dimension*--Inches For Locating Flow Tappings A B cL 11% I5'/S 12 T'/i 8 IS'A 12 \VA 16 m *Vi 16 20 *A 24 #4 28 *'4 32 *A 36 Dimensions--Inches For Locating Flow Tappings A B CL ii'/i I5>A 12 T'h 8 I5<A 12 ISA 16 5'A '/z 16 v/i 20 45 24 *4 28 *4A'/ 32 36 510 ! Number Rating of Steam Boiler Sq. Ft. Number of Bailer (Smoke less) Rating Steam Sq. Ft. Fuel Crate Outlets Area No. and Sq. Ft. Anthra Size cite Only Inlets No. and Size Chimney Dimensions--Inches For Locating Flow Tappings Size Inches Height Feet A B C D L 2-S-5 2-S-6 2-S-7 2-S-8 2-S-9 2-S-10 2-S-11 1.050 1.300 1.550 1,800 2.050 2.300 2.550 2-S-8-S' 2-S-9-S 2-S-10-S 2-S-I1-S 2-S-12-S 2-S-I3-S 1,800 2,050 2,300 2,550 2,800 .3,050 3.50 4.39 5.28 6.17 7.06 7.95 8.84 9.73 10.62 if320 2-4' 8x12 35 10 10 400 2-4' 12x12 35 15 10 480 2-4' 12x12 35 10 20 5 .25 5 30 5 35 m560 2-4' 12x12 40 15 20 640 2-4'^ 12x16 40 30 30 5 40 5 45 720 2-4' 12x16 45 15 30 5 50 800 2-4' 12x16 45 10 20 20 5 55 it 2-4' 12x16 50 15 30 10 5 60 2-4' 12x16 50 20 10 20 io 5 65 WATER Number Rating of Water Boiler Sq. Ft. Number of Boiler (Smoke' less) Rating Water- Sq. Ft. Grate Area Sq. Ft. Fuel Capacity Outlets Lbs. No. and Anthra Size cite Only Inlets No. and Size Chimney Dimensions--Inches For Locating Flow Tappings Size Inches Height Feet A B C D E L 2-W-5 2-W-6 2-W-7 2-W-8 2-W-9 2-W-10 2-W-1I 1,800 2,200 2,600 3,000 3,400 3.800 4,200 2-W-8-S 2-W-9-S 2-W-I0-S 2-W-ll-S 2-W-l2^ 2-W-133 . 3.000 3,400 3,800: 4.300 4,600 5,000 3.50 4.39 5.28 6.17 7.06 7.95 8.84 9.73 10.62 320 2-y/j* 400 2 vA" 480 7-Vfr 560 2-3W 640 '2-3%' 720 2-3JA' 800 3-3%' 2-4' 7.-~4r 8x12 35 10 10 5 25 2-4* 2-4' 12x12 40 15 20 2-4' 12x16 .40 30 30 5 40 5 45 2-4' 12x16 45 15 30 5 50 2-4' 12x16 2-4' 2-4' 12x16 45 10 20 20 5 55 50 20 16 20 fo 5 65 American Radiator Company Data and Measurements NO. 3 IDEAL REDFLASH BOILER Burns Hard Coal, Coke, Oil, and Gas Smokeless Type burns Soft Coal Smokelessly Boilers Sr-" American Radiator Company . Data and Measurements NO. 4 IDEAL REDFLASH BOILER Burns Hard Coal, Coke, Oil, and Gas Smokeless Type burns Soft Coal Smokelessly Boilers SSI i STEAM STEAM Number Rating of Steam Boiler - Sq. Ft. Number of . Boiler (Smoke less) Rating Steam Sq. Ft. Grate Area Sq. Ft. Fuel &K?y Outlets No.and Anthra Size cite Only Inlets Nr* arvrl Size Chimneys Dimensions--Inches For LocatingFlow Tappings Size Inches Height Feet A B C D E F G L Number Rating of - Steam Boiler Sq. Ft. Number of Boiler (Smoke less) Rating Steam Sq. Ft. Grate Area Sq. Ft. Fuel Capacity Outlets No. and Anthra Size cite Only Inlets ' Chimneys Dimensions--Inches For Locating Flow Tappings Size Size Inches Height Feet A BCDEF G i=S-7 35-9 35-10 3-S-M 35-12 35-13 2 500 3'000 4,000 4,500 5.000 5,500 6,000 35-95 35-105 35-115 35-125 35-135 35-145 4,000 4,500 5.000 5,500 6,000 6,500 6.65 6.00 9.35 10.70 12.05 13.40 14.75 16.10 17.45 590 710 630 950 1,070 1,190 1,310 1,430 2-3%' 3-3%' 3-3%* 4-y/i' 4-3'/,' 4-3/2* 5-3W' b5--3vk 2-5' 2-5' 2-5' 2-5' 2-5' 2-5' 2-5' 2-5' 2-5' 12116 16z 16 16x16 16x20 16x20 20x20 20x20 20x20 20x20 40 45 50 50 55 60 65 65 70 9 18 9 36 9 12 12 9 42 9 18 12 9 48 9 12 12 12 9 54 9 12 12 12 15 60 9 12 18 18 9 66 9 18 12 12 12 9 72 9 18 18 12 12 9 78 9 12 12 18 12 ii 9 84 4-S-7 4-S-8 4-S-9 4-S-10 4-S-ll 45-12 45-13 5,000 5,750 6.500 7,250 8,000 8,750 9,500 43-9-S 45-ras 45-1 IS 4-S-12-S 4-S-13-S 4-S-I4-S 6,500 7,250 8,000 8,750 9,500 10,250 11.70 13.68 15.66 17.64 19.62 21.60 23.58 25.56 950 1,110 1,270 1,430 1,590 1,750 1,910 3-4' 3-4' 4-4' 4-4' 5-4' 5-4' 6-4' 6-4' 2-6' 2-6' 2-6' 2-6' 2-6' 2-6' 2-6' 2-6' 16x20 20x20 20x20 20x20 20x24 20x24 20x24 20x24 50 10% 14 14 10% 55 10% 14 14 17% 55 10% 14 14 14 60 10% 14 14 14 10% 17% 65 1014 14 14 14 14 10% 70 10% 14 14 14 14 17% 75 10% 14 14 14 14 14 10% 75 101/2 14 14 14 14 14 17-/2 WATER Number of Boiler Rating Water Sq.Ft. Number of Boiler (Smoke less) Rating Water Sq. Ft. Grate Area Sq. Ft. Fuel Capacity Lbs. Anthra cite Only Outlets No. and Size \ Inlets Size Chimneys Dimensions--Inches ForLocatingFlowTappings - Size Inches Height Feet A B C D E F G L 3-W-6 3-W-7 3-W-8 3-W-9 3-W-10 3-W-11 3-W-12 3-W-13 4,200 5'000 5; 600 6,600 7,400 8,200 9,000 9,800 3-W-83 3-W-9-S 3-W-IO-S 3-W-11-S 3-W-12-S 3-W-13-S 3-W-14S 5,800 6,600 7,400 8,200 9,000 9,800 10,600 6.65 8.00 9.35 10.70 12.05 13.40 14.75 16.10 17.45 590 710 830 950 1,070 1,190 1,310 1,430 2-3%' 3-3%' 3-3'/.' *~W 4-3%' 4-3%' 5-3%' 5-3/z' 6-3'/,' 2-5' 2-5' 2-5' 2-5' 2-5' 2-5' 2-5' 2-5' 2-5' 12x16 16x16 16x20 16x20 20x20 20x20 20x20 20x20 40 45 50 50 55 60 65 65 70 9 18 9 36 9 12 12 9 42 9 18 12 9 48 9 12 12 \2 9 54 9 12 12 12 15 60 9 12 18 18 9 66 9 18 12 12 \2 9 72 9 18 18 12 >2 9 78 9 12 12 18 12 \l 9 84 .WATER Number .of , Boiler Rating Water Sq. Ft. Number of Boiler (Smoke less) Rating Water . Sq. Ft.' Grate Area' Sq. Ft. Fud Outlets No. and Anthra Size cite Only Inlets Size Chimneys Dimensions--Inches For Locating Flow Tappings Size Inches Height Feet A BCDEF G L 4-W-7 4-W-8 4-W-9 4-W-IO 4-W-11 4-W-I2 4-W-13 8,500 9,750 .11,000 12,250 13,500 14,750 16,000 4-W-9-S 4-Wr1(LS 4-W-1 l-S 4-W-I2-S 4-W-13-S 4-W-I4-S 11.000 12,250 13,500 14,750 16,000 17,250 11.70 13 68 15.66 17.64 19.62 21.60 23.58 25.56 950 1 110 1,270 1,430 1,590 1,750 1,910 3-4' 4-4' 4-4' 5-4' 5-4' 6-4' 6-4' 2-6' 2-6' 2-6' 2-6' 2-6' 2-6' 2-6' 16x20 20x20 20x20 20x24 20x24 20x24 20x24 50 10% 14 14 10% 49 55 14 14 M 1(/ 63 60 10% 14 14 14 17% 70 65 10% 14 14 14 14 70 iow 14 14 14 14 1*71/? 77 84 m75 14 14 14 14 14 91 75 >oy2 14 14 14 14 14 98 512 513 American Radiator Company Data and Measurements NO. 5 IDEAL REDFLASH BOILER Bums Hard Coal, Coke, Oil, and Gas Smokeless Type burns Soft Coal Smokelessly Boilers American Radiator Company Boilers Data and Measurements NO. 2 IDEAL REDFLASH SMOKELESS BOILER Burns All Grades of Soft Coal Smokelessly STEAM Number Rating of Steam Boiler Sq. Fl Number of Boiler (Smok^ less) Rating Steam Sq. Ft. Grate Fuel Outlets Area Capacity No. and Sq. Ft. Lbs. Size Inlets Size Chimneys Dimensions--Inches . Far Locating Flow Tappings Size Inches Height Feet A B CDE FCH L %S-\ 1 SS-12 S-S-13 S-S-I4 5-S-15 5-SI 6 5-SI 7 A nm 18.83 1,281 11,300 12,400 13,500 14,600 15,700 16,600 17,900 5-Slt-S 5-SI2-S 5-SI3-S SS143 5-SI5-S 5-S16-S SS17-S 11,300 12,400 13,500 14,600 15,700 16,800 17,900 26.90 21.52 24.21 24.21 26.90 26.90 26.90 1,830 1,464 1.647 1,647 1,830 1,830 1,830 3-5' 5*5# 5-5' 5-5' 6-5' 6-5' 7-5' 7-5' 2-6' 2-6' 2-6' 2-6' 2-6' 2-6' 2-6' 2-6' 2-6' 2-6' 24x28 24x28 24x28 24x28 24x28 30x36 30x36 30x36 30x36 30x36 70 75 75 80 85 85 90 . 95 100 105 12 24 16 12 12 16 16 16 12 12 16 24 16 12 12 16 16 16 16 12 12 16 16 16 16 20 12 16 24 16 24 12 16 16 24 16 i6 12 12 12 16 24 16 24 16 12 12 16 16 16 16 16 i6 20 12 16 24 16 24 16 16 12 64 72 80 88 % 104 112 120 128 136 WATER Number Rating of Water Boiler Sq. FL Number of Boiler (Smoke less) Rating Water Sq. Ft. Grate Fuel Outlets Inlets Area Capacity No. and No. and Sq. Fl Lbs. Size Size ^ Chimneys Dimensions--Inches For Locating Flow Tappings Size Inches Height Feet A BCDE F GH L 5-W-9 5-W-11 5-W-I2 5-W-13 5-W-I4 5-W-15 5-W-I6 5.W-17 islooo 18 81 15,000 21.52 18,600 20,400 22,200 24,000 25,600 27,600 29,400 5-W-1I-S 5-W-12S 5-W.| 5-W-I4-S 5-W-15-S 5-W-16-S 5-W-17-S 18,600 20,400 22,200 24,000 25,800 27,600 29,400 26.90 21.52 24.21 24.21 26.90 26.90 26.90 1,281 1 '464 1,830 1,464 1,647 1,647 1,830 1,830 1,830 3-5' 4-5' 5-5' 5-5* 5-5* 6-5* 6-5' 77--5y' 2-6' 2-6' v 2-6' 2-6' 2-6' 2-6* 2-6' 2-6* 2-6' 2-6' 24x28 24x28 24x28 24x28 24x28 30x36 30 x 36. 30x36 30x36 30x36 70 75 75 80 85 85 90 95 100 105 12 24 16 12 16 16 16 12 16 24 16 12 16 16 16 16 u 16 16 16 -i6 12 16 24 16 24 12 16 16 24 16 16 12 16 24 16 24 16 12 16 16 16 16 16 12 16 24 16 .24 16 12 12 12 12 20 12 12 12 i6 20 16 12 64 72 80 88 96 104 1)2 120 128 136 514 SMOKELESS--STEAM Number of Boiler Rating Steam Sq. Fl 2-S-8-S 2-S-9-S 2-S-10-S 2-S-ll-S 2-S-I2-S . 2-S-I3-S 1,800 2,050 2,300 2,550 2,600 3,050 Grate Area Sq. Fl 6.17 7.06 7.95 8.84 9.73 10.62 Outlets No. and Size Inlets No. and Size Chimney Size Height Inches Feet Dimensions--Inches For Locating Flow Tappings A B C D EL 2-3/.' 1-VA2-3$' 3-3W s-vff 2-4' 2-4' 2-4' 2-4' 2-4' . 2-4' 12x12 12 x 16 12x16 12x16 12x 16 I2x 16 40 40 45 45 50 50 15 20 20 20 15 30 10 20 20 15 30 10 20 10 20 io 5 40 5 45 5 50 5 55 5 60 5 65 SMOKELESS--WATER Number of Boiler Rating Water Sq. Fl 2-W-8-S 2-W-9-S 2-W-IOS 2-W-ILS 2-W-12-S 2-W-I3-S 3,000 3,400 3,800 4,300 4,600 5,000 Grate Area Sq. Fl 6.17 7.06 7.95 8.84 9.73 10.62 Outlets No. and Size Inlets No. and Size Chimney Size Height Inches Feet Dimensions--Inches. For Locating Flow Tappings A BC DE L 2-3%' 2~w2-305' 3-3'/' 3*--y3%(v' 2-4' 2-4' 2-4' 2-4' 2-4' 2-4' 12x12 12x16 12x16 I2x 16 12 x 16 I2x 16 40 40 45 45 50 50 15 20 20 20 15 30 to 20 20 15 30 10 20 10 20 10 5 40 5 45 5 50 5 55 5 60 5 65 American Radiator Company Boilers Data and Measurements NO. 3 IDEAL REDFLASH SMOKELESS BOILER Burns All Grades of Soft Coal Smokelessly American Radiator Company Boilers Data and Measurements NO. 4 IDEAL REDFLASH SMOKELESS BOILER Burns All Grades of Soft Coal Smokelessly SMOKELESS--STEAM Number of Boiler Rating Steam Sq. Ft. 3-S-8-5 3-S-9-S 3-S-10-S 3-S-ll-S 3-S-12-S 3-S-13-S 3-S-14-S 3,500 4,000 4,500 5,000 5,500 6,000 6,500 Crate Area Sq.Ft. 9.35 10.70 12.05 13.40 14.75 16.10 17.45 Outlets No. and Sire Inlets No. and Size 3-3Vi' 44--33V$i"' 45--33/2$"' 5-3$' 6-3W 2-5' 2-5' 2-5' 2-5' 2-5' 2-5' 2-5' Chimney Dimensions--Inches For Locating Flow Tappings Size Inches Height Feet A B C D E F G- L 16x16 50 9 18 12 9 48 16x20 50 9 12 12 \l 9 54 16x20 55 9 12 12 12 15 60 20x20 60 9 12 18 18 9 66 20x20 65 9 18 12 12 12 9 72 20x20 65 9 16 18 12 12 9 78 20x20 70 9 12 12 18 12 \2 9 84 SMOKELESS--WATER Number of Boiler Rating Water Sq. Ft. 3-W-d-S 3-W-9-S 3-W-IO-S *-W-1 l-S 3-W-12-S 3-W-I3-S 3-W-I4S 5,800 6,600 7,400 8,200 9,000 9,800 10,600 Grate Area ' Sq. Ft. Outlets No. and Size Inlets No. and Size 9.35 10.70 12.05 13.40 14.75 16.10 17.45 3-31/z' 4-3$' 4-3$' 5-3$' 5-3$' b-Wl' 2-5' 2-5' 2-5* 2-5' 2-5' 2-5' 2-5* Chimney . Dimensions--Inches . For Locating Flow Tappings Size . Height Inches- Feet A B C D E F G L I6x >6 16x20 16x20 20x20 20 x 20. 20x20 20x20 `50 50 55 60 65 65 70 9 18 12 9 48 9 12 12 12 9 54 9 12 12 12 15 60 9 12 18 18 9 66 9 18 12 12 \2 9 72 9 18 18 12 12 9 78 9 12 12 18 12 12 9 84 516 SMOKELESS--STEAM Number of Boiler - Rating Steam Sq.Ft. 4-S-9-S 4-S.JOS 4-S-J1-S 4-S-12-S 4-S-13-S 4-S-M-S 6,500 7,250 8,000 8,750 9.500 10,250 Grate Area Sq. Ft. 15.66 17.64 19.62 21.60 23.58 25.56 Outlets No. and Size Inlets No. and Size Chimney Size Height Inches Feet A Dimensions--Inches For Locating Flow Tappings B CDEF G L 4-4' 4-4' 5-4' 5-4' 6-4' 6-4' 2-6' 2-6' 2-6' 2-6' 2-6' 2-6' 20x20 20x20 20x24 20x24 20x24 20x24 55 60 65 70 75 75 101A 10$ 10$ io$ 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 10*/. 1170V$2 17$ 10$ 63 70 77 84 91 m 14 14 14 14 14 m/2 98 SMOKELESS--WATER Number of Boiler Rating Water Sq. Ft. 4-W-fcS 4-W-IOS 4-W-11-S 4-W-12-S 4-W-13-S 4-W-14-S 11,000 12,250 13,500 14.750 16,000 17,250 Grate Area Sq. Ft. 15.66 17.64 19.62 21.60 23.58 25.56 Outlets No. and Size ' Inlets No. and Size Chimney Size Height Inches Feet A Dimensions--Inches For Locating Flow Tappings ' B C DE F G L 4-4' 4-4' 5-4' 5-4' 6-4' 6-4' 2-6' 2-6' 2-6' 2-6' 2-6' 2-6' 20x20 20x20 20x24 20x24 20x24 20x24 55 60 65 70 75 75 1I00>$A 10$ 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 tO> 1170|$A 63 70 77 vAW/2 1 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 17$ 10$ 84 91 m 14 14 14 14 14 l7Vz 98 517 American Radiator Company Boilers Data and Measurements NO. 5 IDEAL REDFLASH SMOKELESS BOILER Bums All Grades of Soft Coal Smokelessly SMOKELESS--STEAM Number of Boiler Rating Steam Sq. Ft. Grate Area Sq. Ft. Outlets Inlets No. and No. and Size Size Chimney Dimensions--Inches _ For Locating Flow Tappings Size Inches Height Feet A B C DE F GHL VS-9-S S-S-I&S S-S-ll-S VS-I2-S 9,100 10,200 11,300 12,400 21.52 24.21 26.90 21.52 4-5' 4-5* 5-5' 5-5' 2-6' 2-6' 2-6' 2-6' 24x28 24x28 24x28 24x28 75 12 16 16 16 75 12 16 24 16 80 12 16 16 16 16 85 (2 16 16 16 16 12 72 12 80 12 88 20 96 5-5-13-S 5-S-J4-S - (3,500 14,600 24.21 24.21 5-5' 6-5' 2-6? 2-6' 30x36 30x36 85 12 16 -24 16 24 90 12 16 16 24 16 16 12 12 112 5-S-I66 5-S-I7-S . 15,700 16,600 17,900 26.90 26.90 26.90 6-5' 7-5' 7-5' 2-6' 2-6' 2-6' 30x36 30x36 30x36 95 100 105 12 12 16 16 24 16 16 24 16 16 16 16 M i6 20 120 128 12 16 24 16 24 16 16 12 136 SMOKELESS--WATER Number of Boiler 5-W-9-S 5-W-KLS 5-W-I1-S 5-W-I2-S 5-W-13-S S.W-14-S 5-W-1S-S 5-W-I6-S 5-W-17-S Rating Water Sq. Ft. Grate Area Sq.Ft. Outlets Inlets No. and No. and Size Size Chimney Dimensions--Inches For Locating Flow Tappings Size Inches Height Feet A B C DE F G HL 15,000 16,800 18,600 20,400 22,200 24,000 25,800 27,600 29,400 21.52 24.21 26.90 21.52 24.21 24.21 26.90 26.90 26.90 4-5' 4-5' 5-5' 5-5' 5-5' 6-5' 6-5' 7-5' 7-5' 2-6' 2-6' 2-6' 2-6' 2-6' 2-6' 2-6' 2-6' 2-6' 24x28 24x28 24x28 24x28 30x36 30x36 30x36 30x36 30x36 75 75 80 85 85 90 95 100 105 12 16 16 16 12 72 12 16 24 16 12 60 12 16 16 16 16 12 12 16 16 16 16 20 96 12 16 24 16 24 12 12 16 16 24 16 16 12 112 12 16 24 16 24 16 12 120 12 16 16 16 16 16 i6 -20 128 12 16 24 16 24 16 16 12 136 518 American Radiator Company Boilers IDEAL "HOTCOIL" Gas Water Heater The New Hotcoil Water Heater functions with the highest degree of operating efficiency attainable for practical service. With green porcelain enamel top and base, in combination with the pearl-gray jacket, the beauty of this heater is virtually everlasting. The Hotcoil Heater unites "flash" heating with the automatic storage factor, embodying the advantages of all other types of water heaters. Specifications 1-- Special brass hot water flow-fitting. 2-- Noij-destructible metal jacket with beautiful pearl gray baked enamel finish. 3-- Substantial heavy gauge tank, galvanized inside and outside. 4-- Conveniently located brass drain cock. 5-- Large bore, heavy gauge, one-piece copper coil heating element, insuring immediate hot water recovery. ., . 6-- Bunsen type gas burner with self pilot. 7-- Porcelain enamel Back Draft Diverter Hood. 8-- Non-syphon acting cold water'intake. 9-- Central water-surrounded flue containing cop per coil heating element. 10-- New Arco Automatic regulator with quick acting metallic bellows. 11-- Main Gas Supply Control Valve and Dial. 12-- Substantial base and legs with porcelain enamel finish. n. - Made in three sizes, 20, 30, 40 gallons. Bums manufactured, mixed, or natural gas. 519 American Radiator Company IDEAL "KOLFLASH" Coal-buming Water Heater The firepot of the Kolflash Heater is made of cast iron with a one-inch non-heat-conducting refractory lining. Under ordinary operating conditions the tern- perature of the smooth, enameled and non-waterbacked exterior of the firepot is no higher than the temperature of the water in the tank. This lining not only contributes to the efficiency of the heater, but also provides for a quick pick-up capacity. For the lining retains the heat of the fire, and after a shaking-down and the addition of more fuel, the new charge of coal quickly ignites. The radiant heat of the glowing coals plays directly on the broad bottomed, water-backed surface of the tank, and. the heated water rises, extracting increasing amounts of heat from the gases in the central flue. \ The Ideal Kolflash Heater has been designed with deep firepot especially to provide for long firing periods. Boilers Specifications Large combustion chamber insures minimum at tention. For ordinary household demands this heater need be fired but twice a day. . One inch, non-heat-conducting refractory lining in firepot, prevents heat loss and insures quick pick-up heating capacity. Water-surrounded flue insures maximum absorption of heat from the gases:' . Extra-heavy shell insures durable service. Arco Automatic Regulator keeps water at right temperature. Flexible, sturdy grating especially designed for easy >- caretaking. ' . Outside jacket finished in beautiful French pearl gray. Base and top finished in beautiful green porcelain enamel. ' 520 Boilers and Specialties American RaDiflTOB Kompany . General Sales and Eastern Executive Office 40 West 40th Street, New York. Western Executive Office and Accessories Division 816 South Michigan Avenue, Chicago, Illinois Manufacturers of Ideal Boilers, American Corto Radiators, and other Heating, Ventilating, and Refrigerating Products PACKLESS VALVE Arco Packless No. 999--leak proof--does not require repacking. Does hot stick or bind--opens with one smooth turn of special com position handle never gets hot. No. 999r Furnished in _ either round or lever handle--made in angle, corner and globe patterns for steam, water, vapor or vacuum. Arco Fractional Control Type No. 994 Same as the No. 999 Pa c k1 e s s with dial equipment and calibrat ing cone on disc. PACKED VALVES Detroit Steam Valves Metal well dis tributed--strong and heavy where strength is needed. Regularly equipped with composition handle, black hard rubber finish. No. 72 Angle, No. 32 R. H. Corner, No. 37 L. H. Corner, No. 57 Globe, No. 373 Gate. Detroit Equalizing Hot Water Valve No. 104 Opens and closes smoothly--never sticks or binds. The narrow edge of the plate pre sents a small area of contact so that corrosion is easily broken away. Made in angle pattern only--Lever handle No. 105. No. 846 Thermostat MERCOID CONTROLS Patents Pending All Mercoid Controls employ the ' Mercoid Switch which carries the full line current at 110 or 220 volts without arcing or corrosion of con tacts. Mercoid instruments give automatic control of temperature, pressure or vacuum. The various models provide a wide field of ap plication. The No. 845 Mercoid Thermostat is especially adapted for use with Unit Heaters-r-starting or stopping the fan as the air tem perature- changes. The No. 847 Arco Motor Valve, for high or low pressure steam, water, air. etc., can be used with any Mercoid1 Control. Write for full details of this com plete line. ' 521 No. 848 Type For temperature. Pressure, or vacuum American Radiator Company Boilers and Specialties IN-AIRID The Invisible Air Valve The IN-AIRID No. 1 is a new type automatic air valve especially designed to prevent the short circuiting of steam in new water type radiation. The In-Airid screws into the top plug opening in the vent end of the radiator and its baffle disc completely blocks off the opening to the last section. The operation of In-Airid is based on the same well known principle of the thermostatically charged float used so successfully in the famous Airid No. 500. . The IN-AIRID No. 2 is for "below atmosphere" jobs. It has all the venting features of the No. 1, plus the vacuum seal with hand lapped monel disc and seat. It allows the air to escape but prevents its return into the system. AIRID AIR VALVES The Airid No. 500 should be installed only on old style radiation which has nipple connections only at the bottom. On new type radiation with nipple connections at the top use the In-Airid. Vac-Airid No. 510 is for "below atmosphere" jobs on old style radiation. It is designed to allow the air to escape but prevents its return into the system. ARCO REGULATORS Arco Water Regulator No. 800 is for damper control on hot water heating boilers, adjustable for temperature be tween 100 deg. and 220 deg.--all metal --length of bulb, 2^ inches; connec tion, 2 inches. ARCO STEAM REGULATOR NO. 905 For damper control on steam boilers--pressure up. to 15 lbs. Connection 1 inch I.P.S. male thread--all metal--trimmings furnished. \ No. 800 IDEAL QUICK VENT NO. 815 All metal for venting mains, long runs of pipe, indirect stacks, drop risers, etc. Very sensitive. No. 815, % in.; No. 820, H in. IDEAL FLOAT QUICK VENT NO. 821 For free venting mains, indirect stacks, vento, etc. Closes against water. No. 821, % in. No. 905 No. 881 VAC-VENT NO. 822 For vacuum heating, No. 822 Vac-Vent is self-sealing against the return of air. No. 822, % in. 522 No. 8t5 Boilers, Gas American Radiator Company IDEAL GAS BOILERS . Distributor American Gas Products Corporation 376 Lafayette Street, New York Ideal Gas Boilers . for house-heating, domestic hot-water supply and general industrial use A complete line of durable cast-iron boilers specially ' designed to burn gas at the highest possible efficiency. They are supplied with complete automatic control equip ment for steam, vapor or water heating systems, including thermostatic pilot and low water cut-out. Ideal Gas Boilers are produced complete--from castings to control valves--by one company, making it possible to maintain a single high standard of quality with a single manufacturing profit. The heavily insulated jackets are attractive to .the eye, easily kept dean'and absolutely impervious to corrosion. All metal parts, such as diverters, canopies and trimmings are given a lustrous porcelain finish applied at high tem peratures in our own enamelling ovens. A. G. A. Approved; recommended by leading gas companies and accepted as*standard by architects, heating contractors and engineers. Will'heat anything from a three room cottage to the largest buildings. RATINGS--DIMENSIONS Ideal Type ^G Gas Boiler A G A RATINCS J_______ DIMENSIONS Steam Water Boiler No. Sq. Ft. Sq. Ft. Output B.t.u. Hp. No. of 1 tions No. and Size No. and Size No.anc Overal No. of Burn er* Size of Gas Supply Lines In. of of Tappings Size of Burner Flue Mani fold In. Siypb Return In. Connec. Diara. In. Width In. Depth In. Height Inch Di verters In. Water Line In. 0-G-4 O-G-5 004 0-G-7 270 340 410 480 435 64.000 1.9 545 81.000 2.4 655 98.200 2.9 765 115*200 3.4 l-G-4 l-G-5 I-G4 l-G-7 l-G-8 l-C-9 1-0-10 i-G-n 550 880 710 1130 870* 1390 1025 1640. . M85 .. 1890 1340 2150 1500 2400 1660 2650 132.000 170,000 208.000 246.000 284.000 322.000 360.000 398.000 3.9 5.1 6.2 7.3 8.5 9.6 10.7 11.9 4 5 6 7 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 3 1-1 3 l-l 3 1-1 3 l-l 1 1-21/, 1-7% 1-5 1 6% 13% 54 32 1 1-21/4 1-2V5 1-5 18/2 16% 54 32 1 1 1-21/4 1-214 Il--22VV? 1-6 1-6 1is8%$ 2192%# 55 55 ; 32 32 3 1-11/4 1% 2-4 2-4 1-6 I8J/2 24Vs 52% 30 44 5 6 7 8 9 10 1 -- 11/4 1-1 Vi 11--11%$ 1-i% 1-2 1-2 i% 1\<%A 1% 1% 11%$ 2-4 2-4 2-4 2-4 2-4 2-4 2-4 2-4 2-4 2-4 2-4 2-4 2-4 2-4 1-7 1-8 1-8 1-8 1-9 1-9 1-10 m26V? 421A 46$ 2244%# 24# 2244%# 2244%# 52% 53 53% 54% 5578%$ 58# 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 4-G-6 2000 4-G-7 2400 3200 3840 480.000 14.3 576.000 17.2 6 7 5 1-2 6 1-2 2 2 1-6 1-6 1-5 1-5 l-l 1 1-11 27 31 4411V$i 69 43 69%. 43 4-G-8 2800 4480 672.000 20.0 8 7 1-2 2 1-6 1-5 1-12 35 41% 701/4 43 441-9 3200 4-G-IO 3600 5120 5760 768.000 22.9 664.000 25.8 9 10 8 9 I1--22V%? 2 2 1-6 1-6 1-5 1-5 1-12 1-13 39 43 4411%$ 71 73 43 43 4-G-l 1 4000 4-0-13 4800 4-G-l5 5600 4-G-l 7 6400 4019 -7200 4-G-21 8000 4-C-22 8400 6400 7660 8960 10240 11520 12800 13440 960.000 1.152,000 1344.000 1.536.000 1.728.000 1.920.000 2.016,000 28.6 34.4 40.0 45.6 51.6 57.2 60.0 II 13 15 17 19 21 22 10 12 14 16 18 20 21 1-21/5 11--22*$4 1-2 1-3 1-3 1-3 2 22%$ 2$ 2$ 22%$ 1-6 2-6 2-6 2-6 2-6 2-6 4-6 1-5 1-14 1-5 2-11 1-5 2-12 1-5 2-12 1-5 2-13 1-5 2-14 7-5 3-12 47 61 41% 41% 6793%1 43 43 69 41 %- 70% 43 77 4411%$ 71 -43 85 93 41$ 73 ` :*43 73%' 43 101 41% 701/4 43 4-G-25 9600 15360 Z304.000 68.7 442-28 10800 17280 2.592.000 77.4 25 28 24 27 2-21/2 2-2'/i 21$% 4-6 2-5 3-12 4-6 2-5 3-13 115 41 % 127 41% `71 73 - 43 43 442-31 12000 442-33 12800 442-37 14400 442-41 16000 .19200 20480 23040 25600 2.860.000 3.072.000 3.456.000 3.840.000 85.8 91.6 103.2 114.4 31 30 33 . 32 37 36 41 40 2-3 2-3 22%$ 4-6 6-6 2-3 2-3 _i2$%_ 6-6 6-6 7-5 3-5 3-5 3-5 3-14 -12 4-13 4-14 139 41% 73% IS3 169 4411%$ 41$ 7! 73 165 ..m 43 43 43 43 N. B. When specified, additional tappings available; 4-G-6 to 4-G-l 1 = 1-6 in. supply and 1-5 in. return. N. B. When specified, additional tappingB available, 4-G-13 to 4-G-41 =-2~6 in. supply and 2-5 in. return. 523 Boilers, Heating and Power The Bigelow Company Established 1860 Main Office and Works New Haven, Connecticut New York Office--Graybar Building Manufacturers of Bigelow Hornsby Water Tube Boilers Bigelow Horizontal Water Tube Boilers Bigelow Horizontal Return Tubular Boilers Bigelow Electric Steam Generators Bigelow Two Pass Boilers Bigelow Manning Boilers Bigelow Upright Boilers The Bigelow Two Pass Boiler for Heating and Power The requirements in considering a boiler especially for steam heating--are first cost, efficiency and maintenance, and the steel heating boiler particularly the Bigelow Two Pass type we believe meets the above desired requirements most favorably. .. First Cost--The F. O. B. price of a steel boiler is often higher than for other types, blit, of course, the installed cost is the correct way to figure. For the proper erection of a sectional boiler experienced and high priced men are required while the Bigelow Two-Pass Boiler is shipped practically all assembled and requires but a small amount of mason work. Efficiency--Correctly designed as a heat absorbing piece of apparatus, the area of the gas passage in the first pass is approximately one third greater than that of the return pass. This results in better heat transmission, due to the more uniform velocity of the gases over the heating surface as they are cooled. . The furnace is constructed of standard fire and red brick and is encased in a heavy sectional plate steel casing which adds to the neat appearance of the installation and prevents infiltration of air through cracks that may develop in the brick work. Maintenance--The Bigeiow Two-Pass Boiler is constructed without crown sheet or water, legs, so there are no staybolts to break and cause leakage or danger of rupture. Being constructed of steel, there is no likelihood of cracking sections due to sudden changes of temperature, variation in thickness of material under pressure, and no unequal strains are set up in assembling. The many installations of the Bigelow Two-Pass Boiler both for heating and power, have proven it to be economical in operation and low in main tenance cost. Features of the Bigelow Two-Pass Boiler No Staybolts Easy to Install Quick Steamer Low Draft Loss . Easy to Handle . \ Long Gas Travel Efficient to Operate . Low Maintenance Cost Ample Water Capacity Occupies Small Floor Space v Low Exit Gas Temperature Ample Steam Storage Capacity Inside of Boiler Readily Accessible Furnace Suitable for Oil Burning No Cast Iron in Contact with Pressure . Large Furnace Volume for Combustion Area of Gas Passes Properly Proportioned No Special Brick Shapes Required for Furnace - Constructed to A.S.M.E.,or Mass. State Requirements Fire Brick Furnace Wails, which Aids Combustion Built in Units of 25, 50, 75. 100, 125 and 150 hp. All Sizes Built as a Standard for 15 and 125 lb. W. P. Brick Work Easily and Cheaply Repaired when Necessary Boiler Rating Based on 10 sq. ft. of Water Heating Surface per hp. 524 The Bigelow Company Boilers, Heating and Power GENERAL INFORMATION OF BIGELOW TWO-PASS BOILER Heating. 151b. W.P... No. of Boiler for Power. 125 lb. W. P.. 2-40H 240 24IH 241 242H 242 243H 243 244H 244 245H 245 Total Heating Surface.....................................sq.ft. Capacity Steam Radiation.............................sq.ft. Capacity Water Radiation.............................sq.ft. Grate Area........................................ sq. ft. Diameter stack, one bailer............................. in. Diameter stack, two boilers........................... in. Height stack...................................................... feet Area breeching, one boiler............................. sq.ft. Area breeching, two boilers........................... sq.ft. Size of steam nozzle, 151b. W.P...............in. Size of steam nozzle, 125 lb. W. P............. in. Size of safety valve nozzle, 15 lb. W. P.. in. Size of safety valve nozzle, 125 lb. W. P.. in. No. and size pop valves. 15 lb. W. P.. . . in. No. and size pop valves, 125 lb. W. P.. . . in. Blow down and return conn., 151b. W. P.. Blow-off connection. 125 lb. W. P............... No. red brick required................................... No. fire brick required.................................. Area of shell to be insulated................... sq. ft. Weight bare boiler........................................... lbs. Weight boiler comp, cstgs., trmgs. and steel casing................................................ lbs. Length over all................................................... ft.in.A Width overall................................................ft. B Length large shell.............................................. ft.in.C Steam outlet to floor, 15 lb. W. P..........ft. in. D Steam nozzle to floor. 125 lb. W.P___ ft. in. Di Safety valve outlet to floor, 15 lb. W.P., ft. in. E Safety valve noz. to floor. 125 lb. W.P.. ft. in. Ei Flue neck to floor........................................ ft. L F Water line to floor.............................................ft.ii,,G Floor to shell at front of boiler..................... ft.in.H Floor to shell at rear of boiler. . .........ft. in. I Diameter of small shell..................................in. i Diameter of large shell.................................... in. K. Front of boiler to C safety valve nozzle, ft. in. L Rear of boiler to C steam nozzle,.......ft. in. M Height of bridge wall.........:................... .ft. in. N Grate to floor........................ .......... ;____ ft. in. O Length of furnace....................................... ft. in, P Width of furnace................................................ft.in.Q Size of flue neck..............................................;. in. R Thickness of side wall.......................... in. S Thickness of front wall.................................... in. T Thickness of bridge wall at bottom.. .ft. in. U Thickness of bridge wall at. top...................in. V Floor to top of setting......................................ft.in.w Depth and width of rear pier........................ ft.in.X Back of pier to rear of boiler......................... ft.in.Y Distance required to open rear cleanout doors........................................................ft. z 270 3200 5300 12.3 16 20 60 1.3 2.2 6 3 2 3 1-2' 1-2' 3 2 1400 550 100 4675 505 6000 10000 16.5 20 27 60 2.2 3.8 6 4 Z/z 4 l-Z/z' 2-2' 3 2 1550 625 120 8482 751 9000 14800 20.8 24 30 60 3.0 5.2 8 5 3 4 1-3' 2-2' 4 2 1650 700 145 10732 1003 12000 19800 28.0 27 34 60 3.8 6.3 8 5 4 4 2-T/i" 4 2 2100 800 170 14000 1273 15200 25200 31.0 30 38 60 4.5 8.0 8 6 4 5 1-4' 2-21/2' 4 2 2300 900 195 16717 7993 12492 15607 19841 23133 11'9* 13'O' 14' r 16' 2" 16' 4' 5' 4' 5' H' 6'5' 6' 11' 7' 5' 5'8' 6'2' 6'8' 7' 8' 7' 8' Th" 8' l'h' 9'O' 9' 4' 10' 1' r ioi/2r 5'/.' 8'W 7' 10*/2' 9-2W 8' 71/2' 9'6V/ I0'3V2' 8'IP// 9' 7*// 7' 8' 8' 2* 8' 11' 9'3' V 11' 7'9'A' 8'3'/z' 9-01/2' 9- 41/2' lO'OV/ 64/' 5J0'/,' 6'11%' 4' 7' 7-8*' 5'O' 7'IP/,' 5'O' 8'6l/,' 5' 4' T 10* 2' 4' 2'7' ; 2'5' TV 32' 38' 42' 46' 50' 54' 66' 72' 78' 84' 3' 4' 4'7' 5' 3' 6' 3' 6' 5' 43/'2y' 2' 1' 4'2' 3'O' 2' 1' 4'7' 3' 1' rr 5' 8' 2' 11' 2' 1' 5'8' 2' 11' 2' 1' 4'O' 4' 6' 5'O' 6'O' 6'O' 3' 1' 8'*22* 3'8' 4'2' 4' 8' 5'2' 11'*24' 12//*32' !3>//x36' 15*//x40' y - 13'// . 9' 1'4' 1'4' 1' 4' V 4' P 4' w 6' 5' 6>/z' 6'8' 6'/,' 7, Wf 7' 5' 6'/z' T 5' 1'0'x3'0' l'0'*3'0' l'0'*3'6' I'4'x4'0' I'6'x4'6' y i'/i' 3-71/1' 4' P/2' 4'91/2' 4' 71/2' no' 2'l' 2'4' 2*6' 2'10' 1501 18000 29700 33.5 30 42 60 5.2 9.4 8 6 4 5 1-4' 2-3' 4 2'/i 3000 1100 220 .18823 25859 18' 10' 7' 5' 8'8' 10' 1' 10-31/2' 9-7'/,' 9' II' 10'O1/2' 8'6l/,' 5' 4' 2' 7' 50* 84' 8'O' 6' V 2' M' 2' 1' 6'6' 5' 2' I5*/2'x42' 13// 13V/ 2'O' 14' 7' 5' 1'6'x4'.6' 5' V ,2'I0' 525 ^uriJuuit^Qtle^ Boilers Irvington-on-Hudson, New York Makers of High and Low Pressure Cast Iron Heating Boilers Offices: New York Office': Graybar Building Boston, Philadelphia. Chicago, Baltimore, Queens Village, L. I., San Francisco Plants at Irvington, N. Y., Elizabeth, N. J.. Lancaster, Pa. There's a Burnham for Every Heating Purpose Burnham Smokeless Boilers For Steam and Hot Water Heating SPECIALLY designed for soft coal burning. Sectional con? struction. Inside sections interchangeable. As easy to erect and operate as any Burnham Sectional Boiler. Burns the most volatile of soft coal, in conformity to smoke regulations of all cities. Has the extra long fire travel that is a feature of all Burnham Boilers. It gets all the usable heat. Send for Smokeless Boiler Folder. Size 636-S 73AS 83AS 938-S 1036-S 1138-S 1238-S No. of Sections 6 7 8 9 10 It 12 Rating 5625 6875 1 7875 9000 10,125 11,250 12,500 RATINGS FOR STEAM . Sq. Ft. Tappings Grate Area - Supply Return 11.9 14.3 16.6 19.1 21.5 23.9 26.3 3-5* 3-5* 3-5' 4-5* 4-5* 4-5* 5-5* 3-5* 3-5* k 3-5* 4-5* 4-5* 4-5* 5-5* Chimney Size 16*x16*x5Q' 16**16**55' 16**16**60' 20**20**60' 20**20**65' 24**24**65' 24**24**70' Overall Length 74* 83* 92* 101* 110* 120* 129* 638-W 738-W 838-W 93&.W 1038-W 1138-W 1238-W 6 7 8 9 10 tl 12 RATINGS FOR HOT WATER 9,000 11,000 12,600 14,400 16,230 18,000 23,030 11.9 . 3-5* 14.3 3-5' 16.6 3-5* 19.1 4-5* 21.5 4-5' 23.9 4-5* 26.3 5-5* 3-5* 3-5* 3-5* 4-5* 4-5* 4-5* 5-5* 16**16**50' 16**16**55' 16**16**60' 20**20**60' 20**20**65' 24**24**65' 24**24**70' 74* 83* 92* 101* 110*' 120* 129* * Width Overall--60 in. Height Water Line--63 ia. Height to Supply Tapping--75 in. Size Smoke Pipe--18 in. 6. 7, 8 Section Boilers; 20 in. 9, 10, 11, 12 Section Boilers. Catalogue gives full information concerning the full line of Burnham Bailers for Heating and Hot Water Supply. 526 Boilers Goatesville Boiler Works Coatesville, Pa. Main Office and Works: COATESVILLE, PA. Philadelphia, in S. 15th St. New York, 30 Church St Boston, 141 Milk St. Pittsburgh, Union Trust Bldg. Baltimore, Lexington Bldg. San Francisco. 945 Pine St. Newark, 60 Park Place Heating and Power Boilers--Steel Tanks--Heavy Steel Plate Work Coatesville Scotch Marine Type Boiler Power and Heating Coatesville Horizontal Return Tubular Boiler. Power and Heating Heating and Power Boilers.--We manufacture a complete line of steel heating and power boilers, suitable for Anthracite and Bituminous coal, Oil or Gas fuel. Note illustrations above. Steel Tanks.--We carry storage tanks in stock to meet quick delivery requirements. We manufacture tanks for all purposes--House tanks, Storage tanks, Sump tanks, Sprinkler tanks, Blow-off tanks, Water tanks, Tanks for fuel oil, Pressure tanks. Miscellaneous Steel Plate Construction.--Steel smoke stacks, Breechings, Chutes, Hoppers, Air ducts, Bins and all special lines of steel plate work. Electric Welding.--This department is well equipped with modern welding machines and experienced operators. Many orders for storage tanks and miscellaneous steel plate work can be economically fabricated of welded construction. . Literature.--We have just issued a new series of Bulletins regarding our line of Portable Fire Box Steel Heating Boilers for Power and Heating purposes. Ask for Bulletin giving specifications of the particular type of boiler in which you are interested. Bulletins regarding tanks and Steel Plate Work, also, upon request. 527 Boilers Edge Moor Iron Company Edge Moor, Delaware New York ............. 420 Lexington Ave. Los Angeles..................... 121 W. Pico St. Chicago................................ 1549 Otis Bldg. Charlotte. N. C--.....1100 Realty Bldg. St. Paul.............................. Fourth and Wacouta Sts. Designers and Builders of EDGE MOOR WATER TUBE BOILERS Edge Moor Iron Company THE EDGE MOOR HEATING BOILER --L----- f^--B----------------------- HLS- -T- Boilers Battery of Edge Moor Heating Boilers at Homeopathic Hospital, Wilmington, Del. THE EDGE MOOR HEATING BOILER An all-steel water tube boiler of high efficiency for buildings requiring 21,000 sq. ftl and more of steam radiation. Made in four sizes, from 150 hp. to 300 hp. Because it is adapted to power loads up to 150 lbs. per sq. in. working pressure, this boiler is especially suitable for office buildings, hotels, large apartments, schools, hospitals, municipal buildings, theatres, garages, warehouses and similar installa tions where steam is required for power and other purposes in addition to heating. The Edge Moor Heating Boiler follows the samfe general design and construction used in the Edge Moor Cross Drum Boiler for high-pressure service, which is serving many industries. It is built to the same high standards of quality, fully com plying with all A. S. M. E. Code and local requirements. Adaptable to various fuels and firing methods, including stoker-firing. , Table on following page gives dimensions, capacities and other data. For further information, address our nearest office. 528 Sectiohal Side Elevation Boiler Number ,r ISC 20< 2S( 300 HeatingSurface. .................. ...........; .....jgfl I50C toot 2sct 3030 C^oeitj.Sttofn (of Normal Seiler Rating).. ....jg-ft ZJOOC 2000 sax 42000 A--floor to Top of Bailer...... .......... .....ft* 14-6 14-6 M-6 145 B -Length of Boiler Setting ......... ..... ft* 10-2 l Mr! 71-2 C-Wtftt of Baiter Senate Settfag....... ft-6 DM B*!J 3** CC-WtdthefBoiler BorfanSettirg...'.... ....ft* fc-I 70-6 24-4 74-4 D--floor fa Bottom ef Front Header..;.... .... ft* 5*0 fl-0 M M C --Width of Fumoee.,...................... .... ft* 5-fl 7-7* *** t -- Depth Ot himaee..;..................... .... ft* 7*0 TO TO 7-0 G - floor fa t of Drum....................... . ...ft-h. WH I7H0] [2*1 M - 4af Drum fa Sear Face Brickwork.... 7 7 7 K - Character of Drum........................ 42 47 42 47 L - bpact Ktottrcd to borne Tube*. .....ft* H4-0 14-0 (4-0 tTO M-............................................ ....A*. 12*4* U*4* is-a N- - - .....ft* 4-2 4-7 4*7- 4*7 0 - Floor fa Bottom of Reor Header...... .. 4-7* 4-7* 4-?| 3*St P - Floor fa Botching CanaGei otrf Reor... ....ft-m. +1% m B*2 15-7. fa-7 1S-2 R - Breeching Conn. Width...... ___ft* 1* 1-6 Hi 2*3 S- * - Length.................. .....ft* <r7S 6*7 to* 10* T- Rear of Boiler fa Breeching Coon........ 2-6 2-6 2-5 34* U -1 Drum fa Top efSteam Outlet ...... ...M-h % 2-3% V - 4. Drum fa Top af fapVbfae.__ ___ .... .ft* >3 3-3 3* Number ef Firebrick-Single Setting........ * Redbrick- - - 3400 woo 6IB 7700 UfflO E370G 14700 15*10 . * * Firebrick-Batten * 11300 2UX 13400 Sflpo * Redbrick - - ____ ZZ60C moo 74X0 run Shipping Weight ofOne Boiler..-.......... ...... Jfa vest 473a 56650 >nx Tohu Weight filled wiibWbter............... .......Jbsl*san sioaansoo 7J500 EdgeMqqr^ WiterTubeBQILERS Boilers, Healing Fitzgibbons Boiler Co., Inc. ESTABLISHED 1886 General Offices: 570 Seventh Avenue, New York City PRODUCTS Fitzgibbons Copper Steel Boilers for Steam or Hot Water Heating. Table 1. Fitzgibbons Copper Steel Smokeless Boilers for Steam or Hot Water Heating. Table 1-B. Fitzgibbons (Intermediate Sized) Steel Boilers for Steam or Hot Water Heating. Table 2. Fitzgibbons All Riveted Steel Boilers for Heating and for Power. Table 3 and Table 4. (Not shown). Fitzgibbons Steel Boilers: Embodying the original Fitzgibbons cylindrical furnace, entirely free from brickwork, the high combustion chamber, the gas-deflecting arch, the secondary air preheater, and the effective single pass of many relatively small tubes, Fitzgibbons Steel Boilers have, for more than forty years, proved their twin qualities, notabte fuel economy and lifetime service, substantially without main tenance expense. Construction: The cylindrical design of the Fitzgibbons Steel Boiler affords the strongest possible construction with minimum of internal bracing; and the complete water-jacketing of the vertical furnace insures exceptionally long life as well as high efficiency. The entire interior of the Boiler is visible and accessible for inspection or cleaning. Combustion: Complete combustion of the fuel and its consumable gases is attained with a minimum of excess air. The circular Fitzgibbons grate is free from dead corners and maintains a hot, uniform fire. The wholly visible grate encourages and assists careful firing. The high cylindrical combustion chamber is now recog nized as essential to complete combustion. The Fitzgibbons Steel Healing Boiler. Table 8 530 Fitzgibbons Copper-Steel Heating Boiler for small-sized installations, homes, churches, garages, etc. rear gas-deflecting arch diverts the gases forward into intimate mixture with the preheated secondary air which enters through a port above the firing door. As the air-gas mixture whirls upward combustion is completed before the gases enter the tubes, resulting in very high furnace temperatures,--often close to 3000 deg. fahr. Smokeless com bustion of semi-bituminous coal in dicates the thoroness of this combustion. Conduction and Circulation: The absorption of the heat so effectively generated in the Fitzgibbons furnace is accomplished by the unique design of this time-proved Boiler. The water line is carried in the vertical shell directly above the combustion chamber, the hoHzontal tube Cylinder being com pletely filled with water. Therefore the circulation of the water is extremely rapid as the boiler steams and the bub bles move along fixed paths toward the steam chamber. This rapid circulation insures heat absorption as effective as the heat generation accomplished in the furnace as is evidenced by (1) the quick . steaming capacity, (2) less than 1 per cent moisture in steam regardless of overload carried, and (3) unusually low flue-gas temperatures. Detailed Information will be mailed promptly upon request. Fitzgibbons Boiler Co., Inc. Boilers, Heating TABLES 1 AND 1-B COMBINED--FITZGIBBONS STEEL HEATING & SMOKELESS HEATING BOILERS Double-Electric-Welded Furnaces Sizes 300 to 3200 sq. ft. Steam Rating--Built for 15 lb. w.s.p.--A.S.M.E. Code No. of Boiler.................... J-6 J-8 k-8 J-10 J-12 H-16 H-20 H-24 H-28 H-32 k-36| H-44J H-50 k-58 H-64 No. of Smokeless Boiler.. None None B-8 B-10 B-12 B-16 B-20 B-24 B-28 B-32 B-36 B-44 B-50 B-58 B-64 Steam Rating........... sq. ft. 300 400 400 500 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2200 2500 2900 3200 Hot Water Rating.. .sq. ft. 500 700 700 800 1000 1300 1600 1900 2200 2600 2900 3500 4000 4600 5100 Heating Surface.... a. ft. 30 Comp. Crate Area.-. .sq. ft. 2.5 33 35 43 51 67 78 95 108 173 150 192 233 249 295 2.5 3.36 3.36 5.36 4.35 4.35 5.84 5.84 7.10 7.10 8.50 8.50 10.00 10.00 Diam. Vertical Shell .. .in. 23 Length Bare Boiler. ft. in. 3-3 Diam. Horizontal Shell.. in. 18 Water Line................ ft. in. 3-5 Diameter Base......... 261/. Fire Door Center... .. .in. 25V? Overall Height......... .ft. in. 4-2 Width of Uptake... Length of Uptake.. I2'A Tube Space............... 18 Grate Diameter.... .. .in. 19 Stack Diameter------ .. .in. 8 Stack Height............ ...ft. 35 Shiooing Weight. . . lb* 900 23 3-3 18 3-5 261/, 25'/ 4-2 '1 18 19 8 40 920 26 3-9 18 3-7 30 27 4-3 12V? 18 22 8 40 1150 26 4-1 18 3-7 30 27 4-3 5V4 12V, 18 22 8 45 1175 26 4-5 18 3-7 30 27 4-3 VA 12'/, 22 22 8 45 1225 29 4-9 21 4-0 4-8 15^ 24 25 10 40 1525 29 5-3 21 4-0 33* 4-8 $ 30 75 10 45 1625 33 5-fl 23 4-4 37'/j 31 m5-0 l7Vi 27 29 12 45 2000 33 6-2 23 4-4 37/j 31 5-0 $ 32 29 12 45 2100 37 6-9 27 4-7 V2 5-5 D 32 14 50 2400 37 7-9 27 4-7 T 5-5 &A 43 32 14 50 2460 40 7-7 31 4-11 42% 31 5-9 & 35 35 16 50 3000 40 8-7 31 4-11 42% 31 5-9 S4 47 35 16 60 3200 43 8-4 33 5-2 15* 6-1 10 25 40 38 18 60 3550 43 9-4 33 5-2 15* 6-1 10 25 52 38 18 60 3800 TABLE 2--FITZGIBBONS STEEL HEATING BOILERS Double-Electrie-Welded Furnaces Sizes 3800 to 19000 sq. ft. Steam Rating--Built for 15 lb. w.s.p.--A.S.M.E. Code No. of Boiler...................... B-76 B-86 H-98 B-108 8-120 B-132 B-144 B-160 B-170jB-200 B-220 6-250^-270^-310 B-3301H-360 B-380 Steam Rating.............sq. ft. 3800 Hot Water Rating.. .sq. ft. 6000 4300 4900 5400 6000 6600 7200 8000 8500 10000 11000 1250013500;15500 16500 18000 19000 6900 7900 8700 9600 II000 12000 13500 I4500jt6000 17500 20000,2150025000 26500 29000 30500 Heating Surface..........sq. ft. 354 "Comp. Grate Area... sq. ft. 12.8 393 397 428 497 582 665 674 772 826 920 1048 1109 1308 1372 1511 1571 12.8 15.4 15.4 18.8 18.8 18.8 21.0 21.0 24.2 24.2 29.4 29.4 32.0 32.0 36.0 36.0 Diam. Vert. Shell. .. .ft. in. 4-0 4-0 4-4 4-4 4-9 4-9 4-9 5-0 5-0 5-4 5-4 5-10 5-10 6-2 6-2 6-6 6 6 Length Bare Boiler.. .ft. in. 9-1 10-1 9-7 10-7 9-9 10-9 11-9 10-10 11-10 11-10 12-10 12-2 12-8 14-0 14-6 14-3 15-2 Diam. Horiz. Shell... ft. in. 3-4 3-4 3-6 3-6 4-0 4-0 4-0 4-3 4-3 4-6 4-6 5-0 5-0 5-2 5-2 5-6 5-6 Water Line....................ft. in. 6-0 6-0 6-0 6-0 6-7 6-7 6-7 6-11 6-11 8-3 8-3 8-9 8-9 8-11 8-11 9-6 9-6 Overall Height.............ft. in. 7-1 7-1 7-2 7-2 7-10 7-10 7-10 8-2 8-2 9-5 9-5 10-0 10-0 10-2 10-2 11-0 11-0 Smoke Uptake........ in. x in. I3'/2x26 13'/2x26 14x27 14x27 14x37 14x37 14x37 14x44 14x44 15x49 15x49 16x58 16x58 17x58 17x58 18x63 18x63 Tube Space................... ft. in. 3-10 4-10 3-9 4-9 3-9 4-9 5-9 4-9 5-9 6-7 7-7 6-6 7-0 7-10 8-4 7-9 8-8 Grate Diameter................. in. 43 43 47 47 52 52 52 55 55 59 59 65 65 68 68 72 72 Stack Diameter:...............in. 20 22 22 22 24 24 24 26 26 28. 30 30 30 32 32 34 34 Stack Height.......................ft. 60 65 65 70 70 70 70 60 80 80 80 65 85 100 100 125 125 Shipping weight.............. lbs. 5250 6100 6650 7400 9000 9500 lOOOOj 10500 11000 13000 13800 15200 16000 18400 190001J9500 20500 TABLE 3--FITZGIBBONS STEEL HEATING AND POWER BOILERS All-Riveted Construction--A.S.M.E. Code Sizes 4200 to 36000 sq. ft. Steam Rating--Heating Boilers Built for 15 lb. w.s.p. Power Boilers, for Kitchen, Laundry, Drying, Process and similar . High-Pressure Loads, Built for 100 lb. w.s.p. No. of Boiler... rr.'..................... 23 24 25 26 27 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 Horse Power................................. 40 50 60 70 80 too 125 150 175 200 225 250 300 350 Steam Rating........................ Hot Water Rating................ 4200 5400 6400 7500 8500 11000 13500 16500 19000 22000 25000 28000 32000 36000 _==_6/U0 8700 10500 12000 14500 ------ ;_=__ 17500 21500 '' 26500 ___ I 30500 35000 40000 45000 -- --51000 5--60--00. Heating Surface.................... 380 456 547 631 721 917 1147 1350 1571 1823 7012 2271 2760 3220 __Comparative Grate Area.... . .sq. ft. 13.2 15.3 17.4 18.8 21.0 24.2 ___ - . - -- - 29.4 33.0 . . - 36.0 38.1 -- --40.2 44.5 50.2 57.5 -- -- _____ Diameter Vertical Shell........ . .ft. in. 4-1 4-5 4-8 4-10 5-1 5-5 5-11 6-3 6-7 6-9 6-11 7-3 7-8 8-4 Height Overall...................... 8-6 8-9 9-2 9-5 9-9 10-1 10-8 11-0 11-11 12-1 17-2 12-6 13-0 13-6 Length Bare Boiler............... 9-4 10-6 10-9 12-2 12-3 13-7 13-11 15-1 15-4 16-2 17-5 18-2 19-2 19-6 Diameter Horizontal Shell... . .ft. in. 3-5 3-8 3-11 4-1 4-4 4-7 5-1 5-3 5-7 5-9 5-9 6-1 6-6 7-1 Smoke Uptake.................,v. .in. x in. 12x24 I2xil 13x36 13x42 13x48 14,/2x49 15Ax58 17x58 18x6214 19x65 19x65 20x66 24x73 24x60 Space to Draw lubes........... . .ft. in. 4-8 5-7 5-6 6-10 6-10 7-9 7-8 8-6 8-4 8-10 10-0 10-5 11-0 11-0 Water IJne........................... 7-1 7-4 7-8 7-11 8-2 8-5 8-11 9-1 9-10 10-1 10-1 10-5 11-4 11-10 Grate Diameter.................... in 43 47 50 52 55 59 65 68 72 74 76 80 85 91 Stack Diameter........................... ..........in. 22 22 24 24 26 28 30 32 34 34 38 40 48 48 Stack Height........................ ..........ft. 65 70 70 70 80 80 90 100 125 140 140 140 165 190 Shipping Weight......................... ...lbs. 7500 9500 10000 11500 12000 15200 18000 20000 23000 26000 29000 32000 37000 44000 *It has been established that the Circular Grate in the Fitzgibbons Cylindrical Furnace is more effective thana rectangular grate the size'of the circumscribed square. Hence, for comparative purposes, the Comparative Grate Area shown in the Tables is the area of the square circumscribed upon a circle the size of the Fitzgibbons Grate. 531 The Frost Manufacturing Co. Ross Steel Heating Boilers 1530 Henderson Street Galesburg, 111. Boilers ROSS STEEL BOILERS Steam or Hot Water Designed for use with Bituminous, Anthracite, Buckwheat Coal, Gas, Oil, Wood or Sawdust. Ross Boilers are quality Boilers built of steel to comply with the A. S. M. E. Code for heating boilers. All seams are electric ally welded. Ross Boilers have unusual strength as they have no seams in tension. Equipped for Burning soft coal smokelessly Some points of advantage in Ross Boilers: Equipped with special grates for burning hard coal, soft coal, wood or sawdust 1. Spacious fire box and combustion chamber. 2. Long three pass travel of fire. 3. Fire box surfaces with crown sheet and bank of water tubes present unusually large amount of radiant heating surface in high temperature zone. 4. Complete, rapid and unrestricted circulation of water accelerated by water tubes. 5. Ample heating surface and grate surface in proper ratios. 6. Large Central flue to allow complete combustion. 7. Liberal steam space and releasing area. 8. Unrestricted draft areas, correctly proportioned. 9. Large water content for hold-over. 10. Indestructible smokeless arch. 11. Full length self-cleaning crown sheet. 12. Every water space easily accessible for fcleaning and inspection. 13. All tubes cleaned from outside of boiler at front. 14. Standardization of parts. 15. Perforated angle on base for securely lacing on covering. An Oil Burning Boiler for any type of Burner which can be installed in either front or rear of boiler Ross Boilers are quick, economical steamers, built for heavy duty and to outlast the building. They occupy but limited floor space, but are made big enough to carry a large body of water with broad steam disengaging areas and large combustion spaces. SPECIFICATIO NS--ROSS STEEL FIR E B O X H E A TIN G BO ILERS B u ilt to C o m p ly w ith The A m erican Society o f fytechanical Engineers Code fo r L o w Pressure H eating Boilers The Frost Manufacturing Co. 533 Boilers s' E very B oiler Inspected by the H a rtfo rd Insurance Co. C e rtific a te o f Inspection F urnished ' Catalogue Sent on Request Boilers Heggie^Simplex Boiler Co. Joliet, Illinois Heating Boiler Division of James G. Heggie & Sons, Manufacturers of Steel Boilers of all Kinds for over Thirty-seven Years Representatives in Principal Cities HEGGIE-SIMPLEX HEATING BOILERS For Burning Soft Coal Smokelessly For Soft or Hard Coal, Coke, Gas or Wood For Burning Oil During the thirty-seven years covered by the activities of Jas. G. Heggie & Sons, boiler design has been perfected in its fundamentals. The Heggie^SimpIex Boiler is the last step in this evolution. In it there is no compro mise with traditional features. It is the embodiment of a scientific study of all known heating principles and requirements. The Heggie-Simplex Boiler combines in one portable, electrically welded steel unit, all the recognized advantages of both firebox and return tubular, double pass boilers. It has four distinctive features of fundamental importance: 1. An extra large firebox and a maximum of direct heating surface. 2. A secondary combustion chamber that provides ample room forcomplete com bustion before the dues are reached. 3. A "rear-front-rear" flue passage for the gases. 4. A single, unimpeded, freely circulating body of water. Correct heating principles find perfect expres sion in this boiler design. It secures as com plete combustion of any fuel as ever has been attained in a heating boiler, with full applica tion of its heat units. . Needless to say, Heggie-Simplex Boilers are more economical of operation than other types--in fuel consumption, number of firings, and ash handling. They are also economical of space, because of their com pactness, the rear smoke outlet, and the front tube cleaning feature. No finer materials are used in any heating boilers, and none are fabricated more expertly or with greater care. While built to A. S. M. E. requirements, in a number'of points they exceed these stand ards. They may be installed with unex ampled ease, requiring no bricking, packing or other costly operations. Heggie^Simplex Boilers are guaranteed to develop the capacities listed on the following pages, at the point of most economical fuel consumption. They are based upon a stand ard for steam of two pounds pressure at the boiler, and for water upon a mean temperature of 180 deg. fahr. as the water leaves the boiler. Send for catalog to obtain more detailed information and specifications., 534 AND WA' 0009 ; tin \ Heggie-Simplex Boiler Co. Boilers i!BSI Ka'sSRRSRRSSS"-- 4571 2571 13200 Ov iil III III SSiSRHRSSSaSS-- III III M ill |?=SS5!S8SS22"'M"'^ Ml _`0<r---------------------------------------- Ml 4473 2473 9800 ill ii Rs^ssssssass"''-- ^51 111 Ml 4471 4472 2471 2472 9 0 0 0 III Hi in K2RS53SRSSSR"-- R <! III 111 SillRRSRSS38SSSR-'''-~2 Hi f* III III m 1 77 Ss 3402 1402 j 3500 III S2SR2saasgss'''--ss N III li g2SSSSS3SSSSg' III III ill111 galsssssR fi gS'l'g35gSR?232^--R Ml p ----------------------- ill a-|SS!g32aSR?2!S21"^~S 4342 2342 3300 III a^3RSSS2SSR3-T--S Mi |SSSRSSSRSSS"-MMR ill III ^.e.e.e.e.e:ej;...e.e ill jj.S..E.S.E.E^.E.S.S.S ;......................... "' I s's In ft "S'S. f zz; iSiiii 535 Boilers Herbert Boiler Company Incorporated . Factory and General Offices Root and La Salle Streets Chicago, Illinois Products made by the Herbert Boiler Co. con sist of Herbert Steel Heating and Power Boilers, HERBERTGarbage Burning Water Heaters and Herbert Tank Heaters. Important features of Herbert Boiler design and construction are the long fire travel with con sequent fuel economy, the double combustion feature which is particularly ad vantageous for oil burning, the detachable fire-box eliminating expensive al terations and the rugged construction which is in accordance with A .S.M.E. Boiler Code. Some of the finest build ings in the United States A-Tvbular Boiler. F-Boiler Stand. J-Clcan-ovt Door. BB-Steel Water Lege. GG-Oenuine Wrought KK-Clean-out Plugs. C-"X Heavy" Water Tubes. Don Circulating Pipes. L-Smoke Travel. E-Rdum Connection. H-Ashpit. M-Conneetionfor Blow-off. and Canada are heated by Herbert detachable fire-box boilers be the increased capacity of the tubular by cause of their ability to make steam as much as 25 per cent because of the efficiently with a minimum of fuel. They additional fire-box surface. are approved by all boiler inspection and Every inch is fire surface--the flame pass insurance companies. ing over the entire shell and back head of Among other points of superiority are the boiler before entering the chimney. SPECIFICATIONS A. S. M. E. Code Construction *8 n iS * C1 ti C3 A6 a1 B2 B 2K B3 B4 &3 A3 B7 B8 B3 BIS Bit BI2 fetS B|4 BI5 Bl6 BI7 B18 B19 ll a. 24 24 34 36 36 30 36 -------gg-----36 33 42* 43 4& 48 48 &4 ' 64 5to4 60 66 33 72 93 i. F 4 S 6 3 6 10 8 (0 12 14 ii 14 . 12 14 16 l2 }* 16 ii id 16 18 16 18 1' 11 2i IS !j ; s S3 2426 24x26 24x32 30x32 30x44 36x38 36x44 36x60 36x66 42idO 42x66 48x50 4&xto 48x62 &4xto d4xd2 54x68 toib& 60x68 66x68 66x74 72x68 92x94 3 3 .3 3 ------- 5--------2 3 3 '3H 3M 3^ 3H in 3K 5^ 3K 4 3.4 .i 4 4' 4 4 S u 18 18 id 24 ii 24 30 30 28 28 24 44 42 42 42 54 54 4$ 64 54 64 6to4 80 ii A 3-2 3-2 3-2 4-2 4-24 4-24 4-24 4-24 5-3 5-3 5-3 6-3 6-3 6-3 7-4 7-4 7-4 8-4 -8-4 6-4 10-5 lb-4 10-5 950 1100 1400 ito6 2300 2800 toto 3600 4300 5000 5155 6300 tooo 7600 8700 8700 10000 11500 12500 13500 15800 17700 19000 20600 id 1500 1800 2200 2to6 3906 4500 4800 Stod 6900 8000 toto 10100 10600 l2266 13900 13900 ES0O 18400 20000 21600 25300 28300 30400 33000 3 1 1700 1900 2100 3500 3800 4200 4500 5000 5400 6200 6800 7600 8200 6Vn 10000 11000 12600 13300 14500 1S700 17900 i9ao5 22000 2d3oo IfII Jl |3 ii aa 58 58 58 61 61 61 . 67 67 67 67 70 9o 73 73 794 794 to7955 8to6 95 t9o5 62 62 to - to 68 754 934 754 754 814 814 874 874 594 96 9to6 105 105 1124 ii!4 1184 1184 536 Herbert Boiler Company Boilers ~ Setting Measurements, Herbert "B** Series Boilers KUMBER 07 BOILEH 04 cs C-J B-0 B-l B-3 8-34 B4 B-4 M 84 B-? M B4 B-10 B41 B-U &-o B-14 B-lS B-14 B47 B43 B-O A OoMtarBoa*.............. vr tr tr vr vr vr rr vr 38* tr or or 4T or or sv SV sr 80* 8V or vr 7T 7r 8 IxocthafBafcr.............. erf vv vv vr vv tvv vv wv irr wv wv wv trer wv wv wv wv irr wv WV wv wv IVV irr C Lxafth O Ffexbox........... XT vr or rr rr If 38* vr scr 96* tv sr 50* sr tr sv 6V or r tr or TV or TV D WidtbatFMax........... *4' vr tr 'tr tr 30* 38* tr 38* 36* or or or or or sv SV sv vr or or or tr tr 8 Thrlam il TTilti........... r r r r r r tr ir ir ir tr ir vr or W' vr vr tr ir ir ir ir rr rr F 8p*etBor................V W 14* 14* IV IV 16* 18* tr ir ir vr ir rr tr rr rr rr .33* rr tr 3V. tv tv tv. G DsUae* tt Frcet............ 14* 14* 14* 14* 14* 14* r- r r r r r 4* *4* *4* *4* *4* 14* r r r r r r B WxO Tfekkos at AXhpit.. ir ir ir ir IT 13* ir ir ir ir vr- vr ir ir ir 21* tr tv rr tr tr 31* rr rr I .Hagfct tt Axfapct Ctetia*... 134^ 134* 134* 134* 134* 134* ir ir ir tr w 15* ir 15' u* 164* 164* 164* 164* 164* vr tr tr vr K Baicbtaf FVabax'............ vr *4* #4* 34* 34* tv 34* vr 34* 3f tr 34* tv *f 34* 34*. tt* If tr ir tr tr tr rr L Ht BAr ACWi* rr vr 36* vr or or vr or 4r or sr sr er tr vr or or or rr TT 81* 61' vr sr M llxittOiwI................. vr vr vr vir VlV vvr TV TV T4T TV vv vv vv vr vr vr rr vr nr ru* wr irr inr inr N vr rr vr vr tvv trr xvv WV WV ivr wvr IVW wr irr vvr wr irr wr irr trr wv wr wv wv 0 Width S^laSattia......... vv vr vv vr vv vr vvr vvr vvr vvr vv vv vvr vvr vvr TV TV TV rr rr V r vv vv P Width Denbia Sattzog........ rr vr vr VW VU' ru* tvr ivr wr tor irr irr inr 1311* irir trtr on; 1JT1* inr inr ww inr wvr ww tt WiO.nkfcBM....... 9* V r . r r r V V V V V r r r r 13* tr tr ir 0* vr ir tr vr 8 8te.0tfbt(raafearfB<>aa tr tr rr tr rr * rr vr sr .tr sr .er ar sr TV sr er 78* vr .TV TV tr TV nr T UechtWSbdf................. ST 58* ve ir 61' 61* sr er vr tr vr vr 73* vr vr 7*4* 734* 734* or or vr sr tr vr 0 &u*Uptak> Width........ 'r V r r r r V r V V ir ir tr vr tr ir ir ir 1V tv ir ir tr vr T Sack* Uptak* Lttftfc... ir vr vr tr 30* tr vr tr 36* tr or or of or tr sv. 64' sr or or er er vr tr Z load* Width.:................. str. tr tr vr vr vr or vr or vr or or 64* sv tv 60r 6cr or or or Tt TT TT TV r UdaLa^th ;...... ......... rr tr rr tvr vv vvr sr vir vv vw vv wv Vur tvv wvr VV vr inr vv iron irr irr wr trr Proper circulation between the back end of the boiler and the fire-box produces quick steaming. All parts accessible for cleaning with arrangements so that flues can be cleaned without opening fire doors as this is accomplished from the front. Boiler can be set in any position regard less of chimney position. No bridge wall in fire-box and no fire brick lining to install or replace. Detachable fire-box feature permits renewal of fire-box without moving tubular boiler or destroying the setting. Accompanying data gives complete information about Herbert Detachable Fire-Box Boiler B Series. 537 Boilers - Harrisburg Star Boiler Corporation 15 Park Row, New York LOW PRESSURE WATER TUBE HEATING BOILERS A.S.M.E. Code I Boilers Kewanee Boiler Corporation Kewanee, Illinois BRANCHES IN ALL PRINCIPAL CITIES Steel Heating and Power Boilers, Water Heating Garbage Burners, Tabasco Heaters, Tanks and Radiators Standard Equipment consists of Shaking and Dumping Grates. Steel Base. Low Pressure Steam Gage with Siphon. Cast Iron Water Column with gage glass and three brass try-cocks, Pop Safety Valves as required. Cleaning Brush, Tube Scraper, Hoe. Poker and Slice Bar. (Boilers Nos. 704 to 718 inclusive, require no brick work of any kind. Boilers Nos. 719 to 725 inclusive, require brick bridgewalls.) Boiler Number Steam, Capacity, Sq. F t. Grate Surface. Sq. F t. , A "" Total Length. Ft. "B" 1 | Total W idth, In. ---------- "X T '-----------Water Line, In. H eight of Base 1 L "" | Length Aah P it Diameter Stack One Boiler, In. Height Stack One Boiler, F t. Diameter Stack Two Boilers, In. 1Height Stack 1Tw o Boilera, F t. B rick Required for Baae Asbestos Cover, S q .F t. Approx. W eight Boiler Complete u ea. > UJ .o &B if :-4 3 u. . 4) P| 1 0u _c : JS & 704 2750 690 9.4 7-9 39 5-5 56 10x26 15 2-8 3-8 18 50 23 50 None 76 5500 705 3450 862 10.6 7-0 43 6-0 61 13i22 15 3-0 3-8 18 50 24 50 V 6800 706 4150 1035 12.1 8-3 43 6-0 61 I3i28 15 3-0 4-2 18 60 25 60 91 7300 707 5000 1242 14.6 8-3 52 6-4 63 13x31 15 3-8 4-2 20 60 27 60 99 8000 708 5600 1449 14.8 8-3 52 6-7 66 13x31 15 3-8 4-2 21 60 29 65 103 9000 709 6900 1725 18.3 9-1 56 6-8 68 13x38 15 4-Os 4-8 23 60 31 65 118 10700 710 8300 2070 20.3 10-10 56 6-8 68 <3x42 15 4-0 5-2 25 60 33 70 141 11300 711 9000 2242 21.8 10-10 60 6-11 69 16x36 15 4-4 5-2 25 65 34 70 148 11700 712 9700 2415 24.0 11-7 60 6-11 69 16x39 15 4-4 5-8 26 65 35 70 160 12000 713 10400 2587 26.2 12-5 60 6-11 69 16x43 15 4-4 6-2 26 65 36 70 171 12500 7I3A 11000 2760 26.2 11-7 60 7-3 73 19x36 15 4-4 6-2 27 70 36 75 167 12800 714 11700 2932 28.3 12-6 60 7-3 73 19x39 15 4-4 6-8 28 70 37 75 178 13300 715 12400 3105 30.5 l>-1 60 7-3 73 19x42 15 4-4 7-2 29 70 38 75 188 14000 716 13800 3450 31.8 11-10 71 7-11 76 19x43 15 5-3 6-3 30 70 40 80 193 15500 717 15200 3795 34.4 12-11 71 7-11 76 19x47 15 5-3 6-9 31 70 42 80 208 16600 718 17300 4312 37.0 14-7 71 7-11 76 19x50 IS 5-3 7-3 32 80 43 90 234 18500 719 18600 4657 41.3 12-6 90 9-1 83 21x46 18 6-10 6-3 33 85 44 90 244 20000 720 20700 5175 44.7 13-10 90 9-1 83 21x51 18 6-10 6-9 34 90 46 100 no721 24200 6037 51.0 16-1 90 9-1 83 21x61 18 6-10 7-9 36 100 48 no722 27600 6900 55.4 14-1 103 10-2 90 21x66 18 7-11 7-3 38 100 51 260 21000 * 304 25200 302 27700 723 31600. 7762 55.4 14-1 103 10-6 94 21x66 18 7-11 7-3 39 110 52 110 no724 35000 8625 59.4 15-9 103 10-6 94 21x71 18 7-11 7-9 40 110 54 no725 42000 10350 63.3 17-2 103 10-10 98 21x76 18 7-11 8-3 42 110 60 312 29300 351 32700 394 35600 Kewanee Firebx Kewanee Firebox Boilers represent 40 years of intensive study and effort to make the highest B?ilek -Brick-td-for Heating grade equipment for heating buildings. They are .' adapted to the burning of any grade of fuel and will maintain high efficiency when operating to supply the variable demands of a * heating load. Kewanee Smokeless B?iler -PortabU-for Healing The rated capacity is the amount of direct radiation that the boiler will carry with a bring interval of three to four hours depending upon the ' grade of fuel used. No discount in rating is ad vised as reserve capacity has been allowed to care for the most severe weather conditions. Kewanee Boilers are built of steel (riveted)- using as a minimum basis the rules of construction adopted by the American Society of Mechanical Engineers, known as the A. S. M. E. Boiler Code. Ratings The rated capacity of Kewanee Boilers, as shown, is the number of square feet of direct radiation or equivalent which the boiler will carry, if sufficient radiation is installed to heat the building to 70 degrees Fahrenheit. The ratings are based on a standard for steam of 2 lb. pressureat the boiler, and for water on a mean temperature of ISO deg. Fahr. as the water leaves the boiler. 539 Kevoanee Boiler Corporation Boilers 5||^K2SSSS'gS=RS=a=:SsS|SS25S |2| 5 5 |ggBJ*R8--''a=S*SRSR3S^8*S2a3|S| s00 i|^S|SS5!S--S=5S2ap^SSS23S=p| iiS*i*R,a"'Dsa=ssaR=-H8**2?32|s gi I s |SSsgaaaa-'gsaa*2Rpa2as*233=|S! 2 ||-.S|P!SSg--aS5*2RS||=RSX2|3=g=! S =P5J;3SSSg"'-S23S2a222SSg"|S |K| 2 ;;*;SSS*s-""s=KS2a2S22S*s"|S=sg 2 |555jssss-gsi-a!?=ags|=3i?R!5S3|a| 3 a^53asss'o',,sao'55=a2s2=3!j5533|s| 1 |gT5!2aSSS''rMao'SR0'=2S3S3gRS,'SS388g 1 g^!J3SgaS'0'r~a'5R'I:2S3T5;a,'S33|8| 1 g85a5RSRS~~~a*ftft~-~SSjf^S3a8g l 8STS5as!SS'o"~Ro's?;,>so-RS3;sga,'S32ass s |g^sg2a-om5s="RR0'="Rg3agg,'33a|S8 s jij:.E.S..S.S.S.E.S.E.E.E.S.S.S.S.E.E.E..S.E.S.S.S Hi *A *AA 540 t*"--;-----"-------- . , _ - Kevoanee Boiler Corporation Boilers Ui 2 O 2 a is |S22SSS5!gg"'<>5552SS=382Sg_Sz38S | 2 \ jj2 |*s52*ss***"*S?5=3SS38R23=a33|| 2 8S2g^Hga8gs""'ga2SS3R3S2g=S23|s a J2 aP3aas,*s"""a=3*SSB?as3=33gS I------ o---------- 1 a zw < 3 *ggs*ss-"s=3**3is3R-3-22ggl 2 |S2gj5sss*sa-gR=so*as5a-3-sssg|| 5S td us 2 85R2aagsss"'"ga^g5!gS33S,0s",s?33|s 3 2 |?2|;sassss'o-*-ga<>sss2s^s"S"532 s g*58SaR*aa8**~a*W8Ss3a,,3"*3lg * x 3^2S8SR8g~~"S0'8RS3ggsj,'3'5!538S 1 !S2s^2,sss''r"a`>*ftS33ar'3"?3S | 2|SR22SaS'im'NRCT'?SE:=aS2''3,0S3S|8 | m S-2222SS33'01^0'SRR=S32'~gg2SSg | |ggs222?asa"m^R0'Sj;R=KS2''5ag2|| | *5 8S^T22?aa--^'giQSSSS2-5S|3g| | l8g55=H*R5'rS^S0`aaB3a3='02"3a|g | - 8S,'S"22S22?'"^-20'fi2S2!f3'0g"S22SS " j j\E^^.E.S.S.EJi.E.E.E.E.E.E.E.E.S.E.S.S.S.E.S.E.E.S E ? : : ?? ::::::::::::: : I : :< iilllllil; !; M1 3 I 541 . /" . Kewanee Boiler Corporation Boilers cd cu >* = psjC0^rr.S',^5-- rV^-o5oor --Op-rso^<N -- (d =2S=SS!S8"'03SSSs:252tS3S5E:S53|a CQ < Hos -- O >o>*-o a5s i3sa ^ -- iannwVv.'-'.Q --NOi 0 ft- 1 |^RSSg*8"'0'rftRSS=822S3S^SS33|^ co & Cd o S-*3* eON --NO-OQMO^NeOMirt --Ool^--'^'-O5CpJC--O r-NO<^-- n 90'5T9PC!9''r*''N9'iArtbONNv'AOB"00 w 22S8s5*^ 3 5rr"ot""i,,'2S!ei^^~"'S^gi wz < p^S5S3SR-asss;ss!Si852|2S33gg * w bt S|KWpOj5'Q5:Ni'"Ai'A0''O"irA'COtni^nN<Nl'2A'm---;eSoI^2Ntn!|9-r>,^J --^-8O 555-*^35f0s-QT2j<N)tfto,'u,^soo,n(rmiri<>nflgiAi^rois5Qo--'-o<--^N<-C'--Cv-M.N *p-Oi --(i^2Zo)KSo ||2S3RSSg""'mS!S3?2S8:S32SgS3S| sSsS-SSg-gs?ss;?3Sgss22^33:SI r-{oitogeQm0o<Nr>-eiA * ^ =oi^ -- |g^S^aas3''rgSSR?JSS8S322!Jg::|a O---<--e-^0U>>V5QNSiirAi(r\Ao<eNe0TNm^QO<0'0'0C0ONN --~sa*on |R2s^SRSS'','"SSftS$fiSS;::32"2sS3s? |2^S?gSSS8-'r~a?^S3SS3R32;"2S33SS 35(O^oj'rO04Nr5pQcso3Q5 <fiN<(euai<0m<o^in--cpmco--o*<f'0r--iA<0r0>"'n w.S...sf.E.S.S...............*:. sr s-sr.............. space is available a t fro n t, i t is n o t necessary a t rear, and vice-versa. F oundations n o t in c lu d e d . + If apace is a v a ila b le a t fro n t, i t la n o t necessary a t rear, and vice-versa. Foundations not Included. f l f s rSH -!9"<-8 <1 OCR sMi "IffsPj| pJ j fflBIPHIlfilfl-*1 g*ocS'sI`sI g Jjfog !<** :IB? 0111 fl:2 jj j xxx 16 543 Kewanee Bailer Corporation Boilers Foundations not Included. f l f space is available a t fro n t, it is not necessary a t rear, and vice-versa. B oilers N o. 104K to U 2 K are furnished w ith cast iro n bases Kewanee Boiler Corporation joa --n 2 Boilers 0 0 0vTU"l '^p<NfSt*M P.C l>f^rtNNp' rNC~-g---eam5o>N--S--o -- -- oorr, gSRSss?"*'r3~;8-SSSSK:=SS2SRRSggS 19K 20K 16K 17K id 1IS;S3SSSS"-<SrS:8S:3SS8*2S5=SRSRSS5 00 2 0gSN5J"Q;SSSSSS',,' ^SSSS8S:3gSSS2S*5* 2SaR3--SNr=n 8i^SSSSSS'0"'<58RSSRSg8SSS2SS2RRaRa?S *0id ^ -i>n u -OAN l_" --'N --35^ --Nt*^,^'>O--'O9rtn'O--OrSO^fON'O-rt'N-oPSOg 13K 9id r* gou*>eo*NAtN'/'ieow> nT* r^i rvi -- r^. eo c* --'O'A D--OmrO"--CmN?O3mO^'^-Noo r* . oN^Ntno>n^.fONrj--f*oeCN g A ^ ^ ^ ^ A OI> ---- Iftu> <*> -- **' N 9 22 2 2 1id o f0iS^f)jl^7NSTNS^' '*N^"N--t --NNjO|T^--ONA|IUN> 5% -- -- 200 2 0 ^'0id' <CC?SO"S^NN N -O^NQS*ANr'>O--rO>>Of+-N,N* -- *A^r 0 0--e^(!SoN>--rNs--'N'(oNm 0.^m9NO--IN.--9N`m(S<(00 0 0 0 0OO(' -*' - 'N ' k S !>A. ** '* id 00 N -- ** Tvn --<ftT --WN --N --NNIA W in ` 0 0ooiA.cmO'T --'O^gNNro( <\N'tti"nm-'A*-----Ni/>ONr --evni<so---no--<ni--^<mo e n 2'C ~' -- -d> -- 00"0id O^O-O^'OirtNO^m^eOiAO^^i/' --BOO ^--O -- -- S --.S<A^rA --A'C ---- SfSsO -- ("(-fQisu'l m 2id Ort(*>--^--^fNiN^fA.fWNOO^w'viA---- if--tpc ~N>d>'--' --N-NON'M\ O--' --' oA -- ^ id ro 1^9^,nP,,'W'^irtN9^'0'0T -- -- 'O O' -- ** eo'O -- O'O'u-i n id *OA' ^<--C'--4AA C--O-e'*^>0Ns<'ATt>A4<N--^^/A> *rite.A^C^A- 00----0--OC-O-CNOON'OmO' s* > oA <n -- <0id gO*O* ^^.-A --c--n **/> --o e >N*^NjN.eN^ --^ n O' --s ^ -o -- <ooocoM--r'i co -- A rt" n-o w\ cn --'O -- a* n -- ai ** a, oan^nns ** ^ u-, >a --.S.S.S'S.S'Sj.S.S.S.S.S.S.S.E.S.S.S.S.S.S.S.S.S.S.S.S.S.S.S : ijf'.fj- : :v :* ;: 2::::::: | :::::::: :::::: :r=H m* *h mu =ji i : ; :| :J :: c | g : :"S :u 8 a :_: ,<?. : :*o a-s : g sjjmj :U*&1 Sill ll 8 I-| S pOlS ^*3SJscS^OT-BOT-B e E *o"`o | e'3'^2` o'S'^ Z'c.S V$TiTM fiMfjjtfM N u m b e r o f B o ile r ............................................... ; O K 545 Foundations not included. f l f space is available a t fro n t, it is n o t necessary a t rear, and vice-versa. F u ll h e ig h t b a c k s ta n d fu rn is h e d w ith a ll boilers, no p ie r, see L e tte r W . Boilers N o. OK to N o. 12K are furnished w ith cast iron base. ' Boilers Leader Iron Works General offices: 3010 N. Jasper St., Decatur, Illinois New York 21 E. 40th Street Chicago . 451 W. Erie Street St. Louis 2091 Ry. Exchange Building KOOLSTACK BOILERS for OIL BURNING, COKE, and ANTHRACITE COAL Low Stack Temperature. Leader Koolstack Boilers operate with stack tempera tures of less than 300 deg. fahr. Economy is the result. ' Heating Surface. Koolstack Boilers have far more than the usual amount of heating surface. Fire Travel. Flue gases pass from com bustion chamber to the top of rear tubular section, then down through the tubes and out at the bottom. Economy. The unusual economy Leader Koolstack Boilers is due to the fact the flue gases are held in the boiler until all of the effective heat has been released. of Automatic Damper. Tempo rary draft acceleration at the initial firing period is provided by an automatic damper which by-passes the products of combustion direct to the chimney. This damper closes automatically when the stack temperature reaches 250 deg. For Oil, Coke, and Anthracite Coal. While this is primarily a boiler for Oil Burning, it shows remarkable performance records on Coke and Anthracite Coal. It is not intended for use with soft coal. . Koolstack Boiler Specifications * (A3.M.E. Code) STEAM HEATING Type OS-2848 OS-2854 05-2860 OS-3954 OS-3963 OS-3972 Net Rating Sq. Ft. Note X 800 1000 1200 1600 2100 2600 Approximate Shipping Weight Lb. , Grate Diameter In. 2000 2200 2400 3500 3900 4300 I 33 yA 33'/j Width Overall In.- & 46 46 Height Overall In. 52>/.- 6?1oy, 79V. Length Overall In. P 90 90 . Size Size Size Height Smoke Flow Return of Water Outlet Opening Opening Level In. In. In. In. 10 3 3 10 y/i y/% I10 k 4 12 12 ytA/i 12 5 56 HOT WATER HEATING OW-2S48 OW-2854 P 2% siOW-2860 OW-3954 OW-3963 fiOW-3972 1280 1600 1920. 2880 3520 4160 2000 2200 2400 3500 3900 4300 52V. 68>A 46 6710V, 90 90 46 79V. 90 $AU of these ratings are based on actual boiler capacity at outlet. 546 10 10 10 12 12 12 33 y/i y/i 44 4>/: y/i 4'A 4* 5 Boilers Monitor Boiler Company 1505 Race Street Philadelphia, Pa. pATT STEEL HEATING BOILERS LU1L AND WATER HEATERS OIL OR COAL BURNING It is the amount of heating surface, provided it is properly placed in relation to the fire, that determines the amount of oil or coal used to heat a building. The amount of heating surface per unit of rating in the Coil Boiler is exceptionally high and is tremendously effective because it is within view of the flame, hence, capable of absorbing the radiant heat. NET RATINGS The Coil Water Tube Steel Boiler is rated on the amount of direct cast-iron radiation the boiler will carry. Example: A boiler rated at 800 ft. will carry 800 ft. of direct cast-iron radiation. A sufficient reserve has been figured in the rating to take care of piping, except where unusual con ditions exist, such as exposed piping, insufficient radiation, etc., where allowance must of course be made. DIMENSIONS AND RATINGS COIL WATER TUBE STEEL HEATING BOILERS COIL STEEL WATER HEATERS Number of Boiler SAW 1181 SAW 1201 SAW 1231 SAW 1251 SAW 1281 SAW 1282 SAW 1311 SAW 1312 SAW 1351 SAW 1352 SAW 1401 SAW 1402 Net Steam Rating 325 450 550 675 800 950 1150 1400 1600 1950 2350 3000 Net Water Rating 525 750 900 1100 1325 1575 1900 2325 2600 3250 3800 5000 Crate Sq. Ft. 1.8 2.2 2.9 3.4 4.3 4.3 5.3 5.3 6.7 6.7 8.8 8.8 Tapping* Size m 4-3 4-3 4-3 4-3 4-4 4-4 4-4 4-4 4-4 4-4 Smoke Pipe 7* 7" 8* 8* 10* 10* 10* 10* 12* 12* 14* 14* Number C-gclty Heater per Hour Smoke Pipe Brar Size 10 400 7* ' 4-21/j 12 500 7* 4-2Vz 14 750 8* +-3 16 950 8* 4-3 18 1150 10* 4-3 20 .1450 . 10* 4t4 44 1650 10* 4-4 48 2050 12* 4-4 Above ratings based on raising tem perature of water 50 deg. per gallon Working pressure 125 lb. All Boilers and Heaters built in accordance with" the A.S.M.B. Code. 547 j Water Line | Returns I Steam Rating No. 1 | Buckwheat Height Outlets Chimney Flue Approximate Shipping Weight Return Water Rating No. 1 Buckwheat Boilers Molby Boiler Company Incorporated Subsidiary of The Universal Pipe and Radiator Company . Molby Magazine-Feed Downdraft-Crossdraft Boilers and Heavy Duty Tank Heaters with Adjustable Side Grate for burning No. 1 Buckwheat Anthracite GRAYBAR BUILDING, LEXINGTON AVENUE AT 43rd STREET, NEW YORK Philadelphia Branch 2401 Chestnut Street Lansdale. Pa. Branch 50 Central Avenue Chicago Branch 332 S. Michigan Avenue Highest Medal Award of Merit and Diploma: Sesqui-Centennial. Philadelphia Built throughout in accordance with codes of the A.S.M.E. and the A.S.H.hfV.E. HE Molby is easy to operate, is self material. These ratings, under the same Tfeeding, and gives a steady, even conditions, may be used for sized soft coal heat over long periods with low- of the free-burning and non-caking variety. priced No. 1 Buckwheat Anthracite. AlsoShould larger sizes of good grades of bums sized free-burning bituminous with Anthracite be used, a given boiler--other proper chimney draft. Also coke. Maga conditions being the same--would burn zines need re-filling only once every 12 with equal efficiency, 20 per cent more to 24 hours. Cast iron sectional con coal. Thus, when such larger sizes are struction throughout. . regularly used, the ratings shown are Ratings are based on the assumption increased 20 per cent. that a good grade of No. 1 Buckwheat The Molby will heat home--large Anthracite is to be used and that the apartment house---or commercial building chimney is of such area, height and tight --having a good chimney, just as success ness as to produce the required draft; fully and just as easily with low-priced also that the boiler, mains and connections small coal as ordinary boilers burning the shall be covered with an . insulating expensive sizes. . Molby Boiler Company, Incorporated Boilers SIZES, CAPACITIES. DIMENSIONS AND PRICES STEAM STEAM AND WATER waYer Number Steam Vapor Sire--1 etches _C 3 jC M C 11 Jl cn Number Water Cipher 26* Series S-4026 S-5026 S-6026 S-7026 S-6026 Adageo Addieo Admito Adzo Adelo 48 48 48 48 48 2-3 550 2-3 725 2-3 900 2-3 1125 2-3 1300 31* Series 54 54 54 54 54 41 41 35'/, 42 10 10 2?-A3 8x12 8x12 1890 W-4026 2230 W-5026 2-3 925 2-3 1225 41 48V, 10 7-3 8x12 2580 W-6026 2-3 1525 4i 55 10 2-3 12x12 2950 W-7026 2-3 1900 41 61'/, 10 2-3 12 JK12 3300 W-8026 Docko 2-3 2200 S- 4031 S- 5031 S- 6031 S- 7031 S- 8031 S- 9031 S-I003I Bugo Hutto Bullo Buno Bulbo Buoyo Bungo 47* Series 54 2-4 1075 62'/, 61 54 2-4 1425 62'/, 61 54 2-4 1775 62'/, 61 54 2-4 2125 62'/, 61 54 2-4 2475 6IV, 61 54 2-4 2825 6IV, 61 54 2-4 3175 62'/, 61 37V, 44 14 14 2-3 2-3 182 xx1\22 3320 W- 4031 3820 W- 5031 Edgeo 2-4 2-4 .1825 2425 50V, 14 7-3 12x12 4290 W- 6031 2-4 3000 56V. 14 3-3 12x16 4690 W- 7031 2-4 3625 6J'/ 14 3-3 12x 16 5100 W- 8031 2-4 4200 69'/, 14 3-3 16x 16 5510 W- 9031 2-4 4825 75V, 14 3-3 16x16 5930 W-I003I Eduxo 2-4 5400 S- 5047 S- 6047 S- 7047 S- 8047 S- 9047 S-10047 S-II047 S-12047 S-I3047 Catxo Calto Caro Carpo Caseo Ladio Cabo Cando Camo v> 2-5 2750 61V, 2-5 3400 61V,, 3-5 4050 6!V, 3-5 4700 61V, 3-5 5350 67'/; 3-5 6000 67'/2 3-5 6650 6m 3-5 7300 67'/, 3-5 7950 80 80 80 80 80 80 80 80 80 75'/, 50V, 75'/, 59 75'/, 67'/, 75'/, 76 75V; 84V, 75'/, 93 75'/;. 101'/, 75'/, 110 75'/, IIS'/, 14 2-4 12x16 5990 W- 5047 14 2-4 16x16 7150 W- 6047 16 3-4 16x16 8310 W- 7047 16 3-4 16x20 9500 W- 8047 18 3-4 16x20 10650 W- 9047 18 4-4 20x20 11840 W-10047 18 4-4 20x20 13000 W-11047 18 4-4 20x24 14150 W-12047 18 4-4 20x24 15320 W-13047 Fleigo 2-5 4675 2-5 5800 3-5 6900 3-5 8050 3-5 9150 3-5 10300 3-5 11400 3-5 12500 3-5 13600 Note.--In ordering 26 in. boilers state whether you wish same fitted up with right hand or left hand end to the chimney. Length includes Smoke Box. Equipment.---Each steam boiler is equipped with a full set steam trimmings (26 in. series, I pressure regu lator; 31 in. and 47 in. senes. 2 pressure regulators.) . Water boilers are furnished with two water temperature regulators, except 26 in. series which are equipped with one. A complete set of firing and cleaning tools, together with instruction books for setting up and operation, accompany each boiler. THE cross-sectional views on this and the next page show the construction of the sections and the relative position of the reserve coal in the magazine. Note the downdraft and crossdraft travel of the gases through the fire and into the com bustion chamber. 548 Side grate eatily adjustedfor matt coal or large coal LOSS of valuable heat units is im possible because the fuel is added to the draft side of the fire. The air supporting the combustion enters the fire chamber through the ad justable side grate, passes through the incandescent fire and is drawn through the water grate with the gases at a flaming temperature. Airand gases mix upon entering the combustion chaqiber. 549 Boilers and Radiators National Radiator Corporation General Offices: Johnstown, Pa. Branch Offices and Warehouses Baltimore............................................2622 Frisby Street Boston................................................. 93-97 Oliver Street Buffalo................... ............ 269-265 Delaware Avenue Chicago..................................2445 North Keeler Avenue Cincinnati........... Spring Grove and Elmira Avenue Cleveland.....................,,.935 East Sixty-third Street Indianapolis............................. .431 W. Georgia Street Johnstown........................... ............221 Central Avenue Milwaukee..............................124-130 Jefferson Street New York_...................55 West Forty-second Street Omaha....... .....................,..........,,.10S-112 S. Tenth Street Philadelphia........................-121 North Broad Street Pittsburgh........ ............................ 1509 Arrott Building Richmond.......................................... 3032 Norfolk Street St. Louis.:.................... 1042 Central Industrial Street Washington, D.C2205 Fifth Street, N.E, Manufacturers of Aero Radiators, National Round Boilers, National Jacketed Boilers, Super Smokeless Boilers, Imperial Sectional Boilers, Low Water Line Boilers, Contento Boilers and Gas Boilers. - 1 lV I3L Wall Radiator Aero Radiation StyleSteam or Water Distance from Floor to Center of Top Tapping ,,Height in Square Feet Section 3 TubeWidth of Section 5%' 4 Tube-- Width of Section vw 5 TubeWidth of Section 8%' 6 TubeWidth of Section 9* 7 TubeWidth of Section 12* 33*4 27% 23% 17% 33% 27% 23% 17% 33% 27% 23% 2096 17% 35% 29'/, 23'/, 20V, 17% 33% 27% 23% 17% 14% n% 36 30 26 20 36 30 26 20 36 30 26 23 20 38 32 26 23 20 36 30 26 20' 16% 13% 3% 3 28 i% 4% 3% 2% 2% 5 4* 3% 3 Five-Tube Radiator m 6 5 4 3% 3 6% 3% S? 3H 3% 2H Floor to center bottom tapping--4H in. _ Excepting 13H in. and 16}$ in. 7 Tube which is 3 in. Legless Radiator National Aero Wall Radiation Sections Number 5A 7A 9A 7B 9B Height Inches 13*6 13*6 13*6 21% 29* Length or Width 16% 21% 29*6 13* 13* Center to Sa. Ft. Per Center lappings Section 10*6 10*6 10*6 18% 25% 5 7 9 -7 9 Thickness of sections--2K *n550 National Radiator Corporation Boilers and Radiators National Super*Smokeless Boilers The patented baffle sec tion separates the primary and secondary combustion chambers. The volatile . gases from the coking coat in front are intimately mixed with secondary air and consumed' smoke lessly. The rotative fire travel scours the flue ways resulting in maximum heat transfer. Boiler Steam Number Rating Water Rating ' Crate Area Sq. Ft. Length of Length of Number Sections Sections and of Outlets Only Smoke Box Sizes in In. ' In. In. Chimney Area In. Height Fl BoUer Covering Sq. Fl Surface 24 Series--Height of Water Line, 4PA". Height Fbto Outlet, 54*. Width qf Sections--3PA*- 245 1600 2600 5.00 37% 48% 1-4* 12x12 246 2000 3250 6.25 45% 56% 2-4* 13x13 247 2400 3900 7.50 53% 63% 2-4* 13x13. 248 2800 4550 8.75 62 71% 2-4* 14x14 249 3200 5200 10.00 70% 79% 3-4' 14x14 33 Series /eight of Waler Lint, 53* . Height Flow Outlet, 64 A*. Width of Sections--17'. 335 2900 4650 7.32 371/. 49% 1-5' 14x14 336 3600 5800 9.10 45% 57% 2-5* 15x15 337 4300 6950 10.87 53% 66 2-5' 16x16 338 5000 8100 12.65 62 72% 2-5* 16x16 339 5700 9250 14.42 70% 80% 5-5* 18x18 3310 6400 10400 16.20 78% 89 3-5' 18x18 40 Series--. 1eight of Water Line, J/J . Height F ou> Outlet, byK Width Sections--57%*. 405 4200 6700 9.68 37% 49% 1-5* 15x15 406 5200 6300 12.03 45% 57% 2-5* 16x16 407 6200 9900 14.38 53% 65% 2-5' 18x18 408 7200 11500 16.73 62 74 3-5' 18x16 409 8200 13100 19.08 70% 82% 3-5' 20x20 4010 9200 14700 21.43 78% 90% 3-5* 20x20 4011 10200 16300 23.77 86% 97 3-5* 21x21 4012 11200 17900 23.77 95 105% 4-5' 22x22 4013 12200 19500 23.77 103% 113% 4-5* 22x22 4014 13000 20800 23.77 HI % 121% 4-5' 23x23 4015 13800 22100 23.77 119% 130 4-5' 23x23 4016 14600 23400 23.77 128 138% * 4-5' 24x24 4017 15400 24700 23.77 136% 146% 4-5' 24x24 4018 16200 26000 23.77 144% 154% 4-5' 25x25 4019 17000 27300 23.77 152% 163 5-5' 25x25 4020 17600 28200 23.77 161 7I% 5-5' 25x25 4021 18200 29200 23.77 169% 179% 5-5' 25x25 . 4022 18800 30200 23.77 177% 187% 5-5' 26x26 4023 19400 31200 23.77 185% 196 5-5' 27x27 4024 20000 32200 23.77 194 204% 5-5' 27x27 40 40 45 50 55 40 40 40 50 50 55 50 50 50 55 55 60 60 65 70 . 75 75 80 80 80 85 90 100 100 100 100 34 42 50 58 64 42 . 51 60 69 78 87 46 50 66 76 86 96 106 116 126 136 146 156 166 176 186 1% 206 216 226 Z36 Square feet of exterior boiler surface. Approximate number of pounds of oovering per boiler section, 24 series, 50 lb.; 33 series, 60 lb.; 40 series, 67 lb. National Duplex Super-Smokeless Boilers 827 828 829 8210 8211 8212 8213 8214 8215 8216 8217 8218 13200 15200 17200 19200 21200 23200 25200 26600 28400 30000 31600 33200 21100 24300 27500 30700 33900 37100 40300 42900 45500 46100 50700 53300 28.76 28.76 33.46 33.46 38.16 38.16 42.66 42.86 42.86 47.54 47.54 47.54 53% 62 70% m 95 103% !W8 128 W/. . 144% 70% 79 87% 112 120% 145 153% 161% 1-8' 23x23 1-8' 24x24 1-8' 25x25 1-8' 26x26 1-8' 27x27 1-8' 28x28 1-8' 29x29 1-8' 29x29 1-8' 30x30 1-8' 31x31 1-8' 32x32 1-8' 32x32 60 90 65 104 65 . 118 70 132 70 146 75 160 80 174 65 168 85 202 90 216 90 230 90 244 Height of Water line, 57 in. Height to Center of Outlet, 81H in- Width of Boiler, H5* in. Regularly furnished with cast iron header, but can be furnished without header when so ordered. Square feet of exterior boiler surface. Approximate number of pounds of boiler oovering per section, 94 lb. 551 National Radiator Corporation Boilers and Radiators National Imperial Sectional Boilers The spacious fire box provides large fuel capacity which allows maximum time be tween attention periods, and makes it possible to carry an economical and effective fire. After leaving the combustion chamber the hot gases travel twice the length of the boiler before discharging into the stack. Special grates can be fur nished to burn the smaller sizes of fuel. Boiler . Steam Number Rating Water Rating Grate Area Sq.Ft. Length of Length of Sections' Sections and of Outlets Only Smoke Box Sizes in In. In. In. Chimney Area In. Height Ft. 32lSerio--lHeight of Waier Line, S3* . Height of Top Outlet, W/S. Width of Boiler. 41 532 2900 4650 7.32 3714 493/4 1-5* * 14x14 632 3600 5800 9.10 45% 58 2-5* 15x15 , 732 4300 6950 10.87 53% 661/4 2-5* 16x16 832 5000 8100 12.65 62 741/4 2-5* 16x16 932 5700 9250 14.42 70% B2i/a 3-5* 18x18 47 Scries--lHeight of Wa '.cr Line. >/" . Height of lop Outlet, 69Width oj Boiler, 571/3 642 5200 6300 12.03 45i/2 571/2 2-5* * 16x16 742 6200 9900 14.38 53Vi 653/4 2-5* 18x18 842 7200 11500 16.73 62 74 3-5* 18x18 942 8200 13100 19.08 70i/4 821/, 3-5* 20x20 1042 9200 . 14700 21.43 78% 903/5 3-5* 20x20 1142 10200 16300 23.77 86% 99 . 3-5* 21x21 1242 11200 17900 26.12f 95 107'/, 4-5* 22x22 1342 12200 19500 28.47f 103% iHG 1 81442 13000 20800 30.82t 1542 13800 22100 33.17f W 132 4-5* 4-5* 4-5*. 22x22 23x23 23x23 1642 14600 23400 35.52f 128 140% 4-5* 24x24 40 40 40 50 50 50 50 55 55 60 60 65 70 75 75 80 "Boiler Covering Sq. Ft. Surface 42 51 60 69 78 56 66 76 86 96 106 116 126 136 146 156 "Square feet of exterior boiler surface. Approximate number of pounds of boiler covering per section--23 series, 50 lb.; 32 series, 60 lb.; 42 series, 67 lb. {Maximum grate area which can be furnished. Unless otherwise ordered these sizes are shipped with 10 grate bars having a grate area of 23.77 sq. ft. Boiler Steam - Number Rating 684 784 884 984 1084 1184 - 1284 11200 13200 15200 17200 19200 21200 23200 National Duplex Sectional Boilers Water Rating 17900 2M00 24300 27500 30700 33900 37100 ' Crate Area Sq.Ft. 24.06 28.76 33.46 38.16 38.16 42.86 42.86 Length of Length of Number Sections Sections and of Outlets Only Smoke Box Sizes in In. In. v In. . 45'/, 53% 62 70% 78% 86% 95 621/* 70% 79 871/, 95'/? 103% 112 1-8* - 1-8" 1-8* 1-8* 1-8* 1-8* 1-8* Chimney Area ' In. 22x22 23x23 24x24 25x25 26x26 27*27 27x27 Height Ft. 65 65 70 75 60 80 85. "Boiler Covering Sq.Ft. Surface 76 90 104 118 132 146 160 Height Water Line, 57 in. Height to Center of Header Outlet, 81H in. Width of Boiler, 115M in. Regularly furnished with cast iron header, but can be furnished without header when so ordered. ' "Square feet of exterior boiler surface. Approximate number of pounds of boiler covering per'section, 94 lb. 552 Newport Boiler Company General Offices: 529 S. Franklin St., Chicago Boilers This boiler cuts fuel bills from 30 to 50 per cent burning No. 1 Buckwheat coa "Newport"--alone, provides these Heater essentials: Convenience Coaling only necessary from once a day to once a week, depending upon the weather. It is therefore the Home Owner's choice. . PrAnnmv "Newport" combustion is complete, conforming to all the laws of science.. Saves from $5 to $7 per ton, burning No. 1 Buckwheat coal. Tprovided by the never .varying thickness of the fuel bed, that %ji til txt supplies heat for every nook and comer, automatically controlled. Adapta bility the patented, adjustable throat, which is water cooled, insures maximum efficiencies, burning all sizes and kinds of coal, coke or oil. NEWPORT COAL BURNING BOILERS Boiler Number Steam Rating Square "Maximum Direct Radiation Load Boiler Number Water Rating Square- Feet "Maximum Direct Radiation Load Length Overall STEAM WATER S-4 S-5 S-6 S-7 S-8 S-55 S-66 S-77 S-88 S-99 S-10I0 S-III1 594 750 907 1063 1219 1375 1688 2000 2313 2625 2938 3250 340 W-4 430 W-5 518 W-6 607 W-7 6% W-8 786 W-55 965 W-66 1143 W-77 1322 W-88 1500 W-99 1679 W-1010 1858 W-1111 1000 1250 1500 1750 2000 2282 2782 3313 38(3 4313 4813 5313 ' 572 714 857 1000 1143 1304 1590 1893 2179 2464 2749 3035 301/4* 36%' 42y4' 49* 55%' 44* 501/4* 56%' 62>4* 69* 751/4' 81%' width Overall 32' 32* 32* 32* 32* 56* 56* 56* 56* 56* . 56* 56* Chimney Flue Size Inches 8x 12 8x 12 8x 12 12x12 12x12 12x12 12x16 12 x 16 16 x 16 16x16 18x18 18x18 Height Feet 35 35 40 40 45 40 45 45 50 50 50 55 NEWPORT OIL BURNING BOILERS O-S-4 594 340 O-W-4 1000 572 30/4' 32* 8x12 O-S-5 750 430 O-W-5 1250 714 36i/2* 32* 8x 12 O-S-6 907 518 O-W-6 1500 857 42*4* 32* 8x12 OnS-7 1063 607 O-W-7 1750 1000 49* 32* 12 x 12 O-S-8 1219 696 O-W-8 2000 1143 551/4* 32* 12x12 O-S-55 1375 786 O-W-55 2282 1304 44' 56* 12x12 O-S-66 1688 965 O-W-66 2782 1590 501/4* 56* 12x16 O-S-77 2000 1143 O-W-77 3313 1693 56'A* 56* 12x16 O-S-88 2313 1322 O-W-88 3813 2179 62*4* 56* O-S-99 2625 1500 O-W-99 4313 2464 69* 56* 16x16 O-S-1010 o-s-tnt 2938 3250 1679 O-W-IOIO 4813 1858 o-w-mi 5313 2749 3035 75'/4' 81%' 56* 56* 18x18 18x18 35 35 40 40 45 40 45 45 50 50 50 55 a "The " Maximum Direct Radiation Load" is the maximum actual amount of square feet of cast iron enlnmn radiation or its equivalent that we recommend be attached to boiler. This amount provides a safety factor of 75 per oent, bring ample for average conditions, to take care of the load imposed by mains, risers, etc., but does not provide an allowance for thebeabng of water for domestic use, or any extra load where attached radiation will condense more than 0.25 04) lb. of steam, per square foot per hour. The water line on all Steam Boilers is 403$ in. Height overall Coal Boilers 62 in. Oil Boilers 48in. 553 x Boilers Oil City- - Boile_rW...o..rks_ V L Oil Citij-- -------- - .. . New York, N. Y., 501 Fifth Ave. Pittsburgh. Pa.. 1116 House Bldg. Atlanta, Ga.. 202 Red Rock Bldg. Baltimore, Md., Whitaker Bldg. Indianapolis. !nd.. 117 East Michigan St. Richmond, Va., American National Bank Bldg. Detroit, Mich., 715 Donovan Bldg. Chicago, III., 19 W. Jackson Blvd. Los Angeles. Calif.. 1003 Union Trust Bldg. Charlotte. N. C.. 225 Latta Arcade Cincinnati, O., S. W. Cor. 3rd and Walnut Sts. Shreveport. La.. P. O. Box No. 298 Boilers The Wm. H. Page Boiler Co. 200 Madison Avenue, New York Boston, 123 Beverly Street Brooklyn, 98--49th Street Philadelphia, 1126 Washington Avenue Washington, 1117--15th Street, N.W. Cleveland, Rose Building Meadville, Pa., Factory Makers of Boilers for more than 70 Years "OH City" Smokeless Boiler "OIL CITY" low pressure boilers are offered to the trade as the last word in "Heating Economy" comprising in one unit all the elements of a modern plant for steam or hot water heating, especially adapted for Schools, Office Buildings, Hotels, Churches, Club Houses, Hospitals or for any purpose where the service of a universally recognized fire box boiler of high merit is desired. "OIL CITY" boilers are designed and constructed to meet all requirements of modern engineering as formulated by the American Society of Mechanical Engineers, the boiler laws of the various states and cities, and are backed by 35 years of suc cessful practical experience. Description--"OIL CITY" boilers are built in smokeless and straight draft types for portable and brick settings, self con tained with all steel construction thor oughly braced, stayed, inspected, and tested for 15 lb. working pressure. These boilers have large fire boxes thereby insuring ample combustion space in which heat-giving gases and air freely mix before entering tubes. The arrangement of tubes in relation to shell allows free circulation of water at all times, together with large steam space, insuring dry steam and steady water level. " D" Type Boiler The above view shows the new "D" type residential boiler built in capacities 400 to 2000 sq. ft. direct steam radiation. Send for Circular H-23. Ratings--Ratings are very conservative, only such parts of the boiler coming in actual contact with passage of the hot gases, and lying below the zone of normal water level being considered as heating surface. Equipment--Equipment with all boilers includes, in addition to complete set of shaking grates, all the necessary castings, safety valves, steam gauge, water column, etc., required for a complete installation. Oil Fired--Where oil is used exclusively we recommend our new Series 1900 Port able Return Tubular Fire Box Oil Burning Boiler. Complete specifications and measurements shown in Circular H-22. Every "OIL CITY" boiler bears the official stamp of the A. S. M. E. Boiler Code, indicating the pressure at which the boiler may be worked. ,,- At a small increase in cost "OIL CITY" boilers are furnished, braced and stayed, for a safe working pressure of 100 lb. Complete specifications, measurements and weights shown in Catalog H-9. 554 Monarch Water Tube Monarch Sectional Steam and Water Boilers Rating No. Sq. Ft. Steam 4-22 5-22 5-22 7-22 4-28 5-28 6-28 7-28 8-28 9-28 5-40 6-40 7-40 8-40 9-40 10-40 11-40 12-40 6-60 7-50 8-50 9-50 10-60 11-60 12-60 15-50 14-50 15-60 16-60 17-60 18-60 19-50 20-60 850 1075 1300 1525 1600 2100 2600 3100 3600 4100 3400 4200 5000 5800 6600 7400 8200 9000 6600 8200 9800 11,400 13,000 14,600 16,200 17,800 19,400 21,000 22,600 24,200 25,800 27,400 29,000 Rating Sq.Ft. Water - (Size of Grate Inches (Full Height Area Overall of Grate Inches Sq. Ft. Steam Width Overall Inches Steam Height Width Water Outlets Size of Overall Overall Length Line and Smoke Inches Inches Inches Inches Inlets Es. Water Water Steam Inches 1400 1775 2150 2525 22x20 22 z 26% 22 x 32% 22 x 39'/$ 3.06 4.03 5.00 5.98 59 59 59 59 39'/. 39% 39% 39'/. 52. 52 52 52 35 27% 41 2-3 13 35 33% 41 2-3 13 35 39% 41 2-3 13 35 46% 41 2-3 13 2650 3475 4300 5125 5950 6775 28 x 24% 28 a 33*4 28x41*4 28x49% 28 x 58% 28x66% 4.826.45 8.07 9.70 11.32 12.96 70% Wt 70% W7Wti 70V) 45'/, 45% 45'/, 45% 45% 45'/, 62% 62% % 62% 62% 62% 41 41 41 4! 41 41 35% 43% 51% 60% 69 771/, 51 2-5 51 2-5 51 2-5 51 ' 2-5 51 2-5 51 2-5 16 16 16 16 16 16 5600 40 x 33% 9.20 80 59% 72% 55 43% 58 2-5 21 6925 40x41% 11.52 80 59% 72% 55 51% 58 2-5 21 6250 40 x 49% 13.85 80 59% 72V) 55 60% 58 2-5 21 9575 40 x 58% 16.18 80 59% 72% 55 69 58 2-5 21 10,900 40 x 66% 18.50 80 59% 72% 55 77% 56 2-5 21 12,200 40x75 20.82 80 ' 59% 72V) 55 85% 58 2-5 2! 13,525 40 x 83% 23.13 80 59% 72% 55 94 58 3-5 21 14,850 40x91% 25.50 80 59% 72% 55 101% 58 3-5 21 - 10,900 60x41% 17.29 m 86-/, 74% 82 51% 60 2-6 26 13,525 60 x 49% 20.78 8! V) 86*/, 741/, 82 60% 60 2-6 26 16.175 60 x 58% 24.27 81V) 86% 74% 82 69 60 2-6 26 >8.800 60 x 66% 27.76 81V) 86% 74% 82 77% 60 3-6 26 21,450 60 x 66% 31.25 81V) 86% 74% 82 85% 60 3-6 26 24,100 60 x 66% *34.74 81V) 86% 74% 82 94 60 3-6 26 26,725 . 60x75 29,375 60x75 *38.22 81V) *41.72 81V) 86% 86% 74% 74% 82 82 1n0o1%% 60 60 3-6 26 3-6 26 32,000 60x75 *45.20 81V) 86% 74% 82 >18% 60 3-6 26 34,650 60 x 83% *48.69 81V) 86% 74% 82 127% 60 3-6 26 37.300 60x83% *52.18 81V) 86% 74% 82 >35% 60 3-6 26 39,950 60 x 83% *55.67 81V) 86% 74% 82 . 143% 60 3-6 26 42,600 60x91% *59.16 8IV) 861/, 741/, 82 152% 60 3-6 26 45,200 60x9!% *62.65 81V) 86% 74% 82 160% 60 3-6 26 47,850 60x91% *66.14 81V) 86% 74>/, 82 168% 60 3-6 26 Ratings, as given, are derived from tests made in accordance with the American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers' Low-Pressure Boiler Testing Code. .- JGratc areas are for entire length of firebox, but, unless otherwise ordered, these boilers will be shipped with bridgewall section to reduce grate to length in table of dimensions above. 555 Boilers Pacific Steel Boiler Corporation Manufacturers of . Pacific Steel Heating Boilers, Pacific Circulating Tanks Waukegan, Illinois and Bristol, Pennsylvania For Burning Soft Coal Smokelessly For Soft or Hard Coal, Gas or Wood For Burning Oil PACIFIC STEEL HEATING BOILERS Pacific Steel Heating Boilers are built for steam or hot water heating using soft coal, hard coal, oil, gas, or wood as fuel. They are constructed of steel accord ing to the A. S. M. E. Code for building low pressure steel heating boilers. Every joint and seam in the Pacific is electrically welded and each boiler is built and tested to a pressure many times its normal working pressure un der the supervision of an inspector stationed in our plant by one of the largest insurance companies. Because of the compact design, Pacific Boilers save from 25 to 40 per cent, of the boiler room floor space required by other steel firebox boilers, (see dimensions given on opposite page). The catalog ratings on Pacific Boilers are based on heating surface with steam at two pounds gauge '''pressure,. hot water at 180 deg. at boiler. Any Pacific Boiler will carry its full rated load in direct cast iron 'radiation. Extra capacity must be allowed for exposed piping, storage tank, pipe coils or indirect radiators and for buildings where normal tem peratures below 70 deg. F. are to be maintained. 556 Pacific Steel Boiler Corporation PACIFIC SMOKELESS BOILERS Boilers PACIFIC DIRECT DRAFT BOILERS Net Rating Height Water ' | Line, Inches I Diameter Smoke Connec. Inches Minimum Height Stack. Feet Crate Area, Square Feet Heating Surface, Square Feet 1Size of Outlet, 1 Inches 1Size of Return, I Inches Length Overall Width Overall . Height Boiler Length Base Width Base . | Length for Ashpit Width for Ashpit | Depth for Ashpit | u<0 fi aO.C5 Sz Si ua i ym 1200 61 14 n 50 6 5 131.4 5 3 7709 1400 61 14 13 50 6.5 149.0 5 3 2210 1600 61 14 13 50 7.3 166.6 5 3 7711 1000 61 14 13 55 8.1 184.2 5 3 7712 Toon 61 14 13 55 9 0 201.8 5 3 2213 2350 68$ 17 16 55 10.2 232.8 6 3 7714 2050 68V? 17 16 55 11.1 283.2 6 3 7713 335(1 68$ 17 16 55 12 0 333.6 6 3 714 3800 6RI/C 18 17 55 12.70 372.0 6 3 62$ 39 72/? 46% 36 12 25 30 6784V'/i 39 39 72$ 52% 36 72% 58% 36 12 25 30 12 29 30 80$ 39 86$ 39 77$ 43/? 72V? 72V? 81/2 64$ 36 70$ 36 58$ 40% 12 33 30 12 37 30 U 37 34% 89'/, 43% 81% 101 43$ . 81$ 70% 40% 82% 40% 12 12 41 45 34% 34% 106 49'/. 79$ 88% 38 12 53 32 3 o z 71* 4100 75V, 18 17 55 12.07 392.0 6 3 96 58 89V, 76% 44 12 41 38 716 4500 75V? 18 17 60 13.10 425.0 6 3 102 58 717 5000 75$ 18 17 60 15.15 457.6 6 3 108 56 89Vs 82% 44 891/4 88% 44 12 45 38 12 53 38 co 2IH 5500 m/> 24 72 60 16.42 508.5 8 4 98 62% % 76% 50% 12 49 44% z 219 6500 82A 24 22 65 18.83 594.8 8 4 110 62% 96 88% 50% 12 57 441/ < 220 7000 82V4 24 22 65 20.00 637.5 8 4 116 62% 96 94% 50% 12 61 44% 221 7500 89% 26 24 65 19.11 708.7 8 4 222 8500 89/, 26 74 70 20.50 809.5 8 4 223 10000 99% 30 78 70 25 14 864.5 8 4 112% 124$ 70% 701/2 ii3% 77A 106 88% 57% 106 lOgA 57% 117V. 88% 64 12 12 15 49 53 61 51% 51% 58 /} - "I 224 11500 99% 30 78 70 26.64 988.8 8 4 . 12% 117V, 100% 64 15 65 58 22* 13000 106 32 30 75 32.60 1(83.8 8 5 127 86 125/4 100% 83% 13 5/ t/% 226 15000 106 37 30 75 34.70 1332.9 8 5 139 86 125% 1|2% 83% 15 61 77% z 227 17000 106 32 30 80 36.80 1482.0 10 6 151 86 125V4 124% 83Vz 13 65 77% 220 19000 119 229 22000 119 230 25000 119 36 33 90 39 in 1583.1 10 6 36 33 90 41.40 1759.0 (0 6 36 33 90 43.70 1934.9 10 6 144% 95% 156$ 95$ 168% 95% 140 140 140 113% 96$ 18 61 90% sfj125% 96$ 18 65 137% 96% 18 69 ` Pacific Boilers are constructed with smoke outlet at the rear and all of the tubes, both upper and lower banks, are cleaned or removed from the front of the boiler through the front flue doors. Space at rear of boiler is not necessary. . Complete catalog showing all types and sizes Pacific Boilers will be furnished on request. 557 I Boilers Pierce Firebox Boilers Built by AMES IRON WORKS Division of Pierce. Butler & Pierce Manufacturing Corporation OSWEGO, N. Y. STEEL FIREBOX HEATING BOILERS are built to comply with./4.5.Jf.. Code requirements Their capacities range from 2000 to 30,000 sq. ft. direct cast iron column radiation. These boilers are of riveted construction for 15, 100 or 125 lb. steam pressure, or all welded construction for 15 lb. steam pressure; With plain furnace suitable for oil or anthracite coal or downdraft furnace for bituminous coal. The Company has established an enviable reputation and for 75 years have been build ing High Pressure Horizontal Tubular, Portable, Locomotive, Upright and Empire Boilers as well as all types of Steam Engines. Send for Bulletins to obtain detail Specifications and Dimensions 558 Boilers and Radiaiors Pierce, Butler & Pierce Mfg. Corp. 41 East 42nd Street, New York City . Factories Eastwood and Oswego, N. Y.; Huntingdon, Pa.; Zanesville, Ohio Akron, Ohio Baltimore, Md. Boston, Mass. Cleveland, Ohio Detroit, Mich. Branch Offices and Show Rooms Dover, N.J. Forest Hills, N.Y. Jacksonville, Fla. Newark, NJ. New Haven. Conn. New London, Conn. New York, N.Y. Philadelphia. Pa. Pittsburgh, Pa. Providence, R.I. Richmond, Va. Roanoke, Va. Savannah, Ga. Syracuse. N.Y. Worcester, Mass. PRODUCTS Cast iron water boilers 100 to 23,450 sq. ft. capacity. Cast iron steam boilers 325 to 14,200 sq. ft. capacity. Firebox heating boilers, capacity steam radiation 2,500 to 25,000 sq. ft.; capacity water radiation 4,000 to 40,000 sq. ft. Radiators --all types; Radiator Valves, High Pressure Valves, Hot Water Valves, Hot Water Thermometers, Pressure and Altitude Gages Pierce Eastwood Screw Nipple Radiator ote the generous dimensions--particularly the width of the sections. The so- N called "square feet," the units in which radiators are sold, are correspondingly generous in size. . In the seven-tube series, the sections are spaced on 3-in. centers instead of 2% in., as in the narrower patterns. This extra spacing preserves the effect of lightness and grace in the largest radiators. It also measurably increases the heating effect. Eastwood Three Tube Eastwood Four Tube Eastwood Five Tube Width of Section. S'/j in. Width of Section, 7 in. | Width of Section, 8% in. Width of Section, 12% in. Length of Section in Stack. T/i in. Length of Section in Stack, TS/x in. B Length of Section in j Stack. V/x in. Length of Section in , Stack, 3 in. ' Height A c D Height In. In. In. in. In. 138 4% 36'/, 32 30% 26 24% 38 32 26 20 18% 13% 20 A c D Height A c D Height A C in. In. In. in. in. In. In. in In. t4% 36% 3iy, 30% 25% 24i/, 19% 181/, 13% 38 32 26 22 20 44% 36% 3% 30% 24% 19% 2d/, i% 181/, 38 32 26 22 17 14 36-/, 3ff/, 1 24i/, 20>/, 15% 12% D in. 31% 4,25% `i 559 Boilers, Gas Richardson & Boynton Go. Manufacturers of "Richardson" "Perfect" Heating and Cooking Apparatus since 1837 260 Fifth Avenue, New York City New York Utica Minneapolis Newark Cincinnati Philadelphia Pittsburgh Boston Detroit Chicago Buffalo Providence New "RICHARDSON" Square Cased Boilers Finish.--The outer casing is. finished with high lustre blue Japan that is durable, easy to clean and will not crack or peel. The doors, ashpit front and smokebox, in other words, all cast iron parts not covered by the casing are coated with black enamel. Insulation.--The lining or insulation of the "Richardson" boiler is of 1 in. 8-ply asbestos air cell and is attached to the cases when shipped. It thus cannot be damaged in transit or in handling. The air space between the heating unit and the outer casing provides extra heat conserving insulation. Casings.--The casings are cut in half from side to side at the flow openings on the top of the boiler and horizontally at the return tappings so that they can be attached after all piping connections to the boiler are made. RICHARDSON SQUARE CASED BOILER Sectional View of"Richardson" Square Cased Boiler showing round interior construction, extra air space insulation and heavy asbestos insulation on outer casing. Steam No. Rating, sq. ft. ! Water Grate Diam. of area, grate, No. Rating, sq. ft. sq. ft. in. Height, in. Water Smoke line, pipe. Water Steam stm., in. in. Square of base, in. Outlets, in. Steam Water 1-S-l l-S-2 l-S-3 l-S-4 l-S-5 l-S-6 l-S-7 l-S-8 350 425 550 650 800 900 1050 1150 1-W-l l-W-2 l.W-3 l-W-4 1-W-5 l-W-6 l-W-7 l-W-8 550 675 850 1050 1350 1500 1700 1900 1.58 1.58 2.18 2.18 2.89 2.89 3.70 3.70 17 17 20 20 23 23 26 26 43 493/4 44% 7 26*4 2-2'4 2--2/z 47 53'/, 48% 7 26*/4 2--2Vi 2-2/2 43J4 50% 45% 47y. 54% 49Vi 8 293/4 2--3 2-3 6 293/4 2--3 2--3 46% 53% 483/4 9 323/4 2--3 2--3 50% 57% 521% 9 323/4 2--3 2-3 47 55 49% 10 36% 2-3/z 2-3/2 51 59 533,5 10 36% 2-3'% 2--3% "Richardson" System of Mechanical Warm Air Heating and Ventilating The Richardson System of Mechanical Heating and Ventilating provides a predetermined volume of fresh, warmed, moist air uniformly throughout the space to be heated. This system is especially suitable for the heating and ventilating of schools, churches, auditoriums, large residences, hospitals, garages, manufacturing plants, and is applicable to commercial enterprises where drying is to be done. Heat is evenly distributed to all parts of the building at the proper temperature, and a healthful air condition is also maintained at all times without drafts, summer as well as winter, irrespective of the outside temperature conditions or direction of the winds.' . This system is customarily installed with a sufficient capacity to provide from three to seven changes of air to each room per hour, depending on the' type of the building and the number of people occupying the space to be heated. By means of the Richardson System entire buildings can be wanned within 90 minutes from the time the heaters are put in operation. How the System Works--The Richardson System of Mechanical Heating and Ventilating consists of warm air heaters (designed for this purpose) with fans or blowers. . Fresh outdoor air is drawn from a fresh air room by a fan into the plenum or pressure chamber back of the "Perfect" Warm Air Heaters; from here the air is passed over the prime heating surface of the heater which.is set in a galvanized or brick housing known as the heat chamber, and thoroughly, warmed. The air is then forced through ducts and discharged into the various rooms through grilles or registers located about 8 ft. above the floor level or placed in or just above the floor as may be necessary, according to the adaptability of the' house or building to be heated, thus assuming the control of the movement of all air to the rooms connected to the system. ' The vitiated or cooled air in the rooms is ex hausted (to make space for the fresh warmed air) into vent stacks through grilles at the floor line, fitted with louvers, or slatted and highly sensitive metal panels, which prevent back-drafts. Boilers, Gas L. J. Mueller Furnace Go. Manufacturers and Western Distributors 200 Reed Street, Milwaukee, Wis. Richardson & Boynton Go. Eastern Distributors 260 Fifth Avenue, New York, N. Y. Gas-Era Gas-Fired Boiler Adaptable for steam or hot water heating. Completely automatic operation. Cast iron construction for durability, with asbestos-lined metallic jacket. Vertical burner adjust ment permits use with any manufactured or natural gas. Have steady water line and will not prime. Interior surfaces may be thoroughly cleaned without disturbing jacket. Multiple unit construction permits increase in size when desired. Boiler is highly efficient securing maximum heat utilization with minimum gas consumption. STEAM WATER STEAM WATER Boiler A.GJl. No. Katmg 13-S 25-S 37-S 49-S 511-S 613-S 715-S 817-S 919-S 1021-S 1123-S 1225-S 420 840 1260 1680 2100 2520 2940 3360 3780 4200 4620 5040 Boiler No. 13-W 2S-W 37-W 49-W 511-W 613-W 715-W 817-W 919-W 1021-W II23-W 1225-W A.GjA. Rating 670 1340 2010 2680 3350 4020 4690 5360 6030 6700 7370 8040 Boiler No. 1327-S 1429-S 1531-S 1634-S 1838-S 2042-S 2246-S 24505 2654-S 285S-S 3062-S A.G.A. Boiler A.G^i. Rating No. Rating 5460 5880 6300 6720 7560 8400 9240 10080 10920 11760 12600 1327-W 1429-W 1531-W 1634-Wj 1838-W 2042-W 2246-W 2450-W 2654-W 2858-W 3062-W 8710 9380 10050 10720 12060 13400 14740 16080 17420 18760 20100 Gas-Era Boiler Standard Equipment with all Boilers. Insulated metallic jacket, draft hood, gas pressure regulator, electric gas valve, safety pilot, main gas cock, pilot gas cock, draw-off cock, cleaning brush. Steam boilers have automatic steam and vapor pressure regulator and low water cut-off, water gauge and try cocks, retard steam gauge and pop safety valve. Water boilers have automatic water temperature regulator, altitude gauge and thermometer. . Gas-Era Gas-Fired Warm Air Furnace Cast iron construction, with lacquered casing in attractive color. Completely automatic, tamper-proof operation. Burns any gas, natural or manufactured. Accessible for cleaning. Ample free area. Automatic moisture supply. Adaptable for forced air heating on large jobs. Multiple unit construction. -. Furnace No. 1 (10)* 2(20) 3(30) 4 (40) m AJGJl. Input Rating B.t.u per Hour 65,000 130,000 195,000 260,000 325,000 390,000 Total Load B.t.u per Hour 47,500 95,000 142,500 190,000 237,500 285,000 Capacity Warm Air Pipes Sq. In. 430 860 1290 1720 2150 2580 Same furnace, less electrical equipment and automatic humidifier. Data on larger units on application. 561 Gas-Era Furnace Boilers and Radiators Richmond Radiator Company INCORPORATED Executive Office 1480 Broadway, New York Chicago. 1010 Wrigley Building Philadelphia. 2241 North American St. Branch Offices Boston, 460 Park Square Building Cleveland, Cedar Avenue and Ashland Road Gas Boiler Division: 2220 Chestnut Street, Philadelphia, Pa. Radiator, Enameldware and Heatomat Plant, Unlontown, Pa. Boiler Plant, Norwich, Conn. ' " RICHMOND-MODEL " INSULATED AND JACKETED SECTIONAL BOILER Steam and Water Available with or without smoke pre venting device, made in three widths of grates, 15 in., 22 in. and 36 in. Catalog containing ratings, measurements, etc., sent on request. Richmond The Richmond Heatomat catalog in cludes data on cost of gas boiler operation versus coal. Also complete description of exclusive mechanical features sizes, ratings, For efficiency, simplicity, and construction ' in accordance with soundest principles of engineering cost, etc. Outstanding features of the Heatomat Engineering skill and an exacting con struction policy have produced in the Richmond Heatomat, a Gas Boiler that translates 85 per cent of the fuel value into heat. Made for Steam, Hot Water, or Vapor Systems--to be used in small or large houses, office buildings, hotels and apartment houses. The Heatomat is modeled along the lines of the larger power plant boilers combining efficiency with utmost sim plicity. The entire line of Richmond Heatomat Gas Boilers is approved by the American Gas Association for efficiency and safety of operation. Vertical Tubular ` Construction. Preheating re turn water flow with flue gas heat. Water cooled walls absorb burner heat. Secondary air in take regulated with gas flow. Heat transmis sion scientifically baffled. Only one burner, one primary air setting for bat tery. 562 Richmond Radiator Co., Inc. Boilers and Radiators "Richmond" Round Official tests credit this boiler with a greater heating surface and efficiency than others of equal diameter and number of sections. Made for Steam and Hot Water in eighteen sizes. "Richmond" Heavy Duty Smokeless Boilers Designed for Fuel Economy. Burns all grades of Hard or Soft Coal, Coke, Lignite, Natural Gas and Fuel Oils. Meets the requirements of the most rigid Smoke Ordinances. A 51 in. Boiler, 7 to 16 Sections, Steam and Hot Water. "Richmond" 25 and 36 in. Sectional Boilers Burn Hard and Soft Coal, Coke, Gas and Fuel Oils. Incorporates a maximum of direct fire surface, quick internal circula tion and rapid flow of water. For Steam, Vapor, Vacuum and Hot Water Heating. Model Sectional Boilers For Steam and Hot Water. Three to twelve sections, 18, 22,30 and 40 in. grates. Compact, accessible, efficient heating sur face and circulation system. 563 Richmond Radiator Co., Inc. Boilers and Radiators "the Richmond engineering data book" is filled with helpful information Engineers!! Architects!! Heating Contractors!! will find "The Richmond Data Book" a useful and dependable member of their engineering and " estimating Staff. It is Original--Authoritative--Helpful--and gives the answer to boiler selection problems. Men who specify and buy boilers have need of such a book as this and Richmond has compiled it. In addition to the volume of engineering information it in cludes. there is a performance data page similar to the one shown, for every Richmond Boiler, round and square. The page reproduced is the detailed performance table of the Rich mond Heavy Duty Boiler illustrated on the second pre ceding page. Such data based upon Official Codes are a dependable guide for Engineers, Architects and Contractors in the selection of a boiler that will perform most efficiently and economically. Contents Below is a skeleton list of the contents of "The Richmond Engineering Data Book:" Foreword. . Standard Requirements. Explanatory Notes Regarding Per formance Tables. Dimensions, etc., of Round Boiler. Guarantee of Ratings. A. S. M. E. Boiler Construction Code. A. S. H. & V. E. Boiler Testing Code. Heating and Piping Contractors' Formula for Output Tests. A. 8. H. & V. E. Formula for com puting Radiation. Heating and Piping Contractors' National Association's Formula for computing Radiation. Buckwheat Coal Grates for Boilera. Boiler and Pipe Covering. Chimney Data. Richmond Boilers are Code Boilers All Richmond Boilers are Built, Tested, Rated and Ratings Certified according to the official inter pretation of Standard Codes. Ratings are based upon exact boiler outputs--that is, the exact amount of direct cast iron column radiation boilers will carry in addition to piping uncovered, boiler only covered. Sent upon Request - ' Address our Executive Office or nearest Branch Office for copy of " The Richmond Engineering Data Book." 564 Richmond Radiator Co., Inc. Boilers and Radiators cjhc "Richmond" A masterpiece of design. Greater heating surface and space between sections. No protuding surfaces. Tested at Frost Laboratories in. accordance with code of A. S. H. & V. E. Three, five and seven tubes, in several heights. No. of Section* 11 33-Inch 20-Inch 3-Tube 5-Tube 7-Tube B BB A Catalog Rating Sec. Sq. Ft. Per Rad. Equiv. Surface at 240 B.t.u. Per A Catalog Rating Sec. Sq. Ft. Per Rad. Equiv. Surface at 240 B.t.u. Per A Catalog Rating Sq. Ft. Per Sec. Sq. Ft. Per Rad. Equiv. Surface at 240 B.t.u. Per Sq. Ft. Sq. Ft. Sq. Ft. I 3V* 2 3 9% 5.40 8.79 12.17 5 10 15 8.93 14.22 19.51 3% 7% "% 6.32 10.22 14.12 4 13 5 I6I/4 6 19% 15.56 18.95 22.33 20 25 30 24.80 30.09 35.38 15 18% 22% 18.02 21.92 25.82 Heating Surface in Sq. Ft. Cata log Height Three Five Seven Tube Tube Tube 38* 3.25 5.00 7.00 32* 2.75 4.50 26* 2.25 3.50 5.00 22* 2.00 3.00 4.25 20* 2.75 3.75 18* 2.50 3.50 16* 3.25 14* 2.75 "A" 37&* 31%' 25% 21 VC 20 18%* 16%* 14*4* *`C" Num ber of Cross Bars 30% 25%* 19%* 15%' I3%12%' 1s0%*6r' 2 2 1 0 0 0 0 0 7 mx 8 26 9 29% 25.72 29.11 32.50 35 40 45 40.68 45.97 51.26 26% 30 33% 29.72 33.62 Catalog will be mailed on request showing 37.52 tables of capacities and ratings, all heights 10 32% 35.88 50 56.50 371% 41.42 and sizes of radiators, 1 to SO sections. RICHMOND TUBE RADIATORS 5@"We direct attention to the fact that while our base prices are in line with others, we offer vastly more for the same price. For Richmond Tube Radiators, you pay for the number of square feet in Column A and you receive the number of square feet in Column B. For example: . " For a 2-section, 38-inch, 5-tube Radiator you pay for 10 feet, you receive 14.22 feet For a 10-section, 38-inch, 5-tube Radiator you pay for 50 feet, you receive 56.50 feet . In Column A are catalog ratings, given for comparison with ratings of manufacturers who do not publish performance tables. In Column B are given our Guaranteed ratings, equivalent surface at 240 B.t.u. square feet, at 1 pound steam pressure, radiator standing in still air 70 deg. at breathing point (5 feet above floor). 565 Boilers ^ POINTS Paramount in Choosing Boilers 1--Continuous Service--Any heating plant will break if carelessly operated. Broken sections in Prox Boilers can be plugged off and heat maintained, avoiding dismissal of school or closing of building. 2--Fuel Economy--Short wide firebox design, full three-layer fire travel, very low stack temperature, large self-cleaning flues, conservative ratings, ideal design for perfect combustion with soft coals. 3--Long Service--Safety--Prox Cast Sectional Boilers represent maximum permanence. 4--Quick Dry-Steaming--Low water line, small waterways, quick circula tion, dry steam assured by steam separating header over Prox Boilers. 5--Repair Economy--Remove any sec tions like tilting book from bookcase. Other boilers must be torn down and expensive covering destroyed. 6--Installation Economy--Take flow direct from large steam separating header, saving extra cost of additional, header construction necessary to get dry steam with other boilers. PROX BOILERS--World's best for large installations in Schools, Theatres, Apartments, Churches, Hospitals, Hotels, etc. ' WRITE FOR LATEST CATALOG - 566 Boilers Smith Twin Tubular Boiler Co. 38-42 East Allen Street Philadelphia, Pa. STEEL HEATING BOILERS for Schools -- Apartments -- Office Buildings -- Factories Low water line. Enormous prime heating. Surfaces directly over fire. Requires less floor space. All steel construction. Positive gas travel. Large combustion chamber. Low stack temperatures. Large liberating area and a free and rapid water circulation. High efficiency with all fuels. A--SERIES Boiler Number Rating So. Ft. Radiation Grate Surface Sq*.Ft. Steam Outlet* Return Outlets Overall Overall Water Length Width Line In*. Ins. - Ins. A-48 2000 7.5 1-5' 1-4' 64' 42' 59* A-54 2500 8.5 1^6' 1-4' 70' 42' 59* A-60 3000 10.0 1-6' 1-4' 76' 42' 59' A-66 3500 11.0 1-6' 1-4' 82' 42' 59' A-72 4000 12.5 1-6' 1-4' 88' 42' 59* A-78 4500 13.5 1-6' M' 94' 42' 60* A-54 5000 15.0 1-6' 1-4' 100* 42' 60* A-90 5500 15.0 1-6' 1-4' 106' 42' 60* A-96 6000 15.0 1-6' 1-4' 112' 42' 60* Shell Shell Length Width Ins. Ins. 48' ' 54' 60' 66' 72' 78' 84' 90* 96' 3366VV?*'' 36%' 36%' 36%' 36%' 36%' 36%' 36%' Height Top of Outlet 70* 70* 70* 70' 70* 70* 70* 70* 70* B-72 B-78 B-84 B-90 B-96 B-I02 B-108 B--! 14 B-120 6500 7000 7500 8000 8500 9000 9300 I0M0 10500 16.66 18.33 18.33 20.00 20.00 21.66 21.66 23.33 23.33 2-6' 2-6' 2-6' 2-6' 2-6' 2-6' 2-6' 2-6' 2-6' B--SERIES 1-4' 1-4' 1-4' 1-4' 1-4' 1-4' 1-4' 1-4' 1-4' 92' 98' 104' HO* 116' 122' 128' 134' 140* 52* 67' 52' 67' 72' 46%' 78' 46%' 52' 67' 84' 6%' 52' 67%' 90* 46%' 52' 67%' 96' 46%* 52' 67%' 102' 46%' 52' 68* 108' 46%' 52' 68' 52' 68' 114' 120* 4466%#'' 77' 77' 77' 77' 77' 77' 77' 77' 77' 078 C-84 090 C-96 0102 0108 0114 0120 0126 11000 11750 12500 13250 14000 14750 15500 16250 . 17000 25.00 27.50 30.00 32.50 32.50 32.50 35.00 35.00 35.00 2-8' 2-8' 2-8' 2-8' 2-8' 2-8' 2-8' 2-8' 2-8' C--SERIES 1-6' 1-6' 1-6' 1-6' 1-6' 1-6' 1-6' 1-6' 1-6' 98' 104' HIT 116' 122' 128' 134' 140* 126' 72' 67' 78' 66% 72' 67' 84' 66%' 72' 67' 90' 66%' 72' 67%' 96' 66%' 72' 67%' 102' %72' 67%' 108' 72' 68' 114' 72' 68' 120* 66%' 72' 68'. 126' 66%' 77' 77' 77' 77' 77' 77' 77' 77' 77' D-96 D-102 D-108 D-114 D-120 D-126 D-132 D-138 D-144 18000 19000 20000 21000 22000 23000 24000 25000 26000 36.00 36.00 36.00 39.00 39.00 39.00 42.00 42.00' 42.00 2-8' 2-8' 2-8' 2-8' 2-8' 2-8' 2-8' 2-8' 2-8' D--SERIES 1-6' 1-6' 1-6' 1-6' 1-6' '1-6' 1-6' 1-6' 1-6' 116' 122' 128' 134' 140* 146' 152' 158' 164' 82' 82' 82' 82' 82' 82' ' 82' 82' 82' 81' 81' 81' 81%' 81%' 81%' 82' 82' 82' 96' 102' 108' 114' 120' 126' 132' 138' 144' 76%' 76%' 76%' 76%' 76%' 76%' 76%' 76%' 76%' 94' 94' 94' 94' 94' 94' 94' 94' 94' Special water line--height--width--lengths of boilers to meet special conditions. Removable jackets of heavy steel with high temperature insulation. AJ5.M.E. Std. 15 lbs. Working Pressure. 567 Boilers and Radiators The H. B. Smith Company Works: Westfield, Mass. Westfield, Mass. New York, 10 East 41st Street Cleveland, 1108 Webster Avenue, S.E. 57 Main Street Boston, 640 Main Street, Cambridge Philadelphia, 49th St. and Grays Ave. Pioneer Makers of Cast Iron Boilers and Radiators for Steam and Water Heating No. 60 Smith Smokeless Boiler No. Smith Smokeless Boiler 568 The H. B. Smith Company Boilers and Radiators SMITH SMOKELESS BOILERS Nos. 27, 36, 42, 60 For Anthracite Coal. Oil, Gas. Coke and all Bituminous Coals. ^ When Bituminous Coal contains over 22H% volatile Oxygen Torch should be installed. No. of Sec- Nomina) She of Fire Pot. Inches Total Length Length at Steam Water Foun- Rating. Rating. in Boiler Width Length Inches Inches No. of Sec tions in Boiler Nominal She of Fire Pot. Inches Width Length Total Length Boiler Inches Length at Foun dation. Inches Steam Water Rating. Rating. Feet Feet No. 27* 10 27 36 77 62 2.700 4.450 II 27 42 * 83 68 3.000 4.950 12 27 48 89 74 3.300 5,450 13 27 54 95 80 3.600 5.950 14 27 60 101 86 3,900 . 6.425 15 27 66 107 92 4,200 6.925 No. 36 11 36 42 87 68 4300 7.100 12 36 48 93 74 4,800 7.925 13 36 54 99 80 5300 8.750 14 36 60 105 86 5.800 9.575 15 36 66 III 92 6.300 10.400 No. 60 12 60 42 110 73 10.800 17.800 13 60 48 - 116 79 12.000 19.800 14 60 54 122 85 13300 21.800 15 60 60 128 91 14.400 23.750 16 60 66 134 97 15.600 25,750 17 60 66 140 103 16.800 27.700 18 60 72 146 109 18,000 29,700 19 60 78 152 115 19300 31.700 20 60 78 158 121 20,400 33.650 Additional Data Applying to Smokeless Boilers Boiler No. 27 36 42 60 Width at foundation........... 35" 48'/,' 50" 72" Width of boiler, steam......... 56' 72' 68V 98' Width of boiler, water..;... 59" 76' 681/,' 98' 80" 83" ' 76V/ 87' 57" 59" 60" 69" Oval smokepipe equivalent to 13V 15V round round 29V round No. 27 5 27 24 47 32 1.200 1.975 6 27 30 53 38 1300 2.475 7 27 36 59 44 . 1,800 2,975 8 27 42 65 50 2,100 3.475 9 27 48 71 56 2.400 3.950 10 27 54 77 62 2.700 4.450 11 27 60 83 68 3.000 4.950 12 27 60 89 74 3300 5.450 12 27 66 89 74 3300 5.450 13 27 66 95 80 3.600 5.950 13 27 72 95 80 3.600 5.950 14 27 66 101 86 3.900 6.425 14 27 78 101 86 3,900 6.425 No. 36 7 36 36 63 44 2.300 3.800 8 36 42 69 50 2.800 4.625 9 36 48 75 56 3.300 5.450 10 36 54 81 62 3.800 6.275 II 36 60 67 68 4.300 7.100 12 36 60 93 74 4.800 7,925 12 36 66 93 74 4.800 7.925 13 36 66 99 80 5.300 8.750 13 36 72 99 80 5.300 8.750 14 36 66 105 86 5.800 9375 14 36 78 105 86 5.800 9.575 15 36 72 III 92 6.300 10.400 15 36 84 111 92 6.300 10.400 No. 60 8 60 36 86 49 6.000 9.900 9 60 42 92 55 7.200 11.900 10 60 48 98 61 6.400 13.850 11 60 54 104 67 9.600 15,850 12 60 60 110 73 10.800 17.800 13 60 66 116 79 12.000 19.600 14 60 72 122 85 13.200 21.800 15 60 78 128 91 14.400 23.750 16 60 84 134 97 15.600 25.750 17 60 78 140 103 16.600 27.700 18 60 84 146 109 18.000 29,700 19 60 84 152 115 19.200 31,700 20 60 64 158 121 20.400 33.650 Note--Additional data pertaining to No. 42 boiler, furnished on application.____________________ No. 60 Supply Drum Tappings* Outside diameter...................................... 12 in. Tapped for 2-in. lock-nut nipples. Front end tapped 2 in. Rear end tapped one 4 in. and one 2 in. Tappings oh Top Number of Sections 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 She of Tappings 4" 5' 6" Number of Tappings 22 22 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 8" 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 No. 60 Return Drums* Steam Boilers ` Outside diameter........................ --`.................._8 in. Tapped for 2-in. lock-nut nipples. Front ends tapped----------------- ----------------- 2)4 in. Rear ends tapped___________ ____________ 5 in. Side Drip tapped___________ ______ _______ 2 in. Fire Tools and Steam Trimmings Furnished When boiler is to be used for water warming, specify on order the size of supply and return pipe tappings. Tappings other than those listed are special. Order must specify size. 569 The H. B. Smith Company Boilers and Radiators Mills Water Tube Steam and Water Boilers Sectional cast iron boilers which are moderate in first cost, low maintenance and extremely economical in fuel. Sectional view shows large combustion chamber and vertical waterways of small area. The latter absorb the heat quickly, circulate the water rapidly and make dry steam. May be fired with anthracite coal, wood, coke, oil or fuel gas. I The H. B. Smith Company Boilers and Radiators Smith "144" Full Surface Radiators Efficiency plus New Beauty characterize this product. " 144" ts an attractive design to harmonize with modern ideas of interior decoration. The H. B. Smith "144" is a Full Surface Radiator. Every foot of rated surface contains 144 sq. in. of radiator surface. i No. 44 Mills Steam Boiler Size of Boiler No. 24 No. 34 No. 44 Nominal Width Fire Pot Inches 24 34 44 Commercial Rating--Cap. in Sq. Ft. Steam 700 to 2025 2000 to 5200 3600 to 9000 Water 1175 to 3350 3300 to 8575 5950 to 14,850 No. 44 Mills Boiler--Interior 17 Hy-Test Boiler For Hot Water Supply A. S. M. E. Standard Maximum allowable working pressure, 120 lb. Open Tank; 80 lb. Closed Tank. H-B Steam and Water Boilers H-B Boilers have three waterways be tween sections. They are the only boilers in which ascending and descending cur . rents of water are circulated through ' separate connections, giving a steady water line and rapid circu lation without back pressure. Commercial Ratings Dism. of Fire Pot Inches Steam Rating Feet Water Rating Feet 15 250 to to 27 1000 425 to 1650 w Max. Allowable Working Pressure - Steam Water (Open Tank) Water (Closed Tank) ' 151b. 151b. 151b. 15 lb. 301b. 30 lb. 301b. 601b. 15 lb. 15 lb. 15 lb. 301b. 570 ! Princess Wall Radiators . Suited for all places where direct radiators or pipe coils cannot be used. Especially desirable in locations where floor space is valuable and where wall, column or ceiling space is more available. They possess extreme flexibility of size and arrangement. Made in two heights, 15 and 22 in. Can be furnished with heating surfaces from 5 sq. ft. up, in multiples of 2]/^ sq. ft. Correspond ing lengths in 22 in. radiators are from 9 in. up, in multiples of 4 in. (1 in. allowed in over all length for plugs and bushings). In the 15 in. radiator, corresponding lengths are from 13 in. up/ in multiples of 6 in. By combinations of the two heights, these radiators can be arranged in tiers, either for horizontal runs or for column work. Hung horizontally, they make excellent ceiling radiators. 571 Boilers Spencer Heater Company Division of Lycoming Manufacturing Company Makers of Spencer Heaters Williamsport, Pa. New York, N.Y. Boston. Mass. Philadelphia. Pa. Baltimore, Md. Albany, N.Y. Scranton, Pa. Syracuse, N.Y. Harrisburg, Pa. Buffalo, N.Y. Rochester, N.Y. PRODUCTS: Spencer Magazine Feed Heaters The Spencer Heater is the original Magazine Feed Heater with sloping grates. The Waterjacketed Magazine holds enough fuel for 12 to 24 hours, without attention. As fuel feeds automati cally, as fast or as slow as the fire- requires, the Magazine supply lasts longer in milder weather. Spencer Heaters are made in sizes to suit any building, large or small, either in steel tubular types or cast iron sectional types. Commercial ratings have been discontinued. Capacities are guaranteed when installed under normal conditions, according to the table below and on the following page, when used with any low pressure steam, vapor, or hot water system. Spencer Heater Company Boilers Special Features for Different Types of Buildings Spencer Heaters are especially efficient in in dustrial buildings, greenhouses and garages where uniform heat is desirable; and in churches, theatres, schools and buildings where they give constant, even and uniform heat, without the attention of a night fireman. For the home, the Spencer is especially convenient, as it needs attention only once or twice in twenty-four hours. Spencer Economy for Building Owners -Though Spencer Heaters are designed to burn any non-coking graded fuel, their greatest saving is made with small sized, low cost fuels. They save as much as half the owner's annual fuel bill by using. No. 1 Buckwheat anthracite, and propor tionately by using by-product Pea or Buckwheat coke. Where anthracite and coke are not available, they are equally efficient when fired with smaller sizes of semi-bituminous, such as Pocahontas, or any non-coking graded fuel. Automatic Magazine Feed Gives Steady Heat Fuel is fed automatically by gravity--no blowers or mechanical apparatus are needed. They are easy to install--the new Spencer Heaters are as easy to erect as any other sectional heater on the market-- and there is nothing to get out of order. Write for complete descriptions and illustrations of all Spencer Heaters. 60 Series, Spencer Tubular Steam Healer For large building work--on efficient Magazine Healer of combination water-tube and return-tube construction. 100 Series, Spencer Tubular Steam Heater The largest type of Spencer Heater, a four grate heater for um in multiple story buildings. Sizes and Guaranteed Capacities of Spencer Steel Tubular Heaters Heater No. ft 15 17 19 N 20 *A 21 Direct Cast Iron Column Radiation Loads Sq. Ft. 1600 1950 2300 2650 3000 8 3-45 3-50 I 3-55 3-60 A 3-70 3600 4100 4600 5100 5600 3-00 8 3-90 hCO 3-105 3-120 3 3-140 3-160 6500 7600 8700 9800 10900 12000 Grate Area Draft Required Outlets No. and Size 12.00 13.00 15.00 16.50 18.00 16.05 20.24 22.56 24.83 27.00 30.35 34.70 39.05 43.40 47.75 52.10 0.23 0.24 0.25 0.26 0.27 0.24 0.25 0.26 0.27 0.28 0.27 0.28 0.29 0.30 0.32 0.34 2-4' 2-4' 2-4' 2-4' 2-4' 2-5' 2-5' 2-5' 2-5' 2-5' IS* 1-8' 1-8' 1-8' 1-8' 1-8' Returns No. and Size Chimney Rue Diam. of Smoke Pipe Overall Dimensions Length Width Height 2-2' 2-2' 2-2' 2-2' 2-2' 10*xlB*xS(y 8'xl8'x55' 18'xl8'x60' , 18'xl8'x65' n18'xI8'x65' 16' nvi 60 16' nvi 60 16' &4IA 60 16' 90$ 60 16' W/2 60 63'/, 63'/, 63'/, 63'/, 63'/, . 2-2'/2' 2-2$' I8'xl8'x50' 18'xl8'x55' 18' 18' io*>sVy.i 2-2$' 18'x18'x60' 18' 112 2-2$' 20' Diam. x 65' 18' IIS/. 2-2'/? 20* Diam. x 70' 18' 24'/2 81'/, 81'/, 81'/, 81'/, 81'/, 71% 71% 71% 71% 71% 2-2'/? uw/.2-2'/? -2-2$' 24' Diam. x 65' 24' Diam. x 65' 30* Diam. x 65' 22' 22' . 22' 98 IIC/j 116'/, 116'/? 116'/, 100 100 100 2-2$' 30* Diam. x 70' 22' 116% 116'/, 100 2-2/?' 36' Diam. x 70' 2-2V? 36' Lhara. x /O' 22' 123 22' 129'/, 116'/? 116'/? 100 100 "This includes ample provision for heat loss in covered mains, risers and returns, and for peak loads. Heaters Nos. 3-45 to 3-160 are furnished with steel jackets and Rockwool Asbestos Coverings, also pipe header. Heaters Nos. 15-21 are furnished with steel jackets only. Chimney flue sizes arc based on a maximum flue temperature at boiler smoke outlet of 500 Fahr. 572 L-l Type, Spencer Sectional Heater A Magazine Heater for steim, vapor or hot water systems, in six to twelve room dwellings or industrial buildings of moderate size. ' . L-S Type, Spencer Sectional Heater A Magazine Heater for large dwellings, in dustrial braidings and institutional buildings, Sizes and Guaranteed Capacities of Spencer Cast Iron Sectional Heaters Heater No. L-104 H05 L-l 06 L-i07 L-108 L-205 U206 l- L-207 L-208 L-209 S-2-7 1-- S-2-8 S-2-9 S-2-10 S-2-11 Direct Cast Iron Column Radiation Loads, Sq. Ft. Steam Water Grate Area 270 390 510 630 750 550 725 900 1075 1250 1060 1300 1540 1780 2020 445 645 845 1045 1245 910 1200 1490 1780 2070 1700 2080 2460 2840 3220 1.88 2.60 3.33 4.07 4.80 3.63 4.66 5.68 6.70 7.73 6.77 7.90 9.03 10.16 11.29 Returns Draft Reuuned Outlets, No. and Size Steam Water No. and Size Steam and Water Chimney Flue Diam. of Smoke Pipe Overall Dimensions Length Width Height 0.12 1-4' 1-4' 2-4' 8'x8'x35' 10* 32 32 57 0.12 1-4' 1-4' 2-4' 8'x8'x35' 10* 39 32 57 0.12 2-4' 7-4' 2-4' 8'x8'x35' 10* 46 32 57 icr0.12 2-4' 7-4' 2-4' 8'xl2'x35' 10' 53 32 57 0.12 2-4' 2-4' 2-4' 8'xl2'x35' 60 32 57 0.12 Y-4* 1-4' 2-4* 8'xl2'x35' 10* 39 40 60 0.12 2-4' 2-4' 2-4* 8'x12'x35' 10' 46 40 60 0.12 2-4' 2-4' 2-4* 8'xl2'x40' 10' 53 40 60 0.12 2-4' 2-4' 2-4' I2'x12'x40' 10" 60 40 60 0.12 2-4' 2-4' 2-4' I2'xl2'x40' 10* 67 40 60 0.18 0.19 0.20 0.21 0.21 2-4' 2-4' 2-4' 2-4' 2-4' 2-4' 2-4' 2-4' 2-4' 2-4*- 2-4' 2-4' 2-4' 2-4' 2-4' 12'xl2'x40' I2'xl2'x40' I2'xl2'x40' 12'xl8'x45' 12'xl8'x45' 12* 12* 12* 74'/, 81$ 87V 57% 62% 57V. 57$ 62% 62% 12* 93% 573/, 62% 12* 99'/, 57% 62% *This includes ample provision for heat loss in covered mains, risers and returns, and for peak toads. 573 Boilers, Smokeless The Stanwood Corporation . Established 1891 Manufacturers of Stanwood Smokeless Boilers for Heating and Power Service and Horizontal Return Tubular Boilers. Cincinnati, Ohio Stanwood Smokeless Boilers Low Water Line--An important feature of Stanwood Smokeless Boilers is the low water level from 48 to 75 in. depending upon size. This valuable characteristic for a heating boiler gives it wider application and is particularly appropriate where there is limited head room in the basement. Shell' cannot be bagged or burned nor can its circumferential seams, be cracked: Nowhere are these surfaces exposed to the fire. Boiler has no firebox or mudlegs to fill up and corrode: no staybolts to rust or break off; no crownsheet to drop if water is low. There is no internal flue that can collapse. High over-all efficiency due to high combustion and the smokeless performance of a down-draft furnace; low stack temperature, secured through rapid circulation, no air leaks and a minimum radiation loss. Primarily intended to burn bituminous coal with down-draft furnace. Can also be operated with oil, gas, anthracite or coke. Stanwood Smokeless Boilers are built in sizes from (3500 to 31,000 sq. ft. steam radiation) 29 to 250 hp. for working pressures of 15, 100, 125 and 150 Ills. Can be built for higher pressure if desired. 574 The Stanwood Corporation Boilers, Smokeless STANWOOD SMOKELESS BOILERS--STEEL-RIVETED General Specifications and Dimensions Number of Boiler issr 610 612 614 616 .618 62b <>22 624 626 628 Heating Capacity--Steam. ...Sq. Ft. 3500 Heating Capacity--Water. ...Sq. Ft. 5600 29 5000 6000 8500 10000 12000 16000 18500 22000 26000 31000 8000 9600 13600 16000 19000 26000 30000 35000 42000 50000 4 , 50 70 80 100 125 150 175 210 250 44 B .. ,Ft.-In. 14-6 C Width of Boiler overall, maximum. In. 66 54 15-10 66 54 60 66 72 78 84 90 90 90 18-10 18-11 19-6 19-7 19-8 20-4 20-8 24-0 26-0 66 72 78 86 91 98 104 104 104 Heating Surface................ .. .Sq. Ft 308 422 518 692 614 990 1260 1500 1774 2106 2540 Upper Grate Surface......... .. .Sq. Ft. Wi Lower Grate Surface......... .. .Sq. Ft. T'h 14 1VA 177, 20 15# 18 22 25 20 nVi 33 36 39 42 30'/, 33 36 39 Openings--Steam Outlet.. Diam. In. Safety Vahre.. Diam. In. Blow-off or Drain pip*............ Diam. In. 5 3 2 l'/2 n Height. Floor to top of Shell........In. 64 E * " " Steam Outlet. In. 61 F" ** Return Inlet w. G* Water Level ......... In. 48 6 4 2Vi 2 64 66 36>/4 49'/. 6 4 3 2 64 66 367, 49'/, 6 5 3 2 67 69 367, 51 8 8 8 8 8 10 10 5566 6 6 6 3'/2 37, 4 472 2-3'/2 2-31/2 2-4 2 2 2 272 272 272 2'/2 737, 757, 79 8/7, 857, B/Vj 917. 937, 97 99'A 397, 4/7. 45/2 51^5 57 61 67 97 997, 51# 75 97 997, 51# 75 H Front of Foundation to Back Head................... ...Ft.-In. 0-1'/, 14-7/2 17-2/2 17-2'/; 17-9 17-9 17-9 18-3 18-3 ) Steam Outlet............. .. .Ft.-ln. 9-4Vi I0-IIV2 12-3# 12-3VS 12-10 12-10 12-10 13-4 13-4 k Blow-off........................ ...Ft.-In. 6-5 7-1'/* 8-17, 8-1'/* 9-1 9-1 9-1 9-7 9-7 L Depth of Smoke Box....... ......... In. 15 1672 I67, 171/2 if/. 1972 W/, 227, 267, M Height, r loor to Base of Stack Saddle...................................... In. 58>A N Height, Floor to Upper Fire Door.. In. 37'/, 491/, 37'/. 49'/, 377, 28 56 39'/* 61'/, 397, 88 717, 41# 77 47 21-5 22-11 16-4 17-4 10-1 10-7 27 33 77 77 47 47 R Stack, Diam. and Height, minimum 20x55 Breeching Diam. for 1 Boiler....... In. 22 Stack Diam. and Height for 2 Boiler*. minimum 30x65 Breeching Diam. for 2 Boiler*.... In. 32 T-S Sizes of Rectangular Stack Saddle. In. 9x34 22x55 24 32x65 34 11x36 24x60 26x65 28x65 30x70 32x70 34x80 36x90 39x100 42x100 26 28 30 32 34 36 38 42 44 32x70 34x70 36x75 42x80 46x80 48x90 50x100 54x100 60x100 34 38 38 46 50 52 54 58 64 11x36 12x42 13x46 14x52 15x58 17x64 21x60 22x70 25x70 No. of Straight Fire Brick. . .Approx. -350 32S 390 440 760 630 725 780 970 1000 1090 B Split Fire Brick.... . .Approx. 14 60 14 100 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 22 26 130 130 110 too 120 120 170 180 210 75 50 60 75 100 150 150 250 300 325 375 9 Common Red Brick .. Approx. 100 210 220 275 400 475 600 500 600 625 675 Outside Insulated Covering.. .Sq. Ft. 180 Boilers in pairs, center to center... In. 78 Total Weight (approximate) No Stack or Brickwork...............Lbs. 9000 200 78 10700 235 255 290 315 345 376 410 500 560 78 84 90 % 102 108 114 114 114 11600 13900 17500 19400 24000 25700 28500 32000 36000 Standard Foundation Dimensions and Space Required for Installing Foundation . Retubing From (See Note 1) Size Dimension*--Feet and Inches Front Rear * a b c de gh k m n 0 A- K B-B C-C W-W X-X Y-Y 608 5-6 5-4 17-0 16 19 37 3-4 17 22/2 24 30 12 13-10'/, 2-6 23- 9 25 7-2 27- 4 6-10 6-0 610 6-3 5-8 13-3 15 18 38 4-7 17 22<A 24 30 12 14-11 2-6 25- 5 29 7-2 28- 8 6-10 6-0 612 7-3 5-8 16-3 15 18 38 5-2 17 22'A 24 30 12 17-11 2-6 30- 4 29 9-1 35- 8 8-10 8-0 614 7-3 6-2 16-3 15 18 44 5-2 17 22# 24 30 12 17-"'/, 2-6 30- 4 32 8-9 35- 8 8- 9 8-0 616 618 7-9 6-8 7-9 7-3 16-9 16-9 18 18 18 44 5-8 18 51 5-8 17 22# 17 22# 24 24 30 36 12 18 IS- 6 2-6 31- 1 35 18-6`/2 2-6 32- 3 38 9-6 37- 9 8- 9 9-6 37- 8 8- 7 9-6 9-6 620 7-9 7-9 16-9 18 18 57 5-8 17 22'A 24 36 18 18- 7 2-6 32- 7 41 9-6 37- 9 8- 7 9-6 622 8-3 8-3 17-3 18 18 63 6-2 40 22'A 48 36 18 19- 2 2-6 34- 0 44 1(H) 38- 8 8- 4 10-0 624 8-9 8-9 17-3 (8 18 69 6-8 40 22'A 48 48 24 19- 4 2-6 34- 7 47 10-0 39- 0 8- 4 KM) 626 628 9-3 8-9 20-6 9-9 8-9 22-0 18 18 18 18 69 69 7-7 7-8 40 40 2222'A# 48 48 48 48 24 24 22-10 24- 7 2-6 40- 5 47 12-6 46- 4 II- 4 11-0 2-6 43- 5 47 13-6 49-10 12- 4 11-6 Each of these boilers will carry its full rated load in direct cast iron radiation, or the equivalent thereof, provided sufficient radiation is installed to heat to the required temperature. Oval Ends used on 608 sise only. fHandbole under tubes in rear bead on 608 sise only. All other sises with 11x15 manhole. - Trimmings furnished with 15 lbs. Boilers. Water column with gage cocks (no column piping furnished), steam gage with siphon and cock; pop safety valves. Automatic Damper Regulator with lever, weight, chain and angle valve, wrench for header plugs. Firing tools include hoe. poker, slice bar, tube scraper and brush. ... . }If space lengthwise is limited provision may be made for rear retubing by providing opening opposite rear end of boiler through which tubes may be withdrawn. Then dimension X-X may be reduced to B-B. 'Otherwise boiler may be retubed from front by allowing space C-C in front of boiler. Where installation Emits are close or in question, consult our Engineering Department. 575 New York Chicago Boilers The Thatcher Company 39-41 St. Francis St. Newark, N. J. Boilers--Furnaces--Ranges--Radiators Agencies in All Principal Cities A Sixteen Section Progress Boiler Thatcher "Elite" Red Enamel Jacketed Boiler , The Thatcher Progress Boiler has such an unusually low water line that it can be used in the shallowest cellars without need of a boiler pit. In both Thatcher Round and Sectional Boilers, the "staggered fire travel" principle applies. This shunting of the flames back and forth assures complete com bustion of the gases, as proven by the low stack temperatures. The Elite Boiler is lined with XVi in. asbestocel and also insulated by the dead air space between the boiler and the casing, making it unusually efficient. The Thatcher Gothic Radiators were designed not only for greater beauty, but also for increased efficiency. Other Thatcher products in clude Gas Ranges, Coal Ranges, Combination Gas and Coal Ranges, Warm Air Furnaces, Ship Ranges, Garage Heaters and Tank Heaters. 576 Thatcher "Gothic" Radiator. Boilers The Titusville Iron Works Company Titusville, Pennsylvania Manufacturers of Fire Tube Steel Boilers for Power and Heating; Fronts, Grates, Castings, Smoke Stacks, Tanks and Oil Well Boilers; Steam, Gas, Oil and Gasoline Engines; Pumping Powers and Oil Well Machinery CNheiwcaYgoorOkffOicfefi.c1e1_2__41H5a2rWriseTstru4s2tnBdldSgt.. Detroit Offiee__L_204 OVw*e?n BtJiSde ' WLoassAhninggetloens OOffffiiccee9-4..0....M--aWpleooAdvwea. rd Bldg. Buffalo Office_____ Marine Trust Bldg. Pittsburgh Office--Farmers Bank Bldg. St: Louis Office, 401-2 Bk of Commerce Bldg. The Organization and Facilities We manufacture a com plete line of fire tube steam boilers to meet all general heating and power require ments. We also make a specialty of boilers built to architects' and engineers' specifications. Our shop is one of the largest and best equipped boiler manufacturing plants in the country. It is provided with the latest improved machinery including hydraulic and pnuematic riveting, machines, modern welding equipment for both gas and electric welding as well as hydraulic flanging equipment. Engineering skill, care ful workmanship and the best of materials are combined to make Titusville Boilers better made boilers for every purpose. Updraft Welded Type Boiler ' All boilers are made in strict ac cordance with the latest boiler code of the A merican Society of Mechanical Engineers and can be made, if de sired, to conform to local require ments. Tico Return Tubular Fire Box Boiler W A large supply of material for all types of boilers is constantly carried and an adequate stock of completed Ticos, Acme and Welded Firebox Boilers is always ready for im mediate shipment. Titusville Perfection Boiler--Built in Sizes S5 H. P. to 200 H. P.from 16 lbs. to 160 lbs Working Pressure Thorough inspections and tests are constantly made during the con struction and all work manship and material is guaranteed first class in every re spect. In addition to the line of Titusville Boilers illustrated here with we manufacture pneumatic and storage tanks of every descrip tion. Descriptive Bulletins TiluteiUe Standard H.R. T. Boiler and Setting will be sent on request. Series W.S.--Welded Smokeless Boiler 577 x Boilers and Radiators GBNERAL OFFICES: DBTROIT, MICHIGAN Manufacturers of Capitol Boilers and Radiators ' Branch and Sales Offices Boston, Mass. Cambridge, Mass. Portland, Mb. Springfield, Mass. Providence, R. I. New Haven, Conn. Troy. N. Y. New York, N. Y. New Rochelle, N. Y. Brooklyn. N. Y. Harrison, N. J. Philadelphia, Pa. Baltimore. Md. Buffalo. N. Y. Rochester, N. Y. Pittsburgh, Pa. Cleveland, Ohio Columbus, Ohio Cincinnati. Ohio Detroit, Mich. Chicago, III. Milwaukee. Wis. Indianapolis. Ind. Louisville, Ky. Birmingham, Ala. St. Paul, Minn. Kansas City, Mo. St. Louis, Mo. Des Moines, Iowa Omaha. Neb. Denver, Colo. Portland, Ore. Seattle, Wash. San Francisco, Calif. Los Angeles, Calif. Assembling Plants located at points indicated by asterisk Manufacturing Plants Located In Following Cities Bristol, Pa.; Corry, Pa.; Detroit, Mich.; Dunkirk, N.Y.; Edwardsville, III.; Geneva. N.Y.; Waukegan, III.; West Newton, Pa. CAPITOL BOILERS In choosing the correct size of boiler for any building there is one and only one consideration; will it properly heat the required number of square feet of radiation? The net cast iron radiating surface that each type and size of Capitol Boiler will heat adequately has been determined and is guaranteed in writing. When the needed radiating surface is known and contributing factors checked, the selection of the proper Capitol Boiler becomes a simple matter. GUARANTEE The United States Radiator Corporation will give with each Capitol Boiler sold, an absolute guarantee in writing that it will properly heat its full published amount of direct cast iron radiation provided only that the boiler is connected to a correctly installed system and that the recognized standard requirements are followed. Should any Capitol Boiler not meet these conditions, the additional capacity necessary will be supplied without charge by the United States Radiator Corporation. Capitol Smokeless Boilers "Smokeless" simply means complete combustion. And all of the carbon which forms smoke cannot be burned without the correct amount of air, oxygen. The auxiliary inlets that supply air for complete combustion in Capitol Smokeless Boilers are not dependent upon the skill, guesswork or memory of the fireman. Their size for each boiler rating is definitely determined in the Capitol Testing Laboratory and permanently fixed at the factory. They need no adjusting. The intensity of the fire itself governs the amount of air drawn in. To further assure accuracy, every Capitol auxiliary inlet is always an integral part of a single boiler section and is never placed between two sections where faulty assembly will cause a variance. 578 United States Radiator Corporation . Boilers and Radiators Capitol Smokeless Boilers RADIATOR LOADS AND DIMENSIONS Boiler No. | 1Height of Water | Line. Inches || Grate Area Sq.Ft. Coal Ca pacity, Cu. Ft. Heig; 1Feet Dimen sions Inches Direct Cast Iron Radiator Loads, Sq.Ft. Steam Water Min. Chimney Sizes 1 3a 31 iiS g i-s Q-S.fi 520 600 990 1 3.48 4.32 2-3' 40 12x12 670 800 1320 4.37 5.42 2-3' 40 12x12 720 1000 1650 5.26 6.52 3-3' 40 12x16 820 1200 1980 Wi 6.15 7.62 3-3' 45 12x16 See Guarantee. Height including trimmings 66% in-; width 45 in. 67.i 1000 111 1225 827 1450 927 1675 1077 1900 1127 2125 1227 2350 1650 45/2 5.32 7.93 2-4' 40 12 x 12 2020 45V, 6.55 9.75 7-4' 40 12 v 12 2390 45Vi 7.7 11.37 3-4' 45 12 x 12 2760 9.01 13.05 3-4' 45 12 x 16 3135 45# 10.24 14.81 3-4' 45 12 x 16 3505 45V? 11.47 16.53 3-4' 50 12 x 16 3875 W, 12.70 18.25 4-4' 50 12 x 16 Height including trimmings & width 50% in. 740 2500 4125 49 8.15 10.40 2-5' 5(1 18 x 18 840 3000 4950 49 10.31 13.30 2-5' 55 18 x 20 940 3500 5775 49 10.31 13.30 2-5' 60 2J x 20 1040 4050 6680 49 12.47 16.30 3-5' 65 20 x 24 1140 4500 7425 49 14.63 19.25 3-5' 70 24 x 24 1240 4900 8085 49 14.63 19.25 3-5* 70 24 x28 1340 5400 8910 49 16.79 22.20 3-5' 75 24 x 28 Height including trimmings 71 in.; width 75 in. 750 4700 7755 66 18.29 29.67 3-5' 24 x 24 850 5350 8825 66 21.33 34.66 4-5' 60 24 x 74 950 5850 9655 66 21.33 34.68 4-5' 65 24 x 78 1050 6500 10725 66 24.37 39.69 5-5' 70 24 x 28 1150 7000 11550 66 24.37 39.69 6-5' 80 28 x28 1250 7650 12620 66 27.41 44.71 6-5' 90 28 x 32 1350 8150 13450 66 27.41 44.71 6-5' 95 32 x 32 Height including trimmings 92 in.; width 82 in. Capitol Boilers--Square Type In this group of Capitol Boilers is presented a wide range-of sizes from the smallest, the 180 series designed to provide full boiler efficiency in the smallest space, to the largest, the WN 270 series designed and built for heavy duty work. Many years of service in buildings of every nature throughout the United States have established a reputation for these boilers which is unsurpassed. Con tributing factors to the remarkable ease of operation and efficiency of performance are the spacious ash-pit; the correct propor tioning of draft openings; the long fire travel and the scientific shaping of the direct and indirect heating surfaces; the durable easy shaking and dumping grates; the big doors; the easily cleaned flues. The exceptionally low water line of certain sizes permits foundations less deep than usual--an especially important economy where water, sand or rock makes excavating difficult and expensive. RADIATOR LOADS AND DIMENSIONS & o Direct Cast Ij m Z a Loads, Sq. Ft. s ? . 4; Li. 3 ag Min.Chim ney Sizes 8. 31C*oQ MO Steam `3 c Water IJ Sx 4* V <33 184 200 330 40% 1.88 2.33 2-1, 35 8x8 185 300 495 .2.63 3.17 2-3, 35 8x12 186 400 660 40% 3.38 4.01 2-3. 35 8x12 187 500 825 4.13 4.84 2-3. 40 8x12 Height including trimmings 61% in.; width 36% in. 204 m 580 2.59 4.U 2-3J 35 ftxli 205 500 825 46V? 3.48 5.85 2-3' 35 8x12 206 625 1030 wA 4.37 7.34 2-3' 35 12x12 207 750 1240 46% 5.26 8.83 3-3' 40 12x12 Height inchic ing trimmings 66}- in.; width 45 in. 255 750 1240 49" 5 M 8.37 2-4* 40 8x12 256 925 1525 49 7.08 10.45 2-4' 40 8x12 257 1125 1855 49 8.50 12.53 3-4' 40 12x12 258 1300 2145 49 9.92 14.62 3-4' 45 12x12 Heig! t indue ing trimminsis 70% to.; width 51 in. G276 G277 G278 C279 600 1320 45W 5.32 7.93 2-4' 40 I2TE 1980 1620 1160 1920 6.55 9.65 2-4' 40 12x12 7.78 11.37 3-4' 45 12x12 1350 2220 9.01 13.09 3-4' 45 12x12 Height indue ing trimminga 68% in.; width 50% in. . 235 1200 1980 55 y.M 11.61 40 l2x 16 236 1500 2475 55 9.11 13.75 2-4' 45 12x16 237 1800 2970 55 10.94 16.49 3-4' 45 16x16 238 2100 3465 55 12.77 19.22 3-4' 50 16x16 239 2400 3960 55 14.61 21.96 3-4' 50 16x16 240 2500 4125 55 16.44 24.70 4-4' 60 16x16 Height including trimminga 78 in.; width 58# in. 4106 2000 3300 "49 10 31 il3<i U-S* 45 16x16 4107 2500 4125 49 12,47 16.30 2-5' 50 18x18 4108 3000 4950 49 14.63 19.25 2-5' 55 18x20 4109 3500 5775 49 16.79 22.25 3-5' 60 20x20 4110 4000 6600 49 I8.95i25.20 3-5' 65 20x24 4111 4500 7425 49 2l.lll28.20 3-5' 70 24x24 tOutlets. Two 6 in. inlets are located in the rear of the back section of 4100 series boilers. B I 3 i.a a cb 71 in.; width 75 in. WF1275 ttst 6105 15.25 205 5o Mx24 WN277 4300 7095 66 18.29 29.67 3-5' 55 24x24 WN278 4900 8085 66 21 33 34.68 3-5' 60 24x24 WN279 5500 9075 66 24.37 39 69 4-5' 60 24x24 WN28C 6100 10065 66 27.41 44.71 4-5' 65 24x28 WN281 6700 11055 66 30.45 45.96 4-5' 70 28x28 WN282 7300 12045 66 30.45 47.21 4-5' 70 28x28 WN283 7900 13035 66 30.45 48.46 5-5' 75 28x32 WN284 8500 14025 66 30.45 49.72 5-5' 80 32x32 Height including trimmings 92 in.; width 82 in. 579 Boilers Weil-M'Lain SCIENTIFIC COMBUSTION BOILERS WEIL-McLAIN COMPANY Manufacturing Division Michigan City, IndM Erie, Pa. General Offices Chicago, 111. Smokeless Type Weil-McLain Long Firing Period Smokeless Boilers are now making smokelessness popular with every one--for three primary reasons:-- First: They require considerably less firing attention than smokeless boilers in general. Second: They are simple to fire. Third: They are not limited to free burning types of soft coal for effective operation. , STEAM Size Rating Sq. Ft 72Z& 822-S 922-S 1022-3 752-S 852-S 9523 10523 7823 8823 9823 10823 7043 : 6043 9043 10043 11043 12043 13043 8443 9443 10443 11443 12443 13443 14443 15443 16443 1810 2105 2400 2695 2460 2995 3530 4065 4210 5060 5800 6550 6800 7850 8900 11129,,009005000 13,000 8480 9605 10,730 11,855 12,980 14,105 15,230 16,225 17,125 WATER Size 722-W 822-W 922-W 1022-W 752-W 852-W 952-W 1052-W 782-W 882-W 982-W 1082-W 704-W 804-W 904-W 1004-W II04-W 1204-W 1304-W 844-W 944-W 1044-W 1144-W 1244-W 1344-W 1444-W 1544-W 1644-W Rating Sq. Ft 2990 3475 3960 4445 4060 4940 5825 6710 6950 8350 9570 10,810 11,200 12,900 14,600 16,300 18,000 19,650 21,300 13,990 15,850 17,700 19,550 21,400 23,275 25,125 26,770 28,250 Area Com - plete Firebox at Grate Sq. Ft. Net of Fuel Grates Sq. Ft. 78..1013 9.19 10.26 8.10 9.30 10.50 11.70 4.88 5.% 5.96 7.03 5.70 6.90 68..9100 11.47 13.22 14.97 16.72 . 7.97 9.72 11.47 13.22 15.00 2107..0500 22.50 25.00 27.50 30.00 11.40 13.90 16.40 18.90 18.90 21.40 21.40 20.85 23.60 26.35 29.10 31.85 34.60 37.35 40.10 42.85 15.35 18.10 20.85. 20.85 ' ` 23.60 23.60 23.60 23.60 23.60 580 Water Line Height Inches 46 46 46 46 51 " 51 51 51 55 55 55 55 57 57 57 57 57 ,, 57 57 58 58 58 58 58 58 58 58 58 Outlets and Inlets Number and . Size Each Inches 2-3'/, 3-3'/2 3-3'/, 3-3'A 2-3'/, 3-31/5 33'/, 33'/, 2-4 3-4 3-4 4-4 2-5 3-5 3-5 4-5 4-5 5-5 5-5 3-5 3-5 4-5 4-5 . 4-5 4-5 5-5 5-5 5-5 mended Chimney Sizes 12x12x40 12x12x45 12x12x50 12x12x55 12x12x45 12x16x45 16x16x45 16x16x50 16x16x50 16x16x55 16x20x55 16x20x60 20x20x60 20x20x65 20x20x65 20x24x65 20x24x65 20x24x70 24x24x70 20x20x60 20x20x65 20x20x70 20x24x70 24x24x70 24x24x75 24x24x75 28x28x75 26x28x80 Boiler Cleanser, Boiler Lea\ Seal The Vinco Company, Inc. 75 Vesey Street, New York, N. Y. Cable Address--VTncomp, New. York Vinco for Internal Cleansing of New, Remodeled and Old Heating Systems Vinco Superfine Boiler Leak Seal What Vinco Is Vinco (Latin. " I con quer"), a positively harm less insoluble powder cleanser for new. re modeled and old heating systems. What Vinco Does Vinco permanently re moves all the oil. grease, scale and dirt from the internal surfaces and from the boiler water without the labor of blowing boilers over the top. By this thorough cleansing Vinco stops foaming, priming, surging, incomplete circu lation and poor radiation. The heating system is thus enabled to function in the best manner permitted by the design. Cracked boiler sections, which most often result from priming, and sudden slugs of cooled water, are prevented. ' How Vinco Works Each minute grain of Vinco powder absorbs several times its own weight of oil, rust and dirt. These larger grains of absorbed impurities then settle and are blown through the bottom, according to direc tions on each can. . Vinco for all New and Remodeled Systems Gives the heating system a clean bill of health from the start and puts every well-engineered system into first class operating condition before turning over to the owner. Use these specifications: Vinco Specifications for Steam and Vapor Systems Cleaning the System--Upon completion of the installation, the contractor shall clean the system by the Vinco method to remove oil, grease, rust and dirt from the boiler using,*-...... lb. of Vinco. in exact accordance with manufacturer's directions. This compound must remain in the boiler for 36 actual steaming hours, -which corresponds to six or seven days average operation. At the end of this period, boiler must be thoroughly drained and flushed before refilling with clean water. *ln writing specification, insert in this space number of pounds of Vinco to be used in accordance with the following schedule. For systems having: Up 351 601 to * 350 600 1100 sa.aft. a ouf radiation . . 3 lb. 5a * _______ ______8 1101 - 1400 1401 1800 * a * a * . 10 " .........13 " 1801 * 2100 2101 * 2700 2701 * 3100 " m * * . . ,,15 * . .18 . _20 3101 * 3700 " ... .23 " 3701 4200 4201 4600 " * a * ... ..26 * . ..28 " 4601 5000 " * . . ____ 30 * Above 5000 sq. ft. use an additional pound of Vinco for each additional 300 sq. ft. of radiation. In determining amount of Vinco to be used all radiation may be taken at actual rating. Vinco Specifications for Hot Water Systems Cleaning the System--Upon completion of the installation, the contractor shall clean the system by the Vinco method using **..........lb. of Vinco in exact accordance with manufacturer's special directions for hot water systems, given on their cans. Only one half above quantities required for hot water systems. Vinco for Old Systems Annual cleaning of the old heating system adds years of life to the boiler, prevents rust deteriora tion and saves much fuel and fire attendance. For old systems use only one half quantities given in specifica tion table. -. ' Our Free "Certified Chemically Correct" Laboratory Service Vmco and the free services of the Vinco laboratories give you the assurance that the boiler water is chemically correct. Then if the trailer still foams, throws water or does not perform properly, it .is time to look for mechanical flaws. We promptly diagnose and permanently correct water line troubles aue to impure water. Groping in thedark, guess work, needless piping changes and recriminations- are thus eliminated. Our Three-fold Guarantee 1. Vinco contains no potash, lye, soda of any kind, oil, acid, or other harmful ingredients. _ 2. Vinco meets every performance claim. Purchase price is refunded if results are not entirely satisfactory when Vinco has been used according to directions. 3. Your time, money and comfort are further safeguarded by our free laboratory service which sees the most punling "water line" problem through with you if you wish. Vinco Distributors Vinco is distributed nationally by Burnham Boiler Corpora tion, Crane Company, United States Radiator, National Radiator. It is sold through leading jobbers in the United States. . Patents are pending upon the product and method < application. Unlawful imitation will be prosecuted. Vinco Superfine Liquid Boiler Seal A new and better leak seal, evolved by the same original research and authoritative science responsible for Vinco Boiler Cleanser. It will give the same prompt, sure results. It makes speedy and permanent re pairs of all boiler and heat ing system leaks. It is fine to tighten up new jobs. The directions are simple to follow. QUANTITIES Steam and Vapor Systems Use 1 quart Vinco Liquid Boiler Seal to each 6 sq. ft. grate area. Hot Water Systems Use 2 quarts Vinco liquid Boiler Seal to each 6 sq. ft. grate area. 581 / Boiler Feeders McDonnell &Miller Self-Cleaning Duplex Boiler Feeder McDonnell & Miller General Offices Wrigley Building, Chicago Grand Central Terminal, New York Dependable Boiler Protection: The McDonnell & Miller Self-Cleaning Duplex Boiler Feeder automatically main 3. Large Capacity--full city water pressure is put into the boiler feed line. The feeder will supply the entire requirements of any boiler even when condensation pump is not operating. tains the correct water level in steam, 4. Greatest Simplicity--only one moving unit; vapor or vacuum heating boilers re-. fewer parts more finely made. ' gardless of how hard the boiler is being pushed and even in 5. Complete oscillating movement on two bronze bearings, in stead of sliding move the event that the .t, I 't ii jl condensation pump stops. Its action is totally independent of operating skill and ment. Therefore, no possibility of sticking. Service Conditions: The McDonnell & Miller Self-Cleaning attention. Duplex Feeder is By keeping the adaptable to all low boiler water line pressure heating where it belongs the boiler conditions. McDonnell & Miller The standard type Duplex Feeder is a is suitable for all positive, mechanical boilers up to and in Crotection against urned boilers or cluding 14,500 sq. ft. where differential cracked sections. pressure is 30 lb. or How It operates: above. For larger boilers, and where the City water enters feeder at (A), passes through large strainer and then to valve chamber (B). When boiler water line drops, causing corre sponding drop in float chamber, the float, in differential pressure is low the McDonnell & Miller Special Type will be furnished. Maximum allowable steam pressure is dropping, -turns the rotary valve disc, thus opening the supply valve (C), allowing city water to pass through the manifold and into the boiler feed line connected at (D). -. v 20 lb. Water pressure should always be at least 5 lb. higher than steam pressure. Each feeder is packed in sturdy, indi If condensation returning to the boiler causes water line to rise abnormally, a corresponding rise occurs in feeder float chamber. The float, in rising vidual crate with complete instructions for installation. opens the rotary overflow valve (F) in overflow valve chamber (E). permitting excess water to discharge to sewer at (G). Positive, Continuous Operation: Typical Specifications: Furnish and install on each (low pressure heat ing) boiler One McDonnell & Miller Self Continuous and dependable operation of the McDonnell & Miller Duplex Boiler Feederis assured by these exclusive features: Cleaning Rotary Valve Duplex Boiler Feeder. Rotary Valves to be adjustable to provide for a differential of from one to five inches between feed and overflow levels. 1. Self-Cleaning Valves--cast bronze .discs turn Self-Cleaning Duplex Feeders to have sufficient ing on Monel metal seats which grind and capacity for furnishing the entire amount of'feed clean themselves every time float moves. water required by the boiler when all of the con 2. Full adjustment after installation--permit ting a change in water line of one inch higher or densation is wasted to the sewer, and at*........ lb. steam pressure and______ Jb. dty water pressure. lower, and an adjustment of differentials be Installation to be made in accordance with tween supply and overflow levels of from diagrams and detailed instruction sheet furnished 1 1 to 5 in. by the manufacturers. 582 Burners, Oil Automatic Burner Corporation 312 North May Street, Chicago, 111. The Automatic Burner Corporation are leading manufacturers of the rotary, inthe-ashpit type of oil burner. This princi pal--now acknowledged to be the simplest and most efficient for domestic oil burning --was originated seven years ago. Thou sands of dollars have been expended in developing ABC, and its little brother, the Heat King, to their present simplicity and economical efficiency. Heat King is the burner for every man-- for every man can afford the Heat King. The Department of Engineering Research, University of Michigan, made some ef ficiency tests on June 15, 1928, with ABC installed in a DuBrie warm air furnace. ABC developed the high efficiency of 84.44 per cent. Heat King is the climax of seven years of concentrated research. Simple, rigidly built, economical to operate. Heat King is the burner, for the man who counts his dollars and demands in return for them guaranteed satisfaction. Write for more detailed information Maximum Steam Radiation Price ABC 3000 $500 to $1000 583 Heat King 800 $350 to $600 Burners, Oil Ballard Oil Equipment Co. NEW YORK ' Oil Burning Engineers and Contractors PHILADELPHIA Factory Office 124 Branford Place, Newark, N.J. And Agencies Throughout the United States NEWARK The Ballard Oil Equipment Company offers a complete line of oil burning equipment for indus trial and domestic installation. Its organization centers about its engineering service' and its long experience in the field. To the architect, heating engineer and contractor this service is available in the form of expert engineering advice and the sale and installation of equipment which is perfectly adapted to the requirements of the individual job. Installation of Ballard Type H Rotary Mechanical Burners in two 150-H. P. Simplex Boilers EQUIPMENT-- Owing to the many factors determining the suitability of an oil burning system to the requirements of a specific installation the various types of Ballard burners differ widely in principle and characteristics, though they overlap generously in rating. We will gladly furnish full catalog data upon request, but where such is desired as data for a specific installation it would be well to furnish particulars sufficient to enable us to make a definite recommendation. Ballard equipment includes high pressure mechanical burners and steam atomizing burners for high pressure plants; the Ballard Type H rotary mechanical burner for fuel of 12 to 16 deg. Baume for use in low pressure heating plants of the larger class, the Ballard Type H pump type burner for fuel of 19 deg. Baume or higher for similar service where it is impractical to use the heavier fuel; the Ballard Type A automatic oil burner for large residential and semi-industrial use, and automatic residence burners. The Ballard Oil Equipment Company is also in a position to make special application of oil burning to industrial uses apart from heating and power. 584 Burners, Oil Factory Branches: Hardinge Brothers, Inc. CHICAGO "The Oil Burner with a Ten-Year Guarantee" 549 N. Michigan Ave. Main Office and Factory BOSTON 843 Beacon Street 4149 Ravenswood Avenue Chicago, 111 Branches and Dealers In Principal Cities throughout the United States Manufacturers of Hardinge Domestic and Industrial Oil Heating Equipment, Cataract Precision Lathes, Watchmakers and Opticians Tools and Supplies Features:-- 1--Mechanical Centrifugal Atomization without the use of fans, blowers, compressors or steam. 2--Applies heat at grate level, scrubbing insulating gases from water legs. 3--It is a self contained unit independent of the Combustion Chamber and not attached to the boiler in any way. - 4--Burns automatically any commercial fuel oil available between 28 and 40 deg. A.P.I. Burns 'manually fuel oil between 18 and 40 deg. A.P.I. 5--Fuel Feeding Valve self cleaning in its operation. 6--Motor--Standard, horizontal, constant speed (1750 r.p.m.) motor operating under normal tem perature conditions. 7--Approved by the National Board of Fire Under writers; Tested and Approved by the New York City Board of Standards and Appeals. 8--Tested over a period of ten years by the ultimate judge of Oil Heat--the User Public who also approve. Hardinge Brothers, Inc., manufacture a range of Oil Heating Equipment adapt able to Heating the Boiler with steam radia tion loads of 500 to 25,000 sq. ft. per unit. It has been the aim of this organization not just to put another Oil Burner on the market, but to build into the Hardinge the finest that material, workmanship, sound design, ample capital and more than one-third century of Precision experience could build. Architects, Heating Engi neers and Contractors should feel free to call upon our Engineering Department for information of any kind on Oil Heating problems anywhere. See Our Catalogue in Sweets Ratings , HARDINGE ATOMIZER-SIZES Ratings 585 Burners, Oil May Oil Burner Corporation New York Office 331 MADISON AVENUE Factory and General Offices Baltimore, Md. Chicago Office PURE OIL BUILDING 35 EAST WACKER DRIVE May Oil Burner Corporation Burners, Oil Quiet MAY Automatic Oil Burner --F -- B-------- i u 5 lu- Ij> cu 3 T- JL_ TYPE A e> c D E r G MOTOR GAL PER HR. a 22" 3cr 9Y 4V4 4*A" U" 2" Va HP iyGAL 2GAL. L 24" 32- 9Yz 4`A" 4*A" 17" ZVz V* H.P l'/a&AL 7%GAL C 26" Po'i 13% 6V* ZM V* HR 7%.GAL 30 GAL 586 THE Quiet MAY Automatic Oil Burner is a fully automatic oil burner, suitable for either domestic or commercial operation, in steam, hot water, vapor or warm air heating plants. (1) Mechanical draft pressure atomizing burner. A. C. or D. C. motor drive. Inter mittent operation. Completely automatic or manual control. (2) Listed to burn 28 gravity oil (A. 0. B. A- Spec. No. 3 ) or 25 gravity Pacific Coast Diesel oil. (3) Oil is brought from storage tank by suction pump on burner which delivers it under pressure to the atomizer. (4) Atomization is by specially designed mechanical pressure atomizer. ^ (5) Ignition by electric spark. (6) Flame can be adjusted as to size and shape to meet requirements of boiler or furnace. (7) Only changes required are removal of grates, and lining of combustion chamber with fire brick. (8) Made in three sizes--for domestic and commercial installations. Adaptable to small homes and to large apartment buildings. (9) Motor sizes: Type A--Y H.P. Type L--% H.P. Type C--H H.P. CAPACITIES Hot Water.......................................................... Type "A" 600 aq. ft. 1000 sq. ft. ' Type "L" 2400 sq. ft. 4000 sq- It. Type "C" 8400 sq. ft. 14000 sq. ft. Burners, Oil Petroleum Heat & Power Company Makers of Oil Burners Since 1903 Boston PetrO DOMESTIC AND INDUSTRIAL OIL BURNERS Main Office--511 Fifth Avenue, New York, N. Y. . Factory--110 Davenport Street, Stamford. Conn. San Francisco Branch Offices at Seattle Providence Los Angeles * National Sales and Service Organisation Portland, Ore. PetrO Burners are all of the mechanical atom izing type and are built in such a number of models and sizes as to cover the heating field from the smallest residence to the largest com mercial or industrial heating plant. PetrO Burners are adaptable to any standard type of boiler or heater and can handle from a small heating load of 200 sq. ft. of steam radiation to 375 b.hp. with one burner. DOMESTIC BURNERS PetrO Domestic Burners are of the air turbine driven rotary cup type and are fully automatic and of the intermittent firing type. Stand ard Minneapolis-Honeywell con trols are used throughout. PetrO Domestic Burners are designed to burn commercial fuel oils having a gravity, of not less than 24 degrees Baume and a viscosity of not more than 50 seconds Saybolt Universal at 100 deg. fahr, Ignition is accom plished by means of either an electric spark or by means of a gaselectric type of ignition. The PetrO Burner is designed and built to operate with a mini mum of mechanical and combustion sound. It consists essentially of a centrifugal fan constructed with a shrouded aluminum runner, com pletely balanced and housed in a cast aluminum fan case. Mounted on the fan case and direct con nected to the fan runner is an electric motor. Also driven from the motor shaft either through reduction gearing or by direct con nection is a rotary gear oil pump. This assembly is mounted on a base built of grey cast iron in which is built a float chamber. Inserted through the base directly under the fan outlet is the burner gun, the forward end of which terminates in the air register which is installed flush with the boiler ashpit opening. The gun comprises the atomizing 588 Petroleum Heat & Power Company. . Burners, Oil OIL BURNERS cup which rotates in ball bearings, oil connection from float chamber to atomizing cup, lubricating device for ball bearings and air connection for conveying air from fan through the cup turbine and past vanes for mixing the air with the atomized oil in the combustion chamber. Oil is drawn from the storage tank by the pump through a brass suction line and delivered into the float chamber where a constant level of oil is maintained. The pressure of the fan is communicated to the float chamber and acts to lift, the oil to the atomizing cup. The air is delivered past the turbine blades of the cup for atomizing the oil and finally into the com bustion chamber for supporting combustion. The standard installation in cludes a thermostat for controlling building temperature, a combustion safety control and a boiler, or furnace control for. limiting tem-. perature or pressure conditions at the boiler or furnace. Service hot water may be heated from the main heating boiler through standard indirect heaters during both summer and winter. ln)[p-|, Domestic Oil Burners are manufactured `*"*L--in the following models and capacities: Burner Model LD-00 LD-0 LD-K LD-2 LD-3 LD-4 Gallons of Oil per Hour y. toi'/2 Vi to 2'h 2i/2 to 5 5 to 10 10 to 20 20 to 42 Gas-electric Ignition only. Maximum * Square Feet Steam Radiation 625 1,025 2,075 4,150 6,300 17,425 ' Maximum Square Feet Water Radiation 995 1,650 3,325 - 6,650 13,275 27,900 . Boiler H. P. 65 140 The pEOPRO Domestic Oil Burner is: Motor* HP. /. y. " " 1/6 H` Vi ' 1 Listed as Standard by The Underwriters* Laboratories, Inc. Approved by the Board of Standards and Appeals, New York City, New York. Approved by The CommonwealthofMassachusetts, Department ofPublic Safety. Approved by State of Connecticut, Department of State Police. Approved by the Investigating Committee of Architects and Engineers. 589 Petroleum Heat & Power Company Burners, Oil PetjrQ OIL BURNERS TYPE "A" INDUSTRIAL OIL BURNING EQUIPMENT All PetrO Industrial Burners are designed to burn oils as heavy as 10 degrees Baume. PetrO Type "A" Burners are of the air turbine driven rotary cup type and are installed on boilers in connection with Type "A" registers through which secondary air for com bustion is admitted and is controlled as to volume and direction. The primary air for driving the turbine cup and atom izing the oil is delivered from a centrifugal fan which is a separate unit. One fan may thereby be used to operate either one burner or several burners installed in a battery of boilers. The oil pump is also separate from the burner and one pump may also be used for one burner or a multiple installation of burners. In Petroleum Heat and Power Company's Combination Fan and Pump Set both the fan and pump may be operated as one unit driven by a single motor. The fan and pumps are obtainable as sepa rate units also and for either electric motor or steam turbine drive. Design of the air register is such that the flame can be shaped to suit furnace dimensions and assure in timate mixing of the air and atom ized oil. High efficiencies are thereby obtainable and can be maintained at 80 per cent with proper care of operation. PetrO installation in Metropolitan Life Insurance Co. Building---One Boiler--Two-Type "A" Burners. This type of burner possesses a wide range of flexibility as to the capacity at which it can be fired and without the necessity of changing any parts. One or more burners may be installed under a boiler depending upon the capacity to be developed. It is adaptable to semi-automatic control wherein the rate of firing can be varied between low and high capacity by means of an automatic boiler control which operates from the boiler steam pressure. Oil is delivered to the atomizing cup at a relatively low pressure which ranges between 10 and 35 pounds per square inch. In burning the heavier grades of fuel oil it is necessary to preheat the oil so as to reduce its viscosity as a means of obtaining the necessary fineness of atomization. , In PetrO Type "A" Burners the required preheat temperature is relatively low, as, for burning oil having a gravity of 10 degrees Baum6, a preheat temperature of 170 deg. fahr. is sufficiently high. 590 Petroleum Heat.& Power: Company, Burners, Oil PetrQ Capacities of Type "A" Burners Burner Model IA 2A Minimum Capacity (B. H. P.).......... 25 50 Maximum Capacity (B. H. P.)......... 55 175 3A 1 too | 300 | 4A 125 375 PETRO Type "A" Equipment is: Listed by The Underwriters' Laboratories, Inc. Approved by The Board of Standards and Appeals, New York City, New York. TYPE "B" INDUSTRIAL OIL BURNING EQUIPMENT The PetrO Type "B" Burner consists of an air turbine driven rotary cup, air register and fan with direct connected motor, all of which are assembled in one unit to be hinge mounted on the boiler front. The principles of atomization and means of driving the turbine cup are the same as employed in the Type "A" Equipment. Oil is delivered to the burner from an independent pump. This unit is well adapted for in stallation in heating or power plants having one or two boilers and it also lends itself particularly to semi automatic boiler control. The design of the air register allows control of flame shape to the combustion chamber being fired and provides for securing the degree of mixture between the air and oil necessary for the most efficient combustion. , This type of burner also possesses a wide range of flexibility as to the amount of oil- that can be burned and it is not necessary to change Type "B" Burner in B & IV Boiler burner parts for various rates of firing. As with the Type "A" Equip ment the oil is pumped at a rela tively low pressure and the tem perature of preheat is low. Capacities of Type "B" Burners Burner Model IB 2B Minimum Capacity (B. H. P.).............. 30 50 Maximum Capacity (B, H. P.)............... 75 150 3B 75 250 591 Petroleum Heat & Power Company Burners, Oil OIL BURNERS MECHANICAL TYPE INDUSTRIAL OIL BURNING EQUIPMENT Municipal Building New York City The mechanical type burner atomizes the oil by pumping it at a relatively high pressure through atomizing grooves and an orifice located in the burner head. The oil is forced through the grooves in the atomizer disc toward the center where it enters tangentially and by means of which a rotary motion is imparted to it as it expands through the atomizing orifice. The mechanical burner is also installed in connection with an air register, the purpose of which is to control the volume and direction of the secondary air supply. The, degree of mixture between air and oil which is attainable through the proper setting of the register lends itself to operation at high efficiency of combustion. Pumping and heating equipment may be located at some distance from the boiler or in a separate room. By the installation of more than one burner in each boiler or the use of forced draft apparatus, boilers of any rating may be fired. Variations in burner capacities are obtained by the use of different combinations of atomizer and ori fice'' discs. By the use of these combinations and variations in pressure capacities of from 50 to 300 b.hp. may be obtained from one burner under natural draft con ditions. By the use of forced draft this capacity may be increased to 400 b.hp. 592 Burners, Oil Winslow Boiler & Engineering Co. Builders of Kleentleet Oil Burners CHICAGO 844 Rush St. NEW YORK 11 W. 42nd St. GALESBURG Illinois The Nozzle Kit A Typical "805" Installation OR years the Winslow Boiler & Engineering Company has carried on intensive F research work. This engineering work has been made highly accurate through the use of modern scientific methods, and in a wide variety of boilers and furnaces covering every type found in practice. The experience of its laboratory engineers has been gained through actual oil burner field work. OR efficient heating a burner must be of correct size for the size of building it is F called upon to heat. Recognizing this fact, Winslow makes four distinct types of heating equipment. There is literally no building for which there is not a corre sponding size or model. For huge industrial plants and industrial uses, there is' the Winslow Industrial Burner; for large apartments, hotels, business blocks, churches, and other public or semi-public buildings, as well as large homes, there is a range of installa tions called the 800 Series, explained below. Just under the 800 Series is the "GJ" model, and for the smaller home, the "Challenger" model Kleen-Heet has been provided. SERIES 800 KLEEN-HEET FULLY AUTOMATIC: The fully automatic operation of this burner means uniform heat, real health, fuel economy, and all without worry and attention. Equipment includes protectostat, thermostat and boiler control. ' ELECTRIC IGNITION: Positive electric ignition without magneto or coil box. High tension.trans-. former with two insulated electrodes provide automatic, positive electric ignition and completely eliminates ' Radio Interference. NOISELESS: Sound reduction to a minimum is accomplished by the simple engineering method of utilizing perfectly machined, smooth running, properly built parts. The Kleen-Heet 800 is so designed that the correct air volume moves at low velocity, thus eliminating--not merely subduing--combustion noise. EFFICIENT: Combustion efficiency is gained through the perfection of Kleen-Heet equipment. Burner perfection is brought to its maximum through the use of the Winslow patented nozzles: nine different nozzle tips to determine the size and shape of the flame: eight different nozzle stems to control the volume of oil delivered. The resultant 72 tip-stem nozzle assemblies enable the engineer to select that combination which gives maximum efficiency. In this way a proper flame can be produced regardless of the length or width of the combustion chamber: this feature is a remarkable advance, in fact one of the greatest, in the oil burner industry. ' CAPACITY RANGE: This One burner covers the entire capacity range from 600 to 6800 sq. ft. of steam load. ' FUEL OIL: 28 deg. Baum6 or lighter fuel oil with flash-point between 150 to 190 deg. and a cold test sufficient to resist the lowest temperatures to which it will be subjected, is the ideal fuel for this burner. SERVICE: The burner is particularly characterized by the thoroughness of installation instructions and the least possible number of working parts, each part the best obtainable without regard to cost of production. SMOKE ABATEMENT: Many cities are demanding the eliminating of fuel which increases the smoke nuisance; oil is the logical smokeless fuel; the "805" Kleen-Heet meets those requirements. Listed as Standard by Underwriters* Laboratories 593 Control Equipment ABSOLUTE<3offT&C-^>CORPORATION ELKHART, INDIANA Manufacturers of Temperature and Pressure-Operated Automatic Electric Controls, Mercury Switches and Safety Devices for Oil and Gas Burners AUTOMATIC CONTROL FOR UNIT HEATERS The Thermoswitches No. 6AR ContoswiUh List Price, $20 No. 155 Thermosteitch List Price, $18 The three Thermoswitches shown auto matically control the fan motors of Unit Heaters as the room temperature varies. They all include Mercury Switch contact members. The Convoswitch is particularly fitted for the control of factory rooms, warehouses, green houses, etc. The Nos. 64 and 135 are par ticularly arranged for rooms requiring closer temperature control and more pleasing ap pearance. These Thermoswitches should be used in auditoriums, offices or similar places. The No. 135 Thermoswitch is low in electrical capacity and should only be used with the No. 112 Magnetic Relay. It is, however, very sensitive and will regulate the temperatures to 1 deg. variation. The No. 64 is a 2 deg. instrument but is higher in electrical capacity and will control motors of ^ hp. or less (single phase) without a relay. The Magnetic Relay is made in single or double pole types and will be found an ex cellent across-the-Iine starter for most of the sizes of motors used on Unit Heaters. The Limit Controls No. 64 TkermotmUh List Price, $24 No. lit Mogndie Rday list Price, $12 It Is not desirable to operate the Unit Heater unless Its coils are hot enough to warm the outgoing air. Therefore, with automatic operation we recom mend the use of a Limit Control. When wired in series with the Thermoswitch, the Limit Con trol prevents the Unit Heater from starting until it Is warm. However, when the Heater Is warm, the Limit Control, turns over the entire regulation to the Thermoswitch until such time as the Heater gets cold when the Limit Control again takes command and shuts it down. No. 56 Aqiuumtch List Price, $17.50 Limit Controls are available to operate either from the tem perature of the steam pipe or the pressure of steam at the Unit Heater. The most popular control is the No. 56R Aqua- switch which can be strapped on the pipe leading to the Heater. No drilling or draining Is necessary to install this control and It works success fully on either steam or hot water systems. _. The No. 33R Pressureswitch or No. 42R Vaporswltch can be used where it is desired to con trol the Unit Heater from variations of the steam or vapor pressure. These Controls are Completely Described in Bulletin 141 --WRITE FOR YOUR COPY-- Bulletin 101--Mercury Switches Bulletin 121--Refrigeration Controls Bulletin 111--Oil Burner Controls Bulletin 131--Coal Burner Controls 594 Dampers and Air Diffusers American Foundry & Furnace Company Bloomington, Illinois Manufacturers of "AFCO" Ventilating Specialties, W. A. Diffusers, Grilles, Back Pressure Dampers, Expanded Metal Screens, Access Doors, Base board Grilles (K-515, etc.), Miscellaneous Dampers, Belt Guards. Blast Systems of Warm Air Heating and Ventilating "AFCO" LOUVRE DAMPERS For Installation in Fresh Air Openings in Walls of Power Houses, Hotels, Theatres, Churches, Schools, Etc. F-irc Made to fit any size opening. Blades Horizontal or Vertical. Hand dr Automatic Control. Dampers open and close in unison. Ball Bearing Axles unless otherwise specified. Maximum Free Areas producing Minimum Air Resistance. . Superior Strength and Ruggedness. Black Enamel Finish. F-17G--Large Three Panel Unit without Screen. F-12G--With reinforced Channel Iron Frame. F-13G--With 6 in. deep frame and Wire Screen. 595 Expansion Joints American District Steam Lompany StaiMt Ornc(tM . North Tonawanda.N.Y : Branches ' and Agents in Principal Cities At Left--ADSCO Semi-Guided Ex pansion Joint for 4, 6, 8, 10 and 12 in. traverse, 125 and 250 lbs. pressure. Below: same joint with tie rods. At Left--ADSCO ExternallyGuided Expansion Joints for 4, 6, 8, 10 and 12 in. traverse, 125 and 250 lbs. pres sure. At Right--ADSCO-Duplex-Sleeve Guided Expansion Joint for pressures . up to 500 lbs. and tempera . tures to 750 degrees F. Air . cooled slip eliminates exces- ' . sive packing and maintenance . . costs and assures a tight joint. At Left--ADSCO Model "pM Variator (Packless Expansion Joint). for pressures up to 125 lbs. Total traverse 2 in. Not furnished with service outlets nor anchorage. Model "0" Variator (not illus trated) single with 1% in. traverse and double with 2^ in. traverse for pressures up to 50 lbs. Built with service outlets and anchor plates. . ADSCO Variators absorb expan sion and contraction in pipe line with heavy annealed corrugated copper diaphragms supported by steel backing plates. 596 Expansion Joints E. B. Badger & Sons Co. 63-75 Pitts Street, Boston, Mass. Engineers and Manufacturers - New York Office, 271 Madison Avenue Offices in Principal Cities PRODUCTS Corrugated Copper Expansion Joints Pipe Bends Chemical Apparatus Copper and Sheet Metal Work . Copper Boilers BADGER SELF-EQUALIZING EXPANSION JOINTS Made in flanged and welding types. Both have one-piece copper expansion element, corrugated by a special process and fitted with external cast iron or steel equalizing rings between the corrugations to uniformly distribute the movement among all the corrugations to minimize wear. There are no stuffing boxes or sliding joints. No packing is required. Guaranteed to 200 lb. working pressure up to 3 in. expansion for a single joint. Flanged Types Welding Type For saturated steam, hot-water and other hot liquids, in sizes 4 in. and 5 in. Made with 4 to 8 corrugations for l or 2 in. expansion respec-, tively. Fitted with alignment bars. Flanges may be of low, standard or'extra heavy types. Face to face dimensions both.sizes:--12% in. for four corrugations, 19% in. for eight corrugations. Made for saturated or superheated steam with open pipe nipples for welding directly into the pipe line. Single Joints:--For 3 and 4 in. pipe have 4 and 8 corrugations, for l or 2 in. expansion, respectively. For sizes 5 to 20 in. pipe they have 2, 3, 4 or 5 corrugations for 1, 1%, 2 of 3 in. expansion respec tively. ' For Saturated Steam For Superheated Steam urith Telescoping Monel Metal Sleeve For sizes 6 in. pipe and larger. Made with 2, 3, 4 or 5 corrugations for I, 1%, 2 or 3 in. expan sion. Either standard 125 lb. or extra heavy 250 lb. flanges as required. Sizes larger than 30 in. furnished on special order. Self-Equalizing Expansion Joints-- Standard Flanged Types Face to face dimensions in inches Size Number of Corrugations 2345 6 I2'/j 16 19 23 8 IZV? 16 19 23 10 Wr 16 19 23 12 13 16Vi li'A Z3'/2 M 16 1133'*A4 17 17 20 20 24 24 18 14 l7>/2 MV4 20 15 iwa 21V2 22 24 15 15*4 18>4 21*4 19 22 YA 26 15'A 19 22 25V, 28 IS'/, 19 22 25V, 30 15'A 19 22 25V, Dimensions of saturated and superheated steam oints are identical. Double Joints:--Similar to single type, consisting of two single expansion joints welded together in tandem. Made with 4. 6, 8 and 10 corrugations, for 2, 3, 4 and 6 in. expansion respectively. Can be equipped with service connections. Also furnished as complete units, mounted on base plate, together with anchor and guides. Single and Multiple Corrugated Expansion Joints for Low Pressure Made for installation between turbine or engine exhaust and condenser, or to take up expansion in low pressure lines. They absorb shock and vibration and are a dependable protection for costly equip ment. Furnished with.l to 5 corrugations and low or standard flanges. Also, in rectangular or ova! form to meet special requirements. Guaranteed for pressures to 30 lb. 597 Expansion Joints "MOGUL" DOUBLE-END-GUIDED, TYPE F. L. J. (FLANGED) EXPANSION JOINTS Built in all pipe sizes from 1H" to 6' diameters, for extremely high or low pressures and temperatures, for saturated steam, superheated steam, hot or cold water, oil or gas and other fluids. They are Double-End-Guided, have extremely deep packing chambers and unusually long packing-gland take up. They have built-in Traverse Stops and large graphite lubricating chamber. They may be packed while the line is hot and in an expanded condition. Write for Bulletin with complete description and dimensions. "MOGUL" DOUBLE-END-GUIDED, TYPE R. S. J. (RISER) EXPANSION JOINTS Built with screwed ends, in all pipe sizes from %" to 4" pipe diameters. Write for Bulletin and dimensions. 598 Fans and Ventilating Equipment American Blower Corporation . General Offices: Detroit Works: Detroit, Mich.--Bond Hill, Cincinnati, Ohio Branches and Sales Offices City aud Address Telephone' Atlanta, Ga., Bona Allen BldgWalnut 5643 Baltimore, Md., Munsey Bldg____ -------------- Plaza 3774 Birmingham, Ala., American Traders Bank Bldg.___7*2383 Boston, Mass., 1003 Statler Bldg.___ _.._Liberty 8347*48 Buffalo, N. Y.. White Bldg--.Seneca 2668 Charlotte, N. C,, Piedmont Bldg._______ ___Jackson 122 Chattanooga, Tenn., 1104 James Bldg_______ Main 2679 Chicago. III.. 228 N. La Salle Street.__ Central 1631-1632 Cincinnati. Ohio, 905 Sycamore Street__ Canal 8161-8162 Cleveland, Ohio, 1302-3 Shetland Bldg______ Main 6846 Columbus, Ohio, 521 First Nat'l Bank Bldg___ Main 3443 Dallas, Texas, 1015 Mercantile Bank Bldg.__,___ X-5518 Davenport. Iowa, 409 First Nat'l Bank Bldg.__ Dav. 4006 Denver. Colo., 1226 California Street________ Main 5818 Detroit, Mich., 2539 Woodward Avenue--Cadillac 8880 El Paso, Texas, Border National Bank Bldg----- Main 2739 Grand Rapids, Mich., 604 Building and Loan Bldg. Citixens51122 Hartford, Conn., 252 Asylum Street2-2027 Indianapolis.Ind.,819 Continental Bank Bldg..Iincoln 6745 Kansas City, Mo., 310-312 Mutual Bldg.____ Victor 5965 Los Angeles, Calif., 427 Union Ins. Bldg.___ TUcker 9440 FAber 3871 Louisville, Kt., 428 S. Fifth StreetCity 3100-1 Milwaukee, Wts., 1418 Majestic Bldg.J______Grand 1986 City and Address Telephone Minneapolis, MrNN., 808 La Salle Avenue.____Main 0034 Newark, N. J., 79 Ogden Street______ Branch Brook 8540 New Orleans, La., 344 Camp Street_________ Main 5971 New York, N. Y., 50 Church Street......... _Cortlandt 1010 New York (Export Dept), 30 Church St___ Cortlandt 4856 Omaha, Nkbr., Peters Trust Bldg__ _______ATiantic 6548 Philadelphia, Pa., 112 South 16th Street (Beil) Rittenhouse 6393-4 Pittsburgh, Pa., 801 First Nat'l Bank Bldg., Atlantic 3496-3497 Portland, Oregon, 1002 Pacific Bldg...... ..... BEacon 6197 Reading, Pa., 506 American Casualty Bldg...Reading 37112 Rochester. N. Y., 89 East Avenue..... ...... --Stone 345-346 Sr. Louis, Mo.. 1221 Boatmen's Bank Bldg___ Garfield 1278 Salt Lake Citt, Utah, Dooly B[dg--,,Wasatch 1680-1681 San Francisco, Calif.. Rialto BldgSutter 1024 Seattle, Wash., 605 Leary Bldg......... ............. Eliott 0713 Schenectady, N. Y., 331 State Street....Schenectady 7503 South Bend, Ind., 505 Pythian Bldg--3-5455 Syracuse, N. Y., 1200 Hills Bldg........ ......... ........... 34)170 Tacoma, Wash., 1127 St Paul Avenue________ Main 3150 Toledo, Ohio, 320 Ontario StreetAdams 6512 Wheeling, W.Va., 114 18th St. Warwood, Warwood 375W Wilkes-Barre, Pa., Miners' Bank Bldg.. Wilkes-Barre4824 Youngstown, Ohio, 1008 Mahoning Bank Bldg.____ 4-3593 "Sirocco" Fans and Blowers for heating, ventilating, cooling, drying and mechanical draft. "Sirocco** Utility Blower--a compact, durable ventilator for installation with ducts. ``Sirocco** Air Washer -- for puri fying and humidifying air for dehumidifying and cooling. A. B. C. Air Filter --Dry plate con stant effect air filter --a highly efficient device for collecting dust in public and industrial buildings of every type and description. Venturafin Unit Heater-- one small unit is equal to 500 feet of direct radiation -- occupies only one-fourth the space and has only one-tenth the weight. "Ventura** Disc Fan for operation under free-air delivery conditions -- a complete ven tilation system in itself. Descrij^ive folders many subject ofair handling --heating', ventilating arid mechanical draft mil be furnished free on request. 599 Fans and Ventilating Equipment Bayley Blower Company 784 Greenbush Street Branches in principal cities Milwaukee, Wis. BUILDERS OF HEATING, VENTILATING, COOLING, PURIFYING, HUMIDIFYING AND AIR WASHING EQUIPMENT; EXHAUST AND DRYING APPARATUS, MECHANICAL DRAFT AND BLAST, FANS AND BLOWERS OF ALL TYPES BAYLEY PLEXIFORM FAN: Used to supply air for heating systems or beating and ventilating systems for manufacturing and process industries, for drying systems, or for forced or induced draft systems for boiler plants. The Ptexiform Fan is suitable for han dling cool or warm air, as well as high or low temperature gases. It wilt deliver the HiMiimim quantity of air in applications where medium or low pressure is required. For applications where space is limited, or where eoonomy of power is desirable, this fan is especially recommended. The Din wheel, of distinct Bayley design, has great strength without excess weight. Due to its reinforced construction and equal distribution of stresses, vibration is reduced to a minimum. Crystallization of parts, so called, is thus avoided. large and unobstructed inlets and outlets, and the absence of arbitrary air cut-offs, insure free and noiseless delivery of air. Bayley Plexiform Fans are furnished in either single or doable width wheel types of any required housing construction, and discharge positive sleeve or ball bearings as specified. TURBO AIR WASHER AND HUMIDIFIER: The Bayley Air Washing System is of fered for all public and industrial buildings, where a central system of air washing and humidifying is desired. Competitive air washing and humidify? ing equipment requires frequent cleaning of the spray nozzles, as the particles of dirt in the recirculated water The Bayley Turbo Air Wother Shew rapidly clogs the ori ing Turbo Atomizer and Eliminator fices. _ The Turbo Atomizer used in the Bayley Washer, produces a steady, fine spray. Water at low pressure is delivered to the center of a rapidly revolving cone-shaped rotor provided with atomising pins set in its periphery. This atomiser cannot clog, requires very little attention, and will operate successfully under tow water pressure. The spray is uniform, and there are never any spaces in the Air Washer that are not completely filled with a fine mist. BayleyTurbo AirWasher and Conditioners may be used for washing, cooling, humidifying, or dehumidifying, as required. CHINOOK HEA'WNG SECTIONS: The Chinook Section is used with fan type heating, ventilat ing, and drying systems. It cir culates either high or low pres sure steam by gravity or under a vacuum. The beater may also be used to circulate hot water for heating purposes, or cold water for cooling purposes. The Chinook base is of grey cast iron, having walls of suf ficient thickness to withstand a working pressure of 175 lb. per sq. in. The casting is divided into two chambers-by a horizontal partition. Steam . enters the lower- or steam chamber from which it rises through 5^-in. wrought pipes, which are located within the lH-in. wrought pipes leading from the upper chamber. Thus the steam in the steam p.b*mher passes up through the small pipes (which are open at the top) into the larger pipes, where condensation takes place, the water and air falling into the upper chamber and draining, away through the return outlet. Each tube is evenly heated through its entire length, and air binding cannot occur. The Chinook is the only heater in which a leak can be repaired in the middle of the tank without breaking steam connections or taking down a single section. Shipped assembled in smaller sizes, and knocked down in the larger units. May be installed in horizontal or vertical position. BAYLEY TYPE EXHAUST FAN: An exhaust unit for handling refuse from sawmills, planing mills, cotton gins, textile mills and wood working plants, designed for high efficiency at moderate speed. Its outstanding features arc the blast wheel which is built up from an ac curately machined and balanced center, insuring well balanced wheel and making replacement of accidentally broken blades a simple matter. CHINOOKFIN HEATERS: Chinookfin Heaters are constructed along the lines original with the Bayley Blower Company, as described under Chinook Heating Sections. The Chinookfin unit illustrated is ' particularly adapted to use in offices and entrances to buildings, as well as the main portions of industrial plants. It may be connected to the outside air. and thus will ventilate as well as heat the space in which it is installed. The heaters are sturdy, efficient, easily installed, and occupy no valuable floor or wall space. They require no special structure to carry them, and they may be attached to walls or col umns, suspended from the floor above, or from the beating main, as circum- Single Unit of the Sup- stances will permit. ` ported Type with Air It is not necessary when this heater Connection from the is used, to recirculate air at room tern- Floor Line perature. Air directly from out of doors may be led to the unit, thus making it a ventilating as well as a heating unit. The entire unit is tested to a working pressure of 80 lb. The Bayley Blower Company offer in addition to the Chinook fin described, larger sizes of industrial unit heaters. The well known B.t.u. Heater is popular in railroad roundhouses and shops. The I.C.U. Heater is also an industrial unit of somewhat fighter construction, which is adapted to use in industrial buildings of all sorts. BAYLEY GYRO AIR AND GAS SCRUBBERS: Bayley Air and Gas Scrubber is designed for cleaning boiler gas, blast furnace gas, and process gases of any j kind, either hot or cold. Hie scrub- \ bing medium is water, or if added H humidity is undesirable, a non volatile fluid. Gas enters the scrubber through the scrubber wheel, which is conical in shape, and fitted with concentric rows of pins. Water at low pressure is directed upon the center of the wheel and thrown by the centrifugal force of the rapidly revolving wheel the water with the entrained solid wJTTSww matter from the gases against a splash. plate, which directs it to the bottom /# of the scrubber. The cleansing of / Vv to 1700 deg.fahr. air or gas is thus accomplished by passing air or gas through the scrubber wheel in intimate contact' with water, so that dust particles are thoroughly saturated with water and thrown off by the scrubber wheel against the splash plate, finally to settle down to the bottom of the scrubber tank. ~ The equipment is particularly adapted to all applications . where dust may be recovered either for its value or because it forms a nuisance. Typical applications are starch mills and grain elevators. 600 Fans and Ventilating Equipment The Buckeye Blower Company Columbus, Ohio Branch Sales and Engineering Offices Atlanta, Ga. Baltimore. Md. Boston, Mass. Buffalo, N. Y. Chicago, III. Cleveland, Onto Dallas, Texas Denver, Colo. Detroit, Mich. Grand Rapids, Mich. Hempstead. L.I., N. Y. Indianapolis, Ind. Kansas City, Mo. Los Angeles, Calif. Milwaukee, Wis. Minneapolis, Minn. New York City Newark, N. J. Pittsburgh, Pa. Portland, Ore. ' Salt Lake City, Utah San Francisco,'Calif. Seattle, Wash. Syracuse, N. Y. Toronto, Ont. Oklahoma City, Okla. Windsor. Ont. Philadelphia. Pa. Youngstown. Ohio Manufacturers of BUCKEYE Heating and Ventilating and Air Conditioning Apparatus The Heatovent has been developed for use in School Rooms and places where quiet running, temperature control, quick heating, and positive ventilation are requisites. This machine is equipped with the oval tube radiator which will not burst when frozen. . The Thermovent has been developed for larger installations requiring from 2000 to 10,000 c.f.m. as churches, auditoriums, garages. Horizontal type for ceiling hanging, vertical type for floor setting. Equipped with or without mixing dampers. The Thermofan is a propeller fan type of unit for industrial work. Can be used for fresh air supply or recirculating jobs equipped with or without ducts to floor. Multiblade Fans for heating, ventilating, drying, dust removal and allied uses in all sizes up to 100,000 c.f.m. and up to 6 in. static pressure. Ozonation and humidity treatment available for all unit applications. Engineering service available in all branch offices. . 601 yr Fans and Ventilating Equipment Buffalo Forge Company Buffalo, New York Branches Amarillo. Texas, Amarillo Bldg. Boston, Mass., 10 Milk Street Chicago, III., 562 W. Washington Blvd. Loe Angeles, Calu., c/o Larmier k Lauer, 1824 S. Hope'Street Minneapolis, Mora., 4S9 N.W. National Life Bldg. New Yore, N.Y., 39-41 Cortlandt Street Cincinnati, Ohio, 604 Mercantile Library Bldg. Cleveland, Ohio, 368 Rockefeller Bldg. ' Dallas, Texas, 601 Construction Bldg. Denver, Colo.. 1621, 17th Street Philadelphia, Pa., 1302 Land Title Bldg. Pittsburgh, Pa., 927 Union Trust Bldg. San Francisco, Caup., 1006 Flatiron Bldg Sr. Loots, Mo., 515 Chemical Bldg. Detroit, Mich., 2051 W. Lafayette Blvd. Seattle. Wash.. 303 41____ Washington, D.C., 418 Washington Lcaa'A Tnat Bldg. Canadian Branch Canadian Blower & Forge Co., Kitchener, Ontario Carrier Air Washers One-piece eliminators and scrubbers that are easily as* sembled in a few minutes and give great cleaning effect. Spray nozzles prevented from clogging by tank-width screen. Original efficiency is maintained indefi nitely by a few minutes flushing out each week. Buffalo Niagara Conoidal Fans handle large quantities of air at high efficiency under big overloads in industrial plants. Low speed and great capacity well suited to belt drive. Buffalo Breezo-Propeller Fans are very successfully used for removing steam, odors or foul air in shops, mills and fac tories. Belted or direct motor driven types. Buffalo Duplex Conoidal Fans, shown below, maintain steady pressures and good efficiency over a greater range of air demand than is pos sible with any other construc tion. Best adapted to schools, public buildings, offices, etc. Moderate speed for direct connec tion to motor. Buffalo Unit Heaters Made in four types to suit every kind of building. BREEZOFIN Heaters (shown here), Vento Heaters, Hi-Pressure Pipe Coil Heaters, suitable for pressures up to 150 lb., and direct fired units. Catalog 466 de scribes allotypes and sizes. Buffalo Forge Company's Products Carrier Air Washers Humidifiers Conoidal Multiblade Fans Induced Draft Fans Disc Fans Pipe Coil Heaters . Dust Collectors Pressure Blowers ` , Drying Apparatus Planing Mill Exhaust Fans Forge Shop Equipment Spray Nozzles Generator Coolers Stoker Fans Gas Scrubbers Unit Heaters Ventilating Sets Complete Catalogs on any of above sent on request 602 Fans and Ventilating Equipment Clarage Fan Company Plant and General Offices: Kalamazoo, Michigan Sales Engineering Offices Boston, Mass. Hew York City. N. Y. Philadelphia, Pa. Pittsburgh. Pa. Charlotte. N. C. Detroit. Mich. Atlanta, Ga. Chicago. 111. Minneapolis, Minn. Cleveland, Ohio St. Louis, Mo. Denver. Colo. Portland. Orb. Los Angblbs. Calif. Omaha, Nebr. Birmingham, Ala. South Bend, Ind. Indianapolis, Ind. Seattle, Wash. Oklahoma City, Okla. Salt Lake City. Utah Cincinnati, Ohio Houston, Texas Huntington, W. Va. Buffalo, N. Y. . Mew Orleans. La. Tacoma. Wash. Consult Telephone Directory for Street Address of any Clarage Branch Office PRODUCTS--Heating, Ventilating, Air Conditioning Equip ment and Allied Apparatus: HV Multiblade Fans, Air Washers, Exhaust Fans, Unit Heaters, Steam Engines, Etc. Type UV Multiblade Fan TYPE HV FAN--for heating, ventilation, air conditioning and drying. 77 per cent maximum efficiency saves 15 to 20 per cent in operating cost. Sizes from 500 to 236,000 c.f.m. Built for direct connection to motor, steam engine, etc., or belt drive. TYPE V AIR WASHER--for all classes of air con ditioning, cooling, humidifying and dehumidifying. Nozzles produce dense mist screen at low pump pressures. Exclusive design of eliminators greatly simplifies erection. Sizes to meet all requirements. UNIT HUMIDIFIER--for industrial air con ditioning, humidifyingand dehumidifying. Effects substantial savings in first cost as compared with central system. Flexible; easy to install; suitable for one room or entire building. Type V Air Washer UNIT HEATERS (Steam or Hot Water)--for industrial and garage heating. Built both ceiling and floor types, offering five times the capacity of an equal amount of direct radiation. Warm: air discharged at high velocity in all horizontal directions (exclusive feature), insuring uniform temperatures and high heating efficiency. Sizes to meet all requirements. Clarage McCaao-Harrison Unit Heaters (Gas or Oil Fired) Ceiling Type Unit Heater (Utilising Steam) UNIT HEATERS (Clarage McCann-Harrison, Gas or Oil Fired)--for industrial heating. Recom mended where steam not available. No boiler plant or boiler equipment needed; no engineer or fireman re quired. Very efficient; practically no maintenance. One plant saved $50,000; smaller plant saved $3,000. Chrgge Unit HamidiSer ENGINEERING SERVICE --In every Clarage sales office are experienced engi neers ready to cooperate with you. Without obliga tion, they welcome the opportunity to make recom mendations and submit cost * estimates. CATALOGS ARE AVAILABLE ON EVERY CLARAGE PRODUCT--WRITE FOR THEM 603 Fans, Ventilating De Bothezat Impeller Co., Inc. 1922 Park Avenue, New York, N. Y. Our Fans Do Work In Ducts Against Pressure. It is prejudice to believe that Disc Fans cannot furnish static pressure with very high efficiency. Engineering Data Concerning De Bothezat Pressure Fans Important Notice: We guarantee our fans to have a non-overloading power characteristic, that is to absorb at constant-revolutions practically the same power whatever the static pressure under which they are operating for the whole range between free delivery and no delivery.. This important property of the De Bothezat Disc Pressure Fans insures the complete safety of their operation under any conditions to be met in practice. ' 4S and 48 * Disc Pressure Fan Diam R.P.M. HP. 8' 14'. 18' 24' 30* 36' 42* 48' 1800 3400 850 1140 1750 850 1140 1750 850 1140 600 850 1140 480 690 850 1140 470 580 670 800 370 470 530 630 1/50 i/s .1/20 1/12 1/4 1/15 1/6 1/2 1/4 3/4 1/3 1 2.5 2 5 l 2 3 5 l 2 3 5 CFM. against '/'S.P. 350 700 800 1100 1600 1800 2500 3800 4500 6000 6000 9000 12000 8500 12000 15000 20000 14000 17000 20000 23500 16000 20000 23000 28000 C.F.M. against V,' S.P. 650 900 1450 900 2100 3700 3800 5700 4400 8400 11500 -6000 11000 14500 19500 12000 15500 19000 23000 12000 16000 21000 27000 PERFORMANCES -- C.F.M. against '/'S.P. C.FJU. against W S.P. C.F.M. against W S.P. C.F.M. ya.g'asin.spt. 600 600 1300 1700 3500 2000 5300 2000 7600 11000 2000 9500 14000 19000 9000 14000 16000 22000 7000 15000 20000 26000 550 1150 3300 4900 6600 10500 8000 13000 16500 12000 16500 21000 12000 18000 24500 500 400 850 3100 4200 5500 10000 6000 12000 16000 9000 15000 20000 2800 3000 3000 9500 3500 11000 17500 13000 19000 15000 23000 . 11000 21000 CPM. against I'SP. 2000 8000 8000 17000 16000 15000 C.F.M. against W S.P. . 6000 15500 11000 We furnish disc fans producing static pressures up to 3 inch. Higher pressures by special order. 604 Fans and Ventilating Equipment <(fe: -- CriRFF/1 CITY FUM CD Manufacturers Since 1879 McCormick Building Chicago, 111. Eastern Office: 55 West 42nd Street, New York Fans, Blowers, Exhausters, Unit Heaters, Pressure Blowers, Dust Collecting, Ventilating and Drying Apparatus Cycloidal Multi-Blade Fan Cycloidal Multi-Blade Fan--Sturdy construc tion and designed to de velop an efficiency equal to any fan of this type built. Overhung wheel and overhung pulley types, suitable for Heating, Ven tilating, Drying and Ex hausting. Catalog No. 200 contains complete data. Small Exhaust Fan Small Exhaust Fan^--For exhaust ing refuse, dust and fumes. Made with cast-iron reversible housing. Fitted with pulleys or di rect connected mo tors. Suitable for small jobs of all kinds. Type "A" Propeller Fan Type "A" Propeller Fan-- For exhausting foul air, steam, smoke, etc. With direct con nected motors or furnished with pulleys for belt drive. Bulletin 310 contains data on various types and all sizes. Standard makes of motors used, ample in size. No overload, no heating and thus no cooling device re quired. Cyclo-Fin Unit Heater--(Industrial Type)--Com pact, sturdy, noiseless and fitted with heavy duty motorsfor severe and continuous industrial service. Heating element copper tubing with fins. Non-corrosive. Made in both suspension and floor types. Cyclo-Fin Data C.F.M. B.t.u. per Hour Equivalent Size Elitering Air Motor H.P. R.P.M. 60 deg. Room Temp. 2 Lb. Stm Direct 5 Lb. Stm. 40 Lb. Stm. Radiation 2 Lb. Stm I6A 1350 1/8 1160 60 88,000 100.000 110.000 365 sq. ft. 16A 1900 l/S 1160 60 122,000 128.000 180,000 509*j.ft. 24A 30CC 2900 5200 1/3 1/2 870 60 157.000 172.000 246.000 653 sq. ft. 690 60 332.000 392.000 475.000 1380 sq.ft. Note 1.--Above capacities for single unit. Double capacities for double unit box. Triple capacities for triple unit box. . Note 2.--Table covers steam pressures of 2 lb., 5 lb. and 40 lb. steam at heaters. Any steam or hot water pressure may be used up to 50 lb. gauge pressure. ..................... . . . Note 3.--Sizes 18A and 24A have 2 in. supply, in. drip. Size 30CC has 2M in. supply and 1H in. drip on each heater section. Note 4.--For heating outside air use 5 lb. steam or higher pressure. Cyclo-Fin 'Unit Heater Garden City products are a combination of genuine quality and efficiency. Fifty years of experience enables us to furnish "A Fan or Blower for Any Purpose.' A complete set of literature should be in your files. - 605 ! ! 1 Fans and Ventilating Equipment ILG Electric Ventilating Company General Offices and Works 2850 N. Crawford Avenue Chicago, 111. Baltimorb. Md.--1403 Hearst Tower Bldg. Birmingham--1318 Comer Bldg. Boston--136 Federal Street Chicago. III.--324 W. Monroe Street Cincinnati. Ohio--622 Broadway. Room 304 Cleveland, Ohio--1314 Schofield Bldg. Dallas. Texas--302 North Texas Bldg. Des Moines, Iowa--900-18th Street Detroit. Mich.--415 Brainard Street Hammond, Ind.--44 Ruth Street Houston, Texas--041 Electric Bldg. Indianapolis, Ind.--1004 New City Trust Bldg. Kansas City, Mo.--524 Ridge Bldg. Los Angeles. Calif.--406 S. Main Street Milwaukee. Wrs.--326 Metropolitan Bldg. Minneapolis. Minn.--442 Builders Exchange Bldg. New Haven, Conn.--002 Chapel Street New Orleans--203 Natchez Bldg., Magazine and Natchez Sts. New York. N.Y.--15 Park Row N.Y. Export--30 Church Street, Room 420-E Philadelphia, Pa.--325 Commercial Trust Bldg. Pittsburgh. Pa.--1018 Bessemer Bldg. Rochester. N.Y.--043 Granite Bldg. San Francisco--215 Market Street St. Louis, Mo.--1421 Syndicate Trust Bldg. Toledo, Ohio--1601-22nd Street Utica, N*.Y.--402H.Mayro Bldg. ILG Electric Ventilator The only propellor fan made with a fully enclosed, self-cooled motor. Manu factured and carried in stock in all sizes-- 12 to 72 in., for any current or voltage. Guaranteed as a complete unit. ILG Direct Connected Blowers The motor is a built-in feature--no pedestal or support required. Shipped from factory completely assembled ready to bolt in place. Sizes ranging from 25 to 90 in. ILG Power Roof Ventilator One ILG Power Roof Ventilator is equal to three ordinary gravity or natural ventilators. Moreover provides positive ventilation, winter or summer, in any kind of weather. Recommended for one, two and three story buildings. Sizes 12 to 72 in. 'More than 13,000 in use. Recom mended for spacious warehouses, factories, garages, halls, etc. A hew method of blast heating using steam or hot water heat. Made for ceiling and floor installa tion. Ask for any or all of these-New Pictorial Bulletins ILG Complete Catalog--200 pages ILG Condensed Catalog--32 pages ILG Data and Price Sheets ILG Blower Bulletin . ILGAIR Kitchen Ventilator ILG Power Roof Ventilator Bulletin ILG Unit Heater Bulletin ILG Portable Floor Fan Circular - ILG Furnace Fan 606 Fans and Heating Equipment Johnson Fan and Blower Go. 1319 West Lake Street, Chicago, 111. Manufacturers of Propeller Fans, Volume Blowers (Multivane Type), Pressure Blowers, Roof Ventilators (Motor Driven), Penthouses, Extended Shaft Fans, Low Speed Exhausters, Unit Heaters. Offices in Principal Cities PROPELLER FANS Every Johnson Propeller Fan is "precision" built and designed on correct ventilating and engineering practice and principles. The outer ring, arms and motor platform are cast in one piece, thus eliminating bolts and preventing frame from get ting out of alignment, during shipment or installation. 40 motors used throughout and enclosed at front to prevent grease, dirt, acid fumes and other injurious sub stances from injuring windings. Motors are interchangeable, so that the use of only one frame is required for direct current or alternating current. . Furnished in sizes from 12 to 72 in., for any current or voltage. Send for catalog No. It, containing detailed information. ROOF VENTILATORS (Motor Driven) The design of Johnson Motor Driven Roof Ventilators, embodies a new method of construction, so that all joints are completely sealed, preventing leakage during inclement weather. The rounded shape or graduated slope of housing greatly assists drainage in wet weather, thereby preventing injury ' to fan and motor. Built in single or double compartment types. In double compartment type, the motor, being enclosed in a separate but easily accessible chamber, is protected from fumes or acids. Writefor bulletin No. t5, which containsfull data and specifications. VOLUME BLOWERS Johnson Blowers are carefully constructed of the best ma terials. They are designed not only to be able to obtain maxi . mum efficiency, but also, flexibility and ease of installation. The construction admits of eight different position of discharges, both right and left hand. Discharge velocity--in Johnson ratings--are based on the distance from the point of cut-off to the nearest point of the outer scroll. Built for any type of drive. Sizes from No. 30 are regularly equipped with Self-Aligning Ball Bearings. Capacities range from 225 c.f.m. at in. static pressure to . 161,000 c.f.m. at 2 in. static pressure. Made in wheel diameters from 6 to 90 in. Catalog No. S5 gives complete data. UNIT HEATERS Johnson Unit Heaters cover a wide range of sizes and types, than can be obtained in any other make. The Propeller Fan Types are built for either ceiling sus pension or floor mounting. The High Velocity Blower Type Unit Heaters cover a wide range, for either ceiling suspension or floor mounting. The method of "High Velocity" Unit Heating was originated and pioneered by Johnson. This method adequately meets the requirements for heating interiors where ceilings are high and areas large. With this method fewer unit heaters per area are required and quicker heat in a given area is obtained. Bulletin No. 66 contains valuable engineering data and detailed information. 607 Fans and Ventilating Equipment T5hePHONE CALUMET 66SO FANS AND BLOWERS AIR FILTERS AND WASHERS FAN FURNACES UNIT-HEATERS I NEW YORK'll BLOWER COMPANY H GENERAL OFFICES 3169 SHIELDS AVE. ARMOUR P. O. STA. CHICAGO. ILL. * FACTORIES AT LA PORTE,.IND. AND CHICAGO. ILL. Type ME Fan Type ME Fans cover a wide range of capacities from 100 c.f.m. to 300,000 c.f.m. Sizes up to and including No. 39 made with cast iron inlet stands and are reversible, the larger sizes made non-reversible. Fans deliver large quantities of air at high efficiency. Cone Back Multi Blade Wheels with forward curved floats used exclusively. Fans are regularly made either with overhung pulley or overhung wheel of all hands and discharges. We also manufacture Fans for mechanical draft, con veying systems, foundries, gas plants and stokers. Write for Catalog No. 100 containing complete data. Comet Unit-Heaters For use with steam. Made in two sizes, as shown in table. A Heavy Duty Disc Fan direct connected to motor drives air over heating coils. Unit-Heaters using pipe coil and vento made in convenient sizes. Write for Bulletin 85 which gives complete data including B.t.u. capacities under various conditions. Size Heater Cu.Ft. per. Min. Cu. Ft. per Hour Motor Dimension* E-DR. R.P.M. HP. Height Width Depth WghL Com plete 8 600 48,000 .1050 1/20 15 18 1800 108,000 ^850 1/10 23 24 2400 144,000 1160 1/6 23 60 6000 960,000 680 1/2 34 15 8 240 23 M/l 540 23 12<fl 720 34 15'/, 1800 80 200 200 550 Air-Washers and Humidifiers Peerless Air-Washers and Humidifiers, Type "D" and "E," with capacities ranging from 3600 c.f.m. to 112,000 c.f.m. of value for washing, drying, humidifying and cooling. Also for special processes as paper, textiles, tobacco, glue, leather, and wood. Write for more detailed descriptive literature. 608 Atlanta. Ga. Birmingham. Ala. Boston. Mass. Buffalo, N. Y. Camden, N. J. Charlotte, N. C. Chicago, 111. Cincinnati, O. Cleveland, O. Dallas. Tex. Denver, Colo. Detroit, Mich. Hartford. Conn. Indianapolis, Ind. Fans and Ventilating Equipment B. F. Sturtevant Go. Hyde Park, Boston, Mass. PLANTS LOCATED IN Camden. N. J. Htde Park, Mass. Framingham, Mass. Sturtevant, Wis. Galt, Ont. Berkeley, Calif. Kansas City, Mo. Los Angeles, Cal. Milwaukee, Wis. Minneapolis, Minn. Montreal. P. Q. New York. N. Y. Omaha, Neb. Pittsburgh, Pa. Portland, Ore. Rochester, N. Y. St. Louis. Mo. San Francisco, Cal. Seattle. Wash. Toronto, Ont. Washington. D. C. STURTEVANT PRODUCTS The wide application of Sturtevant Products can hardly be discussed here; so for the convenience of the architect, engineer and contractor the publications listed below have been prepared to aid in the selection of proper equipment for industrial, public, and private buildings of all types and sizes. We will gladly send you any of these publications on request. ENGINEERING SERVICE Each office, address shown above, maintains a force of trained engineers who No. 345 Carbon Monoxide Asphyxiation and Its Prevention. : 349 Coal Burning Blowers . 1011 Heating and Ventilating Picture Book, Factory Section. 1012 Heating and Ventilating Picture Book, School Section. 1013 Heating and Ventilating Picture Book, Public Building Section. 1014 Heating and Ventilating Pictur Book, National, State and County Building Section. 1016 Heating and Ventilating Wateryliet, Shops D, & H. Railroad. are always ready to analyze the conditions of any prospective installation and make recommendations for suitable equipment. Power Plant Equipment No. 236 Forced Draft Apparatus. 275 Gear Transmissions. CATALOGS Heating and Ventilating Equipment ` 288 Forced and Induced Draft with Mechanical Stokers. No. 227 Heating and Ventilating Layouts. 230 Heaters. 271 Multivane Fans. 357 Disc and Propeller Fans. 283 Autoforce Ventilators. 290 Silentvane Fans. 295 Air Washers. . 327 Portable Disc Fan. 332 Ventilating Sets. 333 Silentvane Fan Performance Tables. 337 Monogram Fans. 309 Turbo-Transmissions. 311 Steam Turbines, Type 12. 330 Turbovane Fans, Design 4 and 5. 331 Air Economizers. 334 Lead Coated Extended Fin Economizers. .. 346 Propeller Type Forced Draft Fan. 347 Tubular Air Heater.. 348 Turbovane I. D: Fan. 349 Coal Burning Blowers. 360 Discussion of Fans for Mechanical Draft. 339 Unit Heater. 340 Ventilating Fans. . Vacuum Gleaning Equipment 341 Hot Job Fans. 361 Unit Ventilators. 363 Tempervane Heaters 364 Tempervane Cabinet Heater No. 320. Stationary Vacuum Cleaners. 324 Vacuum Cleaners, Heavy Duty. 342 Vacuum Cleaner, Furnace and Boiler Cleaning. 609 Fans and Ventilating Equipment L. J. Wing Mfg. Co. Branch Offices In Principal Cities 59 Seventh Avenue, New York Pbonb: Chelsea 0027-0030 Factory: NEWARK, N. J. Manufacturers of Wing Featherweight Unit Heaters, .Wing Turbine and Motor Driven Blowers, Wing-Scruplex Fans, Exhausters, Fog Eliminators Wing Featherweight Unit Heaters The Wing Featherweight Unit Heater, expressly designed for overhead installation, makes available for any industrial building a heating system that leaves all floor and wall space absolutely unobstructed. The success of this system has been proven by the satisfactory operation of several hundred units in industrial buildings of every kind and description. The installation of Wing Featherweight Unit Heaters is extremely simple, due to their light weight and small dimen sions. For instance, a unit equal in heating effect to 12,000 sq. ft. of direct radiation, weighs only 332 lbs. A few advan tages attending the installation of Wing Featherweight Unit Heaters may be briefly summarized as follows: The heated air from the units, located at or near the ceiling or roof, is delivered directly downward toward the floor, heating the working level first. Chilled areas, caused by opening of doors, are almost instantly brought back to normal temperature by this downward method of heating. Since the air recirculated by the heaters is taken from the upper spaces and delivered to the lower levels, it is evident that an active circulation of air from the ceiling to the floor is continuously maintained and that, therefore, excessive heat is not allowed to accumulate in the upper spaces, as is the case with any system of heating that allows the heat to rise to the ceiling immediately. The steam and return lines are carried entirely overhead, eliminating costly pipe trenches which are necessary when radiation is placed at or near the floor. All vertical type heaters are furnished with ball bearing motors that do not require attention more than once a heating season. See inside page for dimension table on Wing -floaters Low Ceiling Type High Ceiling Type Medium Ceiling Type Horitontal Type Low Ceiling Heater in Furniture Factory 610 High Ceiling Heaters in Car Repair Shop L. J. Wing Mfg. Co. Fans and Ventilating Equipment Methods of Installation The drawings below show typical high ceiling and low ceiling installations, together with a plan view illustrating the general distribution and diffu sion of the heated air from the unit heaters. The first illustration shows the high ceiling type heater installed 30 or more feet from the floor, above the travelling crane, the heater arranged so that the left lower portion of the building is also heated. The third illustration shows a typical multi-story building heated with Wing low-ceiling type Unit heaters. The column of heated air leaves the heater with sufficient velocity to strike the floor with considerable force from this point, but by the aid of adjustable diffusers the column is divided Five Wing Heaters in this Shop and directed so that no objectionable velocity is felt at the head line. The best and most economical installation of Wing Featherweight Unit Heaters is when they are placed close to the roof or ceiling. 'V' 'V' 'V' 'V' ^ ^^ I ' Condensed Table of Engineering Data--Wing Featherweight Unit Heaters Unit Size "A * A" B c D Air Motor Inches Inches Inches Inches Ci.m. Hp. 13-4-12 17-3-12 22-3-12 22-4-12 22-5-12 25-4-12 25-5-12 30-4-85 30-5-85 36-4-85 36-5-85 19% 22% 27% % 27% 32% 32% 12% 12ft 46% 46%, 25 2ft 27*/* 228f%t 28% 37% 371/. 39% 39% 25 271/, 27>% 271/, 27% 28% 28% 371/. 37% 39% 39% 6 USO 6 1950 6 3200 6 2600 6 . 2600 7 4800 7 4500 8 6900 8 6500 8 9600 8 9000 Vt Vi Vi Vi H %Vi 1 1 2 2 Temperature Room 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 Leaving 1n1o0 112 122 133 122 133 122 133 122 133 B.Lu, per Hour Available Approximate Shipping Weight Lb. 69.500 96.900 162,000 169,000 180.000 289,500 311,400 416,000 450.000 579.000 623,000 185 212 270 280 288 320 332 360 365 504 528 Space does not permit complete table for other room temperatures but this data will be gladly furnished on application. Wing Fog Eliminators . Wing Fog Eliminators supply tempered fresh air to completely de-fog dyehouses, bottling, preserving and pasteurizing plants, paper mills, and in general any building or room where steam, fog or fumes are liberated in manufacturing processes. Wino-ScrwpUx Exhauster Wing-Scruplex Exhausters Wing Scruplex Exhausters consist of the highly efficient "screw propeller" fan encased in appro priate manner with a motor on the outside where it is clean, cool and easy of access. They are used in duct work where the resistance is low and being de signed in the form of an elbow fit snugly in any line. The diagrams at top of next page show the methods of installation. (continued on next Page) 611 .AVdfS L. J. Wing Mfg. Co. Fans and Ventilating Equipment Proper Selection of Exhausters Bolied directly to Ceiling - Hung from Ceiling Boiled directly to Side Wall Boiled to Vertical Floor or Bolted to Foundation Side Wall Where particularly quiet operation is desired, as in offices, residences, hospital wards, etc., use lowest speeds in all sizes in the table below. For toilet rooms, laboratories, motion picture booths, stock-rooms, etc., use any speed in sizes 1 and 2; low and medium speeds in all other sizes. In industrial plants, engine- rooms, workshops, etc., use any speeds. Capacities of Wing-Scruplex Exhausters up to 0.5" static. Complete data on request. Size Inlet Sq. In. Outlet Round In. Speed R.p.m. Free Air . 15 in. .25 in. .40 in. .50 in. Hp. CJ-m. Hp. Ci.m. Hp. Ci.m. Hp. C.f.m. Hp. 1-A 10 2-A 13Vi 2-B 131/2 3-S 161/4 3-A 16V* u: 16% 4-S 21 4-A 21 4-C 21 5-A 25 5-B 25 6-A 30 6-B 30 6-C 30 10Vi 14/e 14% 17% 17% 17% 21V. 21% 21% 25 25 30 30 30 1750. 1150 1750 850 1150 1750 850 1150 1750 1150 1750 600 650 1150 850 1440 2050 2130 2700 4000 2850 3575 5400 5200 8000 5500 7400 10250 0.052 0.060 0.195 0.090 0.180 0.600 0.100 0.170 0.540 0,330 1.330 0.210 0.550 1.500 630 0.054 950 0.069 1895 0.208 1250 .0.110 2150 0.195 3720 0.635 2200 0.11 3150 0.200 5160 0.600 4720 0.380 7740 1.360 3725 0.250 6280 0.600 9520 1.550 330 395 1695 845 1550 3510 1610 2775 4990 4250 7540 2375 5450 8950 0.060 0.090 0.216 0.125 0.221 0.655 0.12 0.220 0.650 0.440 1.400 0.330 0.740 1.570 1155 0.248 650 0.292 3150 0.700 1950 4670 330a 7175 1400 4000 8000 0.245 0.710 0.530 1.480 0.49 0.830 1.620 750 0.285 2810 0.720 1550 4440 2610 6900 0.280 0.750 0.600 1.540 3400 0.960 7340 1.760 Wing-Scruplex Fans Wing-Scruplex Fans are built in the following sizes: 10 in., 13 in., 17 in., 22 in., 25 in., 30 in., 36 in., 42 in., 54 in., and 60 in. Capacities from 950 c.f.m. to 33,000 c.f.m. Up to 25 in. diameter, propellers are made of cast aluminum alloy while the larger sizes are of pressed steel. Wing Buckwheat Burning Blowers Wing-Scruplex Fan Wing Motor-driven Blowers are installed in heating boilers so that low cost Buckwheat coal can be burned with great savings in fuel bills and with better heating results. They are also used in industrial plants where motor drive is preferred to turbine drive. The Wing E M Blower is a simple compact unit of motor, fan, and casing, of the same general design as the Wing Turbine Blower, the first individual forced draft fan blower ever built. Wing units are either`set directly in the boiler brick base or are equipped with mounting feet or base and __ . . Wtng Motor Blower connected to the ashpit by a short duct in the case of cast iron boilers^ Motors are fully enclosed and dustproof. Because of this feature they stand up for years in the dusty atmosphere of boiler rooms without repair. Another feature is variable speed control; this permitsofregu lation without the use of dampers and saves power. Booklet 46 describes Wing motor-driven units. Information also available on Wing turbine- driven units. * The Wing Blower in foreground supplies forced draft"to hot water supply heater; while blower in background serves two return tubular heating boilers 612 i Fans, Unit York Heating and Ventilating Corp. York Bldg., 16th and Sansom Streets, Philadelphia Branch Offices and Representatives in All Principal Cities York Heat-Diffusing Units for Heating Factories, Shops, Garages, Etc. YORK UNIT FANS FOR SUPPLY OR EXHAUST VENTILATION Advantages: Easier to install. Fans and motor.are a unit, needing no separate support. No platform required--may be sus pended by.rods. Both fan and motor are equipped with ball bearings, requiring lubrication only twice a year. Takes rectangular duct. Can be installed in a straight run of duct, work without an offset. Due to the multiple fan assembly, the width and depth of the unit are less than for any other fan of the same capacity. Vertical or Horizontal: The 400 series units are designed for vertical installation. The 600 series units are designed for horizontal installation. The 600 series have the same ratings as the 400 series. Example: the 601-F has the same rating as the 40I-F. Size Unit RATINGS 1750 R. P. M.--C. F. M. and H. P. at 70F. Free Delivery Vt" s. P. 'A'S.P. W S. p. PS. P. CF.M. HP. CP.M. HP. C.FM. H.P. C.FM. HP. CF.M. H.P. w," S. P. CFJVf. H.P. 1/2*S. P. C.F.M. H.P. 401F 402F 403F 404F 2030 0.54 4060 ..0.94 6150 1.40 6200 1.85 1825 3650 5505 7340 0.52 0.90 1.34 1.78 1615 3230 4860 6480 0.50 0.87 1.29 1.70 1400 2800 4215 5620 0.48 0.83 1.23 1.63 >165 2330 3510 4680 0.45 0.79 1.18 1.56 910 1820 2730 3640 0.43 0:75 1.12 1.48 640 1280 1920 2560 0.40 0.70 1.04 1.37 Size Unit 1160 R. P. M.--C. F. M. and H. P. at 70F. Free Delivery '/a' S. P. v.' s. p. W s. P. Vl" s. P. W S. P. Vt" s. P. 1' S.P. I'/.'S.P. 1 Vi" S.P. 2 til O d X 2d dX U 2 CL. dX d 2d dX d 2 0u dX U s CL d d X 2 Ou 2 d 1 2 d 2 d XdXdXdX d Udd 401F 402F 403F 404F 482F 483F 1360 0 70 1215 0.20 1065 0.19 905 0.18 715 0.16 495 0.17 2720 0 35 7430 0 34 2130 0.32 1810 0.31 1430 0.30 990 0.28 4110 0.475 3675 0 46 371(1 0.45 2730 0 43 2145 0.41 1485 0.39 5480 0.595 4900 0.58 478(1 0.55 3640 0.53 786ft 0.50 1980 0.48 11200 2.37 10700 2.32 10160 2.26 9600 2.20 9050 2.15 8450 2.10 7750 2.05 6600 1.95 5200 1.86 3650 l 77 15230 3.20 14550 3.15 13830 3.07 13100 3.01 12330 2.94 11570 2.88 10750 2.82 9040 2.70 7220 2.62 5250 2.50 Size Unit 870 R. P. M.--C. F. M. and H. P. at 70F. Free Delivery w S.P. V," s. t>. Vt" s. P. '/r'S.P. Vt" S. P. PS.P. C.FJVi. HP. CJFM. HP. CFM. HP. C.F.M. HP. C.F.M. H.P. CP.M. HP. C.F.M. HP. 482F 8400 1.10 7780 1.07 7100 1.05 6400 1.02 5680 1.00 4080 0.95 2180 0.88 483F 11400 1.43 10570 1.35 9650 1.32 8730 1.28 7750 1.25 5650 (.23 3100 1.16 S. P. is Static Pressure available for use external to UNIT itself. Foundations, Cor\ Armstrong Cork & Insulation Company Pittsburgh, Pa. Offices Albany Atlanta Birmingham Boston Buffalo Charlotte, N.C. Chicago Houston, Tex. New York Cincinnati Jacksonville, Fla. Rochester Cleveland Kansas City St. Louis Dallas Memphis Montreal. Que., Can. Denver` . Milwaukee . Toronto 2, Ont., Can. Detroit Minneapolis Armstrong Cork Company, Ltd., London, England , Representatives Baltimore............ ........... ..............John R. Livezey Los Angeles.... ........... ...... Gay Engineering Corp. New OrleansH. T. Steffee Philadelphia...................... .'____ John R. Livezey Portland .................................... ..Gillen-Cole Co. San FranciscoVan Fleet-Freear Co. Seattle____________________ _D. E. Fryer & Co. Spokane________________ ___ ,,D. E. Fryer & Co. TacomaD. E. Fryen & Co. Washington^..1John R. Livezey Detailed information, samples, and descriptive literature may be obtained on application to any of these offices or representatives. Armstrong's Cork Machinery Isolation is a special grade of corkboard for absorb ing noise and vibration under moving machines such as fans, motors, etc. The natural resilience of cork and the fact that it does not "set" - under pressure nor harden with age make it especially suitable for this use. Another advantage of Armstrong's Cork Machinery Isolation is that, being a manu factured product, its density can be varied to suit different conditions.' -Armstrong's is made in six grades, or densities, from 1.1 to 1.66 lb. per board foot. By adapting the grade to weight and type of machine, much better results are obtained than by using a single grade for all installations. Armstrong's Cork Machinery Isolation is made in boards 12 by 36 by 1, \ Yi, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6 in. thick. The standard boards may be sawed or cut into the desired shape or size as readily as lumber; and where large pads are required, they can be made in sections and cemented together. The density and thickness to be used cannot be determined accurately until such factors as the weight, speed and character of the machine to be isolated are known. Generally speaking, the grades which should be used under different classes of machines are as follows: Small fans, motors, generators, etc____ 1.10 to 1.20 Large fans, medium size motors and generators, light machines and ma chine tools, etc.1.25 to 1.33 Heavy motors and generators, large machines and machine tools, en gines. etc.1.50 to 1.66 Two methods of installing Armstrong's Cork Machinery Isolation are usually fol lowed. In the first, the foundation pits are lined with Armstrong's Cork Ma chinery Isolation on the bottom and sides. The foundation proper is then poured in on top of the cork. In the second, the cork is placed .between the base of the machine and the foundation, floor or ceil ing, to which it is fastened. See figures below. 614 Furnaces, Warm Air Langenberg Manufacturing Co. 4549 No. Euclid Ave. ' St. Louis, Mo. No. of Fur nace* Over all Height In. Grate Area Sq. In. Ratio: Heating Surface Grate Area Rating Sq. In. Size FeedDooi Sq. In. Size AihDoor Sq. In. 381 455 515 575 635 665 68 72 73 75 75 89 177 36.1 350 10 <12 S'AzlM/t 258 28.6 388 21.9 471 21.8 529 10 *15Vi 705 vfaufA 10 *15'/4 853 sfawA !2'/4x14 578 20.0 1015 Vfaiw, I21/4*I4 578 24.0 1093 V/mWi l2>/4*t4 Front Rank furnace is riveted gas tight . and dust proof and even when abused remains so; is smooth, offering slight re sistance to the air. Where damp soot can lie during the non-firing period--bottom of radiator; connections between combus tion dome and radiator; feed and ash pit pouches--these parts are of grey iron on Front Rank. The steel parts are Copper Bearing Steel. First two figures of number are diameter of casing. . The above data in connection with the Standard Code, published as a part of the Chapter on Gravity Warm Air Heating, will enable the Archi tect, Engineer or Contractor to specify the correct size Front Rank furnace for any project. Any Front Rank furnace installed by an authorized dealer according, to the Standard Code is guaranteed to maintain an average temperature of 70 deg. in zero weather. Front Rank has great radiating surface in proportion to grate area; radiator is . supported by brackets and does not add weight to combustion dome; so designed that soot, etc. drops to bottom where it is easily cleaned out; is lined with refractory material which becoming incandescent ignites solid fuel near edge of grate. Front Rank Heating Systems consist of this furnace installed according to the Standard Code. Authorized Dealers are located near you. 615 Gages, Draft Ellison Draft Gage Company 214 West Kinzie Street Chicago, 111 Products: Ellison Draft Gages and Steam Calori meters. Designed by Lewis M. Ellison and manufactured by Ellison Draft Gage Co. Ellison Pointer Draft Gages: Straight-Line Vertical: This improved pointer draft gage, converting an arc into a straight line, is of remarkable accuracy and repeals precisely. It is of unusual sub stantial construction and is made in 1 to 12 readings, wall or panel type, with color code system of drafts. It has a powerful bell of 10 cu. in. displacement. The fulcrum knife The scale is of white opaque celluloid, 10 in. long, with large figures, readings visable across the boiler room. Ellison Tube Draft Gages: The famous Ellison Inclined Tube Gage, the recognized standard of accuracy in draft gages, was introduced in 1896. Water having a variable movement, a mineral oil is used. Except the inclinedvertical type, all the gages have sliding scales for setting zero, requiring no frequent refilling. The stationary gages have white enameled scales, and the open type inclined gages, white metal scales, with micrometer leveler. edges are of hardened steel, M in. long. The bells have a common pan, with drain, and the liquid used is mineral oil. The pan is filled thru a large tube in the side or back, combining a filler and liquid level indicator. The scales are 10 in. long, of uniform spacing, and are illuminated from the back with a standard 15 watt bulb, one for eight pointers. Dial Type: Of the same excellent con struction and accuracy as the straight line type, having the same filler, knife edges, beam and bell, using the same liquid. It is made in two sites, 0 lo 5 in. and 0 to 8 in. range or tn .mm. graduations, minus or plus, and in one and two-pointer gages. The two-pointer is intended for furnace and uptake or pit pressure and furnace. Inclined Draft Gage: Made in .3 in. range for domestic furnaces and in 1, 2,3, 4>5,6 and 7yi in: range, and in mm., for power boilers, suction,Pressure or differential. '- . Combination Inclined Draft Gage: By turning the handle, this gage reads furnace, flue or differential draft in 1 and 1Yt in. range, and in mm. Compound Inclined Draft Gage: This gage reads furnace draft to left, flue draft or differential to right of zero in in. and mm scales. ' Multi-Tube Inclined Draft Gage: Made in 3, 8 and 4 tubes in 1 to in. range. and in mm.', suction. Pressure or differential. 616 Ellisori Draft Gage Company Gages, Draft Inclined Air Filter Gage: Indicates differential thru air filters and the lime for cleaning by setting the pointer at the highest reading that will clean the air properly. Made in M and 1 in. range, and in mm. This differential system furnished for any of the included gages for Pitot tubes and other differential readings, which prevents the liquid blowing out with static pressures in excess of the scale range. Vertical ' Draft Gages: The. open : type is for portable use and is made in 5 and 10 in. range, and in os. Also in 4, 7 and IS in. - range in the sliding scale type. The single tube cover type is for slation ary use and is made in 4. 7, IS ..and SO in. range, and in cm. and os. In multi-tube it is made in S tubes 7 in., 3 to 6 tubes 7; 10 and SO in.i 8 to IS tubes 7 and 10 in. range. Ellison U Path Steam Calorimeter: Inclined Draft Gage--Open Type: For technical . institutions and power plant testing. With sliding ' scale and micrometer leveler. Made in 1, S, 3 and 5 in. range, and in mm., suction, pressure or differential. ' In this recently improved, steam calorimeter, a remarkable performance of 2 degrees within the theoretical temperature is obtained. Portable Inclined Draft Gage: For traveling' engineers, light and compact, with leveling stand. Made in 1, l^i and S in. range. Also two-tube % and 1 in. and in H and 1x/t in. ranges. All gages with or without attachments and pressed . aluminum carrying cases. ' ' Inclined-Vertical Draft Gage: The low readings are. multiplied in the inclined tube, reading in .01 in. and in the vertical tube in .Tin. Made in 1, 3 and 5 in. inclined range and in 6, 8, IS, 16 and SO in. combined range, suction, pressure or differential. It is of heavy construction and has a safe working' pressure of 100 pounds-- .under differential. . Steam enters arid escapes at the top of the steam chamber, forming a U path. Momen tary excess moisture is separated and re-evaporated by the superheated steam, . lowering the temperature on the superheat thermometer in direct proportion. This cycle forms a throttling, separating and. re-evaporating calorimeter in q single steam chamber, which is steam jacketed by the down-flow escaping steam. The jacket steam is protected against chilling by a 1 in. ' insulating jacket on the sides and 1 % in. on the top of the jacket, which is filled with lamp black, and encased by d bright nickel plated casing. ' ' . Heaters, Convection 50 Church Street New York Circulair Heat, Inc. 215 Central Avenue Louisville, Ky. 1916 Builders Bldg. Chicago Circulair is a new method of heating for use with hot water, steam or vapor systems which economically produces a uniform, comfortable, healthful temperature by scientifically using induced circulation of air. The Circulair Heat Unit uses only a fraction of the space required normally for room heating equipment and consists of a carefully de signed seamless copper tube on which are pressed die-stamped fins evenly spaced. It is mounted in a heavy metal protective casing. Circulair Units are available in various widths and lengths and may be concealed in walls, under windows or in partition walls with high stacks. The higher the stack, within practical limits, the greater the capacity of the heater. Also furnished in cabinets. The concealed Circulair heater is usually plastered over but removable plaster wall panel may be supplied to provide ready acess to heater, piping and valve. This panel is plastered on the job when the wall is plastered and is invisible when the wall is finished. Circulair Heat Units are rated in equivalent square feet of cast iron radiation. All ratings are based on 240 B.t.u. per square foot and were established by actual condensation tests. Capacities depend upon (1) Type of Heater, (2) Length of' Heater and (3) Height of stack. The type of heater to be used is determined by the thickness of wall or partition in which it is to be installed. The No. 4 heater is designed for use in walls between 2 % 4 in. studding; the No. 6 between 2 x 6 in. studding; the No. S between 2 z 8 in. studding and the No. 16 in window seats, under floors and in walls permitting a recess 16 in. deep. The Circulair Cabinet is furnished in two types: Standard and Double Capacity. The No. 8 Heater is used in the Standard Cabinet, and the No. 16 Heater in the Double Capacity Cabinet. The Standard and Double Capacity Cabinets are made in three heights. 20, 26 and 38 inches, and seven lengths of 19, 25. 31, 37. 43, 49 and 55 inches, a total of 42 sizes with a wide* range of capacities to meet any heating requirement. All Standard Cabinets are 9 inches deep and Double Capacity 17 inches deep. For a given size the Double Capacity Cabinet has twice the capacity of the Standard Cabinet. All Cabinets are finished in priming coat unless otherwise specified. Special mahogany, walnut or oak wood grain finish can be furnished at an additional charge. The concealed types are readily adapted to any decorative scheme, have the advantage of permitting full use of floor space and at the 618 Circulair Heat, Inc. Heaters, Convection same time secure a uniform distribution of heat throughout the zone occupancy so that the temperature variation between floor and ceiling is only 5 deg. ' Circulair in the cabinet types affords all of the advantages of this improved method of heating and fits in nicely with any decorative treatment desired and in the use of this scientific method of heating the occupants of a building reap the benefit of comfort, health, convenience and economy. Engineering data sheets with piping details are available to architects, engineers and heating contractors. Examples of capacity tables for several styles of heaters are shown. Additional data sheets for A. I. A. file 30c4 cover the complete line of Circulair Convection"Heaters. CAPACITY TABLES FOR CIRCULAIR HEATERS Overall No. 4 CONCEALED TYPE For installation between 2 z 4.Studs Length of Heater 12* 18* 24* 30' 36* 42* 48* Overall Length between End Trappings 18* 24* 30* 36* 42* 48* 54* | 20* 8.0 12.0 16.0 20.0 24.0 28.0 32.0 25* 9.3 14.0 18.7 23.3 28.0 32.7 37.3 30* 10.7 16.0 21.1 26.7 32.0 37.4 42.3 35* 12.0 18.0 24.0 30.0 36.0 42.0 48.0 40* 13.1 19.6 26.2 32.7 39.2 45.8 52.4 1 45* 14.2 213 28.4 35.5 42.5 49.7 56.8 1 50* 15.2 22.8 30.1 38.0 45.5 53.2 60.8 55* 15.9 23.8 31.6 39.7 47.7 55.6 63.6 1 60* 16.8 25.2 33.0 42.0 50.5 58.7 66.0 65* 17.4 26.0 34.4 433 52.1 60.6 68.8 70* 17.9 26.8 35.8 44.7 53.7 62.6 71.6 1 75* 183 27.4 36.6 45.7 55.0 64.0 73.2 80* 18.7 28.0 37.4 46.7 56.2 65.4 74.8 85* 19.0 28.5 38.0 47.5 57.0 66.5 76.0 Uverail Height No. 6 CONCEALED TYPE For installation between 2 z 6 Studs - Length of Heater . 12' 18* 24* 30* 36* 42* 48* Overall Length between End Trappinss 18* 24* 30* 36* 42* 48* 54* 20* 10.0 15.0 20.0 25.0 30.0 35.0 40.0 25* 11.1 16.6 22.2 27.7 33.2 38.8 44.3 30* 12.6 18.9 25.3 31.6 37.9 44.2 50.6 35* 14 1 21.1 28.1 35.1 42.1 49.1 563 40* 153 23.0 30.6 383 45.9 53.6 613 45* 16.5 24.7 32.9 413 49.4 57.6 65.8 50* 17.6 26 3 35.1 43.9 52.7 61.5 703 55* 183 27.7 37.0 463 55.4 64.7 73.9 60* 19 3 29.0 38.7- 48.4 58.0 67.7 77.4 65* 20.1 301 40.1 50.2 60.2 703 803 70* 20.8 31.3 41.7 52.1 62.5 72.9 83.4 75* 21.5 32.3 43.0 53.8 64.5 753 86.0 80* 7.7 1 33.1 44.1 553 66.2 773 883 85* 22.5 33.7 44.9 56.2 67;4 78.7 89.9. Overall iuj.1 No. 8 CONCEALED TYPE For installation between 2 x 1 Studs Length of Heater 12* 18* 24* 30* 36* 42* 48* Overall Length between End Trappings 18* 24* 30* 36* 42*j 48* 54* Overall Height No. 16 CONCEALED TYPE For Walls permitting a 16 in. Recess ' Length of Heater 12* 18* 24* 30* 36* 42* 48* Overall Length between End Trappings 18* 24* 30* 36* 42* 48* 54* 20* 12.0 18.0 24.0 30.0 36.0 42.0 48.0 25* 14.2 21.3 28.4 35.5 42.5 49.7 56.8 30* 15.8 23.7 31.6 39.5 47.4 55.3 63.2 35* 173 26.0 34.6 433 51.8 60.6 693 40* 18.5 27.8 37.0 46.3 55.5 64.8 74.0 45* 19.7 29.6 39.4 49.3 59.1 69.0 78.8 50* 20.8 31.2 41.6 52.0 62.4 72.8 833 55* 21.8 32.7 43.6 54.5 65.4 763 873 60* 22.7 34.1 45.4 56.8 68.2 79.5 89.6 65* 23.6 35.4 47.2 59.0 71.0 82.6 94.4 70* 24.6 36.9 49.2 61.5 73.8 86.1 98.4 75* 25.1. 37.7 51.0 62.8 75.4 87.9 1003 80* 25.8 38.7 51.6 64.5 77.4 903 1033 85* 26.1 39.2 52.2 653 78.4 91.4 104.4 20* 24.0 36.0 48.0 60.0 72.0 84.0 96.0 25* 28.4 42.6 56.8 71.0 83.0 99.4 113.6 30" 31.6 47.4 63.2 79.0 94.8 110.6 126.4 35* 346 520 693 86.6 103.6 1213 138.4 40* 37 0 55,6 74.0 92.6 II 1.0 129.6 148.0 45* 39.4 59.2 78.8 98.6 1163 136.0 157.6 50* 41.6 63 4 833 104.0 124.8 145.6 166.4 55* 43 6 65 4 873 109.0 130.8 152.6 174.4 60* 45 4 683 90.8 113.6 136.4 159.0 1793 65* 47 7 70.8 94.4 118.0 142.0 1653 188.8 70* 85.2 73.8 98.4 123.0 147.6 172.2 196.8 75* 50.2 754 (02.0 125.6 150.8 175.8 200.4 80* 51.6 77.4 1033 129.0 154.8 160.6 206>4 85* 523 78.4 104.4 130.6 156.8 162.8 208.8 Note.--Standard sizes shown in bold type; other heights as shown in tables can be furnished at a wmH additional cost. STANDARD CABINET WITH No. 8 HEATER Length of Heater Overall Length of Cabinet Capacities Heights of Cabinets 20* 26* 38* 12* 18* 24* 30' . 36* 42* 48* 19' 12.0 14.7 183 25* 18.0 22.0 27.5 31* 24.0 29.4 36.6 37* 30.0 36.8 45.7 43* 36.0 44.0 55.0 49' 42.0 51.4 64.1 55* 48.0 58.8 733 Depth of Standard Cabinet is 9 inches for all sizes. DOUBLE CAPACITY CABINET WITH No. 16 HEATER Length of Heater Overall Length of Cabinet Capacities Heights of Cabinets. 20* 26* 38* 12' 19* 24.0 27.0 34.0 18* 25* 36.0 40.0 51.0 24* 31* 48.0 55.0 68.0 30* 37* 60.0 67.0 85.0 36* 43* 72.0 82.0 103.0 42* 49* 84.0 95.0 119.0 48* 55* 96.0 ' 109.0 137.0 Depth of Double CapadtyCabinet is 17 inches for all sizes. Heaters are tapped at both ends. Supply and Return Tappings are also provided underneath heaters for use when recess space is restricted; - 619 Heaters, Electric Hoffman Specialty Go., Inc. Main Office and General Sales Department Waterbury, Conn. A NEW PRODUCT of the HOFFMAN SPECIALTY CO., INC. An Entirely Different Method of Home Heating will be announced early in 1929 The new Hoffman Specialty is dis tinguished for its ability to warm the lower part of a room first, and to keep more of its heat in the comfort zone of the room, from the floor to the breathing line, than it does in the uppers unoccupied part of the room near the ceiling. In doing this it partly offsets the law that warm air rises. ' Hoffman Engineers started with the fact that electricity offers a one hundred percent efficient source of heat. But being heating . engineers of long experience, they developed this device along different lines than electrical engineers have ever attempted. Their first step was to jacket the electric heating ele- inent, starting circulation and convection. Their second step was to speed up the process by means of a motor and air turbine. Their third step was to change the path of warm air from vertical to horizontal. The resulting re circulation of warm air near the floor is shown by the chart at the bottom of the next page. When its development as a heating appli ance was complete, a final step was to enclose the Heating Element in a small, good-looking useful table. It may be moved about easily within the room or from room to room and may be used as a table, even when in opera tion.- .. . A thermostat supplied as optional equip ment,; provides automatic temperature con trol, sensitive to a three degree change, and may be set to maintain any temperature de sired. The operation of the turbine keeps the heat- irig element at black heat rather than red hot. .This, makes the Heating Element perfectly safe and prevents it from burning out. If the turbine stops for any reason, the burning.: out of the heating element is prevented. Warm air circulates through the Heating Element at the rate of 102 cu. ft. per minute without noticeable draft. The entire air con tent of the average room passes through it every 15 to 20 minutes. It has passed ex haustive laboratory tests and has been in service tests in approximately one hundred homes for over a. year with entire satisfaction. This new heating device will be made in various sizes from 1 to 4, KW capacity. It can be used for complete home heating in mild climates or in localities with low elec tric rates and for auxiliary or occasional heat ing in colder climates. Complete catalog on request, upon publi cation. Address Hoffman Specialty Co, Inc., Waterbury, Conn. . . Note the path of warm air. circulating from a typical steam radiator installation. Note also the temperature readings at the floor, breathing line . and ceiling. Compare these temperatures with those in the diagram oh the opposite page. 620 Hoffman Specialty Co., Inc. Heaters, Electric These two charts, made from laboratory test data, compare the new Hoffman Specialty with a typical electric heater of the convection type (which is comparable to a steam radia tor). They show the relative speeds; of heating, and the placement of heat, within the room, by means of temperature readings taken every' five min utes at the floor, breathing line and ceiling. " Charts showing efficiency of new Hoffman Specialty speed of healing and placement of heat within the 'room compared with typical Electric Convection Healer. Chart Showing Warm Air Recirculation When the Heating Unit is in operation, a horizontal strata of warm air is sprayed out on all sides from under the top; A small portion rises. But a continued draw-, ing up of air from the floor level through thejacketof theHeatingUhit, pullsmbstof the. warm air down to the floor and recir culates it. Note the typical temperature readings at the floor, breathing line and . ceiling. ' . .' . 621 Heat Cabinets The Trane Company Let Crosse* Wis. See Pumps, page 727; Unit Heaters, page 638 Heat Cabinets and Concealed Heaters, page 622. 623 BRANCHES IN ALL PRINCIPAL CITIES TRANE HEAT CABINETS AND CONCEALED HEATERS The Trane Company, pioneers in the field of convection heating, has designed three types of Heat Cabinets and Concealed Heaters to take the place of the conventional cast iron radiators on systems of every type. These three types--Heat Cabinets, Concealed Heaters, and Under-Window Concealed Heaters, make it possible to equip old as wellas new buildings with this advanced equipment that has so many heating and fuel saving advantages. HEAT CABINETS The Heat Cabinets are designed for installation in the room. A special cabinet of high grade furniture steel is placed over the heating unit and acts as a chimney to draw the air up over the unit and discharge it into the room parallel to the floor. These Cabinets are furnished with a special priming coat of paint that serves as a base . for any special finish that may be required to blend Trane Heat Cabinet with the interior decorations. Heat Cabinets are furnished in two styles--standard and double capacity. Positive heat control is obtained by use of an adjustable damper. Piping connections the same as on radiators--one inlet and one outlet. CONCEALED HEATERS Trane Concealed Heaters are installed between the walls. All heating equipment is out of sight and out of the way leaving floor space free for furniture. A sheet metal stack is used to connect the copper heating unit and the outlet boot and grille. Ca pacities depend upon the length and width of heater and height of stack. Heaters furnished in 18, 24,^ 36 and 48 in. lengths and in 4, 6; 8 and 12 in. widths to fit in walls of standard construction. Heat con trol is obtained through use of shutter arrangement installed back of heat outlet grille. Heaters are v installed back of the baseboard and are always accessible. ' The Trane patented heating units used in connection with Heat Cabinets, Concealed Heaters, and Under-Window Concealed Heaters, are of copper construction. They are furnished in 4, 6, 8 and 12 in. widths. 622 Concealed Heater The TraneCompany Heal Cabinets TRANE UNDER-WINDOW CONCEALED HEATER The Trane Under-Window Concealed Heater is a complete heating unit especially designed for installation in the walls under windows although it can be installed in other parts of the room with equal ease. Complete, the unit consists of a' metal wall box which fits between the studding and guides the heated air out into the room; a Trane patented copper heating unit; and a front metal panel which covers the front of the box and does away with the neces sity of plastering in front of the unit. Sizes.--The wall boxes are furnished in lengths of 18, 24, 30, 36, 42, 48, and 54 in., and in the same multiples of heights. They are available in widths to accommodate 4, 6, 8, and 12 in. heating units. Construction.--The wall box and front panel are made of heavy gauge steel prop erly reinforced. The all copper heating unit is essentially'the same, in construction as the unit used in.the Heat Cabinet and Standard Concealed Heater. Heat Control.--Heat Control can be obtained in two ways--valve on the sup ply connection or by shutter control at heater outlet. Both methods give instan taneous response. Installation.--The Under-Window Con cealed Heater is meeting with great ap proval from architects, engineers, and heat ing contractors because of the simplicity of the installation. All that is necessary is .to slip the wall box in the opening left by the carpenter, nail it to the studding, place the heater on the lugs, make piping con nections and screw on the front metal panel. Complete, details on dimensions and capacities of Trane Heat . Cabinets and Concealed Healers will be sent on request 623 / Heaters, Air Home Office 1490 S.-Vandeventer Avenue, St. Louis, Mo. Eastern Office 1013 Flatiron Bldg., New York, N. Y. Baltimore....... ............ J.J_____ 2 E.'Lexington Street Boston....;...'.....:... .............................921 Little Bldg. Buffalo.--....................................... 1105 Walbridge Bldg. Chicago............................................ 1701 Fisher Bldg. Cincinnati-,....... ......................... 2160 Gilbert Avenue Cleveland.........................................,,603 Marshall Bldg. D. Washington, C--.... DETROiT...................................... 2816 Eaton Tower Bldg. Kansas City............................................411 Mutual Bldg. Philadelphia......................... 1011 Pennsylvania Bldg. Pittsburgh.................................... 8 E. Lacock, N. S. Seattle....................................... Railway Exchange Bldg. Spokane..._.................................. ...............409 First Avenue .3500 14th Street, N. W. -. , Sales Offices in Principal Cities Factories at ST. LOUIS, MO. and ELIZABETH, N. J. Sole and exclusive manufacturers of. Skinner Bros. (Baetz Patent) Air Heater, Skinner Bros. Direct Fired Heater, Skinner Bros. Lightweight Copper Heater, Skinner Bros. Revolving. Siphon Ventilator, Skinner Bros. Slow Speed Low Power Dust Collecting System, Skinner Bros. Patent Fan Blast Dryer Outfit, and exhaust heads, blow piping, slow speed fans, buffing and emery wheel systems, machine guards. SKINNER BROS. STEAM COIL HEATER Recommended for heating, ventilating, air. conditioning industrial buildings, regardless of size, whether of permanent or temporary con struction, sawtooth or monitor, single or multistory. In paper and pulp mills, dyehouses, packing plants, laundries, dairies and . buildings in which steam vapor, condensation and drippage are troublesome, Skinner Bros. Steam Coil Heaters are installed to eliminate these conditions. Installations in thousands of buildings throughout the country demon strate their versatility and ability to heat buildings of any type of construction. Skinner Bros. Heaters are constructed in sizes and dimensions to fit all requirements The New Skinner Bros. Two-Fan Four-Inlet Steam Coil Heater demanded by various industries and different types of building construction, Catalog will be furnished on request giving detailed capacities and dimensions. Skinner Bros. Heaters may be operated with either live or exhaust steam, and high or low pressure may be vised. The coils of every heater are tested with 150 lb. hydraulic pressure before leaving factory; The fan of the heater may be operated by electric ; motor, steam turbine, or gas engine. Skinner Bros. Mfg. Co., Inc. . Healers, Air SKINNER BROS. DIRECT FIRED HEATER Skinner Bros. Direct Fired Heater is the outgrowth of a demand for equipment having the versatilities and efficiencies of the Unit Heater and not requiring a boiler. Buildings that are heated intermittently; buildings whose cost or use will justify only the least expensive heating apparatus; isolated buildings to which it is impractical to pipe steam for heating purposes, but which require warmth in winter; and buildings under construction in cold weather are found to be excellently suited to the Direct Fired Heater. For fuel, coal, coke, wood, gas, or oil may be used. Capacities 75,000 B.t.u. to 1,000,000 B.t.u. SKINNER BROS. REVOLVING SIPHON VENTILATORS A roof ventilator designed to embrace the last word in efficiency and at the same time be so simple in construction that the possibilities of getting out of order are entirely eliminated. Skinner Bros. Revolving Siphon Ventilators, therefore, have shown them selves to require no attention whatsoever, once they are installed. Operation: The slightest movement of air exerting pressure on the vane at the top moves the ventilator head to a position in which the open face is at right angle with the direction of the wind. In this position the air passes through the immovable shutter or louvres putting into operation the siphon principle which causes the foul air or fumes in the room below to be siphoned up the and out through the face of the ventilator. Rain falling directly downward runs off the top, and when the rain or snow is blown in a slanting direction the face of the venti lator is automatically turned from the windward. Ball bearings and a hardened steel pivot bearing minimize all possible friction. A counter-balanced damper in the stack closes the ventilator when desired. Stocked.in galvanized iron in 26 standard sizes, and made of sheet copper on order. Siphon Ventilators operating in the average wind velocity of the ten largest cities in the United States. The wind velocities used are those reported by the U. S. Weather Bureau. Therefore, these figures are accurate for normal weather conditions in various parts of the country. Size Gauge Cu. Ft. per Hr. The following table is based upon the capacities of Skinner Bros. Revolving Skinner Bros. Revolving Siphon Ventilator 10 24 12 24 14 24 16 22 18 22 20 22 22 22 24 22 26 20 28 20 30 20 32 20 34 20 36 : 20 38 20 40 20 42 18 44 18 46 18 48 16 50 18 52 18 54 18 . 56 16 58 16 60 . 16 625 29,040 41,400 56,460 73,920 93,240 115,200 139,380 165,840 194,400 . 225,720 259,200 294,840 332,880 373,200 415,600 460,800 507,960 557,520 609,360 660.000 720,000 778,600 839,760 903,000 968,760 1.036,800 , . Heaters, Unit and Concealed Radiators MSQUAY RADIATOR. CORPOIRATHON General Sales Office:' Pure Oil Bldg. Chicago, 111. New York: 2148 Graybar Building Boston: 164 Federal Street Cabinet Radiators -- Concealed Radiators -- Unit Heaters Si^QlUAYy Unit HEATER The patented "Lock Seam" tubing --a distinctive McQuay develop ment--overcomes the structural weaknesses of the ordinary type of condensers. No chance for seam separations or blow-outs. The tubes are of heavy brass, tinned both inside and out, resisting rust and corrosion. The header plates are of heavy gauge copper. The tanks are cast in special bronze alloy. The motor rests in a saddle, supported by two steel arms. Between the supporting steel band which sur rounds the motor, and the motor itself is a quarter-inch band of cork which absorbs all vibration eliminating rattle and noise. Every part is easily accessible--the entire heater is the simplest made, and factory tested under 100 lb. steam of 200 lb. hydrostatic pressure. CAPACITY TABLE--Entering Air at 70 deg. Model Dimensions Height Width Depth Equiv. Sq. Ft. of In. In. In. Rad. Tapped wlf' Inlet Outlet Ap In. In. prox. A660-S A550-S B330-S B220-S CI50-S CIOO-S D80-S 26 22 I5>/, 650 ` 2 2 26 22 1% 500 2 2 18 15 I2J4 300 i \h 18 15 12V. 200 IV? iv. i*y4 IOVi 12V, 137 iv. IV? 81 V/< io'A 121/2 13 7 Vi 97 54 I'/. IV. 11 Writejot Information on Larger Sizes 145 145 82 82 52 52 30 , R.A D,l ATOR, UNDER WINDOW AND STANDARD CONCEALED TYPES Interior view of under window type '(with front panel opened) showing heating unit. The front of the radiator closes flush with the wall--only an inconspicuous grille and an opening for admitting cold air are visible. The back of the .steel cabinet is curved directing the flow of air into the room. Nothing to get out of order--light in weight, compact and easily installed.. The heating unit of copper and brass provides an exceptionally effective combination of heating efficiency. 626 McQuay Radiator Corporation Heaters, Unit and Concealed Radiators IAAD I ATOR Not just a radiator cover but a complete radiator enclosed in an attractive steel cabinet. Cold air, from the floor, enters the cabinet at the bottom, passes through the heating unit and is then impelled into the room with sufficient initial velocity to in sure positive circulation, result ing in far quicker heating. A water chamber, inside the cabinet, provides the heated air with the moisture it must have to insure healthful and comfort able heat. Series 500-S--5 in. in depth = Cabinet Lengths: IS, 17H. 20. 22J^, 25. 27K. 30. 32J4, 35. 37M. 40, 42H, 45, 47J^, 50 in. In any of the following heights: 20, 23, 26. 32. 38 in. '' - Equivalent to 9** to 52** sq. ft. of cast iron radiation. . Series 900-S--9 in. in depth Cabinet Lengths: 15. 17**, 20. 22**. 25, 27*4. 30. 32**. 35, 37**. 40. 42**. 45. 47**, 50. 52**. 55. 57**. 60. 62** in. In any of the following heights: 20, 23, 26. 32, 38 in. Equivalent to 17 to 99 sq. ft. of cast iron radiation. Series 700-S--7 in. in depth Cabinet Lengths: 15, 17**. 20, 22**, 25. 27**, 30, 32**. 35, 37**. 40. 42**. 45, 47**. 50. 52**. 55, 57j*. 60 in. In any of the following heights: 20. 23, 26, 32, 38 in. Equivalent to 16** to 85 sq. ft. of cast iron radiation. Cabinet Lengths: 15. 17**, 20. 22**. 25. 27**, 30, 32**, 35, 37**. 40. 42**. 45, 47}*. 50. 52*1, 55. 57**. 60. 62** in. ** In any of the following heights: 20, 23. 26, 32. 38 in. Equivalent to 18 to 122 sq. ft. of cast iron radiation. THE HEATING UNIT convection through horizontal tubes has been many times proved to be the most efficient known. This, plus the great advantage of positive circula tion afforded by McQuay Radiators results in far more efficient heating. A distinctive McQuay development con sists of a series of flat, horizontal' tubes, securely held in place by copper fins and firmly nested in bronze headers. The tubes are tinned inside--the entire unit being immune from rust and cor-, rosion. It will not "clog." ' Indestructible--The patented "Lock Seam" tubing eliminates any chance for seam separations or blow outs. The entire radiator is practically inde structible. Simple to Install--`The shipping weight of McQuay Cabinet Radia tors is approximately 1.6 lb. for each square foot of radiation--a decided advantage when compared with the weights of equivalent cast iron radiation. No "on the job" assembling is needed. Pipe connections are made with the heat ing unit, and the cabinet is then placed on it. Low in Cost--Ease of installation, con siderably less weight, and easier handling, keep the cost of McQuay Cabinet Radia tors low. . V Actually--as proved in thousands of installations--the total cost installed is only slightly more than the cost of equiva lent radiation of the old type. 627 Healers, Unit The Herman Nelson Corporation Moline, Illinois . Manufacturers of .- Herman Nelson hijet Unit Heaters; Herman Nelson Invisible Radiators; Univent Ventilation; Wedge Core Radiator Sections; Silentvent Exhausters c7he RA| . ' TRADE MARK The Herman Nelson Wedge Core Radiator has proven its worth as a practical means for air warming, air cooling, air condensing, air drying, etc., as demonstrated by-the many installations in these various applications. The radiator consists of a steamway or core upon which smooth, flat surface plates are firmly wedged in parallel, causing a tight metal to metal contact. As the core or steamway is cast of a ' special homogeneous metal in one piece, the liability of leakage is eliminated. It is leak-proof and rust-proof, and has no joints of any kind. It provides a construction that will withstand expansion and water hammer strains without injury. The core extends the entire length of the radiator and is tapered in cross section having an average thickness 1 in. and a 4)4 per cent taper. The core is 6*54 in. wide and the walls which are A in. thick are provided with stays through the middle on 4 in. centers. The radiators are regularly tested to .a hydrostatic pressure of 250 lb. and sections are selected at random from stock for a test of 500 lb. hydrostatic pres sure. Operating pressures are guaranteed up to 150 lb. DIMENSIONS 1 Herman Nelson Wedge Core Radiator Sections can be assembled in combinations to meet almost any requirement and may be used either vertically or horizontally. They are made up in sections 10 in., 14 in., 20 in., 30 in., 40 in. and 50- in. in length with four different plate spacings and the stubs - are threaded for 1 in. pipe connec- . . tions. '' ' `V . Supply and return manifolds will . be furnished by the manufacturers for assemblies consisting of 2, 3, 4, 5.and 6 sections. . . - Where hot water or other liquids are circulated through the radiator. e and the latter is used horizontally, it will be necessary to use vents which are located in the center of the 1 . section. . $1? . LIGHT WEIGHT AND PORTABLE Due to the comparatively light weight of Herman Nelson Wedge Core Radiator Sections.-they may be supported from the supply pipe headers--but where a large number of sections are so carried, adequate provision should be made for sup` porting the pipe lines. The weights vary somewhat, depending upon the spacing and size of the sections, but if an allowance of 31 lb. per square foot of face area in the block is allowed for each row, it will be sufficient to enable the proper deter mination of piping supports. The Herman Nelson Corporation Engineering Department will appreciate an opportunity to cooperate on any problems . involving this radiator. 628 The Herman Nelson Corporation Heaters,Unil HERMAN NELSON hiJet HEATER This product is manufactured in three (3) sizes, referred to as Nos. 42, 80 and 180. The heating element in the hijet Unit Heater is the Herman Nelson Wedge Core, leak-proof, jointless, indestructible radiator. Operating steam pressures up to 150 lb. A long range projection of warm air to working level is provided. The Her-Nel-Co motor furnished as stand ard equipment. For description of the radiator see opposite page. Light Weight Compactness Portability Heaters Nos. 42 and 80 completely assem bled, weigh approximately 92 and 170 lb. re spectively. They are often hung on pipe lines thus reducing installation cost. The No. 180, largest of the line, weighs approximately 350 lb. and may be easily supported or moved. - Motors Herman Nelson hijet Unit Heaters are powered by Her-Nel-Co motors. Due to its lowered power cost, wider range of speeds and greater efficiency, the Her-Nel-Co motor is ideally fitted for hijet Heater service. . Motors furnished regularly for two speed operation. Variable speed operation may be obtained through central control. These . motors may be furnished for a standard volt age direct or alternating current, single phase or polyphase. Fans Fans for all three models are of the propeller type. They have been developed to provide highest efficiency, greatest air projection and. the least noise, without sacrificing results. The sheet aluminum blades are riveted onto a rigid steel spider, balanced after assembly and tested at full speed in the unit before shipping. Capacities . The following schedule gives the capacities of the three models in equivalent direct radia tion, entering air temperature 60 deg. with 2 lb. steam pressure. For catalog and more detailed information address The Herman Nelson Corporation, Moline, Illinois. Healers, Unit John J. Nesbitt, Inc. Executive Offices and Factory State Road and Rhawn Street, Holmesburg, Philadelphia Branch office, 11 Park Place, New York Sales and Service Through Offices of the American Blower Corp. In all the Principal Cities of the United States PRODUCTS 1: Universal Heating and Ventilating Unit for SCHOOL ROOMS. 2: Universal Unit Heaters for LARGE ROOMS like Banking Rooms, Show Rooms, Stores, Sales Rooms, Offices, Assemblies, Churches, etc. 3: Universal Concealed and Cabinet Heaters for HOMES. .1. Three Point Lead Mounting The Motor and Fan assembly of the Universal Heating and Venti lating Unit for Universal Unit is mounted in the cabinet on three steel ball points in contact with lead liners, making a very quiet operating SCHOOL ROOMS "Universal" has always been at the fore front in the use and development of the features that have made the Unit system unit, with no electrical noises. It has also made practical the use of alternating cur rent motors with a permanent and rigid supporting device. universally accepted as ideal for school room heating and ventilating. ' Among Fans many other minor improvements, the Uni Universal fans are of the Sirocco type, versal Unit introduced the light weight aluminum, multiblade, low speed, double heater, the present-day form of unit with inlet, designed to operate at 800 r.p.m. motor and fan assembly in base of cabinet, plus or minus 5 per cent. No greater alternating current motors with rigid metal to metal mounting and the successful use of the blast system whereby direct radia efficiency known. Volume regulators in discharge outlet permit precise control of air--another exclusive Universal feature. tion is eliminated from the class room. The by-pass chamber is parallel to heating "Universal" Multifin Copper Tube Radiator Standard Universal Units are supplied with horizontal seamless copper tube radia tors, the ends of the tubes of which are connected to cast iron headers by means of ground joints, thus being free of soldered, braised, welded or packed joints. Over these tubes are hydraulically pressed thin copper plates or fins, thus insuring real thermal contact between tubes and plates, making a highly efficient heating unit. Tested at 125 pound working pressure, and will stand freezing without breaking. Motor The motor of the "Universal" Unit is supplied for quiet operation on any charac ter of current. The use of a motor genera tor set is no longer necessary with this system, but will be furnished upon request. 630 John J. Nesbitt, Inc. Heaters, Unit chamber and so located as to guide the column of cool air across the currents of warm air when mixing--thus creating an absolutely vertical discharge--and guide the cool air away from room occupants when completely by-passing. The large space between the fan and the radiator results in the uniform distribution and. heating of entire air volume. Sizes and Capacities Universal Unit Heating and Ventilating Cabinets for schools are obtainable in six sizes of cabinets, with six different air deliveries. Two different radiator sizes are available for each cabinet size. Thru the operation of the volume regulators, it is possible to obtain any delivery between the minimum of 450 c.f.m. and the maxi Thermostatic Control Optional mum of 1500 c.f.m. Refer to table of Capacities and Dimen All Universal Units can be equipped - sions on pages 22 and 23 of the " Universal with thermostatic and pneumatic attach Heating & Ventilating Unit," publication ments for pneumatic control of the inlet No. 210--(A. I. A. File No. 30-d-ll) for damper and thermostatic control of the complete information. Send for this by-pass damper. This equipment is publication--as well as our Catalogue and optional. .2. Engineers Data Book. Larger Heating Capacity in Smaller Space: Universal Unit Heaters with five Universal Unit Heaters for LARGE ROOMS times the heating capacity require but onefifth the space taken up by direct radiators and can often be entirely concealed. This and beautiful interiors like Banking is especially important in centers of high Rooms, Show Rooms, Stores, Offices, rent where the best use must be made of all Assemblies, Churches, etc. space. The Universal Unit Heater maintains a uniform temperature in the room--ceiling and floor alike--and it does this to the satisfaction of the heating engineer. It is also sufficiently attractive to meet the exacting requirements of the architect, and so quiet in operation as not to annoy those in the room. Universal Unit Heaters are made on the same principles that have made the Uni versal Heating and Ventilating Unit for Tremendous Saving in Fuel: High velocity heat diffusion from the vertical discharge results in uniform temperature over entire area, with only slight difference between floor and ceiling, effecting a tre mendous saving in fuel by eliminating overheating of upper areas. Quick Heating of Large Areas: Rapid circulation of air by low speed motor driven fans over a high efficiency copper tube radiator results in quick heating of Schools so popular during the past 16 years. In them you will find the same high velocity vertical discharge, the same highly efficient Universal Multifin Copper Tube Radiator with its ground joint con nections and its extra strength for more than working pressures and ability to stand up under freezing without breaking. You will find the same low speed, long life, trouble free motor--either alternating or direct current--with the three point suspension of motor and fan on lead liners, making an assembly almost entirely free from operating noises. You will find the same Sirocco type aluminum multiblade low speed double inlet fan. . You will find the same volume regulators on the outlet of the fan housing so the air delivery of the Unit can be regulated to the requirements of the room. ADVANTAGES of Universal Unit Heaters Attractive in Appearance: Encased in a beautiful Cabinet of heavy high grade furniture stock steel. . Typical installation in a Salts Room, where every inch oftpace is valuable, (he Universal Unit takes less space and is more efficient. 631 X John J. Nesbitt, Inc. Heaters, Unit large areas--a vital matter in the heating of churches ana assembly rooms. . Temperature Control: Simple and effective con trol of room temperature by means of making and breaking electric contact in line to .motor. Less Expensive to Install than Direct Radiation: Piping system simplified arid number of connections reduced, effecting a saving in labor and material. i'lvj <4 Sizes of Heaters: The charts on page 14 of our Publication No. 209 give the heating capacity, airdelivery and temperature rise for both types. Dimensions will be found on page 15 of the same booklet. For capacity these charts, Mctal. Duct scmm (rStttt * KJATM i wium tertceo dimensions, typical installations, etc., send' for our Publication #209, A. I.A. --PtaanfUTNS Cm* File # 30-C-4. ImL-1--& % Typical Installation, Horizontal Typo Universal Unit Heater Universal Concealed and Cabinet Heaters FOR HOMES With the Universal cabinet heater, the tem perature of the floor is practically the same as at the ceiling--an impossibility with cast iron radiation. With cast iron radiators, tempera tures are always considerably higher at theceiling than the floor. Floor temperatures are seldom satisfactory, as the proper tem perature is usually maintained for Detail from transferse section of Church showing typical ' Universal Unit Installation. body comfort at about the .height of a chair, leaving. the floor chilly, uncomfortable and often a frequent cause of colds and sickness. The Universal Cabinet Heater corrects this condition. Cleanest Form of Heating for Homes: The Universal cabinet heater discharges the heat outward and into the room, instead of against walls and ceilings, as with direct radiation. This prevents the dirt streaks and soiled draperies so pre valent with direct radiation. W 4*/2 in. W 6'/z in. Equivalent Direct H Radiation Sq Ft Equivalent Cast Iron L Direct H Radiation Sq.Ft L 13 70* 29* 18 20* 29* 20 TO0 45* . 30 20* 45* 25 Iff 55* 40 20* 55* 17 7ft* 79* 25 26* 29* 24 7ft* 45* 40 26*. 43* 29 76* 55* 45 26* 33* 20 36* 29* 33 36* 29* 30 36* 45* 50 36* 45* 40 36* 55* 60 36* 35* W ffi/z in. W 9>/2 in. 20 70* 79* 25 20* 29* 35 70* 45* 40 20* 45* 45 70* 55* 50 20* 35* 27 76* 79* . 34 26* 29* 48 7f>* 45* 54 26* 43* 60 7ft* 55* 67 26* 55* 37 3ft* 29* 41 36* 29* 58 36* 45' 65 36* 43* 70 36* 55* 80 36* 55* Showing the Universal Heater conceded ' below the tmndow. See next page for the Cabinet Type of Heater. The Radiator can be in stalled or removed after the cabinet is sealed in the wall. John J. Nesbitt, Inc, Heaters, Unit Six of the 7 different Cabinet sizes of Universal Concealed ana Cabinet Heaters. 15 Advantages of Universal Cabinet and Concealed Heaters 1. A combination of beauty with utility. 2. Can be painted or decorated to harmonize with furnishings and color schemes. 3. Efficient in performance. 4. Economical in operation. 5. Diffuses heat thoroughly. 6. Creates uniform temperature--ceiling and floor alike. 7. Leaves no cold spots in room. 8. Control of temperature positive and immediate. 9. Cleanest known form of heating. . 10. Outward discharge prevents discoloration of walls, coiling* and draperies. 11. Requires considerably less space than-cast iron radiation. 12. Can be installed without a change in design of the old heating system. . 13. The entire front of the cabinet heater can easily be removed by housewife or maid for cleaning. 14. May be entirely concealed in wall if desired. 15. When concealed in wall, the radiator is accessible. CONCEALED HEATER--Dimensions and Capacities Stack Height W 4Vj in. W 6*/j in. Floor Equivalent Equivalent Equivalent Equivalent Equivalent Equivalent toBot- Cast Iron tom of Direct Unlle Radiation Inches Sq. Ft "L" Length Overall Cast Iron Direct Radiation Sq. Ft "L" Length Overall Cast Iron Direct Radiation Sq. Ft "L" Length Overall Last iron Direct Radiation Sq. Ft. "L" Length Overall Cast Iron Direct Radiation Sq. Ft. "L" Overall Direct Radiation Sq.Ft "L" Overall- 10 15 15 16 20 I7l/j 25 19 30 20 35 22 40 23 45 25 50 26 55 28 60 29 65 . 31 70 33 75 34 80 36 . 37 29 29 29 29 29 29 29 29 29 29 29 29 29 29 29 29 17 20 23 26 28 30 33 36 39 42 45 48 50 52 55 58 C--of W: example W4^ 45 45 45 45 45 45 45 45 45 45 45 45 45 45 45 45 in. 30 55 20 29 25 45 48 55 32 55 22 29 28 45 51 55 35 55 25 29 32 45 54 55 37 55 29 29 36 45 57 55 40 55 32 29 40 45 60 55 43 55 36 29 43 45 63 55 45 55 38 29 47 45 66 55 48 55 41 29 51 45 69 55 50 55 43 29 54 45 72 55 53 55 46 29 57 45 75 55 55 55 48 29 60 45 78 55 58 55 51 29 63 45 61 55 60 55 53 29 65 45 84 : 55 63 55 57 29 68 45 87 55 65 55 59 29 71 45 90 55 68 55 62 29 74 45 . 93 55 0=Stack Height floor to bottom of grille as given below plus 7 in. 633 Heaters, Unit Peerless Unit Ventilation Company, Inc. Heating and Ventilating Systems Industrial Heating Units 718-34 Crescent Avenue, Bridgeport, Conn. New Yobs, N.Y., 369 Lexington Avenue Oklahoma Citt, Okla., Frank Loeffler Supply Co. Boston, Mass., 80 Boyfatoc street Omaha, Neb., 1820 SL Marya Avenue Bojyalo, N. Y., 135 University Avenue Allentown, Pa., 15 South Fifth Street Harrisburg, Pa., 3603 Sharon Street Sales Cleveland, Ohio, 1836 Euclid Avenue SraiNonELD, Mass., 19 Edward Street Offices Chicago, 111., 808 Monadnock Building Wa.bren Point, Bergen County, N. J. Detroit, Mich., 1214 Lafayette Building Scotia, N. Y., 25 Wallace Avdtrae Minneapolis, Minn., 603 Washington Avenue Baltimore, Mo., 204 Water Street Portland, Ore., 927 Board of Trade Building Canada: Darling Brothers, Ltd., 77 York Street, Toronto, Ont. Products "PeerVent" and "Peerless" Heating and Ventilating Units, for Schools, Hospitals, Libraries, Churches, Dormi tories, Club Rooms, Theaters, Banks, Offices, Auditoriums and other Buildings where many people con gregate. "Peerless" Industrial Heating UNITS (used in place of cast iron radiators), for Factories, Garages and other Industrial Buildings. "PeerVent" and "Peerless" Heating-Ventilating Units This Company makes two types of heat ing and ventilating units--"PeerVent" and "Peerless"--both intended for the same service but differing in design and construction. Only the PeerVent Unit is illustrated in these pages. Information about Peerless Units will be sent on request. boiler tubes are expanded into the tube sheets, and the radiator assembly does not contain a single soldered, welded, brazed or gasketed joint. Test pressure, 150 lb.; operating pressure, 100 lb. Another improvement in the new PeerVent Unit is the noiseless alternating current motor. This motor is of a design which has been developed after years of research and experimentation. It is mounted by means of a specially designed spring suspension, which precludes the possibility of noise caused by the trans mission of phase vibrations. This motor is equipped with an auto-transformer, an integral part of the motor, for providing speed regulation within limits as close as obtainable with direct current motors. This feature saves power, as less current is consumed at low speeds. The new PeerVent motor improve ments are the final step in placing the unit system on a strictly unit basis. The motorgenerator outfit is eliminated. The unit motors operate independently and there is no expense for current except for the unit or units that are actually in service. A single room can be ventilated without the operation of any apparatus other than the PeerVent Unit. There is also a .con siderable saving in the elimination of the first cost and operating cost of the motorgenerator equipment. Features of the Improved "PeerVent" Unit The PeerVent Unit of today has many important improvements, including the new PeerFin radiator. This radiator con sists of two large copper alloy tubes, each surrounded by a series of closely spaced fins, also of copper alloy. The fins are embedded tightly into the tubes, so that under any conditions of expansion and con traction the fins and tubes are in perfect contact and there can be no loss of efficiency in the transfer of heat from tube to fin. The tubes are expanded into malleable iron headers, in the same manner that PeerVent Heating and Ventilating Unit 634 Peerless Unit Ventilation Company, Inc. Heaters, Unit Other improvements in the new Peer Vent Unit include a single-leaf damper which takes the place of the former inter connected fresh air and recirculation dampers, eliminating mechanical linkage. There are no mid-way positions of this damper: either the full volume, of fresh air enters the unit or there is a complete .recirculation of the air in the room. This damper, as well as the mixing damper, has been provided with improved bearings. The mixing damper can be equipped with any type of automatic temperature control. New fan housings have been designed, providing larger discharge capacity at con siderably lower tip speeds. The mixing damper, radiator, motor and fan assembly, base assembly and air filter are all easily removable without the use of tools. The air filter, which is not included as part of the unit equipment, can be of any make preferred and can be installed after the unit has been erected, without any changes in the unit. The filter rests upon supports below the motor and fan assembly, sliding in and out of the unit like the drawer of a desk. With the filter in this position the air is cleaned before it reaches the fans, radiator, etc., and the dirt therefore does not reach these parts. The new PeerVent Unit can be equipped with a positive-action PeerTherm Con trol, which automatically prevents the PeerVent Heating and Ventilating Unit with front removed to ehom interior parts. The fan housings (t) have been improved to provide grater discharge capacity at lower speeds. The air filter (B) is extra eqxripment, not included with the Unit, and can be ofany make specified. The new PeerFin Radiator (3) is an important improvement. This view shows only one of the two rows of dotdy-rpaced fins (tee cross-section below). intake of cold air at any time when the room temperature falls below 65 deg. (or any other predetermined temperature within a range of 15 deg.) Three types of PeerVent Units have now been standardized, and one or another of them will meet practically any archi tectural requirements, including installa tions in existing buildings. Six different types of control have also been standardized, including automatic control throughout, hand control throughout, and various combina tions of hand and automatic regulation. Catalogues Catalogues of PeerVent Heating and Ventilating Units and Peerless Industrial Unit Heaters will be sent on request. Cross Section of Standard PeerVent Unit Wis box wttti'v. ..stationary Iouttw- Peerless Unit Ventilation Company, Inc. Heaters, Unit CJ.m. Delivered Final Discharge Temp. . Condensa tion, Lb. per Hour Final Discharge Temp. . Condensa tion; Lb. per Hour Final , Discharge ; Temp. 1 Condensetion. Lb. per Hour' Engineering Data--PeerVent Heating and Ventilating Units i! Unit No. fi uttering Air -- 10" B.tu. Value (see note below) 1 23 Entering Air 0" B.tu. Value (see note below)' 1 23 Entering Air +10\ B.t.u. Value (see note below) . 1 23 36331 36332 36333 36334 36335 36336 36337 36338 36421 36422 36423 36424 36425 36426 36427 36478 36429 36511 36512 36513 36514 36515 36516 36517 36518 36519 13 400 118.7 67.6 65500 75000 16 500 113.7 81.2 78600 27700 20 600 106.7 91.7 89000 ,** 28000 23 70(1 .100 101 97900 3 . 26700 26 800 30 900 33 1000 92.9 108 80.7 108 72.1 108 104600 104600 104600 S"t _ s 73200 13100 2800 35 1050 30 900 33 1000 35 1050 36 HOC 38 1150 40 1700 41 1250 43 1300 45 1350 94.5 136.7 132600 41000 91 136.7 132600 30800 87.5 136.7 132600 75900 83.9 80.4 136.7 136.7 132600 132600 fc* 20700 15600 76.9 136.7 132600 2jQ 10600 73.4 136:7 132600 5400 70 136.7 132600 66.4 136.7 132600 40 1200 43 130(1 45 1350 46 1400 48 145(1 50 1500 51 1550 53 160(1 57 1700 95.4 166.5 161000 38900 88.4 166.5 161000 78800 84.9 166.5 161000 23600 81.4 166.5 161000 18500 77.9 166.5 161000 3# 13500 74.4 166.5 161000 3V 8400 70.9 166.5 161000 5 3300 67.4 166.5 161000 60.4 166.5 161000 125 120 113 106.3 99.2 87.1 78.4 72 64.3 62400 27500 77.3 74900 31200 87.2 84500 ,, to 321(A) 96 92800 31700 99 97800 27900 99 97800 19200 99 97800 10400 99 97800 6100 100.7 97.2 93.7 90.2 86.7 83.2 79.7 76.2 72.7 128.6 124500 128.6 124500 128.6 124500 128:6 124500 128.6 124500 r*. 128.6 124500 128.6 124500 128.6 124500 128.6 124500 45900 37100 32800 28500 24100 19700 15300 10900 6500 101.6 94.6 91.1 87.6 84.1 80.6 77.1 73.6 66.6 156 156 156 156 156 156 156 156 156 150900 46100 150900 37400 150900 33000 150900 28600 150900 150900 150900 a# o 24200 19800 15400 150900 11000 150900 131.2 -63.8 61700 32400 126.2 73.5 71100 34400 119.2 112.5 82.8 89.7 60100 87700 =" 37100 36300 105.4 93.3 94.7 94.7 91700 91700 ^ n 33000 25700 84.6 94.7 91700 18300 78.2 94.7 91700 14600 106.9 120.5 116600 50200 103.4 120.5 116600 43000 99 120.5 116600 O 39400 96.4 120.5 116600 rx 35800 93.1 120.5 116600 32200 89.4 120.5 116600 28600 85.9 120.5 116600 & 25000 82.4 120.5 116600 21400 78.9 t20.5 116600 17800 107.8 145.7 141000 52900 100.8 145.7 141000 45500 97.3 145.7 141000 41900 93.8 145.7 141000 o . 38200 90.3 145.7 141000 34500 86.8 145.7 141000 <SA 30800 83.3 145.7 141000 27200 79.8 145.7 141000 23600 72.8 145.7 141000 16300 Note.--B.tu. values are as follows -- ' 1. With farm running. 3. B.tu. available for heating purposes, over require- 2. With fans stopped. meats for heating indicated c-fjn. to 70 deg. * Where values are not given, the discharge temperature is lower than we would recommend and we suggest the use of next larger rise PeerVent. Dimensions PIPING DATA Unit No. Maxi . Maxi mum mum Number Cu. Ft of per Pupils Minute Height. ......36' Depth.. :.......14' Length ' Fresh Air Overall Intake Outside 8!/2 X B Approxi mate Shipping Weight Lb. Power Con sumption in Watts . Steam am Height of Steam and Return Openings Return--51/ ini fram Back of Unit Steam Size . Return Size (see note) . (see note) from - Gravity Vacuum Gravity Vacuum LB Floor System System System System 36331 36332 36333 36334 36335 36336 36337 36338 36421 36422 36423 36424 36425 36426 36427 36428 . 36429 36511 36512 36513 36514 36515 36516 36517 36518 36519\ 13 400 60 500 20 600 23 700 26 800 30 900 33 1000 35 1050 30 900 33 1000 35 1050 36 1100 38 1150 40 1200 41 1250 43 1300 45 1350 40 1200 43 1300 45 1350 46 ' 1400 48 1450 50 . 1500 51 1550 53 1600 57 1700 33%' 42%' 51%' 27%' 36%' 45%' 300 350 400 65 !%' i%' 75 !%' i%' 85 '%' i%' 'Yf.too 113 . 27%' . 1%' i%' W. 1' 126 2' w 142 2' !%; 146 . 2' 115 ' \ 2# i%; 132 141 150 2' 2' 2' ''MYfL. w 159 27%' . 2' W . 1' 168 2' Y 177 2' Y 186 . 2' Y 195 2' Y 162 2' Y - 178 2' Y 186 2' Y 194 2' Y 200 'Y Y 208 27%' 1" . Y 1' 215 2' Y 222 2' Y. 230 2' V %* w %' Note,--PeerFin Radiators are tapped 2 in. for both steam and return connections but can be reduced to sises given in table. Ecoentiic reducers must be usea. PeerFin Radiators can be connected with either right or left hand steam supply. 636 / Heaters, Unit 24-4-1-45 CHARLOTTE STREET KANSAS CITY^O. Thermidaire Unit Heaters are Quiet* Dependa ble and Efficient, and when equipped with Three Speed Motors are Unusually Quiet. Made in either Floor or Ceiling Types using Propellor or Multi-Blade Fans, and can be had in the capacities as listed. Dimensions for these types can be obtained from any agent or from the main office. Recirculating Ducts, Direct Fired Units, and Ventilating Fans. - Table below applies to the type unit illustrated. Ratings Based on 5 lbs. Steam Pressure at the Heater Size C.F.M. H.P. Rm. T Disc. T 500 5 at 1/20 i I4U r.p.m. 50 60 70 130 137 145 600 8 at 1/12 8X) r.p.m. 50 60 70 135 141 145 1000 10 at 1/10 114U r.pjn. 50 60 70 . 131 136 141 1500 15 at - 1/8 8X1 r.p.m. 50 60 70 135 140 145 2000 20 at 1/6 1140 r.p.m. 50 60 70 131 136 |40 2500 25 at - 8XJ r.pjn. 1/8 50 60 70 131 136 140 3000 30 at 1/3 114U r.pjn. 50 60 70 125 130 . 136' ' 4000 40 at HXJ r.p.m. 1/4 50 . 131 60 136 70 141 5000 50 at 1/3 8X) r.pjn. 50 60 70 131 136 141 6000 60 at * 690 r.p.m. 1/2 50 60 70 131 136 141 B.t.u. E.D.R. Height Width Depth Supply Return Shipping Wt. 45,000 43,500 42,000 180 174 23% 15% 18 i% 168. 1 114 76,800 72,000 67,200 90,000 84,000 78,000 304 288 269 26% 17% 18 360 336 312 137 143,600 134,800 125,900 575 540 504 180,000 , 720 168,000 672 156,000 624 301/, 24% 18 2 176 225,000 900 210,000 840 195,000 780 33% 26% 18 2% 1 % 252,000 1000 224,000 896 216,000 854 215 360.000 1440 336,000 1344 42% 34% 30% 2% i% 312,000 1250 416 450,000 1800 420,000 1680 47% 39% 321/,. 3 390,000 1560 2 460 540,000 2160 504,000 2020 51%. 43% 32% 468.000 1870 3 2 500 637 Heaters, Unit The Trane Company Let Crosse, Wis. See Pumps, page 727; Heat Cabinets and Concealed Heaters, pages 622, 623 Heating Specialties, pages 786, 787 BRANCHES IN ALL PRINCIPAL CITIES UNIT HEATERS Trane Unit Heaters are especially designed for industrial installations but due to their quiet operation they can also be used in offices, assembling rooms, textile mills or wherever large open spaces are to be heated. These units use an extended surface copper heating unit with the prime surface so arranged as to keep the entire secondary surface at an even, maximum temperature. Steam flows through vertical tubes which are rolled into cast iron headers. Fan of special Trane design 1, which delivers a large quantity of air at high velocity 1, is used. Motors of standard manufacture, enclosed type, are used on all heaters unless otherwise specified. Unit Heaters available for connection to outside duct work or recirculating boxes as well as for ceiling suspension. CAPACITIES TRANE UNIT HEATERS--5 lbs. Steam Pressure The following capacities are based on Direct Current or 60 Cycle motors. Capacities for 25 Cycle A. C. motors will be sent on request. No. 12 Power Consumed R.PM. Size Heater C.F.M. Inlet Air Temp. Temp. Rise Final Air B.t.u. Lb*. Cond. Sq. Ft. Temp. per Hour per Hour Equiv. D.R. 950 * 950 75 watts 950 12'* 12* 12** 12' 12'* 12' 625 625 625 50 60 70 71 , 67 63 121 127 133 47,500 44,600 42,100 49.5 47 44 198 187 176 Power Consumed R.P.M. 200 watts H40 1140 1140 Size Heater 18'* 18' 18'* 18' 18'* 18' C.FM. 1750 1750 1750 No. 18 Inlet Air Temp. Temp. Rise 50 74 60 70 70 67 . Final Air Temp. 124 130 137 B.t.u. Lbs. Cond. Sq. Ft. per Hour per Hour Equiv. DJL 139,200 132,000 124,800 145 137 . 129 580 550 c 520 ' Power Consumed 255 watts RPM. 1140 1140 1140 Size Heater 24'* 24' 24'* 24' 24'* 24' C.F.M. 2800 2800 2800 No. 24 Inlet Air Temp. Temp. Rise 50 72 60 68 70 64 Final Air Temp. 122 128 134 B.t.u. Lbs. Cond. Sq. Pt. per Hour per Hour Equiv; DJL 215,000 204,000 192,009 225 212 200 900 850 800 Heaters, Unit York Heating and Ventilating Gorp. York Bldg., 16th and Sansom Streets, Philadelphia Branch Offices and Representatives in All Principal Cities ' York Heat-Diffusing Units for Heating Factories, Shops, Garages, Etc. YORK , > HEAT-DIFFUSING^ UNIT 3. Heats large floor areas quickly. 4. A single Unit of correct capacity will heat uni- formly a floor space up to 60 ft. by 200 ft. Comparatively few Units are required even for large plants. 5. The work of installation is reduced. Mains are shortened, and fewer branches and fittings are needed. ' 6. Fuel is saved through less overheating of upper areas; a shorter heating-up period; an easier control of room temperature. 7. Cost of complete installation will ordinarily range from 10 to 50 per cent below cost of direct radiation, pipe coils or central blower system. 8. York'3 large production makes possible a superior product at a relatively low price. Heat-Diffusing Units, Housed Fan Type: Five sizes and capacities are standard: Nos. 322, 333, 334, 344, 353. Sizes vary from 18 to 30 in. in width, 3H ft. to 7 ft. in length. All units can be used on steam or hot water at pressures from 0 to 200 lbs. All are tested at 1000 lbs. hydrostatic pres sure. Fresh air intakes and regulating dampers can be furnished at small extra charge. Note.--These Units can be supplied for suspen sion where it is impossible to place them on the floor. Operating Economies: Kroy Unit Heaters, Disc Fan Type: 1. High-velocity heat diffusion holds heat in the working zone until its principal energy has been utilized. 2. Reduces overheating of upper areas. Five sizes are available for the few applications where this type Unit is suitable. Capacities range from 70,000 to 239,000 B.t.u. or the equivalent of 277 to 945 sq. ft. of Direct Radiation. CAPACITIES YORK HEAT DIFFUSING UNIT Recirculating Air at 60F. Enter Air at 0F. Entering Unit CJ.m. Size R.p.m. at Temp, H.P. Unit in the Motor ing Unit and Steam at 2 Lb. Gauge Pressure on the Heat ing Surface. (See footnote.) and Steam at 5 Lb. Gauge Pressure on the Heating Surface.* Fans B.t.u. flour Final Temp.. Lbs. Cond. per Hr. Equiv. Direct Rad. B.tu. fr Final Temp. Lbs. Cond. per Hr. 1750 3,300 V* 208.000 124.4 217 867 297,000 92.0 310 1160 2,220 V* 148,000 126.7 154 616 211,700 98.1 221 1750 5,200 \'h 313,000 121.0 1160 3,450 'A 227,000 127.5 325 1300 447,000 87.0 235 945 325,000 96.5 465 338 1750 6,600 \'h 435.000 127.9 1160 4,450 'A 313,000 133.2 453 1812 ! 622,000 96.9 328 1305 ; 449,000 104.6 647 468 1750 8,400 2 550,000 127.0 1160 5,600 y. 400,000 134.0 1160 13,000 3 758,000 119.0 870 9,820 l>/2 606,000 123.0 570 2290 1 785,000 96.5 415 1665 571,000 105.7 816 595 790 3160 1 1,081,000 84.2 1128 631 2522 866,000 89.9 903 Note,--It is understood that the specified steam pressure is to be maintained on the heating surface. A suitable pipe line drop must be added in determining the pressure to be carried at the boiler. When air is to enter the umt at a temperature below freezing the steam pressure on the heating surface should be maintained at not less than 5 lb. Chapter X of this issue of The Guide for B.t.u. constants for other steam pressures and entering temperatures. For 25-cycle speed and other ratings ask for complete Catalog. 639 York Healing and Ventilating Corp. Healers, Unit York Air-Conditioning Units for Air Conditioning in Industrial Plants of All Kinds YORK . > AIR-CONDITIONING^ UNIT velocity above the heads of the workers. This exclusive York feature makes pos sible an even distribution over a large area--and thereby reduces the number of units required. Simple regulating controls, easily set, govern both temperature and humidity. An effectively conditioned atmosphere results. . Advantages: Every Unit is mobile--can easily be shifted. The work of installation is simple. Complete flexibility of operation is possible. Installation: As these units are shipped completely assembled, the installation consists only in making connections to steam, water and electric lines, and providing an outside air connection. Unit System of Air Conditioning:. Complete air conditioning--heating and humidification in combination--in a com pact, highly-developed unit. The basis of operation is the York HeatDiffusing Unit, amplified and developed to include the functions of scientific air conditioning. Data Required: Blue Prints and full information as to size and construction of building or department into which the Units are going; full information as to material to be con ditioned and amount handled; available location for Units and location of steam, water ^nd electric lines. i Any floor or partitioned department may be controlled effectively as to atmospheric conditions, without reference to any other floor or department. Operation: The air passes through two spray chambers and a series of baffle plates. It is then heated and blown out horizontally at high Air-Cooling Unit: . - The York Air-Cooling Unit is a self contained completely assembled unit designed for use in cold storage rooms. Brine or ammonia is used as the cooling medium. By automatic control any desired tem perature, belownormal, maybe maintained. 640 York Heating and Ventilating Corp. Heaters, Unit York Super-Fin Extended Surface Copper Indirect Radiation for Central Blast Systems > SUPERFIN> Fig. .1. By loosening a few bolts the end of the Super-Fin casing may be removed and the SuPer-Fin coil with drawn. Note the supply and return are at the same end . permitting end-to-end stack ing as well as vertical. Fig. S. _ When stacked if Unit A is to'be cleaned only ' Unit A - need be touched. High or Low Pressure: York Super-Fin is made in one type only, equally suitable for high or low pressure service. It is tested at 1000 pounds hydrostatic pressure and guaranteed for any working pressure up to 200 pounds. Design: A helical copper fin is actually imbedded in the heavy copper tube. The fin is per fectly smooth,'without crimping. Tubes are of U-shape construction, fused to the headers. Supply and return are at the same end. Each Super-Fin unit is in a galvanized casing from which it may: easily be withdrawn by loosening the bolts at one end. Advantages: ` (1) Three-side contact and bond between fin and tube. (2) No joints to leak--every tubefused to header. (3) High test pressure is assurance of durability under severe conditions including ordinary water ham mer. (4) Supply and return at same end. Fig. S. Note fusion of tube, end header plate. There are no joints to leak. ' Copper orifice ring gives equal steam distribution to all tubes. Fin imbedded in tubes gives 3-side contact. \ ' '' simplifies stacking. (Can be set end-toend). (5) Removable from casing. Makes cleaning easy. (6) Smooth fin without crimping minimizes .dirt collection and makes cleaning easier. j(7) U-tube con struction eliminates strains fromexpan sion and contraction. (8) Drainage pitch in tubes permits casing to be* level. (9) Cuts cost of installation by its easy handling and adaptability. Sizes: ; The range of sizes enables Super-Fin to fit any condition.. There are 1, 2, 3, or 4 nominal depths of pipe in one casing. Casings are 12 in. thick, several heights and lengths. . TABLE OF FACE AREAS IN SO* FT. Height of Section n Length of Casing Symbol A N U w Dimension | 32'- 2.0 - 23' 29'' 35' - 3.0 1*4.0 - i 5.0 42' 2.5 4.0 5.5 7.0 .62' 4.0 6.5 9.0 n.o 82' 5.5 9.0 12.0 15.0 Note.--In specifying Super-Fin sections add to the letter designation for size section the number of rows in depth desired--i.e. N-l. means a section 23 in. high with 4 sq. ft. face area, one row deep. ; . Similarly. W-4 means a section 35 in. high with 15 sq. ft. face area, four rows in depth. Complete rating catalog on request. . 641 Heaters, Water Alberger Heater Company HOWARD IRON WORKS 218 Chicago St. BUFFALO. N. Y. REPRESENTATIVES IN PRINCIPAL CITIES Heaters -- Condensers -- Coolers -- Economizers -- Expansion Joints Alberger-Buffalo Heaters are built in several types to meet a large range of standard and special water heating requirements. The stand ard instantaneous water tube type with floating heads is a highly efficient device embodying economy in space and maintenance cost. The storage water heater is used where the steam supply is intermittent or insufficient to take care of peak water demands. The swimming pool heater is especially designed for the purpose and is also exten sively used with air washer equip ment. AH of these heaters are built in either horizontal or vertical arrange ment. Alberger-Buffalo equip ment is widely used for many special requirements involving the heating or cooling of water and other liquids, and for the interchange of heat from one liquid to another. Instantaneous Water Healer Furnished in Vertical or Horizontal Type Swimming Poo/ Healer. Single Pass Furnished in Vertical or Horizontal' Type Storage Type Heater lf you have not already done so, send Immediately for a copy of the ALBERGER HEATER DATA BOOK which gives complete information regarding capacities Iand dimensions of our various types, as well as service and installation data. Also remember that our experience in designing and building special heaters and coolers Is available to prospectlveNclients. . The Howard Guided Expansion Joint is a most satisfactory means for taking care of expansion in pipe lines because it is designed with only one object in view--100% service. The construction is mechanically correct--deep stuffing box--bronze sliding sleeve--totally enclosed construction to eliminate accumulation of dirt--exterior adjustment of packing gland-- ready accessibility when packing is renewed. It is the most economical joint to use because it tays on the job and leaves a satisfied customer. Send for--Bulletin XJ-3 for full details. Howard Expansion Joint 642 Heaters, Water Bell & Gossett Company 3000 Wallace Street Chicago, III. No. SO and 45 SO and 45 Gallons For email buildings and home*. B. & G. Indirect Water Heaters are designed for use in smallest homes to the largest apartment buildings, country clubs, schools, etc. In parts of the country where scale lime deposit and muddy water conditions prevail the B. & G. removable coil feature allows for the taking out of the copper coil without disconnecting any pipes (see cuts in folders). Preheating fuel oil for larger installations (where industrial types of burners are used) is rapidly gaining favor. Special descriptive folder may be had on request showing exact size of heater to use on any specific job. Temperature degree rise 100 in three hours. No. ISO 160 Gallon* Double coil. A good size for apartment, garage* and factory buildings. BELL & GOSSETT COMPANY WATER HEATERS. Size and Type of Building Residence* and Apartments Sizes of B. & C. Storage Tank Indirect Water Sizes to be Used Heaters. To use up to 100 Apts. on Residences anc Apartment Bldgs. Size and Type of Building Residences and Apartments Sizes of B. & G. Storage Tank Indirect Water Sizes to be Used Heaters. To use up to 100 Apts. on Residences and Apartment Bldgs. Bungalows and Small Residences... 30 to 66 gal. Medium bizes to Larger Homes........ 66to 150 " Largest Homes,.Three Baths and Up........ 150 to 295 * No. 30 No. 45 or No. 60 No. 60 No. 90 or No. 120 No. 160 No. 200 or No. 300 315 to 365 gal. No. 300 8 to 12 * 12 to 18 * 18 to 30 " " 365 to 420 " No. 400 to No. 600 . 420 to 575 " No. 600 to No. 600 575 to 865 " No. 800 to Two No. 600 2 to 3 Apt. Bldgs.... 120 to 180 " No. >20 to No. 200 30 to 45 " " .. 865 to 1200 " Two No. 600 to Two No. 800 3 to4 " * ... 150 to 220 No. 160 to No. 200 45 to 60 " " .. 1200 to 1600 ` Two No. 800 to Three No. 800 4 to6 * " ... 220 to 295 " No. 200 to No. 300 60 to 75 * " 1600 to 1800 " to Three No. 600 75 to 99 Allow 25 to 50% Extra Heater Capacity to above Table if oil is used as Fuel. Tank sizes may remain same. " .. 1800 to 2400 * Three No. 800 and Up Heaters, Water Davis Engineering Corp. Excelso Products Corporation 90 West Street, New York, N. Y. 65 Clyde Ave., BUFFALO, N. Y. . Cable Address: "Paracoil. New York" Factory: Elizabeth; N.J. Excelso Indirect Water Heaters, Phaeton Heaters, Fire Pot Generators, Rotary Hack Saw Tools Manufacturers of Paracoil Steam Traps, Steam Specialties, Water Storage Heaters and other Heat Exchangers '. EXCELSO INDIRECT WATER HEATERS Dimensions--Price List--Capacities . Paracoil Products '. 8TRAM TBAPS. FEED WATER HEATERS, TEED WATER FILTERS AND GREASE EXTRACTORS, STORAGE WATER HEATERS,' OIL Paracoil Instantaneous Water Heater, U Tube Tank Heater, Preheater and Condensation Cooler ' . Single Coil ' Double Coil Triple Coil HEATERS, EVAPORATORS, EXHAUST GAS-STEAM GENERATORS, Connected below water level of boiler, heats .water supply OIL COOLERS, DISTILLERS. when fire is Paracoil Steam Trap . In this trap there is only one : moving part, the solid recessed banked; un excelled for indirect heat ing of private sphere whicb^rotates over the garages and ' valve seat. The bap is designed conserva- . . Sire................ Jr. 11 12 13 14 15 25 26 27 28 35 36 length ........ Diameter....... .. .In. Shell Open rs, . Coil Open gs, . Weight f/x 5 1. V, IO'/2 14 5 .5 11/2 6V, 15 6V? 1i9V, IZV2 9 15 9 1 - 1 1% M/2 22 y. . y. 1 1 1 l'/2 l'/2 19 23% 71 25 9 9 13% 13% 2 .2 3 3 l'/2 m 2'/2 2'/2 Crated . .Lbs. II 13 16 29 37 42 65 73 88 106 185 210 List Price....... $12.50 $30 $40 $50 *60 $70 $120 $150 $180 $210 $310 $400 for all pressures, but 30 lb. tories. Paracoil Instantaneous Water Heater Heating Water Below Water Line of Steam or Vapor Boilers steam pressure, 125 lb. and 200 lb.. .are earned in stock. The oscillating action of ihe valve makes possible a constant Bow of condensate and the ParacoU Vatve . - gouging1 action of the re cessed ball keeps foreign matter from lodging be tween the valve and ita- seat. Capacities, up to 75,000 lb. per hour. . The Paracoil Trap is guaranteed free from repairs for two years, providing installation and operating instructions are followed. Paracoil Steam Trap Write for Catalogue A-l 2. Paracoil Steam Trap *{ No. Q Water Inlet & r and Uutlet In. In. Capacity Gal./Hr. Drain 40-l80F. W'ght In. ' Steam Lb. Atmos. 200 14V? 34 -300 14V? 34 400 14V? 47 500 14V; 47 600 16% 50 750 16V 50 100C 16yi 67 1250 62 1500 1750 19'A 191fl 70 75 2000 2500 2i91yC$ 80 81 300C 4000 5000 2211'$/, 21$ 87 99 110 750C 26 95 10000 26 108 12500 26 120 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 3 3 3$ 4 4 4 5 5 5 2 2 3 3 4 4 4 4 5 5 6 6 7 8 10 12 14 14 1 200 250 1 300 260 'Zi 400 290 500 300 & 600 480 750 500 vA 1000 560 IV, 1250 580 2 . 1500 962 2 1750 . 1010 2 2000 1083 2 2500 1252 I'/i 3000 1301 4000 1400 2$ 5000 1481 3 7500 1915 3 . 10,000 2126 3 12,500 2241 Sire.......................... Tank Capacity.......... Jr. 30 II 12 13 14 15 25 26 27 28 35 36 30. 45 60 90 120 160 200 300 400 600 800 Connect below } water line of any Temperature rise 100 deg. in 3 hours. - Steam or Vapor Boiler, or use with - . .` Heating Water With Live Steam live steam. Boiling, water in the shell heats Sire ......................... |r. 1 ank Capacity....... 45 11 12 13 14 15 75 26 27 28 35 36 50 .75 100 150 200 250 300 450 600 900 1200 water circulating through copper coil. Temperature rise 100 deg. in 3 hours at 5 lb. pressure. THE EXCELSO PHAETON HEATER Dimensions--Price. List--Capacities . i Diameter........... .In. 6 8 JO 12 15 18 Height. .'..............In. 3'/, 4'/, 5'/, 6 7 8 Tappings............ In. 1 1 I'/z 2 Wx 3 Center to Center of Trap In. Capacity Sa. Ft. Radiation Height Length Width In. In. In. List Price Wght Lb. Nos. 200 to 1250cast ironshell, and Nos. 1500 to 12.500 steel shell. . Paracoil U Tube Type Tank-Heater Outlets............. In. m 2'/2 3 Capacity........... Gals. 30 45 80 V/x 100 4'/, 150 5Vi 250 Vi 800 Yt 1800 } l-P/4 11/2-2 21/2 3 4800 6000 12,000 23,000 8V, y. ii'/i 12V, 16V, 18 20 8 ioy, ii'/i 12 16 19 20V, 8 $15.00 ` 24 4V, 20.00 28 5>/z . 25.00 36 6% 35.00 10V, 68.00 11V2 100.00 IIV2 125.00 50 112 185 212 . Larger size traps on application. Capacity, Gals: Hot Water -C ^ No. Below With Radiation c ft Water Level Live Steam Sq. Fl Q 350 2 700 3 1050 .4 1350 650 1300 1900 2500 260 - 27y, 90 520 . 40V. 220 780 14V, 47 375 1000 lev? 50 500 Larger sixes on application. Capacity rating, 100.deg. temperature rise'in 3 hours (40 to 140 deg.).. Capacity' Sq. Ft. Direct Water Radiation..:___Ft. 40 Shipping Weight..Lb. 6 List Price........... Iron $7.50 List Price. . ! .:. Brass $15.00 75 U $12.00 ^28.00 100 18 $20.00 $45.00 150 250 400 30 60 85 $24.00 $50.00 $70.00 $54.00 $115.00 $160.00 The highly efficient firepot heater, suitable for hot water supply or auxiliary radiation, Paracoil Storage Water Heater . rating with live steam based on H lb. steam pressure. transfers 80 per cent of heat to water. For beating and storing hot water for laundries, factories, hospitals, etc. The utilisation of exhaust steam in this', water heater effects a big fuel saving. Has steel plate shell for water and copper heating coils for steam. Pressures, Paracoil . Fire Pot . Excelso Firepot Generator Excelso Rotary Hack Saw Tool . 100 lb. standard and up. . Sixes, 200 to 20,000 gallons per hour, heated to 180 deg. fahr. Fully described in Bulletin 74.. Type Water Heater " ` Generator fits any type of hot Boilers may be: quickly and easily tapped, by water boiler or hot means of the Excelso air furnace. Made Rotary Hack Saw Tool. Paracoil Indirect Resident-.Heaters, in both cast iron Each tool cuts four sizes: connected below water line of steam. and brass. 1 in., 1)4 in.,. l.H.in, and or vapor boilers. Paracoil Fire Pot Size No. 1, up to 2 in. Pipe Tap size. . Paracoil Storage Water Heater . Paracoil Indirect . Resident Water . . ` Heater 644 type (for use in connection with Paracoil Indirect) for hot air furnaces or ..hot water boilers. Write for capacity and dimension data. 40 gals, capacity. Size No. 2, over 40 gals, capacity. 645 Price $7.50 net,, with eight blades; two of each size. Heaters, Water O. E. Frank Heater and Engineering Co., Inc. Offices in All Principal Cities BUFFALO, N. Y. O. E. F. Products.--U-Tube and Straight Tube Storage Heaters, U-Tube and Straight Tube. Instantaneous Heaters, U-Tube and Straight Tube Feed-water Heaters, U-Tube and Straight Tube Swimming Pool Heaters, Bleeder Turbine Heaters, Domestic Service Heaters, Power Plant Heaters, Oil Coolers, Special Heat Exchange Equipment for Industrial Plants. O. E. F. Storage Heaters are furnished in either the U-Tube or Straight Tube types to meet your requirements. Tanks are made of high quality flange boiler steel. Tube Sheets of rolled steel', Castings of heavy gray iron, and Tubes of heavy gauge copper. O. E. F. U-Tube Instantaneous Heaters and Economizers--An eco nomical heater low in price but having high heating efficiency and made of best materials. Extensively used for heating 0. E. F. U-Tube Storage Heater All Heaters, unless otherwise specified are constructed for a working pressure of 100 lb. Information for higher pressures furnished on request. When it is necessary to use both high and low pressure steam, the steam chamber and tubes can be so arranged as to eliminate in stallation of a separate tube bundle. All tube bundles or heating elements are removable from the tank for ease in inspection, cleaning, or repairing. O- E. F. Storage Heaters For beating water from 50 to 180 deg. fahr. with steam at 212 deg. fahr. Storage Capacity Ml 370 940 1445 2956 2538 2961 GaL Tank 24 36 48 54 60 72 72 XX X X XX Inches 72 84 120 144 168 144 168 Gallons per Hour 100 C-5 K-S W-5 CX-5 MX-5 PX-5 RX-5 200 500 800 1000 1500 2000 0-11 K-11 r-?7 K-77 W-11 W-27 CX-II CX-27 MX-11 MX-27 px-n PX-27 RX-11 RX-27 C-43 K-43 W-43 CX-43 MX-43 PX-43 RX-43 K-S4 W-54 CX-54 MX-54 PX-54 RX-54 KM W-81 CX-81 MX-81 PX-81 RX-81 K-108 W-108 CX-108 MX-108 px-ioa RX-108 5000 W-162 CX-162 MX-! 62 PX-162 RX-162 5000 W-269 CX-269 MX-269 PX-269 RX-269 O. E. F. Instantaneous U-Tube Heater and Economiter water instantaneously or for connection to storage tanks. Also for use as economizers in cooling condensate in steam systems or generators in hot water heating systems. These heaters are adaptable for con necting below the water line of the boiler. Capacities and General Dimensions O. E. F. U-Tube Instantaneous Heaters Heating Water from 50-180 deg. fahr.. with Steam \ at 212 deg. fahr. Cations per Hour Size Width Length Steam Water Drain. In. FtAn. In. In. In. 100 U-6 11 4-sy. 500 U-15 131/2 6-3'/. 800 U-24 !3'/2 6-3'/. 1000 U-30 16 . 6-3'/, 1500 U-45 16 7-4J/, 2000 U-60 19 7-5'/, 3000 U-90 19 7-sy, 5000 U-150 22'/i 7-7'/, 3 . Wi 32 3 r/i 3 2Vi 43 43 64 84 1 l'/z m l'/2 I'/j V/2 2 3 646 Heaters, Water The Patterson-Kelley Co. 99 Park Avenue - New York City Hot Water Heaters for all purposes. Pool Heaters and Converters. Preheaters, Heat Exchangers, Heaters for Chemicals, Gases, Oils. Coolers for Brine, Chemicals, Gases, Oil and Water. The- Patterson Combined Hot Water Service and Storage Heater, Type B, is for any service where require ments for hot water are not constant, or where a large volume must be stored for sudden heavy demands. We guarantee to furnish heaters ` that will deliver the quantity of hot water called for. Without obligation our Engineering De partment will be glad to give engineers the benefit of our 48 years' experience. General Specifications Constructed like a high grade boiler--of heavy steel plate. Steam inlet and outlet chamber is a heavy, grey iron casting. Tube head is a heavy, steel forging into which both ends of each tube are expanded. Tubes are of pure, cold drawn seamless copper and ` U ' shaped to provide against contraction and expansion strains. Heater is for any service and in any required size per tables below. Write us for engineering advice. STORAGE CAPACITIES No. Dimensions in Inches Capacity Approx. in Gals. Wl m Lbs. No. Dimensions in Inches. Capacity Approx. in Gals. Wt. in Lbs. S 24 x 48 2 S 24 x 60 3 S 24 x 72 4 S 24 x 84 5 S 30 x 60 6 S 30x 72 7 S 30x 84 8 S 30 x 96 9 S 30x 120 10 S 36x 72 II S 36 x 84 12 S 36x 96 13 S 36x 108 MS 36x 120 15 S 36 x 144 16 S 42 x 72 17 S 42 x 84 18 S 42 x 96 19 S -42x108 20 s --)- 42x120 94 650 118 750 Mt 850 164 950 160 875 215 1000 255 1150 285 1300 360 1500 310 1250 365 1400 415 1550 475 1700 500 I8S0 640 2100 430 1500 500 1650 575 1800 650 1950 720 2200 21 S 22 S 23 S 24 .$ 25 S 26 S 27 S 28 S 29 S 3Q S 31 S 32 S 33 S 34 s 35 s 36 s 37 s 38 s 39 s 40 s 42 x 144 42 x 168 42 x 192 48x 96 48x120 48 x 144 48x 168 : 48x192 54x120 54x144 54 x 168 54 x 192 - 60x120 60x144 60x168 60x192 72 x 174 84x 168 96x168 96x192 860 1000 1155 750 940 1125 1300 . 1500 1190 M25 1665 1900 1400 1700 2000 2240 3000 4000 5200 6000 2450 2800 3100 2600 2925 3350 3840 4200 3500 3900 4300 4700 4300 4950 5600 6200 7000 8700 10000 11000 HEATING CAPACITIES--40 F. to 180 F.--Steam at Atmospheric Pressure No. Gallons per Hour Approx. Wt. m Lbs. No. Gallons per`Hour Approx. Wt. u> Lbs. 1H 2H 3H 4H 5H 6H 7H 8H 9H 10 H II H 12 H 13 H 14 H 100 150 200 250 300 .400 500 600 700 800 1000 1250 1500 . 1750 200 215 . 235 255 285 315 350 370 400 425 450 500 550 600 15 H 16 H 17 H 18 H 19 H 20 H 21 H 22 H 23 H 24 H 25 H 26 H 27 H 28 H 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000 4500 5000 6000 7500 10000 12500 15000 20000 25000. 700 600 900 1050 1200 1350 1500 1750 2000 3200 3800 . - 4500 5100 5800 NOTE.--To specify Type B. Heaters, combine the numbers of the required storage and heating capa cities. For example. -"One Patterson Type B. Heater with No. 22 S. and No. 17 H." has 1000 gallons storage with 3000 gallons hourly heating capacity. ' 647 Heaters, Water The Whitlock Coil Pipe Company Manufacturers and Engineers Baltimore, Md. Dallas, Tex. Boston. Mass. Denver, Colo. Buffalo, N. Y. Detroit. Mich. Charlotte, N. C. Grand Rapids, Mich. HARTFORD, CONN. Cl Memphis, Tenn. San Antonio, Tex. New Orleans, Dl San Francisco, Calif. New York, N. Y. Seattle, Wash. . Omaha, Neb. St Louis, Mo. Philadelphia, Pa. St Paul, Minn. Chicago, IQ. Houston, Tex. Pittsburgh, Pa.' Tacoma, Wash. Cincinnati, 0. Indianapolis, Ind. Cleveland, 0. Kansas City, Mo. H EAT ERS Portland, Ore. Troy, New York Rochester, N. Y. Tulsa, Okla. Darling Bros. Montreal, Manufacturers, of Whitlock Heaters in Canada ' ' See Telephone Directory for Local Address Whitlock type "K" storage heaters are manufactured in both horizontal and vertical types. The table shows sizes ofthe horizontal heaters only. We will gladly furnish dimensions of horizontal heaters and vertical heaters upon request, i bat this type of heater is of particularly sturdy construction is evidenced by the increasing number of prominent engineers and . architects who are specifying their use in all types erf buildings, including many of the largest and finest buildings constructed. . Whitlock Type K Storage Heaters, Horizontal SHELLS To be used with Type K Heating Section Shell Prices include Cradle. Manhole H "x 15* heating Sections . . Capacity based on Heating from 40 to 180 with Steam at 0 lbs. pressure. For other tempera tures and Steam Pressures see Bulletin No. 27 . Gallons- Diam* Length Thick Thick Weight Number One eter of ' ness ness Filling of Shell Shell of SheU of Head Shdl Number Gallons . Hour Maximum Size Steam Smallest Weight SheU into which Entire Section - Heating will Fit SectionInches Lbs. 1: 65 2 80 3 118 4 . 141 5 164 6 185 7 220 8 255 9 ,290 to 365 II 420 12 475 13 525 14 575 15 720 16 860 17 1000 18 . 950 19 1140 20 1310 21 1480 22 1190 23 1430 24 1670 . . 25 1900 26 1420 27 1710 28 2000 29 2300 30 2460 31 2880 18 60 V* Vs 400 H0 'A18 72 Vs 450 H 1 A24 60 Vs 600 H 2 A24 24 72 84 V* VV9s 700 H 3 800 H 4 30 30 30 30 36 60 72 84 % 84 V'''%AAA* %36 % % 36 108 V| . 750 H5 % 850 H 6 7V9s 950 1050 H7 H8 nVi 1300 1450 H9 H10 Vi 1600 . H1I 36 ' 120 %42 % %42- 120 X42 .144 % <A42 168 <A48 120 48 144 %48 168 46 192 i54 120 Vi54 144 <A54 . 168 >6 ' VVii Vi Vi 3A % %. Vs Vs Vs 1800 1850 2150 2500 2900 2850 3250 3700 4100 3250 3700- 4200 H12 H13 *H14 .1415 HI6 HI7 HIS H19 H20 H21 H22 H23 54 192 Vs 4700 H24 %60 120 & 4300 H25 %60 144 J6 4900 H26 %60 168 36 5600 H27 60 192 36 36 6200' H28 %72 144 36 36 5700 H29 72 168 36 . 6400 1 H30 too 2 18x 48 75 150 2 200 2 HIHx bO Ith 90 250 3% 18, 48 175 300 3'A lX 48 350 3% 18x 60 190 400 500 550 iim>n* ilItix bU IBx 18x 72 600 700 3% .-lOx 84 5 24x 60 220. 300 800. 900 1000 vV/ft )8x 96 16x108 IBxIZU 270 285 1250 5 24x 84 . 370 1500 5 24x108 1750 5 24x120 450 2000 6 30, 96 570 2400 6 .30,120 .62U 2800 6 30x132 670 3200 8 36x 96 3600 8 36xlU8 4000 8 36x120 4400 8 36x132 1020 4800 10 36x % . 1200 5400 10 36x1118 1300 6000 * 10 . 36x120 1380 7000 12 42x % 1950 6000 * 12 . . 4ix 96. 9000 12 42xlU8 .2300 10000 1 12 . 42x1U8 DIRECTIONS FOR USE--Select the sice storage you require and combine its designating number with the number which deaignates the desired hourly output. Assuming a requiredstorageof 1000 gallons (Na 17 shell 42, 168) and a required hourly output of 1750 gallons (No. 1116 Beating unit) you would specify a Whitlock Type K, No. 17H16. 648 . The Whitlock Coil Pipe Company Heaters, Water This type of heater is used extensively as an instantaneous heater In connection with a separate storage tank, as a swimming pool neater, as a hot water convertor for use with a heating system as well as for various special conditions. Standard sizes of the 2 and 4 pass heaters are shown in the table. Dimensions on multi-pass heater will be furnished on request. -. Standard Sizes, Capacities, Dimensions and Weights 2 PASS. TEMP. RANGE 40 F. to 80 F. 4 PASS TEMP. RANGE 40 F. to 120* F. Capacity Diam- Size Size Capacity Size No. Gallons .per Over-all _ eter - ..Water Length of Connec Steam Connec Weight Hour' Shell tions tions Gallons Uver-all .Per Length Hour Diam* eter of SheU Size Water Connections tions Weight 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 to 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 Iff/j 19 19/2 20 21 22 23 24 25 ISO 350 650 1100 1600 1900 2550 3200 3800 5100 6350 7950 9550 12700 15900 19100 25600 31700 38200 44400 50700 57100 63450 79300 95100 126900 158400 191000 '>/ My. 19% /, Sr 24% 3oy< 35% 43)4 55y. 45 52 67 51% 59% 59 IV 6iy, 7oy, ty 64% m. 66 83 76 89 7 7 7 7 7 7 9% 9% 9% 9% 12 12 12 15 15 17 17 20 20 20 26 26 26 30 . 30 36 36 V1 1/4 1% 2 2 2 ZV, 2% 2% 3 3 4 4 4 5 5 6 6 8 8 6 10 10 10 12 12 14 14 l'/4 1% Wi 2 2/2 3 3 3% 4 5 5 6 6 8 8 8 10 to 12 12 12 14 14 16 18 20 24 24 80 90 110 130 145 170 240 270 300 360 420 610 670 810 930 (040 1320 1510 1940 2100 2300 2870 3020 3500 4250 4780 6550 7060 Sizes 0 to 10 inclusive, have i/a* O. D. No. 18 B. W. G. Copper Tube*. Remainder have 1' O. D. No. 17 B. W. G. Copper Tubes. 60 150 300 480 650 800 960 1350 1600 2100 2600 3300 4000 5300 6600 8000 10500 13300 16000 16500 21000 24000 26700 33300 40000 53300 66700 80000 26% 31% 38% 24y, 30% 35% 43% 55% 52 . 61 79 55% 65% 71 83 72% 82% SR SR 73 92 ` 83 95 7 7 7 7 7 7 i9n% 9% 9% 9% 12 . 12 12 15 15 . 17 17 20 20 20 26 26 26 30 30 36 36 % ,* 1 n i'/i 22 2 2% 7>h 3 3 3% 4 5 5 5 5 6 6 6 6 8 8 10 10 1 V/4 2 2 fl 3 3 y/i 4 5 5 6 6 8 8 10 10 10 12 12 12 12 14 14 16 20 22 80 too 115 135 150 170 220 270 300 350 420 620 700 860 940 1070 1390 1580 2020 2230 2430 2800 3000 3480 4015 4600 6100 6900 Sizes 0 to 10 inclusive, have Copper Tubes. O. D. No. 18 B. W. G. Remainder have I* O. D. No. 17 B. W. G. Copper Tubes. . ' Whitlock Heat Transfer Products include the following types of apparatus in addition to the Storage and Instantaneous Heaters shown above: Feed Water Heaters; Heat Exchangers; Fuel Oil Heaters* Superheaters; Condensers and Coolers for all kinds of liquids; Also pipe rails of any kind of pipe or tubing and Air and Ammonia Receivers. - requeAsdt.ditional information and quotations covering any o- f this apparatus will be. gladly fu..r.nished upon Healing and Air Conditioning Units Carrier-Lyle Corporation 39 Cortlandt Street, New York, N. Y. Affiliated with the Carrier Engineering Corporation THE CARRIER WEATHERMAKER A SCIENTIFIC AIR-CONDITION ING SYSTEM FOR HOMES Compact new gas-burning unit for homes introduces a warm-air heating system that is clean; positive in circulation of air; healthful; and automatic in operation. Carrier-Lyle Corporation Heating and Air Conditioning Units A complete heating and air-conditioning system for homes in winter. Approved by American Gas Association Testing Laboratory. Made to take summer cooling unit, (now under develop ment), without change in present system. - The Carrier Weathermaker makes indoor weather to order. 1. It controls the moisture content of the air, maintaining a fixed, healthful relative humidity. 2. It warms the air, using manufactured or natural gas as fuel. 3. It filters the air, removing dust, dirt and bacteria. 4. It circulates the air by centrifugal blower, insuring positive, uniform distribu tion of heat. 5. It operates automatically. In controlling warmth, humidity and air motion, the Carrier Weathermaker repre sents an original and constructive improve ment in house-heating. Development--The Carrier Weather maker is an adaptation, for domestic use, of the .well-known Carrier Systems now operating in nearly 3000 theatres, stores, factories and other large buildings. Operation--The simplicity of the Carrier Weathermaker is indicated by the diagram on opposite page. Air enters through return duct (A)--passes through filters (B) into blower (C) and is forced out under uniform pressure into heat-inter changer (E), where it is warmed. It rises to (E), where humidity is furnished by humidifier (G); then passes into mixing chamber (H) and is returned to rooms thrdugh warm-air ducts. Circulation is continuous and positive. Combustion--The heat is supplied by gas burner (J). Combustion chamber and gas passages are entirely separate from the air passages. The Carrier Weathermaker operates with an overall efficiency of 90 per cent. Temperature Regulation--The ther mostatic control mechanism (M) operates a throttling valVe on the gas line. It regu lates the gas supply to the demand for heat. Protective Controls--A thermostatic pilot control (P) operates to'close the main gas supply should pilot go out or gas-flow fail; a heat-limiting control (N) turns off the gas supply before overheating, through any cause, can occur. 650 Filters--The air is cleaned by oilcoated, metallic-fiber filters. Humidity Control--Moisture is added to the circulating air by the humidifier (G).. Once adjusted to provide the desired relative humidity of the house atmosphere, the humidifier functions automatically. Positive Circulation of Air--The blower provides forced circulation of air throughout the house. It is indirectly driven by a separately-mounted electric motor. Non-corroding Construction--The combustion chamber and interchanger are made from a special nickel-chrome steel which is leak-proof and impervious to rust and acids. Space Economy--The forced distri bution of air permits the Carrier Weather maker to be placed anywhere in the cellar, with resulting economy of space. It permits, also, the use of smaller ducts and long runs. RATINGS, CAPACITIES, GAS CONSUMPTION, WEIGHTS Weathermaker Number | 2 3 Output B.t.u. per Hour 75.000 155,000 225,000 Fan Capacity Cubic Feet . per Minute 600 1200 1600 Motor Horsepower 1/8 1/6 1/4 Gas Consumption Approximate Cubic Feet Shipping Weight per Hour* Pounds 155 600 318 1100 455 1400 *Gas consumption figures based on manufactured gas of 550 B.t.u. and 3H in. water gauge at pressure regulator. (A. G. A. Standard). DIMENSIONS Weathermaker Number 2 3 Overall Length Overall Width 6--3V,' y-y/f 6-3?/,' 6-3%'- s'-y/f Height y-\w Height Size of Including Return Air Draft Diverter Opening 4'-10* 4'-l0VtT 4'-H,/a' 12'x 14' 12' x 25V*' 12' x 36%' Size of Air . Size of Diameter Discharge Gas Supply of Flue Opening Line Conn. 11' x 22' 22* x 22' 2Tx33' i' Iw1/.' 7' 8' 9* 651 Healing and Ventilating Unit, Air G. C. Shipp & Company Indianapolis, Indiana, U. S. A. AUTOMATIC D-ITrade Mark Reg. U- S. Pat. Office SANITARY VENTILATING RADIATOR UNITS for SCHOOLS, HOSPITALS AND OTHER PUBLIC BUILDINGS Three vital and important factors are assured by the use of the Automatic D-I Sanitary Ventilating - Radiator Units HEAT-___ l...........--Distributed properly and automatically to every comer of the room. MOISTURE........... -In just the proper percentage assured automatically and without . . noise. . VENTILATION__..Controlled automatically by the temperature within the room, without draughts and without the use of mechanical appliances of any kind, or the services of an expert operating engineer. Thus it will be seen that the D-I System is a natural, easy, simple, efficient and economical way of obtaining heat, ventilation and humidity for old and new buildings See Pages 653, 654, 655, 656. Copyright 19S7. 19SS. C. C. Shipp & Company C. C. Shipp & Company Healing and Ventilating Unit, Air CAPACITIES OF D-I SANITARY VENTILATING RADIATOR UNITS Series No. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Sire of D-I Wall Box In. . 8 x 20 8 z 24 8 z 30 !<% 20 24 30 Cu. Ft. Air per Minute 180 240 300 270 330 420 Air per Pupil 30 30 30 30 30 30 in Radiator 12 14 16 14 16 18 Sections of Radiator Covered 8 10 12 10 12 14 (1) D-I Ventilating Wall Box with Storm Louvers, Insect Screen, Adjustable Extension Sleeve and Adj ustable Con trolling Fresh Air Damper with dustproof and non-corroding hinges. (2) D-I Adjustable Controlling Fresh Air Damper. (3) 2 x 4-inch Wood Frame around ends, top and bottom of Sleeve, room side --Edge to set flush with finished plastering.- .... , .. (4) D-I Sanitary Ventilating Box Base. (5) Recirculating Air Damper and Clean out Door. , (6) D-I Adjustable Air Diffusers with Removable Rolls. (7) D-I Adjustable Fresh Air Damper Indicator. (8) D-I Automatic Fresh Air Damper Control. (9) Bottom of Wall Box Sleeve to set not less than 8 in. from finished floor. (10) 38-in. Five Tube Ventilating Legless Radiator--Bracketed from wall. (11) Back of radiator to set 2} in. from finished wall. (12) From center of lower tapping to extreme top of radiator--33H in. (13) From finished floor to center of lower radiator, tapping--11in. Copyright 1985,1986,1987.1988. C. C. Shipp & Company C. C. Shipp & Company Heating and Ventilating Unit, Air Methods of Calcula tion Applying to Gravity Ventilation To determine the size of a foul air vent flue, first find out the number of pupils by allowing 225 cu. ft. of room con tents to each pupil, then allow 16 sq..in. area in the flue to each pupil. To determine the size of an aspirating radiator for a basement or first floor vent flue, allow % sq. ft. of radiation to each pupil; for a second floor vent flue, allow Jij sq. ft. to each pupil. All vent flues should be connected to a col lecting chamber or chambers constructed in attic. Size of chamber or chambers should be 10 per cent larger than the combined free area of all flues connecting into same. Each collecting cham NOTE: -- BOTTOM OF RAOIATOR TO SET NOT LESS THAN 3-INCHCS ABOVE TOP OF OPENING. ber should be connected to a revolving automatic ventilator. To deter mine. the size of the ventilator,. sq. in. free area in ventilator should be allowed to each l.sq. in. free area in foul- air vent flues. Note.--For positive ventilation and to insure the withdrawal of 30 cu. ft. of air per minute per pupil, we recommend the use of an exhaust fan in the attic, properly connected to all foul air TYPICAL DETAIL OF CLASS ROOM (IDEAL ARRANGEMENT AS DESIGNED BV JACOB M. MILKENE, SUPT. BUILOINGS ANO GROUNDS. INDIANAPOLIS. PUBLIC SCHOOLS. ANO APPROVED 0V THE BOARD OF EOUCATION.I vent flues. ' Copyright 1998, C. C. Shipp & Company 654 C. C. Shipp & Company Heating and Ventilating Unit, Air AMERICAN AUTOMATIC VENTILATORS Diameter In. 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 32 34 36 38 40 42 44 46 48 50 52 54 56 58 60 Area in Sq. In. 78 113 153 201 254 314 380 452 530 615 706 804 907 1017 1134 1256 1385 1520 1661 1809 1963 2123 2290 2463 2642 2827 Shipping Weight 20 25 35 45 48 60 70 78 n9o4 140 155 165 197 225 250 275 300 350 378 . 400 425 450 500 575 660 ' Trade Price * 12.78 15.53 18.56 ,, 24.06 24.75 25.78 28.18 29.91 33.68 35.75 37.81 44.68 48.13 50.88 61.88 66.75 71.50 78.38 83.88 89.38 96.25 103.13 110.00 119.63 126.50 134.75 Noth.--Furnished in galvanized iron only unless otherwise ordered. Base extra. AMERICAN STATIONARY VENTILATORS Diameter In. 12 14 16 18 20 24 30 36 42 48 54 60 Area in Sq. In. 113 153 201 254 314 380 706 1017 1385 1609 2290 2827 Shipping Weight 40 50 60 70 90 100 150 210 350 450 570 700 Trade Price $ 3.92 5.63 8.66 10.65 13.75 17.18 23.38 37.13 49.50 65.25 75.63 92.61 Note.--American Ventilators are received by all transportation companies under Classification One, double rate. Copyright 1997, 1998, C. C. Shipp & Company METHOD OF CALCULATION FOR D-I SANITARY VENTILATING RADIATOR UNITS The following method of calculation for amount of air required is based on State requirements of Indiana, and will naturally vary in states where the requirements are different. However, the general principles of the method will apply to all cases. 1. The amount of Direct Radiation installed, which is not enclosed with the Air Diffusers, is that required for the ex posed wall and glass. This Radiation is determined in the following manner: 2. Multiply.square feet of glass surface in room by 89, if from zero to 70 deg., or by 99 if from --10 deg. to 70 deg. 655 C. C., Shipp & Company Heating and Ventilating Unit, Air 3. Multiply the net wall by 27, if from sq. ft.; 5760 sq. ft. + 500 sq. ft. = 6260 zero to 70 deg., or by 37 if from --10 deg. sq. ft. to 70 deg. The size of the boiler, together with the 4. Add results of 2 and 3, and divide by supply and return piping, should be based 250. This will give you the square feet of on an equivalent of 6260 sq. ft. of radia direct radiation necessary to overcome tion, making due allowances for mains heat losses through glass and walls, which and risers. in the average school room is 120 to 140 sq. ft. Add 10 per cent to above figures for north or west exposures. 5. To determine the number of Wall Boxes required, first determine the number of pupils for the room. This can be ob tained by dividing the cubical contents of the room by 225 (allowing 225 cu. ft. of contents per pupil). 6. Multiply the number of pupils by the We recommend, on account of better air distribution, the use of four Wall Boxes for the ordinary class room, the size de pending, of course, upon the requirements. Do not use radiation less than 26 in. high. All Ventilating Radiators shall be arranged for supply and return connection at bottom on opposite ends. amount of air required for each pupil per All Ventilating Radiator Units used in minute, which, for Indiana, is 30. This connection with one pipe gravity steam gives the total amount of the air required system to be tapped as follows: 50 to for the room per minute. . 100 sq. ft. 1J4 in. In no case should the 7. Divide the total amount of air re Ventilating Radiator used in connection quired per minute by the capacity of the with the one pipe gravity steam system Wall Box to determine the number of contain more than 100 sq. ft boxes required. All Ventilating Radiator Units used in 8. Example: Assemble a room designed connection with two pipe vacuum steam for 34 pupils; then, 34 X. 30 (cu. ft. of air system tapped as follows, with supply and per minute per pupil) equals 1020 cu. ft. return connection at bottom of opposite per minute; 1020 c.f.m. divided by 300 (capacity of 8 x 30 in. Wall Box) equals 3.4, or it will be necessary to use four 8 x 30 in. Wall Boxes. 9. Therefore, there will be required in the room four radiators, with a Wall Box for each radiator. Since, when using an ends: 60 to 90 sq. ft. 1 in. supply and % in. return. Above 90 sq. ft. 1M in. supply and % in. return. Each class room should be provided with 8x% in. Wall Box, twelve sections of a suitable foul air vent-flue, constructed a Five Tube 38-in. radiator are enclosed by the air diffusers, there will be 60 sq. ft. of radiation enclosed in each radiator, or a on the opposite side of the room from the ventilating radiators. The size of this foul air vent-flue is based upon the number of total of 240 sq. ft. for ventilation. ' 10. To the preceding amount must be added the direct radiation required for wall and glass; Assume this to be 120 sq. ft. There would then be a total of 240 sq. ft. plus 120 sq. ft., making 360 sq. ft. in the room. pupils in the room. The State of Indiana requires 16 sq. in. in the foul air vent-flue for each pupil. Aspirating Radiators should be installed in each foul air vent- flue, allowing % sq. ft. per pupil on the first floor and sq. ft. on the second floor. 11. In designing the boiler, take special All Foul Air Ventilating Flues should be notice that the 240 sq. ft. of indirect radia connected to a foul air collecting chamber tion, or those sections enclosed in the Air or chambers constructed in attic. The size Diffusers will condense two and one-half of collecting chamber or chambers should times as much steam as ordinary direct be 10 per cent larger than the combined radiation. Therefore, the four radiators in free area of all ventilating flues connecting the 600 r+oom12w0,ilol rbeaeqtoutivaal leonft to 2J4 X 720 sq. 240 ft. -- of into same. The foul air collecting cham ber or chambers should be connected to a direct radiation. revolving automatic ventilator on the roof 12. If the building is an eight-room of the building of sufficient size and ca school house, it will require 8 X 720 plus pacity to meet all requirements. whatever direct radiation there may be In determining size of American Auto required in the halls, toilets, offices, etc. matic Ventilator one-half sq. in. free area 13. Say there are 500 sq. ft. of radiation in ventilator should be allowed to each in the halls, etc. Then 8 X 720 -- 5760 one sq. in. of free area in foul air vent-flue. Copyright 1917. 1919. 19SS, 1996. 1997, 1998, C. C. Shipp & Company 656 Heating and Piping Systems Grinnell Company, Inc. Heating, Industrial and Power Plant Piping, Fittings, Hangers, Valves, Pipe Bending, Welding, Piping Supplies, Etc. Executive Offices: Providence, R. I. Offices, Plants and Branches Albant, N. Y. AnANTA, Ga. (Plant and Foundry) Auburn, R. I. (Plant and Foundry) Dallas, Texas Denver, Colo. Des Moines, Iowa Newark, N. J. New Orleans, La. New York, N. Y. Baltimore. Mo. Detroit, Mich. North Charlotte, N. C. (Brandi) Boston, Mass. Buffalo, N. Y. N.Charlotte, C. Chicago, ! (Brandi) Cincinnati. Ohio Cleveland, Ohio (Brandi) Hartford, Conn. Indianapolis, Ind. Kansas. Crrr, Mo. Kearnt, N. J. (Brandi) W .Milwaukee, is Minneapolis. Minn. (Branch) Orlando, Fla. Philadelphia, Penna. (Branch) Providence, R. I. (Plant and Foundry) Rochester, N. Y. St. Louis, Mo. . Warren, Ohio (Plant and Foundry) Columbus, Ohio GRINNELL COMPANY OF THE PACIFIC Los Angeles, Cal. (Branch) Oakland, Cal. (Brandi) San Francisco, Cal. (Branch) Seattle, Wash Montreal, Que. (Branch) GRINNELL COMPANY OF CANADA, LTD. Vancouver, B. C. (Branch) Toronto. Ont. (Plant and Foundry) . Winnipeg, Man. PRODUCTS AND SERVICES-- Complete Service on materials to specification on Power Plant Piping, Industrial Piping, and Industrial Heating Systems; Fabricated piping including bends, welded headers, lap joints and the Grinnell Triple XXX line of products 'for Super Power; Grinnell Equiflo Valve; Grinnell Pipe Hangers and Fittings; Grinnell Ther- molier (A new Development in Unit Heaters.) Also Humidifying systems; Con* stant Level Size Circulating System; Piping for acids and other special ma terials; Pipe Fabricating, Bending and Threading; Welding. Brass, Bronze and other Castings; Valves: Air Relief, Globe, Angle, Cross, Check, Quick Opening and Closing. Non-return, Tank, Pressure, Reduc ing and Regulating, Safety and Y. Pipe Bends and Coils; Unions, Tees, Ells and Nipples; Cast Iron, Steel and Wrought Iron Pipe; Pipe Rolls; Steam Traps. . Automatic Sprinkler Systems. . Equiflo Valve installations of this type of heating system. This whole problem has now been simplified by the invention of the Grinnell Equiflo Valve. The Grinnell Equiflo Valve for forced hot water heating permits: . A Revolutionary Development in Forced Hot Water Heating-- One of the chief difficulties in the way of a broader use of forced hot water heating systems with their many important advantages has been the determination of pipe sizes by the complex and arduous method of calculating frictional re sistances. Failure to do this, plus easily possible installation mistakes has resulted in many unsatisfactory 1. The calculation of pipe sizes for this system by simple tables, similar to those commonly used in connection with the design of vacuum steam systems. 2. Change in locations of radiators or piping during installation to take care of iocal construction conditions without re calculation of pipe sizes. The Grinnell Equiflo Valve for forced hot water heating accom plishes: . 1. More nearly perfect equalization of flow to every radiator than has ever been 657 Grinnell Company, Inc. Heating and Piping Systems GUNNELL COMPANY Heating, Industrial and Power Piant Piping, Fittings, Hangers, Valves, Pipe Bending, Welding, Piping Supplies, Etc. practical by even the most careful calcu lation of pipe sizes. Size or location makes no difference. 2. The introduction of sufficient fric tional resistance to completely overcome that trouble so pronounced in most forced hot water heating systems which is due to the well-known war between pump head (a constant) and the gravity or temperature head (a variable). This insures absolutely equalized circulation at all temperatures. 3. Lower pumping costs. The Grinnell Equiflo Valve: 1. Serves as the regular shut-off valve for each radiator. It is of the packless type. 2. Is so designed that after the installa tion is completed a multiple-orifice car tridge or tube, having a definite resistance pre-determined by Grinnell Company, is dropped into place in the valve. In order to obtain all the ad vantages of this new development, it is only necessary for the Con sulting Engineer to specify that each radiator shall be equipped with a Grinnell Equiflo Valve. This device is marketed through the regular heating trade, and proper results are guaranteed by the standing of Grinnell Company in the hot water heating field. Grinnell Triple (XXX) Products: The growth and development of super-power demands a line of fab ricated piping materials as definite and specific in its quality as the standardized manufactured prod ucts going into such work. Such a line is Grinnell Triple XXX. Due to its very nature, quality embraces design, manufacturing standards and workmanship. ' Every item in this, line has stamped on it three "X's" and underneath 40-60-90 representing 400, 600 or 900 lb. working steam pressure. Any piece of material bearing that stamp can unhesitatingly be used for the pressures indicated. All joints in the Grinnell Triple XXX line are machined out of a rough lap which may be forged to twice the thickness of the pipe or seamless tubing. A specially built lap joint machine, accomplishes this tremendous forging operation without changing the metal struc ture. . The basic idea of the Grinnell Triple XXX Pipe Joint is to pro vide absolute freedom in choosing the type of joint desired for varying conditions, and at the same time to assure maximum strength in the chosen type. The design provides ample thickness of metal in the rough forged lap allows for machin ing front and back for any con ceivable face with a finished lap of 100 per cent strength. The same manufacturing exacti tude, coupled with a rigorous policy governing the selection of higher quality materials, produces bends and headers worthy with the lap. joint henceforth to.carry the mark of quality--XXX. The production of this line neces sitated the designing and building of one of the greatest lap-joint ma chines in the world. "This machine, plus a revision of manufacturing standards and processes, has re sulted in a lap joint of unexcelled strength. In addition to the line of indi vidual products here noted: Grin- Grinnell Company, Inc. Healing and Piping Systems GRINNELL COMPANY Heating, Industrial and Power Plant Piping, Fittings, Hangers, Valves, Pipe Bending, Welding, Piping Supplies, Etc. nell Company through its own Branches offers a complete service in pipe fabrication of every descrip tion. This includes pipe cut to sketch, pipe bends, welded headers, and miscellaneous piping supplies. Ample plant facilities enable us to give an unusual service in every part of the country. Pipe Bends, Welds, Etc.-- Grinnell facilities for making Pipe. Bends, Welds and Lap Joints are second to none. Three plants-- Warren, Ohio; Auburn, R. I.; Atlanta, Ga.,--equipped with special modern machinery and op erated by the most skilful workmen make possible unusually prompt and efficient service on this impor tant work. Grinnell Fittings--After years of buying cast iron fittings on the open market Grinnell Company concluded that the best way to obtain clean accurate fittings of uniformly high quality was to cast them in Grinnell Foundries. Grin nell Cast Iron Flat Band Fittings made to conform to the American standard adopted by the Manu facturers Committee on Standardi zation of Fittings and by the N. F. P. A. can now be obtained by other users. Impartial pur chasers agree that accuracy of threading, freedom from sand holes, and smoothness of core speed up installations and reduce replace ments wherever Grinnell Fittings are specified. APS (adjustable (Adjustable Pressed Steel) Concrete Insert pressed steel) Con crete Insert has many desirable features. Made from pressed steel, it is unusually strong with a large con crete holding surface. Although it comes completely assembled it has ample vertical and horizontal adjustment. Fig. 229 APS Concrete Insert Fig. 228 UFS I-Beam Clamp . -------- - _ I-RfamTiA^ 1 BEAM CLAMP forged steel) I-Beam ClamP is the latest addition to the Grin. . nell Hanger line and is an outstanding development in convenience, strength and adjustability. While made only in three sizes, it covers the whole range of beam sizes from the smallest to Bethlehem 24-in. Forged steel construction gives to each size the same strength as the maximum rod strength involved. Rods carried range from % to l}/2 in., providing for all pipe sizes up to 24 in. 659 Grinnell Company, Inc. Healing and Piping Systems GRINNELL COMPANY Heating, Industrial and Power Plant Piping, Fittings, Hangers, Valves, Pipe Bending, Welding, Piping Supplies, Etc. Grinnell Adjustable Pipe Hangers ONE of the chief advantages of Grinnell Adjustable Hangers is that they permit adjustment of pipe lines after installation, thus obviating the necessity of turn buckles or the removal of hangers. And their time and trouble-saving qualities during installation are equally exceptional. On this and the following page are shown a few Grinnell Hangers of particular interest to heating engineers. The Grinnell Hanger Book, entitled "Safeguarding Heating and Service Pipe Lines," however, illustrates and describes the complete line. Engineers, Architects and Draftsmen will find a vast amount of useful information in this book. Solid Ring--Adjustable Swivel Ring--Split Ring (Patented October 4, 1921) THIS Malleable Iron Adjustable Swivel Ring can be used . with Coach Screw Rod or Machine Threaded Rod6in connection with practically any type of Ceiling Flange, Expansion Case, Insert, etc. . , With the Swivel Shank, an adjustment of at least 13^ in. is secured by turning the nut on the shank. An unique locking device on the Swivel Shank auto matically locks, preventing loosening due to vibration in the pipe line. The Split Ring Type has the same adjustment as in Fig. No. 104 Fig, No. 101, either before or after the hinged section is Split Ring bolted in place. The off-center hinging of the Ring pro- 4# vides sufficient seating to hold the pipe before closing the Ring. A Wedge type Pin is loosely but inseparably cast into the hinged section for fastening this section after pipe is in place. Universal Clamps ^4 Fig. No. SS Side I-Beam Clamp (Patented April 6, 1915) THE Side I-Beam Clamp has ample strength* f*or 'hang*ing %......t.o....1..2....i.n......p..ipe from I-Beams. Made in different sizes to fit all sizes of Standard and Bethlehem I-Beams, and most sizes of Bethlehem Girder Beams. Fig. No. 286 Channel Clamp The Grinnell Channel Clamp, made in . three sizes with varying lengths of clamp rods, will meet most of the conditions encountered in practical installation work in connection with channels. Adjustable Wall and Column Radiator Brackets THE,bracket, Fig. 190, isMesigned to support a single tier of wall radiation. A similar bracket, . No. 191, is designed to support a double tier, one in front of the other while the type Fig. 189, is designed to support legless column radiation. . Only one bolt is necessary to securely fasten these brackets to the wall. This means low installation cost and it cuts drilling holes II down to a minimum. uWhen hook bolt is/Used, it can be set without extremely accurate measurements, due to the liberal range of vertical and horizontal adjustment, and as only three points of the bracket touch the wall, the difficulty so often experi Fig. No. 189 enced with rough brickwork is practically eliminated. 660 Grinnell Company, Inc. Heating and Piping Systems GRINNELL COMPANY Heating, Industrial and Power Plant Piping, Fittings, Hangers, Valves, Pipe Bending, Welding, Piping Supplies, Etc. Adjustable Wall Coil Hangers (Patented May 20. 1913) . THE Adjustable Wall Coil Hanger can be furnished with. four separate brackets--two for single coils and two for double coils. The brackets locate the center of the coils 2}4 or 6J4 in- from back of bracket. Where ___ double coils are used the second hangs 334 in. in front of the first. ' Single Pipe Rolls GRINNELL Single Pipe Rolls are " _ expansion and especially designed contraction. Rolls to take are csai"Fjr<`e oNfo. 171 Pipe Rolls made hollow which means small surface in contact with roll rod. The Adjustable Sockets permit vertical adjust ment at the roll. The nut at the bottom of the hanger rod fits into a recess in the socket, thus preventing loosening or turning from vibration. Adjustable Swivel Pipe Roll (Patented October 4, 1921) THE Adjustable Swivel Pipe Roll supplies the need for any adjustable type of pipe roll hanger with single hanger rod. It is unique inasmuch as vertical adjustment can be made by use of the Swivel Fig. No. we Shank at the top of the hanger. Fig. No. 17i Fig. No. 197 Adjustable Pipe Stand-- Anchor Chair-- . Pipe Seat-- WELDED STEEL BRACKET Fig. 199 is light in weight and was de signed primarily for use with the Grinnell Adjustable Pipe Stand Fig. 196, Anchor Chair Fig. 197 and Pipe Seat Fig. 198. These combine the strongest type of brackets. and pipe supports. The Ad justable Pipe Stand as used with the Steel Bracket has excellent adjustment features, it being possible to obtain both vertical and lateral adjustment. 661 Fig. PfO. 198 Grinnell Company, Inc. Heating and Piping Systems GRINNELL COMPANY Heating, Industrial and Power Plant Piping, Fittings, Hangers, Valves, Pipe Bending, Welding, Piping Supplies, Etc. Grinnell Thermolier THE Grinnell Thermolier is a modem development of unit heaters. This principle of heating is rapidly becoming standard for use in many kinds of buildings: The reason for this may be briefly stated: (1) Low initial cost, (2) economy of operation, (3) adaptability, (4) maintenance, (5) depreciation. Copper Housing Makes for Durability and Fine Appearance This unit is the result of two years' intensive investigation and test by the Grinnell organization which Tor 70 years has been recognized as a leader in industrial heating work. No pains have been spared to make it a most dependable, efficient and long-lived unit. Heat is obtained from brass-finned, seamless, copper U-tubes rolled into a cast-iron header. No solder is used for joints and there are no flat horizontal surfaces to catch dirt. One model 800 Thermolier may be used to heat a floor area of 500 to 5000 sq. ft. Units may be controlled manually or automatically, singly or in groups. . Installation and piping are extremely simple and inexpensive, hence the unit may be moved from one location to another at small cost if found desirable on account of changes in building or occupancy. Furnished in several sizes for factory offices and small rooms. Thermoliers provide excellent distribution of heat free from objectionable drafts. Model 800 furnishes from 160,000 to 230,000 B.t.u. per hour (depending on air tem perature) on a 5-lb. steam pressure. May be used when desirable with steam pressures up to 125 lb. Specifications of Model 800.--Fan: Grinnell special of rugged construction. Motor: Heavy duty, oversize, enclosed, moisture-proof. Housing: Heavy copper, insuring exceptionally long life. Rubbed copper finish protected by high temperature lacquer. Frame: Heavy pressed steel, providing nigged support for motor and fan. Specialjfeatures: Adjustable swivel hanger rod couplings; louvers rigid, but easily adjustable; integral cooling leg insuring complete drainage through one in. trap. For pressures not exceeding 50 lb., a thermostatic trap can be used and should be attached directly, to unit. Particular attention is called to the integral cooling, a unique feature of the Thermolier which is of vast importance to the heating man. Due to the construction of the header in Thermolier, steam circulation and removal of condensation in this unit are distinctly different than is usual in such heaters. Simple Piping connections, both on same side, with close return trap Steam is delivered into Chamber "A" of the header and circulates from there through the pitched U tubes, carrying its condensation with it into Chamber *'B." By partitioning off the last two tubes at the bottom of the Steam Supply Chamber "A," these two tubes carry all condensation from Chamber "B" into Drain Chamber *' C." In passage of this condensation through these two tubes, the air from the fan is rapidly carrying off heat just as it does in the rest of the unit. The result is that these two bottom tubes form an efficient internal cooling leg, integral with the unit. The actual cooling effect of this construction is equal to a run of more than 100 feet of the ordinary, exterior cooling leg piping. " Unique header construction forces all condensation through integral cooling leg 662 Grinnell Company, Inc. Heating and Piping Systems GUNNELL COMPANY Heating, Industrial and Power Plant Piping, Fittings, Hangers, Valves, Pipe Bending, Welding, Piping Supplies, Etc. Tubes expanded into cast-tron header Due to the efficient functioning of the internal cooling leg, it is practical with the Grinnell Thermolier to make an exceedingly close connection of the return trap, as indi cated on the drawing on previous page. The condensation coming from the unit is cool enough so that the trap will operate continuously even when the unit is working at maximum capacity for long periods. This feature, com bined with the fact that the steam supply connection is at the same end of the unit, makes for compactness and neatness in the piping connections. CAPACITIES--MODEL 800 WITH 1150 R.P.M. MOTOR Equivalent Radiation at 60 deg. Entering Air Temperature (240 B.t.u. per Sq. Ft.) Equals 856 Sq. Ft. Room Temperature - at Inlet to Unit 40 deg. fahr. 50 deg. fahr. 60 deg. fahr. 70 deg. fahr. . 5 Lbs. Steam Pressure . 232,000 B.tu. per hour 218,500 B.tu. per hour ' 205,500 B.t-u. per hour 193,000 B.t.u. per hour Room Temperature at Inlet to Unit 1 ' 60 deg. fahr. 90 deg. fahr. 100 deg. fahr. Data covering other sizes and capacities furnished on application. 5 Lbs. Steam Pressure 180.000 B.t.u. per hour 167.000 B.t-u. per hour 154.000 B.t-u. per hour 663 Healing and Cooling Surfaces American Radiator Company 40 West 40th Street New York City VENTO DIVISION 816 S. Michigan Avenue Chicago, Illinois VENTO Cast Iron Heaters Twenty-five years of successful operation of Vento Heaters in thousands of installations - in private and public buildings throughout America, Europe and Australia, disclose no failure of any kind. Vento has a unique construction which breaks up the air currents VENTO Cast Iron Heater and assures rapid steam circula tion, both of which features in sure full heating efficiency of all the surfaces of the heater. Beingjnade up into stacks which are easily handled, and having far less joints per hundred square feet than pipecoils, there is less liability to leaks. Vento requires less labor to install, and calls for about 15 per cent less space. Vento is made of cast iron, which does not rust by action of air, gases, water or summer dampness, and is much more durable than pipe-coils. Vento Heaters do not freeze, split or corrode, nor is there any effect from electrolysis. Vento does not call for any new or special conditions in either housing or steam supply and drip connections. Both live and exhaust steam may be used at the same time. . In blast and plenum chamber work the net installed cost of Vento is less than that of lighter forms of heaters. A copy of the new revised edition of Engineer's Data on Vento Heating will gladly be sent on request. 664 American Radiator Company , Heating and Cooling Surfaces IDEAL ARCOBLAST HEATERS For Unit Heater Work Only The Arcoblast Heater, de signed to meet the most exacting demands of the Heat ing Engineer, presents the following commendable fea tures: . 1. Rugged Unit Design. 2. No soldered Steambacked Joints. 3. Non-corrosive. 4. Ample Tube Steam Carrying Capacity. 5. Minimum Weight without Impairing Strength. IDEAL arcoblast heater For Unit Heater Work Only The header is composed of staggered rows of metallicly attached fin-wound copper tubes expanded into two cast iron tube sheets which, with the tapered design cast iron header bodies flange- connected to the tube sheets, form the supply and " return headers. .' The copper tubes are three-quarter inch outside diameter with a copper, helical-wound, flat, continuous fin three-eight inch in depth, metallicly attached to each tube. The materials of construction, copper for tubes and fin and cast iron for headers, offer a product which is non-corrosive. A new Catalog containing complete technical data on Ideal Arcoblast Heaters will be gladly sent on request. 40 West 40th St., New York, N.Y. 816 S. Michigan Ave., Chicago, 111. 665 Heat-Surface Fan System Aerofin Corporation 850 Frelinghuyeen Avenue Newark, N.J. Manufacturers of Standardized, Light-Weight, Fan System Heat-Surface 39 Cortlandt Street NEW YORK Land Title Building PHILADELPHIA Burnham Building CHICAGO Oliver Building PITTSBURGH Paul Brown Building ST. LOUIS United Artists Building DETROIT Aerofin AEROFIN is the modern standardized, light-weight Fan System Heat-Surface developed by Fan Engineers to meet the present-day requirements of this highly special ized held and to afford an adaptability which permits the new and advanced applications of tomorrow. AeroWn, Aiffsm., AerofTn AEROFIN is built in three distinct types: AerofTn, tube-plate construction, for pressures up to 50 lbs. gauge; Ae'rOFTn, continuous seamless tubes, multiple-coil construction, for pressures from 2J^ to 150 lbs., gauge; and AeRcFiTn, continuous seamless tubes, for pressures frorti 25 to 350 lbs. gauge (Temp. 500 F.) Design and Construction The heat-transfer surface, in AeROFIN, is a plurality of seamless copper tubes about which is wound a helix of copper ribbon, crimped on its inner edge to permit winding and to afford maximum contact between tube and fin. The extended fin surface is applied, and tinned while held in position, by highly-developed automatic machines, being accurately crimped and spaced. The tinning of the tube and the extended surface makes them metallicly integral, affording maximum heat transmission and permanent effectiveness. The thickness and width (height) of the extended surface, the crimping and the pitch o( the helix were determined by careful experiment, to afford maximum heat transfer, uniform air flow and minimum resistance thereto. The copper tubes and fins of AeROFIN transmit heat eight times as effectively as iron. So scientifically is AEROFIN designed that air is heated more in passage through a single row of its tubes, a travel of 1 in., than in passage through an entire section of cast iron surface, a travel of 9 in. In AeROfTn the tubes are set into flexible tubeplates by means of a highly developed joint which is F'i l AEROFTN tight and permanent. See Fig. 1. 666 Aerofin Corporation Heat-Surface Fan System In AEROFTN and AeRoFFn the seam less tubes, with their extended fin surface, are continuous. See Figs. 2 and 3. Both AerofTn, Arv6'fTn and AeSoFM are furnished as completely en cased units, ready for pipe and duct connec tions. The casings are built of pressed steel and are exceptionally strong and rigid, pro tecting the unit from all the strains of pipe connection and expansion or contraction in service. The casings are flanged on both faces, top and bottom, and template punched for bolting together adjacent units, or for duct connection. p**. Aerofin Standard Casings The casings of all AEROFIN Units, whether comprising one, two or three rows of tubes, are 29 in. wide, across tubes, from outer edge one flange to outer edge opposite flange, and 10 in. deep in direction of air flow. Length of casing is nominal tube length plus 8^ in. `. Sizes of AeroWn Aerofin is made in fifteen standard tube lengths, either one, two or three staggered rows of tubes per Unit. There are thus forty-five standard Units available, a range which adequately meets all requirements. Tubes are furnished of any length between 2 ft. 0 in. and 6 ft. 0 in., in increments of 6 in., and between 6 ft. 0 in. and 12 ft. 0 in. in increments of 1 ft. Complete Tables of Sizes and Capacities are shown in our Bulletin G8, mailed gratis upon request. Sizes of AiRffiN Aerofin is designed for installation with tubes horizontal only. It is available in one- or two-row Units, in seventeen standard nominal tube lengths (distance between end baffle plates, or between 180 bends,) between 2 ft. 0 in., and 10 ft. 0 in., inclusive, in increments of 6 in. Batteries of double width are easily assembled by setting Units end-to-end, leaving space for pipe connections. In AiRdtlN the seamless tubes are bent into a 3-pass coil, one end attached to the Supply Header, the other to the Drip Header, as indicated in Fig. 3. The connections to the welded Headers are made by means of special brass compression unions, insuring absolutely tight, dependable connections. (Tubes may be disconnected at unions and removed if, for any reason, this should become desirable.) Complete Tables of Sizes and Capacities at various Pressures are shown in Bul letin GU-8. Sizes of AEROm AiRfim is made in five standard tube lengths (i.e. length of straight section of tube, between the 180 deg. bends), 2 ft. 0 in., 2.ft. 6 in., 3 ft. 0 in., 3 ft. 6 in., 4 ft. 0 in., either one, two or three staggered rows of tubes per Unit. There are thus fifteen standard Units now available, meeting practically all requirements. Since the Supply and Drip Connections of Aer`oFW are located on the same end, Fig. 2, Units may be placed end-to-end thus affording battery widths of twice the Standard tube-lengths. Complete Tables of Sizes and Capacities are shown in our Bulletin GHP-2, mailed gratis upon request. 667 Aerofin Corporation Heat-Surface Fan System Steel Supporting Legs . Standard Steel Supporting Legs, 18 in. or 24 in. high, template punched to same bolt hole centers as standard casing, are furnished when ordered. These legs may be attached quickly and obviate necessity of any other foundation. Advantages AEROFIN weighs but 9 to 16 per cent as much as equivalent cast iron, and occupies but 35 per cent of the space required by equivalent cast iron (3-row units). Two men can easily carry any AEROFIN Unit. Expensive foundations are unnecessary, building reenforcement is not required and the Units may readily be suspended from beams or roof trusses, or installed snugly in any out-of-the-way corner. The light weight and remarkable compactness of AEROFIN permit design heretofore impossible, bringing a new era in Fan Engineering,--enabling the Engineer or Architect to exercise his highest skill, undeterred by the weight and bulk which have limited him in the past. The encasing of AEROFIN, complete, ready for pipe and duct connections, is the most important advance in Heating Surface since the inception of Fan Engineering. It avoids all the old familiar uncertainties and delays, insuring installation in the shortest possible time and at the lowest possible cost. Best of all, the cost of installing encased AEROFIN may be calculated with great accuracy. It isn't necessary to "guess at it1' as of yore,--and probably discover that the "guess" was low enough to wipe out the profit on the job. The cost of installing AEROFIN is usually about one-fifth that for equivalent cast iron or "pipe-coil." Whatever you'oc wished for in a Fan System Heating Surface you'll find in AEROFIN! Publications For complete Data on AEROFIN ask for Bulletin G8, containing eighteen Piping Diagrams in four colors, representing the coordinated experience of the foremost Engi neers in America. Bulletin GU-8 affords complete data, on AeROfTn ,--Sizes, Capacities, and 4-color Piping Diagrams. Bulletin GHP-2 covers AeRCJFIN and contains large Temperature Effects Chart on linen. Either or all Bulletins will be mailed promptly upon request to Newark. Sales AEROFIN is soldon/yby Manufacturers of nationally advertised Fan Heating Apparatus. 668 Healing Surface, Tubing for Radiators McCord Radiator & Mfg. Co. 2587 E. Grand Boulevard Detroit, Mich. Manufacturers of Spiral Fin-Tubing for Unit Heaters and Concealed Radiators, for Electric Refrigeration, Automotive Radiators and Metallic Asbestos Gaskets. McCord tubing, now developed for use in heating and refrigeration systems, is the result of twenty-two years' experience in the building of automotive cooling systems. The construction of McCord tubing in sures a perfect contact between the fin and the tube, insuring greatest heat transfer. McCord solder was developed for the particular purpose of withstanding the high temperatures of heating require ments. The special "Spiral Fin-Tubing" is made by a patented process, and may be had in corrugatecLor plain fin. It is made of seamless tubing, brass or copper, finished bright on inside. The corrugated or flat spiral fin is continuous with a perfect metal-to-metal contact between the fin and the tube which makes for efficient radiation. The tubing is made in either hard or soft temper and can be coiled on sort radius so as to occupy the minimum of space. For heating purposes McCord Spiral FinTubing is well adapted to unit heaters or concealed wall radiators, and is used by a number of manufacturers. McCORD Spiral Fin-Tubing Compared on Basis of One Lineal Foot with Plain Tubing of the Same Outside Tube Diameter. McCord Corrugated Spiral Pin-Tubing Tube Size Radiating Surface per Lineal Ft. Heating Ratio w McCord Spiral Fin-Tubing = 70 sq. in. w Flam 1 ubtng = 1 P/i *q. in. VS McCord Spiral t in-1 ubing = 113 sq. in. vs Flam 1 ubing = 14 sq. in. w McCord Spiral Fin-Tubing = 122.5 sq. in. 74' Flam 1 ubutg = 16.5 sq. in. vs McCord Spiral Fin-Tubing --132 sq. in. vs Plain 1 ubtng = 19 sq. in. vs McCord Spiral t* in-1 ubing - = 15034 sq. in. vs Flam tubing = 231/4 sq. in. vs McCord Spiral Tubing = 229 sq. in. vs - Flam 1 ubing = 28J/< sq. in. r McCord Spiral 1 ubing =}i'> sq. m. r Flam 1 ubing = 37>/4 q. in. Sizes and Specifications Tube Size 1' v>v/ss.' w VS %r Width of Fin ' 'y4s' vvvvssss HS Diameter McCord Spiral Fin-Tubing wws 1* v'Ws Standard lengths of tube up to SO feet in copper or brass. Standard gauge tube 0.028 wall. Special gauges on request. Standard gauge fin 0.006 except *A in. and % in. sizes. Flat Spiral Fin 0.012. ' 669 McCord Plain Spiral Plat Fin-Tubing Heating Surface The Rome-Tumey Radiator Co. Rome, N. Y. Exclusive Manufacturers of ROME HELICALFIN COPPER RADIATION High Efficiency Extended Surface Type Blast Heaters, Unit Heaters, Radiators, Condensers, Coolers, Etc. HELICALFIN Blast Heaters Standard Heaters constructed to meet the most rigid requirements of engineers and architects--Seamless copper tube construc tion with malleable iron headers. Complete range of sizes and capacities. Unusually sturdy and efficient. Engineering data on request. HELICALFIN Heating and Cooling Tubes are made of the best grade of seamless copper tubing fitted with a continuous flat copper radiating fin. They are supplied bent and formed for special installations requiring one-piece con struction. Rome Helicolfin Heater for Unit Heating Work We make smalt sizes for refrigeration condensers, oil coolers and similar heat transfer work. %, %, % and 1 in. sizes for unit heaters and blast heating and ventilating systems. Large sizes for direct radiation, car heaters, bathroom heaters and concealed residential and office heating. Made with ends threaded, ready for installation. Rome Helicalfin Products are sturdy, non-corrosive, highly efficient and as light in weight as is consistent with necessary strength. For modern heating equipment in Schools, Factories and Homes, specify ROME HELICALFIN RADIATION Good Radiators Since 1905 670 Heating Surface, Air ..Schutte & Koerting Go. 1154 Thompson Street Philadelphia, Pa. for air-heating and air-cooling units S&K Radiafin Tubes have from 7 to 16 times as much surface as plain tubes of the same size and length. This feature insures maximum heating or cooling capacity with minimum quantity of tubing and low initial and operating costs. RADIAFIN TUBING AND PIPING DATA Type of Tube or Pipe PipeSized Tube or Width of -Fins O.D.of Finned Tube or Pipe Pitch of Fins Ratio of Air Con tact Surface to Water or Steam Contact Surface Total Surface .Line*a*l*Foot Weight per Lineal Foot Price Price per Flanges Lineal Foot Seamless Drawn Brass and Copper Tubing with Copper Fins. Pressures up to 250 lbs. * 1' W w vs Seamless Drawn Steel Tubing with Steel Fins. Pressures up to 250 lbs. F I'/e* W y I I & /.' $ w w 1/7' 11/7' /6' 1/5" VS w vs w vs vs vs 9.93 to 1 8.70 to 1 11901...3664 to to to 1 1 1 16.3 to 1 14.75 to 1 13.-72 to 1 1123..00 to 1 to 1 9.17 to 1 11..025 sq. 8 ft. 1.55 ` 2.41 * 3.99 8 2.64 3.22 3.80 4.35 5.52 6.55 * " 8 * u * 00..3657 lbs. * 0.83 * 1.09 * 2.04 * 1.2 1.93 2.80 46..14 10.5 * * 8 8 8 *. . Prices on Seamless Drawn Brass and Copper Oval Tubing with Copper Fins. %*xl* Pressures up to 250 lbs. X'el'/z' 1/7' 'Standard Steel Pipe with Steel Fins. Pressures up to 125 lbs. 1 1* w 2w* wy 64** % JF Ws- 3F 1.3* 1.59* 2.05' 2.56' 3.16* 3.65* 4.62* 65.12* .0* 170..152' * 1/6' 1/5' VS IF' VS % 7.6 to 1 " 11.6 to t 10.9 to 1 11.1 tot 111232...152 to 1 to 1 to 1 . 11.2 to 1. 9.47 to 1 88..967 to to 1 I 6.7 to 1 1.33 " 0.75 1.5 1.78 2.41 * 3.7 4.4 5.1 66..1027 7.2 9.05 10.64 8***"* 1.03 1.41 1.95 2.9 4.02 85..725 9.54 13.77 20.89 31.07 88 888 88 8 8 8 8 Appli cation ' The S&K Radiafin Tubes and Pipes listed above can be furnished with plain or flanged ends and in any lengths up to 15 ft. Sold with or without headers. 671 Heating Systems D. & T. Manufacturing Company Factory and Engineering Dept. - General Sales Office 3001-3009 La Salle Street 15-17 South Clinton Street St. Louis, Mo. Pioneer Manufacturers Chicago, 111. AUTOMATIC HOT WATER HEATING SPECIALTIES The Complete Line D. & T. System The original Tank-in-Basement SelfRegulated Hot Water Heating System. Economical, efficient and durable. D. & T. Handy Regulator 6 l ' ROOM TKCRMOSW J. M. Electric Temperature Regulator A guaranteed Heat Regulator and fuel saver sold at a popular price. Underwriters' Laboratories ap proved. The D. & T. Handy Regulator auto matically keeps the fire under perfect control. All metal construction, no weights. Combined Catalog and Text Book . The D. & T. "Progress in Hot Water Heating" Catalog in addition to listing, describing and illustrating our complete line of Automatic Systems and Specialties for Hot Water Heating also Includes 50 Pages of Useful Data design and standard practice detail, as substantiated and enthusiastically endorsed also by A. S. H. & V. E. Write Today for Your Copy 672 Healing Systems Kainer & Company 761-771 Mather Street, Chicago, 111. THE KAINER PRESSURE GOVERNOR (For Hot Water Heating Systems) The Kainer Pressure Governor is a simple, safe and accurate device for pressure reducing and relief service on any hot water heating system. It is comprised of two automatic valve units (cast integral) and a filter. One valve unit reduces and governs the water supply; the other valve unit relieves the heating system when excessive pressure due to expansion develops. Full flow opening in the reducing unit permits of very quick filling of the system when first installed.' The filter is ruggedly constructed of heavy gauge perforated copper and is instantly accessible for cleaning. * The Kainer Bellows Diaphragm illus trated in the sectional view is used on both valve units. It is a very unique device conforming to the latest engineering practice. It is extremely sensitive to any set pressure and thoroughly tested for all working pressures. It contains no material requiring, service or replacement. The entire governor is constructed of cast or phosphor bronze, and is rust proof, scale proof and trouble proof. With very little effort it can be instantly taken apart for inspection and re assembled as quickly in the same manner. The governor is tested at 60 pounds pressure and set at the factory to maintain 10 pounds on the system and to relieve the system when the pressure due to expansion reaches 30 pounds. Each valve unit has an adjustment screw con cealed beneath a removable bonnet at the top of the valve permitting of a very quick and easy adjust- Sectional View Illustrates the Kainer Bellows Diaphragm ment should a change of adjustment be desired. - Extreme dimensions over all 10 in. wide. in. high. Packed singly in cardboard cartons. Shipping weight approximately 5 pounds. List price Kainer Pressure Governor, complete for mounting, $24.00 A typical installation of the Kainer Pressure Governor is shown on the diagram. It should be placed at the approximate height of the boiler--at the same time convenient for inspection--and connected to the return main. The filter and reducing unit are connected to . water supply and the relief unit to the return main. A connection should run from the relief unit to floor drain. The water that may pass through the relief unit is automatically replaced with fresh water when the pressure on the system is reduced to below that at which the valve is set. - A pressure gauge should be used on the boiler. 30 pounds is con sidered a safe maximum pressure on most boilers and the gauge should never show much above that if relief valve is set to relieve at that pressure. . ' Kainer Sylphon Hot Water Damper Regulator Information furnished on request. Complete for mounting, $16.00 Kainer Pressure Gauge Complete for mounting. Prices on application. . 673 Healing Systems MUELLER CO. Decatur, III. . BRANCHES E. 135tii St and Walnut Ave., Bronx, New York 1072-76 Howard St, San Francisco 901 McKinney St, Dallas, Texas 2468 Hunter St, Los Angeles . PRODUCTS Mueller Automatic System of Hot Water Heat Control Reducing and Regulating Valves for water. Reducing and Regulating Valves for steam. Relief Valves. Water Strainers. . Complete line of High Grade Plumbing Brass Goods Mueller Automatic System of Hot Water Heat Control--This is a closed system operating automatically without an expansion tank. It can be quickly installed on either new or old jobs. The water in the system is always kept fresh. This promotes good circulation. Just enough water is admitted by the re ducing valve to supply the amount re leased by the relief valve. A very considerable saving in fuel is effected due to the automatic control of dampers and rapid circulation. Perfectly safe as both reducing valve and relief valve are operated by the pressure of the .water in the system. These valves are especially constructed and tested for use on this system. The reducing and relief valves are positive in action and durable, the working parts being made of bronze with phosphor bronze diaphragms. Boiling point of water raised to higher point than with open system. The damper regulator is a very important part of this system as it is not only a fuel saver but also is a safety feature, checking the fire when the desired temperature is reached. The Mueller System can be readily used with a thermostatic control, operated by a.motor inthe basement. Mueller posi tive control of pressure in the system assures permanent safety. Reducing and Regulating Valves--For steam, water, air, gas, oil, etc. All are diaphragm operated and positive in action. Their reputation for sustained accuracy is known wherever regulating valves are used. Brass Goods--Everything in the line of brass faucets, stops, etc., for lavatory and bath room, and also complete line of laboratory faucets adopted and approved by leading universities such as the Mas sachusetts Tech. Relief Valves--Mueller Relief Valves are absolutely dependable. They have been approved by the National Board of Boiler and Pressure Vessel inspectors and corre spond to the code of the American Society of Mechanical Engineers. Tests in the Underwriters' Laboratories have proved the Mueller Relief Valve safe. Mueller Co. has been in business from 1857 and has an acknowledged reputation for quality goods. Specific information.regarding any Mueller product will be cheerfully given upon re quest. Healing Systems and Relief Voices Neptune Meter Company 50 East 42nd Street New York, N. Y. Branch Offices Atlanta. Ga.... ...1172 Virginia Avenue Los Angeles. Calif.............. ...701 E. Third Street. Boston. Mass.. ............ 141 Milk Street Portland, Ore..............................474 Glisan Street Chicago. III.... .130 N. Jefferson Street San Francisco, Calif................320 Market Street Denver. Colo. 1700 15th Street St. Louis, Mo.............................................1912 Pine Street Neptune Meter Co., Ltd., 345 Sorauren Avenue, Toronto, Ont. PRODUCTS--Red Top Relief Valve, Model No. 2, the basis of your own closed hot water heating system, and for protecting hot water heating systems against boiler explosions, cracked boiler sections, and other ruptures. Red Top Relief Valve, Model No. 1, for pro* tecting range boilers, tank heaters, piping and fixtures in domestic hot water supply systems against dangerous pressures. Red Top "Tank-in-Basement" (or Pressure System) of Hot Water Heating A No. 2 Red Top Relief Valve, and any air-tight tank of good make are the only two special parts required for the most efficient, low-cost system of hot water heating. The illustration shows a typical Red Top System in a two story residence. The air-tight tank-- which gives a cushioning effect that promotes rapid circulation--is placed in the basement where it belongs. Since the hot water circulation is more rapid, smaller piping and less radiation surface may be used. . For a "closed" system the following sizes of air-tight expansion tank are suggested: Up to. 500 ft. rad., 15 gaL tank 12 in. diam. x 30 in. long 500 to 800 ft. rad., 21 gaL tank 12 in. Hutm, x 42 in. long 800 to 1200 ft. rad., 26 gaL tank 12 in. x 54 in. long 1200 to 1600 ft. rad., 42 gaL tank ,, riinm _,, long Red Top "Tank-in-Basement" Systems Offer These Advantages: Sectional View, Model No. t, Red Top Relief Valve 1. No more cracked boiler sections or other costly rup tures due to exces sive pressures. 2. No more frozen overflow pipes, or corroded and clogged expansion tank outlets. 3. More efficient heat ing due to faster circulation of hot water--twiceas fast as in old type over head gravity sys tems. 4. Water, returning to the boiler at a higher, temperature, requires less reheating. 5. Fuel is saved--frequently as much as 20%. 6. Less firing--saving labor. ' 7. Expansion tank is in basement. It does not take up usable space in some other part of house. .. 8. No waste of water from system; No water can leave until the pressure reaches the danger point, when water is automatically released by the Red Top Relief Valve. 9. Very moderate in cost. Easily applied when the heating plant is installed. 10. Old systems can be changed over to the Red Top with little trouble and small cost. . 11. First, last and always a safe system--protecting property and life from dangerous rising pressures. Approved by Underwriters Red Top Relief Valves, both Model No. 1 and No. 2. are approved by the Underwriters' Labora tories. and by state and municipal bureaus of water and boiler inspection. Red Top Relief Valves act on the dead weight or gravity principle.. In Model No. 2. a special nickel weighted piston is lifted off its seat when pressure reaches 30 lb. Non-corrosive metal is used through out. No springs, levers, diaphragms or other complicated parts to get out of order. Made for either "open" or "closed" systems. Model No. 2 is in. high, 5$ in. wide, with inlet and male outlet threaded for standard 1 in. fittings. Model No. 1 For Domestic Hot Water Supply Protects domestic hot water supply and prevents range boiler explosions and other ruptures. Made with inlet threaded for standard in. pipe fitting and outlet drilled and .tapped for M in. connection. May be adjusted to relieve automatically at 50. 75. 100 and 130 lb. pressure. Model No. 1 is 4J in. high and 4 in. wide. 675 Model No. 1, Red Top Relief Valve Heating Systems Thrush Pressure Relief H. A. Thrush & Company Makers of Thrush System Factory and Offices Peru, Ind. Thrush Damper Regulator Thrush System comprises equipment to be added to any unregulated gravity hot water heating plant to make it a "Closed Systemoperating under slight added pressure and with automatic control of dampers. Thrush Differential Pressure Relief Valve A large flexible diaphragm which places a thrust against the Valve member making it certain that the Valve will open. Valve seat is at all times submerged in water, won't corrode be cause it has no contact with atmosphere. Dirt and sediment will not collect at the valve seat. Design is such that heavier solids fall away from seat. Regu larly set to open* at 26 lb. pressure for 1,2 and 3 story buildings. For higher build ings. adjustments made at factory. Non-adjustable and not easily tampered Fig. 1 with. No small restricted openings. Fig. 4 Thrush Thermometer and Special Gauge furnished with 51 ti ?Thrush System simplify operation. Fig. 6 Benefits of Thrush System of Hot Water Heating Thrush Pressure System actually in creases rate of heat transmission,--faster circulation and hotter radiators. Therefore lower water temperatures may be carried. Installation is easy, requiring but 6 ft. of %/i in. pipe and eight fittings. A further reduction of pipe sizes makes for lower cost and higher efficiency. Thrush Automatic Temperature Damper Regulator Y Fig. s Its operation depends upon the temperature change of the water circulating through the heating system and not upon pressure. Maintains different water tempera tures by simple adjustment of sliding weights on lever. Multiple disc thermostat sets in dry well permit ting easy inspection. A fuel saver. Easily connected with one short nipple as shown in Fig. 6. Thrush Pressure Tank Fig. S Thrush Pressure Tank Serves two purposes--conserves hot water and returns it to system --and being closed to the air, it maintains pressure on the system by compression and expansion of the air in the tank. Thrush tanks are made of copper bearing steel, welded and tested, coated with enamel. Connect as shown in Fig. 6. DATA AND SPECIFICATIONS "A", Class Equipment Consists of Thrush Automatic Temperature Damper Regulator, Differential Pressure Relief, Air Tight Pressure Tank, Special Gauge and Thermometer. Class "B" Equipment Consists of Thrush Differential Pressure Relief, Air Tight Pressure Tank, Special Gauge and Thermometer. . SIZES Size No. 0 up to 350 sq. ft.' of radiation Size No. 1 up to 750 sq. ft. of radiation Size No. 2 up to 1250 sq. ft. of radiation . Size No. 3 up to 2000 sq. ft. of radiation For larger job use additional pressure tanks of proper capacity 676 Instruments, Recording Consolidated Ashcroft Hancock Co., Inc. American Schaeffer & Budenberg Division 338 Berry Street Brooklyn, N.Y. Branches in Principal Cities Manufacturers of Indicating and Recording Gauges; Gauge Testers; "U" Gauges; Draft Gauges; Indicating and Recording Thermometers; Tachometers; Dial Thermometers: Pressure and Temperature Controllers; Electric Temperature Controllers: Pop Safety and Water Relief Valves; Steam Traps; Engine Indicators; Counters; Absolute Pressure Gauges. Also manufacturers of Locomotive and Engine Room Clocks; BarometeisMercury Column Gauges; Steam Whistles; Hydraulagraphs; Gauge Boards. American Quality Gauges American Air Duct Thermometer American Qual Designed especially for ity Gauges are made in all sizes from 2M to 12 in., for pressures from 10 to both warm and cold air ducts. Fitted with polished brass or nickel plated 41V" shaped 30.000 lb. and also for vacuum. Cases are cast iron or cast brass. The movements are Heavy Duty and all bearings are Monel Metal. Write for-. Catalog No. A-59. For Mercury Pressure and Vacuum Gauges, "U" Gauges, Draft Gauges and Mercurial Barometers, write for Catalog No. B-59. case, glass front. Furnished with 9-in. or 12-in. scale graduated 0-160 F. Write for Catalog F-59. American Dial Thermometers American Dial (mercury- filled) Indicating Thermome American Recording Gauges American Re cording Gauges are made for all pres sures from 15 in. of . water to 10.000 lb. and ter has the accuracy of the standard glass tube ther mometer and the reading convenience of a dial face. Entire working mechanism is made of steel, meaning long for vacuum. They are made in o'ne size only to accommodate a 10 in. chart, having an effec life. Standard size of dial 6 and 12 in. Furnished with either tive scale width of 3% in. The case is Die Ca9t with a dull black hardrubber finish and with either bottom or back connection. The pen-arm is made of non-corrosive Monel Metal and is of the inverted type. Operating instructions are lithographed on the chart plate so that they cannot be lost. Especially designed Seth Thomas clocks are.used, and all customary time periods can be furnished. American Recording Gauges are equipped with the Time Punch which virtually makes each instru ment a time clock, since a hole is punched in the chart whenever a. reading is taken. Write for Catalog E-59. rigid connection or flexible capillary steel tubing up to 200 ft. long. Made for any temperature range from minus 40 to plus 1000 F. Write for Catalog G-59. American Automatic Controllers A complete line of American Controllers for automatically controlling pressure, vacuum; temperature, condensation, hu midity liquid levels, timing of processes, American Recording Thermometers. control of dampers, etc. American Re Write for Catalog R-59. cording Thermome ters are made for recording all tempera tures from minus 40 to plus 1000 F. or equiva . American Pop Safety and Water Relief Valves Safety Valves of lent C, and with very flexible connecting tub ing up to 200 ft. Made in one .size only to ac brass and iron for any set pressure up to 300 lb., and of commodate 10 in. chart, with any effective scale width of 3H The case is the same as for the American Re cording Gauge, so that all instruments are uniform in appearance when mounted on Gauge Boards. - American Indicating Gauges and Dial Thermome-; ters are also furnished in same case. '' Write for Catalog H-59. cast steel, with out side spring up to 400 lb. Relief Valves of bronze and iron for pres sures up to 10,000 lb. Write for Catalogs U-59 and V-59. 677 Instruments 121 North Clark Street Chicago, 111. A New Product TELTRU FILTER GAUGE that has every desirable feature of other gauges, and several hew ones. An unbreakable glass front. Removable and re placeable gauge glass. All parts accessible by the removal of one thumb . screw. A display card back of the scale, bearing the filter manufacturer's name and his . directions. TELTRU SLANT GAUGE for chimney draft determinations. Complete toith static tip and carrying TELTRU PITOT TUBE GAUGE The standard portable gauge and tube outfit for general air velocity determinations. Write for descriptive circulars of other gauges and air testing instruments No obligation A TRADE MARK WITH A MEANING 678 Instruments TaylorInstrument Companies Rochester, N. Y., U. S. A. CANADIAN PLANT, Ttcos Building, Toronto, Canada NEW YORK CHICAGO BOSTON PHILADELPHIA PITTSBURGH CLEVELAND LOS ANGELES INDIANAPOLIS SAN FRANCISCO ST. LOUIS CINCINNATI TULSA DETROIT ATLANTA MINNEAPOLIS Manufacturing Distributors in Great Britain, Short & Mason, Ltd., London Manufacturers of Tycos Instruments for Indicating, Recording and Controlling Temperature, Pressure and Humidity Tycos SuspendedPen Recorders Temperature ranges and time requirements, vary greatly in heating and venti lating work. Tycos SuspendedPen Recorders are made in many scale ranges and several time periods to meet these needs. Tycos Recorders . are sturdy and re liable. The friction of moving parts has been re duced to a minimum. Charts are easily changed, and each instrument is locked and sealed against malicious or unintentional interference with the mechanism. Cases are handsomely finished and are dust and moisture proof. Instruments, may be quickly tested and calibrated. Write for special information suitable to your needs. Tycos Electric Contact Temperature Control These instruments combine in the same case an electrically-operated temperature regulator with an indicating thermometer. One tube system only is. required to operate both units. . Direct-Set Control Feature: This feature has been developed in Tycos Electric-Contact Controls until we believe that no similar instrument on the market can compare with it for convenience and accuracy. The Tycos Direct-Setting Feature is a real time saver, because it eliminates making a series of adjustments in order to obtain the proper control. Only one adjustment is required. .- The instrument will control at this point within the limits of its contact until re-set for auother temperature. Tycos Thermometers for Enclosed Spaces The Tycos line presents many styles and scale ranges. Suitable for air ducts, kiln temperatures and oven temperatures.. Tycos Industrial Ther mometers are made with the greatest care, and their reliability is un questioned. For detailed informa tion. write direct, mentioning your requirements. The Tycos Self-Acting Temperature Regulator Is adapted to use on hot-water storage tanks, etc. It is ``self acting" in that it requires no auxiliary motive power, such as compressed air, to open ana dose the steam valve. As heat is applied to the bulb the volatile liquid inside sets up a vapor pressure proportional to the tempera ture. Inis pressure is transmitted to a "stack" of metal diaphragms at- ' tached to the upper end of the valve stem, thus moving the. valve disc toward the valve seat. By means of the adjustment at the top of the diaphragm housing, the valve can be closed at any desired temperature, or a throttling action can be obtained within the temperature range of the instrument. Not practicable on pipe tinea having steam pressure over 125 pounds. Should be installed in a vertical position on top of the line; never hanging under neath the line. The line itself should be horizontal rather than vertical. Operating range 100 deg. to 160 deg. fahr., 140 deg. to 212 deg. fahr., or 190 deg. to 270 deg. fahr., as specified. Tycos Sling Psychrometer The Ttcos SHng Psychrometer is a . modification of the pattern developed by the.U. S. Weather Bureau. The fact that our design has been generally copied is good evidence of its practicable features The advantage of tnis form of Wet-andDry-Bulb Hygrometerover the stationary form is the facility with which tests can be made and the accuracy of the readings obtainable, as in whirling the bulbs they are subjected to perfect circulation. 679 Insulating Materials Johns-Manville Corporation Miners of Asbestos, Manufacturers of Asbestos and Allied Products EXECUTIVE OFFICES 292 Madison Avenue, at 41st Street - Branchesln all large cities NEW YORK, N. Y. . DIVISION SALES OFFICES Chicago, III., Michigan Avenue at 18th Street Cleveland, Ohio, 6300 Euclid Avenue New York, N. Y., 292 Madison Avenue at 41st Street (Executive Offices) San Francisco, Cal., 159 New Montgomery St. Toronto, Ont., Canadian Johna-Manville Co., Ltd., 19 Front Street, East Please Communicate with Nearest Division Sales Office INSULATION SPECIFICATIONS (Abbreviated Form) Superheated Steam Piping (Temperatures above 600 deg. fahr.)--All superheated steam piping shall be insulated with Johns-Manville Superex Combination Insulation. Superex and 85% Magnesia of thickness shown below: Johns-Manville 86% Magnesia High Pressure and Intermediate Pressure Steam Lines--All high pressure and intermediate pressure steam lines indoors, and high pressure drip piping, including connections to -aH-engines, turbines, pumps, auxiliaries, water columns, safety valves, superheaters and soot blowers, shall be Insulated with Johns-Manville 85% Magnesia of the following thickness: ' Single layer 2" Superex Insulation on lines IH inch and smaller. Steam Pressure or Condition Tempera ture Deg. Fahr. Thickness of Insulation Pipes Pipes Pipes Larger 2 in. to Smaller than 4 in. 4 in. than 2 in. 25 to 100 lbs. 267 to 338 \'h' Std. 100 to 200 lbs. Low Superheat 338 to 388 388 to 500 2" Dbl.Std. rw Superheat 500 to 600 3* Dbl.Std. Std. Std. Wi' 1- Johns-Manville Superex Combinationlnsulation Johns-Manville Improved Asbestocel Insulation Low. Pressure and Exhaust Steam and Feed Water Piping--All low pressure, exhaust steam and feed water piping shall be insulated with 4-ply Johns-Manville Improved' Asbestocel Sectional Insulation. Steam ' Heating Supply and Return Mains, Risers and Radiator Branches--All steam heat ing supply and return mains and branches, and all risers, shall be insulated with 4-ply JohnsManville Improved Asbestocel Insulation. All con cealed radiator branches shall be insulated with 3-ply Johns-Manville Improved Asbestocel Insulation. 680 Johns-Manville Corporation Insulating Materials shall be enclosed in an extra jacket of 8-oz. canvas sewed over rosin sized paper. Where insulation is concealed the light canvas fur nished in manufacture is to be pasted down over the joints and the insulation additionally secured by means of brass lacquered bands applied at least two to a section. Johns-Manville Asbesto-Sponge Felted Insulation High Pressure Steam Lines in Manufacturing Buildings--AH high pressure steam piping and high pressure drip piping used in connection with distribution of steam for manufacturing purposes ghgll be insulated with Asbesto-Sponge Felted Sectional Insulatioh of the following thicknesses: Steam Pressure or . Condition Thickness of Insulation Tempera ture Deg. Fahr. Pipes Pipes Pipes Larger 2 in. to Smaller than 4 in. 4 in. than 2 in. Oto 25 lb. 212 to 267 r , 1' 25 to 100 lb. 267 to 338 ivy 100 to 200 lb. 338 to 388 2* ivy ivy 1' r wLow Superheat 388 to 500 Superheat 500 to 600 Higb Superheat 600 to 700 y y/z' 2" y ivy 2" 2' Fittings, Valves and Flanges--All pipe fittings, valves and flanges shall be insulated with block and plastic insulation to the same thickness as the adjacent pipe insulation. Block insulation shaU be of the same material as the adjacent pipe insulation and plastic material used shall be hard finish Asbestos Cement. Block insulation may be omitted on pipe sizes smaller than 4 in., or where 'total thickness of insulation is less than 1)4 in. and the entire thickness of insulation in such cases may be made up of hard finish Asbestos Cement. Johns-Manville Asbestocel Sheet Warm Air Ducts--All warm air ducts, flues, heater casings and fan housings in the ventilating system shall be insulated with 4-ply Improved Asbestocel sheet insulation finished with hard finish Asbestos Cement inch thick, applied over hexagonal wire reinforcement. The cement finish shall be troweled to a smooth and uniform surface. Where this.insulation is exposed to view it shall be finished with a jacket of 8-oz. canvas, glued to the insulation and sewed in place. - Painting--All insulation exposed to view and en closed in a jacket of 8-oz. canvas is to be painted with one coat of glue sizing and two coats of first quality lead and oil paint of a color selected by the architect. Underground Lines--All high and low pressure steam lines and hot water lines running under ground outside of buildings shall be installed in Johns-Manville System of Underground Insulation. This system shall be installed in accordance with the manufacturer's specifications. AU of the above insulation is to be furnished and applied by the manufacturer of the materials used, or by his approved contractor, in accordance with the manufacturer's standard specifications. Standard Insulation Specifications Johns-Manville is prepared to furnish detailed standard specifications on any of the above items, as well as on the following and many others: Johns-Manville Anti-Sweat Insulation . Cold Water Piping--All cold service water piping, including risers and concealed fixture connections or exposed soil or waste lines, shall be insulated with Anti-Sweat Insulation 1 in. thick applied in two layers with all joints broken,'fittings.with Hair Felt and hard finish Asbestos Cement to the same thickness. -Finish of Insulation--All insulation on pipes, fittings, valves and flanges which is exposed to view Boilers, Boiler Settings, Tube Doors, Breechings and Smoke Flues, Stack Lining, Stack Insulation, Feed Water Heaters, . Pump Cylinders, ' . Hot Water Piping, Ice Water Piping, ' Refrigeration Piping, Pipes Exposed to Freezing. 681 Johns-Manoille Corporation Insulating Materials Space limitations do not permit .the insertion of complete efficiency tables, pipe sizes, insulation thick* ness, etc. If you do not find the size you want, write to the nearest Johns-ManvUle Division sales office. JOHNS-MANVILLE 85% MAGNESIA INSULATION An efficient insulation for steam lines to 600 deg. fahr. EFFICIENCIES laches Nominal Insulation Thickness Inches Temperature Difference Between Pipe and Surrounding Air. Deg. Fahr. 100 200 300 400" 500 Temperature of Pipe/Deg. Fahr. (Temperature of Surrounding Air. 75 Deg.) 175* 275* 375* 475* 575 Heat losses per linear foot of bare pipe pa* hour and Efficiencies of insulation 1 . 0 Bare Pipe Loss. B.t-u... 74.0 . Std. Efficiency ............ 69.09 2 %................. 78.15 3 %................. 81.55 2 0 ' Bare Pipe Loss. B.t.u... 133.9 Std. Efficiency ............ 76.49 2 : %................. 83.41 3 %................. 86.25 183.4 74.04 81.76. 84.65 331.5 80.27 86.19 88.51 337.4 77.90 84.63 87.05 608.3 63.22 88:36 90.33 555.2 81.43 87.19 89.21 1003.9 85.92 90.31 91.94 846.2 84.15 89.16 91.87 1530.1 88.01 91.77 93.19 3 0 Bare Pipe Loss, B.t.u... 197.3 Std. Efficiency %.:............. 78.70 2 85.35 3 %................. 88.29 4 0 Bare Pipe Loss. B.t.u... 253.5 Std. Efficiency %................. 80.90 2 3 " 4......................... '86.50 69.30 488.8 82.10 87.77 90:25 627.983.99 88.71 91.15 8%.8 84.75 - 89.66 91.78 1152.1 86.36 90.46 92.52 1480.0 87.19 90.37 93.16 1901.3 88.55 92.03 93.75 2255.8 89.09 92.70 94.21 2897.09 90.26 93.28 94.71 60 Std. 2 3 80 . Std. 2 3 Bare Pipe Loss. B.t.u... Efficiency %................. * %................. ........... Bare Pipe Loss. B.t-u... Efficiency' ___ . ............... %................. 371.9 82.24 87.68 90.50 485.7 84.05 88.39 91.16 923.7 85.01 89.75 92.11 1203.0 86.60 90.32 92.65 1694.9 87.26 91.35 93.35 2207.3 88.60 91.81 93.60 2797.1 . 89.29 92.76 94.45 3642.8 90.41 93.16 94.84 4265.6 90.87 93.87 95.30 5552.2 91.85 94.19 95.64 Fist Surface 0 I '2 3 (Bare Surface) B.t.u.... 215.2 533.0 Efficiency %.------------* %........... %................. 84.16 91.31 94.01 . 86.50 92.61 94.90 978.0 88.37 93.61 95.58 1614.0 90.11 94.55 96:23 2460.0 91.46 95.29 96.75 JOHNS-MANVILLE ASBESTO-SPONGE FELTED INSULATION For insulating high pressure and superheated steam lines to 700 deg. fahr. . EFFICIENCIES Pjpe Size Inches 1 2 3 4 6 8 Flat Surface Nominal Insulation Thickness Inches - 0 | 2 3 0 1 2 3 0 1 2 3 0 1 2 3 0 1 2 3 0 1 2 3 0 1 2 3 Temperature Difference Between Pipe and Surrounding Air. Deg. Fahr. 100* 200. 300" 400 / # $00" Temperature of Pipe. Deg: Fahr. (Temperature of Surrounding Air, 75 Deg.) 175" . 275" 375" 475" 575" Heat-losses per linear foot of bare pipe per hour and Efficiencies of insulation Bare Pipe Loss. B.t.u... Efficiency %................. ' %................. %........... Bare Pipe Loss. B.t.u... Efficiency %................. %................. %......... Bare Pipe Loss, B.t.u... Efficiency %................. 74.0 75.66 80.23 83.75 133.9 80.16 85.09 87.87 197.3 82.20 87:00 89.64 183.4 79.15 83.60 86.11 331.5 83.00 87.26 89.64 488.8 84.76 "88.9091.14 337.4 61.95 85.84 88.00 608.3 85.28 89.02 91.04 896.8 86.80 90.40 92.36 555.2 84.55 87.90 89.76 1003.9 87.41 90.64 92.34 1480.0 .88.75 91.80 93.48 846.2 86.62 89.53 91.16 1530.1 89.07 ' 91.90 93.36 2255.8 90.26 92.90 94.35 Bare Pipe' Loss. B.t.u... Efficiency %................. * %................. " %................. 253.5 83.24 87.96 . 90.56 Bare Pipe Loss. B.t.u... 371.9 Efficiency %............. .. %................. %........... 84.35 89.08 91.60 Bare Pipe Loss, B.t.u.,. 485.7 Efficiency %................. ' 84.95 * - %............. 89.64 %............... : . .92.16 (Bare Surface) B.t.u..-.. 215.2 627.9 85.60 89.71 91.94 923.7 86.55 90.66 92.84 1203.0 87.10 91.14 93.32 533.0 1152.1 .. 87.55 91.10 93.04 1901.3 89.35 92.42 94.06 1694.9 88.37 91.93 93.84 2797.1 90.06 93.14 94.72 2207.3 3642.8 88.84 . - 90.44 92.36 93.48 94.24 95.07 978.0 . 1614.0 2697.09 90.75 93.44 94.84 4265.6 91.38 94.07 . 95.41 5552.2 91.69 94.35 95.71 2460.0 .........Efficiency %................. % %................. 84.16 91,31 94.01 86.50 92.61 94.90 88.37 93.61 95.58, 90.11 94.55 96.23 91.46 95.29 96.75 Johns-Manoille Corporation Insulating Materials JOHNS-MANVILLE IMPROVED ASBESTOCEL INSULATION For insulating pipes conveying hot water or steam at medium and low pressure. EFFICIENCIES Pipe Sizes Ply Inches Temperature Difference Between Pipe and Surrounding Air. Deg. Fahr. 100" 150" 200" 250". . 300" Temperature of Pipe, Deg. Fahr. (Temperature of Surrounding Air. 75 Deg.) 175" 225" 275" 325" 375"^ Heat losses per linear foot of hare pipe per hour and efficiencies of insulation 1 Bare Pipe Loss. B.t.u....... 74.0 2-ply Efficiency %.................... 57.81 My * %.................... 62.86 4-ply %.................... . 66.35 123.8 59.80 64.83 68.12 . 163.4 61.58 66.60 69.72 253.7 63.23 68.22 71.20 337.4 64.77 69.69 72.58 2 Bare Pipe Loss. B.t.u..... 2-p|y Efficiency %...............'... 3-ply . %.................... 4-ply %.................... 133.9 64.49 69.71 . 73.04 223.9 . 66.12 71.25 74.45 331.5 67.58 72.64 75.72 458.7 68.89 73.93 76.89 608.3 70.10 75.12 78.00 3 Bare Pipe Loss. B.t.u....... 2-ply Efficiency %\.................. 3-ply * %........... 4-ply %......... :......... 197.3 67.19 72.62 75.92 330.1 68.67 74.03 77.17 488.8 69.99 75.28 78.31 676.3 71.20 76.38 79.37 896.8 72.33 77.39 80.33 4 Bare Pipe Loss, B.t.u....... 2-ply 3-plv %.................... 4-ply %.................... 253.5 68.62 73.96 77.41 424.2 70.03 75.29 78.54 627.9 71.29 76.47 79.58 868.8 72.42 77.57 80.55 1152.1 78.58 . 81.47 6 Bare Pipe Loss, B.t.u....... 2-ply EfficUncy %........... ......... 3-ply * %.................... 4-ply %.................... 371.9 70.02 75.59 79.03 623.9 71.38 . 76.83 80.12 923.7. 72.57 77.93 81.08 1278.1 73.68 78.96 81.97 1694.9 74.66 79.87 82.82 8 Bare Pipe Loss, B.Lu..'... 2-ply Efficiency %.................... Mv 4-ply * %.................... %.................... 485.7 70.96 76.39 79.83 812.5 72.20 77.58 80.87 1203.0 73.32 78.64 81.60 1664.5 74.35 79.63 82.65 2207.3 75.31 . 80.52 83.47 JOHNS-MANVILLE UNDERGROUND SYSTEM OF INSULATION A specially salt glazed and highly vitrified tile conduit is used as a waterproof envelope to protect the insulation--JohnsManville Asbesto-Sponge Conduit Filling, is packed around the piping to be insulated and completely fills the conduit. The cast iron roll frame used is installed in a mortar or concrete bed and is set at the proper elevation from an overhead batter-board line. This method prevents uneven alignment of the pipes by irregular ity in the manufacture of the conduit, etc. The insulation used to surround the pipe is made of asbestos fibre and material of a sponge-like nature, which when properly mixed with the asbestos, forms the most efficient and durable insulation for under- ground work. The underdrain laid with open joints carries away the water that rapidly filters away from the system through the broken stone or gravel in which the lower half of the system and the underdrain itself is laid. Shutters for sealing the ends of the system, manhole and anchor pits, are incidental but necessary, and'are placed according to conditions and requirements . as recommended by our engineers. . 683 3I i I Insulation, Pipe and Boiler Insulating Products Corporation 280 Madison Avenue at 40th Street, New York Insulating Products Company Factory and General Offices: AURORA, ILLINOIS Webers 48 Insulating Cement A heat insulation of exceptional non-con ducting value, entirely different from other insulating materials and suitable for flat, curved or irregular sufaces. Webers 48 Insulating Cement Mixes readily in fresh water, is easily applied to hot or cold surfaces, adheres strongly to brick, metal and other surfaces without reinforcement. It provides a mono lithic wall of insulation without cracks, seams or joints and is fully reclaimable without loss of insulating value. The latter item is of great importance where changes or repairs are necessary. Webers 48 Insulating Cement Through its labor saving qualities, dura bility and low maintenance cost, considerable Webers 48 applied to pipes, valves, etc. economy is effected. It retains its original characteristics under high temperatures, is dielectric and unaffected by acid fumes. Webers 48 Insulating Cement . Has a covering capacity of approximately 1000 sq. ft., one inch thickness, per ton. It is therefore extremely economical in application. . Webers 48 Insulating Cement --withstands vibration. --responds readily to normal expansion and contraction. --can be waterproofed by sizing and painting. --simplifies storage question by eliminating odd sizes and shapes. --does away with breakage losses. Webers 48 applied to. fiat surfaces Webers 48 Insulating Cement is being successfully used to insulate the following types of equipment: Accumulators Evaporators Boilers Economizers Breechings Fittings Ducts Flanges Furnaces Heaters Tanks Valves Boiler furnace water'walls and all flat, curved or irregularsurfaces. Shipped in Bags of 50 lbs. Net Our engineering service is at all times available for consultation. We also contract for com plete installations of any size. . 684 Insulation, Underground Telephone Main 9200 The Ric-wiL Company Established 1910 UNDERGROUND CONDUIT SYSTEMS FOR HEATING PIPES Union Trust Building CLEVELAND, OHIO Agents in Principal Cities--Refer to Local Telephone Directory Products--Ric-wiL Conduit, which includes Base Type DF system for steam heating and power Drain. Pipe Supports, insulation and other acces pipes. Type DA with addition of Rtc-wiL Conduit sories for underground steam, hot water and fuel filler packed around pipes. Dry-paC Waterproof oil pipes. Cast Iron conduit for extra heavy duty Filler if desired. Manhole Covers Insulating. Ric-wiL Conduit--Hard burned and glazed tile, bell and spigot type, which splits on the job for easy Cast Iron Ric-wiL Conduit--For extra heavy duty under railroads or other places where conduit is subject to abnormal strain. Similar in design to installing. Special Loc-Lip Side joints seal top and tile Ric-wiL. Special reinforced base drain. bottom halves together again after pipes and in sulation are installed, a strong water-tight joint. Sections 2 ft. long, sizes I. D. 4 to 24 in. Ric-wiL Base Drain--Hard Engineering Service--Maintained for the con venience of customers. Inquiries answered promptly., Catalogs and special information on request. burned and glazed tile designed 1to be a base for supporting and lining up conduit and drain for K ^Ric-'wfLT.^j v >Rie-wiLJ carrying away moisture. Slotted sections interlock with conduit ' " 'ir,y bells to form a strong construc tion. No concrete foundation necessary in solid ground. Three sizes: No. I for 4 and 6 in. conduits. No. 2 for 8 to 15 in.. No. 3 for larger sizes. Ric-wiL Pipe Supports-- Planned to carry one to five or more pipes and ordinarily spaced 12 ft. apart. Made of cast-iron, rust proofed, and interlocked with the base draip, -A'>r, r -LI imposing no load on the conduit itself. Pedestal type supports on special order. Ric-wiL Conduit Systems ADVANTAGES OF THE RIC-WIL SYSTEM for AI1 Uses--Type SPC system for steam heating and MECHANICAL power pipes and superheated steam. Insulation provided by standard pipe covering applied Complite stitch: directly to pipes. Type F system for steam heating and power pipes. mmm pimoc iiaiaim': Lit* CONSTRUCTION M Unlined Ric-wiL conduit with filler packed around pipes. Dry-paC Waterproof Filler if desired. TRENCH MOTH: RFC-flL REQWftCS LEAST TMNCM WIDTH )AYES ON MFM6 COST. CEMENTMfi .TORAlSlCETItA ERST, CEMENT A WHOLE Type DA system for hot water, fuel oil and condensation returns. Sil-o-cel insulation- moulded to inside of tile and keyed in. Pipes insulated from outside earth but not from each INSPECTION LOC-LIP KMT VIABLE FROM TOP OP TRENCH. 0RV INSOLATION- M*M ALL TIMES -EFFIC4CNCV. COSTiLAAOR COST OF INSTALLATION IS LOW,AMO TOTAL COST IN LINE. other. Ric-wiL Type SPC illustrated. Type F u also an unlined conduit, insulation being a loose filler packed around the pipes 685 Ric-wiL Type DF with loose filler packed around pipes. Type DA also has insulation moulded to tile, but without loose filler Insulating Materials Armstrong Cork & Insulation Company Pittsburgh, Pa. Offices Albany Atlanta Birmingham Boston Buffalo Charlotte, N.C. Chicago Houston, Tex. New York Cincinnati Cleveland Jacksonville, Fla. Kansas City Rochester St. Louts Dallas Memphis Montreal, Que., Can. Denver Milwaukee Toronto 2, Ont., Can. Detroit Minneapolis Armstrong Cork Company, Ltd., London, England Representatives ' Baltimore............................. '... .....John R. Livezey Los Angeles____________ Gay Engineering Corp. New Orleans...................... .......:............ H. T. Steffee Philadelphia________________ ,,John R. Livezey Portland_____ _________________ Gillen-Coie Co. San Francisco................... Van Fleet-Freear Co. Seattle.................................. :....D. E. Fryer & Co. Spokane........... ;......... .............. D. E. Fryer. & Co. Tacoma..____ _______________ D. E. Fryer & Co. Washington............ .....................John R. Livezey ' Detailed information, samples, and descriptive literature may be . obtained on application to any of these offices or representatives. Something over 60 per cent of the heat Furthermore, cork-insulated houses are supplied to an uninsulated residential heated much more uniformly, have no building is lost by conduction and radia cold side or rooms that are hard to heat, and tion through the walls and roofs. But are decidedly freer from drafts. The when the house is insulated with the greater comfort and economy of the cork- recommended thicknesses of Armstrong's lined house reacts directly to the benefit Corkboard this loss is so materially reduced of the heating engineer or contractor, that it can be heated comfortably with a since it reflects credit on the efficiency of smaller plant and on less fuel. his plant and the value of his services. Reference is made to Chapter I, Calcu Furthermore, by taking advantage of the lating the Heat Losses from Buildings, heat saving effected by the insulation, the and particularly to the tables on pages 22 contractor builds up an invaluable fund to 47 which very clearly show the remark of good will for himself by pointing out able heat saving effect of adding 1H or the economies he is able to offer with the 2 in. of corkboard to standard wall and. reduced size and cost of heater and ropf.constructions. The reduction in heat radiation. loss amounts to from 50 to 75 per cent. This means that an adequate thickness of Roof Insulation corkboard on walls and roof reduces the Similar economies are effected in. in- heat wastage,^ and therefore the heat dustrial heating where, as a rule, the roof requirements, of . the house by 25 to of the building only is insulated. One of 40 per cent. the greatest heat losses is through the roof an^ its adequate insulation ' with Arm Advantages of Insulation strong's Corkboard gives very positive results decidedly to the advantage of both These savings, calculated and theoretic. owner and contractor. - - :cal, are fully confirmed by. the actual experience of hundreds of home owners. Thickness of Insulation Cork-insulated houses all over the country One point to be guarded against in . are being heated with smaller furnaces and basing calculations on the heat-saying ' boilers and radiation a third or more less value of insulation is the thickness in which \ than ..would otherwise be installed, also the insulation is used. .For residences, the with a coiresponding economy of fuel insulation of exterior walls should be consumption. . *. 1^ in. of Armstrong's Corkboard and for 686 Armstrong Cork & Insulation Company Insulating Materials roofs or top-floor ceilings, 2 in. These thicknesses have been established as affording the maximum of comfort and economy per dollar of insulation invest ment. The transmission figures given in the tables on pages 22 to 47 are for these thicknesses and the values shown can be depended upon for estimating heating requirements. For roofs of commercial and industrial buildings, the thickness varies with con ditions. Not less than 1 in. should be used in any case, preferably 1^ or 2 in. Where there is high humidity inside the building and ceiling sweat, the conditions should be analyzed by a competent engineer to determine the thickness necessary to prevent condensation. Armstrong's Corkboard Armstrong's Corkboard has been the standard insulation in the industries for the past 25 years. Many millions of feet of it are in use in cold storage plants, refrigerators, refrigerator cars, and in other industrial rooms where temperature con trol is essential. Its dependability and permanence have been proved under all kinds of conditions. Armstrong's Corkboard is composed of clean granules of pure cork, compressed and solidified by a baking process into firm, semi-rigid sheets of uniform quality. Armstrong's Corkboard is made in boards measuring 12 x 32 in. and 36 in., 1, 1%, 2, 3, 4, and 6 in. thick. It is obvious that with this range of sizes, any thickness required for house insulation or com mercial roof insulation can be applied in a single thickness and therefore at a con siderable saving in tabor cost. Armstrong's Corkboard is light in weight, about 0.8 lb. per square foot 1 in. thick. It can be easily erected in any. type of construction, being applied in Portland cement mortar against masonry walls, nailed to studs, joists, and rafters, and laid in asphalt or pitch on roof decks. Regular house plaster is applied directly on the corkboard without lath, and standard roofings laid over the cork in the same manner as on the roof deck. Further Information Complete specifications and detailed information will be found in the book, "The Insulation of Walls and Roofs with Armstrong's Corkboard,'' which will be mailed on request. . Illustrating Armstrong's Corkboard being applied on the underside of roof rafters in a residence. 687 Insulating Material Banner Rock Products Company MANUFACTURERS OF ROCK WOOL INSULATION Alexandria, Indiana PRODUCTS: High temperature insulation for all temperatures up to 1200 F.: Banroc Wool, Banroc Jacket. Banroc Pipe Insulation, Under-ground pipe insulation. High temperature water-proofing cements. Insulating Cements- for temperatures to 1800F. SERVICE: Branch offices and distributors in principal cities can furnish and apply Banroc Insulation. The Banner Rock Products Com pany maintains an efficient corps of engineers and is prepared to Cold storage insulation for use in all types of refrigerated construction: Rock Cork. Granulated Rock Cork. . _ make a study of your heat insula tion .problems and give individual engineering service on them. Domestic Insulation--Banroc Hominsul for insulating homes Banroc Furnace Jacket for'Hot Air Furnaces Banroc Wool--Banroc Wool, the basic material from which all Banroc Products are made, is a highly efficient thermal insulation, consisting of fine glass-like fibres of rock material, which entrap tiny air cells, that comprise about 92 per cent of its volume. It is made from a peculiar rock, found in our own quarries. The rock is first melted in the intense heat of special furnaces, and then blown into tiny fibres by means of high pressure jets. Tests made by the United States Bureau of Standards show that Banroc Wool has a thermal conductivity of 0.275 B.t.u. per hour, per square foot for I in. thickness and a temperature differential of 1 deg. fahr. at a mean temperature of 77 deg. fahr. Com paring this conductivity with competing materials proves that Banroc Wool has a low conductivity, and is, therefore, a very efficient high temperature insulating material. This fact is further demonstrated by tests by some of the largest insulation users in the country. . The entire mineral composition of Banroc Wool makes it free from decay or deterio ration. It is not subject to chemical reactions which cause disintegration. Banroc Wool is fireproof. It will function with high efficiency at any temperature from 275 deg. fahr. below zero to 1200 deg. fahr. above zero. Banroc Jacket--Banroc Jacket is a flexible insulating material, made of selected Banroc Wool, felted between copper bearing metal fabrics of various types to meet special conditions. It is adaptable for the insulation of all hot surfaces, ranging in temperatures between 100 deg. fahr. and 1200 deg. fahr. Banroc Jacket Banroc Jacket is fireproof, will not decay or deteriorate, can be removed and replaced without injury, is unaffected by chemical'dr climatic conditions, is highly efficient and economical. Banroc Jacket is made in standard sections 2 ft. by 8 ft. and 2 ft. by 4 ft., in 1, 1 2, 2J^, 3, 3H, 4, 5 and 6 in. thickness. Special .sizes to meet special conditions can be furnished on short notice at a small increase in cbst. . Banroc Pipe Insulation--Ban roc Pipe Insulation is manufactured from Banroc Wool to meet the need of industry for a highly efficient, durable, and economical insulation for pipes carrying high tempera tures. It is not a "covering" but an insulation that effectively and economically keeps the heat in the pipes. Expansion and contraction of pipes does not damage it. Joints ... . "can not open up with resulting loss of efficiency. This fact insures the continuance high initial efficiency. 688 Banner Rock Products Company Insulating Material Banroc Pipe Insulation is made in four standard styles to meet various conditions of service. Style No. 25 is made by felting and securing Banroc Wool between metal fabrics. This inside fabric is a high grade fine mesh wire netting cut and spaced to exactly meet the outside circumference of the pipe. The outside metal fabric is copper bearing, metal lath, of a length equal to the outside circumference of the pipe insulation. This insures a continuous insulation around and along the pipe. Style No. 25, furnished in 2 ft. sections in thicknesses of 1 to 4 in., for use on pipes 2 in. diame ter or larger. For use on hot lines where a plaster finish is to be used. Style No. 45 is of the same con struction as No. 25, except a heavy, reinforced waterproof paper is used on the outside in stead of the metal lath. Asbestos roofing of the highest grade, cut in sections to fit, is furnished with style No. 45 as a waterproof and durable covering. For use where a waterproof and weather-proof finish is desired. Used extensively for underground steam lines. Style No. 65 is of the same con struction as No. 25, with a 24 gauge ingot iron outer casing, attached by a patented flange and rivet construction to the copper bearing metal lath. It is especially recommended for use around refineries and other process plants where a* removable and replaceable insulation that is waterproof, fireproof, durable ahd efficient, is desired. Furnished in thickness 1to 4 in., in 2 ft. sections with 2 in. extra for end lap. For use on pipes of 3 in. diameter or larger. Style No. 85 is the same as style 45, with an 8 oz. Canvas Cover instead of the asbestos roofing cover. Banroc Insulating Cements--Banroc Wool has been compounded into a line of insulating cements that are admirably suited for the various purposes intended. They have good coverage, excellent finish and high insulating efficiencies. No. 16 Cement--Banroc No. 16 Cement is especially suited'for finishing Banroc Jacket and Banroc No. 25 Pipe Insulation. It is light in.weight, easy to mix and.apply, finishes with a hard white surface that does not crack or peel and has a good insulating efficiency. . ". No. 18 Cement--Banroc No. 18 Cement is a high grade cement with a high insulat ing value. It is recommended for use on fittings and irregular surfaces where it is impracticable to apply Banroc Jacket or Pipe Insulation. It will adhere readily to hot or cold surfaces with a minimum of shrinkage. Because of its high insulating value it is more or less porous and can not be used for a finishing cement. It can be reclaimed and used again by remixing with water. . Anti-Therm Cement--Banroc Anti-Therm Cement was developed as a part of the Banroc Fireproofing Specification for fireproofing structural steel. It has a marvelous heat absorbing quality that prolongs the life of steel members in a fire. The Banroc Fireproofing Specification has given marvelous protection in fire tests. Banroc Cements are shipped in 100 lb. bags. Rock Cork--Rock Cork is a cold temperature insulation made of Banroc Wool, mixed with waterproof binders, formed and baked into blocks. For complete information send for Rock Cork Bulletin. Banroc Hominsul--Banroc Hominsul is a highly efficient, economical insulating material in granular form, made especially for use in the home. It is a dry insulation and is placed between studs in side walls or between rafters in ceiling. Send for complete information. 689 Insulating Material The Celotex Company Branches in Principal Cities ' General Office . 645 N. Michigan Avenue Chicago, 111. Mill New Orleans. La. CeioteK INSULATING CANE BOARD Outstanding Characteristics of CeloteX High Insulating Value Tough and Durable Structural Strength Light in Weight Easily Worked with Tools Cheaply Installed Sound-Deadening Properties Undergoes No Physical or Chemical Change after Installation. Reasonable in Price Protects against Dampness Celotex Quickly Available Celotex Standard Building Board and Celotex Lath are stocked by lumber dealers in every locality throughout the United States and Canada. This availability is a money-saving convenience in conducting construction work according to schedule. Other Celotex Products are supported by a highly organized shipping service which reduces to a minimum time consumed for transit. Competent Engineering Service The careful consideration of insulating requirements, and their influence on speci fications covering heating and ventilating equipment, invariably gives rise to situations demanding special study. As a means of simplifying the work in such cases, The Celotex Company maintains an experienced engineering staff. The cooperation of this staff is available, to Architects and Heating and Ventilating Engineers without cost. Celotex Cane Fibre Insulation A practical insulating material must be tough, strong and light in weight. Cane fibre supplies these properties to a superior degree. Celotex is the only insulating material made from cane fibres. 690 The Celotex Company Insulating Material . <CeiloteX INSULATING CANE BOARD ROOF INSULATION For Industrial, Commercial and Apartment Buildings The importance of effective roof insulation as well as its relationship to heating and ventilating requirements has become gener- .. ally recognized as. a practical source of economy to which the building owner is entitled. To provide the utmost in economy of installation Celotex Roof Insulation Board is manufactured in thicknesses of t, 1, 1 Vi, 2, 1]/i, 3, and 4 in. The individual boards measure 2 ft. wide by 5 ft. long. Complete data relative to proper roof protection is available without cost or obligation. It includes complete facts on the solution of roof-condensation problems. Celotex. IX0LATINe CAMS IOU18 LATH Because of its insulating value, Celotex Lath ma terially reduces the trans mission of heat through .. #4 walls and ceilings. In addition, the special "ship-lap " joint (patent applied for) eliminates open spaces between the lath. Heat transmission coefficients of various types of walls and ceilings plastered over Celotex Lath will be sent upon request. Ask for complete " Heat Insulation Data." CeloteX mvuTtito cams ioam Standard Building Board .. In the small house, large residence or in apartment buildings the use of Celotex Standard Building Board as structural insulation has a direct influence upon the size of heating equipment. The more general the use of gas or oil, the more important becomes the question of insulation. In fact, the economical use of these fuels depends entirely upon an insulated structure. Air Duct Insulation--Celotex Industrial Insulation Board is manu factured specially for uses such as this. It is supplied 3 ft. wide, and in a variety of lengths and thicknesses. Tank Insulation--Data concerning tank insulation for storage tanks of various capacities and for liquids of different kinds is available on request. Acousti--Celotex ron Less noise - snren mcamnr Celotex Industrial Insulation Board used for temperature tneulalion of the cold air ducts in Jexnsh Hospital, Si. Lout#, Mo., Graham, Anderson, Probst and White, Chicago, IU., Architects. Acousti Celotex, because of its high sound absorption properties, is very effective in quieting noisy ventilating ducts. By lining the duct for some distance with Acousti Celotex, noises created by the fan and the air rushing through the duct are absorbed. 691 Insulating and Sound Proofing 141 Milk Street 101 Park Avenue, New York 5000 Bloomingdale Avenue, Chicago Incorporated Boston, Mass. Philadelphia, Kansas City, Los Angeles, San Francisco, Seattle. Portland, Ore. Cabot's Heat-Insulating Quilt (Trade Mark) Cabot's Quilt is the original flexible insulator. It is made in three thicknesses--single, double and triple--is 36 in. wide and shipped in rolls covering 250 sq. ft. each. Quilt is made of Zostera Marina, gathered on the Bay of Fundy, and will not rot, will not burn and will not harbor insects or vermin. Quilt Insulation in Roof and Wall Construction U. S. Government Bureau of Standards Letter Circular No. 227, reporting tests of numerous Insulating Materials, gives Cabot's Quilt a Thermal Conductivity rating of 0.25 which was equalled by only two other insulators, regardless of cost. Tests conducted by Prof. Gordon B. Wilkes, of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, show the following savings in heat leakage in different methods of construction, by the use of Cabot's Quilt. WALL CONSTRUCTION Conductivity^UnmsuIated 0.70 0.44 0.28 0.40 0.27 0.40 0.46 1.50 0.49 0.40 0.45 Conductivity Insulated Percentage with Cabot's Double Ply Heat Quilt--"H1" Saving 0.26 0.21 0.16 0.20 0.16 0.20 0.21 0.32 0.22 0.20 0.21 63 52 43 50 41 50 54 79 . 55 50 53 ROOF CONSTRUCTION ConductivityUninsulated "H" Conductivity Insulated with Cabot's Double Ply . Quilt--"H1" . -Percentage Saving 0.60 0.42 1.80 0.82 0.26 0.30 0.64* 0.24 0.20 0.32 0.27 0.16 0.17 0.24 Average value from Jones' tables, The Heating and Ventilating Magazine. . 60 52 82 - 67 , 39 . 43 63 -- The cost of Cabot's Quilt is so low, for material and application, that reduction in Heating Equip ment warranted by above figures more than pays for entire insulation. The annual fuel saving is pure velvet. Fire-resistant: Quilt is a real fire-resistant. It will not smoulder or carry fire. Will not Rot: Quilt will not rot. It will last as long as the building. . Flexible: Quilt will fit any surface, or around corners or jogs. Lowest labor cost. 692! Insulating Material The Insulite Company Builders' Exchange Building Minneapolis, Minn. Insulite is a wood-fiber insulating board made from the Jong, coarse, fibers of the spruce and other northern woods. The strong fibers are felted together in such a way as to form rigid boards containing innumerable air cells. Due to the fact that these small air cells, closely confined, and in large quanti ties, form a heat resisting material, Insulite affords a high degree of insulating ef ficiency as shown by many unbiased laboratory tests conducted by various authorities in this field. It is made in a thickness of half inch, but when used for roof insulation two half-inch thicknesses are stapled together with non corroding metal staples, affording a full inch of serviceable and substantial insula tion, an important feature of which is the lapped edges which provide a heat-sealing factor not obtainable when ordinary square-edge material is used. In our book, "Roof Insulation and the Prevention of Condensa tion " which is illustrated here, and which will be sent without obligation to any one interested, the various important phases of prevention of condensation and roof insulation are thorough ly covered. Through various ana lytical examples it is easily possible for the heating and ventilating engineer to determine not only the amount of insulation to use to get most efficient results, but tables show how to figure fuel savings, radiation savings, dollars and cents savings in investment, and other informa tion of equal interest. * The Prevention of Condensation is a subject which has had a growing amount of attention among heating and ventilat ing engineers because of the great losses through this source. Not only is there loss in heat and fuel, but because of drip ping water which has condensed on roofs and ceilings thousands of dollars worth of valuable equipment, machinery, and finished products are ruined annually. This subject is given important consideration in the book referred to, not only as to its prevention, but actual tables are shown which make it possible for even the inex perienced to determine the amount of insulation that is necessary to overcome condensation under various conditions. For the assistance of engineers^, the Insulite Company maintains a Service Department composed of technical' men with latest information data at their finger tips. These men will gladly work with you on any problem pertaining to insulation. ' They will answer any questions that may come to your mind on the subject, as well as render you any service within their powers. There is no obligation whatsoever-- the opportunity of being of service will be welcomed. . 693 Insulating Material Flax-li-num Insulating Company Chicago Office 228 North La Salle Home. Office and Factory St. Paul, Minnesota Manufacturers of FLAX-LI-NUM New York Office Architects Building, 101 Park Avenue Flax-li-num is a thermal insulation and sound control material used for many years in various industries to meet existing insulation requirements. Flax-li-num is a semi-rigid board felted from the long tough fibres of the flax plant and naturally Flax-li-num is durable and assures the user that the insulation will last as long as the building stands. frame, brick, hollow tile or veneer* con structions, and to give the user the full benefit of its heat insulation and sound proofing qualities. Flax-li-num was introduced in 1909, first, to insulate railroad refrigerator cars, and has extended its application in the past fifteen years to a variety of insulating services in residences and industrial build ings and in many specialty markets, such as iceless shipping containers and kindred products. The use of Flax-li-num in buildings, brings definite economies in fuel and radia tion required, as well as the production and maintenance of healthful conditions. Heat transmission coefficients are given for various types of walls and roofs. Flax-li-num is vermin and rodent proof and is guaranteed by the manufacturers never to fall down or become displaced in a building wall. As the material is of semi-rigid type it cannot warp, break or crack, and it should not be considered as a substitute for ordinary wood or metal lath, sheathing or other parts of a building, construction. The Flax-li-num insulation method has been developed for roofs and walls of 1 {of fWlira'I6'ofBri*JMortoooo-Srtf SJif&DCTofc To get the best service from Flax-li-num specify the exact place where insulation is to go. The effectiveness of insulation is increased if applied between studdings, midway between the sheathing and lath and plaster for frame construction, or furred out on masonry construction. Flax-li-num for walls should be at least /xl in. thick and for roofs 1 in. thick. The Flax-li-num method of application of insulating material to all types of con struction is fully covered in our booklet, "Heat Insulation for Houses"--A. I. A. File 37-b-l. There is also contained in this booklet the Flax-li-num radiation chart which greatly simplifies the accurate com putation of radiation where heat loss factors are known. A copy of this publica tion should be in the files of every engineer and architect, and will be sent on request. 694 Flax-li-num Insulating Company Insulating Material Heat Loss factors for various insulated and uninsulated walls of stucco, brick and frame construction are fully covered in the publication "Heat Insulation for Houses." Frame Walls A-3. Standard frame construction. Sheathing, paper and siding outside. Lath and plaster in side-......................................... .255 These walls are listed below with their B-3. Same as above with in. K values, showing how these values are Flax-li-num added........................... 151 substantially reduced by the addition of Flax-li-num in accordance with our standard specification which calls for in. Flax-li-num in side walls and 1 in. ceilings or roofs. Stucco Walls C-3. Standard frame . construction, same as A-3, except plastered on lumber substitute.................... .216 D-3. Same as above with in. Flax-li-num added........................... 136 E-3. Standard frame construction, same as A-3, except lumber substitute used for sheathing.-- .229 A-l. Standard frame construction furred out over sheathing. metal lath and stucco. Lath and plaster inside............................ 242 B-l. Same as above but with in. Flax-li-num added........................... 146 C-l. Standard frame., construction with Byrkett sheathing. Stucco directly on sheathing. Lath and plaster inside--.................. .287 D-l. Same as above with in. Flax-li-num added.:,........................161 E-l. Frame construction. Metal lath directly on studs. Stuccoed outside and back-plastered. Lath and plaster inside...... .............357 F-l. Same as above with in. Flax-li-num added........................... 181 Brick and Tile Walls F-3. Same as above with 3^ in. Flax-li-num added....................... .141 Roofs and Ceilings A. Standard frame construction. Wood shingles, attic floor. . Lath and plaster._________ 179 B. Same as above, with 1 in. Flax-li-num under ceiling joist furred down for lath and plaster .104 C. Standard frame construction, same as A, without attic floor. .284 D. Same as B, without attic floor. .132 E. Standard frame construction, attic floor, tile roof....... ..................163 F. Same as E, with 1 in. Flax-linum under ceiling joist furred down for lath and plaster.... .......... 098 A-2. Standard frame construction. Lath and plaster inside. Face brick veneer................................... .210 B-2. Same as above with 3^2 in. Flax-li-num added-......................... 133 C-2. 8 in. hollow tile. 4 in. Face Brick, plastered directly on tile .255 D-2. Same as above, but furred in side with 1 by 2 in., plastered . on Fiax-li-num Keyboard--........... 141 One of the fields in which Flax-li-NUM finds extensive use is in the insulation of industrial roofs, where it serves to reduce heat losses, secures greater comfort for workers and corrects condensation dif ficulties which hamper production in many instances. It is also extensively used for sound control and acoustical correction. E-2. Standard 13 in. solid brick wall, . furred inside,, lath aiid plaster .191 F-2. Same as above with Flax-li-num Keyboard as plaster base--.............146 All details' pertaining to the above uses are covered in the aforementioned publica tion; "Heat Insulation for Houses." 695 Insulating Material MacAndrews & Forbes Company 200 Fifth Avenue, New York Maftex The **Thermal-Insulating" Board that has Structural Strength PRODUCTS: Maftex Structural Insulating Board for sheathing, sound-proofing, etc. Maftex Roof Insulating Board for flat roof decks, sound-proofing, etc. Maf-Lath--the ideal plaster base. Maftex Refrigerator Board. GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS: Maftex products are made from the roots of the licorice plant by a special process developed by the MacAndrews & Forbes Company. The thoroughly extracted, washed and sterilized root fibres'are processed to produce a non-laminated board of great structural strength and remarkable thermal resistance. . Licorice root fibres are inherently resistant to attack by vermin and bacteria to a remarkable degree. This natural characteristic together with - the sterilization and chemical treatment incidental to processing Maftex insures permanence. Experimental board produced 20 years ago still retains its strength and other physical character istics. Maftex may be sawed, nailed or sandpapered readily. The sheets are strong enough to permit handling without danger of destroying the edges. The ripple surface of Maftex not only furnishes an ideal base for gypsum plaster but permits of unusual decorative effects when painted or stained. Structural Strength: Numerous comparative distortion tests between walls sheathed with Maftex and wood sheathing show that even under very severe stresses the distortion of Maftex structures is less than onefifth as great a9 wooden ones. Of equal importance is the fact that Maftex structures are sufficiently resilient to return to their original position after severe stress. Insulating Value: Maftex is primarily an insulating material. Tests conducted by Professor Gebhardt of the Armour Institute of Technology using the guarded hot-plate method showed that Maftex ha9 athermal conductivity of 0.337 B.t.u./sq. ft./inch/ F/hour. Its resistance to the flow-of heat is therefore three times as great as that of wood and nearly twenty-five times as great as concrete. Plaster Bond: The ripple surface of Maf-Lath is an ideal base for gypsum plaster. When prepared and applied according to specifications gypsum plaster shows a bonding strength to Maf-Lath greater than 1000 lb. per square foot. Maf-Lath in convenient 16 x 48 in. sheets may be economically and quickly applied by lathers. This product combines the insulating value and plaster bonding strength of Maftex with the convenience of wood lath. Sound Deadening: Maftex is widely applied as a medium for the absorption of sound. It is useful both as a sound insulator and for acoustical correction in audi toriums, broadcasting stations, etc. Sizes: . Maftex Structural Insulating Board is % in. in thickness, 4 ft. wide and 8. 9, 10 and 12 ft. long. Weight is approximately 750 lb. per 1000 sq. ft. Maftex Roof Insulating Board is made in 4 ft. by 4 ft. sheets, approximately M in. in thickness. Maf-Lath is cut in convenient size 16 x 48 in. for use by lathers as an insulating plaster base. Maftex Refrigerator Board is cut to specified size for use by refrigerator and refrigerator car manufacturers. MacAndrews & Forbes Company Insulating Material APPLICATIONS MAFTEX STRUC TURAL BOARD, AND MAF-LATH: Roof Sheathing: Under the usual roofing materials Maftex replaces wood sheathing on slop ing roofs while giving insulation as well. Side Wall Sheathing: On side walls Maftex is used in place of the ordinary sheathing and gives added strength plus insulation. Plaster Base: Maf-Lath replaces wood lath or plaster board on walls and ceilings to receive plaster while also reducing heat transmis sion and absorbing sound. Wall Finish: Paints and stains produce beautiful effects on Maftex paneling applied to studs. If desired, the ripple surface itself forms an attractive finish. Sound Deadening: Under floors and on basement ceilings Maftex is used for its sound-absorbing qualities as well as for its insulation.value. APPLICATIONS MAFTEX ROOF INSULATING BOARD: On account of its thickness Maftex Roof Insulating Board has an insulating value somewhat higher than Standard Structural Maftex and is intended for insulating purposes only. It is used on flat roofs to keep out the heat of the summer sun, for saving of fuel in winter, and to prevent condensation. .. Correction of Condensation: Excessive humidity incident to many industrial processes gives rise to condensa tion under flat roofs and on side walls. Such condensation is frequently detrimental to manufactured products and always to the structure on which it occurs. In practically all cases the proper appli cation of Maftex will correct condensa tion. The chart below has been prepared to assist the engineer in determining the number of layers under ordinary condi tions. The data used as the basis of this chart are a constant inside temperature at the roof line of 100 deg. fahr. and an outside temperature of 0 deg. fahr. Where the range of temperatures varies from the above the Manufacturers will be glad to furnish a chart that indicates the number of layers of Maftex necessary for all conditions of temperature and humidity. 696 Insulating Material The Pantasote Company, Inc. .250 Park Ave., New York City Weatherproof and Insulating Building Material Thermasote is a combination of wood and other fibres united in a process that meshes and binds them into a substantial board suitable' for exterior and interior walls, plaster base and many other applications in homes, stores, garages and business buildings. It is made ^ in. thick, is strong, durable and excellent as an insulator against both heat and cold. Thermasote withstands exposure and may be worked in many ways. The surface takes paint admirably and may be used in a variety of decorative treatments. It is made in convenient sizes and its use gives assurance that the building will be remarkably warm in winter and cool in summer. Thermasote may be applied in old houses as well as in new buildings and is particularly effective for lining an attic to stop heat losses through roof. It can be used as siding, sheathing, paneling, etc., and because of its ease of application, is readily used in wood shingle, clapboard, stucco, brick veneer and other popular building wall constructions. Material - Description Thermasote Building Board Wood fibre board for interior and exterior constructions. Dimension Standard Sheet Standard Thickness 4'* 8' 4'* W 4'* 12' 4'*14' 6'* 12' 8' z Iff 8'* 12' 8'*14' % The Pantasote Company, Inc. Insulating Material Heat-Resistant Quality A heat insulation test on Thermasote made by the Armour Institute of Chicago^ expressed in British Thermal Units per hour per foot of surface, per degree Fahrenheit, difference in. temperature between the surface of the material per inch thickness, showed the coefficiency of heat conductivity per inch thick of 0.37 or for one day or 24 hours 8.98. An absorption test of Thermasote wholly immersed in water for 24 hours showed the percentage of absorption as only 34.8. 1 The low moisture absorption percentage means higher insulation against dampness, for it is a well-known fact that as absorption increases insulating value decreases. Thermasote is widely used as a plaster base. Put on with nail wire mesh over joints, then apply plaster in the regular manner. No lath is necessary. The tenacious grip that plaster takes on Thermasote is shown by accompanying illustration. Note that its adhesion sup ports more than a ton weight. Heating a home when the snow flies and keeping it comfort able when the mer cury soars is greatly assisted by using Thermasote in its construction. Nowadays the whole house must be comfort able, . and comfort must be maintained with least possible expense. Unless a dwelling is properly in sulated against winter's blasts and summer's sun, it will lack a decidedly strong sales factor. Tensile Strength Thermasote shown 650 lb. per sq. ft. This is considerably greater than that of any other similar product. 699 Insulating Material Masonite Corporation 111 W. Washington Street Chicago, 111. Masonite Structural Insulation and Masonite Presdwood Pat. No. 1578609-1663503-1663504 1578609-1663505 Mills: LAUREL. MISS. Jooo JidiKg -'Clapboard (Jalls 7b JUWV tb*. fc--4 m V f*RV9 lqTten|l CWwctwita* (C) w4|>cX ( --rw-4 it &ti. fr He r- " b <-- LL. 4MP 1 feiStes; issrf ^ 1 s.*- IUA SSUJbml UmU Rta*4 Strv.Lil VaI in, C-fr--.T f *u* acts <X<I .mo O-tFT* The great insulation value of Masonite is attributable to the cellular formation of the wood fibres from which it is made and to the thoroughness with which those fibres are felted together in the finished board. This also explains the great strength of Masonite Structural Insulation. This insulation is made entirely of fibres obtained by exploding fresh, clean wood chips and it contains no artificial binder of any charac ter. There is nothing in Masonite to break down or disintegrate-^--it is permanent. Masonite is used as sheathing on the outside-: pf- studs for both heat and sound insulation under wood siding, brick, stone or tile veneer and stucco. It is also used on the inside of studs as a plaster base-- and-it bonds with the plaster so effectively that an average pull of more than 1000 lb. is required to pull the plaster from one square foot of Masonite Insulating Lath. TV Sf-ft (liyciC VtrtttiL (Jalls fUV T*U re- b.,.4 It) , n- M- JSPF m3 V4 *--) r~'' ^_A 6-b/ *'* -r UV SFwTb( InuUTUt AmTc. . IVUUH. rt***~Q bnwUTU* b.UTT^ InulAtV o e<6 O.I4- O-141 O 1C2 u fLAT Hoof- - fflfTAL Lath 4 PLASTfR. CflLlri65 IV I-bU *re Um4 TV C-v 4vcirvi1i'a (C) r* n 6r pr fir p- o ft per rft R-.f-, IJMWt* (ThIn P.a<1 Wft rf>-'Ii BV,-* Up-Wb-] TM N 030 1 C^crT R;"Hf h--. | X '* .\fv -V.- .r` T "V-,y----------- R..f <1- UJf , [jfl w-iA M H*r ftlTW . *L-f- t*~hs "f K"lA -1 y; TV* *f X \%- ff y r 1* i*- y 4* SOS .Sot .CM .Ul XT! .M3 xt -ZSO ei4 .177 .150 ,e<4 .e<* eoT lOT .19 .106 .lT4 .165 .14e .164 .ir .(9 .io .IS'6 .195 l .151 .<40 .154 .ue> 146 033*' oeo 0.153 In roof decks, it effectively ends preventable heat losses and reduces condensation to a negligible minimum. 700 Insulating Materials Sprayo-Flake Company Administrative Offices Milwaukee 56 South Bay Street Wisconsin Manufacturers of Sprayo-Flake Material and Equipment Licensed Operators in Principal Building Centers INSULATION APPLIED BY AIR Process--Sprayo-Flake insulating process consists of forcing by air prepared flakes of fibrous material previously impregnated with fire resisting agent through a specially constructed gun. As the flakes leave the gun they are coated with spray of atomized adhesive agent (water glass) and projected to the surface to be insulated. The coated fibrous flakes form a blanket of insulation covering all cracks and.crevices. It can be applied to practically any surface in any desired thickness. Development--Sprayo-Flake was conceived by a layman while observing the installation of insulating material in his own home under course of construction. Prompted by a desire to overcome the inefficiency and attendant difficulties in volved in installing prepared types of insulating materials, the spray gun method was evolved. Further development proved the soundness of this theory. SprayoFlake method in one operation does a most thorough job, it eliminates entirely the labor of cutting, fitting, and nailing. Further development of the original idea dates back to the year of 1924 when specially designed equipment was per fected to apply Sprayo-Flake. The next step was adoption of an adhesive agent, addition of fire resisting qualities, and vermin proofing which was perfected in laboratories and practical usage in the building field. Distribution and Service--To assure the highest return per dollar invested in insulation the Sprayo-Flake Co. has adopted a modern economically sound plan of merchandising and distribution. Sprayo-Flake is supplied direct from factory to job through licensed operators. These licensed operators located in princi ple building centers are insulation special ists, financially responsible, and work on an exclusive franchise basis. Each instal lation is made by expertly trained me chanics under exacting supervision. This advanced plan of distribution enables the architect, builder, or owner to know the exact cost of insulation. SprayoFlake is always quoted on the basis of unit price per square foot or lump sum bid installed, including labor and material. Physical Characteristics ' The fibrous cellular structure and method of application gives Sprayo-Flake the desired characteristics of the ideal insulation material: 1. LOW THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY. 0.25 B.t.u. per hour per square foot per 1 in. thickness per degree temperature differential. 2. PRACTICABILITY. Can be applied to practically any surface in any . desired thickness. Seals cracks and crevices, calks around window and door frames. 3. FIRE RESISTANT. Pre-chemically treated fibrous material plus the sodium silicate binder produces a highly effective fire resisting insulation. ` - 4. VERMIN PROOF. Alkali silicate binder and alkaline sulphate impregnation render Sprayo-Flake insulation repellant to vermin. 5. LIGHT WEIGHT. Flakey fibrous air cell structure weighs only 4.6 lb. per cubic foot installed. . 6. PERMANENCY. The fabricated blanket of Sprayo-Flake in sulation is held in place securely by employ ing a sodium silicate cohesive binder. This binder also preserves the fibrous flakes from deterioration. The cohesive properties of sodium silicate have been utilized in the paper making industry for many years. . 7. LOW COST. . Sprayo-Flake insulation is manufactured and applied mechanically in one operation eliminat ing costly labor involved in cutting and fitting prepared types of materials. 8. FLEXIBILITY. Sprayo-Flake is sufficiently flexible to allow for usual expansion and contraction of structural members to which it is applied without im pairing its efficiency. ' 9. SOUND ABSORBENT. The cellular structure and resiliency of SprayoFlake render it a highly sound absorbent material. Note.--Conductivity and Transmission tests by such authorities as Prof. J. C. Peebles, Armour Institute; Bureau of Standards and Prof. F. B. Rowley of Minneapolis. Complete Technical Data and Specifications Furnished upon Request . 701 Insulating Material Stewart Inso Board Company St. Joseph, Missouri ------------------------MANUFACTURERS OF------------------------- Standard Building Lnbo Board is a scientifically prepared and moisture proofed building board, marie of the strong tough fibres of wheat straw, which are interlaced and compressed to form a strong and force-resisting material. It is moisture and vermin proofed through special pro cesses. Thorough sterilisation removes all,soluble food content. The long tough wheat strew fibres, stronglymterlaced, give it more than the necessary structural strength. It is on excellent sound deadener, being higher in sound insulation value than deadening felts. Thickness-- % in. Average weight--60 lbs, per 100 sq. ft. ' Width--4 ft. Any length desired. ' - Thermal Conductivity The following tests have been made in accordance with regulations of the National Better Business Bureau and under the personal supervision of Mr. G. F. Gebhardt, Mechanical Enginfwr of tiie Armour Institute of Technology at Chicago. Results of these tests prove that Inso Board has a higher degree of insulating efficiency than any other structural insulating board on which scientific tests have been made. FLAT PLATE TEST Material . Thickness Inches Density Lb.. Cu. Ft. Heat Conductivity B.t.u. per in. luck Per Hour Per Day Inso Board 0.447 17.0 0.324 7.78 HOT BOX TEST Material Heat Conductivity Thickness Density B.t.u. per I in. Thick Inches Lb,,Cu. Ft. Per Hour Per Day Inso Board 0.485 16.6 0.25 6.0 No. 1 2 3 Average.. TENSILE TESTS Dimensions Inches Area Sq. In. Tensile Actual Sq. In. 2x0.488 2x0.480 2x0.490 0.976 0,%0 0.980 350 300 340 359 313 347 339M TRANSVERSE TESTS No. Dimensions Span Maximum Deflection Indus * Inches Load. Lb. Inches 1 6x0.500 12 36 2 6x0.497 12 37 3 6x0.483 12 38 Bis 1 I1/. PLASTER BOND TESTS Dimensions . Area of Load to Break No. of Bonded Surfaces Bonded Surfaces Sq. In. Actual Sq.Ft. 1 6' x 6* 2 6'x6`r 3 6'x6" 36 210 840 36 215 860 36 230 920 The failure of all specimens occurred in the board, no failure between plaster and board. Inso Board is also made in Acoustic Blocks, Railroad Car Insulation and Industrial Board. Specification Book will be sent upon request. 702 Insulating Material United States Gypsum Company General Offices 300 West Adams Street, Chicago Description: Thermofill is a fibrous gypsum flake, and is formed by impregnating short pulp fibres with espec ially processed gyp sum. It comes in clean paper bags, and is installed, dry, by being poured in, or on, the area to be THERMOFILL The Dry Fill Insulation Where Thermofill is Installed: Thermofill is installed in walls of wood frame con struction, behind 2 in. furring strips of masonry con struction, and on all types of ceilings. Ceiling installa insulated. It Alls tions vary from 2 all cracks and crevices, and seals them against the infiltration of wind .and . the escape of heat. ` to 4 in. in.thickness, depending on the degree of insulation desired. Thermofill weighs iy$ lb. per square foot Thermofill can be per inch of thickness. used to insulate old The average lath and plaster ceiling--such in-, residences. So used stallations of Thermofill it is placed, from will be discussed later-- will safely carry twenty the attic, over the times the weight of a ceilings of the 3 in. installation of Thermofill. ro o m s below. Being made, of gyp Where an attic floor sum. Thermofill is fire proof. It does not burn Installing Thermofill between Ceiling Joists is in place, a few or support combustion.' boards can be re It does not create dust at. or after, the time of instal lation. Insects and other vermin cannot live in it. moved, and the Thermofill can be installed in the openings thus made. -' Thermal Conductivity of Thermofill Density per B.t.u. per S< M. Cu. Ft. ' per I'per t*F Authority Installed in an old house, Thermofill not only will bring the temperatures of the 18 ib. 19.8 24 0.34 0.35 0.475 J. C. Peebles Bureau of Standards J. C. Peebles upstairs rooms to a parity with the tem peratures of the rooms below, but will also save fuel. Efficiency of Typical Construction, Uninsulated and Insulated WALLS CEILINGS Lath and plaster--single floor........................................................................................ Lath and plaster--no floor--(Insulated with 2# of Thermofill) Lath and plaster--no floor-7^ Insulated with 3* of Thermofill) Lath and piaster--no floor--(Insulated with A" of Thermofill). Uninsulated 0.227 0.216 0.257 0.502 0.234 Insulated with y/l" Thermofill 0.095 0.082 0.099 0.127 0.092 * 0.073 Insulating Materials Wood Conversion Company General Office and Factory at Cloquet, Minnesota District Sales Offices: ' Chicago, III.. 1320 London Guarantee Bldg. New York, N.Y., 101 Park Avenue Detroit, Mich., 503 Stephenson Bldg. Minneapolis, Minn., 414 Baker Bldg. Kansas City. Mo., 404 Congress Bldg. Manufacturers of . Balsam-Wool House Insulation *Sound Absorbent *Steel Car Insulation ^Refrigerator Car Insulation Also Manufacturers of *NU-WOOD--the Rigid Insulating Wall Board and Plaster Base BALSAM-WOOL Standard Building Insula tion is a flexible insulating blanket made from pure wood fibres in fleecy wool form, permanently matted together between two sheets of tough, asphalt-coated kraft paper which render it windproof and waterproof. Balsam-Wool con tains no animal matter. It will not attract or harbor rats, mice or vermin. It is clean, odorless and sanitary. A Weyerhaeuser product. Sizes--Balsam-Wool is made in two thicknesses, full inch and half-inch, and in standard widths of 17, 25 and 33 in. It comes rolled, wrapped and sealed. Half-inch BalsamWool weighs 200 lbs. per 1,000 sq. ft. One inch Balsam-Wool weighs 320 lbs. per 1,000 sq. ft. Application--Balsam-Wool 17 in. and 25 in. wide is applied between the studs, joists or roof rafters, flanged midway between the sheath ing and plaster. Balsam-Wool 33 in. wide is applied to the inside face of the studs or joists of frame construction. In solid masonry construction, Balsam-Wool is ap plied to wood strips, with furred out lath and plaster. 704 Complete information on request. Wood Conversion Company Insulating Materials Thermal Conductivity The following hot plate test by Professor J. C. Peebles gives the thermal conductivity of Balsam-Wool per square foot, per inch thickness, pier degree difference in temperature, per hour, and shows the extremely high insulating value of the material. Material Thickness Inches Density . Lbs. Cu. Ft. - Conductivity Per Inch Thick Per Thickness as Tested Balsam-Wool 0.63 3.62 ' .229 364 Radiation Reduction In a building properly insulated with Balsam-Wool, 25 to 35 per cent less radiation and boiler capacity as well as relatively smaller pipe sizes will be required and the saving is usually enough to pay for the cost of the insulation. - ' In computing the heat losses from a building and the radiation required, the following coefficients should be used. TYPE OF CONSTRUCTION B.Lu. Transmission per Sq. Ft., per Hour, per 1 deg. fahr. Difference in Temperature. Uninsulated* Insulated** ' with Vz Inch Balsam-Wool Insulated*** - with Inch Balsam-Wool Wall: Frame. Wood Siding 0.227 Wall: Frame, Stucco-on Metal Lath 0.257 Wall: Frame. Brick Veneer - 0.216 Wall: 8 In. Brick with Furring Strips 0.209 Ceiling: Lath and Plaster, no Floor 0.502 Ceiling: Lath and Plaster, Single Floor 0.234 Roof: Wood Shingles on Sheathing Lath and Plaster 0.246 Roof: Asphalt or Asbestos Shingles on Sheathing Lath and Plaster 0.259 Taken from A. S. H. & V. E. Guide. . Based on Actual Thickness of H in. Balsam-Wool. Based on Actual Thickness of 1 in. Balsam-Wool. 705 0.122 0.130 0.118 0.116 0.172 0.124 0.127 0.130 0:099 0.105 0.097 0.0% 0.131 0.101 0.103 0.105 insulating Material UNIVERSAL GYPSUM & LIME GO. Chicago, 111.New Yobi. N. Y,, Jacksonville, Fla. Offices: Fort Dome. Iowa, Kansas Crrr, Mo. MILLS--Aibon. N. Y.. Foot Dome. Iowa, Rotas, Texas - Reg. U. S. Patented Office Insulex is a gypsum insulating material for building con struction and is used to prevent the passage of beat, cold and sound. When mixed with water Insulex powder expands hardens into a cellular mass in partitions, floor and ^piling spaces. It is especially adapted for use in homes, apartment houses, schools, commercial and industrial buildings where the saving of heat is a vital necessity. tion. Our staff of hearing engineers will help, solve your problems on reduced radiation. A Block of Insulex Showing Cellular Structure The use of Insulex reduces the rise of heating plants and amount of radiation installed so that in estimating the heating reouiremerits of a building using Insulex insula tion special conductivity factors are required. . Complete A. 1. A. Specifications, reports of tests and engineering data on Insulex will be furnished on applica Method of Providing Complete Insulation of House BUILDING CONSTRUCTION* SIDE WALLS (FRAME) " IhlSLiLATt'D UNINSULATED piling Space between 2* x 4` Studs with 3VtT No. 12 INSULEX Clapboard. Paper, Sheathing. Stud. Lath and Plaster....................... Oewnt Stucco. aper, Sheathing. Stud. Lath and Plaster.............. 0.227 0.216 0.257 Lath and Plaster 0.074 0.072 0.076 Gypsolite Plaster Board and Plaster 0.071 0.069 0.073 SIDE WALL (MASONRY) By Using 2-Inch Furring Strips and Piling Space with No. 12 INSULEX No Furring With Furring Brickwall Wail--Plastered Inside: Strips 0.332 Strips 0.209 0.263 0.179 I7>in...................................... :........................................... 0.208 0.152 Terra-Cotta Wall--Stucco Exterior--Plaster Inside: A 0.273 0.184 0.193 0.144 CEILING Lath and Plaster 0.113 0.104 0.094 Gypsolite Plaster Board and Plaster 0.107 0.099 0.089 0.105 0.090 0.100 0.087 Filling Space between Joists 4-in. with No. 12 INSULEX Ceiling }ouD, Lath and Plaster. Attic Floor....................................... ROOF RAFTER CONSTRUCTION 0.502 0.234 UNINSULATED 0.083 0.070 0.080 0.068 INSULATED . Filling Space between Rafter 4 in. with No. 12 INSULEX AsphaltorCompo,Shingles, Paper,Sheathing.Rafter,Lath &Plaster Asoestos Shingles. Paper, Sheathing. Rafter. Lath and Plaster.. . 0.246 0.262 0.259 0.259 1 0.071 1 0.068 0.072 0.070 0.072 0.070 0.072 1 .0.070 `HEATING CONSTANTS--For use in determining house heating, radiation requirements when insulated with Insulex according to Universal Gypsum A Lime Co. specifications. . ., . The figures given are in B.t.u.'s per.square foot per hour per degree temperature difference and show heat loss or con ductivity. These figures can be used in figuring reduced size of heating plants and .radiation required m an Insulexea The uninsulated constants are based on those published in the A. S. H. A V. E. Guide, 1928. The insulated factors are based on internal conductivity of 0.40 for 12 lb. Insulex No. 12. . '- 706 Meters, Steam Builders Iron Foundry 9 Codding Street Providence, R. I. Branch Offices and Representatives New York, N. Y------------- ______ 25 Church Street Pittsburgh, Pa.___ ___;__1503 Oliver Building Philadelphia. Pa--.___ ..617 Harrison Building Chicago, III.. ________ .466 Peoples Gas Building San Francisco, Calif-. . .... . ......... -Percy Keatinge, 85 Second Street Los Angeles, Calif......... ......................................Percy Keatinge. c/o Pacific Mfg. Co., 530 West 6th Street Dallas, Texas------------------------------------------------------------------------- ----------------Morey & Morey, 417 Praetorian Building Charlotte, N. C-------------------------------------------------------------------------- ______ .Grinnell Co., Inc., P. O. Box 336 Toronto, Ont., Can... __Allen General Supplies. Ltd., 15 Toronto Street Atlanta, Ga ,,Wm. F. Wilcox, Fourth National Bank Building Seattle, Wash.________ ..California Filter Co., 1005 Securities Building Kansas City, Mo- ..Terry, Cowan & Smith, Inc., 1005 Davidson Building Vancouver, B. C., Can___ Chas. A. Moorehead, c/o R. C. Cooper & Co., Ltd., 615 Pender Street, West Buenos Aires, Argentina, S. A_______ ________ _______ --Major Geo. C. Robertson. 760 Avenida de Mayo Builders of the Venturi Meter, Diaphragm Meter, Shunt Steam Meter, Etc. SHUNT STEAM METER The Shunt Steam Meter fills the need for a low priced, practical steam meter which is easily installed and accurate over a wide range. It is used to advantage in measuring steam sold or in checking the distribution of steam (also air or gas) to various buildings, departments, machines or processes. Illustration shows the complete Meter.. An orifice in the main line of flow deflects a portion of the steam through nozzles and against the turbine located in the shunt circuit out of the main line of flow. The turbine shaft extends through a housing into a condensation chamber below the main line. A damping fan attached to this shaft operates under water, keeping the speed low and. eliminating bearing trouble. Magnetic drive, between this chamber and the counter mechanism protects the latter from moisture. The meter is installed as a unit in 2, 3 and 4-in. lines. For larger size mains a small meter is installed in a by-pass line around an orifice in the main line. Steam Pressure Lbs. per Sq. In. Gauge . Approximate Measuring . Range Rated Capacity of Saturated Steam Lbs. per Hour 1' Meter 3# Meter 4` Meter . Low Pressure Meters 0 5 10 v 15 20 30 40 50 10-1 10-1 10-1 10-1 10-1 11-1 12-1 13-1 610 810 1000 1200 1380 1650 1800 2000 1410 1680 2340 2750 2950 3400 3750 4050 2530 3350 4170 4750 5150 58S0 6450 7000 Standard Meters 50 75 100 125 150 175 200 10-1 10-1 11-1 12-1 13-1 14-1 15-1 2650 3650 4150 4600 5000 5350 5700 6000 8250 9500 10500 11400 12300 13000 10600 14600 16600 18300 20000 21400 22700 Extra Heavy Meters 225 250 275 300 15-1 15-1 15-1 15-1 6000 6300 6600 6900 . 13700 14400 15200 15700 24000 25200 26500 27500 Table shows rated capacities only. Minimum Capacities equal one-tenth tabulated quantities. Where Approximate Measuring Range exceeds 10-1 the Meter has that overload capacity. ' Bulletin 234 gives complete information. - 707 Metal Weatherstrips The Higgin Manufacturing Co. Newport, Ky. Manufacturers of Metal Weather Stripping for Windows and Doors Representatives in Principal Cities Weatherstrips Higgin all - metal weather strips are distinctly different from those of other manufacturers. Hig gin not only has the usual metal strip which is fitted to the four efficiency of the heating system is increased 25 per cent and upwards! The Higgin Organization, backed by 35 years of constant pro gress, is fully prepared to weather strip all types of openings--double hung windows, casements and doors. With branches and special representa tives in all large cities, sides of the window frame, but also a special spring bronze insert strip that fits into the groove of the window sash! Thus a metal-tometal contact is established! The spring bronze in sert literally hugs the win dow, and pro vides absolute protection against drafts, dust, dirt, and irritating rattles. Even though the window sash shrinks (as so often happens) the metal-to-metal contact remains totally uneffected--cold air posi tively cannot gain entrance. The Higgin offers you maximum service and co-operation plus a brand of weatherstripping without equal. If your files do not already con tain full information on Higgin weatherstrips, a word from you will bring same. 708 Metal Weatherstrips The Higgin Manufacturing Co. Newport, Ky. Manufacturers of Metal Access Panels for Heating and Plumbing Systems Representatives in Principal Cities HIGGIN I ALL METAL JL Access Panel Illustration below shows panel used for access to concealed valve. Plaster is shown broken to expose metal lath and method of fastening. Lid is shown hanging below frame well out of the way. Note how frame provides ground for plasterer. (In Oval) Lid is shown in place. Note how inconspicuous the panel is. The Higgin All Metal Access Panel was designed to meet a pressing need for an inconspicuous flush panel for access to critical places in Heating, Plumbing and Refrigerating systems. The panel is entirely of metal. They are made as a unit. . No m x 11M 12^ x 16^ 143^ x 18y2 18y2 x 24^ 18H x 303^ Measurements are in rabbet. assembling at the job. Installation is simple and no special framing or grounds are necessary. The panel is composed of a frame and lid. The frame is in one piece with a con tinuous angle on the inside, forming a rabbet for the lid. Perforated angles are spotwelded to outside of. frame for fastening and plaster key. On the smaller panels friction catches hold the lid in place. For the larger sizes, retaining clips' and special cam fasteners are used. Concealed hinges may be provided if desired in place of the retaining clips. Panels may be installed in walls faced with plaster, tile or marble. They can be painted, decorated or papered over. Higgin All Metal Access Panels are ideal for use in Hospitals, Apartment-Houses, Hotels, Residences, Offices and other Buildings. Write for Complete Descriptive Literature 709 X Motors and Controllers GENERAL ELECTRIC COMPANY SCHENECTADY, N. Y. Sales Offices in Principal Cities Motor Drive and Control For Heating, Ventilating and Air Conditioning Systems Methods of Drive Fig. 1 Fig. 1. Silent chain drive can frequently be employed to advantage, with a lowering of the motor cost as compared with direct-connected drive. The illustration shows a 6 hp., 600/900 r.p.mType CD, adjustable speed, motor driving an American Blower Fan at the Port land (Oregon) Journal Building. The chain drive it enclosed in an oiWijW housing. Fig. Fig. . " Texrope" drive makes pos sible the placing of the motor very dose to the fan pulley, and eaves space. The illustration shows a 60 hp., 860 r.p.m. motor driving a Buffalo fan. The maximum fan speed is 140 r.p.m. Fig. 4. With fans of moderate size driven by aUernating<urreni motors, the simple belt drive is efficient and economical. This illustration shows a Type KT, S hp., 860 r.p.m., con stant speed motor controlled by a CR7006 magnetic switch, operating a Buffalo fan in the Plaut Store, Newark, N. J. Fig. 8 Fig. 8. The directconnected, slow- Ftp. 6. The center distances on a belt drive can be shortened by using the " Lenix" idler to insure a larger arc of contact at the motor pulley. The illustration shows a 10 hp.. Type MT, slip-ring induction motor driving a fan at the Washington High School, New Rochelle, N. Y. speed direct-current motor has long been a standard drivefor ventilating and ex haust fans in large buildings. It is quiet and compact in operation, and has the lowest pos sible maintenance for a long period of years. The illus tration shows a Type CD, IS hp., slow-speed, adjust able speed motor driving an Ameri can Blower fan at Fig. 4 the Detroit Matonic Temple. Fig. 6 This Company will gladly assist in the solution of any electrical problem in relation to heating and ventilation 710 General Electric Company Motors and Controllers Motor Drive and Control For Heating, Ventilating and Air Conditioning Systems Controllers for Use with Varying Speed, 3- or 2-phase, Alternating-Current. Slip-Ring Motors for Driving Fans Remote Indicating Control Four Speeds--CR7761-F1 Remote indicating control, four speeds, operated by remotely located push-button station with bull's- eye lights of different colors indicating speed selected or attained. 5-50 hp. Fig. I.--CR776I-FI, 0-60 Hp. HP. Dimensions in Inches (Approx.) Height Width Depth Doors Open 90* Net Weight . (Approx.) ,5-JVi 10-15 20 25 30 40 50 67y, 67V; *671/5 67i/2 67'/; *671/5 67'/5 35/2 35'/2 35'/, 3syJ 391/5 39'A 49'/, 49'/, 49'/, 49V, 53V, 53'/, 53'/, 550 600 870 870 1050 1130 1200 All sizes mounted on 64-in. angle supports. Equipment includes one CR7761-F1 control panel, one BS-15-F four-speed indicating station, one BS-31-A start-safe-run station and one CR1924, 3-pole, fused switch. Dimensions of BS-15-F are 8H in. by 15J4 in. Sizes 6-15 hp. have self-contained resistors. Larger sizes have separate resistors. CR7761-F1 enclosed contactor panel includes' four speed-controlling or accelerating contactors with three relays. Remote located push-button station BS-15-F has four speed buttons marked (l) Slow Speed. (2) Second Speed, (3) Third Speed, (4) Full Speed, and one "stop" button. On pressing any "speed" button the motor accelerates auto matically to that speed and the corresponding bull eye is illuminated. Speed can be changed while run 3!=. ning to any other value by pressing button corre .s'. sponding to speed desired. An"additional control sta tion BS-31-A with three buttons, "start," "safe," and "run," may be pro Ci o vided adjacent to the motor to start the equipment at the motor for test purposes. When the "safe" button is pushed the equipment is not only stopped but Fig. .--BS-16-F cannot be started from the remote indicating station. The "run" button on the BS-31-A station . adjacent to the motor is pressed to release the "safe." When started by the BS-31-A station ad jacent to the motor, the motor can be run at slow speed only. If it is desired to arrange this controller so that the motor can only be started in the fan room, add a CR7002 and a BS-79-J Start-Stop . Station. With this arrangement the BS-31-A station will not be required. Speed control and stopping may be secured from the remote station as before. Use with these Controllers Type MTB Quiet Operating Slip Ring Motors Fig. 8 Installation of 8 BS-16-F, Remote Indicating Control Stations ' for.CR776l-Fl Controllers operating Exhaust Fans in the Pent Home of the Salaam Temple, Newark. At right is shown a Type MT Motor belted to Supply Fan and Controlled by a CR7764 Controller Fig. 4 Installation of Type MT Motor belted to Exhaust Fan at Salaam Temple, Newark. Motor i con-' trolled by a CR77GI-FJ Remote Indicating Control Panel operated from a Remote Point by one of the ' Control Stations shown in Fig. This Company will gladly assist in the solution of any electrical problem in relation to heating and ventilation 711 / Ozone Equipment United States Ozone Company Engineers -- Manufacturers -- Chemists Pacific Coast Montgomery Brothers 61 Fremont Street San Francisco 500 North Dearborn Street Chicago, U.S.A. Canada Darling Brothers, Ltd. 140 Prince Street Montreal PRODUCTS Complete Ionizing and Ozone producing Plants for all Purposes Controlled Ozone Service We maintain well equipped Chemical Laboratories for the scientific solution of problems, both of a general and specific nature. Our Research Staff and Engineers will gladly consult with you. This service entails no obligation. Multiple Type V. 5. Controlled Ozonizer For General Ventilation we provide two types of assembly. The Type TU, United States Ionizer is a self-contained unit, all apparatus being mounted on one base, and is built for requirements up to 120,000 c.f.m. Where there is a multiplicity of fans, all operated quite independently, we provide our type TM Assembly, which comprises a number of Ionizer units mounted on a common base and employing a common blower and dehydrator. For Cold Storage Plants we provide United States Controlled Ozone Apparatus for maintaining the air pure, and fresh, oxidizing odors and inhibiting mold growth, etc. For Water Purification we provide United States Ozone and other Apparatus for treating potable waters, destroying all pathogenic bacteria, odors and tastes, particularly the odor and taste of chlorine. Special attention is given to swimming POOLS. 712 Pipe Fittings Stockham Pipe & Fittings Go. Birmingham, Alabama Warehouses: BOSTON NEW YORK CHICAGO ' LOS ANGELES PIPE FITTINGS Cast Iron Screwed Flanged Drainage Malleable Standard--`Extra Heavy Oil Country Malleable Electric Cast Steel Flanged Screwed There are over 7,500 patterns in the complete Stockham line. Every pipe fitting requirement for gas. Water, steam, oil or air is met by Stockham. Manufactured to a high standard,,strength far in excess of probable strain, uniform walls, clean, perfect threads, smooth inner and outer surfaces; always inspected and tested more rigidly than generally accepted standards require. Accuracy is the keynote in Stockham manufacture that makes Stockham Fittings dependable for every pipe line service. uaoi niumjo Screwed Flanged . * Drainage Made according to the American Standard. Accu racy in.pattern, accuracy in proportioning materials, accuracy in melt ing, accuracy in molding, accuracy in finishing, accuracy in inspecting and testing. MALLEABLES Regular, Extra Heavy and Oil Country All Stockham Malleables are made according to the quality standard which dis tinguishes all Stockham fit tings. Annealing under definite tempera ture control which gives ductility, uniform structure and high strength with great resistance to shock and strain. CAST STEEL Flanged Fittings and Flanges. Conform to the American Standard. Walls are K.6 in. in excess of American Standard Requirements. Regular in outline; conformity to patterns; ample fillets well rounded. Meet speci fications of the American Society for Test ing Materials. Every fitting hydrostatically tested before shipment. Exceptionally smooth inner and outer surfaces; accurate facings and fine appearance. Made for pressures of 150, 300, 400, 600, 900 and 1350 lb. and for temperatures according to the Ameri can Standard. CAST STEEL Screwed Fittings. . Every needed design and size. Same quality standard as Flanged Fit tings and Flanges. Accu rate threads, accurate alignment, smooth inner surfaces. Strength far in excess of probably strain. Descriptive Catalogs on request. STOCKHAM 0FITTINGS- Are sold by leading wholesalers 713 Publications, Trade The Heating and Ventilating Magazine 386 Fourth Avenue, New York Chicago Office: 705 Builders Building I A Monthly Journal of Engineering Progress Subscribed for and read by progressive heating and ventilating engineers and contractors,-The Heating and Ventilating Magazine is regarded by them, as the publication of recognized engineering authority in their industry. * \ ` Advertisers of heating and ventilating equipment find The Heating and Ventilating Magazine to be a most economical and practical medium to reach the men who specify and install the worthwhile heating and venti lating jobs throughout the country. Sample copies, rate cards, circulation state ments and market information upon request. Subscription Price $2.00 per year 714 Pumps American Steam Pump Company Plant and General Offices: Battle Creek, Michigan NEW YORK: 17 Battert Place CHICAGO: 926 Monadnock Bldg. Bales and Service Agencies Throughout the World Manufacturers of High Grade Centrifugal and Steam Pumps of All Approved Types to Meet Every Industrial and Public Building Requirement Automatic Combination Unit American-Marsh Condensation Units:--Combination unit shown above is an exclusive American-Marsh develop ment extensively used for heating systems where there is wide variation in steam pressure between day and night service. When pressure falls below 15 lb., motor driven pump starts automatically and keeps lines open until enough pressure is again generated to operate steam pump. Economical unit insuring rapid heating on cold mornings. Bulletin 58. Cond ensation units equipped with either steam or centrifugal pumps are also furnished in sizes covering all require ments. Bulletins 27, 32 and 52. American- Marsh Electric Sump Pumps: --Designed for automatic opera tion, elevating sewage and drainage to sewer levels, for cellar drains, etc. Cur rent used only when pump runs; pump always submerged ready to start. Sizes to handle all jobs. Simple de sign for faithful service without attention. Also built as duplex Single Sump PumP installed in basin units, similar in construction except that two complete pumps are mounted on one cover plate. Bulletin 41. Multistage Centrifugal Pump American-Marsh Centrifugal Pumps:--Built single or multistage, single or double suction, with split or solid cases. Adaptable for air washer service, pressure boosting, boiler feed, as fire pumps, for general service, etc. Designed for any type of drive. Dependable and highly efficient. Large range of sizes. Bulletins 25, 33, 38, 44 and 53. Steam Vacuum PumP American-Marsh Vacuum Pumps:-- Standard equipment includes bronze fit tings throughout. Designed for all vacuum heating needs with sizes to handle up to 200,000 sq. ft. radiation. Motor driven if desired. Bulletin 24. Steam pumps also built for boiler feed and general service. GuaranteesandEngineeringService:-- Every pump is rigidly tested, and is guaranteed to meet conditions specified. It is further guaranteed against any defects in material and workmanship. Write for the co-operation of our engineers. Our forty years' experience is at your disposal. 715 Pumps Ames Pump Company, Inc. Division of STATEN ISLAND SHIPBUILDING CO. 90 West Street, New York, N.Y. How to Specify the AMES Pump DUPLEX UNIT Side View The Pump with a THREE Year Guarantee . Vacuum Pump--Furnish and erect in space provided by engineer's plans and in'accordance with manufacturer's drawing to be approved by the engineer: '' { ) Size.No. ( ) .Duplex AMES VACUUM HEATING PUMP with Automatic and Manual Control. Each pump shall be of the Horizontal Split-Case, Multi-Rotor. Centrifugal Type, fitted with bronze internal parts, bronze split stuffing box glands, and Monel Metal shaft with double row deep groove ball bearings, direct connected through all metal lubricated flexible coupling to: ' (. ) H.P. ( ) Current ( ) Volt ( ) Phase ( ) Cycle, 40 deg. cent. Ball Bearing Motor. Each pump shall have a rated capacity of ( ) square feet of equivalent direct radiating surface with a water capacity of ( ) gallons per minute when discharging against ( ) lb. pressure at the unit discharge nozzle. It shall also be capable of maintaining five (5") of mercury (referred to 30' barometer) with condensate at 200 F. when connected to a heating system reasonably free from leaks and deliver same, regardless of temperature, to the boiler. A complete unit is to be supplied to include pump, motor, cast iron receiver and air separator tank, protected water gauge glass, compound gauge, thermometer, vacuum breaker, discharge check valve, and self-cleaning strainer. . The unit shall be assembled complete with pump, tank and motor mounted on one heavy cast iron base having raised edge at top, screened drain pocket tapped for drain connection, foundation grout holes and levelSlinugctbioonl,tsd. ischarge, and air vent shall be provided with companion flan ges, bolts, nuts, and gaskets. Dual Electric Control shall be included and consist of Vacuum Regulator with Ok and Off Switch, and Float with Float Switch controlling an Automatic Starter. Starter shall also be equipped with Manual Control to permit Continuous Operation. All equipment shall be enclosed, wired and conveniently mounted on receiving tank by the Pump Manufacturer. Specify SINGLE or DUPLEX. 3 to 25 in. Vacuum V *,w "w *" -- . STANDARD RATINGS ________ ___________10 to 40 1b. Size 12 . 16 26 40 65 100 150 Sq.Ft Equivalent Surface 5.000 8.000 12.000 16,000 26,000 40.000 65.000 100.000 150,000 . Pump Equivalent Capacity GaL per Min. at H lb. per Sq. Ft. Hr. Gal. per Min. at 180 Deg. Fahr. Air Capacity . at 10 in. Vacuum Cubic Feet per Minute Orifice Diameter 3 8 3 V, 5 11 5 %. 8 17 7 m 10 17 22 9 X 35 15 V. 26 60 19 . M 43 90 34 '/. 66 100 140 200 50 % 80 M Receiver Capacity Total Gallon* 24 30 30 40 50 . 65 87 100 150 Motor Horsepower 10 lb. 20 lb. 1 V/i 2 -3 5 7i/i 10 1 1 3 5 T/i 10 10 . Data for high pressure furnished on application. fNos. 5 and 8. illustrated in Bulletin No. 58 F. Alt other sizes in Bulletin No. 68 F. Mailed upon request. 716 Pumps Buffalo Steam Pump Co. Buffalo, N. Y. New York, N. Y. Philadelphia. Pa.. Boston, Mass. Cleveland, Ohio Pittsburgh, Pa...... Detroit, Mien...... Chicago, III........... Washington, D. C. Branch Offices .................Room 1110, 39 Cortlandt St. ............................... 1302 Land Title Bldg. 10 Milk St. ...............................J68 Rockefeller Bldg. .............................927 Union TYust Bldg. .............................Coon-DeVisser Co., 2051 W. Lafayette Blvd. .............. .... 562 W. Washington Blvd. .418 Washington Loan and Trust Bldg. Dallas, Tex........................................... 601 Construction Bldg. St. Louis. Mo.._...........................-..........._906 Chemical Bldg. Cincinnati, Ohio...... ................ 604 Mercantile library Bldg. Minneapolis. Minn...............459 N. W. National life Bldg. Los Angeles Cali?., c/o Larimer & Lauer, 1824 S. Hope St. Charlotte, N. C................._J W. Fraser Co., P. 0. Box 376 New Orleans. La....................................Woodward Wight Co. San Francisco. Cali?..................................... 1006 Flatiron Bldg. Seattle, Wash................................................. ........ 303 Alaska Bldg. Canadian Blower and Forge Co...................Kitchener, Ont. PRODUCTS Centrifugal Pumps For All Purposes--Single and Double Suction, Single and Multistage, Horizontal and Vertical. Steam Pumps--Duplex and Simplex, Inside Packed and Outside Packed. Vacuum Pumps and Condensers. Class "S" Double Suciton Centrifugal Pump Horizontally divided casing. Extensively used with air washers, and for circulating systems and booster service. Also built vertical with receiver pit. Especially adapted for low pressure boilers. Automatic in operation. Duplex Steam Pump and Receiver Entirely automatic. Can be furnished for high or low boiler pressure. Complete Catalogs Furnished Upon Request 717 Unit No. Maximum Sq. Ft. Direct Radiation Lbi. Pres*.' Pump iwill Ditch. Against ICapacity Pump in |Gals. per Min. Dia. Receiver, In.; alto Floor Space 11 Sq. Ft. Direct Radiation H.P. Moto for 10 lb. Pressure Water Pumj Capacity, G.p.m. Size Return Inlet in Inches Pumps Chicago Pump Company Office and Works 2330 Wolfram Street Chicago, 111. QUALITY CENTRIFUGAL PUMPS, Condensation, Sump, Vacuum, Sewage, House Circulating, Fire, Pneumatic, Electric Cellar Drainers, and the . Automatic Alternator. Arizona, Phoenix, J. W. Ladlow Alabama, Birmingham, C. P. Leibold California, Lot Anodes. Smith Booth Usher Co. a San Francisco, J. A. Lardie Colorado, Pueblo, M. R. Schwer A Co. Denver, A. Wallace & Co. Connecticut, Hartford, Boiler Equipment Co. Lf. V/., Washington, W. L. Ticer Florida, Coconut Grove, Ozanne-Magnider Co. Jacksonville, G. E. Osgood Tampa, H. G. Carter Georgia, -. Atlanta, J. R. Whitman Savannah, Bergen St Peck Illinois, Peoria, C. E. Eallister Co. Indiana, Fort Wayne, Domestic Sales Co. Indianapolis, W. P. Whittington Co. Iowa, - Des Moines. E. B. Carr Sioux City, Wigman Co. Davenport, A. R. Boudinot List of Representatives Kansas. Wichita, J. M. O'Connor Kentucky, Louisville, Wallace Hoeing, Louisiana, yeto Orleans, F. H. Chisholm Maryland, Baltimore, Chicago Pump Co. Massachusetts, Boston, Monahan Pump Equip. Co. Michigan, Detroit, Chicago Pump Co. Grand Rapids, C. H. Alexander Saginaw, R. R. Kimble Minnesota, Minneapolis, Cash Co. Mississippi, Jackson, Pune Machinery Co. Nebraska, South Carolina, Lincoln, Cornell Supply Co. Greenville, James McCabe Omaka, H. A. Campbell * Tennessee, New Jersey, Newark, J. M. Chipman Chattanooga, Southern Sales Co. New York, Buffalo, Busbnell-Felton, Inc. Neva York, Knoxville, Morris Bradt Memphis, C. L. Ahler Nashville, Southern Sales Co. Chicago Pump Co. Rochester, R. C. Schwarz Utica, H. F. Bantham Texas, Amarillo, Clowe St Cowan Dallas, Smith St Whitney North Carolina, Houston, Dalton-Heyne Co. Charlotte, McAllen, H. L. Draper Amer. Machinery Equipl Son Antonio, Co. Dalton-Heyne Co. Ohio, Cincinnati, C. R. Lingo Engr. Sales Co. Cleveland, Chicago Pump Co. Columbus, J. T. Seidera Toledo, M. C. Griffin Utah, Salt Lake City, E. G. Dewald Virginia, Richmond, Virginia Equip. St Supply Co. Mibsouri, Kansas City, Industrial Power Equip. Co. Oklahoma, Oklahoma City, Federal Steam Spec. Co. Springfield, J. B. McCarty Oregon, St. Louis, Portland, P. W. Beggs Foster Mechanical Equip. Pennsylvania, Co. Pkiladdpkia, Montana, Culbert-Whitby Butte, Sullivan Valve St Engr. Co. Pittsburgh, F. W. Rockstraw Co. West Virginia, Charleston, H. DeB. Miner Wisconsin. Milwaukee, Swisher Maurer St Co. Washington, Seattle, Heating Service Co. Spokane, W. B. Starky VERTICAL CONDENSATION PUMP AND RECEIVER The vertical condensation pump and receiver is designed particularly to collect the return from heating coils, etc., that come back below the floor level No concrete pit is required, the unit being adaptable to ground installation, thus using a minimum of floor space. ASK for Bulletin 133. HORIZONTAL CONDENSATION PUMP AND RECEIVER Horizontal condensation pumpe and receivers aredesigned for capacities up to 150,000 sq. ft. of direct radiation and boiler pressures to suit anv job. AU units are mounted on one base and areassembledat thefactory. Simple construc tion. quiet operation, and low operating costs are a few of the outstanding features. 1 11 |u. i 1650 1651 1652 1654 1655 1656 1658 1659 1660 1662 1663 1665 1666 1668 1669 1670 3,000 * 6,000 10,000 " 15,000 * 25,000 . 40,000 15 10 'h 5 1/ Vi " 22 1 * 10 17 22 '/? V. 1 10 * 10 'A 15 17 y< * 22 1 14 V. 21 16 1 12 y. 35 16 1 (0 14 y. 1 55 " 21 \'h 24 " * 24 " 24 " * 204 30* 30 " Vertical Condensation Pump Fig. 1940 '`Sure Return" Condensation Pump--Pig. 1947 The "Sure Return" condensation pump and receiver is especially designed for low and medium capacities and boiler pressures up to 10 lb. AU parts are standard and interchangeable. Delivery can be made on this unit in 24 hours. Ask for Bulletin 131: Automatic Alternator.--Provide a Chicago Pump Com pany's Automatic Alternator which will automatically transfer the operation from one pump to the other. This alternator mill also start the second pump in the event of the failure of the first pump, or will cause both pumps to operate ifnecessary. 718 Chicago Pump Company Pumps "CONDO-VAC" VACUUM CONDENSATION PUMPS For the efficient operation of a vacuum heating system where steam must be made to circulate quickly throughout the system, and where the condensate must be returned as quickly as possible to the boiler, the "Condo-Vac" has been highly recommended. Many "Condo-Vacs" now giving 100 per cent service attest to its efficiency. - The "Condo-Vac" pump is completely bronse fitted, having shaft, rotor, impellers, wearing rings, and impeller and rotor nuts of bronze. This is the same construction as the well known "Chicago" D-Type pumps which are noted for their long life and splendid wearing qualities. The Receiver of the "Condo-Vac," which also serves as a base, is made of cast iron. Several ribs and post supports give this receiver great strength and assure its vibrationless rigidity when the pump is in operation. The construction ofthe receiver eliminates the necessity of a special founda tion for the pump and forms an ideal base for the pump proper. Cleapout plates are furnished for front and back of receiver 8nd afford adequate means of cleaning the receiver wheo necessary. A drain is provided for the depres. sion on the top of the receiver. A heavy cast iron base carries the motor and is ad justable for various motor heights--base provides plenty of ventilation for motor. ARCHITECTS' SPECIFICATIONS DUPLEX "CONDO-VAC" Furnish and install where indicated on plans, a duplex "Condo-Vac," centrifugal condensation and vacuum return line pump as manufactured by the Chicago Pump Company. This unit shall be a complete duplex pump mounted on one cast iron receiver together with all apparatus necessary for duplex automatic vacuum and float switch control Each pump shall have a capacity of__________sq. ft. of direct radiation and shall have a pressure of --- - - lb. at the pump discharge. * Cast iron receiver shall be so arranged that inlet will not be more than 12 in. from the floor. Pump casing shall be horizontally split. Suction strainer shall be placed between vacuum pump and receiver. Each pump shall be equipped with two out-board ball bearings. Control apparatus shall include two enclosed, fused, main line switches, two enclosed float switches, two enclosed, automatic, vacuum switches, two manual vacuum cut out switches, and two enclosed automatic starters providing overload and low voltage protection. Each unit shall be controlled by its own vacuum switch and float switch, and E'ping and wiring shall be so arranged that either unit can : operated independent of the other. All wiring and electrical connections between motors and control apparatus will be made when equipment is assem bled at the factory. The entire pumping equipment is to be shipped from the factory in a complete unit, leaving only wiring between electrical service ana motor and piping connections between inlet to receiver and discharge of pump to be done after pump has been shipped. "CONDO-VAC" TABLES For 10 lb. Pressure at 1720 r.p.m. s D 2601 2602 2603 2604 2605 2609 2610 2611 2612 2613 d" g 2 <U> Sj ..5 ri- 2 * Jo.s 8000 16000 26000 40000 65000 1 l'/2 2 3 5 5 10 16 21 36 12 24 39 60 96 2 V/a 3 V/a 3 \Vi 42 2 For 20 lb. Pressure at 1720 r.o.m. 8000 16000 26000 40000 65000 I'A 2 3 5 v/l 5 9 15 19 34 12 24 39 60 96 2 V/a 3 V/a 3 VA 42 42 48x56 56x60 60x62 66x62 48x56 56x60 60x62 66x62 F. C. CONDENSATION PUMP Duplex "Condo-Vac" Fig. 1981 F. C. Condensation Pump Fig. 1931 The F. C. or Float Controlled type condensation pump and receiver is designed for low, medium and high boiler pressures and capacities up to 1S0.000GPM. Bulletin 129. Horizontal Condensation Pump Capacities. Horsepower and F1oot Space tables may be had by asking for Bulletin. 719 Economy Pumping Machinery Go. General Sales Offices 3431 West 48th Place, Chicago, 111. DISTRICT SALES OFFICES Baltimore, Md., 522 Park Avenue Boston, Mass., 141 Milk Street - Buffalo, N.Y., Erie County Bank Building Chattanooga, Tenn., 401 Chattanooga Bank Bldg. Cincinnati, Ohio, 309 Main Street Detroit, Mich., 517 E. Larned Street Montreal P.Q., Canada, 1072 Beaver Hall Hill Miami. Fla., 113 N.E. Third Street New Orleans, La., 901 Carondelet Street New York City. 39Cortlandt Street New York Central, 25 Wallace Ave.. Scotia, N.Y. Oklahoma City, Okla., 710 N. Hudson Street Fort Wayne, Ind., 2252 Columbia Street Indianapolis, Ind., 601 State Life Building Philadelphia, Pa.. Bourse Building Pittsburgh, Pa., Fulton Building Jacksonville, Fla., 660 College Street Kansas City, Mo., 2020 Walnut Street Portland, Orb.. 201 Worcester Building Rochester; N.Y., 306 Laburnum Crescent Los Angeles, Calif., 215 W. Seventh Street Louisville, Ky.. 305 Louisville Trust Building , St. Louis, Mo., 321 So. Grand Boulevard St. Paul, Minn.. 308 Metropolitan Building San Francisco, Calif., Monadnock Building Economy Pumps and Receivers Type CSS Economy pumps and receivers are made in a variety of sizes and types for every pressure and capacity condition. The present line is the result of a long study and improvement by this Company which was one of the pioneers in the manufacture of Electric pumps and receivers. . The use of these pumps to improve circulation with a reduction in boiler pressure usually results in large fuel economies. The savings are particularly striking in the case of medium pressure plants where it is desired to work at low pressure during dull periods of the day. .- The table below gives a partial list of sizes which are available in either solid shell or horizontally split case designs. Complete specifications and descriptions will be found in Bulletin No. 405. All Economy pumps are substantially mounted on cast iron bases with machined pads. Either cast iron or steel receivers are used. The automatic control is assembled as a unit and is easily accessible for Inspection at all times. The most important features of individual standard designs are given below. Type CSS--A single suction solid shell unit with oil-less stand bearing and outboard ring oiling or radial ball-bearing. The most popular of all Economy pumps and receivers; a thoroughly dependable unit at aTmyopdeerCatSeMpr--iceA. double suction horizontal split case unit with enclosed bronze impell.er with ring oiling bearings. This unit has been designed for use where the service is unusually severe as where equip ment of the highest grade is desired, ' Type CST--Multi-Stage Pumps for pressures above 40 lb. They are bronze fitted with ring oiling bearing at the driving end and radial ball bearing at the outboard end. No. of Unit 6 Wz 7 7V4 8 Wi 9 Wz 10 Capacity in Sq. Ft Direct C. I. Radiation 2000 3500 5000 7500 . 10,000 15.000 25.000 35.000 50.000 Capacity G.pjn. m 12 15 20 25 37 60 80 no . Receiver Capacity - Gals. 13 16 20 26 33 41 49 57 ` 82 N 10 lb. v. 8 nVi V* 1 Wz 2 Motor Horsepower - 151b. 25 lb. 601b. y. % 1 I'/* 12 23 23 25 3' 3 5 rm/i . 1001b. *5 10 10 15 Economy Pumping Machinery Co. Pumps Economy Underground Pumps and Receivers Type CU Underground pumps and receivers are used where returns are so low that a pit would be required for a horizontal pump. The underground unit consists of a special vertical bronze fitted pump having renewable bearings throughout and a cast iron receiver which is permanently resistant to corrosion and special type of float mechanism is used with swivel type stuffing box. When necessary to use ah underground pump on high pressure job the standard low pressure unit may be used discharging into the receiver of a high pressure horizontal pump. Our engineering department will be pleased to work out details of such in stallations. See Bulletin No. 405. - Type CU. Underground Pumps and Receivers Type CU Capacity Sq. Ft HJ\. 10 lb. Discharge Pressure Motor M?b. Pump Receiver . Disch. Capacity Capacity Size Gip.m. Inches Inches 2000 3500 5000 7500 % it Vi >/. 24x30 ,* 24x30 15 24x30 1 .20 24x36 _ H.P.. 10 Jb. Motor Pump Receiver Disch. Sq. Ft" .Discharge Pressure Hp. Capacity Capacity Size 201b. G.p.m. Inches Inches 10,000 15.000 25.000 50.000 Vz Va 1 3 & 25 37 24x36 30x36 Wz 5 n6o0 30x48 36x48 i'/i The improved Economy Vacuum heating pump is equipped with horizontal split case centrifugal pumps in sizes over 5000 ft. (smaller sizes are equipped with bronze fitted solid shell pumps). All parts of the pump are accessible without breaking pipe connections or dis mantling the unit. The float control is located close to the floor so that a close water line may be maintained when operating as a gravity system. The boiler feed arrangement is positive and simple. The entire apparatus is shipped completely assembled and wired in accor dance with the National Electric Code. In addition to the single pump duplex units are furnished which consist of single tank, two pumps and motors. Tests with calibrated orifices are made on all pumps before shipment. Standard pumps are designed for operation against 20 lb. pressure but reasonably prompt delivery can be made on units for discharge pressure up to 150 lb. See Bulletin No. 409. Economy Centrifugal Vacuum Pump Type 2284 Unit No. CV-I CV-2 CV-3 CV-4 CV-5 CV-6 CV-7 CV-8 CV-9 CV-10 Capacity in Sq. Ft. Direct C. I. Radiation Motor Horse Power Cubic Feet Air per Min. Size Dis charge to Boiler Size Re turn Inlet 2,500 5,000 8.000 y. iy. Vs V/z 14 v/2 6 1 1 2 2Vz 16.000 2 10 V/4 3 20.000 3 15 27,500 5 19 40,000 5 24 l'/4 3 Vi a/z y/z 4 65.000 T'/z 40 2 5 100.000 ' 10 60 2Vz 6 150.000 15 90 v/z 6 Ship ping Weight 650 750 900 1,025 1.150 1.300 1.550 1.800 3.100 4,000 Economy Multi-Stage Pumps Made in the horizontal-split type in sizes 2*^ and larger, smaller sizes are vertically split. In these pumps the head per stage has been limited to a figure at which high efficiency and long life is obtained. Distinctive features of Economy horizontally split design are solid one piece bronze dia phragms, the volute in every stage and the hydraulic balanc ing device. The table shows maximum head at 1750 r.p.rn. Higher pressures are obtained with 3600 revolution units. Specifications are given in Bulletin No. 406. - Type M Economy Double Suction Centrifugal Pump Economy general service single stage centrifugals are made in a complete range of capacities up to 3500 G.P.M. They are widely used for general water supply, hot water circulation, brine circula tion, air washing service, etc. They embody the newest hydraulic developments which give them an unusually high efficiency over a broad range. The mechanical design is simple and rugged. Descrip tion and complete table is given in Bulletin No. 408. Multi-Stage Pumps for High Pressure House Supply Boiler Feeding, Etc. Capacity, gal*, per min.. Pump number....................... Horsepower per 100 ft head.. Max. head at 1750 r.p.m.___ 25 1 2.5 300 50 100 ft 400 600 160 250 350 n3 3 11.0 17.0 750 750 550 721 Pumps M. J. Finn Pump Mfg. Co. Manufacturers of Water Supply Systems and Centrifugal Pumps Pittsburgh, Pa. Supply Houses in New York, Chicago, Minneapolis and San Francisco . Copyright 1925 by M. J. Finn Pump Mfg. Co. PRODUCTS: Finn Patented Condensa tion Pump and Receiver. Finn Drinking Water Cir culatingand Booster Pumps. Also. manufacturers of Refrigeration, Brine and Booster Pumps. Finn Patented No Tank Water Supply Systems. Finn Fuel Saving Condensation Pump and Receiver Returns condensation from radiators and return lines below the water line of boilers in all kinds of buildings, drying kiins, greenhouses, etc., also forces circulation in hot water heating systems. Finn fuel saving condensation pump and receiver can be located on a level with or below the boiler. By means of automatic electric control (furnished with the pump), it will return condensation from and eliminate sluggishness in all radiators, coils and return lines that are on a level with or below the boiler, permitting them to be filled with live steam instead of cold condensation. STCAM MAffV 7-0 ALL ffTSSfiS For larger operations, two or more pumps can be connected effecting great saving in elec tricity and fuel. Specifications--The con tractor shall furnish and install one No........... Finn Automatic Electric Condensation Pump and Receiver, with horizontal split case, all-bronze pump with Monel metal shaft, automatic control and........hp.. ........cycle........... phase,......... volt direct [alternating] current motor manufactured by M. J. Finn Pump Mfg. Co., Pittsburgh. Pa. Finn Drinking Water Circulating and Booster Pumps Used for circulating drinking water in all classes of buildings: hospitals, schools, institutions, hotels, restaurants, factories, and office buildings. These pumps are the same as those used in the Finn water supply system described in opposite column. Entirely Closed Method--A sanitary and economical method by which drinking water is cooled in the pipe main which is coiled at any desirable location, the coil being contained in a wood rtutt PUflP /r/f.C*. VJiA, Typical Layout of Finn Condensation Pomp and Receiver In returning the condensation to the boiler inter mittently, the Finn pump creates a vacuum in the system, permitting the water in the boiler to boil at a lower temperature and, consequently, reduces the fuel consumption. In addition to the fuel saving feature, a better circulation is produced in all return lines, consequently these lines become very hot and serve as additional radiation. The pump is the same as that used in the Finn water supply system described on the following page. It consists of only a few parts, is made of high grade materials, and, because of its simplicity, is hot expensive. Impeller touches water only. No metal rub; no wear. The cost of the electricity required is insignificant. Capacities--No. 1 pump, 4000 sq. ft. of direct radiation; No. 2 pump, 7000 sq. ft. direct radiation. Finn Pump Supplying Crystal-dear Pure Water in Mellon National Bank, Pittsburgh To choose wisely is to avoid trouble and worry FINN Simplicity--Real Quality--Supremacy United States National Museum Smithsonian Institution 'Washington, D. C. Hippodrome Theatre Boro of Manhattan New York City St. Rita's Home for Infants U. S. Steel Corp. Mellon National Bank Pittsburgh, Penna. Sheridan Square Theatre 722 Syria Mosque, A.A.O.N.M.S. Pittsburgh, Pa. Stoneboro Wesleyan Methodist Camp Meeting Association Pennsylvania, R. R. M. J. Finn Pump Mfg. Co. Pumps CloMd Method of Drinking Weter CircuUtion Af-J. F/NM PU/iP /iff. fo, Piffsbttrfli.fc,USA. Method of Brine Circulation or steel box usually insulated with cork lining (standard size of cork slabs on the market is 12 in. wide, 36 in. long, and 3 in. thick). Box can be placed either below, above or level with basement or any floor regardless of location of pump, and the box should have a drain as shown in the sketch. Ice can be packed around the coil in the box, or, if a refrigerating machine is used, the brine pipe of the latter can be run to and coiled inside the box. there being room for both the brine coil and the coil containing the drinking water. Check valves shown in sketch keep the cold water from backing up into the street or building main and also send make-up water direct to the coils and pump. The closed method, using either a No. 1 or No. 2 Finn Pump, will provide abundant circulation and take care of maximum demands during rush periods in the largest buildings. Specifications for Closed Method--The con tractor shall furnish and install one No. 1 Finn Noiseless pure drinking water bronze and Monel metal pump with M hp................ cycle, _______ phase; ____ volt, direct [alternating] current motor and two brass swing check valves manufactured by M. J. Finn Pump Mfg. Co., Pittsburgh. Pa., or,. The contractor shall furnish and install one No. 2 Finn Noiseless Pure Drinking Water bronze and Monel metal pump with M hp............ cycle, ..-- phase,........ volt, direct [alternating] current motor and two brass swing check valves manufactured by M. J. Finn Pump Mfg. Co., Pittsburgh, Pa. house side of the cooling tank. A wheel handle relief valve can be easily set by the user-to suit any kind or size of building. The relief valve partly closes when faucets or fountains are open: when the latter are closed, the relief valve opens a little more permitting water to return to the tank, thereby maintaining constant circulation. The open system requires one No. 2 Finn pump, or for large operations; two No. 2 pumps to take care of great demands in rush periods. Specifications for Open Methods--The con tractor shall furnish and install one No. 2 Finn Noiseless Pure Drinking Water bronze and Monel metal pump with hp............... cycle............- phase, ____ volt, direct [alternating] motor manufactured by M. J. Finn Pump Mfg. Co., of Pittsburgh, Pa. Brine Circulation Pump--The contractor shall furnish and install one No. 2 Finn Calcium or Sodium Brine Pump with M hp............cycle,____h phase...... ....volt direct [alternating] current motor manufactured by M. J. Finn Pump Mfg. Co., Pittsburgh, Pa. Finn Patented No Tank Pure Water Supply Systems The Finn patented centrifugal pump or-water system no tank and delivers large quantities of water, under high pressure, direct from its'source to the faucets in a steady, even flow (without pulsation). It has few parts and runs smoothly and quietly. The pump has bronze body. Monel metal shaft, heavy cast iron base and high grade motor. Pump impeller touches water only. No metal rub; no wear. The Finn pump does away with gears, pulleys, buckets, belts, pump valves, wire springs and rusty water tanks. Dimensions--Floor space: No. 1 pump, 16 x 26 in.; No. 2 pump, 16 x 30 in. Approximate weight, 195 lb. Either opening serves as inlet or outlet. Tappings suitable for all buildings. Can be connected into any service line regardless of size. Specifications--One No. 1 Finn-Patented Pure Water (No Tank) System with M hp............cycle, ____ phase......... -- volt, direct [alternating] current motor manufactured by M. J. Finn Pump Mfg. Co., Pittsburgh, Pa. Ary PUMP ftff. Co. PifttburfAA^a.S.A' Open Method of Drinking Water Circulation Open Method--By this method, drinking water contained in an open galvanized tank is cooled by brine coils submerged in the water. The Finn pump should be located in the drinking water main on the Prompt Shipments We maintain a large and complete stock of all pumping units, described herein in all principal cities so that prompt deliveries can be made. Plumbers, steamfitters, sprinkler, men and others understand our products and can install them with out any special directions. The installation, being very simple, requires only ordinary care. Homeopathic Hospital Presbyterian Hospital Gilmore Drug Bldg. Pittsburgh Box Factories Dr. Zimmerman Dairy - Youngstown, Ohio Mercy Hospital St. Johns Hospital Smith Greenhouses Greenburg, Pa. Saunders Estate West Palm Beach, Florida Lutz & Schramm Plant Home Dairy Bldgs. Pontiac, Mich. Seibold Estate Bobcaygeon, Canada Hotels, Restaurants, Factories, Schools, Farms and Residences too Numerous to Mention. 723 ' rH The Nash Engineering Company Plant and General Offices South Norwalk, Conn., U. S. A. Sales Offices Atlanta...................... ......... 618 Atlanta Trust Co. Bldg. Birmingham............................................... 2224 Comer Bldg. Boston.................,.............Nottingham Bldg., Copley Sq. Buffalo.................................... 317 Chamber of Commerce Butte, Montana........._.............................910 Arizona St. Chattanooga____ :........................... ...........1104 James Bldg. Charlotte^__________608 Builders Bldg. Chicago............................................... 925 Monadnock Block Cleveland.--............................. 1600 Union Trust Bldg. Dallas..................................... 1020 Mercantile Bank Bldg. Denver--.............................. ......... ............. 1226 California St. Detroit. ...................................................... ,,.............Kerr Bldg. Indianapolis.............................. 821 Hume-Mansur Bldg.. Kansas City, Mo............... ........ ............ 208 Mutual Bldg. Los Angeles........ ............................1224 S. San Pedro St. Louisville.--.................................. ............ 901 Realty Bldg. ` Memphis............. ................. _.................1714 Exchange Bldg. Miami........................... ...................._...........113 N. E. Third St. Minneapolis................................................. 808 La Salle Ave. Montreai.......................-.......................417 New Birks Bldg. New Orleans........... ...........................................344 Camp St. New York, N. Y--...................................................... .GraybarBldg. Omaha........................................................ Baum Bldg. Philadelphia................ ........................... .254 South 15th St. Pittsburgh. ............................................1430 Oliver Bldg. Portland, Ore............ ............................................. 224 Pine St. Richmond...............301 American National Bank Bldg. St. Louis...................... ,.................... 4200 Forest Park Blvd. Salt Lake City, Utah............................................ DoolyBldg. San Francisco........ ........ .................. i.................. Sharon Bldg. Seattle.................................................. 901 L. C. Smith Bldg. Toronto. ......................................................... 90 Chestnut St. Vancouver..............................................................410 Homer St. Washington, D. C............................... ;...................Barr Bldg. PRODUCTS . Return line and air line vacuum heating pumps. Con densation pumps. Standard and suction centrifugal pumps. House service pumps. Sewage ejectors. Sump pumps. Com pressors and vacuum pumps for air and gases. Equivalent Direct Radiation Sq.Ft. Actual H. r . for Delivering Water A gainst 10 lbs. Pressure. R.P.M. H.P. R.P.M. 1 HP* Return Line Vacuum Heating Pump Removes air and condensation from the return line of vacuum steam heating systems, discharges the air to the atmosphere, and returns the water to the boiler. . - The pump consists, of two independent units combined in a single casing--an air unit and a water unit. Impellers of both units are mounted on the same shaft, supported on annular ball bearings outside the casing. The pump is bronze fitted throughout. Capacities of Jennings Heating Pumps e ** 21 s R-P-M.& Motor H.P. 10 lbs. 20 lbs. > - oJe S.5 V 95 Is si-* <d T 2,500 3 U 5.000 3 V 10.000 6 R 16,000 9 <: 26.000 15 D 40.000 19 K 65.000 34 K 100.000 50 G 150.000 102 4 9 14 22 35 60 90 140 200 0.33v 3600 X 3600 Vt 0.33 3600 H 3600 Vi 0.9 3600 1 1.4 1600 v/7 1800 2 2.0 1800 2 1600 3 2.6 1800 3 1800 5 3.9 1800 5 1800 'I'h 7.0 (800 7Vj (800 10 9.8 1200 10 1200 15 Jennings Return Line Vacuum Pump The air unit exhausts air and vapors and. de livers these to the atmosphere without back pres sure. The water unit removes the condensation and pumps it directly into the boiler. By handling the air independently of the water, horsepower is saved, with a proportionate reduction in the cost of current. Supplied either direct connected to standard electric motors, for belt drive, or for steam turbine drive. For continuous or automatic operation against pressures up to 40 lb. Condensation Pump and Receiver Removes the condensation from radiators in return Jine steam heating systems, particularly radiators set below the boiler waterline level, and pumps the condensation back to the boiler. By making the pump casing a part of the return tank,, and bolting the motor base to ` the tank, floor space is con served. The rectangular construction permits in stallation in a corner against the wall. Jennings Condensation Pump 724 The Nash Engineering Company Pumps Capacities of Jennings Condensation Pumps Sewage Ejector Size RJ\M. Equivalent Water Tank 101b. Direct Capacity Capacity Di- Radiation G.P.M. G.P.M. charge Sq.Ft. Pressure Motor RP. 10 lb. Discharge Pressure For pumping.unscreened sewage or drainage from basements below the street sewer level, handling crude sewage-from low level districts, pumping effluent, sludge and other heavy liquids. 32 2000 34 4000 36 6000 38 8000 3J0 (0.000 312 12,000 316 16,000 4 6 8 II (3 16 22 6 3600 6 3600 6 3600 12 3600 12 3600 12 3600 12 3600 X X X X X Vl 'h The Jennings Sew age Ejector is of the pneumatic type. Air, compressed to the necessary working pressure by a Nash Hytor Compressor, is used as the motive power to pump the Centrifugal Pomp For circulating hot and cold wter; boosting city water pressure; handling water in air washing and conditioning; removing condensate from heating systems, blow-down from soot blowers and super heaters, exhaust drips from steam ejector air pumps and other auxiliaries; pumping refrigerator can and core water, evaporator feed, cool ing tower and con accumulated sewage from a pot to the sewer. - Air is compressed, delivered, and used only when required. There are no air storage tanks, re Jennings Sewage Ejector ciprocating air compressors, or screens. Air valves are avoided. . Furnished in several standard sizes for handling up to 1500 gal. per min. Heads up to 50 ft. denser water, screen wash water, oil Compressors and Vacuum Pumps for Air and Gases engine jacket water, ash sluicing water. Compact -- motor armature and pump impeller are Jennings Centrifugal Pump The rotor, consisting of a cylindrical hub around the periphery of which are chambers or spaces. formed by heavy shrouds cast integrally, revolves freely in an elliptical casing or housing filled with water. As the rotor turns, it carries the water around with it. The water under the influence of cen trifugal force, is compelled to follow the contour of the casing, and alternately to mounted on enter and to the same shaft. - Simplicity--no bearings in pump casing, only one stuffing box. Accessible--pump impeller can be removed without breaking pipe connections, touching packing, or disturbing shaft alignment. leave the rotor chambers, twice in each revolu tion. As the water Supplied in 1#, IX, 2, 3, 4 and 6 in. sizes for recedes from handling up to 1000 g.p.m. Heads up to 250 ft. the rotor, air is Bronze fitted pump is standard construction. Also drawn into the furnished in all-bronze or all-iron for special service. Centrifugal Pump Operating With Suction Lift chambers through the in let port. As the water is subsequently Sectional View of the Nash Hytor Compressor or Vacuum Pump, : Showing the Unique Principle of Hydro-Turbine Operation When the Jennings Suction Centrifugal is started, forced back into the built-in Nash Hytor Vacuum Pump exhausts the rotor by the converging casing, the air is com the air from the casing and suction piping. Water pressed and then discharged from the rotor through is auickly drawn into the pump. Full rated capac the outlet port.' ity is delivered without delay. A separator, supplied with each compressor, frees Successful performance is assured under the delivered compressed air of entrained moisture. . conditions where water level is likely to fall, Supplied in several standard sizes for handling up or where air or gas is handled together with to 5000 cu. ft. of free air per min. For discharge the water being pumped. Intermittent operation pressures up to 20 lbs.* vacuums up to 20 in. of- ' possible mercury column. Cast iron standard construction. Bronze fitted pumps, and pumps of solid bronze and other alloys furnished special. Jennings Suction (Self-Priming) . Centrifugal Pump Bulletins Heads up to 100 ft. Sup plied either bronze fitr ted or all bronze con struction. No. 10. Nash Hytor Compressors. No. 11. Nash Hytor Vacuum Pumps. No. 15. Jennings Return Line Vacuum Heating Pumps, piped-up type. No. 17. Jennings Air Line Vacuum Heating Pumps. No. 52. Jennings Standard Centrifugal Pumps. No. 63. Jennings Condensation Pumps. No. 67. Jennings Sewage Ejectors. No. 71. Jennings Return Line Vacuum Heating Pumps, manifold type. 725 Pumps Skidmore Corporation General Offices and Factory: 1535 DaytOfl Street, Chicago, U.S.A. . Standard Type Furnished for continuous service or when vacuum control only is desired Interceptor Tank Base Type Furnished when vacuum and float control is desired The pump in its construction, materials ! used and operation remains the same as shown for our standard type. The object of the design is to have a unit compact in arrangement, combining the vacuum pump with an interceptor tank, thereby saving floor space, and securing a low water line in the system I when* operating on float control. 1 In the arrangement shown a hollow base has been used on which the pump, motor and electrical equipment are mounted. A float operated switch is installed in the base to control the pump from water level in same. All wiring between the starter, | vacuum switch and float switch will be \ installed at the factory. ' With this construction the unit arrives complete, ready to set in place, and by simply connecting the return and discharge pipes to flanged openings and wiring to starter the pump is ready to run. " The use of a cast iron tank as a base eliminates the necessity of a concrete base for mounting. We feel sure that the low operating water line secured in this design will appeal to Architects and Engineers as it will in many installations eliminate the placing of the pump in a pit to secure drainage of low radiation and returns. The operating point on these units will be from 10 in. on the smaller sizes to 12 in. on the larger, from floor level. Where a self-contained unit reliable and quiet in operation is desired the Skidmore will be found. . Positive removal of air and water from the heating system and the return of water to the boiler. A unit of pleasing design' of large ca pacity and maintained efficiency, occupying less than half the floor space of pumps for similar service, self-contained all on one base with return connections close to floor with strainer arranged so that connections can be made to one or both sides as desired. Furnished with direct connected motors for 10 and 20 lb. pressure, or up to 60 lb. if desired. For continuous service or with automatic control. - A strictly high grade product, bronze rotors and bronze fitted throughout, shaft carried on oversize ball bearings, no close clearances or rubbing parts. CAPACITIES FOR 10-ln. VACUUM--10 and 10 lb. Pressure Pump Capacity Sq. Ft. of Radiation Gallons of Water ' .MiPnute Motor Horaepower . 101b. 201b. Size of Companion Flanges for Returns Size . of Discharge to Boiler . R.pjn. .0 1 2 3 A 5 6 5000 8000 16,000 26,000 40,000 65,000 100,000 '8 II 22 35 60 90 150 y. 1 w 1 in . 2" \' w I'/z 2 ' 2" 23 y w II/,' 3 5 y 2' 5 - Wi 7Vl 10 A" 2* y kw 1800 1600 1800 1800 1800 1600 * 1800 The Trane Company Za Orosse, Wis. See Heat Cabinets and Concealed Heaters, pages. 622. 623; Unit Heaters, page 638 Heating Specialties, pages, 786,787 BRANCHES IN PRINCIPAL CITIES TRANE PUMPS The new line of Trane Centrifugal Pumps de velop higher efficiencies and consequently require smaller motors than average centrifugal pumps. On the smaller pumps three-quarter horsepower motors do work that has required one or one and one-half in the past. On the larger pumps, seven and one-half horsepower motors do work that has always required ten. On condensation units up to 30,000 sq. ft., the pump is direct connected to the motor by a spe cial motor end plate. Outfits for con densation work are furnished completely hooked up. That is, the motor and pump, tank, switch box and motor protective equipment are mounted on one base and completely wired ready to install. These pumps can be furnished with impellers suitable for brine or other work requiring special construction. The Trane Line of Pumps includes condensation pumps, sump Condensation Pumps Completely Wired Ready to Install pumps, circulating pumps and booster pumps. Complete informa tion and bulletins will be sent on request. CAPACITIES OF TRANE CONDENSATION PUMPS Pump No. Radiation in Sq.Ft. Min. Cal. per Min. 410 4000 6-8 415 4000 6-8 420 4000 . 6-8 430 4000" 6-8 440 4000 6-8 610 615 620 630 6000 6000 6000 6000 9-12 9-12 9-12 9-12 640 6000 9-12 810 6000 12-16 815 8000 12-16 820 8000 12-16 830 8000 12-16 840 8000 12-16 1010 1015 1020 1030 1040 10000 10000 10000 10000 10000 15-20 13-20 15-20 15-20 15-20 Max. Pres. at Pump Motcn HP. Unit Complete See Notes Approximate Ship. Wt,, Lb. Pump No. 10 IS 20 1 30 40 10 15 20 8 30 t 40 10 Vt 15 20 8 30 t 40 10 '/, 15 20 ji 30 40 8 250 275 275 275 300 400 425 425 450 450 400 425 425 450 450 425 450 450 475 475 1510 1515 1520 1530 1540 1550 2010 2015 2020 2030 2040 2050 2510 2515 2520 2530 2540 2550 3010 3015 3020 3030 3040 3050 Radiation in Sq.Ft. 15000 15000 15000 15000 15000 15000 20000 20000 20000 20000 20000 20000 25000 25000 25000 25000 25000 25000 30000 30000 30000 30000 30000 30000 Min. Gal. Per Min. 1 Max. Pres, Motoi at RP. Pump 25-30 25-30 25-30 25-30 25-30 25-30 30-40 30-40 30-40 30-40 30-40 30-40 40-50 40-50 40-50 40-50 40-50 40-50 50-60 50-60 50-60 50-60 50-60 50-60 10 15 20 30 40 50 10 15 20 30 40 50 10 15 20 30 40 50 10 15 20 30 40 50 8 Va 1 2 3 f 1 2 2 3 1 1 3 3 1 1 /, 3 3 Unit Complete See Notes Approximate Ship. Wt., Lb. 525 550 550 575 625 650 550 575 575 625 625 650 575 575 600 625 650 675 575 575 625 625 675 700 Data on larger sizes will be furnished upon request. 727 Pumps, Receivers Westco-Chippewa Pump Company ' (Incorporated) Factory and General Offices: Davenport, Iowa Westco-Chippewa Pump Co. 1415 Howard Street ' Chicago Branches Nsw York Office 90 West Street New York City Westco-Chippewa Pump Sales 579 Howard Street San Francisco, Calif. Co. Westco Pumps Westco Condensation Pumps and Receivers Radiator Brackets Clip-Bar Manufacturing Co. RADIATOR BRACKETS 1119 to 1125 Roy Street, Philadelphia, Pa. Only One Moving Part Westco Pumps and Receivers are used for automatically returning to low and high pressure steam plants, condensation from radiation systems, heaters, steam coils, etc. They save the water supply. and to a considerable extent the fuel by returning the condensate while hot, also inducing proper circulation in the system. . Each unit consists of Westco pump direct con-.- nected to motor and heavy steel plate galvanized receiver tank mounted on heavy cast iron pedestals which form a solid foundation. Entirely auto matic operation. .Water gauge and necessary fittings between pump and receiver tank are furnished with all units. The Westco is a double suction ball bearing pump, possessing perfect hydraulic balance, which insures long life and freedom from adjustments and repairs. The design allows complete disas sembly without disturbing the suction and discharge connections. Because of its wide operating range the Westco eliminates the necessity for carefully computing the head against which it must operate. Westco pumps will operate against variations of as much as 50 per cent either way in the head against which they were intended to operate. Even though the safety valve is set higher than it should be, this remarkable pump still returns the condensate to the boiler. In addition to the features outlined, the Westco is silent, smooth running, requires very little space, because of its extreme compactness and will operate for months with a minimum of attention. SELECTION TABLE WESTCO CONDENSATION PUMP AND RECEIVER UNITS Max. Sq. Ft. Pump Direct Capacity G.P.M. 1000 to 2000 2000 to 4000 4000 to 6000 6000 to 7500 7500 to 10000 10000 to 15000 15000 to 20000 20000 to 25000 25000 to 30000 30000 to 35000 35000 to 40000 40000 to 45000 45000 to 50000 150 2150 25 30 40 50 60 70 80 19000 | tPOUNDS PRESSURE--Against which Pump will diKhtge. operating at 1750 r.p.m. 10 C3H6-</4 C4G7J/4 C4G6-H C4F6-H C4F5-Vz C4F5-72 C4D6-5A C4D5-1 C5F5-M/1 C5D7-MA C5D7-P/1 C5D7-l'/i C5D6-2 20 C4H6-'/t C4G6-/2 C4G6# C4F5-% C4D7-1 C4D7-1'/2 C4D5-1'/2 C5F5-2 C5D7-3 C5D7-3 C5D7-3 C5D6-5 C5D6-5 30. 40 C4H6-H C4G6-% C6K7-1 C6H7-IV2 C5F8-P/2 C5F6-2 C5F6-2 C5D7-3 C6F7-3 C5D6-5 C5D6-5 C5D6-5 C6F5-5 C5L7-V4 xC5K8-1 C6K7-1 C6H7-P/2 C6H6-2 C6H6-2 C6H5-3 C6F8-3 C6F7-5 C6F6-5 C6F5-7Vi C6FS-7V$ C7H6-7y2 50 C5L7-V4 C5K8-1 C6H7-2 C6H7-2 C6H6-3 C6H5-3 C6F8-5 C6F7-5 C6F6-5 C6F6-5 C6F5-7>/2 C6F5-7y2 C7H6-10 60 C5K8-1. C6K7-P/2 C6H7-2 C6H6-3 C6H6-3 C6HS-5 C6F8-5 C6F6-5 C7H7-7/2 C7H7-7IA C7H7-7V2 C7HM0 C7H6-10 C6K7-3 C6K7-3 C6H6-S C6H5-5 C6H5-5 C7H8-7V2 C7H8-7'/2 C7H7-10 C7H7-10 C7H7-10 C7H6-I5 C7H6S-2Q C7H6S-2Q Pump capacity based on handling 190 deg. fahr. water. flnformation on pumps for pressures not shown on table furnished on request. Note.'--The above unit numbers indicate the model Westco pump and size motor. Example: Unit number C3H6K indicates a model 3H6 Westco Double Suction Bronze fitted pump requiring a K hp. 1725 r.p.m. motor. See Dimension table for size of receiver. 728 SIMPLEX BRACKET Carrying Tube Radiator SIMPLEX BRACKET Carrying Wail Radiator The "Simplex" Top Hung Radiator Bracket, for tube radiation, is designed upon an entirely new principle. Heretofore radiator brackets have . carried the radiators from the central hub of the radiator, either top or bottom, but the "Simplex" bracket carries the radiator from the rear tubes which eliminates the necessity of using a great variety of supporting hooks or shoes, several length of wall plates and a number of sizes of tie rods. Construction: Rigid wrought steel construc tion throughout, unbreakable, guaranteed. Tube Radiators: The -Simplex Radiator Bracket is made in orte size only, which accom modates all standard tube radiators regardless of make, number of tubes or height. . Wall Radiators: The hooks for wall radiators are interchangeable with hooks for tube radiators and accommodate all standard makes of wall radia tion. Top Hung: No projection beyond face or ; below bottom of radiator. Always clears surbase. Concealed: Brackets are in back of the radiator and below the top of same. j Brackets are concealed yet accessible for J making adjustments. . Clearance from Wall: Simplex Top Hung Radiator Bracket hold the radiator two inches from the wall. . Installation: Easily and quickly attached to wall, one M in. bolt is all that is necessary. Two . can be used if desired. Radiators can be removed from brackets for painting without disturbing the adjustment or any part of the bracket. A locking device is provided on the bracket to hold hook at right angle to wall to receive radiator. Adjustment: Brackets are adjustable both vertically and horizontally. The 2M in- slot in the wall plate eliminates the necessity of exact measure ment in locating bolts. Radiators can be adjusted after placing on hanger. Economy: One size brackets for all sizes of standard tube radiators, with interchangeable hooks for wall radiation. Eliminates the use of various height brackets and various sizes of hooks and tie rods. The elimination of the tie rods is an important advantage as the tie rods are not only unsightly but take time to install. - No left overs from one job that cannot be used on the next. . . No expensive delays waiting for brackets due to a change in size or height of radiators during progress of the work. A complete assembled unit. . By carrying stock on hand, work can be immedi ately installed without waiting for additional parts. Safety: When the radiator is'in place on the. hook of the "Simplex" bracket it is securely held by the slot in the hook and cannot be dislodged without lifting off the hook. Weight: Both wall and tube brackets weigh about 4V< lbs. each. ' 729 Radiator Hangers The Little Giant Manufacturing Company Minneapolis, Minnesota Manufacturers of - Tu-bu-lur Radiator Brackets Little Giant Concrete Inserts Little Giant Radiator Hangers Little Giant Radiator Trucks Products distributed by United States Radiator Corp.--Sold by all leading jobbers A New Principle The New Tu-bu-lur Radiator Bracket offers simplicity, economy, accuracy, elasticity, rigidity and strength. Alt adjust ments neededfor correct installation can be made in the brocket, itself. TU-BU-LUR RADIATOR BRACKETS Modern radiators are of the tube type--modern radiation in all types of buildings is being wall-hung. The new' Tu-bu-lur Radiator Bracket, revolutionary in its principles, comes as an answer to the demand for simplified radiator support. The Tu-bu-lur is truly a universal bracket. In one style and but three sizes, it fits all tube type radiators, whether rod, slip nipple or screw nipple, regardless of make, width or pattern. To ap- preciate the value of this adaptability one has but to glance at the variations in tube radiator dimen sions--for example a few leading makes of 6 tube radiators measure in width as follows: Little Giant Radiator Hangers Little Giant Radiator Hangers are used for sup porting all types of radiators that are to be bottom hung. The Little Giant is a one-bolt hanger, having both vertical and lateral adjustment and providing Continental......................... 9 in. for expansion and contraction. American...... ....................... 9% in. United States...... ................in. Kewanee.... .......................... lOJg in. Gurney..................................in. The Tu-bu-lur eliminates the need of close measurement and the selecting of a number of hanger pieces from a wide range of styles and sizes--the Tu-bu-lur fits all radiators. The Tu-bu-lur permits complete adjustments in any direction, level or plane. It provides for adjustment in and out from wall; for vertical alignment; for adjustment laterally in either direction; for raising or lowering radiator; for setting radiator in exact plumb. The Tu-bu-lur requires but one anchor bolt in the wall and requires no tie bolt. . Made of certified malleable iron, painted navy gray. the Tu-bu-lur is sold completely assembled, ready to install. Style "L"--(Left) holds radiator VA in. from wall Style "P"--(Right) holds radiator in. from walL 730 Radiator Hangers--Concrete Inserts Healy-Ruff Company Manufacturers of E-Z Radiator Hangers and Concrete Inserts 791 Hampden Avenue St. Paul, Minn. Products E-Z One-Bolt Radiator Hanger or Bracket, for hanging all makes of wall and tube radiation. E-Z Concrete Inserts, for all pipe hangers. E-Z Radiator Hangers Style "R.,'' places radiator 1> in. from wall, but ia not adjustable for baseboard. Style " H " places radiator 2H in. from wall and pro vides for baseboard adjustment. All style " R" hangers convertible, with parts No. 5 and No. 8, into style "H." Both styles are made for wall, column and tube radiation. All parts made of pressed steel except bottom hook support. AH column and tube radiation is held in at the top with ain invisible washer. Advantages-- - Easy to dean under the radiator. Floors and carpets can be laid without disturbing radiator or connections. Nothing in way of mop or sweeper, . No carrying of radiators over new floors. . Anchor bolts can be placed in walls during con struction. No accurate measurements required since hangers have both horizontal and vertical adjustments. (Vertical adjustments made with j^-in. pipe.) - Only one bolt in the wall for each banger. Expansion can not affect anchor bolts in wall. Entire hanger invisible when installed. . Adjustable for any height of baseboard. ' Saves time and labor. Radiators can be hung and permanent con nections made before floors are laid. Applicable to walls of wood, brick, tile or walls of any other material. Desirable where vacuum cleaners are used. Desirable where temperature control is used. Typical Specifications-- Where Baseboards Are Used--AO radiation, unless otherwise noted, shall be supported on wall by means of E-Z Radiator Hangers, Style "H," or equal, and ap proved in writing by the architect; arranged to support tire radiator IA in. from the wall and with baseboard . adjustment . Where Baseboard Adjustment It Not Desired--All radiation, unless otherwise noted, shall be supported os wall by means of E-Z Radiator Hangers, Style "R," or equal, and approved in writing by the architect; arranged to aupport the radiator in. from'tbe wall E-Z Concrete Inserts (7 in I) . . An insert with special'features making it adaptable to all sixes of pipe hangers, whether supported by pipe. bolt, rod, or band iron. Advantages--Made in just one size, and this one size accommodates K, H'tn. pipe, K, M ond fi-in. rod or bolt. Ball and socket connection between Insert and hanger. ' Fully adjustable--allows play to compensate for expansion' and inaccurate alignment of inserts. E-Z Button turns in the insert--no couplings or turnbuckles needed. "Make Pipe Hanging Easy." Style " H " Radiator Hanger, with baseboard adjustment 731 t-Z !N5tRT scot ho 2 roe y* AHD 96* ROD OR MACHINE. BOLT JKM7 rCS2 'iS7 AND BOLT rOH-C*NE IRON COHNICnON SLOT MO 1 roa- AitD-ft'piPt,oaA* AND **' ROD OR MACHlNt DOLT STANDARD PlPtOR BOD-CUT TO ANY LtAGTH E-Z Concrete Insert Radiators, Concealed Copper Radiator Sales Corp. Exclusive Distributors of Sage Radiation Schenectady, N. Y. Chicago, Builders Bldg. Warehouse Stocks: New Haven, Conn.--Schenectady. N. Y.--Chicago, III. Manufactured at New Haven and Bristol, Conn. . A real contribution to the science of heating is the Sage Tube-and-Fin Radiator and Cabinet for Steam, Hot Water or Vapor Systems. .. It offers a new method of heating because of the correct application of the proven principles of heat transmission. . ., ,. . , t x Sage Cabinet or Concealed Radiation is made of copper and brass, weighs about a pound per square toot of rated capacity and, because of the unique tube and fin arrangement, discharges heated air into the room at a level which is most conducive to comfort. The Sage Radiator creates air movements, which are essential to comfort as well as beneficial to the heating efficiency of the radiator itself. The smooth straight air passages give the air an initial velocity which carries the heat rapidly into the room and prevents the collection of dust within the radiator. As the Sage Radiator is very light in weight and consequently has only a comparatively small mass of metal to be heated, the running condition is reached in a minimum of time and heat is discharged before a cast-iron radiator gets warm to the touch. . Cabinets are furnished in natural wood grain finishes of red or brown mahogany, American brown walnut, French Ivory and pure white, also with prime coat only if so desired. The Sage Radiator has Demonstrated its Worth During 5 Years of Operation 1. Double top. Cabinet is strong and durable. Width of top 10 in. May be used as window seat. Space for water pan.. 2. Cabinets 20 in. high. Top is hinged. May be opened at 30 deg. during extremely cold weather increasing efficiency. Held rigidly in place. 3. Velocity of discharge carries heated air through the grille --an important feature, improving efficiency. 4. Finished in beautiful wood grain. Or in special finishes to' harmonise with decorative schemes. 5. Lacquer finishes, very durable, highly polished and not damaged by beat or water. 6. Straight, or smooth air passages and the velocity of air movement keep the radiator clean. 7. Grille is press formed. Has 72 per cent free air opening. 8. Has double the heating surface of other radiators ofsame capacity. Heating surface is very effective, is all used and of equal value. 9. Design creates essential air movements. Cold air enters from beneath, or through the back, passing through the entire radiator and out from the room side. The Sue or stack-effect is built in the radiator. 10. Radiator is made entirely of copper and brass. Tubes are seamless copper, fins light copper, headers stamped brass. Average weight a pound per rated square foot. 11. Fin channels split the heated air into many narrow streams. This causes rapid; natural circulation and re markable uniform room temperatures: 12. Heats almost immediately. Throws off nine-tenths of the heat hek) in storage by other radiators. Never becomes "air bound." Is always noiseless. . 13. Heats from the room side only--discharge m into the room at an angle of 60 deg. All heat is effective, "convected" heat--all effectively used. No "radiant" heat. 14. Draperies or decorations cannot become dirt-streaked or smudged. There are no vertical air movements between the Sage radiator and the wall and no heat. 732 Copper Radiator Sales Corp. Radiators, Concealed As shown by the accompanying diagram the Sage Radiator is of unit construction. The tubes are seamless copper, ^ in. outside diameter, .018 in. wall thickness and run horizontally. The fins are brass, .010 in. thick, 2% in. long and "/& in. wide. After the fins are assembled on the tubes the whole element is dipped in a tin bath to insure metallic contact between tube and fins. The tubes are welded into the stamped tube sheets and the stamped headers or end tanks are also welded to the tube sheets, so forming an absolute tight unit. All Sage Radiators have upper and lower tappings of standard size. This diagram indicates that steam reaches all parts of the radiator quickly and practically no heat is held "in storage." The chart demonstrates also the advantage gained by the use of Sage Radia tors on account of their small demands on the boiler during the heating-up period. DIMENSIONS IN INCHES Type No. Approx. Tappings Radiators Sq. Ft. Rating Upper Lower A BC Length Width Height D Cabinets* B.Lu. Height 20 De Water Actual Weight (Pounds) Length Width livered I& Contents (Pounds] Surface (Sq- Ft.) Radi ator Cabinet 22-10 22-15 22-20 . 10 15 20 % A>/. 1 1 1 13 18 23 2U-I6 20-19 25 30 11 'm'/? 19 22 4h 16'/, ii'hi 13'/, 4& 16% 18% 4% w 11% 23'/, v 18 19% m 18 13V. 22'/, 5% 2510 ' 3.65 5y. 3615 3.97 5'/, 4600 ' 5.26 9 . 5790 7.82 9 , 7076 - 8.21 17.12 24.67 32.4 51.83 60.83 19 22 26 26 29 13 16 18 21 23 20-24 20-29 25-29 25-34 25-2-195 40 50 60 70 80 1 1 mIVf 27 32 83/, 18 18 13% 271/4 9 "'9100 IV/, 32% 9 - 11220 6.86 75:63 33 9.51 90.83 38 25 27 1 m 32 m 18 IV/, 32'/, 9 13450 11.97 114.28 44 30 1 IV? 37 18 IVz 42V, /, 18 13% 37% 9 1% 43'/, 9 15900 12.78 133.78 49 18200 17.18 154.5 60 35 41 25-2-225 25-2-245 25-2-27 25-2-295 25-2-345 90 100 no 120 130 1 I'/z 48V. 83/, 18 13% 491/4 9 20350 18.14 177.5 67 46 1 IV, 52V, 8% 18 13% 53% 9 22450 18.80 192.5 71 51 1 m 573/, W, 18 13% 58i/4 9 24590 19.55 212.5 76 56 l`/z 623/, 83/, 16 IV/, 63% 9 26740 20.40 230.5 . 82 61 1 iVi 72>/, m 16 IV/, 73'/, 9 28900 22.10 268.5 92 70 733 Radiators, Concealed ROME BRASS RADIATOR CORPORATION 1 East 42nd Street, New York . BOSTON CHICAGO CLEVELAND PHILADELPHIA Representatives in Principal Cities PITTSBURGH Robras 20-20 finned type radiators are scientifically designed non-corrosive extended surface radiators, especially developed to utilize the advanced principles of heating, wherein the heat-surface is enclosed, either within the building wall or a casing. Robras Radiators utilize the enclosure as a stack within which they induce a positive movement of the heated air, expelling it horizontally, with sufficient. velocity to insure a uniformity of heating thruout the adjacent space never before achieved without fans. Thus the Rome Brass Radiator Corpora tion endorses this modern Method of Heating as incomparably superior to former practice, affording uniform comfort, economy, effective control, freedom from enormous weight and bulk, and freedom from intrusion upon the decorative scheme. Robras Finned Type Radiators are made entirely of brass and so constructed that they will withstand reasonably high steam pressures. As indicated two stamped brass side plates are electrically welded around the edges and down the center in two places. The brass radiating fins are applied at right angles to the surface. Shouldered nipples between sections are firmly screwed into octagonal spacers to prevent distortion of the brass walls. End caps are screwed on to the shouldered nipples at each end section. Robras Radiators are sectional as described and the sections are assembled in one or two tiers according to the space available. They may be any number of sections deep. By the use of special fittings sections may be connected vertically or horizontally as illustrated. , ., Sections of Robras Radiators are from 18 to 70 inches in length and are conservatively rated from sq. ft. to 25 sq. ft. so that 100 sq. ft. of Robras Radiator can be set. in a space 4 in. deep, 12 in. high and 70 in. long. The ratings of Robras Radiators have been determined from carefully prepared tests and are guaranteed when radiators are properly installed and other conditions of the heating plant are correct. To select the proper Robras Radiator for heating a room, the matter of draft head, or flue height of the enclosure is very important as this determines the effectiveness of the installation. . The capacity tables given indicate draft heads from 12 to 60 in. Draft heads greater than 60 in. are not recommended. . For example assume that B.tu. loss of the room amounts to 7200 and a recess avail able beneath a window is 45 in. long, 4 in. deep and the sill height is 27 in. Deducting 9 in. from the sill height to allow for inlet and outlet grilles leaves 18 in. which is the effec tive draft-head. To allow for. supply and return connections 10 in. will be taken in this case from the length of the recess, leaving 35 in. for the actual radiator. Referring to the two-tier capacity table, under 18-in. draft-head, we find that 32 in. is the nearest section length and that a 4 section 32-in. radiator will give 31sq. ft. The overall depth of this radiator is 3% in. Several important features of Robras Radiators should be kept in mind by engineers, architects and heating contractors: 734 Rome Brass Radiator Corporation Radiators, Concealed 1 Supply and return tappings are usually horizontal but Robras Radiators can be furnished with tappings for vertical connections from the bottom. 2--Robras Radiators are rated in sq. ft. of equivalent direct radiation making it unnecessary to add any percentage for en closing them. 3--Top and bottom grilles in the face of the wall are recommended. 4--Robras Radiators are approxi mately yi the size and only ^ as heavy as the old fashioned radiator of equal rating. 5-- --Robras Radiators can be used with any steam, vapor, or hot water heating system. 6--They are within the walls, outof-the-way and out-of-sight. Typical Specification for Robras Radiators . Robras Furnish and install where shown on plans and called for in the specifications, Radiators Robras Radiators of the finned type as manufactured by the Rome Brass Radiator Corporation, 1 East 42nd Street, New York City. All radiators shall be shipped completely assembled with the connections tapped in accordance with the manufacturers' schedule. All Robras Radiators shall be installed in a horizontal position with the low end 4 in. above the finished floor and shall be pitched in accordance with dimensions furnished by the manufacturers. Radiators may be supported on standards made of % in.1 iron nipples with a floor flange at either end. Radiator Recesses . All recesses for Robras Radiators shall be lined with No. 26 gauge sheet metal, backed with approved insulation. Sizes of recesses shall be as shown on plans but gen eral details may be obtained from the Rome Brass Radiator Corporation data sheets. Radiator recesses shall be provided with fronts having face openings above and below the radiator as shown on details, the free area of the bottom opening shall be not less than 30 per cent of the top face area of the radiator. The free area of the top opening shall be not less than 40 per cent of the top face area of the radiator. Free areas of grilles used in top and bottom openings shall not be less than the proportion given above. Bathroom Units Each bathroom unit shall be furnished complete with a white lacquered metal cabi net 8 in. high and may be supp orted by the pipe con nections only. (Note that on one pipe steam jobs small angle iron brackets will be required for these units). Robras Bathroom Units shall be so installed as to have the grille at the top. 735 / Rome Brass Radiator Corporation Radiators, Concealed Rome Brass Radiator Corporation Radiators, Concealed Typical One Tier ROBRAS SO-SO Installation Showing Front Elevation and Section L--Section Length ~.c2 U. S'a Z-S l> & < Oh* t4| ?.I D--Overall 19'/.' 20%' Sq. 23%' Sq. 27'/.' 28'/*' 32' 33'/*' 34%' 33'/.' 40%' 45'/.' 46%' I?' 51'/.' 521/*' Capacities of Enclosed ONE TIER ROBRAS 20-20 RADIATORS Capacities are shown in the square foot equivalent of stand* ard direct cast iron radiation. Onesquare foot equals 240 B.t.u. per hour in a 70 deg. room with steam at 215 deg. and one pound pressure. TABLE NO. t 60* 70* 71'/.' 72'/*' Sq. 2 3 4 5 6 2 3 .4 5 6 2 3 4 5 6 2 3 4 5 6 2 3 4 5. 6 2 3 4 5 6 2 3 4 5 6 12 in. Draft Head 3'/.' 5%' 6'/,' 8%' 9'/.' 2160 3240 4320 5400 .6480 9 13Vi 18 221/2 27 2760 4140 5520 6900 8280 ii'/d 3240 17% 4860 23 6480 28% 8100 39% 9720 I3'/*I 4140 % 6210 8280 33% 10350 90% 12420 17% 5040 25% 7560 39% 10080 12600 51% 15120 21 5880 31% 8820 42 11760 521/2 14700 63 17640 6720 3 10080 49 13440 61% 16800 73% 20160 28 42 56 70 84 8160 34 12240 51 16320 68 20400 85 24480 102 960U 40 >4400 60 19200 80 24000 100 28800 120 18 in. Draft Head 3y.' 5'/,' 6y/ 8>/.' 9'/.' . 2280 SB 363420 &4560 5700 w\6840 9'/* 14% 19 23'/. 281/* 3000 4500 6000 7500 9000 18$ 3600 5400 25 7200 31% 9000 37%l 10800 15 4560 22i/i 6840 30 9120 371/2 11400 45 13680 19 5400 22% 6360 7320 8880 37 10440 43% 8100 33% 9540 10980 13320 551% 15660 65% 10800 95 12720 53 14640 61 17760 74 20880 87 13500 56% 15900 66% 18300 76% 22200 921% 26100 108% 16200 67>/3 19080 79% 21960 91% 26640 111 1 31320 130% 3s/.' 5'/.' 6%' 8>/.' 9'/.' 3%' S'/.' 6%' 8"/.' 9'/*' 2520 10% 3240 13% 3840 16 3780 15V. 4860 20% 5760 24 5040 21 6480 27 7680 32 6300 26'/. 8100 33% 9600 40 7560 31'/. 9720 90% 11520 48 4800 20 7200 30 9600 40 12000 50 14400 60 &5880 8820 6960 29 7920 33 9600 40 10440 43% 11880 491/2 14400 60 11760 99 13920 58 15840 66 19200 80 14700 61% 17400 721/2 19800 .82% 24000 100 17640 73% 20880 87 23760 99 28800 120 11280 47 16920 701/2 22560 94 28200 H71/2 33840 141 30 in. Draft Head 2640 3960 5280 6600 7920 11 3360 l6i/2 5040 r22 6720 8400 10080 14 21 28 35 42 4080 6120 8160 10200 12240 17 5160 21% 6240 26 251/2 7740 32% 9360 39 34 10320 43 12480 52 42i/2 12900 53% 15600 65 51 15480 691/, 18720 78 SB m7320 10980 14640 61 8400 35 10200 12000 50 12600 52/2 15300 18000 75 16800 70 20400 85 24000 >00 18300 761/. 21000 871/z 25500 106% 30000 125 121960 91% (25200 105 30600 127% 36000 150 3%' /4' 9V,' - 2880 .12 4320 18 5760 24 7200 30 8640 36 3600 5400 7200 9000 10800 15 4440 221/2 7760 30 8880 371/2 MI00 45 <3320 P 5520 8280 11040 sk 13800 16560 23 6720 34/2 10080 46 13440 571/2 16800 69 20160 28 42 56 70 84 7920 33 9120 38 11880 49% 13660 57 15840 66 18240 76 19800 82i/2 22800 95 23760 99 127360 114 11040 46 16560 69 22080 92 27600 115 33120 138 12960 54 19440 81 25920 108 32400 135 38880 162 3'/.' 5'/.' 6'/.' 8'/.' 9'/.' jy.: 6%* a? f.3000 4500 3840 16 5760 24 6000 7680 32 7500 31**4 9600 40 9000 371/, 11520 48 29% SB4680 7020 9360 19% 5880 8820 39 11760 36$ 49/4 7080 10620 14160 59 8400 35 9600 40 12600 521/2 14400 60 16800 70 19200 60 11700 98% 14700 61% 17700 73% 21000 87i/2 24000 100 14040 58% 17640 73% 21240 88>/, 75700 105 7JW00 120 11640 48% 13680 57 >7460 72% 20520 85% 23280 97 27360 114 29100 121% 34200 142% (34920 145% 41040 171 .3120 4660 6240 7600 9360 13 3960 191/j 5940 26 7920 32i/2 9900 39 11880 4800 7200 33 9600 91% 12000 49% 14400 60 in. 1 20 6120 30 9180 40 12240 50 15300 60 18360 25% 7320 381/. 10980 51 14640 63% 18300 76% 21960 6640 36 12960 54 61 17280 72 761/. 21600 90 91% 25920 108 9960 41% 12000 50 14940 62% 16000 75 19920 83 24000 100 24900 103% 30000 125 79880 124% 36000 150 14160 59 21240 88% 28320 118 35400 1471/2 42480 177 736 Total No. of Sections in Rad. Capacities of En closed TWO TIER ROBRAS 20-20 RADIATORS Capacities are shown in the square foot equiva lent of standard direct cast iron radiation. One square foot equals 240 B.tiu. per hour in a 70 deg. room with steam at 215 deg. and one pound pressure. Section Length--L 18' | 22' 26' | 32' 38' 44' 50" 60' 70' Center Supply To A Center Return 436' 18%' 22%' 28J/' 34^' 40M' 46H' 56H' 66K' D--Overall Depth of Rad. B.t.u. Sq. Ft. B.t.u Sq. Ft. B.t.u. Sq. Ft. B.t.u Sq. Ft. B.Lu Sq. Ft. B.t.u Sq. Ft. B.t.u. Sq. Ft. B.t.u Sq. Ft. B.t.u Srj. Ft. 4. 6 8 10 12 3%* 5%' 6%' 8%' 9'/.' 4 3'/.' 6 5%' 8 6%' 10 8%' 12 9%' 4 3%' 6 5%' 6 6%' 10 8%' 12 9%' 4 3%' 6 5%' 8 6%' 10 8%' 12 9%' -4 3%' $6 6 10 8%' 12 9'/.' 12 In. Draft Head 3480 14% 4320 18 St5220 6960 6480 27 8640 36 SB8700 10440 >0800 45 12960 54 528G 22 7920 33 10560 44 13200 55 15840 66 6720 10080 13440 16600 20160 28 42 56 70 84 8160 34 12240 51 16320 68 20400 85 24480 102 9600 40 >4400 60 19200 80 24000 100 28600 120 10920 45% 13200 55 15600 65 16380 68% 19800 821/2 23400 97i/2 21840 91 26400 110 31200 130 27300 "3% 33000 l37/2 39000 1621/2 32760 136% 39600 165 46600 195 18 in. Draft Head & m.3960 5940 7920 9900 11860 16% 4920 7380 9840 12300 49% 14760 6000 9000 41 12000 51% 15000 61% 18000 25 7560 11340 15120 62% 18900 22680 31% 9240 47% 13860 3587>3//** 10800 16200 45 12360 51% 15000 671/2 18540 -771/* 22500 63 18480 21600 90 24720 103 30000 125 17640 73% 26460 no% 35280 147 78% 23100 96*/* 27000 1121/2 30900 128% 37500 156% 44100 183% 94% 27720 115% 32400 135 37080 154% 45000 1*7% 52920 220% 24 in. Draft Head f, P4200 6300 8400 5400 6100 10800 6600 27% 8280 34% 9960 41% 117601 49 13440 56 9900 41% 12420 51% 14940 61% 17640 73'/2 20160 84 13200 55 16560 69 19920 83 23520 98 26880 112 10500 -43% 13500 56% 16500 68% 20700 86% 24900 103% 29400 122% 33600 140 12600 52% 16200 67% 19800 82% 24840 103% 29860 124% 35280M47 40320 168 16320 68 24480 102 32640 136 40800 170 46960 204 19200 80 . 28800 120 38400 160 48000 200 57600 240 30 in. Draft Head 4680 7020 9360 11700 14040 19% 5880 8820 11760 14700 17640 SB 7200 30 10800 45 49 14400 60 61% 18000 75 73'/J 21600 90 9000 37% 10920 45% 12840 53% 14640 61 17680 74% 21000 87% 13500 56% 16380 68% 19260 80% 21960 18000 75 21840 91 25680 107 29280 26820 my. 31500 131% 35760 149 42000 175 22500 93% 27300 113% 32100 133% 36600 l52'/2 44700 186% 52500 218% 27000 "2% 32760 1361/* 36520 1601/, 43920 183 53640 223% 63000 262% 40 in. Draft Head 5040 21 6240 26 a*7560 10080 9360 39 12480 52 8*12600 15120 15600 65 18720 78 7680 32 11520 48 15360 64 19200 80 23040 % 9600 40 14400 60 19200 60 24000 100 28800 120 11640 13800 57% 15720 65% 19200 80 17460 20700 86% 23580 98% 28600 120 23280 97 27600 115 31440 131 38400 160 29100 121% 34500 143% 39300 163% 48000 200 34920 145% 41400 172% 47160 196% 57600 240 22440 93% 33660 140% 44880 187 56100 233% 67320 280% SB)4 6 6 10 12 3%' 8%' 9'/.' 5280 22 7920 33 10560 .44 13200 55 15840 66 6600 27%) 8040 10080 42 9900 41% 12060 15120 63 13200 55 16080 67 20160 84 16500 68% 20100 83% 25200 105 19800 82% 24120 100% 30240 126 12240 51 14400 60 18360 761/2 21600 90 24480 102 28800 120 30600 1271/j 36000 150 36720 153 43200 180 16440 24660 [0682%4) 20040 30060 83%) 23520 125% 35260 98 147 32880 40080 167 47040 196 41100 171% 50100 208% 58800 245 49320 205% 60120 250% 70560 294 S* is4 6 8 10 12 3'/.' 5%' 6%' 9*$: 5400 22% 6720 28 8100 10080 42 10800 13440 56 13500 56% 16800 70 16200 67% 20160 84 8280 34% I0i20 4* 12600 14760 61!Zd 16800 70 12420 51% 15480 18900 22140 92% 25200 105 16560 69 20640 25200 105 29520 123 33600 140 20700 86% 25800 mA 31500 131% 36900 153% 42000 175 24840 103% 30960 37800 1571/, 44280 1841/, 50400 210 20640 86 30960 129 41280 172 51600 215 61920 258 24240 101 36360 I5P/2 48480 202 60600 2521/2 72720 303 Where top outlets are used, decrease amount of required effective rad tation 10 per cent and use capacities sh awn above. 737 Registers and Grilles The Auer Register Go. Cleveland, Ohio MANUFACTURERS OF REGISTERS, FACES AND GRILLES FOR HEATING AND VENTI LATING; WROUGHT METAL GRILLES FOR CONCEALING AND PROTECTING RADIATION Cold Rolled Steel, Sheet Brass, and Bronze, any Size 10 Gauge and Lighter Steel in all Standard Finishes, 12 Gauge most popular PLAIN LATTICE DESIGN Design No. Holes Bart Opening 8A 50% 5A w 64% 3A w 70% 9A 75% 10A 85% UNION JACK--Design No. 12A Squares i'/f y 3W 3%' Bar* vs %' w Multiples 2yV," u,. sq. 3%' sq. Wi *q- 4* q. 4'/,' k;. iBfcilKia rfe *i M *i?2j *12; Et* Ifi*! Qu* SfiS Bi* EM *12- iRfc' M *!^! *Sl iSEi 0% *0f 5j}* !2)* g|*i EM EMI 12!* *' EM GRECIAN CROSS Design No. 7A, 50% Opening ^ M M 1,^ mWl sp*p Squares y 3' y Bars Multiples y.' 3%'*q. 'A' W ! W 3%'|. SHELL DESIGN Design No. 13A, 50% Opening Perforations u/,' Bars Multiples 2* sq. w'i. vj*. ** s*. r* *2; a/*;**;*.\*SCV?iU **. **, *4 *4. t^a 1'i/SrA a t.'A' */a: ,4 &a-^iKy&r-ir*- 4,'fc- a.va a 4 k a LOUVER REGISTERS In all sizes and finishes for all purposes. ' . No. 4A Moorish Design, 51% Opening Openings 1% in. Bars H in* Multiples 2 in. square Invisible doors for access to radiator valves can be incorporated. All grilles can be made into registers with operating or stationary louvers. 738 Registers, Grilles, Etc. Tuttle & Bailey Mfg. Go. . Established 1846 441 Lexington Avenue, New York Boston--36 Portland St. Chicago--1123 West 37th St. Kansas City--704 East 18th St. Los Angeles--Central Bldg. TUTTLE & BAILEY MFG. CO. of Canada, Ltd., Bridgbburg, Ontario, Can. REGISTERS AND GRILLES FOR HEATING AND VENTILATING Brochure "Grilles" on request--complete information on Ferrocraft,- Ornamental and Stamped Metal Grilles, with Special Designs, Tables for establishing sizes and full size Details showing methods of installing. RADIATOR CABINETS AND SHIELDS The rapidly growing demand for radiator concealment should have the sympathetic attention of Architects and Engineers and our design and construction meet both technical and artistic requirements. A. Hinged lop of No. 14 gouge furniture metal. B. Humidifying Pan of galvanised iron. . C. Reinforced steel tubing, slotted to hold grilles securely. . D. Steel moulding, slotted to hold grilles securely. E. Reinforced steel tubing. F. Heavy formed steel crossbar makes back as rigid as front. Top is hinged to this crossbar. . G. Steel motdding, slotted to hold ends. H. Ends solid (ends and back are No. 18 or 'No; SO gauge, depending on site of Cabinet). I. Corners mitred. ' J. Mullions of steel tubing slotted to hold grilles securely. K. Crossbars of steel tubing sloUed to hold grilles securely. L. Swivel "catch" to hold top open for increased circulation. M. Slot and nut on back of legs for adjusting height. N. Adjustable leg. Raleigh Style has rounded ends with grilles, otherwise construction is same as the Villa. Other styles of Formed Furniture Metal--all joints welded. All of our Radiator Cabinets and Shields are made to order for exact fit with wide range of Grilles and Finishes. Specialties, Heating Armstrong Machine Works 352 Maple Street Three Rivers, Mich. District Sales Offices in 36 Cities Exclusive Manufacturers of Armstrong Steam Traps Armstrong Steam Traps Armstrong steam traps are made in types and sizes to meet all condensate draining requirements. They are available for pressures up to 600 lb. pulsating pressures, high temperatures, acid con ditions and for special services of all kinds. They are ideally suited for draining unit heaters, and steam heating systems. Armstrong traps have many note worthy advantages. They automatically discharge entrapped air with the con densate. They can not become air bound. They are positive in operation--the valve is either wide open or tightly closed--wire A No. SO Artnslrong Trap under Unit Heater drawing and subsequent erosion of valves and seats are eliminated. Being water sealed at all times, no live steam can escape. The unique construction gives a large capacity for a small size. Because of their small size, their cost is low and installation is a simple matter. No special fittings or supports are necessary. The sturdy construction and special wear- resisting parts insure long life and a minimum of maintenance. , No. SI The Nos. 30 and 31 traps are especially adapted for low or high pressure radiation up to 125 and 150 lb. respectively. Their low cost permits free use. A trap on each unit insures perfect drainage. A thermic unit is incorporated in each trap which holds the valve open until the trap becomes hot. This assures rapid heating of equipment. . The Nos. 2, 3 and 4 Armstrong Traps are the standard type for general service up to 300 lb. pressure. The Nos. 30S to 4S Armstrong Traps are for service where there are pulsating pressures due to reciprocating engines and pumps drawing steam from a line. For pressures up to 600 lb., steel bodies are used. The standard Armstrong Traps with steel bodies are designated as Nos. 42, 43 and 44. The special traps are numbered 42S, 43S and 44S. Traps for higher pressures can be furnished on special order. In Regard to Capacities Because of smaller valves and orifices, traps for high pressures have less capacity than the same trap for lower pressures. Always state maximum pres sure when order ing steam traps. SIZES AND CAPACITIES OF ARMSTRONG STEAM TRAPS Pipe Size. Ctpifitif* at 30-lb. Pres*. No. Diam. Height In. in. Weight Lb. Inlet, and Outlet In. Linear Ft. 1-in. Pipe Radia tion Sq. Ft. Gal. Lb. jSt Price List 30 31 31 Special 2 3 4 Special 536 5% 5* 5% 6% 6% vA 8% 10 to 436 8 6i/4 10 10 13% 14 18% 10% 22 . 5 11 7% 13% 18 32 45 67 74 114 %<A V, *% % % 1 or 1% 1% or 2 2 1842 1842 3234 3234 7377 7377 29514 29514 51774 51774 614 614 1078 1078 2459 2459 9838 9838 17258 17258 92 92 162 162 370 370 1481 1481 2599 2599 768 768 1348 1348 3074 3074 12297 12297 21572 21572 $ 9.25 14.25 15.00 20.00 20.75 27.75 38.00 45.00 70.00 90.00 Write for discounts. Sec Catalogue E for capacities from 0 to 600-lb. pressure. 740 Specialties, Heating 3H\ Thames cjones \BU 128 Brookside Avenue, Jamaica Plain, Boston, Mass. New York Office: 101 Park Avenue Barnes & Jones Improved Modulation Vapor and Vacuum Systems of Steam Heating: Modulating Radiator Valves, Thermostatic Radiator Traps Thermostatic Traps for medium and high pressures, Condensators ' (Boiler Return Traps), Blast Traps, Drip Traps, Vent Traps . Strainers, Damper Regulators, Gages. ' Barnes & Jones Service The Barnes & Jones organization offers an advisory and consulting service believing that the manufacturer of a heating system often --*" is in the best position to give practical assistance ` in the solution of heating problems. On request, members of our staff will consult with and advise engineers, contractors or users as to the most advantageous manner in which Barnes' & Jones apparatus can be installed and operated or adapted to special installations. When . desired, our Service Department will furnish installation details and work with engineers, contractors or users to gain the best results in installation or operation. . Factory Tested Each and every appliance used in the Barnes & Jones Modulation Vapor and Vacuum Heating Systems is tested, inspected and adjusted at our own factory before shipment, to meet all the con ditions which 30 years' experience in the develop ment of heating apparatus have shown us are likely to arise. Barnes & Jones Modulation Valves Made in the angle type. in sizes from 36 to 136 in. Standard model has lever handle. Has renewable disc seat. Size Valve. Inches %If, IV, l'/l Capacity. Sq. Ft. 30 60 100 180 250 Barnes & Jones Condensators Barnes Sc Jones Thermostatic Radiator Traps This valve is made in H. Ht 1 and 1^-in. sizes. The H-in- size is made in four types: angle, straightway, right-hand corner and left-hand corner patterns. The %, 1 and IJtf-in. sizes are made in the angle and straightway patterns. The 36-in. size unless otherwise specified is made with 3-in. outlets, thus avoiding the use of all 36-in. pipe and reducing fittings. Size Valve. Water per Hour. Inches Vi 30 V, 60 1 200 IV. 400 Sq. Ft. Coils 100 240 600 1200 Sq. Ft. C.I. Radiation 125 320 800 1600 For returning the water of condensation to the boiler from open return line systems independently of boiler pressure, without any change in operating conditions, and without air binding, or admitting steam to the return side of the system. Barnes & Jones Blast Traps Combination float and thermostatic traps with an air and water capacity large enough to take care of the condensation from the largest vento stacks, dry kiln coils, hot water heaters and other units con densing large quantities of steam at low pressures. Barnes & Jones Vent Traps The air from a Barnes & Jones Vapor System is discharged to the atmosphere through a Barnes & Jones Vent Trap. This vent trap is equipped with a float valve to prevent the discharge of water and also with a ball check valve which allows the free discharge of air but pre vents its return into the system, thus enabling Barnes & Jones Vapor Sys tems to operate in many cases under vacuum conditions, with a resultant saving in fuel. Vent Trap 741 Blast Trap Size Trap. Inches y. 1 IV. . <Vi 2 Capacity. Lb. Water per Hour 600 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 Specialties, Heating The Bishop & Babcock Sales Co., Cleveland, Ohio . 4901-4915 Hamilton Avenue, N.E. Baltimore, Mo...... -Building Service Co.. 404 St. Paul St. Boston. Mass.___ Tierney Wilson Co., Metropolitan Bldg. Bridgeport, Conn., C. J. S. Heating Supply Corp., 655 Fairfield Ave. Chattanooga. Tenn., S. Roberts, 404 Temple Court Bldg. Chicago. Ill__;The Bishop A Babcock Sales Co. Denver. ColoThe Daly Co., 1425 Sixteenth SL Detroit. Micb., Wolley Eng. Sales Co., 506 Donovan Bldg. Minneapolis. Minn._______ _____ Continental 8ales Co.' Nashville, Tenn....... Ryan Sales Co., 922 Stahlman Bldg. Nbw York. N, Y.______ The Bishop 4 Babcock Sales Co. Oklahoma Crrr. Okla..._........ Federal Steam Specialty Co. Philadelphia, Pa., Alexander 4 McOcvitL, 1725 Sansom St. .Richmond, Va. --Virginia Equipment 4 Supply Co. San Francisco. Caup.. Walter S. Lelaad. 532 Natoma St. Scotia, N. YF. E. Dwyer, 25 Wallace Ave. Spokane, Wash,, R. L. Nelson, 507 Empire State Bldg. Heating Specialties--Temperature Conti 1--Ventilating Equipment--Unit Heaters B. 6* B. MulliJUx Trap No. 6 Bishop & Babcock manu factures a complete line of Heating and Ventilating Equipment. Its products comprise all devices and apparatus used in up-todate vacuum and vapor Heafing Systems, Tem perature Control and Ventilating Systems. It is entirely practical for an engineer and architect to standardize with Bishop & Babcock, apparatus, thus insuring a uniformity in design and operation not to be found in equip ment of varied manu facture. Type B Massachusetts Air Washer Single Width Squirrel Cage Fan Bishop & Babcock has been manufacturing heat ing, ventilating and tem perature control apparatus Multijlcx Pneumatic Radiator Valve , for many years, its installations including many of the most prominent buildings in all parts of the country. . Type H Unit Healer {Ceiling) All Metal Thermostat Our Engineering Data Book, pocket edition, will be mailed upon request. 742 Type V Unit Heater {Floor) Specialties, Heating Combustion Specialties Corporation 250 West 54th St., New York Manufacturers For all types and sizes of Heating and Hot Water Supply boilers in Apartment Houses, Buildings, Churches, Garages, Green houses, Institutions, Schools and Residences. DRAFT-BALANCER installation with Mercoid Automatic Control and Manual Cut-Out Switch showing operation of Double Ball and Socket Joints with Telescoping Sleeve Specifications: Consists of cast iron or aluminum housings bolted directly to ash-pit of boiler. Damper door over intake controls volume of air de livered by Sirocco fan wheel. Fan is direct con nected to Century. G. E., or Leland motor. A por tion of the air delivered by the fan is diverted over the fire by piping or metal flexible hose from orifice in adapter casting to double bail and socket telescoping coupling. This air is de livered to diffuser on inside of fire-door and sprayed over the fire for consuming the monoxide gas as it is distilled from the coal. Operation is governed by Mercoid or Contactor type . of automatic control. The DRAFT-BALANCER enables the burning of Buckwheat No. 1 coal without increasing the tonnage consumed or attention necessary to the fire over that required with the use of Egg, Stove, Nut, or Pea anthracite. This is due to the unique feature of creating a balanced air supply over and under the fire, together with the carefully studied-out engineering principles which assure positive, accurate, quiet operation. WHAT COMBUSTO IS*. To quote the late Walter S. Thrums. past president of the A merican Society ofHeating 6* Ventilating Engineers: " Combusto is a system carefully studied, tested and developed for each individual different case and provides means for supplying the necessary diffused and heated air (oxygen) over the fire to properly complete in the second stage the combustion begun in the fuel bed by distillation of gases." WHAT COMBUSTO DOES: "Combusto is of cast iron cellular structure, the air is heated on passing through this structure and is then discharged through a large number of small apertures over the fire bed. The amount of air thus admitted having been carefully computed for the required conditions, the result is practically perfect combustion, which to the user of Combusto results in-- . Economy of fuel Fewer firings ' Complete combustion of fuel, hence--* A finer ash and reduction of clinker Elimination of coal gases Means for producing a steady even heat." STYLES: Combusto is manufactured in 28 basic styles---each style is capable of adjustment to meet specified conditions. Suit able styles are manufactured for practically any type of heating plant and for all sizes and grades of fuel. Definite estimates can be submitted at once if manufacturer's name and number of boiler is sent to us. 743 COMBUSTO Saves coal and labor--maintains even heat with less draft " A ids draft with undersize chimneys Specialties, Healing G. M. Davis Regulator Company 407 MILWAUKEE AVENUE CHICAGO, ILL. New York Office, 71 Fulton Street Manufacturers of Automatic Valve Specialties Pressure Regulator--r Diaphragm Type Large diaphragm insures sensitive action under low service pressures as required in heating. * t- *. tf+'+t Steam Trap--Continuous Flow Type Duplex balanced valves give unusually large capacity. Works on any pressure. without alterat:on. Will . discharge into a vacuum line. Pressure Regulator --P1 s t o n Type Automatically makes any pressure re* duction. Has visible action and may be hand tested. Float Valve--Globe and Angle Patterns Used on makeup line to open tank--maintains constant level. Has no internal packing--closes tight. Can not stick. ' Fig. 485 Back Pressure Valve A noiseless, double ported, semi-balanced valve for maintaining exhaust steam pressure of 20 lb. or less. . An accessible unit for controlling the level in a closed, tank. Made also for distant control. 744 Specialties, Heating <' C. A. Dunham Company /i General offices: Dunham Bldg., 450 East Ohio St., CHICAGO, ILL. Factories: Marshalltown, Iowa, Michigan Citt, Indiana and Toronto, Ont., Can. *' Eastern Division Offices 101 Park Avenue. New York, N.Y. Central Division Offices 450 E. Ohio Street, Chicago, 111. Western. Division Offices . 617 W. 7th Street; Los Angeles, Calif. Albany; N:Y,, 91 State SC ` Allentown, Pa., 118. 5th St. Atlanta, Ga., Forsyth Bldg. Baltimore, Md., 206 Water. SC . Bangor, Maine, 104 Exchange St. . Bellingham, Wash., 1107 State St. Birmingham, Ala., 507-509 Twenty-second St.,North Boston, Mass., 136 Federal SC, Boston 9 Buffalo, N.Y., 232 Delaware Ave. Chattanooga, Tenn., Volunteer Bldg. Chrtehne, Wto., 510 W. 25th St Chicago, III., 450 East Ohio St Cincinnati, Ohio, Union Trust Bldg. Clarksburg, W.Va., Exponent Bldg. Cleveland, Ohio, Un on Trust Blag. Columbus, Ohio. Comstock Bldg. Dallas, Texas, Dallas Nst'l Bk. Bldg. Davenport, Iowa, Security Bldg. Denver, Colo., 414 West Colfax Ave. Deb Moines, Iowa, Old Colony Bldg. Detroit, Mich.. 2938 E. Grand Blvd. El Paso, Texas, 401 N. Santa Fe 8t (P.O. Box 240) Gabt, Ind., 1842 W. 5th Ave. BRANCH. SALES OFFICES . Gloversville, N.Y., ZI So. Main St Grand Rapids, Mich., Michigan Trust Bldg. Greenville, S. Car., P.O. Box 563 Harrisburg, Pa., 2216 N. Fifth St Huntington, W.Va., 215 Hines Bldg. Indianapolis, Ind., Board .of Trade Bldg. Ibonwood, Mich., The Albert Bldg. Johnstown, Pa., 244 Market St Joliet, III, P.O. Box 1086 Kauspell, Mont., l .Whipps Btk. Kansas Citt, Mo., City Bank Bldg., 18th and Grand Ave. Kingston, Pa:, 101 S. Walnut St. Los Angeles, Calif., 617 W. 7th St. Louisville, Kt., Starks Bldg. Memphis, Tenn., 15 So. 4th St. Milwaukee, Wts., Empire Bldg. Minneapolis, Minn., 132 So. 10th St New Haven, Conn., 107 Grand Ave. New Orleans, La., New Orleans Bank Bldg. New York, N.Y., 101 Park Ave. Newark, NtJr, 972Broad St. : Omaha, Neb., Peters Trust Bldg. Peoria, III, Peoria Life Bldg. Philadelphia, Pa,, 1500 Walnut St. Providence, R.I., 49 Westminister St. Pittsburgh, Pa., May Bldg. Portland, Ore., Buyers Bldg. Pueblo, Colo.. Colorado Bldg. Quincy, 111, 628-638 Jersey St. Rochester, N.Y., Mercantile Bldg. Rockt Mount, N. Car., P.O. Box 1076 St. Louis, Mo., 3605 Laclede Ave. Salt Lake Citt, Utah, Dooly Bldg. San Antonio, Texas, Travis Bldg. San Francisco, Calif., Monadnock Bldg. Seattle, Wash., 415 Lenora St Spokane, Wash., 614 Peyton Bldg. Stracu8e. N.Y.', O.C.S.B. Bldg. Toledo. Ohio, 1918 Vermont Av& Trenton, NJ- 219 E. Hanover 8t . Tuiha, Okla., Ccsden Bldg. Washington, D.C., Munsey Bldg. White Plains, N.Y., 199 Main St (Bar Bldg.) Wichita, Has., 1100 E. Douglas Ave. C. A. Dunham Co., Ltd., 1523-41 Davenport Road. . Toronto, 4, Ont., Canada. Sales Offices: Calgary, Alta.; Halifax, N.S.; Montreal, Que.; Ottawa, Ont; Quebec, Que., St. Johns, NQd.; Toronto, Chit; Winnipeg, Man.; Vancouver, B.C. C. A. Dunham Co.. Ltd. (of The United Kingdom) 18 St. Thomas St., S.E. 1, London, England. Agencies: Birmingham. Eng.; Leeds,' Eng.; Liverpool, Eng.; Newcastle-on-Tyne, Eng.; Glasgow,Scotland; Belfast, Ireland; Paris, France; Gothenburg, Sweden; Welling ton, N.Z. HEATING SERVICE This Service is delivered through over Branch and Local Sales Offices throughout the United States, Canada and the United Kingdom. These Branch and Local sales offices bring Dunham Heating Service as close to your office as your telephone. Consult your telephone directory for the address of our office in your city. An engineer will counsel with you on any project. DUNHAM DIFFERENTIAL VACUUM HEATING SYSTEM A clear conception of the underlying principle is necessary in order to obtain the best results possible. The engineer should know what the Dunham Differen tial Vacuum Heating System really is, in order to take full advantage of its pos . . sibilities. Fig.S The system uses steam as a heating medium. This steam is supplied from the boiler direct or through controlled valves to the radiators at varia ble temperatures from 133 deg. up to 212 deg. and higher if so required. The "133 deg. temperature cor responds to 25 in. of vacu um at sea level, and 212 deg. to zero on the gauge. 745 C. A. Dunham Company Specialties, Healing By furnishing steam at this wide range of tem peratures, it is possible to vary the heat output of the radiation thus pre venting overheating. For instance, in mild weather, steam is supplied at a low temperature, therefore the radiator will give off only a slight amount of heat (in fact one can hold his hand on the radiator). As the weather gets colder higher temperature steam is furnished until finally in severe weather there Fig.1 may be a pressure on the radiation instead of the high vacuum used in mild Heat Contbol.--This illustration shows how the room temperature is main tained uniformly under changing weather conditions, by varying the steam pressure so that the heat given off by the radiator equals the heat lost by the building. weather. See Figs. 1 and 2. It is generally known that water boiling at sea level will generate steam at 212 deg. while .up in the higher altitudes where the atmospheric pressure is less, water will boil at much' lower temperatures. See Fig. 3. For instance, in Denver which is at an altitude of 5279 ft. above sea level the water will boil and generate steam at about 199.7 deg. fahr. The same pressure conditions are dupli- cated.in the boiler and system, of the Dif ferential Vacuum Steam Heating System. The temperature of the steam is governed by the Dunham control equipment and the Dunham Differential Vacuum Pump which removes the air from the system thereby reducing the pressure on the water in the boiler, or causing the steam to ex pand through Reducing Valves when they are used. - The term "Differential" is applicable because a relatively constant differential in pressure between the radiator and the return is maintained, so that the air and water will constantly flow out of the radia tors. The steam is induced to completely' fill them. Due to this " Differential " com plete circulation is obtained and the radia tors throughout the building are heated uniformly. The "cooler" steam gives a "mild heat," which prevents overheating. This is more healthful, and less destructive to decorations and furniture, than the "hot" steam used in ordinary types of systems. This system is simple, easy to design and install and very economical .in opera tion. ' - The system was in the transition process from theory to practical application for many years. There was involved in this problem a complete revolutionizing of the art of heating with the PBtsjg| Stcw bwwl Vbuia Per La Stem*. lOcconm BKMteQr WtuwaWtMl altering of Mechanical 61, Appliances so as to func tion under the new condi tions. _ 6^>ltOCT* stess--------btAimk. fA ,______ -- 1 y MiTCur There are many out standing advantages in . such a system. First and foremost it affords a solution of the problem of preventing j6L waste of fuel through over heating of buildings in cluding loss from exces sive window ventilation in mild weather when only a minimum amount of heat Fig. t is required. . The Steam Table Applied:--Comparison of steam pressures, volumes and cor responding boiling points. Steam is produced at lower temperatures and circulated iustaseasUy at 20m. of vacuum as at 2 to 3 lb. gauge pressure. . Mild weather consti tutes approximately 95 746 C. A. Dunham Company Specialties, Healing per cent of the heating season in most localities. Curves (3) and (4) are the highest and lowest temperatures recorded during this Past experience indicates that this sys period. tem will effect a fuel saving of 25 per cent or more compared with previous types of steam heating systems. A heating system must be designed with sufficient radiation to heat the building satisfactorily on the coldest winter day. The Dunham Differential Vacuum Curve (4) governs what heating engineers Heating System fully meets the needs of a term the "design basis" for a heating climate where variations in temperature system in or around Chicago. Now note occur during the heating season. how curve (3) reveals the demand for a Fig. 4 clearly shows how . marked the flexible heating system--one which will not daily fluctuations in outdoor temperature overheat in mild weather, and yet will pro may be. These changes may be as high vide ample warmth when lowest tempera as 40 deg. within a period of 24 hours. tures are encountered. Weather Bureau Note the wide variations in the daily temperatures, as shown by the heavy ir regular curve marked (1). This curve is an actual picture of each day's maximum records show that there were but 35 hours when temperatures were zero and lower during the winter of 1926-27 and but 131 hours when the temperature dropped to and minimum temperature^ heating season of 1926-27. during the ; I 10 deg. above zero or lower. On March 16, 1927, temperature in Chicago soared to Curve (2) indicates the average mean temperature over a period of 54 years. ] 71, yet during March in other years there have been days when zero temperatures were reached! 3/ J 20 J 20 ? 10 20 ^ 10 20 2fi 10 20 31 10 20 30 K) 20 31 October I No/emberI December 1 January I February! March I April I May Fig. 4 Official temperatures for Chicago's winter weather, season 1926-27, a record typical of a large portion of the country. ' Method of I [eat Control The principal function of this system is sufficient flow of Sub-Atmospheric Steam. This method to prevent excess heat losses from a build and method B are used in the MD" series system. ing by maintaining a uniform desired tem . (6) Automatic Control, by the additional function of an perature in the building and no more. automatic valve controlled from one or more Room Ther There are three distinct methods of accom plishing this: I mostats. This automatic valve takes the place of the larger of the Sub-Atmoepherie Reducing Valves. . (o) ManualControl, using two Dunham Sub-Atmoepherie Reducing Valves, adjusting these so as to furnish a uniform I I (c) Automatic operation, as used in the ``OH" series system and also in the "D" series, in-wbich the boiler is controlled by a Room ThermoetaL C. A. Dunham Company Specialties, Heating "D" SERIES SYSTEM As applied to tbe beating of office buildings, hotels, apartment bouses, hospitals, schools ana groups of build ings. For use on any system with more than 2,000 square feet of equiv alent direct radiation. Tbe Dunham Differential Vacuum Pump operates on the Jet Exhauster principle. The Dunham Exhauster is a special design and has great air and vapor handling capacity. Under high pressures water is supplied from the receiving tank to the exhauster' by a motor driven enclosed impeller type centrifugal pump of high ef ficiency. The pump exhausts air and water from return piping under very high vacuums and discharges condensate to the boiler. It is a completely as sembled compact unit ready for piping and wiring connections. The Differential Controller of the Pump keeps the vacuum in return. substantially higher than that carried in the radiation when the system is operating under vacuum conditions. . As a result, the circulation of steam * becomes positive and makes it pos sible to utilise this vacuum. The system fills with low tempera ture steam and the radiator traps operate exactly as they do when the system is operating at a pressure equal to or greater than atmosphere. If the severity of the weather requires more heat it is obtained by increasing the pressure of the steam in the system, thus increasing the steam temperature correspondingly. . Control Methods "D" Series System . Method 1 The Manual Control Method is illustrated by Fig. 5, in which the building temperature is controlled by adjusting manually the Two Dun ham Sub-Atmospheric Pressure Re ducing Valves, tiie operator being S' I by a thermometer in the ng. A long distance indicating, , or recording thermometer can be used to advantage, making the manna] control very convenient. The valve marked "A" is for mild weather operation, while valve "B'' is for use in cold weather. In severe weather both valves can be put in service. Dunham Differential System,. . " D" Seria, Manual Control. (Method t) C. A. Dunham Company Specialties, Heating Method 2 The Automatic Control Method is illustrated, Fig. 6. In this method the Control Valve ``C'' is operated from a room thermostat and takes the place of the large Dunham Sub-Atmospheric Pressure Reducing Valve, "B?` in Fig. 5, making the control of heat supply to building automatic. Valve" A" in this case will supply the mimmnm~hp*ting and temperature while Control Valve "C" wiD supply the balance of heat in order to maintain the building temperature. Fig. 6--Dunham Differential System " D" Series, Automatic Control (Method i) Ovcratiw Chart 0-etory office building, Detroit, Mich. "A", recorded outeide temperature. - B , inside temperature. "C", steam pressure (vacuum) on steam heating main. 749 C. A. Dunham Company Specialties, Heating Application 1 is a manually controlled Differential. SyBtem using steam at not more than 10 lb. initial gauge pressure. For higher initial pressuressee Applica tion3. Two Sub-Atmoepheric Prtfflure ReducingValves are used as shown. Valve "A" supplies steam in mild weather. The second valve, "B" supplies steam in cold weather. In extreme weather both valves may be used if necessary. Application l is an automatically controlled system on which a temperature controlled valve "C,M operated from a thermostat is substituted for valve "B." The thermostat must be placed in a typical room on the most exposed side of the building at the point most remote from boiler measured along the steam piping. The thermostat location must represent the average build ing temperature and beat requirements. The tempera ture control equipment may be one of the several com mercial types according to the requirements of the building. When such an arrangement is used the valves should be installed as shown. Application S is a manually controlled system on rhich the source of steam supply a !0 U3; as shown. s ^Application 3 may be modified. by substituting a temperature control valve for valve "B. Sub-Atmospheric Reducing Valves should be located in the piping, so that the Engineer can conveniently stand on the boiler room floor, or control room floor, and from there shift the scale weights which vary the Pressure or Vacuum carried in the heating main The scale weights to be bung on extension rods of %-io. pipe of proper length so that weights come 6,ft. from the floor. On very large installations it mil be of advantage to provide a separate set of Control Valves for each Main Branch so that the heat to each main,portion of the building can be controlled most economically. A separate pump must be used for each zone. . Pressure Reducing Valves can be omitted on low pressure L, gaa fixed, and coal fired installations having blower or oker if each method 19 controlled by a room thermostat. Drip traps must always be used on drain points of steam tins whenever Pressure Reducing Valves are used. 750 C. A. Dunham Company Specialties, Heating DUNHAM DIFFERENTIAL RADIATOR TRAPS Angle Pattern Straightway Pattern Right Hand Pattern heft Hand Pattern All traps used in connection with the Dunham Differential Vacuum Heating System are known as "D" series. They function uniformly over a range of pressures and tempera tures from 25 in. o! vacuum to 25 lb. gauge pressure. The accompanying chart shows performance of a Dunham Dl Radiator Trap over this range of pressures and temperatures. The outlet temperature in this test bore the same rela tion to the inlet temperature of tbe radiator over the entire pressure range of 25 in. vacuum to 25 lb. gauge, a pressure sub stantially 37yi lb. higher than gsettenof View of Dunham Thermaeiatit the 25 in. vacu- Radiator Trap am. Graph showB the con stant uniformity of temperature between steam and return lines throughout the entire range of pressures. Hie radiator efficiency was consistently high (almost 100 Ex cent and there was no steam leakage or water accumution. The condensation rate in the 5.0 lb. gauge test increased due to air movement in tbe room and a low room tempera ture, the trap responded immediately by passing the in creased condensate under this condition without leakage of steam. - Hie test was conducted on a 3 col. 38 in.--100 sq. ft. radiator. 100 .Is JO .1 * I* IS * * 52 The Dunham traps conform with the standard dimention of 3% in. from center of'trap to end of union nipple, as adopted by TAe Heating and Piping Contractors' National Aeeociation for M in. radiator traps. * Float and Thermostatic Traps--"D" Series 25-in. vacuum to 25 lb. gauge pressure. 1 Sises are distinguished by sise number preceded by a capital "D." . Trap No. D22 DZ3 DI6 DI7 DI8 DI9 D20 Size of Capacity Sq. Ft. Net Equivalent Wght. Direct Lbs. Radiation A y. 1600 14 ip/* 1 2800 15 ny. y. 3600 24 14'/, # 1 5200 24 14'/, '/ . ' 8000 33 IS'/I 11500 33 H'/l 2 14000 42 19% Dimensions. Inches B C, D E F C m 9'/. iy. 3'/, y. S'/, Capacities given are based upon a condensation rate of % lb. per y 9'/, iy 3V, y. 5y. ` square foot of cast iron direct radia m tion per hour, at a pressure differ ioy, y. 4'/, M/, 7y, ential of one inch of mercury, which is equivalent to H lb. per square Wi lOVi iy, 4>/, i'/, 7% inch. AU traps have right rmnd female tappings. . 9'/, 12'/, 2 4% iy. 91/, '/ 12'/. 2 4y, iy. 9'/, M'/s 15'/, 2'/, <% iy 9'/, 751 C. A. Dunham Company Specialties, Heating Trapt Nos. Dtt and DtS A Dunham Strainer should be installed on the inlet aide of each Drip Trap. Trouble caused by dirt in the traps will thus be eliminated. ' DUNHAM PACKLESS VALVES WITH REGULATING PLATE The plate is inserted in the valve as shown in sectional view. The plate orifice being calibrated to the number of feet of radiation in each radiator. The use ofthe Regu lating Plate simplifies manythingswhichhave been serious barriers to progress in the art of heating. - Without this Sectional View, Type 105, Dunham Packlets Radiator Valve with Regulating Plate Dunham Packless Radiator Valves with iting Plate must be used on all radiators to secure proi Either Type 105 (Lever handle) or Type 145 (Wl il handle) may be used. The valve is made packless by means of the bellows con struction/consisting of a series of corrugated phosphor bronze diaphragms which permit the free up and down movement of the spindle ana valve disc. This construction obviates the use of springs, packing or stuffing boxes of any kind and entirely prevents the leakage of steam, air or water. The prevention of air leakage into the radiators is a most important ,factor, for such leakage will destroy . the vacuum. It further has the advantage that no steam, water ar dirt can come in contact with the thread af the - valve spindle. H assures easy turning of handle at all tinyTbe Regulating Plate Type 192 distributes the correct proportion of steam to each radiator during such times as thesystem is not filled with steam as in the heating-up period. DtmAam Regulating Plate plate the resistance the steam encounters in . flowing from the boiler to the radiator would not be the same for each radiator. . Under conditions either of pressure or of vacuum a 26 sq. ft. radiator should heat no more rapidly than a 100 sq. ft. radiator irre spective of the relative location of the two with reference to the boiler. In actual-practice with no provision for inter* posing resistance to the vapor flow there will be irregularity in heating each respective radiator. . Interposing the Regulating Plates evens up this inequality of flow when starting up the system. After all radiators are filled with steam the Regulating Plate does not further per* form a function. . Specifications "D" Series, Dunham Differential Vacuum Heating System As Applied to the Heating of Large Buildings I . GENERAL CONDITIONS.--The general conditions j 2. CONSTRUCTION AND MATERIAL.--The heating governing this work shall be those established as standard by I apparatus, proposed herewith, includes the furnishing, detheAmerican InstituteofArchitects whichshall applyhereto. ] livery and erection on the premises of all necessary material C. A. Dunham Company Specialties, Heating and labor, which nha.II be first class in all particulars, and in accordance with the specifications and plans. 3. INSPECTION.--The Heating Contractor must at all times allow the C. A. Dunham Company's Representative to come on the job for the purpose of inspection and must lend any assistance necessary to expedite and complete the work Any instructions given by the C. A. Dunham Com pany's Representative and confirmed in writing regarding changes to make system conform to plans or specifications and details shall be considered a part of this specification. 4. BOILER.--The steam boiler shall bea_____________ with guaranteed rating for____ ______________sq. ft of radiation installed upon suitable foundation, and equipped with all necessary connections and trimmings, including a safety valve set to blow at 10 lb. pressure, a Dunham Com pound Gauge 15 lb. x 30 in. vacuum ami a 7-in. Dunham Damper Regulator. (Omit Regulator on gas fired and auto-, matic oil fired installations.) 5. SMOKE PIPE.--Connect boiler to chimney with suitable black iron smoke pipe gauge ,, ....................Size to be as recommended by Boiler Manufacturer. Smoke pipe must be provided with hand stop damper. 6- PRESSURE CONTROL VALVES.--On all systems not equipped with full automatic oontrol of fire, install two Duoham Sub-Atmospheric Control Valves of size shown on plans, with necessary gate valves and a Dunham 15 lb. x 30 compound gauge, all in accordance with manufacturer'a details and instructions. 7. PIPE AND FITTINGS.--Furnish and erect with tight connections all necessary piping of rises shown on plans and run as indicated, supported and properly graded to insure free and noiseless circulation. Use fittings of cast iron of standard quality. The ends of all pipes shalfbe reamed or filed. Proper provirion must be made for expansion. Use graphite and oil for making up all pipe joints applied to male thread only. Provide for expansion of mains and risers by loop type expansion joints and swing connections in mains wherever possible. In other cases provide approved all metal packless expansion joints. Piping to be properly anchored. 8. All steam tappings in boiler shall be connected full size of tapping into a steam header which nhsil! be dripped to the return header through a bleeder. All spring pieces to steam and return mains shall be taken off the top of mains at 45 deg. On down-feed systems take the spring pieces from the bot tom of steam main at 90 deg. 9. The end of each steam main and each drip point shall .be drained, through a gate valve, Dunham Strainer, and "D" Series Dunham Trap as indicated on plans. Drip the bottom of each down-feed riser through "D" Series Dunham Trap into dry return main. No uft con nections shall be used at drip points. 10. Grade steam mains H in. in 10 ft. Grade return mains and drip mains 1 in. in 10 ft All steam supply branches such as spring pieces, offsets in steam risers and runouts to radiators shall in each case be installed one size 11. Return mains shall be connected together into the accumulator tank of Dunham Differential Vacuum Pump as shown in detail furnished by manufacturer, lift connections must not be used except between pump and accumulator tank. 12. Risers are to be run concealed or in the open as directed bv the architect. Each down-feed steam riser must be dripped into the return through a `` D" Series Dunham Trap. Install trap as instructed bv manufacturer. All concealed piping must be tested and made tight at 15 lb. water pressure before being concealed and covered. . 13. Ail union connections, flanges, packing nuts on gate and globe valves and on gauge glass of boiler must be drawn up tight so as to prevent air leaking into system when under a high vacuum. This work must be performed after system is completed and while it is working with a vacuum in both steam and return lines. 14. FLOOR PLATES. SLEEVES.--Furnish approved floor and ceiling plates, protecting sleeves on all pipes passing through floors or finished partitions. 15. DIFFERENTIAL VACUUM PUMP.--Furnish and install one (or Duplex) Dunham Differential Vacuum Pump of "D" series sire____________ having a differential rating of__ ________ jsq. ft. of equivalent direct radiation. The pump (or pumps) shall be installed, connected and wired in accordance with manufacturer's instructions. 15A. DOMESTIC HOT WATER AND BLAST HEATER.--Condensation from this equipment "hall be returned to boiler by other means than Dunham Differential Vacuum Pump. 16. CHECK VALVES.--Check valves shall be hori zontal swing type with brass disc, best grade obtainable. They shall be installed where called for by the plans, and in accordance with accompanying details. They shall be tested for tightness. 17. RADIATION.--Furnish aod install radiation as shown on the plans. There shall besq. ft. of direct radiation of approved maka All radiators must be provided with top inlet tapping and with H-in. eccentric bushing in the return tapping. All air valve tap pings shall be plugged. 18. RADIATOR TRAPS, "D" SERIES, TEMPO RARY ELBOWS AND VALVTSS.--Each radiator shall be provided with a Dunham Temporary Elbow loaned by the manufacturer and shall be installfd at outlet end of radiator to facilitate the thorough cleaning of the radiator. After the System has been cleaned, a Dunham *`D" Series Radiator Trap of suitable capacity shall replace this elbow, A Dun ham Packless Radiator Valve with Dunham Regulating Plate shall be installed at inlet connection, according to manufacturer's instructions. The plates shall not be inserted in the valves until after the system has been cleaned, but before final test is made. ' 19. PAINTING.--All exposed piping in finished rooms, and all radiators shall bo given a priming coat of flat paint and thereafter painted or enameled as directed by architect. All pipe joints and ail uncovered piping in basement, front and other exposed parts of boiler shall te painted one coat of black asphaltum when the system is hot and under a vacuum. The finishing cc3t of paint must be applied when the entire system is under vacuum, so that paint will fill up leaks. 20. COVERING.--Cover all steam mains and their spring pieces with four-ply. 1 in. thick asbestos sectional covering and fittings with asbestos cement. Cover all steam and return risers and other piping run concealed in outside walls with two-ply, }6 in. thick asbestos sectional covering. Cover boiler as specified by boiler manufacturer. 21. FINISHING UP.--Thoroughly blow down and clean out system under a steam pressure of 5 lbs., allowing con densate to be wasted to sewer. Operate system a week with Temporary Elbows installed on radiators. After this period then surface blow-off the boiler, as follows: Remove the safety valve and connect a temporary blow- off pipe to the safety valve tapping, extending it outride or to some suitable dram. Shut off all radiator valves or valves in hvmil Fill the boiler with water to top of gauge glass. Build a very hot fire and blow steam and water out through the safety valve tapping and pipe connected thereto. Fire hard with not more than 10 lb. pressure on the boiler. Supply cold water constantly in at bottom of the boiler. Continue this for six bourn. At tbe end of tbe period, close tbe water feed valve, draw tbe fire quickly, open blow-off at bottom of boiler and entirely drain the boiler, replace the safety valve. Fill the boiler slowly after it becomes cold. . Remove the Dunham Temporary Elbows and install in their place the Dunham Traps. Install the Dunham Regu lating Plates in the radiator valves. . 22. TEST.--Tbe System when finished and cleaned hll be tested for tightness as directed by C. A. Dunham Com pany's Representative. Contractor shall furnish labor and material for performing test. 23. GUARANTEE!--The Heating Contractor shall guarantee the apparatus installed to circulate steam thor oughly through every radiator without noise, with a vacuum of 15 m. in steam main. If the apparatus shall fail to accom plish this guarantee by reason of any defect developing within the period of one full heating season and that defect is due to faulty material or poor workmanship, the Heating Contractor shall remedy such defect at his own cost within reasonable time after notice thereof. 24. FINALLY.--Nothing herein contained can be con strued to relieve the Heating Contractor from making good and perfect work in all usual details of construction, and be will be held responsible to provide and furnish necessary material and to perform all necessary labor and to bear all . expenses incidental to the satisfactory completion of tbe work; . 753 C. A. Dunham Company Specialties, Heating Specifications, "DH" Series Dunham Differential Vacuum Heating System . : .... As Applied to the Heating of Residences 1. GENERAl'fcONDITlONS.-- 2. CONSTRUCTION AND MATERIAL -- 3. INSPECTION.-- Furnish and iputnll in accordance with manufacturers * instructions a Dunham Air Eliminator, Type 220B. Install a Dunham Air Check, Type 222, in a tee from vent opening Of Eliminator (Paiapropta I, 3 and 3 wan a, *`D" Stria Specifications.) 4. BOILER.--The steam boiler shall be a_...................... with guaranteed rating forr-3Q- ^ direct radiation inatollyl upon suitable foundation and in accordance with manufacturer's setting instructions. It who!) be equipped with all necessary connections and trim mings, including a safety valve set to blow at 10 lb. pressure, a Dunham Compound Gauge 15 lb. x 30 in. vacuum and a 104a. Dunham Damper Regulator. (Omit Regulator on gas fired and automatic oil fired instafiationa) 5. SMOKE PIPE.--Connect boiler to chimney with suitable iron smoke pipe same sise as boiler smoke outlet. Smoke pipe must be provided with approved Dunham Check Dnmpor and hand stop damper between check damper and boiler. (On gas and automatic oil fired installations omit Dunham Check Damper.) 6. PIPE AND FITTINGS.--Furnish and erect with tight connections ail necessary taping of sixes shown on plans and run as indicated, supported and properly graded to insure free and noiseless circulation. Use fittings of cast iron of standard quality. Hie ends of all pipes shall be reamed or filed. Proper nrovision must be made for expansion. Use graphite and oil for making up all pipe joints applied to mill* thread only. 7. All steam tappings in boiler shall be connected full sise of tapping into a steam heads which shall be dripped to the return header through a bleeder. All spring pieces to steam and return *n*>na rml| be taken off the top of mains at 45 deg. 8. The end of each steam main shall be dripped as indi cated oo tiie plana by means of a drip line to boiler, properly vented through Dunham " Dl " Trap in accord.with details furnished by manufacturer. 9. Grade steam main* in. in 10 ft. Grade return mains and drip mains 1 in. in 10 ft. All steam supply branches such as spring pieces, offsets in steam risers ana runout to radi ators shall in each case be installed one sise larger than the vertical pipes to which they connect and shall be given as much grade as possible. H in- per foot is preferable. 10. Return main* whall be connected to the Dunham Differential Vacuum Pump as shown in detail furnished by manufacturer. 11. Risers are to be run concealed or in the open as directed by the architect. All concealed piping must be tested and made tight at 15-Ib. water pressure before being concealed and oovered. 12. All union connections, flanges, poking outs on gate y.nH globe valves and on gauge gloss of boiler must be drawn up tight bo os to prevent air leasing into system when under a high vacuum. This work must be performed after system is completed and while it is working with a vacuum in both steam and return linen. 13. FLOOR PLATES, SLEEVES.--Furnish approved floor and ceiling plates and .protecting sleeves on au pipes paairing through floors or finished partitions. 14. THERMOSTATIC CONTROL.--Contractor shall furnish and install where shown on {Jans a Type 77 Min neapolis Honeywell Thermostat or other approved with D. 8. Damper Motor and Switch according to Manufac turer's instruction. (If Thermostatic Control equipment is being supplied with oil or gas burner under another contract, then this Contractor shall connect Differential Vacuum Pump to the Switch of Thermostatic Control) 15. DIFFERENTIAL VACUUM PUMP AND AIR ELIMINATOR.--Furnish and install a DH2A Dunham Differential Vacuum Pump. The pump shall be installed and connected in accordance with manufacturer's instruc tions and details. The necessary electric wiring between pump and differential control shall be 'connected to Ther mostatic equipment in accordance with manufacturer's instructions and in conformity with all local regulations. lb. CHECK VALVES.--[ Same at "D" Series Sptrifi- 17. RADIATION.-- J catime. 18. RADIATOR TRAPS. "D" SERIES, TEMPO RARY ELBOWS AND VALVES--Each radiator shall bo provided with a Dunham Temporary Elbow loaned by the manufacturer and shall be installed at outlet end of radiator to facilitate the thorough cleaning of the radiator. After the System haa been cleaned, a Dunnam "D" Senes Radiator Hap of suitable capacity shall replace this elbow. A Dun ham Packless Radiator Valve with Dunham Regulating Plate haH be i^talind at inlet connection according to manufacturer's instructions. The plates shall oot be inserted in the valves until after the system has been cleaned, but before final test is made. 19. PAINTING.-- 20. COVERING.-- 21. FINISHING UP.-- ( Same as "D" Series Specifi( cations. 22. TEST.--The System when finished and cleaned shall be tested for tightness by filling it with water to its very top. Pockets of air in the piping or radiators must be vented so as to allow water to enter. The water shall be left standing in the system at least four hours after all leaks have been made tight, when fiftl test nH inspection in presence of Dunham Representative shall be made for leaks. The con tractor must take precaution to guard against damage from freeling during test. 23. GUARANTEE.--The Heating Contractor shall guarantee the apparatus installwH to circulate steam thor oughly through every radiator without noise, with a vacuum of 15 m. in steam main. If the apparatus shall fail to accom plish this guarantee by reason of any defect developing within the period of ooe full heating season and that defect is due to faulty material or poor workmanship, the Heating Contractor shall remedy such defect at his own cost within reasonable time after notice thereof. 24. FINALLY.--Nothing herein contained can be con strued to relieve the Heating Contractor from making good and perfect work in all usual details of construction, and he will be held responsible to provide and furnish necessary material and to perform all necessary labor and to bear all expenses incidental to the satisfactory completion of the work. PRODUCTS In addition to the Dunham Differential Vacuum Heating System hereinbefore described the Dunham Line consists of specialties for use in connection with the Dunham Home Heating System; The Dunham Return System and the Dunham Vacuum Return Line System--all two-pipe systems, and the Dunham Air Line System for use in connection with one-pipe steam systems. These specialties are Radiator Traps; Float and Thermostatic Traps; Air Line Valve; Return Traps; Medium Pressure Traps; Packless Radiator Valves; Pressure Reducing Valves; Vacuum Pump Governors; Air Eliminators; Air Check; Dirt Strainers; Air Vents: Damper Control; Gauges. In addition to the Dunham Differential Vacuum Pump already described, we build a full line of Vacuum Return Line Pumps, Condensation Pumps and Receivers; Centrifugal Pumps. Bulletins Bulletins of standard architectural size with de tailed information covering each Dunham Product and System, including roughing-in dimensions, will be furnished on request. 754 Specialties, Healing Hoffman Specialty Co., Inc. Waterbury, Conn. GENERAL SALES DEPARTMENT 25 West 45th Street, New York, N.Y. HOFFMAN VALVES and CONTROLLED HEAT EQUIPMENT HOFFMAN VENTING VALVES In the Hoffman line there is a specially designed venting valve for every type of steam heating system. The basic principle used in the design of all Hoffman venting valves is that of an all-metal thermostatic member, with one or more flexible diaphragms, containing a volatile or heat sensitive fluid which causes valve action upon slight tem perature changes. Hoffman valves have a wide pressure range in which they operate with the same degree of accuracy, for the internal fluid pressure in the thermostatic member maintains a constant relationship with the external steam pressures throughout the whole range of pressure for which each valve is intended. Hoffman valves are automatic, non-adjustable and guaranteed to properly function for a period of five years from date of installation when installed and operated under normal conditions for which designed. VENTING VALVES FOR ONE-PIPE SYSTEMS ALL METAL--rNON-ADJUSTABLE--THERMOSTATIC The No. 1 Hoffman Siphon Air Valve is designed for systems of the one-pipe gravity type, to vent all air from radiators without loss of steam. After contact of water with the valve the siphon drains all water from the valve and venting occurs without the slightest "spit" even if the radiator is under pressure. Radiator connection, 34 in. Maximum guaranteed operating pressure, 10 lb. Furnished with special short siphons for narrow pattern radiators. The No. 4 is used in venting mains, risers, vento stacks, coils, etc. All air is freely vented through a 34 in- vent port without steam loss, but valve does not close against water. Standard^connection, 34 in., can also be supplied with 34 in connection. Maximum guaranteed operating pressure, 10 lb. The No. 5 is particularly adapted for use in venting: Ends of steam or dry return mains; Indirect radiators; Blast or "Vento" stacks; Hot-water generators; Dryers and- drums, etc. The basic principle is the same as the No. 1 Valve, having separate channels for air and water which are only found in Hoffman Valves. Pipe connection, 34 in.; vent port for less than 3 lb. is A in.; for 3 lb. and over is -fa in. Unless otherwise ordered, will be shipped with A in. port. Maximum guaranteed operating pressure, 10 lb. NM Write for Descriptive Circular-- The Watchman of the Coal Pile 755 No. S Hoffman Specialty Co., Inc. Specialties, Heating VENTING VALVES FOR ONE-PIPE VACUUM SYSTEMS The No. 2 Siphon Air and Vacuum Valve is similar in construction to the No. 1, but in addition, when the radiator is once freed from air, return of air through the vent port is prevented. Through its use an ordinary one-pipe steam system may be changed into a vacuum type. Radiator connection, 14 in. Maximum guaranteed operating pressure, 10 lb. Furnished with special short siphons for narrow pattern radiators. How the Hoffman No. 2 Vacuum Valve Operates --Normally venting port (2) through which air escapes is wide open until steam comes in contact with the float (4). Then the heat sensitive fluid in the float, the thermostatic member, is changed to gaseous state expanding the flexible diaphragm (7), raising the float and closing vent port. If the radiator is shut off or for any reason steam contact ceases, the diaphragm contracts, and the float drops. But no air can re-enter the valve because the air check (1) makes the port a one-way street--air can go out but none can come back. So with the con tinuation of condensation of steam and prevention of air return a vacuum is formed in the system. Atmospheric pressure exerted through chamber port (10) causes diaphragm (8) to.lift the float (4) and keep port closed. . In other words, the air check acts as a vacuum starter, prevents return of air for a short period until the vacuum formed in the valve permits atmospheric pressure, acting through port (10) to force diaphragm (8) upward, raising the float and doubly closing the vent port. The No. 6 Float Air and Vacuum Valve is similar in design and application to the No. 5 with the additional feature of the Air Check or Vacuum starter above vent port and vacuum diaphragm in base. Used for venting ends of mains, vento stacks, etc., where water is liable to be present. Pipe connection, % in.; vent port for less than 3 lb. is A in.; for 3 lb. and over is A in. Unless otherwise ordered, will be shipped with A in port. Maximum guaranteed operating pressure, 10 lb. The No. 16 Air and Vacuum Valve is used for venting ends of steam and dry return mains. Valve is 3% in. high overall, permitting installa tion in lines close to ceiling. It has the special Hoffman feature, the combined check valve and vacuum diaphragm for preventing return of air No. e to system. Pipe connection, 54 in. Vent: port A in. dia. Maximum operating pressure, 10 lb. The No. 3 Hoffman Air Line Valve is specially designed for Air Line, or as they are frequently termed " Paul" Systems. It is sensitive in action and closes the instant steam fills the radiator. Radiator connection, Vk in.; Air Line connection, /4 in. Maximum guaranteed operating pressure, 10 lb. THE HOFFMAN VALVE LOCK Prevents theft of No. 1 and No. 2 valves in public buildings, etc. No extra tapping is required as lock is easily applied when valve is inserted in radiator. By using set screws, valve is locked in position and can only be removed by a special key. Hoffman Voice Lock Write for Descriptive Circular-Locking the Door Against the Heat Thief 756 Hoffman Specialty Co., Inc. Specialties, Heating HOFFMAN CONTROLLED HEAT" EQUIPMENT The No. 7 Hoffman Adjustable Modulating Valve-- For use in Vapor or Vapor Vacuum systems, is made in 54 in. size, angle pattern only, having a range of adjust ment up to 200 sq. ft. of direct cast-iron radiation. After installation, whether the system is in operation or cold, the port of each valve is adjusted for the size of the radiator to which it is attached. Adjustment is simple; loosen a locknut; turn valve handle until proper number of graduations are visible on the dial plate; then tighten locknut. The valve handle may then be moved to admit sufficient steam to heat a quarter, half, three-quarter, or entire radiator. The valve stem stuffing box has a frictionless metallic fibre packing No. 7--Hoffman Ad justable Modulating Valve that will last indefinitely and require no attention, giving at the same time, a valve action so free that the pressure of only one finger is required to open the valve. TOP DIAL PLATE ADJUSTMENT ' Port Area for B0 sq. ft. Radiator ' Dial tctJot 100 tq. ft. Dial oct/orCO on. ft. The visible adjustment aids the designing engineer by enabling heating contractor to make a final accurate adjustment which compensates for slight irregularities in pipe sizes, failure to ream pipe, installation of extra fittings not foreseen in original layout, etc. The advantages of an adjustable port in forced hot water systems to secure proper -balance makes the No. 7 Valve especially adaptable for such use. The No. 7 Valve is regularly supplied with lever handle. On special orders, it can be furnished with wood wheel, lock shield, closed top, extension stem and handle, or chain pull. The Nos. 8 and 9 Hoffman Return Line Valves--These valves are automatic, non-adjustable, thermostatic and relieve all air and condensation without the loss of steam from radiators, pipe coils, indirect radiation, steam mains and risers, steam kettles, sterilizers and other devices where it is desired to get full efficiency and economy without waste of steam. In service, they have established a reputation for efficiency and consistency of operation with the same degree of sensitiveness under either high or low pressure. Sectional View The body of the valve is made of cast steam metal; cap and tail piece are hot brass forgings; the thermostat of a special Hoffman alloy. In continued operation the ther mostats will not break, stretch or lose their tension, giving long life and perfect operation. CHIEF FEATURES The valve consistently operates under a pressure range from 13 in. of vacuum to 50 lb. steam pressure. Water at a temperature of approximately 12 deg. less than the temperature corresponding to the steam pressure causes full valve opening and free discharge of condensation. Write for Descriptive Circular--Hoffman 11 Controlled Heat" 757 Hoffman Specially Co., Inc. Specialties, Heating HOFFMAN "CONTROLLED HEAT" EQUIPMENT Nos. 8 and 9 Hoffman Return Line Valves (continued) The thermostatic member is removable and may be changed from one valve to another of the same size without adjustment. This feature is appreciated by engineers who require the removal of the thermostat from the valves, until the system is thoroughly cleaned, and likewise by contractors complying with this practice. The No. 8 Valve has H in. pipe connections, M in. port and is furnished in Angle, Straightway, Right and Left-hand Offset Patterns. The normal capacity is 200 sq. ft. of cast iron radiation. Thermo The No. 9 Valve with % in. connection is made in Angle and Straightway Patterns only, and is suitable for 600 sq. ft. of cast iron radiation. For pressures up to 15 lb. valve has % in. port, for higher pressures tV in. port. No. 10 No. 8 Right or Left Offtet Pattern Style Data and Dimensions Size In. Diameter Valve Port la. Maximum Capacity . Sq. Ft. Dimension* ABc No. 8 Straightway....... No. 18 Straightway....... No. 9 Straightway....... V* V'Aa i 'i4 V. v. V* Va Va Va Va Va V V.' 200 m i>/. 200 l'/2 200 200 2%t % 1% 200 ma 1*6 100 2% \Va at l100 100 l*/s 600 600 1% % ... rtO. y larmaaeu w*vu * >'*'*"**-- -- ____________ ,, fKo. 8 Valves can be supplied where specified to meet standard roughing measurements of National Heating ana Piping Contractors* Association. The No. 10 Hoffman Vapor Valve is used for venting the return mains in vapor systems or for other conditions where a large venting capacity is required. The vent port is % in. in diameter. '' Pipe connection, % in. Maximum guaranteed operating pressure, 15 lb. The No. 11 Hoffman Vapor Vacuum Valve is similar in construction and application to the No. 10 valve with the addition of a vacuum check on the vent port which prevents the return of air to the system through the vent port. Pipe connection, % in. Maximum guaranteed operating pressure, 15 lb. * - Write for Descriptive Circular--Hoffman "Controlled Heat" 758 i Hoffman Specialty Co., Inc. Specialties, Healing Hoffman Differential Loop HOFFMAN DIFFERENTIAL LOOP The Differential Loop is the safety device for maintaining a steady water line in vapor and vapor vacuum systems. It is entirely automatic,, non-adjustable and has no moving parts to stick at a critical moment. In operation the water rises in the return main only to a certain pre determined height. The loop then functions, blowing over a small quantity of steam which closes the No. 10 or 11*. Valve used for venting the system and then compresses the air which is "bottled up" in the return main and builds up a pressure which prevents further rise of water in the vertical part of the return beyond the predetermined amount. As soon as this is accomplished, and the action is almost instantaneous, the loop reseals and no more steam is blown over until the differential pressure is lost. It will be readily seen that, by the alternate blowing over and resealing of the loop, a constant differential pressure will be maintained between the steam main and return main. Also by the maintenance of this differential no matter how high the boiler pressure goes, circulation will start in a radiator as soon as the inlet valve is opened even though the return main vent is closed through loop action. Standard Differential Loops are made in four sizes, to handle systems up to 15,000 sq. ft. of radiation. For larger systems the No. 4 Loops can be installed in a battery. No. 1 and No. 2 Loops should not be'used where the low point in the dry return is less than 24 in. above boiler water line; with the No. 3 and No. 4 Loops this distance must be at least 30 in. HOFFMAN DAMPER REGULATOR One of the most important features of the Hoffman Damper Regulator is the accurate control for only sufficient pressure is maintained to insure circulation to all radiators. It is extremely sensitive iri its action and Hoffman Damper Regulator controls so efficiently that when inlet valves are . turned on or off, the fire is accelerated or retarded to meet the change in demand for vapor. A low constant pressure is always maintained so that vapor enters the radiator as soon as a valve is turned on. The compensating or balancing plate is like a pair of scales. It is practically friction less, remarkably sensitive and operates on slight changes in pressure. It has an additional feature for the convenience of the installing fitter, in that the fulcrum on which the lever is suspended may be turned at different angles, permitting a straight chain connection with the dampers instead of at an angle, which might cause the dampers to bind. .-Compensating disc .Plug- Fill regulator with water eifOftt starting rise ' FOMTIOMOr KWCft WHEN MOT UN0ED PRESSURE -&0JUSTAN.I SAODLL ""POSITION Of LEVER UNDER PRESSURE Fig. 1 shows Damper Regulator under no pressure. Compensating plate is in its uppermost position, the bottom of the plate being in line with bottom of inlet. The space above diaphragm is filled with water up to the inlet. Weights on lever are to be so placed that they will hold the diaphragm against the perforated plate. Drafts are held open until the predeter mined pressure is generated, when through diaphragm action which in turn is trans mitted to the lever, drafts are closed. Fig. 2 shows position of Damper Regulator when drafts are closed. Vapor pressure has overcome upward force exerted by the weights on lever arm and forced diaphragm downward. The water on the diaphragm lowers with it and like wise the compensating plate until top of the plate is level with the bottom of the inlet, thus preventing any addition to the water above the diaphragm. With a slight drop in vapor the weights force the diaphragm upward and drafts are opened. Write for Descriptive Circular --Hoffman "Controlled Heat" 759 Hoffman Specialty Co., Inc. Specialties, Healing . Hoffman Ther-Kompo-Gagc HOFFMAN THER-KOMPO-GAGE Measures pressure up to 30 lb., vacuum to 30 in., and temperature to 225 deg. Pressure is registered in ounces up to 5 lb. Vacuum is shown in half inches up to 10 in. Temperature of steam or vapor being generated in the boiler is indicated on the thermometer. Used in Hoffman "Controlled Heat" installations or in one-pipe gravity vacuum systems equipped with No. 2 valves; indicates efficiency of the apparatus when a warm house is maintained with vapor at temperatures considerably below 212 deg. The No. 12 Hoffman Blast Trap is adapted for draining condensation from Indirect Radiators, Dryers, Drums,. Blast Coils, Unit Heaters, Hot Water Generators and Ends of Long Steam Mains or Risers. The Trap embodies the desirable feature of open bucket or float traps because it relieves condensation immediately upon its arrival at the trap regardless of the water temperature. Coupled with the float .is a thermostatic member which positively over comes the chief: difficulty with float traps by automatically relieving air as well as condensation from the system. Table of Nominal Capacities, No. 12 Hoffman Blast Trap- 'No. It Hoffman Bloat Trap Pressure. Pounds per Square Inch. . 'h Capacity. Pounds per Hour............. 800 Capacity. Square Feet Radiation.. 3200 1 1000 4000 2 1500 6000 345 1800 2000 2500 7200 "mo' 10000 Maximum Operating Pressure, 30 lb. Capacities for over 5 lb. pressure, furnished on application. With Strainer: inlet connection, 1 in.; outlet, 1 in. Without Strainer: inlet con nection, l%.in.; outlet, 1 in. *On the basis of lb. of condensation per square.foot per hour. No. 19 Quick Opening Hoffman Radiator Valve is of the semi-packless type for vacuum pumps installations or for vapor systems where modulation is not required. Made in % in. size only, . capacity up to 200 sq. ft. C. I. Radiation. Regularly furnished in Lever Handle pattern. Wood Wheels or Lock Shields furnished on special order withou^ extra charge. Extension stems supplied at an extra charge. 18 Hoffman Radiator Trap No. is Hoffman Radium Valve No. 18 Hoffman Return Line Valve or Radiator Trap , is similar in principle to the No. 8 Valve. It is intended for pressures up;to 15 lb. and radiators up to 100 sq. ft. Thermostats are interchange able and made of special Hoffman Diaphragm Metal that will not soften, stretch or crack under repeated action. Made with in. connections in Angle, Straightway, Right- arid Left-hand Offset Patterns. For roughing measurements see page (758). Write for Descriptive Circulars 760 Hoffman Specialty Co., Inc. Specialties, Heating TYPICAL INSTALLATION HOFFMAN "CONTROLLED HEAT" EQUIPMENT NOS. 20 AND 21 HOFFMAN THERMOSTATIC STEAM TRAPS Pressure Range 0 to 100 lb. Without Change or. Adjustment The Hoffman Steam Trap Body is of strong, rugged all bronze construction. The diaphragms in the thermostat, the valve pins and valve seat are all made of the same non-corrosive alloy which has been successfully used for diaphragms in Hoffman Valves for a number of years. The alloy withstands high temperature steam, and repeated action without softening or cracking. It also withstands the scoring action of steam. A strainer is built into the trap body permitting ready removal for cleaning. All renewable parts are interchange able, permitting replacement without adjustment of any sort. The trap is built to give maximum service with minimum attention and when repairs or cleaning are required the work can be quickly done. The Hoffman Steam Trap normally has a wide open vent port which is maintained until all air and condensation is relieved from the system, after which steam contact with the thermostat closes the port. No hand operated by passes are required to vent air from the system. The trap Nos. t0 and tl Hoffman Thermottaiic Steam Trap cannot air-bind or freeze. . The discharge capacity is dependent upon differences between the temperature of condensation delivered to the trap and steam temperature, the greater the difference the larger the capacity of the trap. The following tables give continuous discharge capacities. NO. 20 TRAP--Pressure 10 30 50 70 90 NO. 21 TRAP--Pressure 30 50 70 90 Teznnerature Drop 20 275 550 715 820 925 925 1225 Temperature Drop 35s... 725 1075 1380 1675 2250 No. 20 Trap has K in. pipe connections, 56 in. port. Weight 35 lb. No. 21 Trap has % in. pipe connections. in. port Wright $l/i lb. . Write for Descriptive Circulars 761 Specialties, Healing Illinois Engineering Company ' General Offices and Factory: CHICAGO Akron Baltmors Boston Buffalo Cincinnati Cleveland Columbus Dallas . Datton Denver Detroit . . Grand Rapids! Halifax ` Harrisburg Houston Branches and Representatives Indianapolis Kansas Crrr Little Roce Los Angeles Memphis Milwaukee Minneapolis Montreal New Orleans New Yoax Cm Oklahoma Cm Omaha Peoria Philadelphia Pittsburgh Portland Providence Richmond (Va.) Rochester St. Louis San Francisco Scranton Seattle Shreveport South Bend Spokane Toledo Toronto Wichita Falls Youngstown PRODUCTS--Illinois Heating Systems--Eclipse Steam Specialties ' Illinois Heating Systems Successfully installed in thousands of buildings--the result of over 25 years of special work in this line, and the ultimate in efficiency and economy. IUinois Thermo Trap The original vertical seat trap. Dirt does not lie on seat--self cleaning, nonadjustable, posi tive in opera tion ; durable, will stand 50 lb. steam pressure which shows the great strength of the diaphragm, which is the reason for the Thermo Trap long life and durability of these Traps. Thousands in operation for over 15 years without' diaphragm replacements. IUinois Modulating Supply Valve Quick Opening--only a half turn of handle from op^n. to closed position. Packless, Bake1 i t e handle, steam tight on 50 lbs. pressure. Large diameter of thread spool and machine cut threads make valve easy of operation. Modulating Valve The improved Bakelite handle insulates the hand from heat. The graduated dial shows the open or closed or any position of the valve. Furnished with Lock Shield and Key, orwith BakeliteWheel handle, upon order. IUinois Vapor Systems * Illinois Vapor Systems are capable of operating automatically on any pressures possible in a low pressure heating system --from 10 lb. to 20 in. of vacuum. Our improved equipment actually insures oper ation under vapor--less than atmospheric pressure--with only two or three firing periods per 24 hrs. The advantages are healthful, modulated heat, and a fuel sav ing of S5S0 per cent over other systems of heating. This result is secured by the ILLINOIS HEAT RETAINOR--Browne Patent, a device which marks an epoch in the heating art. IUinois Heat Retalnor This improved device not only vents air from the System on 14 oz. pressure, but it abso lutely pre vents air pull ing back into the System, thus allowing the System to remain under vacuum for Illinois Seat Retainor hours at a time No dirt or scale can reach the valve of the Retainor, and even the air passing through same is washed, so this device will remain in operative condition over long periods. Our Bulletin No. 22, describes the opera tion in detail--Copy sent upon request. Illinois Return Trap or Alternating Recover This deviceautomatically puts the water back in the boiler against any boiler pressure possible in a low pressure heat ing system. The float trips the weights which in turn positively operate the valves. The operation is IUinois Return Trap forceful and posi tive and this mech- inism cannot be caught on dead centre by water half filling the tank. No external parts to be adjusted or tampered with. No stuffing boxes--all working parts enclosed in the tank. . Our Sales-Engineering Organization will be glad to give detailed technical infor mation regarding our products and to advise as to their proper installation. 762 Illinois Engineering Company Specialties, Healing ILLINOIS PRODUCTS--Eclipse Steam Specialties Eclipse Steam Specialties The old John Davis Co. Eclipse Steam Specialties have been on the market for over 40 years, and embody the improvements and refinements sug gested by this ' long period of service. These Specialties are quality products, having bronze and monel metal pistons, seat rings and valve parts, the bodies are extra heavy, and every piece of apparatus is carefully steam tested--under working pressure where same is given--before shipment. Pressure Reducing Valves, for all pressures and services. ' Bock Pressure, and Atmospheric Relief Volves. Separators, Oil and Steam, Cast Iron and Steel. Steam Traps, all pressures. Non-Return or Stop and Check Valves. Pump Governors, Balanced Valves. Float Valves, Expansion Joints. Pipe Strainers. Reducing Valves. In general use on Vacuum or low pressure Heating Systems. Will reduce to 4 oz. pressure from even 150 lb. initial pressure. The large diaphragm insures sensitive opera- , tiou. Made in both straight jway and expanded outlet . bodies. Reducing Valve Sizes in. to 12 in. : Eclipse Master Reducing Valve ] Eclipse Steam Trap Something )new in Steam trap design. [The valve and stem are sepa rate from the bucket and only operated by the bucket at its extreme top and bottom travel --Result-- Valve is always either full open or tight dosed. ' No wire draw ing or cutting of valve and seat. oct,e_a__m.t.i.g.ht and. .long lawshtiicnhg.are of Monel metal. Bulletin No. 33 describes in detail. Horizontal Oil Separator A pitot type valve will reduce from any pressure up to 250 lb. down to 10 lb. and hold reduced pressure constant at all times --even against a "dead end" pipe. Made of Bronze with monel valves and trimmings. Sizes H in. to 6 in. These Separators have a baffle removable with out disturbing the piping. Occasional cleaning is necessary for proper elimination of oil. The port areas are over 3 times the diameter of the pipe area, hence these separators are effective. tion Relief Valves Illinois Expansion Joints Single ud (table Trams* Heavy duty joints, the liners are cast bronze-- not brass tubing. The bolts are through bolts, no stud bolts used. Tapped for service connections in anchor section If desired. Made in Vertical and Horizontal types, straight way' or angle pat tern, for condensing and non-condensing engines. It is noiseless and works equally well on pressure or va cuum, air cushioned by back pressure in dashpot. Con structed entirely of metal with no springs; wearing parts of special bronze. Size 4 in. to 36 in.. Catalog and Bulletins---Illinois Heating Systems--144 pages No. 14--Heating Specialties. No. 22--Vapor System Details. No. 45--Noo-Returo Valves. BULLETINS No. 103--Pressure Reducing Valves. No. 203--Back Pressure, and Relief Valves. Exhaust Heads. No. 33--Steam Traps. No. 53--Separators--Oil and Steam. No. 203--Float and Balanced Valves. 763 Specialties, Healing William S. Haines & Company 12th and Buttonwood Sts., Philadelphia, Pa. Manufacturers of Equipment for Vapor and Vacuum Heating Systems Haines Vento Thermostatic Trap. Haines Medium Pressure Ther mostatic Trap. Haines High Pressure Thermostatic Trap. Haines Float and Thermostatic Blast Trap. Haines Vent Trap. Haines Modulating Valve. - Haines traps pass all of the air and the water of condensation without permitting the escape of steam. The Haines trap is operated by a spring tempered bourdon tube in which a volatile liquid is hermetically sealed. The thermostatic member is mounted out board the valve seat closing the valve piece against the flow of steam. A variation of 1 deg. fahr. is sufficient to open or close the valve. Due to the horizontal seat and the placing of the thermo- HAINES VENTO TRAPS stat in the re turn line Haines traps do not be- come inoperative from scale, or other foreign matter and they cannot freeze. \ Haines thermostatic traps are made'in sizes from to 1H in. No. of Trap 1 2 2E 3 3E Center to Inlet Vy/h,'" y/>" Center to Outlet IX* IX* I\%X*r \%* Capacity Sq. Ft. 125 200 250 400 500 Every trap is factory tested and adjusted before shipment. They are suitable for pressures from below atmosphere to 100 lb. per square inch. Haines modulating valves never need repack ing. They seat tightly and open on less than a full turn of the lever or wheel handle. Made in sizes from Yi to 2 in. in angle, globe, or corner pattern. HAINES MODULATING VALVES Size of Valve Zf w 1' 1'/.* I'/z* 2" Center to Inlet IX* w IB* IX* W Center to Outlet w 2W 3* W IX* ' 764 Specialties, Heating Kieley & Mueller, Inc. Manufacturers of Specialties for Steam, Water, Air, Oil and Gas 34 West 13th Street Agents in an principal cities New York City The Kieley Special 98 Reducing Valve is suitable for regulating steam pressure for Vapor and Vacuum Heating. This valve will reduce 100 lb. pressure to a vapor. pressures. All. parts subject to wear are located externally and easily removable. The Rapid Feeder is de signed for use in controlling the water sup ply to heating and industrial boilers. It is a "direct to boiler" feeder and therefore, has extraordi nary high ca pacity. Kieley Ball Float Traps have all the de sirable features necessary for taking care of High and Low Pressure Condensation. They are compact, easily repaired and have high condensation capacities. The Duplex Feeder feeds water to the boiler when required and discharges excess water if sluggish returns tend to flood or cause a high water line. The Climax Junior Damper Regulator. This is a Hydraulic Damper Regulator de signed for large heating systems. 765 Specialties, Heating Complete Satisfaction Kelly Brass Works 226-232 West Ontario Street Chicago, 111. Scientific Construction " Kelly " Valves are made especially for steam-heating service and have many fea tures which recommend their use by the engineer, architect and heating contractor. The interior construction of "Kelly" Air Valves are identical. The float in the sectional view is sealed with a phosphor bronze diaphragm at the bottom. A definite amount of volatile liquid is placed in the float before sealing which vaporizes from the heat of the steam causing the diaphragm to expand and raise the float thereby closing the escape port in the top of the valve. All "Kelly valves are so constructed that no adjustment is required and, no one can possibly tamper with them. They will operate under all pressures up to 10 lb., venting the radiator of the accumulated air and closing against steam and water. Any water of condensation in the valve will be drained back to the radiator through the syphon tube. The outer shell of the valve is threaded into a drop forged brass base and the valves are substanti ally constructed of the best grade of materials. The sectional view shows the vacuum feature at the top of the valve. The small bronze ball is loosely encased at the top, resting over the escape port in the top of the valve. When the steam is turned on in the radiator the slightest pressure will raise the ball permitting the escape of all the air until the steam begins to enter the valve causing the volatile liquid in the float to expand the diaphragm which raises the float and forces the float pin against the seat and closes off the escape port. When the steam pres sure goes down a vacuum is immediately created and the small ball resting over the escape port in the top of the valve will prevent any cold air from being drawn into the radiator and as soon as the steam pressure rises again, it will be quickly drawn into the radiator on account of the vacu um having been created therein. d"We call your par ticular attention to the "Kelly" No. 2 Vacuum Valve illustrating the bronze ball feature, a single vacuum control. "KELLY" Valves are subjected to practical steam and vacuum tests before shipping and are GUARANTEED FOR FIVE YEARS when Installed and operated under proper conditions 766 Kelly Brass Works Specialties, Heating No. I % in. Side-Outlet Air Valve for Radiators Kelly Brass Works 226-232 W. Ontario Street, Chicago, Illinois All cuts one-third size The complete line of Kelly NonAdjustable Automatic Steam, Air and Vacuum Valves are manufactured complete by the Kelly Brass Works. Kelly valves are made to give entire satisfaction and are the result of over 35 years experience. Kelly valves are subjected to practical steam and vacuum tests before shipping and are guaranteed for five years when installed and operated under proper conditions. No. --Vacuum H Side-Oullet Air Valve for Radiators No. S K in. Bottom-Outlet A ir Valve for Mains, Coils and Risers Complete Satisfaction TRADEMARK miv Scientific Construction No. 4--Vacuum yi in. Bottom-Outlet Air Valve for Mains, Coils and Risers No. 6 H in. Bottom-Outlet Quick Vent Air Valve for Mains and BV Stacks Notb.--Contains Float--will close against water. No. 7 M in. Bottom-Outlet Quick Vent'Air Valve for Mains and HV Stacks Note.--Will not. close against water. 767 No. 6--Vacuum in. Bottom-Outlet 'uick Vent Air Valve for Mains and HV Stacks Note.--Contains Float--will close against water. Specialties, Heating Klipfel Manufacturing Co. .2641-2659 West Harrison Street Chicago, 111. Manufacturers of Automatic Valve Specialties No. 48 Vapor Thermostats.-- Automatically maintain hot water in steam heated tanks at any desired temperature between 140 and 180; but can be made special for other temperatures. A complete operating unit within itself--it is self- contained. No compressed air, water, electrical, or other auxiliary power required. Lever of lever type is fitted with roller bearings to insure frictionless operation. The sensitive all-metal bellows will move the inner valve farther on a given temperature-pressure change No. 48 Vapor Thermostat, Lever Type Sizes: H to 8 in., inclusive. Bronze bodies in sizes IK in. and under, union connections only. Iron bodies in sizes 2 in. and above, flanged ends only. than any competing bellows of the same diameter and length. No. 49 Vapor Thermostats.-- Similar to the No. 48 Vapor Ther mostat, except that a spring is used instead of a lever and weight. The spring type may be used where space does not permit the use of No. 49 Vapor Ther mostat, Spring Type Sizes: H to 2H in-. in clusive. Bronze bodies in sizes 1 Yi in. and under, union connec tions only. Iron bodies in sizes 2 in. and above, flanged ends only. the lever type and where extreme sensitiveness and a wide range of temperature adjustment are not required. The semi-balanced, bevel seated, bronze inner valve is normally held open by a spring. An increase of temperature of a volatile fluid hermetically sealed within the temperature sensitive bulb, which is installed in contact with the medium, causes the bellows to expand and operate the inner valve. No. 1 Pressure Regulators.--Automatically reduce any initial steam, air or water pressure to any desired reduced pres sure down to 2 lb. and maintain reduced pressure constantly regardless of fluctuations in initial pressure, or changes in the demand for steam. When specified for the control of air or water, the piston is provided with special leather cup packing. Can be furnished with expanded outlet in sizes 1x2 to 12x24 in., in clusive. ^ No. 1 Pressure Regulator, Piston Type Sizes: % to 14 in., inclu sive. Bronze bodies in sizes l}i in. and under, screwed ends only. Iron bodies in sizes 2 in. and above; 2 to 6 in., inclusive, screwed or flanged ends, but screwed ends will . be furnished unless otherwise specified; sizes 7 in. and above, flanged ends.only. "No. 3 Pressure Regulators.--Automatically reduce any initial steam pressure to any desired reduced pres sure, either below atmosphere or up to 5 lb. above atmosphere, and con stantly maintain reduced pressure re gardless of initial pressure fluctuations or changes in the demand for steam. Includes no packing box, thus elimi nating leakage and friction on valve stem. Inner valves and seats are bronze, bevel seated. Can be furnished with expanded outlet. No. 8 Pressure Regula tor, Diaphragm Type Sizes: H to 14 in., in clusive. Bronze bodies in sizes 1M in* and under, screwed ends only. Iron bodies in sizes 2 in. and above; 2 to 6 in., inclusive, screwed or flanged ends, but screwed ends will be . furnished unless other wise specified; sizes 7 in. and above, flanged ends, only. 768 Klipfel Manufacturing Co. Specialties, Heating No. 33 Pressure Regulators.-- Similar to the No. 3 Pressure Regu lator, except that a spring is used instead of a lever and weight. Being equipped with a locking device, they are particularly suited for use under conditions where the adjust ment of a lever and weight type might be tampered with. Will reduce any initial steam, air or water pressure to any desired re No. 88 Pressure duced pressure not exceeding 50 lb. Regulator, Spring Type Cannot be used to maintain pres sures below atmosphere. Expanded outlet can be furnished. No. 28 Noiseless Back . Pressure Valve Sizes: 2 to 24 in.,, inclusive. All sizes made with iron bodies and with flanged ends; sizes 2 to $ in., inclusive, also made with screwed ends. Unless other wise specified, sizes 6 in. and under will be shipped screwed ends; sizes 8 in. and . above with flanged ends. to 6 in., inclusive. Bronze bodies in sizes 1^ in. and under, screwed ends only. Iron bodies in sizes 2 in. and above; sizes 2 to 6 in., inclusive, are made-with screwed or flanged ends, but screwed ends will be furnished unless otherwise specified. No. 28 Noiseless Back Pressure Valves.--Automatically and noiselessly maintain any desired back pressure on exhausts of non-condensing engines. Because of the patented construction, inner valve is effectively stabilized and can not pulsate in unison with the stroke of-the engine. Operated in either horizontal or vertical position. Pre ferable installation is in horizontal pipe line. Iron bodies, bronze inner valves and trimmings. , No. 6 Balanced Float Valves.--Automatically control the supply of cold water to open tanks, so as to maintain a practically constant water level. The inner valve consists of two perfectly balanced bronze plunger discs, and is unaffected by the water pressure. Can be furnished with bevel seated valves at an extra price. Angle and globe patterns, with seamless cop per float, for working pressures up to 200. lb. Swivel guide yoke can be turned to any position. No. 6 Balanced Float Valve Sizes: to 20 In., inclusive. Bronze bodies in sizes in. and under, screwed end9 only. Iron bodies in sizes 2 in. and above; 2 to 6 in., inclusive, screwed or flanged ends, but screwed ends will be shipped unless specified otherwise; sizes 7 in. and above, flanged ends, only.. All sizes 14 in. and under made angle or globe patterns, but angle pattern will be shipped unless specified globe. Sizes 16 in. and above made globe patterns, only. No. 7 Single Seated Float Valves.--Automatically maintain a constant level of hot or cold water in open tanks. Single seated, auxili ary operated. Seat equal to. pipe size. Swivel guide yoke allows the float to be turned to any position. Includes a packing box with gland to prevent leakage past the valve stem. Angle and globe patterns, with seamless copper float, for working pressures up to 2001b. 769 No. 7 Single Seated Float Valve Sizes: % to 12 in., inclusive. Bronze bodies in sizes 1H in. and under, screwed ends only. Iron bodies in sizes 2 in. and above; 2 to 6 in., inclusive, screwed or flanged ends,- but screwed ends will be shipped unless specified otherwise; size 8 in., flanged ends only. Sizes 8 in. and under made angle or globe patterns, but angle pat tern will be shipped unless specified globe. Sizes 10 and. 12 in. made to order, flanged ends, globe pattern only. Specialties, Heating Marine-Galligan Co., Inc 14 So. 20th Street Philadelphia : -: Penna. Number 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 27 37 47 8 28 38 48 58 68 9 29 39 49 59 10 210 310 410 510 610 11 12 212 14 15 215 315 415 515 16 216 17 18 218 318 19 219 319 419 . 20 101 102 M-G PRODUCT 34 Inch Siphon Air Valve. 34 Inch Siphon Air and Vacuum Valve. )4 Inch Quick Vent Float Air Valve. Inch Air Line Valve. 34 Inch Vapor Vent Valve. *4 Inch Vapor Vacuum Vent Valve. . )4 Inch Lever Handle Modulating Radiator Valve. 54 Inch Lever Handle Modulating Radiator Valve. 1 Inch Lever Handle Modulating Radiator Valve. 1)4 Inch Lever Handle Modulating Radiator Valve. ' 34 Inch Round Handle Packless Radiator Valve. 14 Inch Round Handle Packless Radiator Valve. 1 Inch Round Handle Packless Radiator Valve. 1)4 Inch Round Handle Packless Radiator Valve. 1)4 Inch Round Handle Packless Radiator Valve. 2 Inch Round Handle Packless Radiator Valve. . 34 Inch Packless Radiator Gate Valve. 24 Inch Packless Radiator Gate Valve. 1 Inch Packless Radiator Gate Valve. 134 Inch Packless Radiator Gate Valve. 134 Inch Packless Radiator Gate Valve. . . 34 Inch Lock and Shield Packless Valve; 34 Inch Lock and Shield Packless Valve. 1 Inch Lock and Shield Packless Valve. 1)4 Inch Lock and Shield Packless Valve. 134 Inch Lock and Shield Packless Valve. 2 Inch Lock and Shield Packless Valve. )4 Inch Thermo Radiator Trap. 34 Inch Thermo Radiator Trap. % Inch Thermo Radiator Trap. . 24 Inch Thermo Drip Trap. % Inch Float and Thermo Drip Trap. 1 Inch Float and Thermo Drip Trap. 1)4 Inch Float and Thermo Drip Trap. 134 Inch Float and Thermo Drip Trap. 2 Inch Float and Thermo Drip Trap. . 5 Inch Diameter Retard Compound Gauge. 8 Inch Diameter Retard Compound Gauge. 10 Inch Vapor Damper Regulator. 1000 Square Feet Capacity Alternator. 3000 Square Feet Capacity Alternator. 6000 Square Feet Capacity Alternator. 1800 Square Feet Capacity Direct Return Trap. 3600 Square Feet Capacity Direct Return Trap. 6000 Square Feet Capacity Direct Return Trap. 9000 Square Feet Capacity Direct Return Trap. : . Duplex Water Feeders. M-G Boiler Cleaning Compound per pound M-G Boiler Mending Liquid per quart 770 Specialties, Steam Mason Regulator Company Boston, Mass. San Francisco, Calif. Montreal, Canada Manufacturers of Pressure Regulators and Steam Specialties No. gt$, Spring Type Sizti No. tt, Lever Type Size* PRESSURE REDUCING VALVES FOR HEATING SYSTEMS Vacuum Regulating Valve Sint W'-V' For regulating the amount of vacuum on separate branches of a main vacuum system. The new Mason Re ducing Valves for heating systems have attained the same popularity as the well known Mason high pressure reducing valves so widely used industrially. These valves are up to the Mason standard of quality but are exceedingly moderate in price. For economy as well as lasting satisfaction it is very much to your advantage to specify Mason. Vacuum Pump Regulatorv Size* H"--T For regulating the supply of steam to the requirements of a steam driven vacuum pump and thereby automatic ally maintaining a uniform vacuum on the system. Bovttkold Water Pretsure Regulator Sizes W-l" Designed for domestic service where the city water pressure is too great for economical house use.' Eliminates noise in bathroom fixtures, leaking faucets and splashing in bowls and tubs. Standard Reducing Valve . . Sieet M"-" For High Pressure Service. Damper Regulator . Made in various rises for handling damper equipment on both.high and ------------ boilers, operating on , or natural draft. CATALOG--Write for Pocket Catalog and Handbook No. 62. It contains complete description and prices of these and other Mason Regulators. 771- '. Specialties, Healing Jas. P. Marsh & Company Established 1865 114-124 S. Clinton St. - CHICAGO, ILL. Sales Agencies In Most Principal Cities Thermodisk Thermodisk Free and unlimited vent of all air, hot or cold, cannot water-log, do not spit or leak water, and close instant ly for steam or vapor. Sizes and capacities for every requirement. No. S Thermodisk Air Line Valve . No. 5 Thermodisk Rapid Vent Marsh Reflux Traps for instal lation on return of radiators of any two-pipe re turn steam heat- ingsystem. Also for pipe coils in Refining, Cook ing and Drying apparatus. No. 1 Reflux Trap Marsh 2000 Sq. Ft. Boiler Return Trap for returning voter of condensation to Boiler. Alsofurnished in larger sizes 772 No. 2 Reflux Trap No. 4 Reflux Cast Iron Body Thermostatic Drip Trap ' Jas. P. Marsh & Company Marsh Indicating Gauge Marsh Gauge Board Specialties, Heating Marsh Recording Gauge Low Pressure Ounce Gauge Marsh Gauges for every requirement of indicating Pressure, Vacuum, Altitude, etc. Marsh Recording Gauges where a high grade, accurate instru ment is required and where it is desired to match other instru ments on Gauge Boards, etc. We specialize in Gauge Board outfits complete .with all in struments. Compound Ounce Gauge Show exact pressure in ounces and pounds. A necessity for the intelli gent, economical and proper operation of "Vapor," "Vacu um," "Semi-Vacuum," and "Atmospheric" Heating Sys tems and for any low pressure boiler. Marsh Ther-Alti-Meter Marsh Altitude Gauge and Hot Water Thermometer Combined Alti tude Gauge and Hot Water Thermometer. The two indica tions, altitude and tempera ture, at a glance. The ideal and logical instru ment to specify forany hot water heating boiler. Forany hot water heat ing boiler where the sepa rate Altitude Gauge and Hot Water Thermometer are preferred. Architects and Heating Engineers will find illustrated and described a Marsh Gauge, Radiator or Steam Trap, Automatic Air Valve, Vent and Heating Specialty for each service requirement--in literature which we will be pleased to send upon request. 773 Specialties, Heating The McAlear Mfg. Co. 1901-1907 So. Western Avenue CHICAGO Power and Heating Specialties for Controlling Pressures and Flow of Steam, Water, Air or Gas * No. 155 McAlear Reducing Valves are constructed in either the diaphragm weight and lever type, spring weighted diaphragm type or the pilot operated type. They are made with either single or double seats, and with expanded outlets when desired, depending on the type selected. They will reduce steam pressure from 5 to 250 lb. to any desired service pressure from a partial vacuum to 240 lb. Complete infor mation furnished on application. Sizes % to 20 in. McAlear traps are built in both Open Bucket and Ball Float types and are con structed in several different styles to meet any service condition. No. 717 (illustrated) is invaluable for low pressure drip connections but can be used on pressures up to 125 lb. It has large capacity, equipped with accessible valve construction, deep water seal, and thermostatic element when used for blast trap duty. Sizes % to 3 in. c McAlear Direct-to-Boiler Water Feeders are made both Simplex and Du plex and are equipped with Mercoid Switches, when desired, for Oil Burner Control. Working parts of non-corrosive material, heavy seamless floats and they feed water direct to the boiler. Complete information in Bulletin "K-l." No. 15 Automatic Air Valve is used for relieving mains and risers of low pres sure, vapor and gravity heat ing systems, vento coils, and indirect radiators of air. It will operate at any pressure up to 15 lb., and is made in sizes 6, 24 and 1 in. sizes. McAlear Radiator Traps are constructed in several different styles and sizes and patterns either plain or nickelplated. The thermostatic elements are made of the best quality bronze metal, and are suitable for withstanding any temperature or pressure from a partial vacuum to 15 lb. . The McAlear line of Power, Heating, Gas and Oil Specialties also includes: Radiator Hangers, Packless Radiator Valves, Return Traps, Grease Extractors, Dirt Strainers, Pump Governors, Damper Regulators, Back Pressure Valves, Water Regulating Valves, Tank Controllers, Gas Regulating Valves, Liquid Level Controllers and many other devices. General Catalogue No. 28 illustrating our complete line, will be gladly furnished upon request. 774 Specialties, Heating Milwaukee Valve Company . "MILVACO" Heating Specialties Burrell and Chase Streets Milwaukee, Wis. New York, N.Y. Washington, D.C. Spokane, Wash. Reading, Pa. Los Angeles, Caut. Pittsburgh, Pa. Chicago, III. Representatives In all Principal Cities Newark, N.J. Seattle, Wash. Portland. Ore. Minneapolis, Minn. Detroit, Mich. Cleveland, Ohio Winnipeg. Canada Louisville, Kt. Cincinnati, Ohio Datton, Ohio Columbus. Ohio Denver, Colo. Sr. Louis, Mo. Indianapolis. Ind. Atlanta, Ga. Duluth. Minn. Kansas Citt. Mo. Baltimore, Md. Fort Worth, Texas Omaha, Neba. Toledo, Ohio Phoenix, Abie. San F&ancisco, Calif. Richmond, Va. Boston, Mass. Dallas, Texas Philadelphia, Pa. Jackson, Miss. Packless Valves Note.--In addition to types _ illustrated. Dole-Milwaukee Packless Valves can be fur nished >n the following patterns: Lock and Shield Angle. Lock and Shield Graduate. Union Gate. Union Globe and Right and Left Hand Corner. Always specify steam or water. Send for Bulletin No. 24 Fig. 09- hi Lever Handle Graduate Fig. 16-M Quick Opening Angle All patterns made in sizes H to 2 in. inclusive. "Milvaco" Air Eliminator A heavy substantial float vent for use on heating systems or apparatus where rapid elimination of air is necessary, and where passage of both steam and water must be prevented. Made in M to M in. sizes. Send for Bulletin No. 26 "Milvaco" Quick Vent For use at high points on any installa tion where a large volume of air must be rapidly vented. A large substantial vent for heavy duty service. Vents completely at high or low pres sures. and the check valve prevents the return of air into the system. Construction the same as Air Elimi nator, eliminating the float. Made in M and M in. sizes. Send for Bulletin No. 26 Without an equal for Vacuum, Vapor and Modulating Heating Systems. Illustrated below is a sectional view showing construc tion of "Milvaco" Thermostatic Traps, w Embodying every desirable feature of successful ' radiator return traps and incor porating features exclusive in "Milvaco" traps, this product 19 a most desirable asset to a heating system. Send for Bulletin No. 23. Roughing-ln Dimensions and Capacities AB Fig. Capacity ciZL Center Line Face of No. Sq. Ft. Rad. Outlet to End Outlet to Center of Spud of Spud ' 0 75 I 200 2 500 vs 1/S w v/s Vs 1/s 1% V 1vs Note.--The standard roughing-in dimension, "A" for Min. traps as adopted by the Heating and Piping Contractors' National Association, is in. which standard we adhere to. We can, however, upon special request, supply traps with this dimension any length from 2M to 4 in. Send for Bulletins showing complete line of specialties. "Milvaco" Boiler Return An Ideal trap for use on vapor systems for returning water of condensation to the boiler. Positive in action; noiseless in operation; and mechanism not dependent upon action of springs. Capacity 4000 sq. ft. direct radiation. Pipe connection 2 in. Steam and Vent connec tions M in. * Send for Bulletin No. 25 Trap "Milvaco" Drip and Blast Traps "Milvaco" Drip and Blast Traps are a combination float and thermostatic trap which drip any main or riser on any heating system or apparatus where it is necessary to positively eliminate both air and water and close against steam. Not dependent upon tem perature for action. Guar anteed to eliminate drip troubles.. Made in ^ to 2 in. sizes, inclusive. Send for Bulletin No. 27. 775 Specialties, Heating Monash-Younker Go., Inc. ESTABLISHED 38 YEARS CHICAGO NEW YORK MONASH THERMOSTATIC RETURN LINE TRAPS No. Made in Angle only. No. 36-B-X in. Made in Angle, Right, Left and Straightway. The working parts or "ELEMENT" of MONASH Thermostatic line of Traps are described on following page. ,, , ,. Designed to overcome the various faults of ordinary return line traps, the MONASH have proven their efficiency in rigid tests in actual operation over a period of Thirteen Years in many large buildings. . When MONASH Traps are specified the responsibility of the heating engineer ceases because they are Guaranteed in Writing for Ten Years--lor pressure not to exceed Ten (10) lbs. ,. , ,, The No. 35 Trap can be furnished with either a vertical or horizontal seat as illus trated above. No. 35 A or B H in. 200 sq. ft. 65 lbs. water per hour No. 36 B H in. 350 sq. ft. 408 lbs. water per hour No. 36 B % in. 590 sq. ft. 160 lbs. water per hour Noi 36 BX H in. 800 sq. ft. 280 lbs. water per hour Monash Thermostatic Heavy Duty or Drip Traps for 25 lbs. Pressure MONASH thermostatic special heavy duty or drip traps are made with dirtpocket, clean-out and by-pass. Vertical seat and diaphragm outride the steam chamber. Especially suitable for blast coils, dry kiln colls, main drips, dryers, laundry machinery and all points where large quantities of condensation is to be handled. . No.......................... 40 42 44 'h V. \ 350 1500 4000 Water per' Hour__ pounds 108 475 1250 Net Weight............ pounds 3.25 5.00 7.50 Monash Guaranteed Automatic Air Valves MONASH No. 1, all metal, non:adjustable automatic air valve in which the base and nipple are in one casting-- no soldered or sweated joints > to come apart. MONASH No. 6, fourway-drain, lock-shield, automatic air valve with all Working parts above opening to radiator. Self cleaning; no flooding of floors and other damage. No. t Specify Monash Valve holder with valve. No. 6 Monash Quick Venting Valves No. 27 For mains and risers the MONASH No. 27 thermostatic quick venting valve is desirable. Has heavy brass body and cover, phosphor bronze thermo static diaphragm. Operates automatically at all pressures up to 10 lb. . Insures rapid steam circula tion. Closes against steam, but does not dose against water. Connections are H *n--1 lb. net weight. Monash Thermostatic Air Line Valves for drip or air line systems; also for venting vento stacks and blast coils. Is rapid in action and positive in results, passing all air but closing tightly against steam. Made of brass, white plated; the No. 2 is in., the No. 3 is in. 1 lb. net weight. No. 2 Monash-Younger Co., Inc. Specialties, Heating A WORD TO HEATING AND VENTILATING ENGINEERS Obsolete and defective Return Line Radiator Traps can be recon structed and made BETTER THAN NEW by inserting the MONASH THERMOSTATIC TYPE "C" ELEMENT into the old Trap Bodies. Have your client send us an old (half-inch) Radiator Trap complete with nut and tail piece attached and if it has a screwed-in seat, we. will replace it with our own seat and insert our MONASH Thermostatic Type "C" Element into the Trap Body, and return it to your client for test on consignment, postpaid. This MONASH Element consists of a Diaphragm, which is the heart of the Trap, and the construction of same is illustrated and described herewith below. If the Trap, sent us by your client, is one that we cannot reconstruct, then we will gladly furnish a MONASH Ten Year Guaranteed, Trap Complete with the proper length tail piece so that it will fit into the roughing-in dimensions of the old Trap and no pipe fitting need be done. This will give you an opportunity to learn first hand all about the virtues of the MONASH Element in the old Trap Body or the MONASH Trap complete. We feel confident that once you know more about the MONASH Product you may want to specify it in your work. *,, . MONASH THERMOSTATIC DIAPHRAGM ' This Diaphragm is as sensitive to the various changes of temperature as the most delicate instrument, yet, so sturdy in construction that we 'do not hesitate to Guarantee it in Writing for Ten Years. Cover (No. 1) is cast in one piece with the guider which permits the plunger (No. 4) to be in perfect alignment with the seat (No. 5) when closing. ' Diaphragm (No. 3), the heart of the Trap, is held securely in place between the adjusting screw (No. 2) and the plunger (No. 4). It is therefore a separate and independent unit not attached to any part of the Trap Body, permitting the Dia phragm to be removed without disturbing the adjustment, as this can be done from the exterior of the Trap. , These exclusive features in the MONASH Trap are covered by . United States and Foreign patents. 777 Specialties, Healing Mueller Steam Specialty Go., Inc. 502 West 126th Street "MUESSCO" New York City Steam, Water, Air, Oil and Gas Specialties for Heating and Power Plants Pressure Reducing Valves--Straight Pattern and With Increased Outlet Specialties, Heating O-E Specialty Mfg. Co Milwaukee, Wis. Packless Graduated Valves, Ball Check Return Elbows, Thermo-Nickel Return Traps, Air Exhausters, Vacuum Pressure Gauges, Differential Boiler Return Traps, Balanced Swing Check Valves, Venturi Hot Water Circulation Fittings and Hot Water Flow-Control Fittings. No. 11--For Vacuum. Vapor and Low Pressure Heating Systems. Initial Pressures, up to 200 lb.; Reduced Pressures. 0 to 10 lb. No. 17 and 21--For automatic control of reduced pressures on dead-end service; requiring a tight closing valve, such as tank heaters, kitchen utensils, sterilizing apparatus, laundry equipment, kettles, cookers, diiers, etc. Initial Pressures up to 200 lb. Reduced Pressures 0 to 150 lb. Constructed with full globe bodies. Center guide eliminates the wings on discs, and increases efficiency, assures minimum noise and prolongs the life of the seats and discs. -Lever and weight operates on a steel roller bolt, assuring a most sensitive valve. Spring type furnished with special long springs for sensitive operation and wide ranges of reduced pressures. . No. 601 Junior up to 6000 Sq. Ft. No. 611 for Industrial Service No. 617 Duplex up to t2,500 Sq. Ft. Automatic Water Feeders with a powerful leverage to control the water line in steam boilers, etc. They supply make up water to compensate for evaporation, leaks, steam utilized in process work and condensation wasted. Where condensation held up in the system eventually returns in large quantities, our Duplex type protects the boiler against flooding. All working parts of non-corrosive metal, are accessible without breaking pipe connections. Provided with an integral strainer. For steam pressures up to 100 lb., water pressures up to 120 lb. No.S16upto 25lb.Pressure No. S17 upto 150 lb. Pressure Simple, Positive and Compact Air Eliminators and Re turn Steam Traps for returning the condensa tion from any type of low or high pressure heating system or ap paratus. direct to boiler at high temperatures and discharging the air to the atmosphere. Simple, Sturdy, and Compact Steam Traps for draining water of con densation from steam apparatus and steam mains. Powerful compound leverage enables them to take care of large quanti ties of condensation. Equipped with strainer, No.219uplo SOIb.Pressure water gages, air cock, No.221uptol60B>.Pressure blow-off and integral by- No. Inlet Outlet Steam Vent Sq. Ft. Rad. 11 IV, 2 V/s m y. y. ''4/} 3000 6000 3 V/l 2 1 6000 42 Vh IV, V, 13,000. 5 V/i 3 IV, v, 25,000 pass valve, when desired. All working parts accessible without disturbing any pipes. Valves sealed-with several inches of water, making the escape of steam impossible. Made in sizes from H to 3 in. Catalogue and Bulletins covering our Complete Line gladly furnished on application. 778 ii ( f The three fittings numbered 2, 3 and 4, are designed for the simplest and most flexible heating system ever devised. Operating on the Thermos Bottle principle, it provides Vapor part of the time-- Vacuum most of the time-- Pressure when desired. No. 5--O-E M ushroom Handle Packless Supply Valve. No. 6--O-E Drip and Blast Trap. No. 7--O-E Direct Boiler Return Trap. No. 8--O-E Thermo-Nickel Trap. No. 9--O-E Vacu-Float Vent Valve. In addition to above, we manu facture a full line of Heating Specialties No. 7 No. s 779 1 No. 9 X i Specialties, Heating W. A. Russell Grand Central Terminal & Company New York "Warco" Ai?vatuZm Valves BELOW "Warco" No. t--Vacuum H in. Side-Outlet Vacuum Air. Valve for Radiators ABOVE "Warco" No. 1 }i in. Side-Outlet Air Volte for Radiators ABOVE "Warco" No. 4 % in. Bottom-Outlet Quick Vent Air Valve for Mains and HV Stacks LEFT "Warco" No. S in. Bottom-Outlet Air Valve for Mains, Coils and Ritert RIGHT "Warco" No. S-V-- Vacuum - K in. Bottom-Outlet Air and Vacuum Valve for Maine, Coil* and Risers RIGHT "Warco" No. 6 in. Bottom Outlet, Quick Vent Air . Valve, for Mains and HV Stacks An extremely fast venting valve, with the precision of operation characteristic of the "Warco" Line. It has an ex clusive adjustable air port cap that enables the Heating Con tractor to balance Steam Lines when they are unequal. By adjusting the venting ports, steam will flow along the mains at . approximately the same speed, getting heat to the end of air mains simultaneously. LEFT "Warco" No. 6--Vacuum ^ in. Bottom Outlet, Quick Vent Air and Vacuum Valve, for Mains and HV Stacks This valve has the same features as the "Warco" No. 5, plus the "Warco" Vacuum principle. Many splendid testimonials to the efficiency of this' vacuum, principle---reports of fuel saving, more satisfactory . and more constant heating assure us that the valves have no superior, regardless of price. The cpmplete line of seven "Warco". Automatic Air and Vacuum Valves was designed, and is produced under the personal supervision of Mr. W. A. Russell, a pioneer in the Air Valve industry, who has been./.designing and making volatile liquid air valves for 38 years. Careful selection of materials, an actual test under steam conditions for. the func tions necessary-r-air,. steam and water-- assure perfect operation on th^1 job. "Warco" Valves are guaranteed to give satisfaction for five years when installed under proper conditions. 780 Specialties, Heating Stickle Steam Specialties Co. Main Office and Works, INDIANAPOLIS, IND. New York Office 280 Madison Ave., Room No. 910 Boston Office 52 Sudbury St. Manufacturer of the STICKLE Open Coil Feed Water Heaters and Purifiers, STICKLE Steam Traps high and low pressure and vacuum. Pressure Regulators, Damper Controls, Back Pressure Valves, Standard Balance Valves, Vacuum Heating Specialties, Blast Coil Heaters, Heating and Ventilating Equipment, . Triplex Oil and Steam Separators. . STICKLE THERMOSTATIC RADIATOR TRAP The special feature of the STICKLE Thermostatic Radiator Trap is the dia phragm; with box shape inverted heads, . side walls reinforced with seamless drawn brass tubing, a solid disc protecting each head and so constructed that thediaphragm cannot get out of place. The diaphragm is so reinforced that there is no possible chance for it to become distorted or ruptured. The flat leaf bronze spring makes a positive opening action; supplementing the spring action of the diaphragm. STICKLE THERMIC VACUUM TRAPS Designed for draining steam headers and risers on low pressure heating systems. A ^Thermostatic trap will close on hot water and for this reason they will not drain a steam header. This trap is mechanically operated with positive air release. No matter what the temperature of the water this trap will handle it. This is the ideal trap for Blast Coil Service, made in sizes up to 2 inch. Send for the descriptive matter. STICKLE VAPOR VACUUM HOT BLAST HEATER Primarily designed to operate with the condensation from the dryers of a paper machine, for heating air to ventilate the machine room. When connected to the return line of a vacuum heating system it will maintain from 10 to 15" of vacuum on the pump without the use of cooling water. Write us regarding this heater. It has no equal. Cold air is heated and used, instead of using cooling water which goes to the sewer, i the heat being lost. ir 781 5 Specialties, Heating Sarco Co., Inc. 183 Madison Ave., New York Baltimore Boston Buffalo Chicago Cleveland Detroit Philadelphia Pittsburgh RADIATOR, BLAST AND STEAM TRAPS, St. Louis packless inlet VALVES, TEMPERATURE REGULATORS AND STRAINERS SARCO STEAM TRAP No. 9 For pressures 0 to 100 lb. . For industrial purposes, hospitals, laundry and kitchen equipment. Sarco Steam Trap No. 9 consists of a heavy bronze body with a powerful motor element of helical seam less bronze tubing containing an expansion fluid. Is of the balanced pressure type, suitable for any steam pressure from 0 to 100 lb. without readjustment. Has unusually great capacity, large valve area and quick, high lift when discharging. Cannot air bind. Write for Booklet No. HV-261. For Steam Pressure from 0 to 30 lb. Fig. 9-1 can be used. It has the same capacities as Fig. 9-2 but is furnished with brass composition valve heads and seats. Size . In. Vr V. Price. Each Type No. 9-2 $*8.50 11.50 14.50 Price. Each Type No. 9-1 $ 7.50 10.50 13.50 Dimensions Inlet to Outlet M' I'/,* 1" Capacity Lb. per Hour 0 . 600 . 600 SARCO HIGH AND LOW PRESSURE BLAST TRAPS No. 9-3 and 9-4 (entirely Thermostatic) This Heavy-Surface or Blast Trap is for draining steam coils of hot-water tanks, vento stacks and main drip lines; also where a large capacity trap is required such as for draining coils in dryers, vacuum pans, heating coils, cooking vessels, etc. ^ Will handle great flows of condensation without loss of steam. Is entirely thermostatic, so removes the air as well as water. ( Operates on the same principle as the Sarco Steam Trap No. 9-2. No. 9-3, Pressures 0-30 Lb. Brass Composition Valve Head and Seat No. 9-4. Pressures 0-100 Lb. Monel Valve Head and Seat List Prices F. 0. B. Bethlehem, Pa. r $25.00 ww r 27.50 30.00 37.`50 Capacities Lb. per Hour 1,000 1,000 1,500 2,000 List Prices F. O. B. Bethlehem. Pa. t l'//. *30.oo 32.50 35.00 Capacities Lb. per Hour ' 1,250 1,250 , 3,250 Can be furnished in offset patterns at same prices. Write for Blast Trap and Heavy Service Booklet. . F.T. 1 (Float and Thermostatic) ' Recommended for live drips, large heating units, vento stacks, hot wat tonks, etc. Two inlet and two discharge connections tapped 1)( in. are provided and can be adjusted to the size specified. he thermostatic by-pass releases air. The under-slung valve bead insures large ca- . pacity and reduces wear. *' Capacity in pounds of water per hour at pressure differential per square inch. ' I?' Vl lb. 1 lb. 21b. 550 725 1000 1600 1800 2000 List Price: K in. 1 in., F. 0. B. Bethlehem, Pa. 782 IK >D-. $25.00 Weight: 15 lb. i Sarco Co., Inc. Specialties, Heating For vacuum, vapor and low- pressure heating systems. The Sarco is of the thermo static type, using Seamless Helical Bellows and a vola tile liquid filling. Its posi- rive action keeps radiators thoroughly Type E drained, preventing water hammer and air binding. Type H .. Helical Bellows is phosphor bronze. It has a high lift, insuring free discharge, a maximum closing pressure and an unusually long life. Body-is heavy brass, nickel plated. Can be used on all pressures up to 25 lb. without adjusting. Write for Booklet HV-125. List Prices F.OJ3. Bethlehem; Pa. Type E Type E Type H 'h 6.00 VS .8.00 r 15.00 Vi 5.00 Dimensions Center Inlet to Outlet Center Outlet to to Face of Outlet S'/S ' 3'// 3>/.' 3'/.' \W(/limm V w Angle, straightway and offset types are furnished at same prices. Capacity--Direct Radiation Vapor System Sq. rt. Vacuum System Sq. Ft. 200 250 600 600 1500 1600 125 150 SARCO PACKLESS INLET VALVE For use on vapor and vacuum heat ing systems. This valve, can not leak as it is of the true Packless type. regular. Easy to turn. Dial is dis tinctly marked. Has heavy brass, well-nickeled body. Fumished with lever or round moulded handles. ' Write for Booklet HV-151. for packing, of any kind. By the use of the Sarco Helical Tubing it elimi nates the necessity Valve opens or closes with a three-quarter turn and the pressure is always even, smooth and List Prices F. O. B. Bethlehem. Pa. *5.50 VS 6.00 1' 7.50 v/s 9.50 Center Inlet to Outlet 3* 3' 31/2' 3Vr CAPACITIES Feet Direct Radiation up to 40 so. ft. 41 to 75 aq. ft. 76 to 125 sq. ft. 126 to 200 sq. ft. ' SARCO TEMPERATURE REGULATORS Sarco Temperature Regulators are self-contained and self-operating. No auxiliaries such as air, water or electricity are required. They operate thermostatically by the expansion of a heavy hydro-carbon oil and are positive in action. Will operate steam, gas or water valves and can also be supplied to open with rise in temperature. . .They can be used for hot water tanks, cold storage plants, dry room or kiln control and for any specified temperature from 30 to 300 deg. fahr. Sarco Regulators can also be furnished to meet special conditions. Inquiries are invited. Write for Booklet HV-55. SARCO SELF-CLEANING STRAINER For Steam, Water and Oil Lines. Write for Booklet HV-225. ' - , . Type TR-t SARCO AIR ELIMINATOR Has a capacity of 15,000 sq. ft. of Direct Radiation based on one ounce pressure. Has vk in. port area and is fitted with union connection. . 783 Specialties, Heating Sterling Engineering Co. 1626-44 Holton Street SALES OFFICES Milwaukee, Wis. Atlanta, Ga. Birmingham, Ai;a. Boston, Mass. Buffalo, N. Y. Chicago, III. Cleveland, Ohio Dallas, Texas Denver, Colo. Detroit, Mich. Erie, Pa. Fort Wayne, Ind. Grand Rapids, Mich. Hartford, Conn. Indianapolis, Ind. ' Kansas City, Mo. Los Angeles, Calif. Louisville, Ky. Minneapolis, Minn. New Orleans, La. New York, N. Y. Oklahoma City, Okla. Peabody, Kan. ' Philadelphia. Pa. Pine Bluff, Ark. Send for Bulletins describing complete line Pittsburgh, Pa. Portland, Ore. Salt Lake City, Utah Savannah, Ga. St. Louis, Mo. Toledo, Ohio Toronto, Can. Washington, D. C. A B. c Capacity No. 73 StcZlcq Unit Heater Trap W 25/g# ' 2Vb* 200 sq. ft. VS 2vs l'/l 500 sq. ft. l' Vh" 3' 1000 sq. ft. ^ in. pipe connections. Weight 1034 lb. Capacity 400 lb. per hour at 1 lb. pressure or 1700 lb. per hour at 15 lb. pressure. Maximum Steam pressure 15 lb. No cooling leg required. Drains completely when cold. Also used as a Drip Trap AB C D Capacity vvss \'/s w 1VS iyywV//Sss W !>/' V/S \VS w vsVS 24 sq.ft: 70 sq. ft. r 150 sq.ft. vs1 200 sq.ft. ws 300 sq.ft. Can be furnished-with Mushroom handle or with loose key. ' Ketchum Kwic-Lift Hanger St&llCQ Vacu Float Vent For supporting ceiling radiators. For use on heating systems where rapid elimination of air is necessary and where passage of water must be prevented. 34 in. pipe connection. . Capacity 3000 sq. ft. . 784 Sterling Engineering Co. Specialties, Heating For use on vapor systems for returning condensation to boiler. Capacity 3000 sq. ft. Direct Radiation. Pipe connections 134 in. Steam inlet connection % in. Vent connection 34 in. . SteZlcq Condensation Pump For use on vapor systems of 1000 sq. ft. of direct radiation or less where return line can be located at least 27 in. above water line in boiler. Inlet connection 1 in. Outlet connection % in. No. Sq. Ft. Radiation H.P. Pressure Lb. 28 2000 V* 15 38 4000 y. 15 48 8000 Vi 15 58 16000 Vi 15 68 32000 1 15 78 48000 i'/i 15 88 64000 2 15 168 32000 i'/i 25 178 48000 2 25 268 32000 2 35 278 48000 3 35 288 64000 3 35 These pumps are also built for 50 and 100 lb. pressure. Ketchum Compeller For stimulating the circulation of water in hot water heating systems or; on domestic hot water or ice water circulating systems. Size of valve body 4 or (> in. l 4 in.'Size furnished with companion flanges tapped I34i2, 234t 3,334 or4 in. as required. Size of motor 3io hp. Weight 80.1b. 6 in. Size furnished with companion flanges tapped 434> 5 or 6 in. as required. Size of motor 34 hp. Weight 200 lb. . A self-contained, automatic temperature control valve not requiring air piping, mechanically driven air compressor or electrical connections to operate it. % in. Capacity 70 sq. ft. of Direct Radiation 1 in. Capacity 150 sq. ft. of Direct Radiation IH in. Capacity 250 sq. ft, of Direct Radiation ' 1M in. Capacity 300 sq. ft. of Direct Radiation 785 Specialties, Heating The Trane Company 2a Crosse, Wis. See Pumps.'page 727; Unit Heaters, page 638; Heat Cabinets, page 622, 623 Heating Specialties, page 786, 787 BRANCHES IN PRINCIPAL CITIES The Trane Company Specialties, Heating Trane Gauges are of the spring Bour don type.- Small gauges (4J4 in. in di ameter) are calibrated from 18 in. vacuum to 30 lb. pressure. Large gauges (8J4 in. in diameter) for high boilers and dark boiler rooms are calibrated from 30 in. vacuum to 30 lb. pressure. Trane Strainers are furnished in four sizes, ), L \M in. They are equipped with a removable strainer screen for easy cleaning. - Trane Direct Return Trap is essen tially a safety device. No matter how carelessly the system is fired this Direct Return Trap returns the water to the boiler regardless of pressure. Trane Damper Regulators are sensi tive to the slightest change in boiler pressures. An ounce of pressure is suf ficient to operate this regulator which results in even temperatures at all times. Trane Bellows Radiator Traps are equipped with the standard Trane 14corrugation bellows. These bellows are made without seams or joints of any kind. Trap bodies are made of steam brass. Guaranteed operating range from any vacuum to 25 lb. pressure for low pres sure traps and from 26 lb. to 125 Ib. for high pressure traps. All traps are factory adjusted and carefully tested so that operation of each and every trap is absolutely uniform. Trane Bellows Drip Traps are avail able in both high and low pressure styles, i.e., with pressure ranges from any vac uum to 25 lb. and from 26 lb. to 125 lb. These traps are fitted with 14-corrugation bellows members and are desirable for use on systems where a high vacuum is carried on the return and it is necessary to drop the temperature of the condensate. Trane Offset Pattern Trap is exactly the same in construction as the bellows radiator trap except that it is fitted with an adjustable outlet connection that can be swung to any position desired, elimi nating the necessity of using right, left and straightway pattern traps. Trane Float Drip Trap. This trap is especially designed for unit and blast heater installations where rapid draining increases the capacity of the unit. Ther mostatic air by-pass eliminates all pos sibility of air binding. Water discharge is entirely regulated by float control. High temperatures have no effect upon the operation of-this trap. TRANE HEATING SPECIALTIES Bellows-Packless Valves are made in standard sizes from to 2 in. They are strictly packless. A Trane 10-corrugation bellows makes this feature possible. Valves are especially constructed to fill the re quirements for a valve that can be used on an industrial installation where vibra tion is prevalent as well as on residence jobs. Body is brass. Nickeled, highly polished trimmings. In addition to the standard valve illustrated special right or left hand corner-pattern valves with these general features are also available in the M in. size. These are especially suitable for Concealed Heater installations. Trane Float Vents are designed to close, against steam, water, and vacuum^ Full quarter-inch venting ports insure unlimited capacities. These vents are furnished with a standard Trane 14-cor rugation bellows. % in. pipe connection only. In addition to regular venting work on heating systems, Trane Vents are frequently used for special requirements such as on blast heaters, dryers, and other commercial equipment. Trane Quick Vents do the same work as Float Vent Valves except that they close against steam and vacuum only. M in. pipe connection. Contain standard 14-corrugation Trane Bellows. . 786 -- SIZES, CAPACITIES, ETC.. OF TRANE RADIATOR TRAPS Capacity in Sq. Ft. at Various Pressure Differences Size 4 ox, . 8 a*. ] Ib. 2ib. 5 lb. 25 Ib. DIMENSIONS, INCHES Size L I 200 Angle............... Vl and Va ik 3'4 Vi" 375 395 560 880 I960 Angle........ . . i 1*4 3% Offset............... Vl and % IK 3'A J/4" 400 585 770 1080 1720 3850 High Pressure and Drip Vl and V* .1% I'K 1" 800 1125 1600 2250 3560 7950 High Pressure and Drip ' 1 i% 2 Sizes conform to,recommendations of Healing and Piping Contractors' National Association. 787 Specialties, Heating Vapor Engineering Company 489 Fifth Avenue New York City Chan. E. Scott--R. C. Willis 10 South 18th Street Philadelphia, Pa. J. W. Glassey--M. S. Back VECO VAPOR SPECIALTIES Non Mechanical and Positive In Operation Engineers for the design of "open-to-atmosphere" vapor heating systems for factory, public and residential buildings, regardless of size, construction or location. Veco Vapor specialties are the result of 21 years of specialization in vapor heating work Full cooperation is offered to Architects, Engineers and Contractors in the planning of Veco Systems which are fully Guaranteed as to material--and satisfactory operation. 788 Specialties, Heating ESTABLISHED 1888 WARREN WEBSTER & COMPANY Pioneers of the Vacuum System of Steam Heating Camden, N. J. Branches la over 50 Cities Manufacturers of Webster Systems of Steam Heating and Webster System Equipment--More Than 46,000 Installations--Webster Series `78' Traps for "Process" Steam Pressures--Steam and Oil Separators and Expansion Joints Webster Products "R"Webster Vacuum and Ttpe Ststems of Steam Heating. Webster System Apparatus: Including Sylphon Traps; Diaphragm (No. 7) Traps; Modulation Supply Valves; Sylphon Quick-Opening rackleea Valves; Dirt Strainers; Dirt Pockets: Drip Traps; Heavy-Duty Traps; Double Service Valves; Water Accumulators; Expansion Joints; lift Fittings; Suction Strainers; Vacuum Governors; Hy-lo Traps and Controllers; Damper Regulators; Vent Trap? and Vent Valves; Boiler Return Traps; Air Separating Tanks. . Steam and Oil Separators. . Webster Series `78' Traps for "Process" steam pres sures (10 to 100 lb. per aq. in.). Webster Service ' --delivered through more than 50 Branch Offices, places at the disposal of engineers, architects, and heating con tractors accurate, comprehensive informationresulting from the extensive experience of this organisation.' Webster Vacuum Systems --are particularly suited to large buildings, or where "process" steam is used and the exhaust utilised for'either direct radiation, or in combination with blast coils or unit heaters ... operating on either low-pressure Uve steam or exhaust steam, or a combination of both. by Webster Modulation Valves or Webster Sylphon Valves. Condensation and air are completely discharged through Webster Return Traps which insure absolute silence and prevent waste. Air and condensation are carried to Webster Basement Equipment consisting of the Webster Boiler Return Trap and Vent Trap in combination. Air escapes through the Webster Vent Valve. The Webster Boiler Return Trap returns water to boiler whenever pressure exceeds a few ounces. TABLE I Webster Type "R" System Basement Equipment Size of Rating, Sq. Ft. Boiler Return Direct Trap Radiation 0023 023 123 223 323 1500 2500 4000 8000 16,000 Number Size ' of 'A-in. of Vent Valves Vent Trap 1 0023 1 023 1 123 2 223 3 323 For installations or; 16,000 sq. ft., two Boiler Return traps and a Duplet Vent Trap are used. See Webster Service Details. -- Webster Webster Type "R" System A two-pipe, open return line, low pressure steam heating system adaptable to almost every type of building, except the very largest, where Webster Vacuum Systems are used. . For installations from 500 to 32,000 aq. ft. ofdirect radiation. The only limitation is the necessity for a basement or other depression so that the boiler may be placed with its water .line below the level of water of condensation flowing back to it. The combination of the Webster Boiler Return Trap and Webster Vent Trap incorporated in this system pro vides maximum safety with open return line simplicity. Operation: Pressure at the boiler is kept uniform by the. Webster Damper Regulator. Steam is admitted to radiators Boiler Return Traps A positive trap which insures re turn of water to the boiler. Afloati controDed valve admits steam from boiler to equalize pressures in trap , and boiler.' An waterline of trap is above that of boiler, water flows by gravity to boil er. Float closes valve when trap empties. Webster Boiler Return Trap Webster Vent Traps Contains a ball vent valve which permits escape of air but prevents its return. Makes possible operation for hours at a time at less than atmos pheric pressure. . 789 Webster Vent Trap Warren Webster & Company Specialties, Heating In the following cohimna are Bated Webster Systems ' Equipment. Roughing-in dimensions are given in inches. Consult Webster Service Details for complete installation instructions. .* Webster Vent Valves Refer to Table I for number to use in con nection with sizes of Vent Traps. Webster Return Traps TABLE IV Dimensions Sixes 513 and 523 can be supplied with 34-in. inlet nipples. Size Vr-512 i/4-513Vi-522 %4--5>3233* 1-534 1-544 1 Vi--545 A 3% 3*5 3% 3'/. 4 4 4% 4'/4 B iff '/ 2 S) 2>/ 236 256 Webster Double Service yaives . TABLE V Dimensions Webster Damper Regulator Size E B ,>A 9V. 1 Wz 1/4 VA iy V/z i*4 Webster Dirt Pocket--Series 26 TABLE VI Dimensions Webster Sylphon Packless 0.0. Valves Size A B c E F G 526 826 1026 va f* i i'/ VA i! VA I'/f fi 1 i 1226 VA i'A TABLE II Dimensions Webster Dirt Strainers--Series 18 Size A BD .3yB k t V/f 4A %i% 256 2 4*4 2(6 5*4 Webster Type "W" Modulation Valves table III Dimensions Size 1 VA AB j VA VA' '4 3*4 2 D A. 5*4 6 Webster Heavy Duty. Trap--Series 19T TABLE VIII Dimensions Size A 00I9T ,* ow II9T VA 2I9T 2 CE 1 12*4 1 15 M 18% 1*4 19*4 790 Warren Webster & Company Specialties, Heating Webster Drip. Trap--Series 026 A heavy duty trap, handling large volumes of condensation and air. Compact and light in weight. Suited for drips of mains, unit heaters and similar applications. Specifications calling for a heavy-duty float-type trap is fully met, while the advantages of the thermostatic element and ease of installation are both retained. Webster Drip Trap Outlet openings on both end and the bottom permit discharge of water, or water and air, either vertically or horizontally. An opening in cover of the trap is pro- ' vided so that air may be discharged separately when desired. In the bottom of the trap is a plugged opening which serves as a cleanout Ratings range from 500 lb. per hour at H lb. pressure difference to 1800 0). at 10 lb. pres sure difference. Webster Series `78" Thermostatic Traps Webster Series "78" Thermo static Traps have been developed to meet the needs of users of- " process" steam at lOto 1001b. Webster Series " 78" Thermostatic Trap per square inch. When installed in accordance with the recom mendations of Webster Service, they provide the answer to a multitude of problems of efficient discharge of air and water of condensation from process-steam using equipment. Increased production through quicker beating-up and higher mninffiinM tem perature of heating surfaces result. ' Design and Construction: Unusual construction fea tures include automobile-type copper-asbestos gasket, heavy-gauge Monel metal diaphragm, renewable stainless steel valve piece and seat, expanded opening for quiet operation, cast steam brass body, and hot forged brass cap bolted on with Monel metal tap bolts. Sizes and Tyres: Webster Series "78" Thermostatic Traps are made in M. $4, and 1 in. rises and in two pres sure classes. Class 2 Traps are designed for pressures from 10 to 50 lb.; Class 3 Traps for 50 to 100 lb. pressures Ratings: The range of application of Webster Series " 78" Traps is limited only by the following three factors: (1) Pres sure of 10 lb. (or less) to 100 lb. per sq. in. (2) Volume of condensation ranging from 60 to 1210 lb. of water. (3). Not to be used with superheated temperature. . TABLE IX Ratings of Webster "78" Thermostatic Traps Size of Tap pings Class 2 Work ing Pressures up to 50 lb. per sq. in. Class 3 Working Pres sures. 50to lOOIb. Pressure Differential. Pounds per Out Square Inch let 10 | 20 1 35 | 50 Pressure Differentia) Pounds per Square inch 20 135 150165 | 80 1100 Pounds of Water per Hr. Pounds of Water per Hour' ... 780 20 40 80 120 30 50 68 85 100 115 782 60 95 14(1 185 75 110 145 180 710 245 783 13(1 225 330 435 165 245 375 405 470 545 784 300 465 685 900 375 550 725 900 1040 1210 Note.--The {___ _____ _, to nressures existinir at the inlet < Application: Webster Series "78" Thermostatic Traps may be used to advantage in hundreds of different applica tions. Most of these fall into three groups. 1. To discharge both air and water of condensation from angle pieces of apparatus within its capacity. 2. For installation on each unit of a battery--as for example a battery ofkettles instead of the old fashioned method of trying to handle the entire battery through one "master'* trap. ' 3. For venting air only from apparatus forma1ly provided with bandcock or other similar inadequate means, acid where volume of condensation is handled by a " bucket type" trap. TABLE X Dimensions No. of Trap A B 760 782* 783 784 2*8 IK m 136 3V, 136 4*4 2 Class 2 Trap--10 to 50 lb. pressure. Class 3 Trap--50 to 100 lb. pressure. *782 Trap furnished on special order with in. nipple to fit the standard 34-in. union nut. Other dimensions Where Used: Wehster Series " 78 " Thermostatic Traps are used in beating systems; Sterilisers; Cooking and Laundry Apparatus; Textile Apparatus; and in Wood working and Process industries. Ask for 4-page data form to use m analysing your "process'* steam problem. Webster Series "78" Dirt Strainer . The Webster 8eries **78" Dirt Strainer has been pro vided to be placed ahead of every Webster Series "78" Thermostatic Trap located at a drip print in the supply piping or attached to ap- pairatus which is likely to contain core, eand, pipe scale or sediment ` QpUJCfXR MXTWTWtO (?) CLEAN OUT PUH* ?|l (KHOMkSLE STSAtCE 0B3KH6 0 STRAW TABLE XI . Dimensions Size. in. A B sa 4*4 4% 33**54 784-1 556 4*4 791 Specialties, Heating Exhaust Heads Water Columns Pump Governors Wright-Austin Co 315 W. Woodbridge Street Detroit, Mich. Representatives In Principal Centers Made to order Separators Air Traps "Atapel** Bucket Type Steam Trap Expels entrained air auto- 3 lb. matically. Unusually large capacity. Has ex ceptionally long life with out repairs, because of simple, one lever con struction. All parts are accessible at all times. Straight line horizontal pipe connection, making it easy to install; low weight, hangs on the pipe line. Monel metal valves and seats in a valve holder which regrinds the valve as the Trap operates, keeping it steam tight. "Emergency" High Pressure Steam Trap 0 to 250 lb. Three valve Trap with exceptionally . large capacity, at high loads and no wire drawing at low loads. No change of valves or adjustment of any kind from 0 to 200 lb. Capacity increases with pressure. All internal mechanism attached to and removable with the cover. Straight line horizontal connections. Strong nickel float. An exceptionally reliable Trap for shipment to foreign lands or out of the way places. "Victor" Low Pressure Steam Trap 0 to 20 lb. Especially designed for low pressure. The valve opens outward with the flow of con densate, giving enormous capacity. Will discharge without pressure, which is valuable in starting up a cold system. An excellent oil and grease Trap. Very simple in construction, having only three moving parts. Used extensively on central station heating systems,' on vento coils and on vacuum re turns, in which case, the Trap is provided with a thermostatic air valve. The three Separators illustrated here are part of one of the most complete lines of types and sizes in the world. These include cast semi-steel Separators, cast steel, riveted steel and welded steel Separators made in all sizes for all classes of service. Type "A" Vertical Steam Separator 0 to 250 lb. For average service. Will eliminate dirt and mois- . ture from steam down to % of 1 per cent; cast in one piece and self cleaning, requiring no maintenance after installation. The Type "A" has been stand ard for 32 years and there are many thousands in successful use. Installed just ahead of the throttle of an engine; it improves efficiency, checks vibration and prevents accidents. Type "B" Horizontal Steam Separator 0 to 250 lb. Can be placed close to walls or ceiling, because body of Sep arator hangs below pipe line. Self-clean ing, cast in one piece, no maintenance re^ quired. Will remove moisture down tp ^ of 1 per cent. Type "S'* Horizontal Oil Separator 0 to 50 lb. Cast in one piece, self-cleaning, requires no maintenance. Will eliminate oil from exhaust steam or gas downyto 0.3 grain per gallon, which is a mere laboratory trace. Exceptionally large baffles and steam area, which increase efficiency. Thousands in use all over the world.5 ' 792 Steam Healing Systems and Controls Webster Tallmadge & Co., Inc. 50 Church Street New York, N. Y. HIGH EFFICIENCY HEATING SYSTEMS Tallmadge Methods insure better economy, comfort, health and proficiency from correct heating of buildings, and in process work in industrial plants. The first cost of Tallmadge Heating Systems is lower and the complete story is told in the Bulletin " Correct Heating," which also covers Electrical Control of Zoned Orifice Distribution. . Some of .the outstanding advantages of the orifice type of steam distribution are: 1. Low steam consumption of radiators, in mild weather with just enough heat to supply the building losses, maintaining a more healthful atmosphere and greater operating economy. . 2. Simplicity of control, minimum of devices and less elaborate piping makes these systems economical to operate and lowers maintenance expense. . 3. Permits zoning of buildings for various heating and weather requirements with resultant fuel saving. [EL S| p. - i | oi s, nn 4 "Ti ml i i i , ; um ii . i i E3i t ii [U3|j i i i. * a 1 1 '1 j ti __r>t__,i____! jF"! 1 t * i i ii i In the design and operation of the orifice type system, reference to the accompanying diagrams, indicates recognition of the following facts: 1. The most valuable heat obtainable from the steam in a radiator is the latent heat. A heating system should therefore operate at approximately 100 per cent thermal efficiency, as compared with modern power plants which have only 20 per cent economy because of loss of this latent, heat. 2. If the steam supply to a radiator is reduced it will be observed that the upper portions of the radiator will be hot and the lower portions cold. It is therefore often unprofitable to pump the return water long distances back to the boilers as there is no appreciable heat left. 3. When the steam flows into the top of a radiator, the air being heavier, if permitted to freely do so, will naturally flow out of the bottom and no unusual device is required to make it do so. - - 4. With the orifice system of distribution, the supply of steam to the radiators is so easily controlled that return valves, or radiator traps, are not essential. 5. If the return pipes are either vertical or have a slight uniform pitch downward with the flow, it is not necessary to go to the expense of pumping a vacuum on the return piping. An ordinary return water receiver with open vent pipe to let the air out and a pump to put the water back into the boilers are all that are necessary. :. 6. The modern method of selecting steam supply pipe sizes is to keep the frictional resistance or pressure drop in the steam mains within certain percentage limits of flow to the more remote radiation. TALLMADGE SERVICE . Corrects operation in any type or size of plant Power--Process--Heating . Practical Surveys and Reports by trained technical men. 793 X' Temperature Control Johnson Service Company Milwaukee, Wis. . BRANCHES . GREENSBORO. N. C.. Daily News Building. P. O. Box No. 617 ALBANY. N. Y., 4 Ramsey Place KANSAS CITY. MO.. 411 East Tenth Street ATLANTA. GA.. 210 Bona Allen Building MILWAUKEE. WIS.. 149-159 E. Michigan Street BALTIMORE. MO., 911 Cathedral Street LOS ANGELES. CAL.. 428 Union Insurance Building BOSTON. MASS.. 31 Waltham Street MINNEAPOLIS. MINN.. 922 Second Ave.. South BUFFALO. N. Y.. 503 Franklin Street NEW YORK, N. Y., 28 East Twenty-ninth Street DALLAS. TEXAS. 2505 Commerce Street PHILADELPHIA, PA.. 12th and Cambria Streets CHICAGO. ILL.. 1355 W. Washington Blvd. PITTSBURGH. PA.. 10 E. North Diamond St.. N. S. CINCINNATI. OHIO. 1113 Race Street - PORTLAND. ORE.. 404 Postal Building CLEVELAND. OHIO. 2142 East 19th Street SALT LAKE CITY, UTAH. 610 McIntyre Bldg. DENVER. COLO.. 1230 California Street . SAN FRANCISCO, CAL.. 814 Rialto Building DES MOINES. IOWA. 1118 Grand Avenue SEATTLE, WASH.. 473 Colrnan Building DETROIT. MICH.. 427 Brainard Street ST. LOUIS. MO.. 2328 Locust Street INDIANAPOLIS. IND.. 312 E. Ohio Street CANADIAN REPRESENTATIVE Johnson Temperature Regulating Company of Canada. Limited OFFICES CALGARY. ALTA. 605 Second Street. West VANCOUVER. B. C.. 550-6th Avenue. West TORONTO. ONT.. 100 Adelaide Street. East WINNIPEG, MAN.. 259-261 Stanley Street Products and Services Engineers and Contractors for the Control of Temperature or Humidity for any purpose and oyer every range used in manufacturing purposes or buildings, furnishing and installing: ' Temperature Controlling Apparatus for any and all kinds of heating and ventilat ing systems. Temperature Controlling Apparatus for any industrial process requiring the medium of heat. Control of Humidity in industrial pro cesses requiring artificial humidity. Temperature Control of hot water tanks and all liquids. Pneumatic Room and Insertion Ther mostats and Humidostats. Electric Room and Insertion Thermo stats and Humidostats. "Sylphon" Metal Diaphragm Valves. High Grade Dampers of all Shapes and sizes. Low Pressure, Limited Capacity, Elec tric Air Compressors. Low Pressure, Limited Capacity, Hy draulic Air Compressors. ^fUr and Water Reducing Valves. Pneumatic Switches or Push Buttons. Control of Temperatures of refrigerating and cold storage plants. . Thermostat Control of electric motors on automatic refrigerating machines. Manufacturers of Thermostats and Other Apparatus for the Control of Temperature and Humidity, including: Johnson All-Metal Thermostats Every Johnson Thermostat is ALL METAL' throughout, having no soft or hard rubber parts to deteriorate and become inoperative. Every thermostat exquisitely made and thoroughly tested for accuracy, efficiency and durability. 794 Johnson Service Company Temperature Control Johnson Intermediate or Graduated Action Thermostat This thermostat has an'all-metal movement, giving true graduated motion to mixing dam pers or valves. It holds the valves and dampers in an intermediate posi tion to maintain the temperature of the room accurately within one degree above or below the setting of the ther mostats. This thermo stat is best suited for all systems of heating and ventilating except single Model Intermediate Gradual Acting Thermostat pipe gravity steam systems. The Johnson positive movement is manufactured for use in connection with single pipe gravity steam systems. * Johnson Compound Thermostat The Johnson All-Metal Compound Thermostat combines the feature of both the Positive and Intermediate and is applicable for control of valves or dampers where certain units are to be operated positively and others inter mediately at an interval of a few degrees in temperature. Johnson Dual or Two-Temperature Thermostat The Dual, or two-tempeiature Thermo stat provides for a daytime temperature (usually 70) and a night-time temperature (35 to 50), as desired, for all or some of the rooms in a building, simply by the manipulation of a single push button by the engineer or other person in authority. It is an all-metal thermostat and operates valves and dampers with a gradual motion holding them in an intermediate position to maintain the temperature of the room accurately within one degree above or below the setting of the thermostat. It is a factor for the greatest economy in school buildings, a number of rooms of which are occupied at night as well as day, and for any buildings in which some of the rooms are occupied only at certain times, such as churches, auditoriums, masonic temples and lodges. Thermostat Covers The covers which conceal the thermo stat proper are small,' inconspicuous and very neat in design and workmanship. There are two distinct styles: one called the R type and one called the P type. The R type is a die-casting, very beautifully designed and used generally in residences and other Model P Cover AWx*'xlVi" handsomely decorated buildings. The P type is a pressed metal cover, very finely finished but not as orna mental and artistic as the R cover, and-used more generally in schools, office buildings, hospitals and places where simple and neat design is desired rather than artistic and ornamental. Johnson Service Company Temperature Control Johnson Pneumatic Insertion Thermostat Designed to control temperatures with in closed air chambers or ducts. The body of thermostat is a dust-proof case containing the two working parts and extending outside the chamber. The thermostat is a graduated acting intermediate thermostat holding the valves and dampers in an intermediate position to maintain the temperature within one degree above or below the setting of the thermostat. Applications Adaptable for use in bake ovens for enamels, japans, etc.; drying rooms for paints, varnishes, patent leather, etc.; storage rooms for tobacco, rubber or similar goods; ster ilizers or pasteur izers; cold storage! rooms, fur vaults, etc.; refrigerator machine control; hu midity control for Pneumatic Insertion Thermostat air washers; flue gas temperature con trol; hot blast heating plants; combi nation tempered ventilation and hot blast systems; greenhouses, turkish bath rooms, etc.; tempered ventilation for buildings.. Multiple Insertion Thermostat Similar to the insertion duct thermostat, excepting that one multiple thermostat takes the place of a number of separate duct thermostats set for different tem peratures. The 4-point multiple thermo stat shown will operate four separate diaphragm valves at as many different temperatures. It has become very popular with heating engineers for the control of heating and tempering coils where it is desired to have these coils turn on at different tem peratures. It is a gradual acting thermo stat holding the valves and dampers in an intermediate position, to maintain the temperature of the room ac curately with in one degree above or below any desired point. Tank Thermostat Designed for insertion through 1-in. tapped hole in tank and controlling, in the case of hot water tanks, a diaphragm valve on the supply pipe to the steam coils in the tank. It can be used to control the temperature of any liquid, either hot or cold. It is especially adaptable for con trolling the temperature of water in hot water heating plants by its control of the boiler draft doors. Humidostats and Humidifiers The humidostat automatically controls the supply of moisture delivered to the air by a humidifier and maintains a con-' stant percentage of relative humidity. It operates a diaphragm valve on the steam coils in the pan humidifier. The pan is provided with float box to maintain constant water'level and is located in the ventilating air duct leading throughout the building. Steam jet and water spray types of humidifiers are also furnished. Humidity Control The supplying of moisture to the heated air in buildings and the automatic control of the percentage of moisture in this air are recognized by authorities to be as important as maintaining proper tem peratures. 796 Johnson Service Company Temperature Control "Sylphon" Metal Bellows Valves This valve hav ing an indestructi ble 1-piece metal bellows, is per manent and re quires no repairs. Its value for the control of steam is obvious and particularly so in connection with steam coils, radia tors in wall boxes where excessive heat would de stroy rubber dia- Sylphon Metal Bellows Sylphon Metal Bellows Pneumatic Switch Control Remote valve and damper control plays, by means of our pneumatic switches, a very important part in the economical operation of the modem heatingplant especially in schools. It saves the janitor'stime for other duties, and Pneumatic Switch makes it possible to ac complish re sults in the operation of the heating plant which can not be obtained in any other way. It makes it easy to operate the fresh air, return air and vent dampers, with the corresponding assurance that these dampers will be economically op erated as intended by the heating engineer. The following types of pneumatic switches for different purposes and dif ferent conditions are made: . Lever Handle Switch, Push Button Switch, ,, Indicating Switch, to open and close dampers partially as desired. - Electro Pneumatic Switch, to open and close dampers automatically--with the starting and stopping of fan motors. How to Specify Furnish and install the Johnson System of Automatic Temperature Regulation * to be erected and assembled by trained mechanics employed by the manufacturer, The Johnson Service Company, in all rooms marked "T C and as hereinafter specified. The system shall be complete consisting of all necessary thermostats, Valves, dampers, air compressors, pipe and fittings, and any special apparatus or fittings required. Thermostats--Install model graduated action all-metal thermostats in proper locations as called for in the specifications or indicated.on the plans. Each thermo stat shall have an ornamental metal front equipped with an accurate thermometer and be finished to match the hardware of the room or otherwise as directed by the architect. The type of front is to be selected from various patterns offered by the manufacturer. The thermostat is to be mounted securely on a bakelite in sulator. Thermostats shall operate the valves or dampers with a gradual motion holding them in intermediate position to maintain the temperature of the room accurately within one degree above or below, the setting of the thermostat. Thermostats for the control of ventilating systems shall be of the inserted type having the sensitive element exposed to the heated air and the mechanism in an accessible place, but shall be of metal and operate with the same graduated action as do the wall thermostats or if the DUAL system is desired--: Install DUAL graduated action all metal thermostats in . proper locations as called for in the specifications or indicated on the plans. Each thermostat shall have an ornamental metal front equipped with an accurate thermometer and be finished 797 Johnson Service Company Temperature Control to-match the hardware of the room or otherwise as directed by the architect. The thermostat is to be mounted securely on a bakelite insulator. Thermostats shall operate the valves or dampers with- a gradual motion holding them in inter mediate position to maintain the tempera ture of the room accurately within one degree above or below the setting of the thermostat. The dual thermostats shall be arranged to produce several results as follows: They shall operate at the con stant temperature for which they are set during the day or occupied time. It shall be possible to reset the thermostats to a lower night or unoccupied period tem perature by the single action of manually operating an air switch, or autorpatically by means of a clock set to act at a designated time--and it shall be possible 'to reset them at day temperature, in the same manner. (Specify whether or not the clock is desired). It shall be possible to* set any one thermostat or any number of thermostats for a constant continuous . temperature, night and day7 so that the operation of the air switch or of the clock will not change the temperature setting of the thermostat. It shall be possible, by pressing a button on the face of the thermostat, to reset any thermostat for the day time temperature while the balance of the thermostats remain set at the night time temperature. Provide Johnson Humidostat and {per forated type humidifier) or (copper pan humidifier). Valves--Provide sylphon seamless metal bellows valves for each radiator or coil of the size and style required by the heating plans and specifications. Each valve is to be provided with a genuine Jenkins disc for steam control and bronze disc for hot water system. Exposed radiator valves to be nickel-plated finish with polished trimmings. All other valves to be plain finish. All valves to be delivered .to the heating contractor who will set in place in risers or run-outs. Dampers--All dampers required for the proper operation of this system as here inafter specified are to be provided by the heat regulating contractor. These dam pers are to be constructed of heavy black iron frames, galvanized blades of proper weight with brass bearings and operated by Johnson sylphon damper motors. All by-pass dampers, fresh air intake, foul air exit dampers, and return air dampers, are to be of the louver type if conditions require. Double mixing dampers are to be of the single blade type so constructed that the blades will not restrict the total flow of air through both openings of the damper. Air Compressor--The air compressor shall be of the electric type and shall be complete with all necessary tanks, gauges, filters, valves, automatic control ap pliances, lubricators, etc. This compressor shall be of ample capacity and should maintain automatically the desired air pressure for the successful operation of the system with an ideal period at least equal to the operating period. The compressor shall be mounted on a suitable base and be located where directed by the architect. Electric connection to the compressor is covered in electric specifications. Note.--If electricity is not available, a belted hydraulic or steam compressor should be specified. Piping--The air distribution system shall be of galvanized steel standard air piping, of proper size planned to supply the requisite amount of air. The mains are not to be less than % in. pipe and the branches from the thermostats to the valves are to be of in. pipe. All pipe shall, be thoroughly cleaned and reamed before installation and the whole air piping system shall be held practically tight under an air pressure of 30 lb. per square inch. In finished portions of build ings, piping shall be concealed except in short runs of pipe from the floor or wall to the radiator or damper motors. Guarantee--The entire system is to be complete in every respect and guaranteed by the Company against original defects in workmanship and material for a period of one year, from date of first operation. Thermostats are to be guaranteed to operate the valves in such manner as tomaintain the temperature within one degree above of below any desired point providing there is sufficient heat medium and there is no outside uncontrolled source of heat. Contracting This company contracts to furnish and install in complete working order the Johnson System of Temperature Control, including thermostats, valves, piping, etc., and gives annual inspection and prompt service to all plants constantly. 798 Temperature Control National Regulator Go. Factory and General Offices: 2311 Knox Avenue, Chicago, 111. MANUFACTURERS OF: National System' of Heat Regulation; "Metaphram" Diaphragms; "Metaphram" Damper Regulators for low pressure and hot water boilers; National Humidity Controllers; Na tional Dampers; A-Jadks High Pressure Steam . Damper Regulators; National Cam Valves. National Heat Regulation--National Systems of heat regulation obtain the best possible results in a simple, direct manner, avoiding complicated piping and intricate valve arrangements. In the National System the control of valves and dampers centers in the adjust able, dust-proof National . Thermostat mounted on the wall of the room to be controlled. Thermostatic action of the sensitive, imperishable hard rubber element opens and closes the leak port of the pneumatic system connected to National Metaphram Valves on radiators or Na tional Metaphram Motors on dampers. The National System provides for gradual control in its most successful form, together with any combination of remote control suitable for the building under consideration. Engineering assistance in plan and layout will be rendered on request, without obligation. National "Metaphrams"--These are self-collapsing metal diaphragm units de signed and patented by this Company for the specific purpose of operating valves and dampers. The sections are con structed of high grade spring brass, which is not spun or heated in the manufacturing process, and so retains all its resiliency and strength. These diaphragms are assembled by means of finely threaded integral studs. Compressed air is applied inside the " Metaphram" and affects so large a surface that maximum power is attained with a minimum of travel. "Metaphrams" are regularly made in sizes from 2 in. to 10 in. Correspondence is invited from engineers regarding special Metaphram assemblies. National Dampers--(Round, Double, or Louvre Types). National Dampers are operated by Metaphram Motors, and are successful under the most difficult con ditions. They are made in our own shops and Metaphram motors are fitted and tested to each damper before shipment. National Dampers may be controlled by thermostats, remote control switches or by electric-pneumatic valves operated by starting or stopping of ventilating fan motors. Metaphram Steam Boiler Damper Regulators--A complete line of low pressure steam boiler damper regulators employing "Metaphram'' Diaphragms is manufactured to supply the right regulator for every condition and meet the varying . requirements of steam boilers. The Type-F Regulator for hot water boilers and domestic water heaters is a sensitive and positive devise that accu rately and continuously apportions the draft required to maintain a given temperature; Type A-Junior..................... A................................. B................................. C................................. D................................. F.................................. Size In. 4 4 5'/2 7 10 2 List Price F.o.b., Chicago $12.00 15.00 18.00 20.00 27.00 18.00 Metaphram Furnace Regulator-- The highly successful principles of meta phram Boiler Regulators have been adapted to a simple warm air furnace regulator, easily installed in any return air furnace, offering automatic tempera ture control without resource, to electric or spring wound motors, intricate valves or room thermostat connections. . Complete details will be mailed on request. Metabar Furnace Fuse--A fusible link which couples into the chain controls of draft and check dampers through a hot air riser. If furnace overheats to 250 deg. (through neglect of hand controls or. failure of automatic control), this link melts, closing draft and opening check damper. It is a positive protection against the dangers of overheated furnaces. 799 Temperature Control The Powers Regulator Co. Over 35 years of specialization in temperature control General Offices and Factory--2719 GREENVIEW AVENUE. CHICAGO, ILL. General Eastern Offices--137 EAST 46th STREET. NEW YORK CITY THE CANADIAN POWERS REGULATOR CO.. LTD.. TORONTO. ONT. List of Branch Offices of The Powers Regulator Co. Atlanta, Ga. Baltimore, Md. Birmingham, Ala. Boston, Mass. Buffalo, N. Y. Butte. Mont. Chattanooga, Tbnn. Cincinnati, Ohio Cleveland. Ohio Denver, Colo. Detroit, Mich. El Paso, Texas Houston, Texas Indianapolis, Ind. Kansas City. Mo. Los Angeles. Calif. Louisville, Ky. Milwaukee, Wis. Minneapolis, Minn. Nashville, Tenn. New Orleans. La. Philadelphia, Pa. Pittsburgh, Pa. Rochester, N. Y. Salt Lake City. Utah San Francisco, Calif. Seattle, Wash. St. Louis, Mo. Calgary Halifax Montreal Vancouver Winnipeg Products Automatic Temperature Controlling Systems, applying them, under the super vision of Powers engineers, to the heating plants, new or old, in residences, offices, factories, schools1, institutions, and to any other conditions of artificial heating where uniform temperature is desired. Automatic Regulators for ACCU RATELY controlling temperature of Liquids, Gases and Air, Pressure Reducing Valves, High Pressure Steam Traps, Humidity Control Devices, Shower Mix ing Valves, Etc. Temperature Controlling Appliances Powers thermostats are accurate in their working and will maintain their adjust ment. They are of the vapor disc type, exclusive with Powers regulators, and are not thrown out of adjustment by extremes of temperature or long disuse. For over 35 years the accurate control obtained by this method has been the standard of thermostatic control by which all other methods are measured. In design, Powers thermostats are second to none in beauty and perfection of finish; in size, as small as is consistent with the reliability so neces sary in such instruments; in operation, sure, with gradual or positive action, as conditions require. Diaphragm radiator valves, diaphragm motors, mixing dampers and other equip ment are especially rugged in construction dependable and durable; built regardless of expense, for efficiency and long service. Motive power used in these systems is compressed air. The company builds its The Powers Regulaior Co. Temperature Control own air compressors, force a ready-made in- operated by steam, or flexible system or device electricity, and charac to meet special require terized by their relia bility, noiseless opera tion, perfect control and ments, taking no account of the conditions peculiar to the situation to be long life. Installations treated. For these reasons we believe special study Installations of Powers systems are invariably made by the company. should be given each case. We shall be glad to submit to any Archi At each branch office is tect or Engineer a de- maintained a competent powers Type D engineering and erecting Thermostat force, sparing no expense The Powers All-Metal Radiator Valve tailed Specification, accompamed by a guaran teed price, to cover to maintain the highest efficiency. Powers complete system of temperature control, special devices, however, are easily in installed, the price to hold if specification stalled by any engineer or contractor. is used. This guarantees full protection Prices . Price for Powers regulation covers the system installed complete, and is only named after a careful study of the require ments. Our price is not lowest, but no other system will be found so efficient and economical. Customers are served with the sole aim of getting results for them; and experience shows that satisfactory service from a temperature control ling system is of much more impor tance than its first cost. Specifications to the client against advantage being taken of a close specification. This com pany will gladly collaborate with Architect or Engineer in preliminary plans. As specialists in temperature control, The Powers Regulator Company has unusual facilities for solving problems in this particular field. Catalogs Engineers, Architects, and others who wish further information regarding the Powers System, will And it in the following books: Elimination of Heat Waste shows applications in schools, churches, and other Heating systems, and the requirements public buildings, residences, etc.; Shop and for temperature control, vary widely in Office Temperatures shows applications in detail. Much of the dissatisfaction ex shops, offices and workrooms, also presents perienced with some systems of tempera proof of fuel savings and increased pro ture regulation is due to the attempt to duction due to its use. 800 Powers Type K Heavy Duty Thermostat Powers Type K Duct Thermostat Powers Hygrostat for Humidity Control The Powers Regulator Co. Temperature Control POWERS ALL-METAL DIAPHRAGM VALVES Low Pressure All-Metal Valve High Pressure All-Metal Valve Write for Bulletin No. 244 L. P. Iron Body Valve Flanged Three-Way All-Metal Valve Brine Control All-Metal Valve The Powers Regulator Co. Temperature Control POWERS SELF OPERATING REGULATORS POWERS NO. II REGULATOR For Hot Water Heaters, Feed Water Heaters, Fuel Oil Heaters, Drinking Water Systems, Etc. ---------- POWERS MOT WATER w TANK THERMOMETER IR Write for Bulletin No. 229 POWERS NO, 15 REGULATOR NO. 10 REGULATOR operated by Compressed Air or ; Water Pressure Write for Bulletin No. 216 802 POWERS NO. 16 REGULATOR Style A For Unit Heaters Ventilating Ducts, Brine Coil Control, Etc. Style B Write for Butletin No. 246 POWERS NO. 18 REGULATOR ' For Storage Rooms Offices and Factories Write for Bulletin No. 245 803 Valoes and Fittings CRANE CO. Manufacturers of Valves, Fittings, Fabricated Piping, Steam Specialties, Plumbing and Heating Materials . 836 S. Michigan Avenue Chicago, 111. . Branches in All Principal Cities Write for catalogues and full information about any materials in which you are interested Crane Co. Valoes and Fittings Cast Iron Elbow Standard, screwed. For steam working pressures to 125 lbs. and water working pressures to 175 lbs. Radiator Valve No. 220 Sizes H to 2 inch, incl. Brass. For steam or vacuum systems. Self-adjusting packed stuffing box. Crane renewable disc. Cranetilt3-Valve Trap Series No. 100 Sizes H to 3 inch, incl. For lifting condensation to a higher point, for vacuum or pressure lines, for lines of varying pressure, for draining oil separator, for metering. Wedge Gate Valve No. 460 Standard, non-rising stem. Iron body, brass, trimmings. Screwed or flanged. Cast Iron Tee Standard, screwed. For steam working pressures to 125 lbs. and water working pressures to 175 lbs. Wedge Gate Valve No. 458 Standard, brass. Non rising stem. With gland in stuffing box. Elbow No. 525 Standard, cast iron. Flanged. For steam working pressures to 125 lbs. Elbow No. 558 Standard, cast iron. Double branch. Flanged. ' For steam working pressures to 125 lbs. Check Valve No. 27 Brass. Horizontal or angle patterns. Crane ' renewable disc. Union bonnet. Oil Separator No. 01 Sizes M to 10 inch. incl. Cast iron. For elimination of oil and water from exhaust or vacuum lines. Larger sizes and vertical pattern also available. * Relief Valve No. 416H Sizes 4 to 36 inch, incl. Back pressure and exhaust. Iron body, brass mounted. For condensing or non-condensing engines.- Dashpot cushions the disc and prevents pound or hammer. Also available in vertical and angle type. 804 Double Expansion Joint No. 409 Iron body, brass sleeves. Flanged. Furnished with screwed ` ends when so specified. For steam working pressures up to . 125 lbs. Globe Valve No. 7 Brass. Many purpose valve. Crane renewable disc. Union bonnet. 805 Valves The Direct Control Valve Company 332 South Michigan Boulevard Chicago, Illinois Naw York Cm 101 Park Avenue Newark, New Jerset 972 Broad Street Rochester, New York 306 Laburnum Crescent Philadelphia, Pa. ' 1234 C&llowhill Street Pittsburgh, Pa.'" 1007 Diamond Bank Bldg. Branch Offices Milwaukee, Wia Chase and Burnell Streets Waterloo, Iowa 111 Highland Boulevard Oklahoma Cm, Oklahoma 120 East Main Street Detroit, Michigan . 2051 West Lafayette Boulevard St. Louis, Mo. Tower Building * Atlanta, Ga. Red Rock Bldg. Ci.hi/iei.a hr, Ohio 1630 Lewis Drive Boston, Mass. 1318tate Street San Francisco, Calif. 307 Minna Street Minneapolis. Minn. Plymouth Building DIRECT CONTROL VALVE It is a thermostatically operated, hydraulic, quick opening, packless radiator valve, controlling the steam to the radiator so as to automatically maintain room tempera ture at any required degree. cheating system--vacuum, vapor, or at mospheric steam. The degree of temperature at which the room is to be maintained may be con trolled by the occupant of the room. Or the valve can be equipped with a lock to be operated only by the building operator. Self Contained Unit The Direct Control Valve is a tried and perfected method of individual radiator control. It is a complete, self contained unit requiring no outside attachments or Advantages deduced Fuel Cost--Maintains constant, si power of any kind. It is as easily installed healthful temperature with large savings as a hand valve. It costs only a fraction in steam and fuel. The savings in fuel of the usual temperature control system, alone return complete installation costs It automatically regulates the amount of together with interest on the investment in steam to the radiator. The saving in fuel about 3 years. alone usually repays its cost in about 3 years. Low Maintenance Cost--There is practi cally ho maintenance cost. The Direct It may be applied to any building, new or Control Valve is a self contained unit old, which is equipped with a two pipe requiring no outside accessories or attach- 806 Direct Control Valoe Company Valves THE DIRECT CONTROL VALVE COMPANY ments, no complicated piping systems, no. delicate wall mounted thermostats. The First Cost is the Last Cost. Low Initial Cost--It requires no more labor installation cost than an ordinary hand valve. The simplicity of design and the sturdy construction assures uninter rupted temperature control within the prescribed control limits with practically no upkeep costs. The valve is of all metal construction, guaranteed for 3 years, and built to give indefinitely long service. Description These values shall'be actuated by means of hydraulic thermostat and shall be so arranged that each valve can be shut off by hand or not, as.desired. . These valves shall be designed to control at an average room temperature of -------deg. fahr. Valves shall be nickel plated finish and shall be of the following sizes: For radiators up to 80 sq. ft. H in- valve For radiators 80 to 140 sq. ft. 1 in. valve For radiators 140 to 250 sq. ft. 1 in. valve For radiators 250 to 350 sq. ft. 1J4 in. valve For radiators 350 sq. ft. and above 2 in. valve Thermostatic Unit--The thermostatic unit, 3H long, is ruggedly built to withstand abuse. Utilizes hydraulic pres sure for valve operation. Is positive and powerful, fulfilling test of 2500-3000 lbs. per sq. in. The hydraulic pressure is constant and effective. It is unaffected by evaporation or chemical change--once filled and sealed it remains in its original condition developing constantly the neces sary power to firmly seat the valve. Standard Type^-Occupies a minimum of space. Height over all 7 in. Sizes--Furnished in 2 in. sizes. 1, 1^, and Recessed Radiators--For concealed or recessed radiators, valves can be furnished with extension stems. Specification On each radiator, furnish and install a self contained thermostatic radiator valve, designed to control room temperature within one degree above or below a pre determined room temperature. Standard Guarantee The Direct , Control Valve Company guarantees that a Direct Control Valve or Valves, when properly installed on suf ficient radiation to properly heat the room, will maintain a room temperature within the limits of 1 deg. fahr. above and 1 deg. fahr. below the point of adjustment. A Few Notable Recent Installations: Pittsfield Bldg. Chicago Insurance Exchange1 Chicago New York Insurance Bldg. New York City Fisher Bldg. Detroit Koffers Bldg. Pittsburgh Arnold-Constable Bldg. New York City Willoughby Tower Chicago ' Reynolds Tobacco Co., Bldg. Winston-Salem, N. C. 807 The Dole Valve Company 1913-1933 Carroll Avenue, CHICAGO, ILL. Manufacturers of High Grade Radiator Valves and Brass Specialties (DVENT1NG SEAT THE DOLE SYPHON AIR VALVE (7JVALVE CASING (non adjustable, automatic) For venting low pressure steam radia (2)SEATING PIN tors. Fully guaranteed for five years. It has the Venting Seat (1) of heavy con struction, threaded and brazed into the valve casing. The Seating Pin (2) of finely machined hard metal is hydraulically (4MNNER CHAMBER pressed to a perfect radius, while the OF FLOAT Float (3) is of light but strong annealed brass, which rises when water enters the (5)DIAPHRACM valve, positively preventing leakage. The Inner Chamber of Float (4) contains the (6)FLOAT REST proper amount of thermostatic liquid which forms a powerful gas when steam comes in contact with, the float; thus the diaphragm is expanded and the valve closed against the escape of either steam or water. The Diaphragm (5) is made from special spring bronze, convex in shape and cor- piece of finely drawn brass open on four through the syphon, and the Valve Casing H rugated. The Float Rest (6) is one III sides to permit water to drain III (7) of beautiful dodecagon design, fashioned from finely drawn heavy brass ifm presents an attractive exterior and at the same time forms perfect air channels inside the valve. The Base (8) of heavy drawn brass threaded on the interior to meet exterior threading on the casing is firmly brazed to insure great strength and durability. The Connecting Nipple (9)--one piece of extra heavy drawn brass has in. standard iron pipe thread, which conforms to the requirements of all radiators. A Syphon Lock Collar (10) made from extra heavy brass firmly brazed to the syphon prevents either accidental or intentional removal of the syphon from the valve. (Note, the valve can be removed from the radiator without the syphon becoming detached). The Syphon (11)--one piece of annealed brass tubing, is perfectly formed to fit inside the radiator column. Assembled into the valve free from obstruction, thus preventing interference when the - valve is attached to the radiator. Regarding the finish, the entire valve is finely nickel plated, of an artistic design and highly polished. A real "beauty" and it works. \ List Price.......................................................................... $1.50 . THE DOLE STRAIGHT SHANK QUICK VENT AIR VALVE For quick venting the ends of steam mains, specially useful for .venting hot water generators and low pressure feed water heaters where a straight shank valve is required. Made from similar material, constructed in like manner and. operates on the same principle as the Dole Syphon Ail* Valve. Made in three sizes--and in. List Price $2.00 and the % in. List Price $3.00. . 808 The Fairbanks Company New York, N. Y. Pittsburgh. Pa. Boston, Mass. London, England Factory: Binghamton, N. Y. Valves Fairbanks Bronze Globe Valves Fig. 01 Simple in construction; parts quickly and easily renewed; stuffing box packed with specially moulded vulcabeston ring which is durable and can not be blown or washed out; valves can be packed under pressure when wide open. Made in sizes to 3 in. Fairbanks Iron Body Valves Globe and Angle Types with Renewable Vulcabeston Ring Disc Fig. 0101 Embody the most modern re newable features. Have a raised round seat upon which scale, grip or other sediment will not lodge. Disc Rings will not crack or flake; easily and quickly renewed. Valve so constructed as to eliminate all rattling or tilting when open. Fairbanks Bronze Radiator Valves Globe and Angle Types Embody all good points of the Fairbanks Fig. 01 Valve. Fur nished with Wood Wheels or. lock shield and T handles. Made in sizes to 2 in. Fig. ote Fairbanks Standard Bronze Gate Valves Fig.0205 For general service. Stuffing boxes can be repacked under pressure when wide open. Guides in wedge and ribs in body so fitted as to insure true and easy movement; prevent wedge from touching seats ex cept at point of closing. Made in sizes from ^ to 3 in. Fairbanks Standard Iron Body Gate Valves Designed for a maximum steam working pressure of 125 lb.. Guides in wedge and'ribs in body so finished and fitted asto insure true and easy movement; prevent wedge from touching seats in body, except at point of closing. Made in sizes from 2 to 12 in. Flanged type up to 20 in. _ Fig. 040S Fairbanks Iron Body Swing ' Check Valves Fig. 0701 Designed with a 45 deg. Angle seat making it possible to use the valve in either a hori zontal or a vertical position. Regularly equipped with Bronze Disc; can be furnished with Rubber Disc for water service. Made in sizes 2 to 12 in. Fairbanks Bronze Swing Check Valve As perfect a check valve as ever constructed. Has full area equal to pipe connection and straightway passage. The rotating disc works freely, never sticking on the seat._ Made in sizes yi to 3 in. Fig. 0601 Fairbanks Sphero Ball Valves An entirely, different prin- ciple,--de- , signed and built to meet the need of an easily operated, quickly repaired valve. Con struction is simple and sub stantial. Has straight through passageway, renewable seats, interchangeable parts, and is easily opened or closed. Made in sizes from H to 8 in. Fig. 0SSS 809 Valves Jenkins Bros. Manufacturers of Valves and Mechanical Rubber Goods PRINCIPAL STORES AND OFFICES 80 White Street NEW YORK. N. Y. 524 Atlantic Avenue BOSTON. MASS. 133 North 7th Street 646 Washington Boulevard PHILADELPHIA. PA. CHICAGO. ILL. Factories in ELIZABETH. N. J. and.BRIDGEPORT. CONN. JENKINS BROS.. LIMITED Canadian Works and Head Office: Montreal. Qub., 103 St. Remi Street London Office: 6 Great Queen Street, Kingsway, W. C. 2 PRODUCTS Jenkins Globe, Angle, Cross, Check, Hose, Blow-Off, Safety and Gate Valves; Radiator Supply Valves; Automatic Radiator Air Valves. Also, Rapid Action Valves; Steam Traps; Gage Cocks; Marine Valves, Needle Valves--Valve Discs; Jenkins *96 and Jenarco Sheet Packing. Gaskets, Pump Valves; Compressed Asbestos Joisting; and Moncrieff-Scotch Gauge Glasses. . Modulating Valve Fig. 700, Jenkins Modulating Valve -' A notable improvement over present day modulating valves lies in Fig. 700 Jenkins Modulating Valve which has a vertical instead of a horizontal seat, affording these particular advantages: Foreign matter cannot lodge on seat and prevent tight closing of valve. Vacuum is under disc holder, which is fitted with Jenkins Rubber Composition Disc, with a tendency to draw disc to the seat. Spring holds disc against seat. Seating and tightness do not depend on threaded spindle that needs to be turned down tight to prevent leakage. ' This valve cannot leak around spindle. Fig. 701 Jenkins Thermostatic Return Trap Made of bronze, nickel plated, $ inch size, suitable for 100 square feet of radiation. The center to end dimensions conform to the recom mendations of Heating and Piping Contractors National Association and Manufacturers Stand ardisation Society. Write for Bulletin 105 for complete details. Fig. 351, Bronte Soring Check Valve RADIATOR VALVES Regularly furnished with black composition wheels, or, if desired, with bronze, wire or iron wheels. Furnished in the new low bonnet patterns or the regular pattern as supplied for years. Lock shield valves, to be operated with key. designed to prevent tampering, can be supplied in all the different patterns. Corner valves are made in two patterns--regular and offset. Fig. 180, Bronze Offset Corner, Radiator with Union Regular styles of finish follow: Rough body, finished trimmings. No. 1 screwed. No. 6 with union. . Finished and polished all over* No. 2 screwed. No. 7 with union. Rough body, nickel-plated trimmings. No. 3.screwed. No. 8 with union. Rough body, nickel-plated all over. No. 4 screwed. No. 9 with union. Finished and nickel-plated all over. No. 5 screwed. No. 10 with union. CATALOG \ Fig. 863 Low Bonnet Radio tor A ngle, Male Union ` a catalog of all the Jenkins valves, giving sizes, styles and list prices, mailed on request. * Fig. 168, Radiator Angle, with Union Fig. 170, Bronte Lock Shield Radiator Angle, ' with Union Fig. 148. . Iron Body Globe, Flanged 810 Fig. 386, Iron Body Gate, Screwed A Valves New York Air Valve Corporation 476-478 Broome Street New York The "Air-Out" Line SYPHON THERMOSTATIC NON-ADJUSTABLE "Air-Out" valves, for eliminating air from steam radiators, operate by the expansion of a phosphor bronze diaphragm, soldered on the bottom of a brass float, containing a volatile liquid. This float is large in size, allowing ample capacity for the necessary pressure to operate the diaphragm. The seating pin at the top of float is made from nickel silver, as called for in United States Government specifications for Air Valves. Verdigris will not form on nickel silver--corrosion at the vent post is therefore reduced to a minimum. We do not use a "stamped out " base. .Our bases are heavy bronze castings, inr one piece, with no soldered parts to break off. Made also in straight pattern, threaded 7 and % in. for quick venting of cellar mains and risers. The best valve money and experience can produce and sold at reasonable prices. OTHER SPECIALTIES Carbon Post Automatic Air Valves. Key and Wood Wheel Air Valves. Adjustable Floor and Ceiling Plates. Steam and Altitude Gauges. . Water Gauges. Pop Safety Valves. "Air-Out" Valves Guaranteed for Five Years 811 Valves Marsh Valve Company Plant and General Offices: DUNKIRK, NEW YORK General Sales Distributors Edward T. Hetherington 1709 Sansom Street, Philadelphia. Pa. Appleton & Llptrott. Inc. 1480 Broadway, New York United States Radiator Corporation . General Offices. Detroit, Mich. John W. Mabbs 431 S. Dearborn Street, Chicago, 111. Taylor-Forbes Company Canadian Agents, Guelph, Ont. Sarco Company, Inc. 183 Madison Avenue, New York We specialize on high-grade Radiator Valves and make the largest line of ariv company in the world. : . . The re-enforced packless feature of our Packless and Modulated lines both steam and water and the upper seat features of our Union Bonnet. Special and Gate lines are distinctive, sclen- tlBc, mechanical principles, used with these lines exclusively. MARSH RE-ENFORCED PACKLESS RADIATOR VALVES Oval Wheel or Lock Shield All sizes and patterns Globes, Angles Corner and Back Offsets Fig. 183 We call particular attention to the scientific mechanical construction of the Re-enforced Cone Metal Packless Feature of our Modulated and Packless Valves. These are the only Packless Valves in which the Packless feature is re-enforced or in any way protected against leakage due to wear or cracks of so-called Packless parts and are GUARANTEED against wear or defects of Packless construction and leakage through bonnets. * . _ _ . QUICK OPENING . ` A three-fourths turn will fully open a % in. valve, and from this up to one and one-quarter turns for balance of line through 2 in. These valves, account of low pitch of thread due to large diameter of cylinder, will seal and lock against any pressure. '. . MARSH RE-ENFORCED MODULATED LEVER HANDLE RADIATOR VALVES These Valves maybe hadwith Oval Wheel in place of Lever Handle same as Fig. 147 Flat-Disc Fig. 13S The Modulation or Graduation is accomplished by a cone disc nut, regulating volume of steam, ac cording to pressure, until indicator-registers valve about two-thirds open, when the further turning of lever handle until indicator registers open, will give full valve capacity; a feature of material value in a valve in which volume or capacity for modulating purposes is choked down, and to meet extreme weather conditions, full pipe capacity is required. . 812 Marsh Valve Company Valves MARSH RE-ENFORCED PACKLESS CONE DISC RADIATOR VALVES - Oval Wheel or Lock Shield These Discs will not crack or leak through valve seat. . No clogging or water hammer from return condense tion Fig. HI Marsh Cone Discs are without question one of the greatest improvements in radiator valve construction in the past fifty years or since the composition disc replaced the old style metal-to-metal disc and seat. This Cone Disc construction combined with the Marsh Re-enforced Packless Feature is the last word in completing radiator valve maximum efficiency at popular price, all of which will check 100 per cent true upon investigation. M ** Size Positive Seal The above views showing cone disc and beveled seat are to actual size of a % in. valve and are made to full size to show the following advantages of this construction over the old style flat disc and seat: First: Through design of disc and protection afforded from disc nut covering under surface they will not warp and crack as will a flat disc which overhangs valve seat. 813 Marsh Valce Company Voltes Second: The compression is at right angles to face of seat, forcing disc com pound inward to center, making disc more compact and harder instead of scoring and extruding over seat, opening cracks or seams if any, as with a flat disc. Third: While the life of these cone discs because of construction, as proven by tests, is three to five times the life of a flat disc, and a CRACKED DISC IS IMPOS SIBLE, the matter of exchange if desired is very simple, as to remove, disc nut the disc will drop from disc-holder, white with a. flat disc it must be dug out, often destroying disc-holder. Further, these cone discs are reversible and tCpn be turned . over or replaced with new at the same cost as for a flat disc. ' Fourth: The beveled seat is low in valve body, giving complete drainage and will wash free from sand or scale in system, positively providing against leakage through scale or grit imbedding in disc AS IS COMMON with a raised flat seat and flat disc construction. Fifth: Through this low beveled seat, to return condensation through valve for a one-pipe system, the flow will hold to the outer wall leaving center of valve throat and pipe free rather than shoot out over a raised seat to the center of pipe as is common with a heavy flow over a flat seat, clogging flow of steam, causing hammer or pounding of system. The foregoing are all, each and every one, practical points which will prove out in test and practice. . MARSH RE-ENFORCED MODULATED CONE DISC RADIATOR VALVES Oval Wheel, Lever Handle or Lock Shield The Modulation feature of our Cone Disc Line is the same as with our union bonnet flat disc Fig. 132. Our Cone Disc Modulated valves unless otherwise ordered are fitted with Oval Wheel. When Lever Handle is preferred, Fig. No. is 148. ' With our Oval Wheel Handle user has the same dial and indicator control as with Lever handle and a much stronger and more serviceable CONSTRUCTION than is possible with a Wood wheel as this composition won't break or split as will wood. Further, this wheel is removable and interchangeable with our Lever handle, effecting a material advantage to customer in matter of convenience of changing from one to the other on job if for any reason change is desired. 814 Marsh Valve Company Voltes MARSH RE-ENFORCED PACKLESS WATER RADIATOR VALVES Oval Wheel or Lock Shield A Genuine Pack less Water Valve Guaranteed to hold any pressure required for forced circulation ' * Packless . Fig. IS? Marsh re-enforced packless Hot Water Radiator Valves are not only a boon but the answer to hot water heating problems, permitting the same ease of operation and com plete temperature control as with steam. These hot water valves are quick opening, can be operated--opened and closed-- with perfect ease by a child and will not stick or leak. They will hold high pressure suitable for forced circulation up to any pressure radia tion will stand, and the cost is nominal. MARSH RE-ENFORCED GRADUATED WATER RADIATOR VALVES Oval Wheel, Lever Handle or Lock Shield. Pit. 139 SOMETHING ENTIRELY NEW IN WATER HEAT REGULATION We have made a special study of hot water heat regulation and control and are pioneers in the matter of individual radiator control, through a graduated valve, em ploying the same principle as with steam. If you can modulate, graduate, or regulate individual radiator vapor or vacuum steam heat through a valve (and you can), then why not by the same principle regulate water heat, and, for that matter more consistently than steam, as with water you have something to regulate, while with steam, to allow fire to drop below a given point, you have nothing. For sleeping rooms, heat regulation with the Marsh Graduated water valves may be controlled with the same ease of operation and certainty of results as is possible with a Modulated valve on a steam system, and at a much less cost than for a vapor or vacuum system installation. ' . Further, water circulation for each radiator, graduating for same or balancing of system, can be increased from nothing to full pipe capacity and held or locked at any intermediate point, if desired, by simply turning dial so that stop on same will register against indicator or pointer and locking dial in this position, preventing further opening of valve or turning of wheel or.lever handle to the left. These valves cost but little more than our regular water valves and much less than steam modulated valves. . 815 Ventilators W. F. Hirschman Co., Inc. Buffalo, N.Y. Works: Le Roy, N.Y. New Yorx, N.Y., 525 Sixth Avenue Boston. Mass., 37 Pearl Street Detroit, Mich., Builders-Trade Exchange MANUFACTURERS ROOF' VENTILATORS "EFFICO'* WIND-DRIVEN ROOF VENTILATORS: The Effico Ventilator consists of a wind-driven head to which suction blades are permanently connected (on the underside) making an efficient exhaust fan. Rotation of the head creates an exhaust suction in the throat of the ventilator. There are no moving parts. Bearings.--Effico Beatings are full ball bearings, are solidly enclosed and oil-flooded (also dust and scid proof). They are as sturdy as the best automobile bearings, aod will run in a drystate for years, but we oil-flood them as an extra precaution. Effieo Rotary Ball Bearing Ventilator Installation, Wind Driven (only) Tke Effico Wind Electric Also Has the Same Artistic Lines and Pleasing Appearance. Lowest in Height of Rotary Ventilatort by Over 50 per cent All Efficoe will draw considerable air at a 1-mile breeze (an apparent calm) without stack or heat assistance. The 30-in. size will rotate (standing start) at ."-o*. pressure. H-nhle breeze, Cowl outlet is oyci 50 Der cent larger than its stack area; this ample, as no wind enters _v_enrlt-ilia-it.o.r. uto gain the so-called asiipnkhnonnaamge* effect. _ S_ u_ ct.ion fan is same size as rotating cowl. Thus each Effico is equipped with fan over 50 per cent greater in diameter than its stack area. Fan pulls air up stack at even the slowest turning movement and wind blowing across Detail ofEffico Wind Electric Rotary Ball Bearing Ventilator FvU Automatic Note.--Details of Wind Driven (only) Ventilator are Identical with Exception of Motor Unit. the outlet adds to its efficiency. CAPACITIES OF EFFICO ROTARY BALL BEARING VENTILATORS Both Wind Electric and Wind Driven (only)---Cubic Feet of Air Exhausted per Minute Wind Velocity. Bold Type is Regularly Furnished Wind-Electric Capacity per Hour 5 10 14 5 10 14 5 10 14 0 10 20 30 0 10 20 30 .0 10 20 30 12-ln. Ventilator 18-In. Ventilator 24-In. Ventilator 350 440 515 560 600 850 950 1040 1020 1600 1780 1900 430 525 600 625 910 1050 1200 1300 1490 1900 2100 2300 4S0 600 635 700 1050 1200 1300 1400 1800 2230 2460 2590 30-In. Ventilator 36-In. Ventilator - 42-In. Ventilator 1560 2300 2690 2900 2300 3400 3810 4100 3150 4500 5010 5500 2300 3210 3490 3600 3250 4200 4720 5050 4390 5700 6300 6800 2900 3650 3850 4020 4040 4800 5300 5600 5600 6700 7400 7800 48-In. Ventilator 54-in. Ventilator 60-In. Ventilator 4000 5900 6700 7400 5100 7300 8450 9500 6500 9300 10600 11900 5900 7900 8900 9050 7850 9900 11000 11500 9200 12500 14000 14500 7000 9000 10000 10500 9500 11800 12500 12800 11400 14000 15000 16000 Effico Wind Electric Ventilator Dimensions Ventilator. Sizes Corre sponding in Table Opposite Dimensions in Inches--(See Diagram Above) ,Thickness ofMetal A BC D E Height Diam. of Height to Base Storm Propeller Wind'Elec. Type Blades Band Blades Gauge G. f. Cop- Cowl Base Hp~, of Motor 12 18 24 30 36 42 48 54 60 - 14 19 25 31 37 43 49 55 61 20 8 26 10 38 14 40 14 44 18 50 22 56 24 62 24 66 24 2iy. 28'/i 40 . 50 60 68 76 86 98 32 32 40 42 45 51 51 51 55 1/30 '/, _ 1Q<8 apparatus is aujuawtvie UJ CAuauax twvuv ------------------- ---- w rises and is regularly supplied at capacities of 5 miles per hour wind and 10 deg. temperature difference rating. The Wind-Electric will exhaust minimum volume regardless of tempera ture difference or wind velocity. Any other capacity can be supplied and the ventilator is adjustable to any constant capacity after installation. ' 816 Effico Wind Electric Ventilator, Automatic Patented May 20. 1922; March 20. 1928; August 21. 1928. The Effico Wind Electric Ventilator, Full Automatic Recommended for those in stallations which require a definite minimum exhaust at all times or which may require an unusually heavy exhaust at intermittent periods. This is the regular Effico equipped with an auxiliary electrically operaated fan placed in the ventilator throat just below the regular fan. The throat is slightly en larged . to allow for the motor. Handsomely painted in red or any desired color aud made of galvanized sheets. Also in copper, monel metal, lead clad, aluminum. Cop-r-loy. extra-re fined Cop-r-loy. W. F. Hirschman Co., Inc. Venlilators Principle of Operation of Wind Electric Ventilator---When the wind is blowing sufficiently | Heads only. also supplied. Effico Heads without dampers are to remove the desired amount of air from the build ing being ventilated, the electric motor is still. Suggested Specifications Instantly, when the wind turbine moves below a previously determined number of revolutions, the electric motor starts automatically and carries the load. The entire apparatus is noiseless, the motor is of fully enclosed type, will run for six months with out oiling, will not heat under constant running. Special Advantages--Besides the regular.auto matic operation, the motor may also be so connected as to give a maximum exhaust capacity (running The roof ventilators shall be of the sizes as shown in plans, (square base] [round base] style to be made of (galvanized steelj (Cop-r-loy] [copper]. [The pneumatic damper motor to be supplied with these units]. (Shall be supplied by the heating and' ventilating Contractor]. They shall be the Effico Internal Louver Unit ventilators as manufactured . by the W. F. Hirschman Co., Inc., Buffalo, N.Y. full speed) by manual control, thus allowing a great volume of air to be exhausted at will. Effico Internal Louver Unit Ventilators The Effico internal louver unit comprises the Effico rotary ball bearing ventilator head con structed with a specially short base, or neck. In this base is built a circular multiple blade louver damper. The damper is carefully balanced and heavily constructed. The blades lap and are fitted in a circular frame. It is adaptable for manual control, but is intended for a thermostatic control system. The roof base is very low, is part of this unit and is supplied with either the square or round base. . The roof base and the ventilator head are con nected by means of angle iron companion rings, which give solidity and facilitate the taking down of the ventilator when required. Each ventilator neck has also a tight fitting door to give free access to the louvers and to the operating motor. 'The operating motor is suspended underneath the damper to a cross brace. The object of the specially low base and the low roof base is to make the entire unit as low to the roof as possible. Effico Louver Dampers Made of stretcher leveled sheet steel. The pneumatic damper motor is supplied and installed with these units unless not desired. (Note speci fications below). Effico Louver Unit Low height. The Effico louver unit sets very low (note dimensions at right). Height above Coping - Louver Unit "C" dimension should be above coping. Effico Rotary Ball Bearing Ventilator Head The Effico rotary ball bearing ventilator head is already lower in height by 50 per cent than other rotary types of ventilator. By using the con struction as,, outlined above, the entire unit is brought as low to the roof as is permissible to still allow the air free exhausting, and to maintain the outlets above the snowline. By adopting the. circular multiple louvers, of which we are the in ventors; we can standardize on sizes and build the round louver for considerably less than the square or rectangular styles, many of which we have built in the past years. By installing same in the neck of the ventilator at our shop, we not only give a perfect fit, but also eliminate all indefiniteness as to the correct location and size of the damper and cut the installing cost to one-quarter. It is also easier to install the operating motor and makes it more accessible. The size of the damper is the full size of the stack, and yet is about 40 per cent smaller in area than those here tofore used in the square or rectangular louver, again reducing the cost considerably. By supplying the contractor with the complete unit the builder is assured of a well designed, uniform and complete apparatus. Heretofore, the contractor purchased the venti lator from one manufacturer, probably built the roof base himself, and purchased the dampers elsewhere, or even the dampers were supplied and installed by another contractor. This added materially to the cost. Patented May 20,1922; March 20, 1928. Open Closed The Multiple Circular Louver Damper in Neck of Ventilator 817 Ventilators The Swartwout Company . Swartwout Rotary Ball Bearing Ventilators 18551 Euclid Avenue Branch Offices New Yobs, N.Y., 103 Park Ave. Pittsburgh, Pa., 1009 Diamond Bank Bldg. Cleveland, Ohio Branch Offices Chicago, III., 549 W. Randolph St. Sr. Louts, Mo.t 1124 Chemical Bldg. PRODUCTS Swartwout Rotary Ball Bearing Ventilators. ConstructionSwartwout Rotary Ball Bear ingVentilators are built ofArmco Ingot Iron or special metals as required. All joints are double seamed--no bolts bung used. AH interim members are given a special rust-resisting coating after punching and forming. Bronse bearings revolving on bronse balls provide free rotation without the necessity of lubrica tion. Outside louver dampers are controlled easily from within the building by a special louver attachment which permits defi nite setting of area opening with out necessity of fastening the chain. Basestofitstandardsizes are made of the same metal, two gauge heavier than the venti lator. Erection and Operation Swartwout Rotary Ball Bearing Ventilators e&ve the factory completely assembled, making erection on the building a quickly accomplished job. Swinging freely with the wind, Swartwout Ventilators provide a con tinual suction of air from within the building. Capacity is regulated by setting the louver dampers at the most desirable angle. Full area open ing will, of course, provide maximum ventilation. Survey Service Maintaining a staff of ventilation experts for the purpose, The Swabtwout Company co-operates with heating and ventilating engineers by studying their problems and making helpful recommen dations in theform of a Swartwout Survey. There is no charge for this, service. However, if you choose to follow the recom mendations of a Swartwout Sur vey, you are as-, sured of guaran teed ventilation. Write for a copy of "The Gospel of hook devoted to the subject of ventilation. 818 Index to Modem Equipment American Society o/ Heating w Ventilating Engineers Guide 1929 AIR COCKS (See Cocks, Air) AIR TESTING INSTRUMENTS BLOWERS--Centrifugal AIR CONDITIONING American Blower Corp. American Blower Corp. Hill, E. Vernon, Co. American Blower. Corp. Bayley Blower Co. Buckeye Blower Co., The Atmospheric Conditioning Corp. Bayley Blower Co. AIR VALVES (See Valves, Air) , Buffalo Forge Co. Clarage Fan Co. Bentz Engineering Corp, Garden City Fan Co. Bishop 8c Babcock Sales Co., The Buckeye Blower Co., The American Blower Corp. General Electric Co. Ilg Electric Ventilating Co. Buffalo Forge Co. Carrier Air Conditioning Corp. . of America Atmospheric Conditioning Corp* Bayley Blower Co. Bentz Engineering Corp* Johnson Fan & Blower Co. - Nesbitt, John J., Inc. New York Blower Co. Carrier Engineering Corp. Clarage Fan Co. Cooling and Air Conditioning Corp. . De Bothezat Impeller Co. Bishop & Babcock Sales Co., The Buffalo Forge Co. Clarage Fan Co. Cooling and Air Conditioning Corp. Niagara Blower Co. Skinner Brothers Mfg. Co., Inc. Sturtevant, B. F., Co. York Heating & Ventilating Corp. Garden City Fan Co. General Air Filters Corp. De Bothezat Impeller Co. General Air Filters Corp* Fan Grinnell Co., Inc. Ilg Electric Ventilating Co. . American Blower Corp. Ilg Electric Ventilating Co. Midwest Air Filters, Inc. Bayley Blower Co. Johnson Fan & Blower Co. New York Blower Co. Bishop & Babcock Sales Co., The Langenberg Mfg. Co. . Niagara Blower Co. . Buckeye Blower Co-, The Midwest Air Filters. Inc. Reed Air Filter Co.. Inc. Buffalo Forge Co. National Air Filter Co. Sturtevant. B. F., Co. . Clarage Fan Co. New York Blower Co.. York Heating 8cVentilating Corp. Combustion Specialties Corp. Niagara Blower Co. De Bothezat Impeller Co. Peerless Unit Ventilation Co., Inc. AMMONIA COILS (See Coils, Reed Air Filter Co.. Inc. Ammonia) Garden City Fan Co. General Electric Co. Shipp, C. C., 8c Co. Hirschman, W. F., Co., Inc. Skinner Bros. Mfg. Co.. Inc. ASBESTOS AND INSULATING Ilg Electric Ventilating Co. Sturtevant, B. F,, Co. Trane Co.. The United States Ozone Co. Wing, L. J., Mfg. Co. York Heating 8c Ventilating Corp* PRODUCTS Armstrong Cork 8c Insulation Co. Banner Rock Products Co. Samuel Cabot, Inc. Celotez Co. Johnson Fan & Blower Co. Langenberg Mfg. Co. Nash Engineering Co. Nesbitt, John J.. Inc. New York Blower Co. AIR COOLERS Aerofin Corp. American Blower Corp. Bayley Blower Co. Buffalo Forge Co. Flax-li-num Insulating Co. Insulating Products Corp. Insulite Co., The Tohns-Manville Coirp. MacAndrews & Forbes Co. Masonite Corp. Clarage Fan Co. National Radiator Corp. . General Air Filters Corp. Pantasote Co., Inc. Ilg Electric Ventilating Co. Ric-wiL Co., The McCord Radiator & Mfg. Co. Sprayo-Flake Co. Niagara Blower Co. Stewart Inso Board Co. Rome Brass Radiator Corp. United States Gypsum Co. Rome-Turney Radiator Co., The 'Schutte & Koerting Co. Universal Gypsum 8c Lime Co. Wood Conversion Co. Sturtevant,' B. F., Co. Trane Co.. The . ASBESTOS--Sheet York Heating8c Ventilating Corp. John*Manville Corp. Niagara Blower Co. Skinner Bros. Mfg. Co., Inc. Sturtevant. B. F., Co. Wing. L. J., Mfg. Co. Vork Heating & Ventilating Corp. Forced Draft American Blower Corp. Bayley Blower Co. Buffalo Forge Co. Clarage Fan Co. . Combustion Specialties Corp. De Bothezat Impeller Co. Garden City Fan Co. Ilg Electric Ventilating Co. Sturtevant, B. F.. Co. AIR DIFFUSERS Air) (See Diffusers, AUTOMATIC FURNACES (See Furnaces, Automatic) Wing, L. J., Mfg. Co. Pressure . AIR DRYING paratus) (See Drying Ap AUTOMATIC STARTERS Absolute Con-tac-tor Corp. ADR ELIMINATORS (See Blimi- General Electric Co. Motors, Air) BAKING EQUIPMENT. .ADR FILTERS (See Filters, Air) Bentz Engineering Corp. Clarage Fan Co. AIR HEATERS (See Heaters, Air) Cooling and Air Conditioning - Corp. . AIR METERS (See Meters, Air) Swartwout Co., The American Blower Corp. Bayley Blower Co. Buffalo Forge Co. Clarage Fan Co. Combustion Specialties Corp. De Bothezat Impeller Co. Garden City Fan Co. Ilg Electric Ventilating Co. Johnson Fan & Blower Co. Nash Engineering Co. New York Blower Co. AIR PUMPS (See Pumps, Air) BLAST GATES (See Gates, Blast) Sturtevant. B. F.. Co. Wing. L. J., Mfg. Co. Catalogue Data of Manufacturers listed can be located by referring to pages 841 to 844 819 Index to Modern Equipment Turbine Scale Remover (See Scale Re Heating (Magazine Feed) American Blower Corp. Bayley Blower Co. Buffalo Forge Co. General Electric Co. Sturtevant, B. F., Co. Wing. L. J., Mfg. Co. mover, Boiler) BOILERS--Furnace Heat American Gas Products Corp. Heating (Automatic Heat) Newport Boiler Co. Molby Boiler Co., Inc. Pierce, Butler & Pierce Mfg. Corp. Spencer Heater Co. - Weil-McLain Co. American Gas Products Chip. Heating (Oil Fired) Ventilating American Blower Corp. Bayley Blower Co. Bishop & Babcock Sales Co.. The Buckeye Blower Co., The Buffalo Forge Co. Clarage Fan Co. De Bothezat Impeller Co. Garden City Fan Co. General Electric Co. Hirschman, W. F.; Co., Inc. Ilg Electric Ventilating Co. iohnson Fan & Blower Co. -angenberg Mfg. Co. - National Air Filter Co. Herman Nelson Corp. New York Blower Co. Niagara Blower Co. Peerless Unit Ventilation Co.. Inc. Reed Air Filter Co. Rome Brass Radiator Corp. Shipp. C. C., & Co. Skinner Bros. Mfg. Co., Inc. Sturtevant, B. F,, Co. Trane Co., The Wing. L. J.,.Mfg. Co. York Heating & Ventilating Corp. B OIL E R -- Compounds (5 Compounds, Boiler) Bigelow Co., The Leader Ironworks Molby Boiler Co., Inc. Spencer Heater Co. Weil-McLain Co. -- Heating (Coal Fired) American Radiator Co. Ames Iron Works . Bigelow Co., The . Burnham Boiler Corp, Coatesville Boiler Works Edge Moor Iron Co. Fitzgibbons Boiler Co.. Inc. Frost Mfg. Co., The Harrisburg Star Boiler Corp. Heggie-Simplex Boiler Co. Herbert- Boiler Co. Kewanee Boiler Corp. Molby Boiler Co., Inc. Monitor Boiler Co. National Radiator Corp. Newport Boiler Co. Oil City Boiler Works Pacific Steel Boiler Corp, Page, Wm. H., Boiler Co. Pierce, Butler & Pierce Mfg. Corp. Prox, Frank, Co. Richardson & Boynton Co. Richmond Radiator Co. Smith, H. B., Co.. The American Radiator Co. Ames Iron Works Bigelow Co., The Burnham Boiler Corp. Coatesville Boiler Works Edge Moor Iron Co. Fitzgibbons Boiler Co., Inc. Frost Mfg. Co., The General Air Filters Corp. Harrisburg Star Boiler Corp. Heggie-Simplex Boiler Co. Herbert Boiler Co. Kewanee Boiler Corp. Leader Iron Works Monitor Boiler Co. National Radiator Corp. Newport Boiler Co. Oil City Boiler Works Pacific Steel Boiler Corp. Page, Wm. H., Boiler Co. Pierce, Butler & Pierce Mfg; Corp. Richmond Radiator Co. Smith, H. B., Co., The Smith Twin Tubular Boiler Co. Spencer Heater Co. Stanwood Corp., The Sturtevant, B. F., Co. Thatcher Co., The Titusville Iron Works Co., The U. S. Radiator Corp. Weil-McLain Co. Cleanser Vinco Co., Inc.. The Smith Twin Tubular Boiler Co. Spencer Heater Co. Stanwood Corp., The Thatcher Co., The - Portable Ames Iron Works Controllers (See Controllers) Titusville Iron Works Co., The Tubular U. S. Radiator Corp. Weil-McLain Co. Ames Iron Works Bigelow Co., The Coverings . (See Asbestos and Burnham Boiler Corp. ' Insulating Products) Heating (Electric) Coatesville Boiler Works Feeders Kieley &.Mueller, Inc. McAlear Mfg. Co. McDonnell & Miller ' Mueller Steam Specialty Co., Inc. Swartwout Go., The Feed Pumps (See Pumps) Headers (See Headers) Bigelow Co., The Heating (Gas Fired) American Gas Products Corp. American Radiator Co. Ames Iron Works Bigelow Co., The Burnham Boiler Corp. Edge Moor Iron Co. Fitzgibbons Boiler Co.. Inc. Frost Mfg. Co., The General Air Filters Corp. Heggie-Siranlex Boiler Co. Fitzgibbons Boiler Co., Inc. Frost Mfg. Co., The Harrisburg Star Boiler Corp. Heggie-Simplex Boiler Co, Herbert Boiler Co. . Kewanee Boiler Corp. Leader Iron Works Oil City Boiler Works Pierce, Butler & Pierce Mfg. Corp. Smith Twin Tubular Boiler Co. Spencer .Heater Co. ` Stanwood Corp., The Titusville Iron Works Co., The Insulation Armstrong Cork & Insulation Co. Insulating Products Corp. Johns-Manville Corp. Pantasote Co.. Inc. . Stewart .Inso Board Co. Herbert Boiler Co. Kewanee Boiler, Corp. Leader Iron WorksMonitor Boiler Co. National Radiator Corp. Neptune Meter Co. Newport Boiler Co. Upright Ames Iron Works Water Supply, Hot (See Heaters, Tank) Oil City Boiler Works BRACKETS (See Hangers, Pipe Protecting Devices Pacific Steel Boiler Corp. . and Radiator, and Radiator American Radiator Co. Page, Wm. H., Boiler Co. Brackets) - Hoffman Specialty Co. . Kainer & Co. Pierce. Butler & Pierce Mfg. Corp. Richardson & Boynton Co. BREAKERS . Kieley & Mueller, Inc. Richmond Radiator Co. General Electric Co. Marsh, Jas. P.. & Co. Smith Twin Tubular Boiler Co. McDonnell & Miller National Regulator Co. Neptune Meter Co. Trane Co,. The U. S. Radiator Corp. Spencer Heater Co. Stanwood Corp.. The Titusville Iron Works Co., The U. S. Radiator Corp. . Weil-McLain Co. BREECHINGS Bigelow Co., The Coatesville Boiler Works Pierce, Butler & Pierce Mfg. Corp. Catalogue Data of Manufacturers listed can be located .by referring to pages 841 to 844 820 Index to Modern Equipment BURNERS--Oil (Far Heating Boilers and Furnaces) Automatic Burner Corp. Ballard Oil Equipment Co. Hardinge Brothers, Inc. May Oil Burner Corp. Petroleum Heat & Power Co. Winslow Boiler & Engineering Co. Boiler Drain Crane Co. Mueller Co. Boiler Supply Crane Co. Mueller Co. Kieley & Mueller. Inc. Oil City Boiler Works Page. Wm. H.. Boiler Co. Titusville Iron Works Co., The U. S. Radiator Corp. Water Safety Alarm Kieley & Mueller, Inc. CABINETS--Heat Buckeye Blower Co., The Circulair Heat. Inc. Copper Radiator Sales Corp. McQuay Radiator Corp. .. Herman Nelson Corp. ' Rome Brass Radiator Corp. Trane Co., The - CALORIMETERS--Steam Gage Bishop & Babcock Sales Co.. The Consolidated Ashcroft Hancock Co., Inc. (American Schaeffer & Budenberg Div.) Crane Co. Jenkins Bros. Marsh. Jas. P., & Co. O-E Specialty Mfg. Co. Wright-Austin Co. Wright-Austin Co;- COMPOUNDS--Boiler Richardson & Boynton Co. Vinco Co'., Inc., The COMPRESSORS American Steam Pump Co. Bishop & Babcock Sales Co.. The General Electric Co. Leader Iron Works Consolidated Ashcroft Hancock COILS--Ammonia Nash Engineering Co. Co.. Inc. (American Schaeffer ` & Budenberg Div.) Ellison Draft Gage Co. Badger. E. B., & Sons Co. Crane Co. Grinnell Co., Inc. McCord Radiator & Mfg. Co! O-E Specialty Mfg. Co. Powers Regulator Co. Sturtevant. B. F., Co. Trane Co.. The CEMENT--Asbestos and. Insu Whitlock Coil Pipe Co. lating (See A sbestos) Banner Rock Products Co. Blast ' CONCRETE INSERTS (See Inserts, Concrete) Insulating Products Corp. Johns-Manville Corp. Aerofin Corp. American Blower Corp. American Radiator Co. CONCEALED RADIATORS (See Radiators, Concealed) Fire Brick Johns-Manville Corp. Bayley Blower Co. ' Buckeye Blower Co., The Buffalo Forge Co. CONDENSERS Alberger Heater Co. Insulating . Armstrong Cork & Insulation Co. Banner Rock Products Co. Insulating Products Corp. Johns-Manville Corp. Pantasote Co., Inc. Stewart Inso Board Co. McCord Radiator & Mfg. Co. New York Blower Co. . Niagara Blower Co. Rome Brass Radiator Corp. Rome-Turney Radiator Co., The Schutte & Koerting Co. Stickle Steam Specialties Co. Sturtevant, B. F., Co. American Steam Pump Co. ' Bell & Gossett Co. Buffalo Steam Pump Co. Davis Engineering Corp. Frank, O. E., Heater & Engi neering Co., Inc. General Air Filters Corp. McCord Radiator & Mfg. Co. High Temperature Trane Co.. The York Heating & Ventilating Corp. Rome Brass Radiator Corp. ' Whitlock Coil Pipe Co. Banner Rock Products Co. Insulating Products Corp. Johns-Manville Corp. Pipe Joint Crane Co. Grinnell Co*. Inc. Pipe American Blower Corp. Badger, E. B., & Sons Bayley Blower Co. Buckeye Blower Co., The Buffalo Forge Co. CONDUIT--Underground American District Steam Co. General Electric Co. Johns-Manville Corp. Ric-wiL Co., The - Johns-Manville Corp. Crane Co. Garden City Fan Co. CONTROL EQUIPMENT Water Proof Grinnell Co., -Inc. Absolute Con-tac-tor Corp. Banner Rock Products Co. Johns-Manville Corp. Niagara Blower Co. Sturtevant, B. F,, Co. Whitlock Coil Pipe Co. American Gas Products Corp. American Radiator Co. Consolidated Ashcroft Hancock CENTRIFUGAL- DRYERS (See York Heating& Ventilating Corp. Co., Inc. (American Schaeffer & Budenberg Div.) Drying Apparatus) Tank Direct Control Valve Co. CHIMNEYS--Steel Bigelow Co., The CLEANSER, BOILER AND HEATING SYSTEM Vinco Co., Inc., The Badger. E. B., & Sons Crane Co. Davis Engineering Corp. Kewanee Boiler Cotp. Leader Iron Works ` Niagara Blower Co. Stanwood Corp., The Whitlock Coil Pipe Co. . ' General Electric Co. Johnson Service Co. KUpfel Mfg. Co. McDonnell & Miller ' Mueller Co. National Regulator Co. Powers .Regulator Co. - Sterling Engineering Co. ' Webster Tallmadge & Co., Inc. COAL SAVER : American Blower Corp. Combustion Specialties Corp! Wing. L. J., Mfg. Co. COCKS--Air American Radiator Co. Bishop & Babcock Sales Co.. The Crane Co. Mueller Co. COLLECTORS, DUST (See Dust Collectors) COLUMNS--Water American Gas Products Corp. American Radiator Co. Burnham Boiler Corp. Consolidated Ashcroft Hancock Co., Ipc. (American Schaeffer & Budenberg Div.) Crane Co. Taylor Instrument Cos. Trane Co.. The U. S. Radiator Corp. . - CONTROL SWITCHES (See Switches, Control) CONTROLLERS--Automatic Air . Absolute Con-tac-tor Corp. American Radiator Co. ' Catalogue Data of Manufacturers listed can be located by referring to pages 841 to 844 821 Index to Modern Equipment Boiler Absolute Con-tac-tor Coro. American Gas Products Corp. American Radiator Co. Consolidated Ashcroft [Hancock Co.. Inc. (American Schaeffer & Budenberg Div.) Davis. G. M.. Regulator Co. Direct Control Valve Co. Fltzgibbons Boiler Co.. Inc. Kieley & Mueller. Inc. Klipfel Mfg. Co. Mason Regulator Co. McAlear Mfg. Co., The McDonnell & Miller Marine-Galligan Co.. Inc. Mueller Steam Specialty Co., Inc. National Regulator Co. Powers Regulator Co. Sarco Co., Inc. Swartwout Co., The Taylor Instrument Cos. Trane Co.. The U. S. Radiator Corp. Motor Absolute Con-tac-tor Corp. American Radiator Co. Consolidated Ashcroft Hancock Co., Inc. (American Schaeffer & Budenberg Div;) Economy Pumping Machinery Co. General Electric Co. Mason Regulator Co. McAlear Mfg. Co. Trane Co., The U. S. Radiator Corp. Pump Absolute Con-tac-tor Corp. American Radiator Co. American Steam Pump Co. Buffalo Steam Pump Co. Chicago Pump Co. Consolidated Ashcroft Hancock Co., Inc. (American Schaeffer & Budenberg Div.) Davis, G. M.. Regulator Co. Atmospheric Conditioning Corp. Bayley Blower Co. Bishop & Babcock Sales Co., The Buffalo Forge Co. Carrier Air Conditioning Corp. of America Carrier Engineering Corp. Clarage Fan Co. Cooling and Air Conditioning Corp. Finn Pump, M. J.. Mfg. Co. Frank, O. E., Heater & Engi neering Co., Inc. Garden City Fan Co. General Air Filters Corp. Hirschman, W. F., Co., Inc. 11$ Electric Ventilating Co. Niagara Blower Co. Rome Brass Radiator Corp. Schutte & Koerting Co. Sturtevant, B. F.. Co. Swartwout Co., The Trane Co., The ' York Heating & Ventilating Corp. Electric Heat Dunham, C. A.. Co. Economy Pumping Machinery COOLING TOWERS Absolute Con-tac-tor Corp. American Radiator Co. Consolidated Ashcroft Hancock Co., Inc,' (American Schaeffer & Budenberg Div.) Copper Radiator Sales Corp. Co. Finn Pump, M. J., Mfg. Co. General Electric Co. Kieley & Mueller, Inc. Klipfel Mfg. Co. Mason Regulator Co. American Blower Corp, Bayley Blower Co. Buffalo Forge Co. Hirschman, Wi F;,: Co., Inc. Niagara Blower; Co.' Sturtevant, B. F.. Co. llg Electric Ventilating Co. Johnson Service Co. McAlear Mfg. Co. Mueller Steam Specialty Co.. Inc. COUPLINGS Klipfel Mfg. Co. Skidmore Corp. Mogul Machine Co. National Regulator Co.- Powers Regulator Co. Rome Brass Radiator Corp. Stickle Steam Specialties Co. Swartwout Co., The Trane Co.. The COVERING--Boiler (See Asbes tos and Insulating Products) Taylor Instrument Cos. U. S. Radiator Corp. Magnesia Fan Engine American Blower Corp. Bayley Blower Co. Clarage Fan Co. Frost Mfg. Co., The Kieley & Mueller, Inc. Klipfel Mfg. Co. Shower Bath Consolidated Ashcroft Hancock . Co., Inc. (American Schaeffer & Budenberg Div.) Crane Co. Mueller Co. Powers Regulator Co. ' Insulating Products Corp. Johns-Manville Corp. Pipe and Tank Armstrong Cork & Insulation Co. Banner Rock Products Co. Insulating Products Corp. Mason Regulator Co. McAlear Mfg. Co. Mueller Co. Mueller Steam Specialty Co., Inc. National Regulator Co. Sturtevant. B. F.. Co. Swartwout Co., The Tank Absolute Con-tac-tor Corp. American Radiator Co. Consolidated Ashcroft Hancock Co., Inc. (American Schaeffer & Budenberg Div.) Davis, G. M., Regulator Co. Johns-Manville Corp. Ric-wiL Co., The DAMPERS American Foundry & Furnace Co. DAMPER--Quadrants Feed Water . American Radiator Co. Kieley & Mueller. Inc. Klipfel Mfg. Co. Mason Regulator Co. York Heating & Ventilating Corp. DAMPER REGULATORS Burnham Boiler Corp. Consolidated Ashcroft Hancock Co., Inc, (American Schaeffer McAlear Mfg. Co. (See Regulators, Damper) Mueller Steam Specialty Co., Inc. Powers Regulator Co. DEHUMIDIFYING APPARA & Budenberg Div.) Davis, G. M.. Regulator Co. Economy Pumping Machinery Co. Kieley & Mueller, Inc. Klipfel Mfg. Co. Mason Regulator Co. McAlear Mfg. Co. McDonnell & Miller Mueller Steam Specialty Co., Inc. O-E Specialty Mfg. Co. Sarco Co.. Inc. Taylor Instrument Cos. U. S. Radiator Corp. Sarco Co.. Inc. Stickle Steam Specialties Co. Taylor Instrument Cos. Unit Heaters ^ Absolute Con-tac-tor Corp. American Radiator Co. Bayley Blower Co. National Regulator Co. Temperature (See Regulators, Temperature) CONVEYING SYSTEMS (See TUS American Blower Corp. Atmospheric Conditioning Corp. Bayley Blower Co. Bentz Engineering Corp. Buckeye Blower Co., The _ Buffalo Forge Co. Carrier Engineering Corp. Clarage Fan Co. Cooling and Air Conditioning Corp. Finn Pump, M. J.. Mfg. Co. General Air Filters Corp. Gas Burner Systems, Dust Collecting and Ex Ilg Electric Ventilating Co. . Absolute Con-tac-tor Corp. * American Radiator Co. Consolidated Ashcroft Hancock Co.. Inc. (American-Schaeffer & Budenberg Div.) McAlear Mfg. Co. haust) COOLING EQUIPMENT-- Building Aerofin Corp. American Blower Corp. New York Blower Co. Niagara Blower Co. Skinner Bros. Mfg. Co., Inc. Stickle Steam Specialties Co. Sturtevant, B. F-. Co. York Heating & Ventilating Corp. Catalogue Data of Manufacturers listed can be located by referring to pages 841 to 844 822 Index to Modern Equipment DIFFUSERS--Air American Foundry & Furnace Co. Bayley Blower Co. Bentz Engineering Corp. Buckeye Blower Co., The Carrier Engineering Corp. Cooling and Air- Conditioning Coro. Knowles Mushroom Ventilator Co. Niagara Blower Co. Shipp. C. C.. & Co. Sturtevant. B. F.. Co. DRAFT GAGES (See Gages, Draft) DUST SEPARATORS (See Sep arators, Dust) ELBOWS--Radia tor American District Steam Co. American Radiator Co. Burnham Boiler Corp. Crane Co. U. S. Radiator Corp* ELECTRIC HEATING APPARATUS General Electric Co. Hoffman Specialty Co., Inc. Rome Brass Radiator Corp. . Buckeye Blower Co.. The Buffalo Forge Co. - Carrier Engineering Corp. Clarage Fan Co. '. Cooling and Air Conditioning Corp. Garden City Fan Co. Hirschman, W. F,, Co., Inc. Ilg Electric Ventilating Co. Johnson Fan & Blower Co. New York Blower. Co. Niagara Blower Co. . Skinner Bros. Mfg. Co., Inc. Sturtevant, B. F., Co. Wing, L. J.. Mfg. Co. DRYING APPARATUS ELECTRIC MOTORS (See Mo EXPANSION JOINTS (See Joints. American Blower Corp. tors, Electric) Expansion) American Foundry & Furnace Co. Atmospheric Conditioning Corp. ELIMINATORS--Air FANS--Blower (See Blowers, Pan) Bayley Blower Co. American District Steam Co. Bentz Engineering Corp. Bishop & Babcock Sales Co., The Booster Bishop & Babcock Sales Co., The Buckeye Blower Co., The Buffalo Forge Co. Carrier Engineering Corp. Clarage Fan Co. Cooling and Air Conditioning Corp. Economy PumpingMachinery Co. Finn Pump, M. J., Mfg. Co. Garden City Fan Co. General Air Filters Corp. Hirschman, W. F., Co., Inc. Ilg Electric Ventilating Co. Langenberg Mfg. Co. Dunham, C. A., Co. General Air Filters Corp. Grinnell Co., Inc. . Hoffman Specialty Co., Inc. Kieley & Mueller, Inc. Marsh, Jas. P.. & Co. McAlear Mfg. Co. Milwaukee Valve Co. Monash-Younker Co., Inc. Mueller Steam Specialty Co., Inc. New York Blower Co. O-E Specialty Mfg. Co. Shrco Co.. Inc. Skinner Bros., Mfg. Co.. Inc. American Blower Corp. Bayley Blower Co. Buckeye Blower Co., The Buffalo Forge Co. Clarage Fan Co. De Bothezat Impeller Co. Garden City Fan Co. General Electric Co. . Ilg Electric Ventilating Co. Langenberg Mfg. Co. Reed Air Filter Co. Sturtevant, B. F., Co. Wing. L. J.. Mfg. Co. . New York Blower Co. Niagara Blower Co. Rome Brass Radiator Corp. Skinner Bros. Mfg. Co., Inc. Stickle Steam Specialties Co. Sturtevant, B. F.. Co. Sterling Engineering Co. Sturtevant. B. F.. Co. Trane Co., The ENGINES--Fan American Blower Corp. Cooling Tower American Blower-CorpBayley Blower Co. Buffalo Forge Co. Garden City Fan Co. Swartwout Co., The Trane Co., The . United States Ozone Co. Wing, L. J., Mfg. Co. York Heating & Ventilating Corp. DUST COLLECTING SYSTEMS (See Systems, Dust Collecting) Bayley Blower Co. Buffalo Forge Co. Clarage Fan Co. Frost Mfg. Co., The New York Blower Co. Sturtevant, B. F., Co. Steam (Automatic, High Speed, Throttling, Una-Floto, and Ver tical) Exhaust . American Blower Corp. Bayley Blower Co. Bishop & Babcock Sales Co.. The Buckeye Blower Co., The Buffalo Forge Co. Clarage Fan Co. De Bothezat Impeller Co. Garden City Fan Co. - .DUST COLLECTORS American Blower Corp. Bayley Blower Co. Buffalo Forge Co. _ Carrier Engineering Corp. Garden City Fan Co. Genera! Air Filters Corp. Midwest Air Filters, Inc. National-Air Filter Co. New York Blower Co. Niagara Blower Co. - Reed Air Filter Co. American Blower Corp. Ames Iron Works Clarage Fan Co. Frost Mfg. Co.. The Herbert Boiler Co. Pierce, Butler & Pierce Mfg. Corp. Sturtevant. B. F.. Co. Titusville Iron Works Co.. The EXHAUST FANS (See Fans, Ex haust) Hirschman, W. F., Co., Inc. Ilg Electric Ventilating Co. Johnson Fan & Blower Co. Langenberg Mfg. Co. New York Blower Go. Niagara Blower Co. Peerless Unit Ventilation Co., Inc. Skinner Bros. Mfg. Co., Inc Sturtevant, B. F., Co. Trane Co., The Wing. L. J.. Mfg. Co. York Heating & Ventilating Corp. Skinner Bros. Mfg. Co.. Inc. Sturtevant. B. F., Co. Whiting Corp. DUST COUNTERS Hill. E. Vernon, Co. DUST FILTERS Bayley Blower Co. Drying Systems, Inc. General Air Filters Corp. . Midwest Air Filters, Inc. National Air Filter Co. Reed Air Filters Co., Inc. ' Whiting Corp. EXHAUST HEADS Buffalo Forge Co. Crane Co. Hirschman. W. F., Co., Inc. Illinois Engineering Co. Kieley & Mueller. Inc. McAlear Mfg. Co. * Patterson-Kelley Co. Skinner Bros. Mfg. Co., Inc. Sturtevant. B. F.. Co. Swartwout Co., The EXHAUST SYSTEMS ` American Blower. Corp. . . . ' Bayley Blower Co. ' Bentz Engineering Corp. Ventilating American Blower Corp* Bayley Blower Co. Bishop & Babcbck Sales Co., The Buckeye Blower Co., The Buffalo Forge Co. Clarage Fan Co. De Bothezat Impeller'Co. Garden City Fan Co. General Electric Co. Hirschman, W. F., Co., Inc. Ilg Electric Ventilating Co. Johnson Fan & Blower-Co. Langenberg Mfg. Co. New York Blower Co. Niagara Blower Co. Catalogue Data of Manufacturers listed can be located by referring to pages 841 to 844 823 Index to Modern Equipment Peerless Unit Ventilation Co., Inc. Shipp. C. C., & Co. Skinner Bros. Mfg. Co.. Inc. Stickle Steam Specialties Co. Sturtevant. B. F., Co. Trane Co., The Wing. L. J., Mfg. Co. York Heating & Ventilating Corp. FEEDERS (See Boiler Feeders) Boiler American Radiator Co. Crane Co. . Economy Pumping Machinery Co. Kieley & Mueller, Inc. McAlear Mfg. Co., The McDonnell & Miiler Mueller Steam Specialty Co., Inc. Swartwout Co., The FLUES--Steel Bigelow Co., The _ FOG ELIMINATORS American Blower Corp. Bayley Blower Co. Bentz Engineering Corp. Cooling and Air Conditioning Corp. '' Ilg Electric Ventilating Co. Niagara Blower Co. . Sturtevant, B. F., Co. Wing, L. J., Mfg. Co. York Heating & Ventilating Corp. FORCED DRAFT Buffalo Forge Co. . Combustion Specialties Corp. Sturtevant, B. F., Co. Wing, L. J., Mfg. Co. Valves (See Valves, Gate) GAGES--Draft Combustion Specialties Corp. Consolidated Ashcroft Hancock Co., Inc. (American Schaeffer & Budenberg Div.) Ellison Draft Gage Co. Higgin Mfg. Co. Hill, E. Vernon, Co. Hoffman Specialty Co.. Inc. Taylor Instrument Cos. Compound American District Steam Co. Consolidated Ashcroft Hancock Co., Inc. (American Schaeffer & Budenberg Div.) Hoffman Specialty Co., Inc. Sterling Engineering Co. Trane Co., The Water American Gas Products Corp. American Radiator Co. Economy Pumping Machinery Co. Finn Pump, M. J.. Mfg. Co. Kieley & Mueller. Inc. McDonnell & Miller Mueller Steam Specialty Co., Inc. FILTERS--Air American Blower Corp. Bayley Blower Co. General Air Filters Corp. Midwest Air Filters, Inc. National Air Filter Co. Reed Air Filter Co., Inc. Sturtevant. B. F., Co. Whiting Corp. FIRE BRICK CEMENT (See Ce ment, Fire Brick) FITTINGS--Cast Iron Crane Co. Grinnell Co., Inc. Stockham Pipe & Fittings Co. . Flanged . American District Steam Co. Crane Co. Grinnell Co.. Inc. Stockham Pipe & Fittings Co. Furnace Langenberg Mfg. Co. Malleable Crane Co. Grinnell Co.. Inc. Stockham Pipe & Fittings Co. Pipe . . Crane Co. . Grinnell Co., Inc. Steel . ' Crane Co. ' Stockham Pipe & Fittings Co. FLANGES--Cast Iron Crane Co. Stockham Pipe & Fittings Co.. Steel - Stockham Pipe &-Fittings Co. FURNACE CEMENT Insulating Products Corp. Johns-Manville Corp. FURNACES--Au tomatic American Foundry & Furnace Co. New York Blower Co. Hot Water Consolidated Ashcroft Hancock Co., Inc. (American Schaeffer & Budenberg Div.) ' D. & T. Mfg; Co. Kainer & Co. . Marsh, Jas. P., & Co. Thrush, H. A., & Co. Electric General Electric Co. Filters General Air Filters Corp. Reed Air Filter Co. Gas American Gas Products Corp. Insulation - Armstrong Cork & Insulation Co. Banner Rock Products Co. Insulating Products Corp. Johns-Manville Corp. Pressure . Bishop & Babcock Sales Co.. The Consolidated .Ashcroft Hancock Co.. Inc. (American Schaeffer & Budenberg Div.) Dunham, C. A., Co. Kainer & Co. Marsh, Jas.-P., & Co. O-E Specialty Mfg. Co. Pierce, Butler & Pierce Mfg. Corp. Sterling Engineering Co. Taylor Instrument Cos. Thrush, H. A., & Co. Trane Co., The U. S. Radiator Corp. Warren Webster & Co. ' Pipeless American Radiator Co. Furnace Div.) Langenberg Mfg. Co. National Radiator Corp. New York Blower Co. Thatcher Co., The (Fox ` Warm Air American Foundry & Furnace Co. American Gas Products Corp. Ilg Electric Ventilating Co. Langenberg Mfg. Co. . "' National Radiator Corp. New York Blower Co. . Richardson & Boynton Co. Sturtevant, B. F$ Co. Thatcher Co.. The GAGE--Boards , Bishop & Babcock Sales Co.. The Consolidated Ashcroft Hancock Co.. Inc. (American Schaeffer & Budenberg Div.) Marsh, Jas. P., & Co. Warren Webster & Co. Cocks (See Cocks, Cage) Glasses (See Classes, Gage) Siphons (See Siphons, Gage) Steam . American Radiator Co. . Burnham Boiler Corp. Consolidated Ashcroft Hancock Co., Inc. (American Schaeffer & Budenberg Div.) Dunham, C. A., Co. Haines, William S., & Co. Hoffman Specialty Co., Inc. Marsh, Jas. P-, & Co. Pierce, Butler& Pierce Mfg. Corp. Sterling Engineering Co. Trane Co., The U. S. Radiator Corp. Warren Webster & Co. Vacuum _ American Radiator Qo. ' Bishop & Babcock Sales Co., The Burnham Boiler Corp. Consolidated Ashcroft Hancock Co., Inc. (American Schaeffer & Budenberg Div.) Dunham, C. A.*.Co. Finn Pump, M. J., Mfg. Co. Haines, William S.. & Co. Hoffman Specialty Co., Inc. Illinois Engineering Co. Kainer & Co. Marsh, Jas. P., & Co. OE Specialty Mfg. Co Pierce, Butler & Pierce Mfg. Co. Catalogue Data of Manufacturers listed can be located by referring to pages 841 to 844 824 Index to Modern Equipment Richardson & Boynton Co. Sterling Engineering Co. Taylor Instrument Cos. Trane Co., The U. S. Radiator Corp. Warren Webster & Co. Water American Radiator Co. Burnham Boiler Corp. Consolidated Ashcroft Hancock Co., Inc. (American Schaeffer & Budenberg Div.) Crane Co. Finn Pump, M. J., Mfg. Co. Marsh. Jas. P., & Co. National Radiator Corp. New York Air Valve Corp. Pierce, Butler & Pierce Mfg. Corp. Richardson & Boynton Co. GENERATOR COOLING SYSTEMS American Blower Corp. Bayley Blower Co. Bentz Engineering Corp. Buffalo Forge Co. Carrier Engineering Corp. Clarage Fan Co. . Cooling and Air Conditioning Corp. ' Finn Pump, M. J., Mfg. Co. General Air Filters Corp. Niagara Blower Co. Reed Air Filter Co. Sturtevant. B. F., Co. Generating Equipment General Electric Co. Sturtevant, B. F.. Co. Pressure Kainer & Co. ' - Pump (See Regulators, Pump) Vacuum (See Regulators, Vacuum' GRATES---Dumping Fitzgibbons Boiler Co., Inc. Frost Mfg. Co., The Oil City Boiler Works Rocking Frost Mfg. Co., The Herbert Boiler Co. Kewanee Boiler Corp. Oil City Boiler Works Shaking U. S. Radiator Corp. Wright-Austin Co. GENERATORS--Electric Frost Mfg. Co., The Herbert Boiler Co. General Electric Co. Kewanee Boiler Corp. Furnaces (See Furnaces, Gas) ' Sturtevant, B. F., Co. Oil City. Boiler Works Titusville Iron Works Co., The Heat (See Boilers, Furnaces and Heaters--Room (See Heaters, Gas) Beaters) GRILLES AND REGISTERS (See Heating Systems (See Heating Hot-Water Registers and Grilles) Systems, Gas) Water Heaters Alberger Heater Co. American District Steam Co. American Radiator Co. Burnham Boiler Corp. Davis Engineering Corp. . Frank, O. E., Heater & Engineer ing Co., Inc. General Air Filters Corp. Herbert Boiler Co. Leader Iron Works Monitor Boiler Co. Page. Wm. H.. Boiler Co. Richardson & Boynton Co. Smith, H..B., Co., The Stickle Steam Specialties Co. Swartwout Co., The Thatcher-Co., The U. S. Radiator Corp. Weil-McLain Co. Alberger Heater Co. American Gas Products Corp. American Radiator Co. Burnham Boiler Corp. D. & T. Mfg. Co. Davis Engineering Corp. Ercefso Products Corp. Finn Pump, M. J., Mfg. Co. Frank, O. E., Heater & Engi neering Co., Inc. * General Air Filters Corp. Herbert Boiler Co. Leader Iron Works Mueller Co. Page, Wm. H., Boiler Co. Patterson-Kelley Co. Whitlock Coil Pipe Co. Turbines General Electric Co. Sturtevant, B. F., Co. Vacuum HANGERS--Adjustable Pipe Clip-Bar Mfg. Co. Crane Co.' Fitzgibbons Boiler Co.. Inc. Grinnell Co., Inc. Smith, H. B.. Co., The . Pipe Clip-Bar Mfg. Co. Crane Co. . Grinnell Co., Inc. . Kewanee Boiler Corp. Midwest Air Filters. Inc. National Radiator Corp. Pierce, Butler & Pierce Mfg. Corp. . York Heating&Ventilating Corp. Radiator American Foundry & Furnace Co. American Radiator Co. Burnham Boiler Corp. Clip-Bar Mfg. Co. GASKETS--Asbestos Crane Co. . Jenkins Bros. Johns-Manville Corp. McCord Radiator & Mfg. Co. Boiler -- Johns-Manville Corp. Metallic Dunham. C. A., Co. Finn Pump, M. J., Mfg. Co. Haines, Wm. S.`, & Co. Illinois Engineering Co. Kieley & Mueller, Inc. McAlear Mfg. Co. .O-E Specialty Mfg. Co. Sarco Co., Inc. Sterling Engineering Co. Stickle Steam Specialties Co. Trane Co., The Copper Radiator Sales Corp. Grinnell Co., Inc. Healy-Ruff Co. Kewanee Boiler Corp. Little Giant Mfg. Co., The McAlear Mfg. Co., The National Radiator Corp. Pierce, Butler & Pierce Mfg. Corp. Smith, H. B., Co., The Sterling Engineering Co. Thatcher Co., The U. S. Radiator Corp. Johns-Manville Corp.' McCord Radiator & Mfg. Co. Rubber GLASSES--Gage Crane Co. Jenkins Bros. O-E Specialty Mfg. Co. - HEADERS Alberger Heater Co. Crane Co. , General Air Filters Corp. Jenkins Bros. Johns-Manville Corp. GOVERNORS--Condensation Davis, G. M., Regulator Co Grinnell Co., Inc. HEAT EXCHANGERS s GATES--Blast American Blower Corp. Buffalo Forge Co. Clarage Fan Co. Garden City Fan Co'. New York Blower Co. Sturtevant. B. F., Co. Dunham, C. A., Co. Kieley & Mueller, Inc. Klipfel Mfg. Co. Mason Regulator Co. McAlear Mfg. Co. Mueller Steam Specialty Co., Inc. Swartwout Co., The Warren Webster & Co. Aerofin Corp'. Alberger Heater Co. American Blower Corp. Buffalo Forge Co. Carrier Engineering Corp. Clarage Fan Co. . Crane Co. Davis Engineering Corp. Catalogue Data of Manufacturers listed can be located by referring to pages 841 to 844 825 Index to Modern Equipment Excelso Products Corp. Frank. O. E.. Heater & Engi neering Co., Inc. . Leader Iron Works Patterson-Kelley Co. Rome Brass Radiator Corp. Schutte & Koerting Co. Stickle Steam Specialties Co. Sturtevant, B. F., Co. Whitlock Coil Pipe Co. Heat Insuladug (See Jnsuloiing) Regulators, Automatic Absolute Con-tac-tor Corp. American Radiator Co. Sarco Co.. Inc. Webster Tallmadge.& Co., Inc. Rome Brass Radiator Corp. Rome-Turney Radiator Co., The Schutte & Koerting Co. Skinner Bros. Mfg. Co.. Inc. Stickle Steam Specialties Co. Sturtevant. B. F., Co. Trane Co.. The Wing, L. J.. Mfg. Co. York Heating & Ventilating Corp. Cabinet Buckeye Blower Co., The Circulair Heat, Inc. Copper Radiator Sales Corp. Rome Brass Radiator Corp. Sturtevant. B. F., Co. Trane Co.. The Tuttle & Bailey Mfg. Co. HEATERS--Air Aerofin Corp. American Blower Corp. American Foundry & Furnace Co. Baytey Blower Co. Buckeye Blower Co., The Buffalo Forge Co. Circulair Heat, Inc. Clarage Fan Co. Copper Radiator Sales Corp. Frank. O. E.. Heater & Engi neering Co.. Inc. Garden City Fan Co. General Air Filters Corp. General Electric Co. Grinnell Co.. Inc. Hoffman Specialty Co.. Inc. Ilg Electric Ventilating.Co. Langenberg Mfg. Co. Nesbitt. John J., Inc. New York Blower Co. Niagara Blower Co. Peerless Unit Ventilation Co.. Inc. Rome Brass Radiator Corp. . Schutte & Koerting Co. Shipp. C. C., & Co. Skinner Bros. Mfg. Co., Inc. Spencer Heater Co. Stickle Steam Specialties Co. Sturtevant, B. F., Co. Trane Co., The Warren Webster & Co. Wing. L. J.. Mfg. Co. York Heating & Ventilating Corp. Combination, Water and Steam with Warm Air American Foundry & Furnace Co Electric (Air) Hoffman Specialty Co.. Inc. Fan System Aerofin Corp. American Blower Corp. American Foundry & Furnace Co. Bayley Blower Co. Buckeye Blower Co.. The Buffalo Forge Co. Clarage Fan Co. De Bothezat Impeller Co. Garden City Fan Co. Ilg Electric Ventilating Co. Johnson Fan & Blower Co. Langenberg Mfg. Co. New York Blower Co. Niagara Blower Co. PeerlessUnit Ventilation Co., Inc. Rome Brass Radiator Corp. Rome-Turney Radiator Col, The Schutte & Koerting Co. Skinner Bros. Mfg. Co.. Inc. Stickle Steam Specialties Co. Sturtevant. B. F.p Co. Trane Co., The Wing. L. J.. Mfg. Co. York Heating & Ventilating Corp. ' Automatic Hot Water American Radiator Co. Bell & Gossett Co. Crane Co. Davis Engineering Corp. Excelso Products Corp. Ilg Electric Ventilating Co. Kainer & Co. Kewanee Boiler Corp. Leader Iron Works Mueller Co. Neptune Meter Co. Feed Water Alberger Heater Co. Davis Engineering Corp. . Finn Pump, M. J.. Mfg. Co. Frank, O. E.. Heater & Engi neering Co., Inc. Frost Mfg. Co., The Patterson-Kelley Co. Rome Brass Radiator Corp. Stickle Steam Specialties Co. Sturtevant. B. F., Co. Swartwout Co., The Whitlock Coil Pip* Co. Blast Aerofin Corp. American Blower Corp. American Foundry & Furnace Co. American Radiator Co. Bayley Blower Co. Buckeye Blower Co., The Buffalo Forge Co. Clarage Fan Co. Garden City Fan Co. Ilg Electric Ventilating Co. New York Blower Co. * Niagara Blower Co. PeerlessUnitVentilation Co., Inc. Fuel OU Petroleum Heat & Power Co. Gas ' American Gas Products Corp. American Radiator Co. Clarage Fan Co. Crane Co. Hot Water Service Alberger Heater Co. . American Gas Products Corp. American Radiator Co. . Badger, E. B.. & Sons Co. Bell & Gossett Co. Burnham Boiler Corp. Crane Co. Davis Engineering Corp. Excelso Products Corp. Finn Pump, M. J., Mfg. Co. Frank. O. E.. Heater & Engi neering Co.. Inc. . Frost Mfg. Co., The Heggie-Simplex Boiler Co. Kewanee Boiler Corp. Leader Iron Works Molby Boiler Co.. Inc. Monitor Boiler Co. Neptune Meter Co. Oil Citv Boiler Works Page. Wm. H-. Boiler,Co.- Patterson-Kelley Co. Richardson & Boynton Co. Rome Brass Radiator Corp. Smith. H. B.. Co.. The Spencer Heater Co. Thatcher Co.. The Titusville Iron Works Co., The U. S. Radiator Corp. Weil-McLain Co. Whitlock Coil Pipe Co. ! - Indirect . . Aerofin Corp. American Blower Corp. American Gas Products Corp. Bayley Blower Co. Bell & Gossett Co. Buckeye Blower Co., The Buffalo Forge Co. Clarage Fan Co. Copper Radiator Sales Corp. Davis Engineering Corp. Excelso Products Corp. General Air Filters Corp; Ilg Electric Ventilating Co. Newport Boiler Co. Niagara Blower Co. Patterson-Kelley Co. Peerless Unit Ventilation Co.. Inc. Rome Brass Radiator Corp. Schutte & Koerting Co. Shipp, C. C.. & Co. Skinner Bros. Mfg. Co., Inc. Smith. H. B., Co.. The Stickle Steam Specialties Co. Sturtevant, B. F., Co. Trane Co.. The Whitlock Coil Pipe Co. Industrial American Gas Products Corp. American Blower Corp. Bayley Blower Co. Buckeye Blower Co., The Buffalo Forge Co. Clarage Fan Co. . Copper Radiator Sales Corp. Davis Engineering Corp. ' Finn Pump, M. J.. Mfg. Co. Garden City Fan Co. General Air Filters Corp. General Electric Co. Grinnell Co.. Inc. Ilg Electric Ventilating Co. Johnson Fan & Blower Co. Langenberg Mfg. Co. New York Blower Co. . Niagara Blower Co. Patterson-Kelley Co. Peerless Unit Ventilation Co., Inc. Rome Brass Radiator Corp. Skinner Bros. Mfg. Co.', Inc. Catalogue Data of Manufacturers listed can be located by referring to pages 841 to 844 826 Index to Modern Equipment Stickle Steam Specialties Co. Sturtevant. B. F., Co. Trane Co., The Wing, L. J., Mfg. Co. York Heating & Ventilating Corp. Copper Radiator Sales Corp. Garden City Fan Co. General Air Filters Corp. Grinnell Co., Inc. Ilg Electric Ventilating Co. Johnson Fan & Blower Co. Instantaneous Hot Water - Langenberg Mfg. Co. Alberger Heater Co. Bell & Gossett Co. Davis Engineering Corp. Frank, O. E., Heater & Engi neering Co.. Inc. General Air Filters Corp. Patterson-Kelley Co. McQuay Radiator Corp. Herman Nelson Corp. Nesbitt, John J., Inc. New York'Blower Co. Niagara Blower Co. Peerless Unit Ventilation Co., Inc. Rome Brass Radiator Corp. vjnnnen <_o., Inc. Haines; William S., & Co. Heggie-Simplex Boiler Co. Herbert Boiler Co. Hirschman, W. F., Co., Inc. Hoffman Specialty Co., Inc. Ilg Electric Ventilating Co. Illinois Engineering Co. Johnson Fan & Blower Co. Kainer & Co. Kelly Brass Works Kewanee Boiler Corp. Kieley & Mueller, Inc. Klipfel Mfg. Co. Powers Regulator Co. Whitlock Coll Pipe Co. oil Clarage Fan Co. Room American Blower Corp. American Radiator Co. Bayley Blower Co. Buckeye Blower Co., The ` Buffalo Forge Co. Circulair Heat. Inc. Clarage Fan Co. Copper Radiator Sales Corp. Finn Pump, M. J., Mfg. Co. General Air Filters Corp. Hoffman Specialty Co., Inc. Ilg Electric Ventilating Co. Langenberg Mfg. Co. Rome Brass Radiator Corp. Sturtevant, B. F.. Co. - ' Thatcher Co.. The Trane Co., The - School (See Room) Rome-Turney Radiator Co., The Schutte & Koerting Co. Shipp, C. C., & Co. Skinner Bros. Mfg. Co.. Inc. Stickle Steam Specialties Co. Sturtevant, B. F., Co. Thermidaire Corp. Trane Co., The Wing, L. J., Mfg. Co. York Heating & Ventilating Corp. Wall Type Bayley Blower Co. Buckeye Blower Co., The Circulair Heat, Inc. Sturtevant, B. F,, Co. Trane Co.. The Water (Garbage Burner) Heggie-Simplex Boiler Co. Herbert Boiler Co. Kewanee Boiler Corp. Oil City Boiler Works Water (Incinerator) Alberger Heater Co. Langenberg Mfg. Co. - Leader Iron Works Marsh, Jas. P., & Co. Mason Regulator Co. McCord Radiator & Mfg. Co. McQuay Radiator Corp. Midwest Air Filters. Inc* Nash Engineering Co.- -?- National Air Filter Co. National Radiator Corp. National Regulator Co. Neptune Meter Co. Newport Boiler Co, . New York Air Valve Corp. New York Blower Co. Niagara Blower Co. O-E Specialty Mfg. Co, Page. Wm. H., Boiler Co. Peerless Unit Ventilation Co., Inc. Prox, Frank. Co. Reed Air Filter Co. Richmond Radiator Co. . Rome Brass Radiator Corp. Sarco Co.. Inc. Schutte & Koerting Co. - Shipp, C. C., & Co. Skinner Bros. Mfg. Co., Inc. Tank . Finn Pump, M. J., Mfg. Co. General Air Filters Corp. Smith, H. B., Co., The Smith Twin Tubular Boiler Co. Alberger Heater Co. Heggie-Simplex Boiler Co. Spencer Heater Co. American District Steam Co. Kewanee Boiler Corp. Stanwood Corp., The American Radiator Co. Oil City Boiler Works Sterling Engineering Co. Badger, E. B., & Sons Co. Stickle Steam Specialties Co. Burnham Boiler Corp. HEATING AND VENTILATING Sturtevant. B. FV, Co. Davis Engineering Corp. APPARATUS Swartwout Co., The Excelso Products Corp. Frank. O. E., Heater & Engi neering Co., Inc. Herbert Boiler Co. Kewanee Boiler Corp. Leader Iron Works Molby Boiler Co., Inc. National Radiator Corp. Neptune Meter Co. Page, Wm. H., Boiler Co. Patterson-Kelley Co. Richardson &'Boynton Co. Smith. H. B,, Co., The ' Spencer Heater Co. Thatcher Co., The Thrush, H. A., & Co. Titusville Iron Works Co., The U. S. Radiator Corp. Weil-McLain Co. Whitlock Coil Pipe Co. Aerofin Corp. American Blower Corp. American Foundry & Furnace Co. American Gas Products Corp. American Radiator Co. Armstrong Machine Works Barnes & Jones Bayley Blower Co. Bishop & Babcock Sales Co.. The Buckeye Blower Co., The Buffalo Forge Co. Burnham Boiler Corp. Carrier Air Conditioning Corp. of America Carrier Engineering Corp. Carrier-Lyle Corp. Clarage Fan Co. Coatesville Boiler Works Combustion Specialties Corp. Cooling and Air Conditioning Webster Tallmadge & Co.. Inc. Thatcher Co., The Titusville Iron Works Co.. The Trade Co., The Tuttle & Bailey Mfg. Co. \J. S. Radiator Corp. Vapor Engineering Co., Inc. Warren Webster & Co. Weil-McLain Co. Wing, L. J., Mfg. Co. York Heating & Ventilating Corp. HEATING SPECIALTIES Absolute Con-tac-tor Corp. American Blower Corp. American District Steam Co. American Foundry & Furnace Co. American Gas Products Corp. American Radiator Co. Armstrong Machine Works Unit Aerofin Corp. American Blower Corp. American Foundry & Furnace Co. Bayley Blower Co. Bentz Engineering Corp. Bishop & Babcock Sales Co.. The Buckeye Blower Co., The Buffalo Forge Co. . Circulair Heat, Inc. Clarage Fan Co. Corp. Copper Radiator Sales Corp. Crane Co. Davis, G. M.. Regulator Co. De Bothezat Impeller Co. Direct Control Valve Co. Dunham, C. A., Co. Edge Moor Iron Co. Finn Pump. M. J., Mfg. Co. Fitzgibbons Boiler Co., Inc. Garden City Fan Co. General Air Filters Corp. Barnes & Jones - Bishop & Babcock Sales Co.. The Buffalo Forge Co. \ Burnham Boiler, Corp. Clarage Fan Co. Combustion Specialties Corp- Consolidated Aschroft Hancock Co.. Inc. (American Schaeffer & Budenberg Div.) Crane Co. ` Davis Engineering Corp. Davis, G. M., Regulator Co. Catalogue Data of Manufacturers listed can be located by referring to pages 841 to 844 827 rn::~~y;z:?z Index to Modern Equipment Direct Control Valve Co. . Buckeye Blower Co., The Davis Engineering Corp. Dole Valve Co., The . Buffalo Forge Co. Dunham, C. A.. Co. Dunham. C. A., Co. Carrier Engineering Corp. Edge Moor Iron Co. . . General Air Filters Corp. Clarage Fan Co. Finn Pump, M. J.,.Mfg. Co. Grinnell Co., Inc. . Cooling and Air Conditioning Fitzgibbons Boiler Co. Haines. William S., & Co. Corp. ' Frost Mfg. Co., The Healy-Ruff Co. De Bothezat Impeller Co. Haines, William S.. & Co. Hoffman Specialty Co., Inc. Garden City Fan Co. Hoffman Specialty Co., Inc. - Ilg Electric Ventilating Co. Ilg Electric Ventilating Co. Ilg Electric Ventilating Co. Illinois Engineering Co. Langenberg Mfg. Co. Illinois Engineering Co. Johns-Manville Corp. New York Blower Co. Kelly Brass Works ' Kainer & Co. Niagara Blower Co. Kewanee Boiler Corp. . Kieley & Mueller, Inc. O-E Specialty Mfg; Co. ` Kieley & Mueller. Inc. Klipfel Mfg. Co. PeerlessUnit Ventilation Co.. Inc. Leader Iron Works Marine-Galligan Co., Inc. Rome Brass Radiator Corp. Marsh, JasJ P., & Co. Marsh, Jas. P., & Co. Schutte & Koerting Co. McAlear Mfg. Co. Mason Regulator Co. Skinner Bros. Mfg. Co., Inc. Monitor Boiler Co. McAlear Mfg. Co. Stickle Steam Specialties Co. National Radiator Corp. McDonnell & Miller Sturtevant,. B. F., Co. . Newport Boiler Co. Monash-Younker Co., Inc. Thatcher Co., The Niagara Blower Co. Mueller Steam Specialty Co., Inc. Trane Co., The . Page. Wm. H., Boiler Co. . Nash Engineering Co. Wing. L. J.. Mfg. Co. Peerless Unit Ventilation Co.. Inc. National Radiator Corp. York Heating & Ventilating Corp. Prox, Frank. Co. ' National Regulator Co. Richardson & Boynton Co. Newport Boiler Co. - Hot Water Richmond Radiator Co. New York Air Valve Corp. OE Specialty Mfg. Co. Page, Wm. H., Boiler Co. ' Peerless Unit Ventilation Co.. Inc. Petroleum Heat & Power Co. Powers Regulator Co. Russell, W. A., & Co. Sarco Co., Inc. Sterling Engineering Co. Stickle Steam Specialties Co. Sturtevant. B. F., Co. Webster Tallmadge & Co., Inc. Trane Co., The U. S. Radiator Corp. Vapor Engineering Co., Inc. Warren Webster & Co. HEATING SYSTEMS--Gas American Blower Corp. American Gas Products Corp. American Radiator Co. Barnes & Jones Bell & Gossett Co. Buffalo Forge Co. Burnham Boiler Corp. Clarage Fan Co. Copper Radiator Sales Corp. D. & T. Mfg. Co. Davis Engineering Corp. Finn Pump, M. J., Mfg..Co. Fitzgibbons Boiler Co. Frost Mfg. Co., The Ilg Electric Ventilating Co. Kainer & Co. . Kewanee Boiler Corp, Leader Iron Works ' Rome Brass Radiator Corp. Sarco Co.. Inc. Skinner Bros. Mfg. Co., Inc. Smith, H. B.. Co., The _ Smith Twin Tubular Boiler Co. ' Spencer Heater Co. Stanwood Corp., The Sterling Engineering Co. Stickle Steam Specialties Co. Sturtevant. B. F., Co. Webster Tallmadge & Co., Inc. Thatcher Co., The Titusville Iron Works Co., The Trane Co., The U. S. Radiator Corp. Warren Webster & Co. Wing, L. J., Mfg. Co. . York Heating & Ventilating Corp. American Blower Corp. American Foundry & Furnace Co. American Gas Products Corp. Barnes & Jones Carrier Engineering Corp. Carrier-Lyle Corp. Circulair Heat. Inc. Clarage Fan Co. Coatesville Boiler Works . Cooling & Air Conditioning Corp. Dunham. C. A., Co. ' Edge Moor Iron Co. Finn Pump, M. J., Mfg. Co. Garden City Fan Co. Hoffman Specialty Co.. Inc. Iig Electric Ventilating Co. Marsh, James P., & Co. McAlear Mfg.-Co. Mueller Co. Neptune Meter Co. Newport Boiler Co. Monitor Boiler Co. Mueller Co. National Radiator Corp. Neptune Meter Co. . Newport Boiler Co. Page, Wm. H., Boiler Co. Patterson-Kelley Co. Prox, Frank..Co. Richardson & Boynton Co. Richmond Radiator Co. Rome Brass Radiator Corp. Sarco, Inc. ' Smith, H. B., Co., The ' Spencer Heater Co. Stanwood Corp., The * Thatcher Co., The Thrush, H. A., & Co. Titusville Iron Works Co., The Trane Co., The U. S. Radiator Corp. . York Heating & Ventilating Corp. Steam (Differential Vacuum) Dunham, C. A., Co. Steam (Exhaust) . American Blower Corp. American District Steam Co. Barnes & Jones' ' Bishop & Babcock Sales Co., The Buckeye Blower Co., The . Buffalo Forge Co. Carrier Engineering Corp. Clarage Fan Co. Cooling and Air Conditioning Corp. Copper Radiator Sales Corp. . Davis Engineering Corp. Dunham, C. A., Co. . Finn Pump. M. J., Mfg. Co. Haines, William S., & Co. Hoffman Specialty Co., Inc. New York Blower Co. Ilg Electric Ventilating Co. O-E Specialty Mfg. Co. Steam \ - Illinois Engineering Co. - Sarco Co., Inc. . American Blower Corp. Spencer Heater Co. American District Steam Co. Sturtevant, B. F., Co. . . American Gas Products Corp. Webster Tallmadge & Co., Inc. American Radiator Co. Trane Co., The Barnes & Jones ' ' Vapor Engineering Co., Inc. Bishop & Babcock Sales Co., The Warren Webster & Co. Buckeye Blower Co., The Kieley & Mueller, Inc. Leader Iron Works Marine-Galligan Co., Inc. Marsh, Jas. P., & Co. McAlear Mfg. Co. Niagara Blower Co. Page, Wm. H., Boiler Co. Hot Blast Buffalo Forge Co. Burnham Boiler Corp. Patterson-Kelley Co.. Peerless Unit Ventilation Co., Inc Aerofin Corp. Carrier Engineering Corp. Rome Brass Radiator Corp. American Blower Corp. American Foundry & Furnace Co. Circulair Heat, Inc. Clarage Fan Co. ` ' Sarco Co., Inc. . Skinner Bros.-Mfg. Co., Inc. American Radiator Co. Cooling and Air Conditioning Smith, H. B., Co., The Bayley Blower Co. ; Bishop & Babcock Sales Co., The Corp. Copper Radiator Sales Corp. Stickle Steam Specialties Co. Sturtevant, B.!F., Co. Catalogue Data of Manufacturers listed can be located by referring to pages 841 to 844 828 Index to Modern Equipment Webster Tallmadge & Co., Inc. McAlear Mfg. Co. - . HYGROMETERS Trane Co., The Warren Webster & Co. Wing, L. J.. Mfg. Co. Monash-Younker Co. Monitor Boiler Co. Newport Bbiler Co. . '' . Grinnell Co.. Inc. Taylor Instrument Cos. York Heating & Ventilating Corp. Niagara Blower Co. O-E Specialty Mfg.- Co. ` ... HUMIDIFIERS Steam (Vacuum) American Blower Corp. American District Steam Co. American Gas Products Corp. Barnes & Jones Bishop & Babcock Sales Co., The Buckeye Blower Co., The Burnham Boiler Corp. - Carrier Engineering Corp. Circulair Heat, Inc. Clarage Fan Co. Cooling and Air Conditioning Corp. Copper Radiator Sales Corp. Dunham, C. A., Co. Finn Pump. M.\J., Mfgl Co. ! Haines. William S;, .& Co.. , Hoffman Specialty-.Co;, Inc. Ilg Electric VentilatiriglCo. ' Page. Wm. H., Boiler Co. Peerless Unit Ventilation Co., Inc. Richardson & Boynton Co. Rome Brass Radiator Corp. Sarco Co.. Inc. Skinner Bros. Mfg. Co.. Inc. Smith, H. B.. Co.. The . Smith Twin Tubular Boiler Co. Spencer Heater Co. Sterling Engineering Co. Stickle Steam Specialties Co. Webster Tallmadge & Co., Inc. Titusville Iron Works Co., The Trane Co., The - U. S. Radiator Corp. Vapor Engineering Co., Inc. Warren Webster & Co. Wing. L. J.. Mfg. Co. . York Heating & Ventilating Corp. American Blower'Corp. ' American Radiator Co. Atmospheric Conditioning Corp. Bayley Blower Co. Bentz Engineering Corp. Bishop & Babcock Sales Co.. The Buffalo Forge Co. Carrier Engineering Corp. Clarage Fan Co. ' Cooling and Air Conditioning Corp. * Crane Co. . Finn Pump, M. J.. Mfg. Co. General Air Filters Corp. Grinnell Co.. Inc. Ilg Electric Ventilating Co.' ' Johnson Service Co. Langenberg Mfg. Co. . McQuay Radiator Corp. - Midwest Air Filters; Inc. -'.\; - Illinois Engineering.Go-; Kelly Brass Works Kewanee Boiler Corp. Kieley & Mueller, Inc. Leader Iron Works Marine-Galligan Co., Inc. Marsh, Jas. P., & Co. : ' Tank in Basement D. & T. Mfg. Co. Leader Iron Works Neptune Meter Co. Mueller Co. Thrush. H. A., & Co. '' National Air Filter Go.-- National Regulator.Col- . New York Blower Co;' Niagara Blower Co. - Powers Regulator Co. Reed Air Filter Co. - ' Shipp, C. C., & Co. - McAlear Mfg. Co. Monash-Younker Co. Warm-Air . . Skinner Bros. Mfg. Co., Inc. Sturtevant, B. F., Co. Mueller Co. . American Foundry & Furnace Co. Tuttle & Bailey Mfg. Co. Nash Engineering Co. American Radiator Co. (Fox United States Ozone Co. Newport Boiler Co. Furnace Div.) York Heating & Ventilating Corp. Niagara Blower Co. Bayley Blower Co. . O-E Specialty Mfg. Co. Buckeye Blower Co., The Unit . Page, Wm. H., Boiler Co Peerless Unit Ventilation Co., Inc. Rome Brass Radiator Corp. Sarco Co., Incl . Skidmore Corp. . Buffalo Forge Co. , Carrier Engineering Corp. Carrier-Lyle Corp. Clarage Fan Co. Cooling and Air Conditioning - Carrier Engineering Corp. . ' Clarage Fan Co. ' . : Niagara Blower Co.. _' York Heating& Ventilating Corp. Skinner Bros. Mfg. Co., Inc. Smith, H. B., Co., The - Smith Twin Tubular Boiler Co. Spencer Heater Co. Sterling Engineering Co. Corp. Copper Radiator Sales Corp. De Bothezat Impeller Co. Ilg Electric Ventilating Co. Langenberg Mfg. Co. HUMIDITY CONTROL American Blower Corp. Atmospheric Conditioning Corp. Bayley Blower Co. ' \ Stickle Steam Specialties Co. New York Blower Co. Bentz Engineering Corp. __ : . .. Sturtevant, B. F., Co. Richardson & Boynton Co. Bishop & Babcock Sales Co., The * Webster Tallmadge & Co., Inc. _ Trane Co., The U. S. Radiator Corp. Rome Brass Radiator Corp. Skinner Bros. Mfg. Co., Inc. Stickle Steam Specialties Co. Buffalo Forge Co. Carrier Engineering Corp. Carrier-Lyle Corp. Vapor Engineering Co., Inc. . Sturtevant, B. F., Co. Consolidated Ashcroft Hancock - Warren Webster & Co. Thatcher Co.. The Co., Inc. (American Schaeffer . 'Wing. L; J:, Mfg. Co. Tuttle & Bailey Mfg. Co. & Budenberg Div.) -.York Heating&.Ventilating Corp, Cooling and Air Conditioning Steam(Vapor)"' American District. Steam Co. HOT BLAST HEATING SYS TEMS (See Healing Systems, Hot Blast) Corp. . Grinnell Co., Inc. Ilg Electric Ventilating Co. Johnson Service Co. - American Gas Products Corp. HOT WATER CIRCULATING Barnes & Jones . .. PUMPS (See Pumps, Circulating) Bishop & Babcock Sales Co., The - Burnham Boiler Corp. Carrier Engineering Corp. . Circulair Heat, Inc. Cooling and Air Conditioning HOT WATER HEATERS. AUTO MATIC (S Heaters, Automatic. Hot Water) i Klipfel Mfg. Co. Midwest Air Filters, Inc. National Regulator Co. New York Blower Co. Niagara Blower Co. Powers Regulator Co. Sarco Co., Inc. Corp. Skinner Bros. Mfg. Co., Inc. Copper Radiator Sales Corp. HOT WATER `HEATERS, IN- Sturtevant. B. F.. Co. Dunham, C. A., Co. STANTANEQUSJ^'(See Heaters; Taylor Instrument Cos. Finn Pump, M. J., Mfg. Co. InstanianeousHot ;Wa(er):... York Heating & Ventilating Corp. Haines, William S., & Co. Hoffman Specialty Co., Inc. Illinois Engineering Co. ' HOT WATER HEATERS, SERV INCINERATORS, Hot Water ICE (See Heaters, Hot Water (See Heaters, Water, Incinerator) Kewanee Boiler Corp. Service) , Kieley & Mueller, Inc. INSERTS--Concrete Leader Iron Works Marine-Galligan Co., Inc. Marsh, Jas. P., & Co. HOT WATER HEATING SYSr TEMS (See Heating Systems, Hoi Water) Grinnell Co., Inc. : Healy-Ruff Co. Little Giant, Mfg. Co., The . Catalogue Data of Manufacturers listed can be located by referring to pages 841 to 844 829 Index to Modern Equipment INSTRUMENTS--Air Testing (See Air Testing Instruments) Indicating Combustion Specialties Corp. Consolidated. Ashcroft Hancock Co., Inc. (American Schaeffer & Budenberg Div.) Ellison- Draft Gage Co. Hill, E. Vernon, Co. Marsh, Jas. P., & Co. Taylor Instrument Cos. Recording ' - Consolidated Ashcroft Hancock Co., Inc. (American Schaeffer & Budenberg Div.) - Marsh, Jas. P.. & Co. Taylor Instrument Cos. INSULATING MATERIALS (See Asbestos and Insulating Products) Boiler . Armstrong Cork & Insulation Co. Banner Rock Products Co. Samuel Cabot. Inc. Insulating Products Corp. Johns-Manville Corp. .' Sprayo-Flake Co. Cold Armstrong Cork & Insulation Co. Banner Rock Products Co. . Samuel Cabot, Inc. Celotex Co. Flax-li-num Insulating Co. Insulite Co., The Johns-Manville Corp. MacAndrews & Forbes Co. Masonite Corp. Pantasote Co., Inc. , SprayoFlake Co. Stewart Inso Board Co: Universal Gypsum & Lime Co. Wood Conversion Co. Heat Armstrong Cork & Insulation Co. Banner Rock Products Co. Samuel Cabot, Inc. Celotex Co. Flax-li-num Insulating Co. Insulating Products Corp. Insulite Co., The Johns-Manville Corp. MacAndrews & Forbes Co. Masonite Corp. Pantasote Co.. Inc. Ric-wiL Co.. The Sprayo-Flake Co. Stewart Inso Board Co. United States Gypsum Co. Universal Gypsum & Lime Co. Wood Conversion Co. Sound Deadening Armstrong Cork & Insulation Co. Banner Rock Products Co~ Samuel Cabot, Inc. Celotex Co. Flax-li-num Insulating Co. Insulating Products Corp. Insulite Co., The Johns-Manville Corp. MacAndrews & Forbes Co. Masonite Corp. Pantasote Co.. Inc. Sprayo-Flake Co. Stewart Inso Board Co. Wood Conversion Co. JOINTS--Expansion . Water . Alberger Heater Co. American District Steam Co. Badger, E. B.. & Sons Co. Crane Co. Howard Iron Works Illinois.Engineering Co. iohns-Manville Corp.' logul Machine Co. Warren Webster & Co. Pipe ' Builders Iron Foundry Finn Pump, M. J.. Mfg. Co.' Johns-Manville Corp. Neptune Meter Co. MIXERS, WATER (Thermostatic) Finn Pump, M. J.. Mfg. Co. MOISTENERS, AIR (See Humidi fiers) Crane Co. GrinneU Co., Inc. Johns-Manville Corp. MOTOR CONTROLLERS (See Controllers, Motor) KILNS, DRY American Blower Corp. Bayley Blower Co. Buffalo Forge Co. Carrier Engineering Corp. MOTORS--Electric General Electric Co. Ilg Electric Ventilating Co. Johnson Service Co. Sturtevant, B. F., Co. Cooling and Air Conditioning MUSHROOM VENTILATORS Corp. (See Ventilators, Mushroom) De Bothezat Impeller Co. Finn Pump, M. J., Mfg. Co. Garden City Fan Co. New York Blower Co. Sturtevant, B. F., Co. Trane Co., The NOZZLES--Brine Spray Atmospheric Conditioning Corp. Badger, E. B., & Sons Co. Bayley Blower Co. Buffalo Forge Co. LIQUI D, BOILER (See Boiler Liquid) Finn Pump, M. J.. Mfg. Co. General Air Filters Corp. Spray MACHINES, REFRIGERATING (See Refrigerating Machinery) American Blower Corp. Atmospheric Conditioning Corp. MAGNESIA PRODUCTS (See A sbestos and Insulating Products) Badger, E. B., & Sons Co. Bayley Blower Co. Buffalo Forge Co. MECHANICAL DRAFT APPARATUS American Blower Corp. Bayley Blower Co. Buffalo Forge Co. Carrier Engineering Corp. Clarage Fan Co. ' Combustion Specialties Corp. Clarage Fan Co. Cooling and Air Conditioning Corp. Finn Pump, M. J.. Mfg. Co. General Air Filters Corp. Jenkins Bros. New York Blower Co. Sturtevant, B. F.. Co. De Bothezat Impeller Co. Garden City Fan Co. llg Electric Ventilating Co. Kieley & Mueller, Inc. Mason Regulator Co. National Regulator Co. New York Blower Co. Sturtevant, B. F., Co. OIL BURNERS Automatic Burner Corp. Ballard Oil Equipment Co. Hardinge Brothers, Inc. May Oil Burner Corp. Petroleum Heat & Power Co. Winslow Boiler & Engineering Co. Wing, L. J., Mfg. Co. . Controls, Temperature METAL WEATHER STRIPS (See Weather Strips, Metal) METERS--Air Builders Iron Foundry Condensation American District Steam Co. Builders Iron Foundry American Radiator Co. Consolidated Ashcroft Hancock Co.,- Inc. (American Schaeffer & Budenberg Div.) Klipfel Mfg. Co. ' Sarco Co'.. Inc. . Webster Tallmadge & Co., Inc. Taylor Instrument Cos. OZONE EQUIPMENT Electric - United States Ozone Co. General Electric Co. PACKING--Asbestos Feed Water Builders Iron Foundry Jenkins Bros. Johns-Manville Corp. New York Blower Co. Flow American District Steam Co. Builders Iron Foundry Gas Builders Iron Foundry Metallic Johns-Manville Corp. Rubber Jenkins Bros. Johns-Manville Corp. * v .- Catalogue Data of Manufacturers listed can be located by referring to pages 841 to 844 830 Index to Modern Equipment PANELS (A cuss) Higgin Mfg. Co. ' PIPE--Bending Badger. E. B.. & Sons Co. Crane Co. GrinneU Co., Inc. ' Cast Iron American Radiator Co. . Crane Co. GrinneU Co., Inc. ' Stockham Pipe & Fittings Co. Colls (See Coils, Pipe) Covering (See Covering, Pipe and Tank; also. Conduits) Fittings American District Steam Co. Crane Co. GrinneU Co., Inc. Stockham Pipe & Fittings Co. Hangers (See Hangers, Pipe) Joint Cement (See Cement, Pipe Joint) Plugs (See Plugs, Pipe) Wrought Iron and Steel Crane Co. GrinneU Co., Inc. PIPELESS FURNACES (See Fur naces, Pipeless) . PITOT TUBES AND GAGES American Blower Corp. Clarage Fan Co. Higgin Mfg. Co. Hill, E. Vernon, Co. PLATES--Floor American Radiator Co. Crane Co. GrinneU Co., Inc. National Radiator Corp. New York Air Valve Corp. U. S. Radiator Corp. PLUGS--Fusible Crane Co. Pipe Crane Co. GrinneU Co.,-Inc. . POWER PLANT SUPPLIES American Blower Corp. American Radiator Co. Armstrong Machine Works Buffalo Forge Co. Clarage Fan Co. Combustion Specialties Corp. Consolidated Ashcroft Hancock Co., Inc. (American Schaeffer & Budenberg Div.) ~ Crane Co. Davis. G. M,, Regulator Co. Dunham.' C. A.. Co. Economy Pumping Machinery Co. Finn Pump, M. J., Mfg. Co. General Air Filters Corp. General Electric Co. GrinneU Co., Inc. Illinois Engineering Co. Jenkins Bros. Johns-Manville Cofp. Kieley & Mueller, Inc. KUpfel Mfg. Co. Mason Regulator Co. McAlear Mfg. Co. Mueller Co. MueUer Steam Specialty Co.. Inc. National Regulator Co. Sarco Co.. Inc. Stickle Steam Specialties Co. Sturtevant. B. F.. Co. Swartwout Co., The Trane Co., The PRESSURE GAGES (See Cages Pressure) PROTECTORS--Gage Glass Wright-Austin Co. Radiator American Radiator Co. Reed Air Filter Co. Tuttle & Bailey Mfg. Co. U. S. Radiator Corp. PSYCHROMETERS GrinneU Co., Inc. Higgin Mfg. Co. Hill. E. Vernon, Co. Taylor Instrument Cos. PUBLICATIONS Adsco Advocate American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Dunham, C. A., Co. Heating & Ventilating Magazine Hill, E. Vernon. Co. Warren Webster & Co. PUMPS--Air American Steam Pump Co. Ames Pump Co., Inc. Bishop & Babcock Sales Co., The Chicago Pump Co. Economy Pumping Machinery Co. Finn Pump, M. J., Mfg. Co. General Electric Co. McAlear Mfg. Co. Nash Engineering Co. O-E Specialty Mfg. Co. Powers Regulator Co. Trane Co., The Ammonia American Steam Pump Co. Buffalo Steam Pump Co. Chicago Pump Co. Economy Pumping Machinery Co. ` Automatic Electric American Steam Pump Co. Ames Pump Co., Inc. Buffalo Steam Pump 'Co. Chicago Pump Co. ' Economy Pumping Machinery Co. Finn Pump, M. J., Mfg. Co. General Air Filters Corp. Nash Engineering Co. Skidmore Corp. ' Sterling Engineering Co. Trane Co., The Westco-Chippewa Pump Co. Bilge American Steam Pump Co. Buffalo Steam Pump Co. Chicago Pump Co. Economy Pumping Machinery Co. Nash Engineering Co. Boiler Feed American Steam Pump Co. Buffalo Steam Pump Co. Chicago Pump Co. Economy Pumping Machinery Co. ' Finn Pump, M. J,, Mfg. Co. Nash Engineering Co. Skidmore Corp. Sterling Engineering Co. Trane Co., The Westco-Chippewa Pump Co. Booster . Chicago Pump Co. Brine , American Steam Pump Co. Buffalo Steam Pump Co. Chicago Pump Co. . Economy Pumping Machinery Co. Finn Pump. M. J.. Mfg. Co. Nash Engineering Co. Trane Co., The Westco-Chippewa Pump Co. Centrifugal American Steam Pump Co. Ames Pump Co., Inc. Buffalo Steam Pump Co. Chicago Pump Co. Dunham, C. A.. Co. Economy Pumping Machinery Co. Finn Pump, M. J., Mfg. Co. General Air Filters Corp. Nash Engineering Co. Skidmore Corp. Trane Co.. The Westco-Chippewa Pump Co. Circulating American Steam Pump Co. Ames Pump Co., Inc. Buffalo Steam Pump Co. Chicago Pump Co. . Dunham, C. A.. Co. Economy Pumping Machinery Co. Finn Pump, M. J., Mfg. Co. General Air Filters Corp. Nash Engineering Co. Sterling Engineering Co. Trane Co.. The Westco-Chippewa Pump Co. Condensation American Steam Pump Co. Arnes Pump Co., Inc. Buffalo Steam Pump Co. Chicago Pump Co. Dunham, C. A., Co. Economy Pumping Machinery Co. Finn Pump, M. J., Mfg. Co. General Air Filters Corp. Nash Engineering Co. Skidmore Corp. ' Sterling Engineering Co. Trane Co.. The ' Westco-Chippewa Pump Co. Catalogue Data of Manufacturers listed can be located by referring to pages 841 to 844 831 Index to Modern Equipment Differential Vacuum Sump - Electric--Steam Dunham, C. A., Co. American Steam Pump Co. American Radiator Co. Economy Pumping Machinery Buffalo Steam Pump Co. Rome Brass Radiator Corp. Co. . Chicago Pump Co. Trane Co., The Finn Pump, M. J., Mfg. Co. Economy Pumping Machinery Co. Enclosures Electric ' American Steam Pump Co. Ames Pump Co., Inc. Finn Pump; M. J., Mfg. Co. Nash Engineering Co. Trane Co., The - American Radiator Co. Auer Register Co. Buckeye Blower Co., The Buffalo Steam Pump Co. Circulair Heat, Inc. Chicago Pump Co. Triplex Copper Radiator Sales Corp. 1I Dunham, C. A., Co. Economy Pumping Machinery Co. Buffalo Steam.Pump Co. Finn Pump, M. J., Mfg. Co. Herman Nelson Corp. Reed Air Filter Co. Rome Brass Radiator Corp. Finn Pump, M. J., Mfg. Co. Sturtevant, B. F., Co. < General Air Filters Corp. Nash Engineering Co. Turbine American Steam Pump Co. Trane Co., The Tuttle & Bailey Mfg. Co. Skidmore Corp. Trane Co., The . Ames Pump Co., Inc. Buffalo Steam Pump Co. Hangers (See Hangers, Radiator) Westco-Chippewa Pump Co. Economy Pumping Machinery Co. Humidifiers (See Humidifiers) Fire Chicago Pump Co. Finn Pump, M. J., Mfg. Co. General Air Filters Corp: Nash Engineering Co. ` Return Line Valves (See Valves, Return Line) Fittings--Steel . ' Stockham Pipe & Fittings Co. Skidmore Corp. Trane Co.. The Westco-Chippewa Pump Co. Shields (See Protectors, Radiator) Traps (See Traps, Radiator) Fuel Oil Ames Pump Co., Inc. Ballard Oil Equipment Co. Finn Pump, M. J., Mfg. Co. General Air Filters Corp. McCord Radiator & Mfg. Co. Petroleum Heat & Power Co. Fuel Oil--Electric Finn Pump, M. J., Mfg. Co. Petroleum Heat & Power Co. Vacuum American Steam Pump Co. . Ames Pump Co., Inc. Buffalo Steam Pump Co. Chicago Pump Co. Dunham, C. A., Co. Economy Pumping Machinery Co. Finn Pump, M. J., Mfg. Co. Kieley & Mueller, Inc. McAlear Mfg. Co. Nash Engineering Co. Trucks (See Trucks, Radiator) Valves (See Valves, Radiator) RADIATORS--Concealed Circulair Heat, Inc. Copper Radiator Sales Corp. McQuay Radiator Corp. Herman Nelson Corp. Rome Brass Radiator Corp. Trane Co.. The High Pressure Steam Fuel OU Ballard Oil Equipment Co. Finn Pump, M. J.. Mfg. Co. ` O-E Specialty Mfg. Co. Skidmore Corp. Trane Co., The Copper Copper Radiator Sales Corp. Petroleum Heat & Power Co. Viscous Liquids ' Fan System House or Tank Chicago Pump Co. Portable L. G. Chicago Pump Co. I Refrigeration Chicago Pump Co. General Air Filters Corp. Water Supply Chicago Pump Co. RADIATOR--Air Valves (See Valves, Air) Aerofin Corp. ' American Blower Corp. American Radiator Co. Buckeye Blower Co., The Buffalo Forge Co. . Burnham Boiler Corp. Circulair Heat, Inc. Clarage Fan Co. Herman Nelson Corp. Rotary . Brackets Niagara Blower Co. . Rome Brass Radiator Corp. Buffalo Steam Pump Co. Economy Pumping Machinery Co. Finn Pump, M. J., Mfg. Co. Garden City Fan Co. General Air Filters Corp. Leader Iron Works McCord Radiator & Mfg. Co. Nash Engineering Co. Skidmore Corp. Trane Co., The Westco-Chippewa Pump Co. American Foundry & Furnace Co. ` Rome-Turney Radiator Co., The American Radiator Co. Schutte & Koerting Co. Burnham Boiler Corp. Smith. H. B., Co., The Clip-Bar Mfg. Co. . Sturtevant. B. F., Co. Grinnell Co., Inc. Trane Co., The Healy-Ruff Co. York Heating & Ventilating Corp. Hoffman Specialty Co., Inc. Kewanee Boiler Corp. Electric Little Giant Mfg.\Co., The' McAlear Mfg. Co., The ' American-Radiator Co. National Radiator Corp. Pierce, Butler & Pierce Mfg. Corp. Gas Smith, H. B., Co., The American Gas Products Corp. Sewage . Chicago Pump Co. . Thatcher Co., The U. S. Radiator Corp. Hot Water Aerofin Corp. Steam .. American Steam Pump Co. ' Buffalo Steam Pump Co. Economy Pumping Machinery Co. ` Covers American Radiator Co. Reed Air Filter Co. Tuttle & Bailey Mfg. Co. U. S. Radiator Corp. . American Blower Corp. American Radiator Co. Bayley Blower Co. ' Buckeye Blower Co., The Burnham Boiler Corp. Circulair Heat, Inc. Finn Pump, M. J.,.-Mfg. Co. . Clarage Fan Co. Nash Engineering Co. Elbows (See Elbows, Radiator) Ilg Electric Ventilating Co. Catalogue Data of Manufacturers listed can be located by referring to pages 841 to 844 832 Index to 'Modern Equipment Johnson Fan & Blower Co. Kewanee Boiler Corp. National Radiator Corp. Herman Nelson Corp. McAlear Mfg. Co., The Titusville Iron Works Co., The Trane Co., The ' Whitlock Coil Pipe Co. Consolidated Ashcroft Hancock Co., Inc. (American Schaeffer & Budenberg Div.) . Cooling & Air Conditioning Corp. Niagara Blower Co. D. & T. Mfg. Co. Page, Wm. H., Boiler Co. Ammonia . Dunham, C. A., Co. Pierce, Butler & Pierce Mfg. Corp. Reed Air Filter Co. Richmond Radiator Co. Rome Brass Radiator Corp. Rome-Turney Radiator Co., The Schutte & Koerting Co. Crane Co. . General Air Filters Corp. Leader Iron Works . Titusville Iron Works Co., The Whitlock Coil Pipe Co. General Electric Co. Haines, William S.. & Co. Hoffman Specialty Co:, Inc. Illinois Engineering Co. Jenkins Bros. Kainer & Co. . Smith, H. B., Co.. The Sturtevant, B. F., Co. Thatcher Co., The Trane Co., The , U. S. Radiator Corp. Weil-McLain Co. York Heating & Ventilating Corp. Steam Aerofin Corp. American Blower Corp. American Gas Products Corp. American Radiator Co. Bayley Blower Co. Buckeye Blower Co., The Buffalo Forge Co. Burnham Boiler Corp. Circulair Heat, Inc. Clarage Fan Co. Kewanee Boiler Corp. National Radiator Corp. ' Condensation American District Steam Co. American Gas Products Corp. Bishop & Babcock Sales Co., The Buffalo Steam Pump Co. Chicago Pump Co. Crane Co. Davis, G. M., Regulator Co. Economy Pumping Machinery Co. Finn Pump, M. J., Mfg. Co. ' General Air Filters Corp. Illinois Engineering Co. Kieley & Mueller, Inc. Klipfel Mfg. Co. . Leader Iron Works Mason Regulator Co. McAlear Mfg. Co. Mueller Steam Specialty Co., Inc. Nash Engineering Co. Sterling Engineering Co. Kieley & Mueller, Inc. Klipfel Mfg. Co. Marine-Galligan Co., Inc. Marsh, Jas. P., & Co. Mason Regulator Co. McAlear Mfg. Co. Mueller Co. National Radiator Corp. National Regulator Co. Powers Regulator Co. Sarco Co., Inc. Shipp, C. C., & Co. Sterling Engineering Co. Stickle Steam Specialties Co. Swartwout Co., The Thrush. H. A.. & Co. Trane Co., The U. S. Radiator Corp. ' Vapor Engineering Co., Inc. Warren Webster & Co. Wing, L. J., Mfg. Co. Herman Nelson Corp. Niagara Blower Co. Titusville Iron Works Co., The Trane Co., The Feed Water . Page. Wm. H.. Boiler Co.' American Radiator Co. Pierce, Butler & Pierce Mfg. Corp. Reed Air Filter Co. . REFRIGERATING MACHINERY Consolidated Ashcroft Hancock Co., Inc. (American Schaeffer Richmond Radiator Co. Rome Brass Radiator- Corp. Rome-Turney Radiator Co., The Carrier Engineering Corp. Finn Pump, M. J., Mfg. Co. & Budenberg Div.) Davis, G. M.. Regulator Co. Finn Pump, M. J., Mfg. Co. Schutte & Koerting Co. Smith, H. B., Co.. The Sturtevant, B. F., Co. Thatcher Co., The REFRIGERATING SECTIONS American Radiator Co. McCord Radiator & Mfg. Co. Kieley & Mueller, Inc. Klipfel Mfg. Co. Mason Regulator Co. McAlear Mfg. Co. . ' Trane Co., The Rome Brass Radiator Corp. McDonnell & Miller U. S. Radiator Corp. ' Weil-McLain Co. REFRIGERATOR York Heating &Ventilating Corp. INSULATION Mueller Steam Specialty Co., Inc. Sarco Co., Inc. Stickle Steam Specialties Go. Armstrong Cork Insulation Co. Swartwout Co., The. Wall . Celotex Co. Taylor Instrument Cos. American Radiator Co. Buckeye Blower Co., The Burnham Boiler Corp. Circulair Heat, Inc. Flaxlinum Insulating Co. MacAndrews & Forbes Co. Pantasote Co., Inc. Stewart Inso Board Co. U. S. Radiator Corp. Wright-Austin Co. Humidity Clarage Fan Co. Kewanee Boiler Corp. National Radiator Corp. Page, Wm. H., Boiler Co. ' Pierce, Butler &-Pierce Mfg. Corp. Reed Air. Filter Co. Richmond Radiator Co. Rome Brass Radiator Corp. Smith. H. B.. Co., The Thatcher Co., The Trane Co., The U. S. Radiator Corp. Weil-McLain Co. REGISTERS--Warm Air Auer Register Co. - REGISTERS AND GRILLES Auer Register Co. Knowles Mushroom' Ventilator Co. Sturtevant, B. F., Co. Tuttle & Bailey Mfg. Co. REGISTERS AND GRILLES-- Ventilating Carrier Engineering Corp. Consolidated Ashcroft Hancock Co., Inc. (American Schaeffer & Budenberg Div.) . Cooling and Air Conditioning Corp. Grinnell Co., Inc. Johnson Service Co. Klipfel Mfg. Co. National Regulator Co. Powers Regulator Co. Taylor Instrument Cos. RECEIVERS--Air Economy Pumping Machinery Co. Auer Register Co. Buckeye Blower Co., The Tuttle & Bailey Mfg. Co. t Pressure Absolute Con-tac-tor Corp. American Radiator Co. Bishop & Babcock Sales Co., The Finn Pump, M. J., Mfg. Co. Frost Mfg. Co., The REGULATORS--Damper Consolidated Ashcroft Hancock Co., Inc. (American Schaeffer General Air Filters Corp. Absolute Con-tac-tor Corp. & Budenberg Div.) . Illinois Engineering Co. American District Steam Co. Crane Co. . Kewanee Boiler Corp. American Radiator Co. Davis, G. M., Regulator Co. Kieley & Mueller, Inc. Bishop & Babcock Sales Co., The Dunham, C. A.. Co. Klipfel Mfg. Co. Burnham Boiler Corp. Finn Pump. M. J., Mfg. Co. Leader Iron Works . Carrier Engineering Corp. General Electric Co. ` ... Catalogue Data of Manufacturers listed can be located by referring to pages 841 to 844 833 Index to Modern Equipment Hoffman Specialty Co., Inc. Illinois Engineering Co. Jenkins Bros. Johnson Service Co. Kainer & Co. - Kieley & Mueller, Inc. Klipfei Mfg. Co. Mason Regulator Co. McAlear Mfg. Co. McDonnell & Miller Mueller Co. Mueller Steam Specialty Co.. Inc. National Regulator Co. O-E Spedalty Mfg. Co. Petroleum Heat & Power Co. Powers Regulator Co. Stickle Steam Specialties Co. Swartwout Co., The Webster Tallmadge & Co., Inc. Taylor Instrument Cos. Thrush, H. A.. & Co. Trane Co., The U. S. Radiator Corp. Vapor Engineering Co., Inc. Pump American Radiator Co. Bishop & Babcock Sales Co.. The Consolidated Ashcroft Hancock Co., Inc. (American Schaeffer & Budenberg Div.) Davis, G. M., Regulator Co. Dunham, C. A., Co. Economy Pumping Machinery Co. . Finn Pump. M. J,, Mfg. Co. Illinois Engineering Co. Kieley & Mueller, Inc. Klipfei Mfg. Co. Mason Regulator Co. McAlear M/g. Co. Mueller Co. ` Mueller Steam Specialty Co., Inc. Stickle Steam Specialties Co. Swartwout Co., The Trane Co.. The Wright-Austin Co. Steam Absolute Con-tac-tor Corp. American District Steam Co. American Radiator Co. Bishop & Babcock Sales Co., The Consolidated Ashcroft Hancock Co., Inc. (American Schaeffer & Budenberg Div.) Davis, G. M., Regulator Co. Direct Control Valve Co. Dunham, C. A., Co. Illinois Engineering Co. Jenkins Bros. . Kieley & Mueller, Inc. Klipfei Mfg. Co. Mason Regulator Co. McAlear Mfg. Co. McDonnell & Miller Mueller Co. Mueller Steam Specialty Co., Inc. National Regulator Co. Petroleum Heat & Power Co. Powers Regulator Co. Sarco Co.. Inc. Stickle' Steam Specialties Co. Swartwout Co., The Webster Tallmadge & Co., Inc. Trane Co., The U. S. Radiator Corp. Warren Webster & Co. Wing, L. J.. Mfg. Co. Temperature Absolute Con-tac-tor Corp. American Radiator Co. Bishop & Babcock Sales Co.. The Burnham Boiler Corp. Carrier Engineering Corp. Consolidated Ashcroft Hancock Co.. Inc. (American Schaeffer & Budenberg Div.) Cooling and Air Conditioning Corp. D. & T. Mig. Co. Direct Control Valve Co. General Electric Co. Illinois Engineering Co. Johnson Service Co. Kieley & Mueller. Inc. Klipfei Mfg. Co. National Radiator Corp. National Regulator Co. O-E Specialty Mfg. Co. Powers Regulator Co. Sarco Co.. Inc. Sterling Engineering Co. Webster Tallmadge & Co., Inc. Taylor Instrument Cos. Thrush, H. A., & Co. U. S. Radiator Corp. Vacuum Absolute Con-tac-tor Corp. American Radiator Co. Bishop & Babcock Sales Co., The Chicago Pump Co. Consolidated Ashcroft Hancock Co., Inc. (American Schaeffer & Budenberg Div.) Davis, G. M., Regulator Co. Direct Control Valve Col Dunham, C. A., Co. . Economy Pumping Machinery Co. Finn Pump, M. J., Mfg. Co. Haines. William S., & Co. Hoffman Specialty Co., Inc. Illinois Engineering Co. Jenkins Bros. Kieley & Mueller,. Inc. Klipfei Mfg. Co. Marine-Galligan Co., Inc. Mason Regulator Co. McAlear Mfg. Co. Mueller Co. Mueller Steam Specialty Co., Inc. National Radiator Corp. - National Regulator Co. O-E Specialty Mfg. Co. Stickle Steam Specialties Co- Taylor Instrument Cos. Trane Co., The U. S. Radiator Corp. Warren Webster & Co. Vapor Absolute Con-tac-tor Corp. American District Steam Co. American Radiator Co. Bishop & Babcock Sales Co.. The Burnham Boiler Corp. Consolidated Ashcroft Hancock Co.. Inc. (American Schaeffer & Budenberg Div.) Davis, G. M., Regulator Co. Direct Control Valve Co. Dunham. C. A., Co. Finn Pump. M. J., Mfg. Co. Haines. William S., & Co. Hoffman Specialty Co., Inc. Illinois Engineering Co. ' Jenkins Bros. - Kieley & Mueller. Inc. ' Klipfei Mfg. Co. Marine-Galligan Co.. Inc. Mason Regulator Co. McAlear Mfg. Co. . McDonnell & Miller Mueller Steam Specialty Co., Inc. National Regulator Co. O-E Specialty Mfg. Co. Powers Regulator Co. Webster Tallmadge & Co., Inc. Trane Co., The U. S. Radiator Corp. Vapor Engineering Co.. Inc. Water Absolute Con-tac-tor Corp. American Radiator Co. Bishop & Babcock Sales Co., The Consolidated Ashcroft Hancock Co.. Inc. (American Schaeffer & Budenberg Div.) Davis. G. M., Regulator Co. Economy Pumping Machinery Co. Finn Pump, M. J., Mfg. Co. " Jenkins Bros. Kieley & Mueller, Inc. Klipfei Mfg. Co. Mason Regulator Co. McAlear Mfg. Co. Mueller Co. Mueller Steam Specialty Co., Inc. National Regulator Co. Powers Regulator Co. . Sarco Co.. Inc. Swartwout Co., The U. S. Radiator Corp. Water Level (See Controllers) REHEATERS--Air . Aerofin Corp. American Blower Corp. American Radiator Co. Bayley Blower Co. Buckeye Blower Co., The Buffalo Forge Co. General Air Filters Corp. Ug Electric Ventilating Co. New York Blower Co. Niagara Blower Co. Rome Brass Radiator Corp. Schutte & Koerting Co. Stickle Steam Specialties Co. Sturtevant. B. F., Co. York Heating & Ventilating Corp. RELAY SWITCHES {See Switches, Control and Relay) ROOF INSULATION Samuel Cabot, Inc. Celotex Co. Johns-Manville Corp. MacAndrews & Forbes Go. Masonite Corp. Pantasote Co.. Inc. Sprayo-Flake Co. Stewart Inso Board Co. Wood Conversion. Co. ROOF VENTILATORS (See Ven tilators, Roof) ROTARY DRYERS {See Drying A pparatus) ROTARY HACK SAW TOOLS American Radiator Co. Excelso Products Corp. Mueller Steam Specialty Co., Inc Catalogue Data of Manufacturers listed can be located by referring to pages 841 to 844 834 Index to Modern Equipment SCALE REMOVER--Boiler O-E Specialty Mfg. Co. Vinco Co., Inc., The SCRUBBERS. AIR American Blower Corp. Bayley Blower Co. Bentx Engineering Corp. Buffalo Forge Co. Niagara Blower Co. Sturtevant, B. F., Co. SEPARATORS--Dust American Blower Corp. Bayley Blower Co. Buffalo Forge Co. Clarage Fan Co. New York Blower Co. Niagara Blower Co. Sturtevant, B. F., Co. Steam and Oil American District Steam Co. Bishop & Babcock Sales Co., The Crane Co. _ Davis Engineering Corp. Illinois Engineering Co. Kieley & Mueller. Inc. McAlear Mfg. Co. Patteraon-Kelley Co. Stickle Steam Specialties Co. Swartwout Co., The Warren Webster & Co. Wright-Austin Co. ' SHEETS--Asbestos Johns-Manville Corp. New York Blower Co. SHIELDS {See Protectors, Radi ator) SHOWER BATH CONTROLLERS {See Controllers, Shower Bath) Sound Deadening {See Insulation) SIPHONS--Gage . Little Giant Mfg. Co., The SMOKE CONSUMER Bayley Blower Co. Combustion Specialties Corp. SOFTENERS, WATER {See Water Softeners) SPECIALTIES,"HEATING {See Heating Specialties) SPECIALTIES--Sheet Metal American Foundry & Furnace Co. Sturtevant, B., F.. Co. . York Heating & Ventilating Corp. SPECIALTIES, STEAM {See Steam Specialties) SPRAY COOLING SYSTEMS American Blower Corp. . Atmospheric Conditioning Corp. Bayley Blower Co. Buffalo Forge Co. Carrier Engineering Corp. Clarage Fan Co. . Cooling and -Air Conditioning Corp. Finn Pump. M. J., Mfg. Co. General Air Filters Corp. New York Blower Co. Niagara Blower Co. Sturtevant, B. F., Co. SPRAY NOZZLES (See Nosales, Spray) STACKS--Steel Bigelow Co., The STEAM CALORIMETERS {See Calorimeters, Steam) STEAM ENGINES {See Engines, Steam) STEAM HEATING SYSTEMS (See Heating Systems, Steam) STEAM AND WATER MIXERS (Thermostatic) (See Mixers) STEAM SPECIALTIES Absolute Con-tac-tor Corp. American District Steam Co. American Radiator Co. Armstrong Machine Works Barnes & Jones Bell & Gossett Co. Bishop & Babcock Sales Co., The Consolidated Ashcroft Hancock Co., Inc. (American Schaeffer & Budenberg Div.) Crane Co. Davis. G. M., Regulator Co. Direct Control Valve Co. Dunham, C. A., Co. General Air Filters Corp. Haines, William S., & Co. Hoffman Specialty Co. ' Illinois Engineering Co. Johns-Manville Corp. Kelly Brass Works Kieley & Mueller, Inc. Klipfei Mfg. Co. Marine-Galligan Co., Inc. Marsh, Jas. P., & Co. Mason Regulator Co. McAlear Mfg. Co. Mueller Co. Mueller Steam Specialty Co., Inc. National Regulator Co. O-E Specialty Mfg. Co. Powers Regulator Co. Russell, W. A., & Co. Sarco Co.. Inc. Sterling Engineering Co. Stickle Steam Specialties Co. Swartwout Co., The Webster Tallmadge & Co., Inc. Trane Co., The V. S. Radiator Corp. Warren Webster & Co. Wright-Austin Co. STOKERS--Automatic Whiting Corp. (Harrington Stoker Div.) Mechanical Whiting. Corp. (Harrington Stoker Div.) STRAINERS--Oil Absolute Con-tac-tor Corp. Consolidated' Ashcroft Hancock Co., Inc. (American Schaeffer & Budenberg Div.) Crane Co. Davis, G. M., Regulator Co. Illinois Engineering Co. Kieley'& Mueller, Inc. Mason Regulator Co. McAlear Mfg. Co. Mueller Co. Mueller Steam Specialty Co., Inc. Petroleum Heat & Power Co. Sarco Co.. Inc. . Trane Co.. The Wright-Austin Co. Steam Bishop & Babcock Sales Co., The Consolidated Ashcroft Hancock Co., Inc. (American Schaeffer & Budenberg Div.) Crane Co. Davis, G. M., Regulator Co. Dunham. C. A., Co. Illinois Engineering Co. Kieley & Mueller, Inc. Mason Regulator Co. McAlear Mfg. Co. Mueller Co. Mueller Steam Specialty Co., Inc. Sarco Co.. Inc. Sterling Engineering Co. Swartwout Co., The Wright-Austin Co. Water American District Steam Co. Bell & Gossett Co. . Crane Co. Davis, G. M.. Regulator Co. - Dunham. C. A., Co. Finn Pump. M. J.. Mfg. Co. Illinois Engineering Co. Kieley & Mueller. Inc. Mason Regulator Co. ' McAlear Mfg. Co. Mueller Co. Mueller Steam Specialty Co., Inc. Sarco Co., Inc. Sterling Engineering Co. Swartwout Co., The Wright-Austin Co. STRUCTURAL INSULATION Armstrong Cork & Insulation Co. Samuel Cabot, Inc. Celotex Co. Flax-li-num Insulating Co. Insulating Products Corp. Johns-Manville Corp. MacAndrews & Forbes Co. Masonite Corp. Pantasote Co.. Inc. Stewart Inso Board Co. . United States Gypsum Co. Universal Gypsum & Lime Co. Wood Conversion Co. SUPPLIES--Power Plant (Set Power Plant Supplies) SUPPORTS (See Hangers, Pipe and Radiator) - SWITCHES--Control-Relay Absolute Con-tac-tor Corp. American Radiator.Co. General Electric Co. McAlear Mfg. Co., The McDonnell & Miller National Regulator Co. Powers Regulator Co. Trane Co., The ' . Catalogue Data of Manufacturers listed can be located by referring to pages 841 to 844 835 Index to Modern Equipment Thermostatic-Relay Consolidated Ashcroft Hancock Cast Iron ' American Radiator Co. Safety General Electric Co. SYSTEMS--Domestic Hot Water Absolute Con-tac-tor Corp. American Gas Products Corp. American Radiator Co. - Bell & Gossett Co. Burnham Boiler Corp. Davis Engineering Corp. Excelso Products Corp. . Co., Inc. (American Schaeffer & Budenberg Div.) _ Cooling & Air Conditioning Corp. Direct Control Valve Co. General Electric Co. . Illinois Engineering Co. Johnson Service Co. Kainer & Co. Kieley & Mueller. Inc. Klipfel Mfg. Co. Mueller Co. National Regulator Co. Niagara Blower Co. Powers Regulator Co. Bishop & Babcock Sales Co., The Davis Engineering Corp. D. & T. Mfg. Co. Economy Pumping Machinery Co. Excelso Products Corp. Frank, O. E., Heater & Engi neering Co., Inc. Mueller Co. Neptune Meter Co. Patterson-Kelley Co. Thrush. H. A., & Co. Whitlock Coil Pipe Co. Finn Pump, M. J., Mfg. Co. ` Kainer & Co. Mueller Co. Richardson & Boynton Co. Rome Brass Radiator Corp. Smith, H. B., Co., The Spencer Heater Co. Thrush, H. A., & Co. U. S. Radiator Corp. Sarco Co.. Inc. . Sterling Engineering Co. Sturtevant, B. F.. Co. Webster Tallmadge & Co., Inc. Taylor Instrument Cos. Trane Co.i The Ventilating (See Ventilating Systerns) Hot Water Coatesville Boiler Works Davis Engineering Corp. Finn Pump, M. J., Mfg. Co. Leader Iron Works Titusville Iron Works Co., The Pressure Ames Iron Works Dust Collecting American Blower Corp. Bayley Blower Co. Buckeye Blower Co., The Buffalo Forge Co. Carrier Engineering Corp. Clarage Fan Co. Garden City Fan Co. General Air Filters Corp. Midwest Air Filters. Inc. National Air Filter Co. New York Blower Co. Niagara Blower Co. Reed Air Filter Co. Skinner Bros. Mfg. Co., Inc. Sturtevant, B. F., Co. Whiting Corp. Water Crane Co. Chicago Pump Co. Economy Pumping Machinery Co. Finn Pump, M. J., Mfg. Co. Leader Iron Works - Trane Co., The . Westco-Chippewa Pump Co. TANK--Coils (See Coils, Tank) Covering (See Covering, Pipe and Tank) Heaters (See Heaters, Tank) Regulators Bigelow Co., The Burnham Boiler Corp. Coatesville Boiler Works Consolidated Ashcroft Hancock Co.. Inc. (American Schaeffer & Budenberg Div.) . Edge Moor Iron Co. General Air Filters Corp. Harrisburg Star Boiler Corp. Herbert Boiler Co. Kainer & Co. Kewanee Boiler Corp. Kieley & Mueller. Inc. Leader Iron Works Mueller Co. Oil City Boiler Works Stanwood Corp., The Thrush, H. A., & Co. Titusville Iron Works Co., The Exhaust (See Exhaust Systems) Absolute Con-tac-tor Corp. American Radiator Co. Steam Hot Blast . Aerofin Corp. American Blower Corp. American Radiator Co. - Bayley Blower Co. Buckeye Blower Co., The . Buffalo Forge Co. ' Carrier Engineering Corp. Clarage Fan Co. . Garden City Fan Co. Ilg Electric Ventilating Co. . Langenberg Mfg. Co. New York Blower Co. O-E Specialty Mfg. Co. . ' Rome Brass Radiator Corp. Schutte & Koerting Co. Skinner Bros. Mfg. Co., Inc. Stickle Steam Specialties Co. Sturtevant, B. F., Co. .. Trane Co., The Wing, L. J., Mfg. Co. . York Heating & Ventilating Corp; Bishop & Babcock Sales Co., The Consolidated Ashcroft Hancock Co., Inc. (American Schaeffer & Budenberg Div.) Davis, G. M., Regulator Co. Direct Control Valve Co. Johnson Service Co. Kainer & Co. Kieley & Mueller, Inc. Klipfel Mfg. Co. Mason Regulator Co. McAlear Mfg. Co. . Mueller Co. Mueller Steam Specialty Co., Inc. National Regulator Co. Page, Wm. H., Boiler Co. Powers Regulator Co. Sarco Co;, Inc. Stickle Steam Specialties Co. Swartwout Co., Thex . Thrush, H. A., & Co. .. Trane Co., The Coatesville Boiler Works Leader Iron Works Titusville Iron Works Co., The Storage American Radiator Co. Ames Iron Works Bigelow Co., The Burnham Boiler Corp. Coatesville Boiler Works Davis Engineering Co. Edge Moor Iron Co. Frank, O. E., Heater & Engi neering Co. General Air Filters Corp. Harrisburg Star Boiler Corp. Herbert Boiler Co. Kewanee Boiler Corp. Leader Iron Works National Radiator Corp. Oil City Boiler Works Page, Wm. H.. Boiler Co. Spray Cooling (See Spray Cooling TANKS--Blow-Off Systems) Bigelow Co., The \ Patterson-Kelley Co. Stanwood Corp., The Titusville Iron Works Co., The Temperature Control ' Absolute Con-tac-tor Corp. American Blower Corp. American Radiator Co. Coatesville Boiler Works Economy Pumping Machinery Co. General Air Filters Corp. Herbert Boiler Co. TEMPERATURE REGULA TORS (See Regulators. Tempera ture) Bent2 Engineering Corp; , Bishop & Babcock Sales Co., The Kewanee Boiler Corp. Leader Iron Works THERMOMETERS Buffalo Forge Co. ": Oil City Boiler Works American Radiator Co. . Carrier Engineering Corp; . Stanwood Corp., The Bishop & Babcock Sales Co., The Clarage Fan Co. Titusville Iron Works Co.. The Burnham Boiler Corp. Catalogue Data of Manufacturers listed can be located by referring to pages 841 to 844 836 Index to Modern Equipment Consolidated Ashcroft Hancock Co., Inc. (American Schaeffer & Budenberg Div.) Hill, E. Vernon, Co. Marsh, Jas. P., & Co. National Radiator Corp. Pierce, Butler 8c Pierce Mfg. Corp. Powers Regulator Co. Taylor Instrument Cos. Thrush, H. A., & Go. U. S. Radiator Corp. THERMOSTATS Marsh, Jas. P-, & Co. McAlear Mfg. Co. Monash-Younker Co., Inc. Mueller Co. . National Radiator Corp. O-E Specialty Mfg. Co. Sarco Co., Inc. Sterling Engineering Co. Stickle Steam Specialties Co. Trane Co.. The U. S. Radiator Corp. Vapor Engineering Co., Inc. Warren Webster & Co. Absolute Con-tac-tor Corp. American Radiator Co. Return Bishop & Babcock Sales Co., The American Blower Corp. Burnham Boiler Corp. American District Steam Co. Consolidated Ashcroft Hancock Barnes & Jones Co., Inc. (American Schaeffer Bishop & Babcock Sales Co., The & Budenberg Div.) Crane Co. . General Electric Co. Dunham, C. A., Co. Johnson Service Co. General Air Filters Corp. Kieley & Mueller, Inc. Haines, William S.t & Co. Klipfel Mfg. Co. Hoffman Specialty Co., Inc. National Regulator Co. Illinois Engineering Co. Powers Regulator Co. Jenkins Bros. Sarco Co., Inc. Johns-Manville Corp. Taylor Instrument Cos. Kieley & Mueller. Inc. U. S. Radiator Corp. Marine-Galligan Co., Inc. Marsh. Jas. P. &'Co. TRAPS--Air McAlear Mfg. Co. Grinnell Co., The Milwaukee Valve Co. Monash-Younker Co., Inc. Air Blast Armstrong Machine Works Barnes & Jones Davis, G. M., Regulator Co. Haines, Wlliiam-S., & Co. - Mueller Steam Specialty Co.. Inc. O-E Specialty Mfg. Co. Sarco Co.. Inc. Sterling Engineering Co. Stickle Steam Specialties Co. Swartwout.Co., The Differential Vacuum . Trane Co., The U. S. Radiator Corp. Dunham, C. A., Co. Vapor Engineering Co., Inc. Float ` Warren Webster & Co. American District Steam Co. Return (Siphon) . Armstrong Machine Works Bishop & Babcock Sales Co., The Barnes & Jones Crane Co. ' Marsh, Jas. P., & Co. Davis Engineering Corp. Davis, G. M., Regulator Co. Dunham. C. A.. Co. General Air Filters Corp. . Haines; William S., & Co. Hoffman Specialty Co., Inc. Illinois Engineering Co. Kieley & Mueller, Inc. Klipfel Mfg. Co. Marine-Galligan Co., Inc. McAlear Mfg. Co., The Mueller Steam Specialty Co., Inc. Sarco Co..-Inc. Sterling Engineering Co. Stickle Steam Specialties Co. Swartwout Co.. The Trane Co., The . . Steam American Blower Corp. American District Steam Co. Armstrong Machine Works . Barnes & Jones Bishop & Babcock Sales Co., The Consolidated Ashcroft Hancock Co., Inc. (American Schaeffer & Budenberg Div.) . Crane Co. Davis Engineering Corp. Davis, G. M., Regulator Co. Dunham, C. A,. Co. . General Air Filters Corp. Grinnell Co., Inc. Haines, William S., & Co. Hoffman Specialty Co., Inc. . Float and Thermostatic Dunham, C. A., Co., . Illinois Engineering Co. Jenkins Bros. Johns-Manville Corp. Radiator Kieley & Mueller, Inc. Klipfel Mfg. Co. American District Steam Co. Marine-Galligan Co., Inc. Armstrong Machine Works Marsh. Jas. P., & Co. Barnes & Jones McAlear Mfg._ Co. Bishop & Babcock Sales Co., The Milwaukee Valve Co. Dunham, C. A., Co. Monash-Younker Co.. Inc. . ' Haines, William S., & Co. Mueller Steam Specialty Co., Inc. Hoffman Specialty Co., Inc. O-E Specialty Mfg. Co. Illinois Engineering Co. Patterson-Kelley Co. Jenkins Bros. Powers Regulator Co. Johns-Manville Corp. Sarco Co., Inc. ' Marine-Galligan Co., Inc. Sterling Engineering Co. Stickle Steam Specialties Co. - Sturtevant, B. F.. Co. Swartwout Co.. The Trane Co., The . U. S. Radiator Corp. Warren Webster & Co. Wright-Austin Co. Thermostatic American District Steam Co. Armstrong Machine Works Barnes & Jones Dunham. C. A.. Co. Haines, William S., & Co. Hoffman Specialty Co., Inc. Jenkins Bros. McAlear Mfg. Co., The Milwaukee Valve Co. Sarco Co., Inc. , Sterling Engineering Co. Stickle Steam Specialties Co. Trane Co.. The ` Vapor Engineering Co., Inc. Vacuum American District Steam Co. Armstrong Machine Works Barnes & Jones Bishop & Babcock Sales Co., The Crane Co. Dunham, C. A., Co. Finn Pump, M. J., Mfg. Co. Haines. William S.t & Co. Hoffman Specialty Co.. Inc. Illinois Engineering Co. Johns-Manville Corp. Kieley & Mueller. Inc. Klipfel Mfg. Co. ' Marine-Galligan Co., Inc. . Marsh, Jas. P., & Co. McAlear Mfg. Co. Milwaukee Valve Co. Monash-Younker Co., Inc. Mueller Steam Specialty Co., Inc. O-E Specialty Mfg. Co. . Sarco Co., Inc. Sterling Engineering Co. Stickle Steam Specialties Co. Swartwout Co., The Trane Co.; The U. S. Radiator Corp. Warren Webster & Co. TRUCKS--Radiator Little Giant Mfg. Co., The TURBINES--Steam Finn Pump, M. J.. Mfg. Co. General Electric Co. Sturtevant, B; F., Co. Wing, L. J., Mfg. Co. TURBO-BLOWERS American Blower Corp. Buffalo Forge Co. ' General Electric Co. New York Blower Co. Sturtevant, B. F,, Co. Wing, L. J.. Mfg. Co. . . UNDERGROUND PIPE CON DUIT (See Conduits, Underground Pipe) UNIT HEATERS--(See Heaters, Unit) VACUUM--Cleaning Apparatus . Buffalo Forge Co. Nash Engineering Co. 1 Sturtevant, B. F., Co. Catalogue Data of Manufacturers listed can be located by referring to pages 841 to 844 837 7. yjy Index to Modern Equipment Dryers (See Drying Apparatus) Automatic Gas Shut-off Barnes & Jones * Gages (See Gages, Vacuum) - Heating Systems (See Heating Systems, Steam Vacuum), : Pumps (See Pumps, Vacuum) Regulators (See Regulators, Vacuum) Specialties (See Heating Special* ties) Traps (See Traps, Vacuum) VALVES--Air American District Steam Co. American Foundry & Furnace Co. American Radiator Co. Bishop & Babcock Sales Co.. The Burnham Boiler Corp. Consolidated Ashcroft Hancock Co.. Inc. (American Schaeffer & Budenberg Div.) American Radiator Co. Back-Pressure Bell & Gossett Co. Bishop & Babcock Sales Co.. The Consolidated Ashcroft Hancock Co.. Inc. (American Schaeffer & Budenberg Div.) Crane Co. ^ Davis. G. M., Regulator Co. Illinois Engineering Co. Jenkins Bros. ' Kieley & Mueller, Inc. . Klipfel Mfg. Co. Mason Regulator Co. McAlear Mfg. Co. Mueller Steam Specialty Co., Inc. O-E Specialty Mfg. Co. Stickle Steam Specialties Co. Blow-Off ... . Consolidated Ashcroft Hancock Co., Inc. (American Schaeffer & Budenberg Div.) Crane Co. Davis. G. M., Regulator Co. Bishop & Babcock Sales Co., The Burnham Boiler Corp. Crane Co. Direct Control Valve Co. Dole Valve Co., The Dunham. C. A.. Co. Haines. William S., & Co. Hoffman Specialty Co., Inc. Illinois Engineering Co. Jenkins Bros. Johns-Manville Corp. Kieley & Mueller, Inc. Marine-Galiigan Co., Inc. Marsh, Jas. P-. & Co. Marsh Valve Co. Mason Regulator Co. McAlear Mfg. Co. Milwaukee Valve Co. Monash-Younker Co., Inc. National Radiator Corp, O-E Specialty Mfg. Co. Sarco Co.. Inc. Sterling Engineering Co. Trane Co., The U. S. Radiator Corp. Vapor Engineering Co., Inc. Warren Webster & Co. Crane Co. Davis. G. M., Regulator. Co. Fairbanks Co., The Jenkins Bros. Hot Water Direct Control Valve Co. Dole Valve Co.. The Dunham. C. A.. Co. Healy-Ruff Co. Hoffman Specialty Co., Inc. Jenkins Bros. Kelly Brass Works r Kieley & Mueller. Inc. Marine-GalIigan Co., Inc. Marsh. Jas. P.. & Co. McAlear Mfg. Co. Monash-Younker Co.. Inc. Mueller Co. Mueller Steam Specialty Co.. Inc. National Radiator Corp. New York Air Valve Corp. O-E Specialty Mfg, Co. Page.Wm. H., Boiler Co. Pierce, Butler & Pierce Mfg. Corp. Powers Regulator Co. Rome Brass Radiator Corp. Russell, W. A.. & Co. Smith. H. B., Co.i The Mueller Co. Mueller Steam Specialty Co.. Inc. U. S. Radiator Corp. Diaphragm National Regulator Co. Float American Radiator Co. Bell & Gossett Co. Crane Co. . Davis, G. M., Regulator Co. Illinois Engineering Co. Kieley & Mueller. Inc. Klipfel Mfg. Co. Mason Regulator Co. McAlear Mfg. Co. Mueller Steam-Specialty Co., Inc. O-E Specialty Mfg. Co. ` Stickle Steam Specialties Co. Trane Co., The . U. S. Radiator Corp. American Radiator Co. Barnes & Jones Burnham Boiler Corp. Consolidated Ashcroft Hancock Co.. Inc. (American Schaeffer & Budenberg Div.) Crane Co. Davis, G- M., Regulator Co. Dole Valve Co-. The Fairbanks Co., The Finn Pump, M. J., Mfg. Co. Jenkins Bros. Marsh. Jas. P.. & Co. Marsh Valve Co. National Radiator Corp. Pierce. Butler & Pierce Mfg. Corp. U. S. Radiator Corp. Magnetic Absolute Con-tac-tor Corp. American Radiator Co. Sterling Engineering Co. Trane Co.. The Gage U. S. Radiator Corp. American Radiator Co. Angle, Check 'and Globe Bishop & Babcock Sales Co.. The Crane Co. American Radiator Co. Crane Co. . Davis. G. M., Regulator Co. Dole Valve Co., The Grinnell Co., Inc. O-E Specialty Mfg. Co. Stickle Steam Specialties Co. U. S. Radiator Corp. Fairbanks Co., The ' Grinnell Co.. Inc. Gate Illinois Engineering Co. American District Steam Co. Jenkins Bros. American Radiatof'Co. ' Marine-Galiigan Co., Inc. Crane Co. . Marsh Valve Co. Dole Valve Co.. The McAlear Mfg. Co. Fairbanks Co., The Mueller Steam Specialty Co., Inc. Jenkins Bros. National Radiator Corp. Marine-Galiigan Co.. Inc. O-E Specialty Mfg. Co. Marsh, Jas. P., & Co. Pierce. Butler & Pierce Mfg. Corp. Marsh Valve Co. Powers Regulator Co. Milwaukee Valve Co. . Trane Co.. The National Radiator Corp. U. S. Radiator Corp. O-E Specialty Mfg. Co. U. S. Radiator Corp. Anti-Siphon .- Consolidated Ashcroft Hancock Graduating . Modulating . ' American District Steam Co. American Radiator Co. ' Barnes & Jones ' Bishop & Babcock Sales Co., The Burnham Boiler Corp. Crane-Co. Direct Control Valve Co. Dole Valve Co.. The Dunham, C. A., Co. Haines, William S., & Co. Hoffman Specialty Co., Inc. Illinois Engineering Co. Jenkins BrOs. Kieley & Mueller. Inc. Marine-Galiigan Co., Inc. Marsh, Jas. P,, & Co. Marsh Valve Co. McAlear Mfg. Co. Monash-Younker Co., Inc. O-E Specialty Mfg. Co. Pierce, Butler & Pierce Mfg. Corp. ' Sarco Co.. Inc. Sterling Engineering Co. Trane Co.. The U. S. Radiator Corp. Co., Inc. (American Schaeffer American District Steam Co. Vapor Engineering Co.. Inc. & Budenberg Div.) American Radiator Co. ; Warren Webster & Co. Catalogue Data of Manufacturers listed can be located by referring to pages 841 to 844 838 Index to Modern Equipment Packless McAlear Mfg. Co. Steam Feed American District Steam Co. American Radiator Co. Barnes & Jones Bishop & Babcock Sales Co., The Burnham Boiler Corp. Crane Co. Davis, G. M., Regulator Co. Direct Control Valve Co. Mueller Co. Mueller Steam Specialty Co., Inc. O-E Specialty Mfg. Co. Powers Regulator Co. Stickle Steam Specialties Co. Swartwout Co., The Regrinding Crane Co. . Davis, G. M., Regulator Co. Fairbanks Co., The Jenkins Bros. . Kieley & Mueller, Inc.- McAlear Mfg. Co. . Mueller Steam Specialty Co.. Inc. O-E Specialty Mfg. Co. Dole Valve Co., The Crane Co. Swartwout Co., The Dunham, C. A., Co. Haines, William S., & Co. Fairbanks Co., The Jenkins Bros. Thermostatic - Illinois Engineering Co. American Radiator Co. Marine-Galiigan Co., Inc. Marsh. Jas. P-, & Co. Marsh Valve Co. McAlear Mfg. Co. Milwaukee Valve Co. Monash-Younker Co., Inc. National Radiator Corp. O-E Specialty Mfg. Co. Pierce, Butler & Pierce Mfg. Corp. Sarco Co.. Inc. Sterling Engineering Co. Trane Co., The U. S. Radiator Corp. Warren Webster & Co. Radiator American District Steam Co. .American Radiator Co. Barnes & Jones Bishop & Babcock Sales Co., The Burnham Boiler Corp. Crane Co. Davis. G. M., Regulator Co. Direct Control Valve Co. ' Dole Valve Co., The Dunham. C. A., Co. Fairbanks Co.. The Grinnell Co., Inc. Haines, William S., & Co. Hoffman Specialty Co., Inc. Illinois Engineering Co. Jenkins Bros. Johns-Manville Corp. Relief American Radiator Co. Bell & Gossett Co. Burnham Boiler Corp. Consolidated Aschroft Hancock Co.. Inc. (American Schaeffer & Budenberg Div.) Crane Co. Davis, G. M., Regulator Co. Illinois Engineering Co. Kainer & Co. Kieley & Mueller, Inc. Klipfel Mfg. Co. McAlear Mfg. Co. Mueller Co. Mueller Steam Specialty Co., Inc. Neptune Meter Co. O-E Specialty Mfg. Co. Petroleum Heat & Power Co. Powers Regulator Co. Stickle Steam Specialties Co. Swartwout Co., The Thrush. H. A., & Co. Titusville Iron Works Co., The U. S. Radiator Corp. Return Line Barnes & Jones Bishop & Babcock Sales Co., The Dunham, C. A., Co. Fairbanks Co.. The Finn Pump. M. J.. Mfg. Co. Barnes & Jones Bishop & Babcock Sales Co.. The Burnham Boiler Corp. Direct Control Valve Co. Dole Valve Co.. The Dunham. C. A.. Co. Haines, William S., & Co. Hoffman Specialty Co., Inc. Illinois Engineering Co. Jenkins Bros.. Kieley & Mueller. Inc. ' Klipfel Mfg. Co. Marsh, Jas. P.. & Co. McAlear Mfg. Co. Milwaukee Valve Co. Monash-Younker Co., Inc. National Regulator Co. New York Air Valve Corp. O-E Specialty Mfg. Co. Powers Regulator Co. ` Sarco Co., Inc. # _ . Stickle Steam Specialties Co. Trane Co.. The U. S. Radiator Corp. Vapor Engineering Co., Inc. Vacuum American District Steam Co. American Radiator Co. Barnes & Jones Bell & Gossett Co. Bishop & Babcock Sales Co., The Burnham Boiler Corp. Klipfel Mfg. Co. Marine-Galiigan Co., Inc. Marsh, Jas. P., & Co. Marsh Valve Co. McAlear Mfg. Co. Monash-Younker Co., Inc. National Radiator Corp. Herman Nelson Corp. New York Air Valve Corp. * O-E Specialty Mfg. Co. Pierce, Butler & Pierce Mfg. Corp. Powers Regulator Co. Russell. W. A.. & Co. Sarco Co-. Inc. Sterling Engineering Co. . Trane Co., The Haines, William S.. & Co. Hoffman Specialty Co.. Inc. Illinois Engineering Co. Jenkins Bros. Kelly Brass Works Kieley & Mueller. Inc. Marine-Galiigan Co., Inc. Marsh, Jas. P.. & Co. McAlear Mfg. Co. National Radiator Corp. O-E Specialty Mfg. Co. Sarco Co., Inc. Stickle Steam Specialties Co. Trane Co., The U. S. Radiator Corp. Warren Webster & Co. Crane Co. ' Davis, G. M., Regulator Co. Dole Valve Co., The Dunham. C. A., Co. Finn Pump, M. J.. Mfg. Co. Haines, William S., & Co. Hoffman Specialty Co., Inc. Illinois Engineering Co. Jenkins Bros. Kelly Brass Works Klipfel Mfg. Co. Marine-Galiigan Co.. Inc. Marsh, Jas. P., & Co. Marsh Valve Co. - McAlear Mfg. Co. Monash-Younker Co.. Inc. U. S. Radiator Corp. Vapor Engineering Co., Inc. Safety Mueller Steam Specialty Co., Inc. O-E Specialty Mfg. Co. Warren Webster & Co. American District Steam Co. Russell, W. A., & Co. Reducing American Radiator Co. Burnham Boiler Corp. Sarco Co.. Inc. Sterling Engineering Co. American District Steam Co. Bell & Gossett Co. Bishop & Babcock Sales Co.. The Consolidated Aechroft Hancock Co., Inc. (American Schaeffer Consolidated Ashcroft Hancock Co.. Inc. (American Schaeffer & Budenberg Div.) Crane Co. Davis. G. M.., Regulator Co. Stickle Steam Specialties Co. Titusville Iron Works Co., The Trane Co.. The . U. S. Radiator Corp. Warren Webster & Co. & Budenberg Div.) Davis, G- M.. Regulator Co. Dunham. C. A.. Co. Illinois Engineering Co. Jenkins Bros. Kainer & Co. - Kieley & Mueller, Inc. Klipfel Mfg. Co. Mason Regulator Co. . Jenkins Bros. Marsh, Jas. P.. & Co. Mueller Co. . Mueller Steam Specialty Co., Inc. National Radiator Corp. New York Air Valve Corp. O-E Specialty Mfg. Co. Titusville Iron Works Co., The U. S. Radiator Corp. Vapor American District Steam Co. American Radiator Co. Barnes & Jones Bishop & Babcock Sales Co-. The Burnham Boiler Corp. Crane Co. Davis, G. M., Regulator Co. Catalogue Data of Manufacturers listed can be located-by referring to pages 841 to 844 839 Index to Modern Equipment Dole Valve Co., The Dunham, C. A., Co. Finn Pump, M. J.t Mfg. Co. Haines. William S., & Co. Hoffman Specialty Co., Inc. Illinois Engineering Co. Jenkins Bros. . Kieley & Mueller, Inc. Marine-Galligan Co., Inc. Marsh, Jas. P., & Co. Marsh Valve Co. McAlear Mfg. Co. Monash-Younker, Co. O-E Specialty Mfg. Co. Sarco Co.. Inc. Sterling Engineering Co., Stickle Steam Specialties Co. Trane Co., The U. S. Radiator Corp. New York Blower Co. Niagara Blower Co. . Peerless Unit Ventilation Co., Inc. Reed Air Filter Co. Rome Brass Radiator Corp. Schutte & Koerfing Co. Shipp, C. C., & Co. Skinner Bros. Mfg. Co., Inc. Stickle Steam Specialties Co.. Sturtevant, B. F.. Co. Swartwout Co., The Trane Co., The Wing. L. J., Mfg. Co. VENTILATORS--Mushroom American Blower Corp. American Foundry & Furnace Co. Buckeye Blower Co., The Hoffman Specialty Co., Inc. Marsh, Jas. P., & Co. * McAlear Mfg. Co. . O-E Specialty Mfg. Co. Russell. W. A.. & Co. Sarco Co., Inc. Trane Co., The Tuttle & Bailey Mfg. Co. WARM-AIR FURNACES (See Furnaces, Warm Air) . WARM-AIR HEATING SYS TEMS (See Heating Systems Warm Air) ' WARM-AIR REGISTERS (,See Registers, Warm Air) Vapor Engineering. Co., Inc. Warren Webster & Co. Clarage Fan Co. Knowles Mushroom Co. Ventilator . WATER COLUMNS (See Columns Water) ' VAPOR HEATING SYSTEMS See Heating Systems, Steam) Vapor) VENTILATING--Blowers (See Blowers, Ventilating) ' New York Blower Co. Sturtevant, B. F.t Co. Roof American Foundry & Furnace Co. Buckeye Blower Co., The WATER COOLED GRATES (See Grates) WATER GAGES (See Gages. Water) Fans (See Fans, Ventilating) . Buffalo Forge Co. Hirschman, W. F., Co., Inc. WATER FEEDERS (See Feeders Water), .. Registers and Grilles (See Reg isters and Grilles, Ventilating) Ilg Electric Ventilating Co. Johns-Manville Corp. New York Blower Co. WATER HEATERS (Sec Heaters) Systems Niagara Blower Co. O-E Specialty Mfg. Co. WATER METERS (See Meters. Water) Aerofin Corp. Shipp, C. C., & Co. . American Blower Corp. Bayley Blower Co. ' Skinner Bros. Mfg. Co., Inc. Sturtevant, B. F., Co. WATER MIXERS. (Thermostatic) (See Mixers) Bentz Engineering Corp. Swartwout Co., The Buffalo Forge Co. WATER-PROOF CEMENT (See Carrier Engineering Corp. Window Cement, Water Proof) Clarage Fan Co. Cooling and Air Conditioning Corp. De Bothezat Impeller Co. . Finn Pump, M. J., Mfg. Co. Buckeye Blower Co., The De Bothezat Impeller Co. Reed Air Filter Co. Sturtevant, B. F., Co. ' WATER PURIFICATION United States Ozone Co. Garden City Fan Co. . . General Air Filters Corp. Hirschman, W. F., Co.. Inc. Ilg Electric Ventilating Co. VENTS--Air - American Radiator Co. Auer Register Co. WATER SOFTENERS Crane Co. Finn Pump, M. J., Mfg. Co. Johnson Fan & Blower Co. - Knowles Mushroom. Ventilator Co. Bishop & Babcock Sales Co., The Burnham Boiler. Corp. Crane Co. WATER- SYSTEMS (See Systems. Water) Midwest Air Filters. Inc. ' Dole Valve Co.. The National Air Filter Co. Dunham, C. A:, Go. WEATHER STRIPS--Metal Nesbitt, John J., Co. . Hirschman, W, F., Co., Inc. Higgin Mfg. Co. Catalogue Data of Manufacturers listed can be located by referring to pages 841 to 844 \ 840 Index to Advertisers AMERICAN SOCIETY of HEATING and VENTILATING ENGINEERS GUIDE 1929 Page Absolute Con-Tac-Tor Corp., Elkhart, Ind...............:.......................... --....................... 594 Aerofin Corp., 850 Frelinghuysen Ave., Newark, N. J........................................... 666-668 Alberger Heater Co., 218 Chicago St., Buffalo, N. Y ........................ --................... 642 American Blower Corp., Detroit, Mich..........................................................................599 American District Steam Co., N. Tonawanda, N. Y..............................-....................... 596 American Foundry & Furnace Co., Bloomington, 111.......................................... ............ 595 American Gas Products Corp., 376 Lafayette St., New York, N. Y........................... 523 American Radiator Co., 40 West 40th St., New York, N. Y............... 509-522, 664-665 American Steam Pump Co., Battle Creek, Mich............................................ ................. 715 Ames Iron Works, Oswego, N. Y.................................................................... :................... 558 Ames Pump Co., Inc., 90 West St., New York, N. Y............................... ..................... 716 Armstrong Cork & Insulation Co.; 24th St. and Allegheny River, Pittsburgh, Pa. . -, 614,686-687 Armstrong Machine Works, 352 Maple St., Three Rivers, Mich................................ 740 Auer Register Co., 3608 Payne Ave., Cleveland, Ohio.--;--........................................... 738 Automatic Burner Corp., 312 N. May St., Chicago, 111.................................................. 583 E. B. Badger & Sons Co., 75 Pitts St., Boston, Mass.... ............. .......................... ----- 597 Ballard Oil Equipment Co., 124 Branford Place, Newark, N. J........ .................. ;....... 584 Banner Rock Products Co., Alexandria, Ind-................ ---................................. - 688-689 Barnes & Jones, 128 Brookside Ave., Jamaica Plain, Mass....... .................................... 741 Bayley Blower Co., 784 Greenbush St., Milwaukee, Wis.._....... ................................... 600 Bell & Gossett Co., 3000 Wallace St., Chicago, 111....................... -................ --..........- 643 Bentz Engineering Corp., 661 Frelinghuysen Ave., Newark, N. J. ......... 1................. 495 Bigelow Co., The, 92 River St., New Haven, Conn.................. ................... :......... 524--525 Bishop & Babcock Sales Co., 4901--4915 Hamilton Ave., Cleveland, Ohio.................... 742 Buckeye Blower Co., 435 W. Town St., Columbus, Ohio...........................................r-- 601 Buffalo Forge Co., 490 Broadway, Buffalo, N. Y......... ..................... -............................. 602 Buffalo Steam Pump Co., 490 Broadway, Buffalo, N. Y...................................... :........ 717 Builders Iron Foundry, 9 Codding St., Providence, R. I.--...............................--......... 707 Burnham Boiler Corp., Irvington-on-Hudson, N. Y........................................................ 526 Samuel Cabot, Inc., 141 Milk St., Boston, Mass....................................................... -..... 692 Carrier Engineering Corp., 850 Frelinghuysen Ave., Newark, N. J..................... 496-497 Carrier Lyle Corp., 39 Cortlandt St., New York, N. Y................................ ......... 650-651 Celotex Co., 645 N. Michigan Ave., Chicago, 111..----.............................................. 690-691 Chicago Pump Co., 2336 Wolfram St., Chicago, 111.................... ........................... 718-719 Circulair Heat, Inc., 215 Central Ave., Louisville, Ky..,,....................................... 618-619 Clarage Fan Co., Kalamazoo, Mich..........................l........................................................ 603 Clip-Bar Mfg. Co., 1119 Roy St., Philadelphia, Pa......................::........................ ........ 729 Coatesville Boiler Works, Coatesville, Pa___ ............ .--.......-......................................... 527 Combustion Specialties Corp., 250 West 54th St., New York, N. Y........................... 743 Consolidated Ashcroft Hancock Co., Inc., (American Schaeffer and Budenberg Corp., Division) 338 Berry St., Brooklyn, N. Y.................-.............-.......................... 677 Cooling & Air Conditioning Corp., The, 11 West 42nd St., New York, N. Y........... 498 Copper Radiator Sales Corp., Imperial Building, Schenectady, N. Y................. 732-733 Crane Co., 836 S. Michigan Ave., Chicago, 111..............-.......................................... 804-805 841- American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1929 Page D. & T. Mfg. Co., 3001 La Salle St., St. Louis, Mo.......................:..............!................ 672 Davis Engineering Corp., 90 West St., New York, N. Y................:............................. 644 G. M. Davis Regulator Co., 407 Milwaukee Ave., Chicago, 111................ :.................. 744 De Bothezat Impeller Co., Inc., 1922 Park Ave., New York, N. Y............................ 604 Direct Control Valve Co., 332 S. Michigan Boul., Chicago, 111_J........................ 806-807 Dole Valve Co., 1913 Carroll Ave., Chicago, III................................. ............................. 808 C. A. Dunham Co., 450 E. Ohio St., Chicago, 111.................................................... 745-754 Economy Pumping Machinery Co., 3431 West 48th Place, Chicago, 111................ 720-721 Edge Moor Iron Co., Edge Moor, Del................................................................. ...... 528-529 Ellison Draft Gage Co., 214 W. Kinzie St., Chicago, 111......................... .............. 616-617 Excelso Products Corp., 65 Clyde Ave., Buffalo, N. Y................................................... 645 Fairbanks Co., 393 Lafayette St., New York, N. Y-.................................!.................... 809 M. J. Finn Pump Mfg. Co., 435 Fifth Ave., Pittsburgh, Pa...................... :......... 722-723 Fitzgibbons Boiler Co., Inc., 570 Seventh Ave., New York, N. Y...................... 530-531 Flax-Li-Num Insulating Co., Wabash & Hampden Sts., St. Paul, Minn........... 694r-695 O. E. Frank Heater & Engrg. Co., Inc., 20 Milburn St., Buffalo, N. Y................. 646 Frost-Manufacturing Co., The, 1530 Henderson St., Galesburg, 111..................... 532-533 Garden City Fan Co., 332 S. Michigan Ave., Chicago, III................................... 605 General Air Filters Corp., 369 Lexington Ave., New York, N. Y................................ 504 General Electric Co., 1 River Road, Schenectady, N. Y........................................ 710-711 Grinnell Co., Inc., 275 W. Exchange St., Providence, R. 1................................... 657-663 Wm. S. Haines & Co., 12th and Buttonwood Sts., Philadelphia, Pa........................... 764 Hardinge Brothers, Inc., 4149 Ravenswood Ave., Chicago, 111..................................... 585 Harrisburg Star Boiler'Corp., 15 Park Row, New York, N. Y ..... ........................... 538 Healy-Ruff Co., 791 Hampden Ave., St. Paul, Minn.............................................. ....... 731 Heating & Ventilating Magazine, 243 West 39th St., New York, N. Y..;.................. 714 Heggie-Simplex Boiler Co., Joliet, 111........................ ...................... ;..................... . 534-535 Herbert Boiler Co., Root and La Salle Sts., Chicago, 111....................................... 536-537 Higgin Mfg. Co., Newport, Ky................................................................. .................. 708-709 E. Vernon Hill Co., 121 N. Clark St., Chicago, 111.......................................................... 678 W. F. Hirschman Co., Inc., 220 Delaware Ave., Buffalo, N. Y........................... 816-817 Hoffman Specialty Co., Inc., 25 West 45th St., New York, N. Y.._.......... 620-621, 755-761 Ilg Electric Ventilating Co., 2850 N. Crawford Ave., Chicago, 111.TM........................... 606 Illinois Engineering Co., 21st St. and Racine Ave., Chicago, III..................:....... 762-763 Insulating Products Corp., 280 Madison Ave., New York, N. Y.TM............................. 684 Insulite Co., The, Builders Exchange, Minneapolis, Minn............................................ 693 Jenkins Brothers, 80 White St., New York, N. Y.._........................................................ 810 Johns-Manville Corp., 292 Madison Ave., New York, N. Y..................:........... 680-683 Johnson Fan & Blower Co., 1319 Lake St., Chicago, 111..................... .......................... 607 Johnson Service Co., 149-159 E. Michigan St., Milwaukee, Wis......................... 794-798 Kainer & Co., 771 Mather St., Chicago, 111...................................................................... 673 Kelly Brass Works, 226-232 W. Ontario St., Chicago, 111.................:................... 766-767 . Kewanee Boiler Corp., Kewanee, 111........................................................................... 539-545 Kieley & Mueller, Inc., 34 West 13th St., New York, N. Y......................................... 765 Klipfel Mfg. Co., 2641 W. Harrison St., Chicago, 111............................. ................ 768-769 Knowles Mushroom Ventilator Co., 202 Franklin St., New York, N. Y............ 502-503 -842 Index to Advertisers Page Langenberg Mfg. Co., 4549 N. Euclid Ave., St. Louis, Mo..--.......................... 1........ 615Leader Iron Works, 3010 N. Jasper St., Decatur, III...................................................... 546 Little Giant Mfg. Co., The, 1927 Nicollet Ave., Minneapolis, Minn.TM....................... 730 MacAndrews & Forbes Co., Third and Jefferson Sts., Camden, N. J................ - 696-697 Marine-Galligan Co., Inc., 1822 Ludlow St., Philadelphia, Pa...................................... 770 Jas. P. Marsh & Co., 114-124 S. Clinton St., Chicago, 111...... .............................. 772-773 Marsh Valve Co., Dunkirk, N. Y........ ...................................................................... 812-815 Mason Regulator Co., Boston, Mass.................................................................................. 771 Masonite Corp., Ill W. Washington St., Chicago, 111.................................................... 700 May Oil Burner Corp., 3500 E. Biddle St., Baltimore, Md.......................-.......... 586-587 McAlear Mfg. Co., 1901 S. Western Ave., Chicago, III.............................................. --- 774 McCord Radiator & Mfg. Co., 2587 E. Grand Blvd., Detroit, Mich--....................... 669 McDonnell & Miller, 400 N. Michigan Ave., Chicago, 111.............................................. 582 McQuay Radiator Corp., 35 E. Wacker Drive, Chicago, III................................. 626-627 Midwest Air Filters, Inc., Bradford, Pa.........................................................................-... 505 Milwaukee Valve Co., Burrell and Chase Sts., Milwaukee, Wis................................... 775 Mogul Machine Co., 608 Witherspoon Bldg., Philadelphia, Pa................................... - 598. Molby Boiler Co., Inc., 420 Lexington Ave., New York, N. Y.....................-...... 548-549 Monash-Younker Co., Inc., 1315 W. Congress St., Chicago, 111........................... 776-777 Monitor Boiler Co., 1505 Race St., Philadelphia, Pa...................................................... 547 Mueller Co., Decatur, 111--.................................. -................................... .......................... 674 L. J. Mueller Furnace Co., 200 Reed St., Milwaukee, Wis.... ....................................... 561 Mueller Steam Specialty Co., 502 West 126th St., New York, N. Y--..................... 778 Nash Engineering Co., The, S. Norwalk, Conn........................................................ 724^725 National Air Filter Co., 5130 Ravenswood Ave., Chicago, HI--..........................-...... 506 National Radiator Corp., 221 Central Ave., Johnstown, Pa................................. 550-552 National Regulator Co.,.2311 Knox Ave., Chicago, 111................................................... 799 Herman Nelson Corp., The, Moline, III.................................................................... 628-629 Neptune Meter Co., 50 East 42nd St., New York, N. Y--...................-........:.............. 675 John J. Nesbitt, Inc., State Rd. and Rhawn St., Holmesburg Jet., Philadelphia, Pa. 630--633 Newport Boiler Co., 529 S. Franklin St., Chicago, 111................................... -..............- 553 New York Air Valve Corp., 476 Broome St., New York, N. Y.................................... 811 New York Blower Co., The, 3169 Shields Ave., Chicago, 111........................................ 608 Niagara Blower Co., 673 Ontario St., Buffalo, N. Y...........................................499-501 O-E Specialty Mfg. Co., 8-12 Keefe Ave., Milwaukee, Wis........................................... 779 Oil City Boiler Works, Seneca St., Oil City, Pa............................................................... 554 Pacific Steel Boiler Corp., Waukegan, III. and Bristol Pa....................................- 556-557 Wm. H. Page Boiler Co., 200 Madison Ave., New York, N. Y...........r.................. . 555 Pantasote Co., Inc., 250 Park Ave., New York, N. Y............................................ 698-699 Patterson-Kelley Co., The, 99 Park Ave., New York, N. Y.._...................................... 647 Peerless Unit Ventilation Co., Inc., 718-34 Crescent Ave., Bridgeport, Conn... 634-636 Petroleum Heat & Power Co., 511 Fifth Ave., New York, N. Y....................... .. 588-592 Pierce, Butler & Pierce Mfg. Corp., 41 East 42nd St., New York, N. Y................... 559 Powers Regulator Co., 2719 Greenview Ave., Chicago, 111.................................... 800-803 Frank Prox Co., Terre Hapte, Ind-- ......................................................... -....................566 843 American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1929 Page Reed Air Filter Co., Inc., 202 Central Ave., Louisville, Ky...._..... ........................... ... 507 Richardson & Boynton Co., 260 Fifth Ave., New York, N. Y............................. 560-561 Richmond Radiator Co., 1480 Broadway, New York, N. Y.....................:........... 562-565 Ric-wiL Co., Union Trust Bldg., Cleveland, Ohio.......................................... ................ 685 Rome Brass Radiator Corp., 1 East 42nd St., New York, N. Y____ ______ _ 734r-737 Rome-Tourney Radiator Co., Rome, N. Y....................................................... ............... 670. W. A. Russell & Co., 5037 Grand Central Terminal, New York, N. Y...................... 780 Sarco Co., Inc., 183 Madison Ave., New York, N. Y............................................ 782-783 Schutte & Koerting Co.,. 1154 Thompson St., Philadelphia, Pa....... ............................ 671 C. C. Shipp & Co., 230 E. Ohio St., Indianapolis, Ind...--.......... 1..................... 652-656 Skidmore Corp., 1535 Dayton St., Chicago, 111................................................................ 726 Skinner Bros. Mfg: Go., Inc., 1490 S. Vandeventer Ave., St. Louis, Mo............. 624-625 H. B. Smith Co., Westfield, Mass.................................:....................................,....... 568-571 Smith Twin Tubular Boiler Co., 42 E. Allen St., Philadelphia, Pa............................. 567 Spencer Heater Co., Williamsport, Pa..__................ ................................................. 572-573 Sprayo-Flake Co., 56 S. Bay St., Milwaukee, Wis................................... ..................... . 701 Stanwood Corp., The (P. O. Box 821), Cincinnati, Ohio-----............................... 574-575 Sterling Engineering Co., 1626 Holton St., Milwaukee, Wis................................. 784^785 Stewart Inso Board Co., St. Joseph, Mo__ ............................. -................................... . 702 Stickle Steam Specialties, 2215 Valley. Ave., Indianapolis, Ind....:............................... 781 Stockham Pipe & Fittings Co., Birmingham, Ala....................................................... . 713 B. F. Sturtevant Co., 36 Hyde Park, Boston, Mass...................... ........................... --. 609 The Swartwont Company, 18551 Euclid Ave., Cleveland, Ohio...... .......................--. 818 Webster Tallmadge & Co., Inc., 50 Church St., New York, N. Y........................... . 793 Taylor Instrument Cos., 95 Ames St., Rochester, N. Y..,,.......................... 679 Thatcher Co., The, 39-41 St. Francis St., Newark, N. J............................... 576 Thermidaire Corp., 2441-45 Charlotte, St., Kansas City, Mo......................... 637 H. A. Thrush & Co.; Peru, Ind.........................--..........................-......... '.................. -___ 676 Titusville Iron Works Co., The, Titusville, Pa......... --.................................................... 577 Trane Co., The, La Crosse, Wis......................... ........................ 622-623, 638, 727, 786-787 Tuttle & Bailey Mfg. Co., 441 Lexington Ave., New York, N. Y............................... 739 United States Gypsum Co., 300 W. Adams St., Chicago, 111--: ........ .......--.............. 703 United States Ozone Co., 500 N. Dearborn St., Chicago, 111........... .............-.............. 712 United States Radiator Corp., 133 E. Grand River Ave., Detroit, Mich.:...... " 578-579 Universal Gypsum & Lime Co., Ill W. Washington St., Chicago, 111................... 706 Vapor Engineering Co., 489 Fifth Ave., New York, N. Y..:..... 788 Vinco Co., Inc., The, 75 Vesey St., New York, N. Y.........;................... :....................... 581 Warren Webster & Co., 17th and Federal Sts., Camden, N. J...... ...................... 789-791 Weil-McLain Co., 641 W. Lake St., Chicago, III............................................................ 580 Westco-Chippewa Pump Co., Front and Gaines Sts., Davenport, la.......................... 728 Whiting Corp., Harvey, III. (Joseph Harrington Co.)..................................................... 508 Whitlock Coil Pipe Co., The, 20 South St., Hartford, Conn..,,.......................... 648-649 L. J. Wing Mfg. Co., 59 Seventh Ave., New York, N. Y....................................... 610-612 Winslow Boiler & Engineering Co., 844 Rush St., Chicago, 111.................................... 593 Wood Conversion Co., Cloquet, Minn............................................................ .......... 704-705 Wright-Austin Co., 315 W, Woodbridge St., Detroit, Mich.:.,............:........................ 792 York Heating & Ventilating Corp., 16th and Sansom Sts., Philadelphia, Pa. 613, 639-641 844 Roll of Membership AMERICAN SOCIETY of Heating and ventilating Engineers 1929 Contains Lists of Members Arranged Alphabetically and Geographically also Lists of Officers and Committees, Past Officers and Local Chapter Officers Corrected to December 1, 1928 Published at the Headquarters of the Society 29 West 39th Street, New York, N. Y. . Officers and Council American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers 1928 President......................................................................................... A C. Willard, Urbana, 111. First Vice-President.......... .............................................Thornton Lewis, Philadelphia, Pa. Second Vice-President.,,.......................................................... L. A. Harding, Buffalo, N. Y. Treasurer....... ....................................................................W. E. Gillham, Kansas City, Mo. Secretary....................................................................... A. V. Hutchinson, New York, N. Y. Council One Year F. Paul Anderson J. J. Kissick E. B. Langenberg J. F. McIntire H. Lee Moore A. C. Willard, Chairman Thornton Lewis, Vice-Chairman Two Years W. H. Carrier C. V. .Haynes John Howatt W. T. Jones Three Years H. H. Angus N. W. Downes Roswell Farnham F. B. Rowley. Committees of the Council Executive: Thornton Lewis, Chairman; J. F. McIntire, H. Lee Moore. Finance: W. T. Jones, Chairman; J. F. McIntire, Thornton Lewis. Membership: Roswell Farnham, Chairman; W. E. Gillham, C. V. Haynes. Publication: L. A. Harding, Chairman; N. W. Downes, H. H. Angus. Advisory Council F. Paul Anderson, Chairman; Henry Adams, Homer Addams, R. P. Bolton, S. E. Dibble, W. H. Driscoll, H. P. Gant, John Gormly, John F. Hale, H. M. Hart, E. Vernon Hill, J. D. Hoffman, S. A. Jellett, D. D. Kimball, S. R. Lewis, J. I. Lyle, J. R. McCotl, D. M. Quay, C. L. Riley, W. G. Snow, C. B. J. Snyder, F. R. Still. Research Department Committee on Research: S. R. Lewis, Chairman; E. B. Langenberg, Vice-Chairman; F. C. Houghten, Director; O. P. Hood, Ex-Officio Member. W. H. Carrier, S. E. Dibble, C. F. Eveleth, H. P. Gant, E. B. Langenberg (1 year); Philip Drinker, S. R. Lewis, F. D. Mensing, W. A. Rowe, A. C. Willard (2 years); A. R. Acheson, D. S. Boyden, R. V. Frost, L. A. Harding, F. B. Rowley (3 years). Executive Committee: S. R. Lewis, Chairman; H. M. Hart, E. B. Langenberg, A. C. Willard. Research Endowment Fund: A. C. Willard, Chairman; F. P. Anderson, Thornton Lewis, W. E. Gillham, W. T. Jones. Coordinated Research: J. C. Fitts, Chairman (Nat'I. Assn. H. & P. Contrs.); R. M. Conner (American Gas Association); R. G. Creviston (Plumbing & Heating Indus tries Bureau). 2 Committees--1928 Technical Advisory Committees Temperature, Humidity and Motion: W. H. Carrier, Chairman; W. A. Rowe, Perry West, Philip Drinker, Dr. Arthur Meyer. . Infiltration: G. L. Larson, Chairman; D. K. Boyd, L. B. Lent, A. P. Kratz. . Heat Transmission: L. A. Harding, Chairman; F. B. Rowley, A. J. Wood, J. C; Peebles. Pipe Sizes for Heating Systems: H. M. Hart, Chairman; C. V. Haynes, S. E. Dibble, R. C. Morgan, R. S. Franklin. Air Cleaning Devices: F. B. Rowley, Chairman; H. C. Murphy, E. V. Hill, Albert Buenger, A. M. Goodloe, H. E. Birkholz. Maximum Boiler Output; L. S., O'Bannon, Chairman; L. E. Seeley, Alfred Kellogg ' Percy Nicholls. Atmospheric Dust and Smoke: E. B. Langenberg, H. C. Murphy, E. V. Hill; Ex-Officio Members, F. C. Houghten, S. R. Lewis. Radiation: F. D. Mensing, Chairman; R. A. Wolff, C. H. B. Hotchkiss. Garage Ventilation: E. K. Campbell, Chairman; Thornton Lewis, W. H. Carrier, E. B. Langenberg, Special Committees " Guide Publication Committee: Perry West, Chairman; W. H. Carrier, C. V. Haynes, Vice-Chairmen; S. R. Lewis, Chairman, Committee on Research. Committee on Meetings Program: F. B. Rowley, Chairman; John Howatt, W. H. Carrier. Committee on Code for Testing Unit Heaters: D. E. French, L. C. Soule, W. A. Rowe, H. W. Page. Committee for Industrial Unit Heater Association: G. E. Otis, Chairman; J. A. Shrock, O. K. Dyer. Committee on Rating and Selection of Low-Pressure Heating Boilers: Alfred Kellogg, Chairman; F. C. Houghten, Percy Nicholls, L. E. Seeley, S. R. Lewis. Committee on Code of Heating & Ventilating: L. A. Harding, Gen. Chairman. Sub^Cbm. J. Definition of Terms______ --. -------- -- ---------------- F. Paul Anderson. Chm. Sub-Com. II. Ventilation Requirements for Public Buildings,,E. Vernon Hill, Chm. Sub-Com. JII. Requirements for Heating BuildingsA. C. Willard, Chm. Sub*Com. IV. Direct Steam or Hot-Water Radiation..__________________R. V. Frost. Chm. Sub-Com. V. Indirect Steam or Hot-Water Radiation..;.L. C. Soule, Chm. Sub-Com. VI. Heating Boiler Capacity_________ F. McIntire, Chm. Sub-Com. VII. Warm Air Furnace HeatingJ. D. Hoffman. Chin. Sub-Com. VIII. Design of Chimneys and Flues:__________ ______________ J. R. McColl, Chm. Sub-Com. IX. Pipe Sizes for Steam Heating.J. A. Donnelly, Chm. Sub-Coin. X Pipe Sizes for Hot-Water HeatingW. S. Tiinmis, Chm. Sub-Com. XI. Air Ducts for Ventilation.C. A. Booth, Chm. Sub-Com. XII. Air Washers and Humidifiers_____W. H. Carrier. Chm. Sub-Com. XIII. Pumps for Heating Systems__________ ______________:____ Perry West, Chm. Sub-Com. XIV. Standard Symbols for DrawingsJ. H. Walker. Chm. . " 3 Officers of Local Chapters 1928-29 Cleveland Headquarters. Cleveland Meets: Second Friday in Month President, Chas. F. Evelbth 2341 Cameige Ave. Secretary, Earl L. Heinle 1364 East 34th Street . . . Western New York ' ' Headquarters, Buffalo Meets: First Monday in Month President, C. A. Evans 218 Lexington Ave. . Secretary, Tom Novotnby McKinley Bldg. Illinois Headquarters, Chicago Ontario ' Headquarters, Toronto, Can. Meets: Second Monday in Month President, H. G. Thomas 649 W. Washington Blvd. Secretary, C. W. DB Land . 211 N. Desplaines St. . .. Meets: First Monday in Month President, E. B. Sheffield 11 Brant St. ' Secretary, J. Paterson 155 College Street - - Kansas City ' , Headquarters, Kansas City. Mo. Meets: First Monday in Month ... President, Herman C. Henrici 430 West 58tb Street Secretary, Ray B. Mason 2014 Wyandotte Street . Pacific Northwest Headquarters, Seattle, Wash. Meets: Second Thursday in Month President, Lyle Dudley 1800 Ninth Ave., S. Secretary, E. O. Eastwood University of Washington Massachusetts ' I Headquarters, Boston . Philadelphia t Meets: First Monday in Month Headquarters, Philadelphia l President, E. C. Whitaker Meets: Second Thursday in Month- 35 Sherborn Street, Arlington. Mass. President, R. V. Frost . \ ^ Secretary, J. W. Brinton 1326 Markley Street, Nornstown. Pa. 1003 Statler Bldg. Secretary, A. J. Nesbitt . State Road and Rhawn Street ' Michigan . Headquarters, Detroit . . .. Pittsburgh Meets: First Monday after the tOth ofthe Month Headquarters, Pittsburgh President, W. A. Rowe 6004 Russell Street Secretary, E. H. Clark ' 606 Michigan Theatre Bldg. ' '' . Meets: First Monday in Month President, F. A. Gunther 1007 Diamond Bk. Bldg. Minnesota Headquarters, Minneapolis Meets: Second Monday in Month President, A. J. Huch 312 S. Third Street Secretary, D. M. Forfar 1004 Marquette Ave. St. Louis Headquarters, St. Louis Meets: First Wednesday in Month President, L. Walter Moon 3834 Oliver Street Secretary, R. M. Rosebrouch 4246 Forest Park Blvd. New York Headquarters, New York Meets: Third Monday in Month President, H. B. Hedges 149 Broadway Secretary. E. B. Johnson ... or 154 Wardwell Ave., W. New Brighton, S. I. Wisconsin Headquarters, Milwaukee Meets: Third Monday in Month President, W. F. NOLL University of Wis., Madison Secretary, V. A. BbrghoefeR . 1640 Holton Street 4 .Axf-'' Roll of Membership American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers 1928-29 HONORARY MEMBERS BALDWIN, WM. J. (1915), New York, N. Y. (Deceased May 7, 1924.) BILLINGS, DR. J. S. (1896), New York, N. Y. (Deceased March 10, 1913.) GORMLY, JOHN (Charter Member), Norristown, Pa. NEWTON, C. W. (Charter Member), Baltimore, Md. (Deceased August 6, 1920.) LIST OF MEMBERS IN GOOD STANDING Arranged Alphabetically--All Grades (Asterisk indicates authorship of papers) 1916; Associate 1918; 1923) indicates. Elected Junior Member 1916; Elected Associate Member 1918; Elected Member 1923. (Pres. 1923) indicates. Elected President in 1923 and is now a Presidential Member. A ABBOUD, Alfred, (Junior 1924), Pres, and Treas., (for mail), Alfred Abboud & Co., Inc., 45 Brorn- field St., Boston, and Greendale Ave., Needham, Mass. ABEL, D. Morgan, (Junior 1928), Research Engr., (for mail), York Htg. & Vtg. Corp., Bridgeport, Montgomery Co., and 700 `Stanbridge St., Norristown, Pa. ABRAHAMSON, Paul, (1927), Secy., (for mail). Advance Heating Co., 117-19 N. Desplaines St., and 1440 Rosemont Ave., Chicago, 111. ABRAMS, Abraham, (Junior 1924), Secy, and Treas., (for mail), Berman Rathe Corp., 155 East 128th St., and 640 West 153rd St., New . York. N. Y. . ACHESON, Albert R., (1919), Consulting Engr., (for mail), 601 Eckel Theatre Bldg., and 852 Ostrom Ave., Syracuse, N. Y. ADAMS, Benjamin, (1919), Dist. Mgr., (for mail), American Blower Co., 612 Otis Bldg., Philadelphia, and 3006 W. Coulter St., Queen Lane Manor, Philadelphia, Pa. ADAMS, Charles W., (1920), Vice-Pres., (for mail). The Daly Co.,-1635 Blake St., and Denver Athletic Club, Denver, Colo. ADAMS, Henry, (Charter Member; Presidential . Member), (Pres. 1899; Board of Managers . 1894; Council 1895: 1898; 2nd Vice-Pres. 1897), Consulting Engr., (for mail), 1263-1269 Calvert Bldg., and 609 West 40th St., Baltimore, Md. ADDAMS, Homer, (Charter Member; Presidential Member). (Council 1915-1925; Treas. 1915-1922; 1st Vice-Pres. 1923; Pres. 1924), Pres., (for mail), Kewanee Boiler. Co., Inc., 570 Seventh Ave., New York, N. Y. and 405 High St., German town. Pa. . ' ADDY, Edward, (1923), Supervising Engr., Board of Education, 155 College St.f and 31 Deloraine St., Toronto, Ont., Can. ' ADLER, Alphonse A.,* (1921), Consulting Engr., (for mail), 9 Murray St., New York, N. Y,, and 35 Stewart Ave., Arlington, N. J. ADRIANSE. Paul R., (1923). Sales Engr., Buffalo Forge Co.. 368 Rockefeller Bldg., Cleveland, and 3231 E. Overlook Rd., Cleveland Heights, O. AEBERLY, John J., (1928), Chief Division of Ventilation, Department of Health, City of Chicago, Room 704, City Hall, and (for mail), 6259 Holbrook St., Chicago, 111. AHERN, Thos. L., (Junior 1923), Vice-Pres., (for mail), John F. Ahem Co., 80 S. Portland St., and 157 Sixth St., Fond du Lac, Wis. AHLFF, Albert A., (Associate 1918; 1923), Dist. Mgr., Spencer Heater Co., 259 Delaware Ave., and (for mail), 521 Crescent Ave., Buffalo, N. Y. . ALEXANDER, Alfred D., (1915), Consulting. Engr., 19 S. LaSalle St., Chicago, and (for mail), 168 Marion St., Oak Park, 111. ALEXANDER, Charles H., (1920), Prop., Chas. H. Alexander Co., 10T Campau Ave., N.W., and 532 Paris Ave., S.E., Grand Rapids, Mich. ALGER, Richard W., (1911), Vice-Pres. and Treas., (for mail), Marye. Alger & Alger, Inc., Archts, 801-6 Walton Bldg., and 40 Fifteenth St., N.E., Atlanta, Ga. . ALLAN, Chas. D., (1920), Consulting Engr., (for mail), 228 N. LaSalle St., and 4526 Dover St., Chicago, 111. ' . ALLEN, Harry D., (1917), Htg. and Vtg. Con- tracting., (for mail), Harry D. Allen 2940 W. Lake St., and 1640 N. Tuna Ave., Chicago, 111. ALLEN, W. Harwell, (Junior .1910; 1911), Pres., State Htg. & Power Co.. 272 Walnut St., and (for mail), 878 Kensington Place, Memphis, Tenn. ' . ALLINSON, Orrte H., (1915), Jobstown. N. J. ALT, Harold L.,* (1913), Chief Engr.. Chas. S. Leopold. Consulting Engr., 213 S. Broad St., and (for mail), 867 N. Beechwood St., Philadelphia, Pa. - ` ALVORD, Arthur M.; (1926), Pres., (for mail), Alvord.& Swift, Grand Central Terminal. New York, and 240 Hamilton' Ave.,' New Rochelle, N. Y. - . AMES, Charles Fordyce, (Associate 1928), Vice- Pres, and Gen. Mgr., Ames Pump Co.,' Inc., 90 West St.. New York. N. Y. AMMERMAN, Charles R., (1916); Consulting Engr., (for mail), 925 Continental Bk. Bldg., and 3908 Guilford Ave., Indianapolis, Ind. 5 . . . . i i j i I r I j \ { ! 1 ( I t . ; j J i 1 American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1929 ANDEL, Frank J., (1922). Pres, and Mgr., (for mail), Andel & Co., 4630 N. Laxnon Ave.. and 7512 Eastlake Ter.. Chicago. 11L ANDEREGG, R. H., (1920), Chief Engr. and Mgr. Pump Dept., Trane Co., and (for mail). 625 S. Eighth St.. La Crosse, Wls. ANDERSON, C. A., (1916). Dist. Mgr., (for mail), llg Elec. Vtg. Co.. 326 Commercial Trust Bldg.. Philadelphia, and 218 W. Washington Lane, Germantown, Philadelphia, Pa. ANDERSON, F. Paul,* (1921). (Presidential Member), (Council 1924-26; 2nd Vice-Pres. 1925; 1st Vice-Pres. 1926; Pres. 1927), Dean, College of Engrg., and Prof. Mech. Engrg., (for mail), Univ. of Kentucky, and 409 E. Main St., Lexington. Ky. ANDERSON, Phil Emanuel, (Associate 1926), Buyer. Htg. Dept., (for mail), Farwell. Ozmun, Kirk & Co., Second and Jackson Sts., and 1160 Orange St., St. Paul. Minn. ANDERSON, S. A.. Jr., (1909), Owner. Anderson Bros., 1307 Adams Ave., and (for mail), P. O. Box 486. La Grande. Ore. ANDRESEN, A. W., (1926). Crane Co.. 400 Third Ave., N., and (for mail), 5311 Penn Ave., S.. Minneapolis. Minn. . ANGUS, Harry H.,* (1918). Consulting Engr., 2 Bloor St., W., and (for mail), 34 Farnham Ave., Toronto. Ont., Can. ARCHER, Frank Sibley, (Junior 1926), Dist. Repr., (for mail), Kewanee Boiler Co., Inc., 311 Jackson Bldg., Buffalo, and 56 Berryman Drive, Snyder. N. Y., via Buffalo. ARENBERG, Milton K., (Associate 1920), Sales Engr., (for mail). Ilg Elec. Vtg. Co.. 324 W. Monroe St., Chicago, and 199 Roger Williams Ave., Highland Park, III. ARKLEY, L. M., (1922). Prof. Mech. Engrg.. (for mail). Queen's University, and 22 Kensington Ave., Kingston, Ont., Can. - ARMAGNAC, Arthur S., (Associate 1907; 1914), Editor, (for mail). The Heating & Ventilating Magazine. 243 West 39th St., New York, N. Y., and 375 Upper Mountain Ave., Upper Montclair, N. J. r ARMSPACH, Otto W.t* (1919), Vice-Pres., (for mail). E. Vernon Hill Co.. 121 N. Clark St., Chicago, and Villa Park, 111. ARMSTRONG, .Harold Melotte, (Associate 1928), Asst. Mgr., (for mail), American Radiator Co.. 1344 Broadway, and 2921 Webb Ave., Detroit, Mich. ARNOLD. Robt. S., (Junior 1922; Associate 1926), Dist. Mgr., (for mail), York Htg. & Vtg. Corp., 16th and Sansom Sts., Philadelphia, Pa. ARTHUR, H. W., (Associate 1920). Htg. Engr. and Salesman, The Trane Co., 3030 Euclid Ave., and (for mail), 3223 Riverside Ave., Cleveland. O. ARTHUR, John M., Jr., (1923). Industrial Engrv, Kansas City Power & Light Co., Kansas City, Mo., and 3311 State Ave., Kansas City, Kan. ASGHER, Norman C., (Associate 1928), Mgr., Indianapolis Br.. U. S. Radiator Corp., 516\ Board of Trade Bldg., Indianapolis, Ind. ASHENHURST, Harold S.,* (Associate 1926). Consulting Engr., 6519 Algonquin Ave., Chicago, IU. . ASHENHURST. Harold S., (Associate 1926), , Insulation Engr., Universal Gypsum & Lime Co., Conway Bldg., and 6519 Algonquin Ave.. Chicago. 111. ASHLEY, Edward E,, (1912), Mech. Engr., Starrett & Van Vleck, 393 Seventh Ave.. New York, N. Y., and (for mail), P. O. Box 118, Noroton Heights, Conn.' ASTON, James, (1919). Metallurgical Engr.. (for mail), A. M. Byers Co., 235 Water St., Pitts burgh, and 50 Forest Ave.. Ben Avon. Pa. ATKINSON, Raymond E., (Junior 1923; As sociate 1928), Engr., C. A. Dunham Co., 450 E. Ohio St., Chicago, and (for mail), P. O. Box 245, Arlington Heights, ilL ATKINSON. Robert E.. (1897). (Board of Gov ernors 1907), Consulting Engr., 81 Binns Rd., Liverpool, Eng. ATWATER, Lyman W., (1923), Htg. Engr., Wm. H. Curtin Mfg. Co., 331 Adams St., and (for mail), 552 Rugby Rd.. Brooklyn, N. Y. AUSTIN, Frank L., (1914), Archt.. 240 College St., Burlington, Vt. AUSTIN, William E., (1909), Mgr., (for mail), Natl. Radiator Co.. 3032 Norfolk St., Cor. Summit, and 107 Overbrook Rd.. Richmond, Va. AXEMAN, James E., (Junior 1925), Sales Engr., Spencer Heater Co., Williamsport, Pa., and (for mail), 346 Brooks Ave., Rochester, N. Y. B BABBITT, Edward ,C* (1923), Engr., (for mail), Snyder, Babbitt & Mathews. 16 E. Broad St.. Columbus, and 135 N. Ardmore Rd., Bexley, Columbus, O. BACHLER, Harry C,, (Junior 1921; 1927), C. F. Bachler & Son, 139 N. Fourth St., Philadelphia, Pa. BACHLER, Leonard J., (1918), Engr., Molby Boiler Co., 420 Lexington Ave., and (for mail), 55 West 49th St.. New York. N. Y. BACKSTROM, Russell E., (Junior 1928), Testing Engr., Wood Conversion Co., Cloquet, Minn. . BACKUS. Theodore H. L., (1916), Htg. and Vtg. Engr., (for mail), Schumacher & Backus, 308-12 S. Main St., and 1018 Vaughn St., Ann Arbor, Mich. BAETZ, Henry, (1919), Chief Engr., (for mail). Skinner Bros. Mfg. Co., 1440 S. Vandeventer Ave., and 5854 Etzel Ave., St. Louis. Mo. BAGNALL, George A., (1926), Mgr. Htg. Dept., (for mail), Hendrie & Bolthoff Mfg. & Supply Co.. 1635 17th St., and 4601 East 26th Ave., Denver, Colo. BAHNSON, Frederic F.,* (1917), Chief Engr. and Partner, (for mail). The Bahnson Co.. 1001 S. Marshall St., and 28 Cascade Ave., Winston- Salem. N. C. BAILEY, Edward P., Jr., (1925), Pres., (for mail), The Bryant Heater & Mfg. Co., 17825 St. Clair Ave., and 10510 Park Lane. Cleveland, O. BAILEY, Jos. H., (Junior 1923; Associate 1927; 1928), Sales Engr., (for mail). Carrier Engrg. Corp., 1032 Burnham Bldg., and 1640 Pratt Bldg., Chicago, IU. BAIN, James G., (1920). 73 W. Holly St.. Phoenix, Ariz. BAIRD, F. X., (Associate 1925), Johns-Manville, Inc., 292 Madison Ave., New York, N. Y. BAKER, Clyde Harold, (1928), Estimator, J. W. Partlan, 14290 Goddard Ave., and (for mail), 1130 FernhiU Ave., Detroit, Mich. BAKER, Edward V., (1923), Silent Partner, J. H. Olson, 4012 State St, and (for maU), 3654 Wentworth Ave., Chicago, IU. BAKER, Emerit E., (1910), Pres., Kewanee BoUer Co.. Kewanee, 111. BAKER, H. W. H., (1918), Managing Dir., Twyford, Ltd., 18 Council Rd., Tientsin, China. BAKER, Howard C., (1921), Pres., (for maU), The Howard C. Baker Co., 213 Michigan St., and 15 Columbia St., Toledo. O. BAKER , Roland Henry, (Associate 1924; 1928), Pres, and Treas., (for maU), R. H. Baker Co., Inc., KendaU Sq. Bldg., Cambridge, and 40 Bay State Rd., Belmont, Mass. BALDWIN, W. H., (1921). Br. Mgr., (for mail), C. A. Dunham Co., 2994 E. Grand Blvd., and 2662 W. Grand-Blvd., Detroit, Mich. BALSINGER, Harry David, (1927), Salesman. American Radiator Co., 1008 Pine St., St. Louis, Mo. BAMPTON, C. Morton, (1919), Vice-Pres. and . Secy., (for mail). Ideal Htg. Co., 915 Gates Ave.. Brooklyn, N. Y., and Hollis Park Gardens, . L. I., N. Y. . 6' .v Roll of Membership BARKER, Arthur H.,*(1906), Consulting Engr., (for maU). 100 Victoria St.,Westminster, London, S. W. 1, and OakhiU House, Beckenham, Kent, ' Eng. BARNES, Arthur F,, (1921), Mech. Engr. and Owner, (for mail), Texas Engr. Co.. 925 Elec. Bldg., Houston. Tex. . BARNES, Arthur R., (1924), State Architect's Office, P. O. Box 273, Topeka, Kan. BARNES, Elmer Raymond, (1928), Estimator, Eichler Htg. Co., 2010 Railway Exch., and (for mail), 4444 Beethoven, St. Louis, Mo. . BARNES, Ralph B., (1927), Owner, Barnes Htg. Co., 210 Harrison St., (and (for maU), 800 Carpenter Ave., Oak Park, IU. BARNSTEINER, Alphons, (Associate 1926), Elec. Engr., (for maU). Westinghouse Elec. & Mfg. Co., and 212 Rowland Ave., Mansfield. O. BARNUM, Marvin C., (Associate 1928), Sales Mgr. and Engr.. Zephyr Washed Air Co., 1124 Harmon Place. Minneapolis, Minn. . BARR, George W., (1905), Dist. Repr., Aerofin Corp., 1822 Land Title Bldg., Philadelphia, Pa,, and (for mail), 24 Chatfield Rd., BronxvUle, N. Y. BARRE, Louis S., (1925), Consulting Engr., 32 Ave de la Motte, Picquet, 32, Paris, France. BARROWS, Charles E., (Associate 1921), Sales Engr., (for maU), Crane Co., 156 N. Jefferson St., Chicago, and 1041 Ridge Blvd., Evanston, IU. BARRY, Patrick I., (1920), Managing Director, (for maU), M. Barry & Co.. 4 Marlboro St., and 2 Clarence Ter., St, Luke's, Cork. Ireland. BARTH, Herbert E., (1920), American Blower Co., 50 Church St., New York, N. Y. BARTLETT, Amos C., (1919), Dist. Mgr., (for maU), B. F. Sturtevant Co., 60 State St., Boston, and 10 Dumbarton Rd., Wollaston, Mass. BARTLETT. C. Edwin, (1922). Pres., Bartlett & Co., Inc., 1938 Market St., and 3111 W. Coulter St., Philadelphia, Pa. BARTLEY, John S., Jr., (1924) Archt., (for mail). 903 Pioneer Bk. Bldg., Waterloo, la. BARTON, Royal Elton, (1922), Engr., (for mail), McLean & Cousena Co.. 65 Chandler St.. Boston, and 3 Fernald Ter., Dorchester, Mass. BASSLER, Edwin M., (1923), Gen. Mgr., (for mail). D. J. Murray Mfg. Co.. 1002 Third St., and 905 Fust St., Wausau, Wia. BASTEDO, Albert E., (1919). Vice-Pres. and Treas., (for mail), Burnham Boiler Corp., Irvington, and 12 Wilson Place, Hastings-onHudson, N. Y. BAUER, Henry C., (Associate 1928). Mgr., (for BEGGS, William E., (1927), Vice-Pres., Uni versity Plbg. & Htg. Co., 3939 University Way and 3639 Palatine Ave., Seattle. Wash. BE1GHEL, Howard Atlee, (Associate 1927), Mgr., (for maU). Herman Nelson .Corp., 308 Commonwealth Bldg., Annex. Pittsburgh, and 3338 Latonia Ave., Dormont. Pittsburgh, Pa. BEIRN, John U., (Junior 1928), Salesman, Hoff man Specialty Co., 25 West 45th St., New York, and (for mail), 210 Voorhees Ave., Buffalo, N. Y. BELING, Earl H., (Junior 1925), Sales Engr., Warren Webster & Co., 549 w. Washington Blvd., Chicago, and (for mail), 142 N. Austin Blvd., Oak Park, III. BEMAN, Myron C., (1926), Consulting Engr., (for mail), Beman & Candee, 607 White Bldg., 55 Granger Place., Buffalo. N. Y. . BENDER, Charles P., (1923), Partner, (for mail), C. and J. Bender, 1734 Flatbush Ave*. and 2045 East 19th St.. Brooklyn, N. Y. BENEDICT, Everett R.t (1926). Construction Engr., 500 East 102nd St., Cleveland. O. BENNETT, George Garman, (1928), Serv. Engr., Standard Dry Kiln Co., P. O. Box 544, Indianapolis. Ind., and (for mail). 1106 Spring field Ave., Urbana. IU. BENNETT, Irving T,, (Junior 1927). Htg., (for mail). Metropolitan Engrg. Co., 1250 Atlantic Ave., and 234 East 42nd St.. Brooklyn, N. Y. BENNETT, Prescott D., (1926), Div. Sales Engr., (for mail). The Trane Co.. 844 Rush St., and 752/ Ridge Blvd., Chicago, 111. BENNITT, George E., (1918), Consolidated Gas Co.. 130 East 15th St., New York, N. Y. BENTZ, Harry, (1915), Pres., (for mail). Bents Engrg. Corp.. 661 Frelinghuysen Ave., Newark, and 18 Holland Ter., Montclair, N.J. BERCHTOLD, Edward W., (Associate 1925; 1927), Engr., Boston Consolidated Gas Co.. 100 Arlington St., Boston, and (for maU). 29 Ran dolph St., S. Weymouth, Mass. BERG, A. Herman, (1919), Pres., (for mail), Berg Htg. & Vtg. Co., 742 Laura Ave.. and 140 N. Stafford. Huntington Park, Calif. BERGHOEFER. Victor A., (Junior 1926). Secy., Sterling Engrg. Co., 1640 Holton St., and (for mail), 1104 Island Ave., Milwaukee, Wis. BERGNER, William G., (Associate 1923), Secy., Plumbing & Heating Industries Bureau. Mercan tile Bldg., EvansvUle. Ind., and (for maU), 616 N. Michigan Ave., Evanston, IlL BERMAN. Louis K., (1908), Secy., (for mail). Raisler Htg. Co., 129 Amsterdam Ave.. and 515 West End Ave., New York, N. Y. mail), H. C . Bauer Co.. 42 E. Allen St., and 416 Wellesley Rd., Philadelphia, Pa. BERMEL, Alfred H,, (Junior 1928). Htg. and Vtg. Engr., Guilbert & Betelle, Archts., Chamber BAUM, Albert L., (1916), Member of Firm, Jaros - of Commerce Bldg., and (for mail), 350 N. Sixth & Baum, 116 West 39th St., and (for mail), 255 St., Newark, N. J. West 108th St., New York. N. Y. BERRINGER, Sidney H., (1926), Sales Engr., BAUMGARDNER, Carroll Miles, (1928), Br. Mgr., (for maU). U. S. Radiator Corp., 4004 Hoffman Specialty Co., Waterbury, Conn., and (for maU), 1217-50th St.. Milwaukee, Wis. Duncan Ave., and GuUd HaU Apts., 4907 W. BETTS, Howard M., (1927). Sr. Mech. Engr., Pine Blvd., St. Louis, Mo. Htg. and Vtg., (for mail). Dept, of Buildings, BAYSE, Hairy V., (1923), Pres.. American Fur nace Co., 2725 Morgan St., and 6959 Hancock Ave., St., Louis, Mo. . BEAHM, Robert B., 2nd, (1919), Treas., Eagan & Beahm, Inc., 304-6 Stephen Girard Bldg., Philadelphia, and Haverford. Pa. BEASOM, George Reynold, (1927), Mfgr. Repr.. 716 Terminal Bldg., and (for mail). 51 Brookdale Ave., Rochester, N. Y. City of Minneapolis, 213 City HaU, and 4923 Russell Ave., S., Minneapolis, Minn. BETZ, Harry D., (1928), Chief Engr., Air Con ditioning Dept., General Refrigeration Co.,- 805 Delaware, and (for mail), 3819 Wyoming St., Kansas City. Mo. BEVERLEY, R. Carter, (1905), Pres, and Treas., R. C. Beverley Htg. Co:, Inc., 308 E. Main St., and (for maU), 3812 Chamberlayne Ave., Richmond. Va. BEATTY, David J,, (1918), Engr., Chas. Schneider BEVtL, Alexander Thomas, (Junior 1927), Co.. 492 East 163rd St., New York, and (for Asst. Htg. Engr., Crane Co., 254 Court, and (for mail), 1274 New York Ave., Brooklyn, N. Y. mail). 353 Walker Ave., Memphis, Tenn. BEAURR1ENNE, Auguste, (1912), Contracting BEVINGTON, Warren Charles, (1928), Pres., and Consulting Engr., 25 Rue des Marguettes. (for mail). Bevington-Williams, Inc., 1134-39 Paris. 12th Arr,, France. Indiana-TVthian Bldg., and Apt. 9, 327 E. BEEBE, Frederick E. W., (Associate 1915), Sales Engr.. (for mail), Johnson Service Co., 28 West Maple Rd., Indianapolis, Ind. BEYER, Jack E.. (Junior 1924). Htg. and Vtg. 29th St.. New York. N. Y., and 543 Clinton St.. Elizabeth. N. J. . Engr., Weiss Htg. & Plbg. Co., 5604 Cedar Ave., and (for mail), 1317 East 112th St., Cleveland, O. BEERY, Clinton E., (1913), Sales Engr., Kewanee BoUer Co., 822 Washington Blvd., Chicago, III. BIDWELL, Raymond E.. (Associate 1924). VicePres. and Gen. Mfr. of Sales, The KeUoggMackay Co., 1351 West 37th.Place, Chicago, IU. 7 American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1929 BILYEU, William F., (1927)' Sales Mgr.. The Trane Co., GOO S, Delaware Ave., Philadelphia, Pa., and (for mail), 110 Midway St., Riverton, N. J. BINDER, Charles G., (1920), Mgr. Htg. Dept., Warren Webster & Co., 17th and Federal Sts., Camden, and (for mail), 115 Oak Ter,, Merchantville. N. J. . BINDER, Irving, (Junior 1920; 1922), Estimator, Keasbey & Mattison, 60 Park Ave., Newark, N. J., and (for mail), 106 .West 47th St., New York, N- Y. BIRCH, Herbert R., (1922), Sales Engr., U. S. Radiator Corp., 101 Park Aye., and 875 West 181st St., New York. N. Y. BIRKHOLZ, H. E., (Associate 1925), Vice-Pres., (for mail). National Air Filter Co., 5130 Ravens- wood Ave.. and 5066 N. Lincoln St., Chicago, I1L BIRRELL, Allan Lloyd, (Assodate 1925), Equip. Engr., (for mail). Chapman & Oxley, - 1608 Northern Ontario Bldg., and 201 Pacific Ave., Toronto, Ont,.Can. BISHOP, Charles R., (1901), (Council 1916). Vice-Pres.. (for mail) Caloroil Burner Corp., - 225 West 34th St., New York, and 412 Locust St., Lockport. N. Y. BISHOP, Frederick R., (1921), Mgr., Garland Furnace Div., Detroit-Michigan Stove Co., 6950 E. Jefferson Ave., and (for mail), 4018 Pingree Ave., Detroit, Mich. BJERKEN, Maurice H., (Associate 1927), Dist. Mgr., (for mail), Hoffman Specialty Co., 531 S. Seventh St., and 4952--17th Ave., S., Min neapolis. Minn. BLACK, Edgar Newbold, 3rd, (1922), Br. Mgr.. Kewanee Boiler Co.. Inc., 803 Land Title Bldg., Philadelphia, and (for mail). 111 Woodside Rd., Haverford, Pa. - BLACK, Fred C., (1919), Pres., (for mail). F. C. Black Co.. 622 W. Randolph St., and 4535 N. Ashland Ave., Chicago, 1U. BLACK, George E., (1915). Factory Mgr., H. H. Robertson Co., Ambridge, and (for mail). 709 Broad St., Sewickley, Pa. . . BLACK, Harry G., (1917), Htg. Contractor, (for BLESSED, William A., (Junior 1927), Mech. Engr., Smith, Hinchman & Grylls, 800 Marquette Bldg., Detroit, and (for mail), 78 Amherst Rd., Pleasant Ridge. Mich. ' BLEST, Frank S., (1923). Treas.. (for mail), Blest & Emery Co.. Inc., 784 Coney Island Ave., and 226 Argyle Rd., Brooklyn, N. Y. . BLISS, Sherwood C., (Associate 1926), Industrial Engr., 2894 Delaware Ave., and (for mail), 30 Argonne Drive, Kenmore, N. Y. BLOMFELDT, Allen A., (1914). Secy,, (for mail). Texo Sales Co., Inc., 241 Walnut St., Cincinnati, O., and 100 Mayo Ave., Clifton, Ky. . BLOOM, Samuel C., (1915). Sole Owner, (for mail). S. C. Bloom & Co., 53 W. Jackson St,, and 1953 East 72nd St., Chicago, 111. '- BOALRS, William G,, (Associate 1923), Asst. Sales Mgr., (for mail), Hoffman Specialty Co., Webster Hall, and 1130 Parker Ave., Detroit, .Mich. BOCK, Bernard, (Junior 1927), Mech. Draftsman, Edward L. Larkin, 1457 Broadway, New York, and (for mail), 121-41 Fanners Ave.. St. Albans, L. I.. N. Y., BODDINGTON, William P. (1927), Mgr., (for mail), Canadian Powers Regulator Co., 106 Lombard St., and 18 Larkin Crescent, Toronto. Ont.. Can. BOEKER, Carl Herman, (1926), Vice-Pres. and Htg. Engr., Central Supply Co., Inc., 838-856 Main Ave., and (for mail), 39 High St.. Passaic, N. J. BOGARDUS, George W., (1925). Br. Mgr., (for mail), Kewanee Boiler Co., 707 Hubbell Bldg., and 215 Foster Drive, Des Moines, Iowa. . BOGATY, Hermann S., (1921), Chief Engr. (for mail), Proctor & Schwartz, Inc.. Seventh and Tabor Rd., and 5230 North 15th St., Phila delphia. Pa. BOISCLAIR, Hugh Cappes, (1926), Dist. Repr., (for mail). Warren Webster & Co., Protective Life Bldg., and 1512 Fulton Ave., Birmingham, Ala. BOLLING, Eaten,* (Junior 1918; 1921), P. O. Box . 46, East Orange, N. J. . BOLSINGER, Raymon C., (1916), Secy., (for mail), Fowler & Wolf Mfg. Co., 521 Bulletin mail), P. Gormly Co., 155 N. Tenth St., and 927 Bldg., Philadelphia, Pa., and 238 E. Madison North 65th St.. Philadelphia, Pa. . BLACK, John J., (Junior 1922; Associate 1925), Ave., Collingswood. N. J. BOLTON, Reginald Pelham,* (1897), (Presi Pres., (for mail), John Black & Son, Inc., dential Member), (Pres. 1911), (Board of 20 Nassau St., and 15 Murray Place, Princeton, Governors 1901; 2nd Vice-Pres. 1903; 1st Vice- N.J. . .. Pres, 1905-1910; Board of Governors 1912-1913), BLACKBALL, Wilmot R., (1922), Partner, (for Pres,, (for mail), R. P. Bolton Co., 116 East 19th mail), McKetlar & Blackhall, 1104 Bay St., and St., and 638 West 158th St.. New York. N. Y. 332 Waverly Rd., Toronto, Ont., Can. BONDY, Winfield S., (Junior 1926), Htg. Engr., BLACKMAN, Alfred O., (1911), Consulting Baker Smith & Co.. Inc., 576 Greenwich St., Engr., (for mail), 33 West 42nd St., New York,. New York, and (for mail), I154-52nd St., N. Y., and Stamford, Conn. Brooklyn, N. Y. BLACKMORE, F, H., (1923), Mgr., Operating BOON, George, (1915), Pres., (for mail). Boon & k,. Dept., (for mail), U. S. Radiator Corp., P. O. Sample, Inc., 3008 Ludlow St., and 6428 Morris Box 686, and 2322 Tuxedo Ave., Detroit, Mich. BLACKMORE, George C., (Charter Member). Pres.. Automatic Gas Steam Radiator Co., 301 Brushton Ave., Pittsburgh, and (for mail), Edgewood, Pittsburgh, Pa. BLACKMORE, J. J.,* (Charter Member), . *x Park Rd., Philadelphia, Pa. BOOTH, Charles A., (1917), Vice-Pres., (for mail), Buffalo Forge Co., 490 Broadway, and 142 Summit Ave., Buffalo, N. V. BOOTH, Hairy N., (Associate 1917; 1924), Mgr., (for mail). New York Br., U. S. Radiator Corp., 101 Park Ave.. New York, and 40 Manursing Council 1896; Bd. of Gov. 1904; Secy. 1914-15). 32 West 40th St., New York, N. Y. Ave.. Rye. N. Y. .' BORNEMANN, Walter A., (Junior 1923; 1924), BLACKMORE, Norman Lawther, (1928), Sales Sales Engr., (for mail). Carrier Engr. Corp., Mgr., (for mail). Automatic Gas Steam Radiator 2021 Land Title Bldg., Philadelphia, and 123 Co.. 301 Brushton Ave., and 103 Biddle St., W. Wharton Ave., Glenside, Pa. . Pittsburgh, Pa. BOSTA1N, James C., (1923), Sales and Service BLAKE, Albert Henry, (1926), Dist. Mgr., (for Engr., (for mail), Williamson Heater Co., 337 mail), Sheldons, Ltd., 119 Pender St., W., and W. Fifth St., Cincinnati, O., and Kenton Hills, 3261 Second Ave., W,, Vancouver, B. C. Covington, Ky. BLANDING, Geo. H., (1919), Sales Engr., Johnson Service Co., 1355 W. Washington Blvd.. BOSW1N, George A., (1917), Secy., (for mail), R. B. Haywood Co., 1714 Sheffield Ave., and 902 Chicago, and (for mail), 729 Hayes Ave., Oak Park. 111. BLANEY, Charles A., (1914), Wheeler-Blaney Co.. 223 N. Burdick St., Kalamazoo. Mich. Diversey Parkway, Chicago, 111. BOWERS, A. F., (Associate 1919), Pres, and Treas., (for mail). Industrial Htg. & Engrg. Co., ` 490 Broadway, and 697 Hachett Ave., Mil BLANKJN, Merrill F., (Junior 1919; Associate 1926), Vice-Pres., Haynes Selling Co., Inc., 2013 Sansom St., and (for mail), 3328 W. Penn St., waukee. Wis. BOWERS, J. Sylvan, (1921), J. Sylvan Bowers Htg. Specialty Co., 2525a W. St. Louis Ave., St. Philadelphia, Pa, Louis, Mo. 8 Roll of Membership BOWLES, Potter, (Assodate 1928). Dist. Repr.; Hoffman Specialty Co., 2704 South Hill St,, Los Angeles, and (for mail), 1234 El Mirado Drive., Pasadena, Calif. BOWMAN, Howard A., (Associate 1926), Mgr., Sales Promotion, (for mail), American Radiator Co., 310 Second Ave., Pittsburgh, and 2706 Ocean Ave.. South Hills Sta., Pittsburgh, Pa. BOYD, D. Knickerbacker,* (1921), Consulting Archt. and Structural Standardise (for mail). Structural Service Bureau, Otis Bldg., 112 South 16th St., and 27 E. Willow Grove Ave., Phila delphia. Pa. BOYD, William R., (Junior 1924; Assodate 1926), Htg. Sales Engr., Turner Supply Co.. 8 W. Sixth St., and 320 East 19tb St., Chester, Pa. BOYDEN, Davis S.,* (1909), (Council 1917), Supt. Steam Htg. Service Dept., (for mail), Edison Elec. Illuminating Co.. 39 Boylston St.. Boston, and 72 Gardner St., Allston. Mass. - BOYNTON, Daniel Wilcox, (Associate 1927), Salesman, (for mail). International Heater Co., 27 State St., Boston, and 46 Powder House Rd., Medford, Mass. " ` BRABBEE, Chas. W.,* (1925), Dir. of the Insti- stute of Thermal Research, (for mail). American Radiator Co., 675 Bronx River Rd., and 11 DeWitt Ave., Bronxville, N. Y. BRACKEN, John Henry, (1927), Mgr., Spedal Insulation Dept., (for mail). The Celotex Co., 645 N. Michigan Ave., and 2929 Fine Grove Ave., Chicago, 111. BRADBURY, George L., (1921), Co-partner and Mgr., (for mail), Bradbury Bros. Htg. Co., 1219 Stout St., and 1254 Race St., Denver, Colo. ` BRADFIELD. William W.t (1926). Engr.. 909 Michigan Trust Bldg., and 1352 Franklin St., S. E., Minneapolis, Minn. ` BRADFORD. H. H., (Assodate 1927). Salesman, Minneapolis Heat Regulator. Co., 2753 Fourth Ave., and (for mail), 3504--14th Ave., S., Min neapolis, Minn. . BRADLEY, Eugqpe P.,* (1906), Pres., (for mail). Hester, Bradley Co., 4200 Forest Park Blvd., St. Louis, and 6935 Pershing Ave., University City, Mo. : BRADLEY, John T., (1908), (Bd. of Gov. 1911), Pres., (for mail), Bradley Htg. Co*. 3834 Olive St., St. Louis, and 4 Yale Ave., University City, Mo. BRADLEY, Royal H., (1915), Pres., (for mail), Kelsey Htg. Co., 277 James St., and 400 Oak St., Syracuse. N. V. BRAEMER, William G., (1915). Secy., (for mail). Universal Humidifier Corp., 80S Denckla Bldg., Philadelphia. Pa., and 421 Redman Ave., Haddonfield. N. J. BRANDELES, H. J., (1921), Pres, and Mgr., (for mail). H..J. Brandeles Corp., 1602.Lincoln Ave., and 66 Prospect St., Utica, N. Y. BRANDT, Ernst Hamilton, Jr., (1928). Partner, Chas. W. Christian, 1016 Independence Bldg., and (for mail). P. O. Box 292, Charlotte, N. C. BRAN1GIN, Harry L., (1926), Sales Mgr., (for mail), The Air Conditioning & Engineering Co., 2914 S. Jefferson Ave., and 4508 Shenandoah, St. Louis, Mo. J3RASCH, Harry. Kenneth, (Associate 1926), 405 Kulien Bldg., Seattle, Wash. BRASSINGTON, Arthur F,, (Associate 1918), Htg. Engr., 520*24 West 41st St., New York, and (for mail), 337 Richmond Ave., Port Richmond, N. Y. BRAUER, Roy, (1926), Htg. and Vtg. Engr., (for mail). The Schley & Nash Co., 712 Columbia Bank Bldg., Pittsburgh, and 2880 Glenmore Ave., Dormont, Pittsburgh, Pa. BRAUN, Louis T., (1921), Secy., Chicago Master Steam Fitters Assn., 1213 Chamber of Commerce, and (for mail). 1418 Jonquil Ter., Chicago. 111. BRAYTON, William M., (1926), Engr., (for mail), Robert Gordon, Inc., 22 W. Austin Ave., and 1400 Lake Shore Drive, Chicago, 111. : BRECKENR1DGE, L. P., (1920), "The Brackens," N. Ferrisourg, Vt. BREEN, Jos. W., (1916). Htg. Engr., Wyalusing Ave. and Fallon St., Philadelphia, Pa. BREITENBACH, George C., (Junior 1928). Sales Engr., (for mail). The Trane Co., 330 Invest ment Bldg., and 1431 Chapin St.. N. W., Wash ington, D. C. BRENDER, Peter E., (1920), Chief Engr., Univ. of Mich. Hospital, Ann Arbor, and (for mail), 2111 Woodward Ave., Detroit, Mich. BRENEMAN, R. B., (Junior 1927). Sales Engr., Armstrong Cork & Insulation Co., 232 Delaware Ave., Buffalo, N. Y. BRESNAHAN, James J., (1919), Pres and Treas., James J. Bresnahan, Inc., 37-41 Pearl St., and 92 Linwood Ave., Buffalo. N. Y. BREWSTER, Donald R., (1926), Natl. Lumber Mfgrs. Assn., (for mail), 1339 Bank of Com merce Bldg., and 349 Hawthorne St., Memphis, Tenn. BRICKEY, Joel P., (Associate 1924), 665 a Pearl St., Denver, Colo. ` . BRIDE, W. T., (Junior 1925; 1928), Supervising Engr., (for mail). Bridge, Grimes & Co., P. O. Box 373, and 116 E. Haverhill St., Lawrence, Mass. '. BRIDGES, Frank G., (1919), 622 East 131 St.. Cleveland, O. BRINTON, Joseph W., (1920). Mgr. Boston Office, (for mail). American Blower Co., 1003 Statier Bldg., Boston, and 9 Summit Ave., Brookline. Mass. ' . BRODERICK, Joseph F., (Junior 1914; 1918), P. O. Box 388, Spnngdale, Conn. BROGAN, James J., (Associate 1917), (for mail), Brogan & Co., 810 Race St., Philadelphia, and 6142 Lebanon Ave., Overbrook, Pa. BRONSON, Carlos E., (1919), Mech. Engr.. (for mail), Kewanee Boiler Co., and 311 McKinley Ave.. Kewanee, 111. BROOKS, Thomas C., (1923),. Pres: and Treas;. T. C. Brooks Co., 101 W. Dedham St., Boston, Mass. - '' BROOM, Benjamin Alexander, (1914), Sales Promotion Engr., (for mail), Weil-McLain Co.. 641 W. Lake St., and 5514 Blackstone Ave.,. Chicago, 111. BROWN, Alfred P., (1927). Sales Engr., (for mail), Alfred P. Brown. Inc., Dexter Horton Bldg., and The Rhododendron Apts., Seattle, Wash. BROWN, Aubrey I., (1923), Asst. Prof. Htg. and Vtg., Ohio State University, and 45 E. Lakeview Ave., Columbus, O. BROWN, Foskett,* (1926), Vice-Pres., (for mail). Gray & Dudley Co., 222 Third Ave., and 2314 West End Ave., Nashville, Tenn. . BROWN, John H., (1920), Mgr., (for .mail). Keasbey & Mattison Co., 429 N. Washington Ave., and 3704 Blaisdell St., Minneapolis,.Minn. BROWN, Morris, (Junior 1928), Htg. Engr.. Brown Bros., 610 W. Park St., and (for mail), 609 W. Park St., Dorchester, Mass. BROWN, Robert H., (1926). Research Engr., (for mail), Parks-Cramer Co.. 1102 Old South Bldg,, Boston, and 78 Manthorne Rd., W. Roxbury, Mass.' ` BROWN, William Chester, (Associate 1928). Pres., The Brown Co., T055 W. Baltimore Ave., Detroit, Mich. ` BROWN, WUJlam H., (Associate 1923), Mgr. Brown Bros.. 807-34th St,, and (for mad), 1227 -22nd St., Milwaukee, Wis. BROWNE, Alfred L., (1923), Repr., (for mail). Illinois Engrg. Co., 3514 Grand Central Terminal, New York, N. Y.. and 253 Highland Rd., S. Orange. N. J. . BROWNELL, Chester D., (1923), Mgr. and Engr., (for mail). Reliable Plbg. & Htg. Co., 109 W, University Ave., and 307 W. White St., Champaign, III. BROWNING, Hilbert K., (Junior 1926), Dist. Sales Rep., (for mail), A. M. Byers Co., 412 Shell Bldg., and 5841 Cabanne Ave., St. Louis. Mo. * 9 of and 1929American Society Heating Ventilating Engineers Guide, BRUEGGEMAN, Arthur R., (1920), Pres., (for mail). The A. R. Brueggeman Co.. 1212 Terminal Tower, Cleveland, and 17220 Aldersyde Drive, Shaker Village, Cleveland, O. BRUNETT, Adrian L., (1923), Mech. Engr.. P. O. Box 16, Rockville, Md. BRUNNER, Herbert, (1924), Consulting Engr. and Pres., (for mail), Brunner Engr. Co., Inc., 41 West 69th St., New York, N. Y. BRUNT, T. Bayard, (1917), Chief Engr. and Mgr., Mechanical Equipt. Co., 214 South 12th . St., Philadelphia, Pa., and (for mail), 405 Eighth St., Riverton. N. J. ^ BRYANT, Alice G., Dr.* (1921), 502 Beacon St.. Boston. Mass. , BRYANT, Percy J.. (1915), Chief Engr., (for mail). U. S. Military Academy, West Point, and 231 Carpenter Ave., Newburgh, N. Y. BRYCE, Stephen D., (1921), Partner, (for mail), Bryce Htg. & Vtg. Co., 2016 North 14th St., and 2907 Rockwood Place, Toledo, O. BUCK, Luden, (1928). Mgr.. Dryer Div., (for mail), James Hunter Mch. Co., and 188 Pleasant St., North Adams. Mass. BUDER, Chas. G.,* (1919), Pres., (for mail), Fire-King Automatic Coal Burner Co., 407 Buder Bldg.. St. Louis, and North Drive, Forrest Hills Park, Webster Groves, Mo. BUEL, H. G., (Associate 1921), Vice-Pres.. Tilghman Moyer Co.. 141 N. Ninth St., and (for mail), 2135 Chew St., Allentown. Pa. BUENGER, Albert,* (Junior 1917; 1920), Mech. Engr., C. H. Johnston, Archt, 360 Robert St,, and 1666 Stanford Ave., St. Paul, Minn. BUENSOD, Alfred C., (1918), Sales Engr.. (for mail). Carrier Engrg. Corp., 39 Cortlandt St., and 125 West 12th St.. New York, N. Y. BULKELEY, Claude A.,* (1923). Chief Engr., (for mail), Niagara Blower Co., 673 Ontario St., and 84 W. Hazeltine Ave., Kenmore Station, ' Buffalo. N. Y. ,, BUNNELL, E. W., (Junior 1923; 1924), Consulting Engr., 509-510 American-Traders Bldg., Bir mingham, Ala. BURKE. Fletcher H.. (1925), Consulting Engr.. * (for mail), Fletcher H. Burke, 677 Ellicott Sq., Buffalo, and Orchard Park, N. Y. BURKE, George B., (1926), Vice-Pres., (for mail), Sarco Co.. Inc.. 205 W. Wacker Drive, Chicago, and 611 Ninth St., Wilmette, 111. BURNAP, Charles W.. (1922), Herman Nelson Corp., 724 Commercial St., and 1105 Mechanic, Emporia. Kan. . BURNETT, Earle S.. (1920). Mech. Engr., (for mail), Bureau of Mines, U. S. Helium Prod. Plant, P. O. Box 602, and 4005 W. Sixth St., Ft. Worth, Tex. ' BURNS, Edward J., (1923). Htg. Engr., (for mail). H. Kelly & Co.. 925 Plymouth Bldg., and 4716 Aldrich Ave.. S., Minneapolis, Minn. BURNS, Willard A., (1924), Collins & Bums Co.. 4230 Lincoln Ave.. and (for mail), 1728 Farwell Ave., Chicago. 111. BURRITT, Charles G., (Associate 1916). Mgr., (for mail), Johnson Service Co., 922^Second Ave., and Buckingham Hotel, Minneapolis, Minn. BURT. John E., (1924). J. E. Burt & Son. 2442 South 16th St.. Philadelphia. Pa. BURTON, Clarence A., (1919), Mgr., (for snail). Kewanee Boiler Co., 2020 Wyandotte St,, and 3534 Virginia Ave., Kansas City, Mo. BUSHNELL, Carl D., (Associate 1921). Pres., (for mail). Bushnell" Mchy. Co., 132 Seventh St., Pittsburgh, and 94 Pilgrim Rd., Rosslyn Farms, Carnegie, Pa.- _ BUTLER, Charles, (1920), 108)4-W. Second St.. Oklahoma City, Okla.. and Hotel Sherman, Fourth and Hill Sts., Los Angeles. Calif. BUTLER, Charles Willis, (Junior 1927), Sales Engr., (for mail). The American Blower Co., 1221 Boatmens Bk. Bldg., and 6306 Clayton, Rd.. St. Louis, Mo. BUTLER, Peter D., (1922). Salesman. U. S. Radiator Corp., 101 Park Ave., New York, N.Y. and (for mail). 127 Edgewater Ave., Grantwood, N. J*. BYRNES, Thomas F,, (Junior 1924; Associate 1925), Htg. and Vtg. Engr., The Frederick Raff Co., 164 State St., and (for mail), 31 Clifford St., Hartford, Conn. CADWELL, William H., (1916), Pres., (for mail). The Beaton & Cadwell Mfg. Co., P. O- Box 1012, - and 130 W. Main St.. New Britain, Conn. CALAHAN, John J., (1915), Supervising Engr., (for mail), Board of Education, Administration Bldg., 2 Harrison Ave., and 78 Bartholdi Ave., Jersey City, N. J. . CALEB, David,* (1923), Engr., Kansas City Power & Light Co., (for mail), 1330 Grand Ave., and 141 Spruce St., Kansas City, Mo. CALLAHAN. Michael J., (1914), Pres, and Treas., Peerless Unit Ventilation Co., 718*34 Crescent Ave., Bridgeport. Conn. CALLAHAN, Thomas H., (Junior 1924; 1928), Pres., (for mail). Callahan Engrg. Co.. Inc., 20 Grove St., and 8 Rutherford St., White Plains, N. Y. GALLON, Harry, Jr., (Associate 1928), Mgr., (for mail), Callon Bros., 24 S. Alabama St., and 3001 East 38th St., Indianapolis. Ind. CALVERT, Norman W.,* (1921), (for mail), Klipfel Mfg. Co., 2651 W. Harrison St., Chicago, and 839 Lake St., Oak Park, 111. CAMPBELL, Everett K.,* (1920). Pres, and Treas., (for mail), E. K. Campbell, Htg. Co.. 2445 Charlotte St., and 3717 Harrison Blvd., Kansas City, Mo. CAMPBELL, Frank Barden, (Associate 1927), Own business, (for mail), Barelay-CampbeII Co., 9 Murray St., New York, and 1205a Bergen St.. Brooklyn. N. Y. CAMPBELL. J. Packard, (Junior 1927; As sociate 1928). Htg. Engr., The James Robertson Co., Ltd., P. O. Box 1000. St. John and 3 Dunn Ave., West St. John, N. B.t Can. CAMPBELL, Thomas Francis, (1928). Distribu tor, Minneapolis-Honeywell Regulators, (for mail), 1013 Penn Ave., an<f 1317 Penn Ave., Wilkinsburg, Pa. CANTWELL, William T., (1920). Plbg. and Htg. Contracting, (for mail). 306 Bleecker St., and 1302 Brinckerhoff Ave., Utica. N. Y. CAREY, James A., (1928), Gen. Sales Mgr., (for mail), York Htg. & Vtg. Corp., 16th- St., Cor. Sansom St., Philadelphia, and Wynnewood, Pa. CARLE, William E., (1926). Pres., (for mail). Carle-Boehling Co., 1641 W. Broad St., and 2220 Floyd Ave., Richmond, Va. ^. . CARMAN, G. Gay, (Junior 1928). Pres, and Chief Engr., (for mail), Dykema, Carman & Dykema, Inc., 803 Grand Rapids Trust Bldg., and 900 Giddings Ave., S. E.. Grand Rapids, Mich. CARNAHAN, Glen C., (1924), James B. Clow & Sons. 201 N. Talman Ave., and (for mail), 5428 Woodlawn Ave., Chicago. 111. . CARPENTER, R. H., (192D, Mgr., New York Office, (for mail), Nash Engr. Co., Graybar Bldg., 420 Lexington Ave., New York, and 10 Jefferson Ave., White Plains, N. Y. CARR, Clifford H., (Associate 1924). Pres, and Mgr.> (for mail). C. H. Carr Mchy. Co., 411 Mutual Bldg., and 5108 Main St., Kansas City, Mo. CARRASCO, Saturnino, (Junior 1928), Mech. Engr., Monedo 944, Santiago, Chile, S. A. CARRIER, WIlUs H.,* (1913), (Council. 1923-26). Pres., Carrier Engrg. Corp.. 750 Frelinghuysen Ave., Newark, and (for mail), Rensselaer Rd., Essex Fells. N. J. CARROLL, W. J., (Associate 1925), Br. Mgr., Kewanee Boiler Co., 402J4 Mich. Trust Bldg., and (for mail). 339 Burton St., S.E., Grand Raoids. Mich. . ,,v CARSTEN, W. H., (1923), Pres., (for mail). Majestic Furnace & Mfg. Co., 1723 Westlake Ave., N.. and 4903 Second Ave., N. W., Seattle, Wash CARSTENS, Emil, (Junior 1922; Associate 1925). Salesman. H. B. Smith Co.. 49th and Grays Ave.. and 4615 N. Rosehill St.. Philadelphia, Pa. 10 Roll of Membership CARTY, Thomas, (1924), Pres., Carty Htg. Corp., 29 Audubon Ave., and 635 West 174th St., New York. N. Y. CASEY, Byron L., (1921), Sales Engr., (for mail), Ilg Elec. Vtg. Co., 324 W. Monroe St.. Chicago, and 423 N. Prospect Ave., Park Ridge, IU. CASH, Tidle T., (Associate 1925), Pres., (for mail), Cash Co., 240 Seventh Ave.. S., and 4620 Colfax Ave., S.. Minneapolis. Minn. CASSELL, John D.,* (1913), Supt. of Bldgs.,' (for mail). Board -of Public Education, Keystone School Bldg.. 19th and Chestnut Sts., and 2007 Chestnut St., Philadelphia, Pa. CASSERLY, T. D., (Associate 1923), Mech. Engr., Weil-McLain Co., Michigan City, Ind., and (for mail), 5339 Winthrop Ave., Chicago, III. CASTIN, Laurence N., (1927), Htg. Contracting, 1212 Michigan Ave., Buffalo, N. Y. CAVILEER, James V., (Associate 1921), Asst. Sales Mgr., (for mail), York Htg. & Vtg. Corp., 1541 Sansom St., and 7124 Ogontz Ave., Phila delphia, Pa. . CHApEAYNE, George D., (Junior 1924; As sociate 1926), Engr., Gorton & Lidgerwood Co., 96 Liberty St., New York, and (for mail), 187 Sixth Ave., Brooklyn, N. Y. CHADWICK, John Beaghen, (1926), Htg. and Vtg. Engr., Calico Printers Assn., Ltd., Bldg., Dept. P. O. Box 52, St. James Bldg., Oxford St., and (for mail). 11 Orville Drive. Burnage Hall Rd., Burnage. Manchester, England. CHAISSON, Clarence H., (Junior 1926). Drafts man. C. S. Cox Engrg. Co., 625 Putnam Ave., Cambridge, Mass. CHALLMAN, Samuel A., (1919), Director of School Bldgs.. State Dept, of Education, State Capitol, St. Paul, and (for mail), 1107 Seventh St., S.E., Minneapolis, Minn. * CHAMBERS, William E., (Associate 1923), Htg. Contractor, 1025 Franklin St, Williams port. Pa. ^ CHAPMAN, D. Witt, (1914), Consulting Engr., 427 Bond Bldg., Washington, D. C. CHAPMAN, Frank T., (1909), (Board of Gov ernors 1913; Council 1914-1916; 2nd Vice-Pres. 1915; 1st Vice-Pres. 1916), E. Davey Dodd, 137 Forest Ave., Glen Ridge, N. J. . CHAPPELL, Robert E., (1928), Industrial Eiigr., (for mail). The St. Louis County Gas Co.. 231 W. Lockwood, Webster Groves, and 4920a McPherson, St. Louis, Mo. CHAPPELL, T. A., (1926), Pres.. Weldon Sheet Metal Works, Inc., Weldon, N. C. CHASE, John M., (Associate 1916). Vice-Pres. (for mail), W. A. Case & Son Mfg. Co., 50 East 42nd St., and 468 Riverside Drive, New York, N.Y. CHENOWETH, William H., (1911). Dist. Mgr., (for mail), Warren Webster & Co., 549 W. Washington St.. Chicago, and 541 Keystone Ave., River Forest, III. CHERRY, Lester A., (1921), Industrial Planning Corp., (for mall), 45 Court St., and 155 Euclid Ave., Hertel Sta., Buffalo, N. Y. CHERVEN, Victor W., (Associate 1920: 1928), Chief Engr., (for mail), Holland Furnace Co., and 326 Maple Ave., Holland, Mich. CHESTER, Thomas * (1917), 1318 Cordova Rd.. Pittsburgh. Pa. CHEYNEY, C. C., (Associate 1925), Asst. Sales Mgr., Buffalo Forge Co.. 490 Broadway, and (for mail), 90 Bryant St., Buffalo, N. Y. CHILDRESS, Worthie Lee, (1925), Partner. E. G.. Harris & Co., 3312 W. Cary St., and 609 West 27th St. Richmond. Va. CHOFFIN, C. C., (1919), Secy, and Treas.. W. J. Scholl & Co., Mahoning Ave. and-Hogue St., and 450 Catalina Ave.; Youngstown, O. CHRISTIAN, Charles W., (1913), Owner, (for mail),-Chas. W. Christian, Htg. & Vtg. Engr. & Contr., P. O. Box 292, 935 Providence Rd., and Myers Park, Charlotte, N.' C. CHURCH, Herbert John, (1922), Mgr., (for mail). Darling Bros., Ltd., 77 York St.. Toronto, and 358 Main St., Weston, Ont., Can. CLAFFEY, Edward J,, (1913), Pres., (for mail). E. J. Claffey Co., 10 W. Illinois St., and 531 Roscoe St., Chicago, 111. CLARE, Fulton Warren, (1927), Mgr., (for mail), Clare & Co., 611 Bona Allen Bldg., and 1316 North Ave., N.E.. Atlanta, Ga. CLARK, E. Harold, (1922), Br. Mgr., J. D. Swartwout Co., 606 Michigan Theatre Bldg., and (for mail). 132 Pingree St., Detroit, Mich. CLARK, Fred C., (1923), Pres., F. C. Clark Htg. Co., 5941 Baum Blvd., and 505 N. Sheridan Ave., Pittsburgh, Pa. CLARK, Homer J., (1919), Dist Mgr., B. F. Sturtevant Co.. 1042 Wrigley Bldg., Chicago, m. CLARK, William D.t (1908), Htg. and Vtg. Engr., Richardson & Boynton Co., 260 Fifth Ave., New York, and (for mail), 8613-llOthSt. Richmond Hill, N. Y. CLARK. W. H., (1921). Htg. Engr.. Anchor Sanitary Co., 123 Third Ave., and 932 Wood- bourne Ave.. Pittsburgh. Pa. CLARKE, Samuel S., (1909). Pres, and Mgr., (for mail), S. S. Clarke & Co.. Ltd., 605 Second St, and 603 Second St, West Calgary, Alta, CLARKSON, Robert C., Jr., (1921), Asst Engr.. Turner Construction Co.. 1713 Sansom St, and 821 South 49th St. Philadelphia. Pa. CLARKSON, William B., (1919). Director of Research. King Vtg. Co., and (for mail), 216 Broadway. Owatonna, Minn. CLEGG, Carl, (1922), Dist. Mgr., (for mail). American Blower Co., 311 Mutual Bldg., and 3321 Gillham Rd., Kansas City, Mo. CLELAND, James E., (1925), Owner, (for mail), Cleland Engrg. Co., 208-19 Fifth St, and 73 N. Princeton Circle, Lynchburg, Va. CLEMENT, E. R., (Associate 1924), In charge Htg. Dept, New Haven Plbg. Supply Co., 209 Meadow St., New Haven, and (for mail), 77 Richardson St., Bridgeport, Conn. CLIFTON, Wm. F., (1923). Mgr., W. F. Clifton & Co., 313 Brook Ave., Toronto, Ont., Can. CLOSE, Paul Dunham, (1928). Asst. Mgr., Bldg., Dept, The Celotex Co., 645 N. Michigan Ave., Chicago, and 508 S. Cuyler Ave., Oak Park. 111. CLOUD, Oscar E., (Associate 1924), Mgr., (for mail). Western Sheet Metal Works, 450 N. Main St., and 529 Madison Ave.. Wichita. Kan. CLOUGH, Leslie, (1922), Htg. and Vtg. Engr., 80 Boylston St, Boston, ami 203 Pierce Rd., Weymouth, Mass. ' CLOW, MUton T., (1926), Research Engr., (for mail), James B. Clow & Sons. 201 N. Talman Ave., Chicago, and 930 Columbian Ave., Oak Park. IU. CLUCAS, W. Frank, (1928). 483 Elmwood Ave., and (for mail). 81 Huntington Ave., Buffalo, N. Y. COE, Ivan B., (1918), Pres., (for mail). Blower Systems Corp., 362 Plymouth Ave., S., and 122 Penhurst Ave., Rochester, N. Y. * COE, Ralph T., (1917), Partner, (for mail). The R. T. Coe Companies, 709 Gas and Elec. Bldg., and 236 Chill Ave., Rochester, N. Y. COHAGEN, Chandler C., (1919)7 Archt. (for mail). Mclver E. Cohagen, P. O. Box 1305, Heddin Bldg., and 127 Wyoming Ave., BilUngs, Mont COLBY. Clyde W., (1915), Pres.. C. W. Colby & * Co., 2341 Carnegie Ave., Cleveland, and 1755 Northfield Ave., E. Cleveland, O. COLE, Grant E., (Associate 1925), Vice-Pres., Trane Co. of Can., Ltd.. 439 King St., W,, and (for mail), 128 Grenadier Rd., Toronto, Orit, Can. , COLEMAN, John B.t (1920). Chief Engr., (for mail). Grinnell Co., Inc., 260 W. Exchange St. and 237 Cole Ave., Providence, R. I. COLLAMORE, Ralph, (1904), (Bd.of Gov. 1913). Secy., Smith, Hinchman & Grylls. 800 Mar quette Bldg., and (for mail), 679 Pingree Ave;, Detroit, Mich. -' COLLETTE, John R., (Associate 1928), VicePres., (for mail). Pacific Steel Boiler Corp. of 111., and 317 Glcndenning Place. Waukegan, 111. n American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1929 COLLIER, William I., (19211. Consulting Engr., (for mail). W. I. Collier St Co.. 522 Park Ave.. Baltimore, and Ellicott City, Md. COLLVER, Gordon L., (Junior 1927), Sales Engr., B. F. Sturtevant Co. of Can., Ltd., 1010 Lumsden Bldg., Toronto, and (for mail), 63 Beattie Ave., London, Ont., Can. COMSTOCK, Glen Moore. (Associate 1926). Chief Engr.. (for mail), Rush Machinery Co., 32 E. Carson St., Pittsburgh, and 134 College Ave.. Beaver, Pa. CONES, Benjamin, (1911), 2301 N. Knox Ave., Chicago. 111. CONNELL, Richard F,, (1916). Mgr., (for mail), Capitol Testing Lab., U. S. Radiator Corp., 127 Campbell Ave., and 2970 Burlingame Ave., Detroit, Mich. COOK, Benjamin F., (1920), Member of Firm, Cook & White, 308 Mutual Bldg., Kansas City, and (for mail), 170 Overton Ave., Independence, Mo. COOK, Chester D., (1921), (for mail), D. F. Edwards Heating Co.. 2340 Pine St., and 910 Boland Place, St. Louis, Mo. COOK, Harris R., (Associate 1924), Dist. Mgr., (for mail), American Foundry & Furnace Co., 805-36th St., and 1121-44th St., Milwaukee, Wis. COON, Thurlow E,, (1916), Pres., The CoonDeVisser Co., 2051 W. Lafayette, and (for mail) . 826 Edison Ave., Detroit, Mich. COOPER, Albert W., (Associate 1925), Mgr., COX, William W., (1923), Pres, and Mgr., (for mail); Heating Service Co., 326 Columbia St., and 5010 38th St., N. E.. Seattle, Wash. GRANNELL, Chas A., (1922). Charles A. Crannell Co., (for mail), 7253 Cottage Grove Ave., and 8336 Paxton Ave., Chicago, IUL CRAWFORD, William B., (1921), Mgr. Trap Dept., (for mail), Jas. P. Marsh & Co., 2072 Southport Ave., Chicago, and 1516 N. Mayfield Ave., Cragin Station, Chicago, I1L - CRIQUI, Albert A. * (1919), Chief Engr.. Htg. and Vtg. Dept., Buffalo Forge Co., 490 Broad way, and (for mail), 250 Blaine Ave., Buffalo, N. Y. CROFT, Terrell, (1924), Consulting Engr., (for mail), Terrell Croft Engrg. Co., Apartado 275, and Calle 56, Numero 452-A, Merida, Yucatan, Mexico, via New Orleans. CRONE, Charles E., Jr., (1922), Secy, and Treas.. (for mail). Wendt & Crone Co., 1131 N. Wells St., and 1320 N. State St., Chicago, 111. CRONE, Thomas E., (1920), Dist. Mgr., Rome Brass Radiator Co., 1 East 42nd St., and (for mail), 236 West 71st St., New York, N. Y. CRUTCHLEY, Edward, Jr., (1920), Htg. Con tractor., (for mail), Edward Crutchley, Jr., 477--83rd St., and 78-89*h St., Brooklyn, N. Y. CULBERT, Warren G., (Associate 1911). Phila. Mgr., Hart & Crouse Co., 3118 Chestnut St., Philadelphia, and 38 Chester Pike, Ridley Park, Pa. Salt Lake Office, (for mail). Johnson Service Co., CULLYFORD, Francis S., (1915), Pres, and 610 McIntyre Bldg., and 2543 Highland Drive, Salt Lake City, Utah. . Mgr., (for mail), Cullyford Plbg. & Htg. Co;, 1210 California St., and 517 Josephine St., COOPER, Frank Irving, (1911), (Council 1914 Denver. Colo. 1916), Pres., (for mail), Frank Irving Cooper GUMMING, Robert Worthington, (1928), Coil)., 172 Tremont St., Boston, and Concord Engr. and Salesman, Sarco Co., Inc., 183 Madison Rd.. Wayland. Mass. . Ave., New York, and (for mail), 81 Alkamont COOPER, Harry, (Associate 1924), Pres., (for Ave., Scaredale, N. Y. mail). Harry Cooper Supply Co., 223 Water St., CUMMINGS, Carl H., (Junior 1926; Associate and 590 E. Walnut St., Springfield, Mo., COOPER, John W., (Junior 1921; Associate 1925), Repr., (for mail), Buffalo Forge Co., 906 Chemical Bldg., and 5700 Clemens Ave., St. Louis, Mo. COOPER, Thos. R., (1923), Shanghai Water Works Co., 69 Kiangse Rd., and 339 Yu Yuen Rd., Shanghai, China. COOPER, Thomas W., (Associate 1922), As sociate Mgr., (for mail), National Radiator . Corp., 121 N. Broad St., and 5117 N. Meevine St., Philadelphia. Pa. . CORNELL, Harold, (Associate 1925), Salesman, Davies Supply Co., 6601 Grand Ave., Chicago, ill. CORNWALL, George T., (1919), Mgr., Boiler Dept., (for. mail), Hitchings & Co., Spring and Louisa Sts., and 633 Madison Ave., Elizabeth, N. J. . COSGROVE, Wallace M., (1923), Vice-Pres., (for mail). American Radiator Co., 40 West 40th'St.. 1927). Mgr., (for mail). Industrial Appliance Co., 250 Stuart St., Boston, arid 41Edgehill Rd., Chestnut Hill, Mass. CUMMINGS, Charles A., (Junior 1926). (for mail), Capitol Testing Laboratory. U. S. Radiator Corp., 127 Campbell Ave., and 1554 W. Grand Blvd., Detroit, Mich. . CUMMINGS. G. J., (1923), Htg. Mgr. and Dir.. . (for mail), The Scott Co., 113 Tenth St., and 2001 Hoover Ave., Oakland, Calif. CUMMINS, George H., (1919), Sales Engr., (for mail), 418 United Artists Bldg., Detroit, Mich. CURRIER, Charles H., (1919), Vice-Pres. and Gen. Mgr., (for mail). Drying Systems. Inc., 1807 Foster Ave., and 2440 Lake View .Ave., Chicago, 111. CUTHBERT, Ivan Norman, (1925), (for mail), Cuthbert & Cuthbert, 327 E. Huron St., and 148 Milan Rd., Platt, Ann Arbor, Mich. New York, N. Y., and 240'Ridgewood Rd., S, CUTLER, Joseph A., (1916). (Council 1917 Orange, N. J. . 1926), Mgr., (for mail). Johnson Service Co.. COTTON, Roland M., (Associate 1928), Secy. 1355 Washington and 649 Hinman Ave.. Evans Treas., (for mail), Roland M. Cotton Co., 1720 ton. III. E. Tenth St., and R. R. H. Box 27-B, Indiana CUTTER, Edward H., (Associate 1923), Special polis, Ind. ' Distributor, Hoffman Steam Specialties, (for COUGHLIN, R. J., (1925). Dist. Mgr., B. F. ^ mail). 179 W. Washington St., Chicago, and Sturtevant Co., 1042 Wrigley Bldg., and (for 912 Douglas Ave., Elgin, 111. mail). 8215 Maryland Ave., Chicago, III. COUSENS, Walter S., (1924), Treas., McLean c Cousens Co., 65 Chandler St., Boston, and (for CUYLER, David H., (1917), NatL Radiator Co., 334 Forest Ave., Cincinnati, O. mail). 46 Shomecliff Rd., Newton, Mass. . COWARD, Herbert, (1921), Wash. Rep., (for D. mail), Buffalo Forge Co., 418 Washington Loan & Trust Bldg., Washington, D. C., and E. Falls DAHLSTROM, Godfrey A., (Associate 1927). Department Mgr., Roberts-Hamilton Co., 713 Church. Va. . COWLES, Benjamin E., (1919), Htg. Engr., (for mail), Kellogg-Mackay Co., 824 S. Fourth St., Minneapolis, and 3711 Colfax Ave., N.,' N. Minneapolis, Minn. ' COX, Christopher J., (1919), (for mail), C. J. Cox Engrg. Co., 625 Putnam Ave.. Cambridge, and 1412 Commercial Ave.. Allston, Mass. COX, W. F., (1924). Specialty Engr., (for mail). Crane Co.. 1532 Grand Ave., and 5212 Rockhill Rd.. Kansas City, Mo. S. Third St., and (for mail), 2412-28th Ave., S.. Minneapolis, Minn. DAILEY, Jas. A., (Associate 1920). Htg. Contract ing. 304 West 14th St., New York, N. Y. DAILEY, James F., (1924). Pres., Typhoon Fan Co., 345 West 39th St.. New York, and (for mail), 25 Wilson Drive, New Rochelle. N. Y. DALTO, Frank J., (Associate 1926). Plbg. & Htg. Contr., (for mail), 7901--13th Ave., and 1349 74th` St.. Brooklyn, N. Y. . 12 Roll of Membership DALY, John H., (1915), Pres., (for. mail). The Daly Co.. Distributors, 1635 Blake St., and Denver Athletic Club, Denver, Colo. DAMBLY, A. Ernest,- (Junior- 1921; 1924), Asst., (for mail), H. B. Hackett, 505 Chestnut St., Philadelphia, Pa. DANE, Irving S., (1925), N. E. Mgr., Trane Co., 726 Little Bldg., Boston, and (for mail), 166 George St., Medford, Mass. DANFORTH, Newman Loring, (1919), Pres., John W. Danforth Co., 72 Ellicott St., -Buffalo, N. Y. DANNIES, F. R., (Associate 1925), Mgr., (for mail). National Radiator Corp., 128 Jefferson St., Milwaukee, and 465 Fourth Ave., Wau- warosa, Wis. - DARTON, Arthur W., (Associate 1925), Htg. Contractor, 314 Fulton St., Union Hill, and (for mail), 331 Brown St., Union Hill, Union City. N. J. DARTS, John A.. (1919). Sales Mgr., (for mail). Kewanee Boiler Co., Inc., 570 Seventh Ave., and 272 Manhattan Ave., New York, N; Y. . - DAUGH, Emil O., (1921), Secy, and Treas., (for mail), McCormick Plbg. Supply Co., 1675 Baker St., and (for mail), 81 Montana Ave., W., Detroit, Mich. ' . DAVIDSON. H. MacD., (Junior 1924; Associate 1926). 3127 Grave St., Berwyn, 111. DAVIDSON, L. Clifford, (1927), (for mail). Davidson & Hunger, 1302 Land Title Bldg., and 916 South 49th St., Philadlephia, Pa. DAVIDSON, Philip L., (Junior 1921; 1924), Territorial Mgr., Carrier Engrg. Corp., Land Title Bldg., Philadelphia, Pa`. DAVIDSON, Ralph Albert, (Junior 1928), Htg. Engr., Petroleum Heat & Power Co., 54 Fifth Ave., New York. N. Y., and (for mail), 76 . Prospect Place, Rutherford, N. J. DAVIES, George W.t (1918), Htg. and Vtg. Engr., G. W. Davies & Co., 79 McLaggan St., Dunedin, New Zealand. DAVIS, A. C., (1920), Asst. Supt., (for mail). The Holland Tunnel, Administration Bldg., Canal and Varick Sts., New York, N. Y., and 73 Preston St., Ridgefield Park, N. J. DAVIS, Benjamin West, (1927), Plbg. & HtgM 113 Russell St., Ridley Park, Pa. DAVIS. Bert C., (1904), Pres, and Treas., (for mail). American Warming & Ventilating Co., 317. Pennsylvania Ave., and 603 W. Church St., Elmira, N. Y. DAVIS, Calvin Russell, (1927), Sales Engr., (for mail), Johnson Service Co., 2328 Locust St., and 7534 Westmoreland Ave., St. Louis, Mo. DAVIS, Jas. H., (Charter Member ), (Board of Governors 1911), 816 S. Michigan Ave., Chicago, DAVIS, Joseph, (Associate 1926; 1927), Htg. Engr., and Estimator, W. E. Shaddock, 295 Oak St., and (for mail), 72 W. Northrup Place,. Buffalo, N. Y., DAVIS, Leo J., (1917), Vice-Pres. and Treas.. Davis Bros. Co., 2631 Baker St., and (for mail), 18261 Grayfield Ave., Detroit, Mich. . DAVIS, Otis E., (Associate 1925), Sales Engr., Hoffman Specialty Co., P. O. Box 231, and (for . mail), 1523 First Ave., Scottsbluff, Nebr. ' DAVIS, Rowland G., (Associate T921), Sales Engr., Herman Nelson Corp., 1900 Euclid Ave., Cleveland, and (for mail), 887 Nela View Rd., Cleveland Heights, O. DAY, Vincent Stephen,* (1924), Chief Engr., . Carrier-Lyle Corp., 39 Cortlandt St., New York, N. Y. DECKER, Edward M., (Associate 1917), Sales man, American Radiator Co., 1344 Broadway, Detroit, Mich. . DEEX, Charles J., (1920), Secy., (for mail), Mouat-Vapor Htg. Co., 1246 W. Fourth St., and 4364 Rocky River Drive, Cleveland, O. DEGAN, James E., (Associate 1916), Pres., (for mail), James E. Degan Co.. 622 First St., and 2428 Blaine Ave., Detroit, Mich. DeHAVEN, I. C., (Associate 1928), Prop., I. C. DeHaven Engrg. Co., (for mail), 708 State Life Bldg., and 48 West 33rd St., Indianapolis, Ind. DELAND, Cnarles W., (Junior 1923; 1924). Secy., (for mail). C. W. Johnson, Inc., 211 N. Desplaines St., and 2021 Estes Ave., Chicago, III. DeLONG, Maj. Harry B., (1915), (for mail), H. B. DeLong Co., 409 First Ave., and East 231-24th Ave.. Spokane, Wash. ` DEMPSEY, Harry P., (1919), Consulting Mech. Engr., (for mail). 34 Delaware Circuit, 232 Delaware Ave., Buffalo, and 394 Pleasant Ave., Hamburg, N. Y. . DeNEILLE, J. Lawrence, (1920). Secy, and Treas., (for mail). Eichler Htg. Co., Railway Exch. Bldg., and 7227 Maryland Ave., St. Louis, Mo. . DENNIS. C. K.. (Junior 1923; Associate 1926). Sales Engr., (for mail). Spencer Heaters. 309 O. C. S. Bk. Bldg., and 812 Stolp Ave., Syracuse, N. Y. DENSON, Walter, (1922), 2916 Olga Place, Jacksonville, Fla. DePALMA, James Robert, (Junior 1928), Engrg. Draftsman. Thompson-Starrett Co., 245 Hunters Point Ave., Long Island City, and (for mail), 266 Cleveland St., Brooklyn, N. Y. DERANLEAU, Raymond L., (Junior 1922:1924), Htg. and Vtg. Engr., (for mail), Jos. F. Pfeiffer Htg. Co., 1140 California St., and 1930 Jasimim St., Denver, Colo. DeROSA, Angelo, (1925), Htg. Engr., (for mail), DeRosa Htg. Corp., 662 Bleecker St., and 519 Blandina Ave., Utica, N.-Y. .- DESPAROIS, L. J., (1925), National Radiator . Corp., Johnston, Pa. DEVENDORF, Wm. F., (1910), Prop., (for mail), Wm. F. Devendorf & Co., 70 Exchange St., and 737 East Ave., Rochester, N. Y. DEWAR, John G., (1920), (for mail), Dewar & - Carrington, 153 N. Desplaines St., Chicago, and .797 Pine St.. Winnetka, III. DeWOLF, Roger D., (1915), Asst. Supt., (for mail), Elec. Dept., Rochester Gas & Elec. Corp., 89 East Ave.. and 330 Barrington St., Rochester, N. Y. DEXTER, Mac. D., (1924), Pres, and Treas., Dexter Ventilator Co.. Columbus. Ga. DIBBLE, Samuel E.,* (1917), (Presidential Mem ber), (Pres. 1925;Council 1921-1926; 2nd VicePres. 1922; 1st Vice-Pres. 1924), Consulting Engr., and Prof. Htg. and Vtg. Dept., (for mail). Carnegie Institute of Technology, and 514 Hastings St., Pittsburgh, Pa. , DICKEY, Arthur J., (1921), Vice-Pres. and Gen. Mgr., C. A. Dunham Co., Ltd., 1523-41 Daven port Rd., and (for mail), 9 Mossom Place, Toronto, Ont., Can. DICKINSON, Charles E., (1926), Owner, (for mail). Dickinson Heating Co., 2814 West 55th St., Chicago, and 1210 Central St., Evanston, 111. DICKSON, Robert B., (1919), Vice-Pres., in Charge Sales, (for mail), Kewanee Boiler Co., and 409 E. Prospect St.. Kewanee, 111. DILL, H. O., (Associate 1922), Gen. Sales Mgr., (for mail), Oil City Boiler Works, 501 Fifth Ave., and 243 Mt. Hope Place. New York. N. Y. DILLMAN, Ernest J., (1921), Engr., (for mail), American Radiator Co.. 5961 Lincoln Ave., and 16170 Baylis Ave., Detroit, Mich. DILLON, H. R., (Associate 1923), Asst, to Gen. Mgr. Sales, (for mail). National Radiator Corp., Johnstown, Pa., and 61 Palmer Ave., Larch* mont, N. Y. DISTEL, Frank, Jr., (1918), Prop., (for mail), Distel Htg. Equipment Co., 125 E. Shiawassee St., and 1011 Genessee St., Lansing, Mich. DIVER, M. L., (1925), Consulting Engr., 302 Calcasieu Bldg., San Antonio, Tex. DIX, H. M., (1925), Htg. Engr., Mgr. Htg. Dept., Central Supply Co.. Foster Sq., and (for mail), 11 Elmwood St., Worcester, Mass. DIXON, Arthur G., (1928), Asst. Sales Mgr., Modine Mfg. Co., and (for mail). Apt. 104, 1046 . College Ave., Racine, Wis. ' 13 IX oj and 1929American Society Heating Ventilating Engineers Guide, DOBBS, C. E., (Associate 1921), Boiler & Radiator DOWNEY, Paul C., (Junior'1926), Pres, and Supply Co., 110 Walnut St., Philadelphia, Pa., Treas., (for mail). Downey Heating Co., 256 and (for mail), 72 Berlin Ave., Haddonfield, N. J. 11th St., and 1914 Cumberland Blvd., Mil- DOBSON, George Gardner, (1922), Mech. Engr., waukee ^Vis Blower Systems Corp., 362 Plymouth Ave., and DOWNS, Roy N., (Associate 1928), Mgr. Indiana (for mail), 166 Harding Rd., Rochester, N. Y. polis Br., (for mail), American Radiator Co., DODDS, Forrest F., (1920), Mgr..- (for mail), 9 E. Ohio St., and 811 East 42nd St., Indiana American Radiator Co., 1423 Baltimore Ave., polis, Ind. and 910 Ward Parkway, Kansas City, Mo. DOYLE, William J., (1920), Designing Engr., DOERING, Frank L.. (1919). Sales Engr., Williamson Heater Co., 4558 Marburg Ave., American Radiator Co., 219 Denver Ave., Oakley, and (for mail), 3766 Hyde Park Ave,, Lynchburg, Va. Cincinnati, O. DOHERTY, John A., (1924). Htg. Engr., Richard* DRAKE, George H., (1919), (for mail). 218 son & Boynton Co., 260 Fifth Ave., New York, Lexington Ave., and 353 Norwood Ave., Buffalo, and (for mail), 1834 Schenectady Ave., Brooklyn, N. Y. N. Y. DRESEN, William D,, (Junior 1926), Estimator. DOHERTY, John J., (1921), Owner, (for mail). Inland Heating Co., 1120 N. Cicero Ave., and P. C. Doherty Co., 112 Main St., and 135 (for mail). 340 N. Pine Ave.. Chicago, 111. Academy St., Poughkeepsie, N. Y. DRIGGS, Leland L., (1918). Htg. Engr., Mack DOLAN, Edward Michael, (Associate 1927), Machine Co. of Penna., 1712 N, Front St., Editor, (for mail), The Sanitary Age. 14 Irwin Philadelphia, Pa., and (for mail), 208 E. Clinton Ave., and 10 Ladykirk Ave., Toronto 8, Ont., Ave.. Oaklyn, N. J. Can. DRINKER, Philip, (1922), Asst. Prof, of Ventila DOLAN, Raymond G., (Junior 1922; Associate tion and Illumination, (for mail), Harvard School 1926). 614 W. Grand, Oklahoma City; Okta. of Public Health, 55 Van Dyke St., Boston, and DOLAN, William Henry, Jr., (Junior 1927), 11 Lowell Rd., Brookline, Mass. Asst. Treas., (for mail). The Jennison Co.. 17 DRISCOLL, William H., (1904). (Presidential Putnam St., and 65 Linden St., Fitchburg, Mass. Member), (Council 1918-1926; Treas. 1923; 2nd DOME, Walter R., (1920), (for mail), Coatesville ' Vice-Pres. 1924; 1st Vice-Pres. 1925; Pres. 1926). Boiler Works, Packard Bldg., and 7129 Chew Vice-Pres., Thompson-Starett Co.. 245 Hunters St.. Philadelphia. Pa. Point Ave., Long Island City, N.Y., atd 23 Boyd DONNELLY, James A.,* (1904), (Treas. 1912 Ave., Jersey City, N. J. 1914). Largent, W. Va. DRUCE, John J., (1922), Vice-Pres. and Mgr., DONNELLY, Russell, (1923), Sales Engr., (for McKelvey & Birch, Ltd., 69 Brock St., and (for mail), Nash Engrg. Co.. Graybar Bldg., 43rd St. mail), 96 Queen's Crescent, Kingston, Ont., Can. and Lexington Ave., New York, N.Y., and DUBE, Wllbrod, (1925). Consulting Engr.. (for Stamford, Conn. mail). Raoul Chenevert, Archt., 20D'AiguiUon DONNELLY, Webster C., (Junior 1922), Htg. St., and 157 Cremazie St., Quebec. Can. Engr., Petro-Nassau Corp., 3 Broadway. Lyn- DUBRY, Ernest E., (1924), Asst. Supt. Central brook, L. I. ' Htg., (for mail). Detroit Edison Co., 2000 DONOGHUE, James J., (Associate 1924), Mgr., Second Ave., and 9116 Dexter Blvd., Detroit, (for mail), Natl. Radiator Co., 47 West 42nd St., Mich. New York, N. Y., and 1957 Boulevard, Jersey DUDFIELD, Alvin, (1920). Pres., Dudfield Mfg. City. N. J. - Co.. 116 W. Kansas St., Liberty, Mo. DONOHUE, Edmund S., (Associate 1924), DUDLEY, William Lyle, (1922), Vice-Pres.. (for Salesman, (for mail). American Radiator Co.. mail). Western Blower Co., 1800 Ninth Ave., S., 1344 Broadway, and 50 E. Philadelphia, Detroit, 1 and 2532 Queen Anne Ave.. Seattle, Wash. Mich. DUEMLER, Franklin C. (Junior 1926), Sales DONOVAN, James E., (Junior 1923), Broad St., Engr.. Pacific Steel Boiler Corp., 220 South 16th Port Chester, and (for mail), 618 Forest Ave., St., Philadelphia, and (for mail). 1032 E- Ritten- Rye. N. Y. house St., Germantown, Philadelphia. Pa. DOODY, C. A., (1924). Asst, to Mgr. Dept, of DUFF. Kennedy, (1915), Mgr. Eastern Territory, Research and Field Engrg., Silent Automatic (for mail). Johnson Service Co., 28 West 29th Corp., 255 Meldrum Ave.. Detroit. Mich. St., New York, N. Y., and 9 Park Ave., Maple DORNHEIM, G. A., (Junior 1906: 1912), (for wood. N. J. mall). Thompson-Starrett Co.. 245 Hunters DUFFIELD, Thomas Jefferson,* (Associate Point Ave., Long Island City, and 15 Hamilton 1927). Executive Secy., (for mail). New York Ave., Bronxville, N. Y. ' Commission on Ventilation, 370 Seventh Ave., DORSEY, Francis C., (1920), Htg. Plbg. and and 400 West 119th St.. New York, N. Y. Elec. Contracting, Francis C. Dorsey, 110 DUGAN, Thomas M., (1920), Engr., (for mail). Prospect Ave., Roland Park, Baltimore. Md. National Tube Co.. Fourth Ave. and Locust St., DOUD, Malcolm P., (Associate 1921), (for mail), and 1308 Freemont, McKeesport, .Pa. 6307 W. Girard Ave., Philadelphia, and Rutledge, DUNCAN, George W.. Jr., (1923). Consulting Pa. Mech. Engr., U. S. Veterans Hospital. Camp DOUGHERTY, P, J., (1926), Htg. Contracting Kearney, and (for mail), 2132 Derby St., 208 E. Lomita Ave., Glendale. Calif. A Berkeley, Calif. DOUGHTY, Charles John, (1925), Managing DUNCAN, John M,, (1924), Mech. Engr., Dir. and Treas., (for mail), C. j. Doughty & Co.. Atmospheric Nitrogen Corp., Syracuse. N. Y. 30 Brenan Rd., Shanghai, China. DUNHAM, Clayton A., ?1911), Pres., (for mail), DOUGLASS, Thomas C., (1922). 1237 Cortez C. A. Dunham Co..450 E. Ohio St., Chicago, and Ave.. Burlington. Calif. . 150 Maple Hill Rd., Glencoe. 111. DOWNE, Edward Reynolds, (1927), Dir., Gas DUNLAP, Ralph L., (1917), Engr., (for mail). Utilization Dept., (for mail). American Radiator J. H. Kitchen & Co., Pioneer Trust Bldg.. 1016 Co.. 40 .West 40th St., New York, and 31 Howell Baltimore Ave., and 5533 Holmes St., Kansas Ave.. Larchmont, N. Y. ' City. Mo. DOWNE, Henry S., (1895), Vice-Pres, and DUNLEVY, Thomas Ross, (1925), Mgr., Anthra- European Director, (for mail), American Radia cite Coal Service, 75 Westminster St., and (for tor Co.. 149, Boulevard Haussmann, and 5 Rue mail), 170 Alabama Ave., Edge Sta., Providence, Verdi. Paris. France. R. I. DOWNES, Nate W., (1917), (Council 1928), DURAND, William L., (1921), Engr., (for mail). Engr.. (for mail) . School Dist. of Kansas City, . Clark, McMullen & Riley, 101 Park Ave., New 601 Finance Bldg., and 2119 East 68th St., York, and 242 Lafayette Ave., Brooklyn. N. Y. Kansas City, Mo. DUSOSSOIT. Edmond A.. (1920). Treas.. (for DOWNEY, Frank E., (1921). Pres., (for mail). mail), Lynch & Woodward, Inc., 320 Dover St., Downey Supply Co.. 1217 Clybourn St., and Boston, and 16 Hancock Ave., Newton Centre, 1188 Prospect Ave., Milwaukee. Wis. Mass. . 14 Roll of Membership DWYER, Thomas F,, (1923), Mech. Engr., (for mail). Board of Education, Flatbush Ave. and Concord St., Brooklyn, and 282 Cypress Ave., New York, N. Y. DYER, Orville K., (1919), Mgr. Blower Dept., (for mail), Buffalo Forge Co., 490 Broadway, and 11 Russell Ave., Buffalo. N. Y. DYER, William Saul, (Associate 1927). Pres., Dyer Heating Co., 408 Graham Ave., Brooklyn. N. Y. E EADIE, John G. (1909), Consulting Engr., (for mail). Eadie, Freund & Campbell. 110 West 40thSt., New York.N. Y., and 11 Blackburn Rd., Summit. N. J. ' EAGAN, WalterH.. (1926). Pres., WalterH. Eagan & Co., 1612 Vine St., Philadelphia, Pa. EAGAR, R. Frank, (1922), Engr., (for mail), 138 Lower Water St., and 44 South Park St., Halifax, N. S. EAKINS, Walter, (1928), Engr. and Estimator, (for mail), Louis J. Sommer & Son, Inc., 2436 Brown St., and 336 E. Phil Ellena St., Phila delphia. Pa. EARLY, George David, (Associate 1927), Business Repr., Steam Fitter, Rm. 102 Labor Temple, nH 7803 W. Green St. Way, Seattle, Wash. EASTERBROOKS, Clifton C., (1922), Sales Engr., (for mail), Koithan & Pryor, 39 Cortlandt St., and 2735 Sedgewick Ave., New York, N. Y. EASTWOOD, Everett Owen, (1921), Prof. Mech. Engrg, (for mail), Univ. of Washington, and 4702 12th Ave.. N.E.. Seattle. Wash. EASTWOOD, Harry Fuller, (1925), Vice-Pres.. In Charge of Engrg., (for mail). Combustion Specialties Corp., 250 West 54th St., New York, and 157 Franklin Blvd., Merrick, L. I., N. Y. EATON, Byron K., (Associate 1919; 1920), Gen. Sales Mgr., Winslow Boiler & Engr. Co.. 208 S. LaSalle St., Chicago, and (for mail). 522 N. Fifth Ave., La Grange. HI. EATON, Phillips, (1927). Salesman. H. B. Smith Co.. 640 Main St., Cambridge, Mass., and Jfor mail), 40 Caldwell St., Woodfords, Me. EATON, Roy, (Associate 1925), 100 Boylston St., Boston. Mas9. EBERLE, Carl Frederick, (Junior 1926), Owner, ' (for mail), Eberle's Little Plumber. 121 N. Main St., and Beaver and Clay Sts., Zelienople, Pa. EBERT, William A., (1920), Engr. and Estimator. A. H. Shafer. 418 St. May St., and (for mail), P. O. Box 1280, San Antonio. Tex. EBIN. Louis,* (1924), Htg. and Vtg. Engr., (for mail). Phillips-Getschow Co.. 421 N. State St., and 3644 Leland Ave.. Chicago, 111. ECKARDT, C. A. T., (Associate 1924), Engr.. the Whitelock Coil Pipe Co., 726 Commercial Trust Bldg., Philadelphia, and (for mail), 456 Irvington Rd., Drexel Park, Pa. ECKART, Claude H., (1915V Secy., (for mail), Eckart Bros., Inc., 419-23 Eight Ave., N., and 9675-48th St., S. W., Seattle, Wash. ECKLES. Robert Arthur, (1926), Architectural Engr., (for mail), W. G. Eckles Co., L. S. and T. . Bldg., and 501 Winter Ave., New Castle, Pa. EDDY, William Horace, (Associate 1927), Pres, and Treas.. W. H. Eddy Co., 1706-12th St., and (for mail). 802 E. Fifth St.. Superior, Wis. EDGAR, Andrew C., (Charter Member), (Council 1920). Dir., (for mail). Certified Heating As sociation, Inc., 1202 Locust St., Philadelphia, and Media Rd., Newton Square, Pa. EDWARDS, Clarence H., (Associate 1924), Prop.. R.' Ml Edwards & Son, 4 N. Central Ave., Caconsburg, Pa. EDWARDS, Daniel F., (1920), Co-partner, (for mail). D. F. Edwards Htg. Co.. 2340 Pine St.. St. Louis, Mo., and R. No. 1, MUlstadt, 111. EDWARDS, Paul A., (1919), Pres., (for main. G. F. Higgins Co., 606 Wabash Bldg., and 3074 Pinehurst Ave., Pittsburgh, Pa. EDWARDS, Ralph H., (Associate 1928). Pres., (for mail). Sink & Edwards, 621 E. Ohio St. and 3905 Carrollton Ave., Indianapolis, Ind. EELLS, Henry B., (1926), Sales Repr., Barnes & Jones. 101 Park Ave., New York, and (for mail). 1049 East 27th St.. Brooklyn. N. Y. EGGLESTON, Lewis W., (1921). Mgr., (for mail). American Radiator Co.. 5961 Lincoln Ave., and 201 E. Kirby Ave., Detroit, Mich. EHRENZELLER, Adolph, (1924). Mgr. Htg. Dept., Walker & Pratt Mfg. Co.. 31 Union St., Boston, and 23 Parlevale Rd., W. Roxbury, Mass. . EHRLICH. M. William,* (1916). Branch Mgr., Trane Co.. Room 2332 Park Row Bldg., New York. N. Y., and (for mall). 56 Ridge Rd., Lyndhurst, N. J. EICHER, Hubert C., Dr., (1922), State Director, Bureau of School Bldgs., Dept, of Public In struction, State Capitol, and (for mail), 103 South St., Harrisburg, Pa. EICHLER, Atvin, (1919). (for mail). Elchler Htg. Co., 2010 Railway Exch. Bldg., and 6643 Kings bury Place, St. Louis, Mo. EISERT, Hermann,* (1920), Consulting Engr., 404 St, Paul Place, and (for mail). 4007 Bateman Ave.. Baltimore. Md. - ELLIS, Ernest E., (1922), Secy, and Treas., (for mail). Fred A. Ellis & Son, 840 Center St., and 998 Chatfield St.. Winnetka. 111. ELLIS, Frederic R., (1913), Sales Engr., Buerke & Co.. 24 Union Park St.. Boston, and (for mail) 131 Beacon St., Hyde Park, Mass. ELLIS, Harry W,, (Associate 1909; 1923), Pres. ` and Gen. Mgr., Johnson Service Co., 149 Michigan St.. Milwaukee, Wis. ELLIS, Wilbur H., (Junior 1926; Associate 1927), Htg. and .Vtg. Estimator. J. L. Murphy. Inc., 340 East 44th St., New York, and 97 Caryl Ave., Yonkers. N. Y. ELLISON, J. Huyler, (1919), Pres., Ellison & Co., Inc., 211 West 126th St.. New York, and (for mail). 41 Wallace St., Freeport. N. Y. ELY, F. Ernest, (Associate 1925), Mgr. New York Office, (for mail). Taylor Instrument Co.. 31 Union Sq., New York. N. Y., and 54 Early St.,` Morristown. N. J. EMERICK, Stanley H., (Junior 1923; Associate 1925), Mech. Engr.. (for mail). Weston & Elling ton, Archt. and Engrs., 1507 Stroh Bldg., and 1560 Fairview Ave.. Detroit. Mich. EMERSON, Ralph R.v (1922). Sales Engr.. (for mail), Hoffman Specialty Co.. 25 West 45th St., New York, and 660-59th SL, Brooklyn, N. Y, ' EMERY, William D., (1923), Pres., (for mail). Blest & Emery Co., 784 Coney Island Ave.. and 496 Argyle Rd.. Brooklyn. N. Y. ' EMMERT, Luther D., (1919). Repr., (for mail), Buffalo Forge Co.. 562 W. Washington Blvd., Chicago, and 1704 Hinman Ave.. Evanston. HL EMSWILER, John E.,* (1917). Prof. Mecb. Engrg., (for mail), Univ. of Michigan, 231 Engrg. ' Bldg., and 1303 Granger Ave., Ann Arbor, Mtch. ENGLE, Alfred, (Associate 1923), Asst. Sales Mgr.. Jenkins Bros.. 80 White St., and 60 West 190th St.. New York. N. Y. ENGLISH, Alpheus T.. (Associate 1926), Dist. Mgr., Columbus Htg. & Vtg. Co., 638 Wabash Bldg., Pittsburgh, Pa. ENSIGN, Ralph M., (1917), Pres., (for mail), The Ensign Engrg. Co., 35 E. Wacker Drive., and 411 Fullerton Pkwy., Chicago, 111. ERICKSON, Harry A., (1917). Bureau of Quality Surveys, Inc.. 314 Keyser Bldg.. Baltimore, Md. ERICKSON, Martin E., (Associate 1926), Supt. of Bldgs., Board of Education, and (for mail), 587-66th Ave.. West Allis. Wis. ERON, Lewis John, (1925), Engr., (for mail). Mead Witter Block*. 210 Grand Ave., and 931 Gardner St., Wisconsin Rapids. Wis. ERTMAN, Bernard Rust, (1920). Mgr.,. A. F. Ertman. 303 N. Main St., and 6 Ertman Block, Herkimer. N. Y. EVANS, C. A., (1919), 218 Lexington Ave., Buffalo. N. Y. EVANS, Edwin C., (1919), Dist. Mgr.. Reed Air Filter Co., 841 Oliver Bldg., and (for mail). 2953 Zephyr Ave.. Corliss Sta., Pittsburgh, Pa. is I i! American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1929 EVANS, James Howard, (1926), Mgr., (for mail), Howard Evans Engrg. Specialties, 401 Hernando Bldg., and R. F. D. 7, Lexington, Ky. EVANS, John, (1919), Archt., (for mail), 30 Water St., and 15 Ball Ave., Galt, Ont., Can. EVANS, William A., (1918), 24 Woodland Rd.. Maplewood. N. J. EVELETH, Charles F. * (1911), Engr.. (for mail), C. W. Colby & Co., 2341 Carnegie Ave., and 2030 East 115th St.. Cleveland. O. EVLETH, Everett B., (Associate 1927), Br. Mgr., (for mail). Minneapolis-Honeywell Regulator Co.. 3732 Washington Blvd., and 1258 Moorland Drive, St. Louis, Mo. EWING, DeU R., (Associate 1928), Dist. Mgr., (for mail), Ruud Mfg. Co.. 875 Main St., Buffalo, and 152 S. Harlem Rd., Snyder, N. Y. .F FABER, Guy Stanley, (1926), Chief Engr., (for mail), Jas. P. Marsh & Co.. 2073 Southport Ave., and 4721 N. Kilpatrick Ave., Chicago, 111. FALVEY, John D,, (1922), Sales Engr., (for mail). Hester-Bradley Co.. 4200 Forest Park Blvd., and 6636 Pershing, St. Louis, Mo. FANSLER, P. E., (Associate 1927), Associate Editor, (for mail). The Heating & Ventilating Magazine, 243 West 39th St.. New York, N. Y,, and Sound View Drive, E., Stamford, Conn. FARLEY, J. W., (Associate 1921). Mgr., Farley, Sleeve & Hanger Co., 3748 East-71st St., Cleve land, O. . FARNHAM, Roswell, (1920), Dist. Sales Engr., (for mail), Buffalo Forge Co.. 490 Broadway, and 711 W. Delavan Ave., Buffalo, N. Y. FARRAR, Cecil W., (Associate 1918: 1920); Vice- Pres.. (for mail), Excelso Specialty Works., Inc., 65 Clyde Ave., and 429 Norwood Ave., Buffalo, N. Y. FAULKNER. Dwight H,, (1926). Engr.. The H. B. Smith Co., 10 East 41st St., New York, and (for mail), 46 Parsons Drive. Hempstead, N. Y. FAY, Francis C., (1925), Estimator and Engr., (for mail), Raisler Heating Co., 129 Amsterdam Ave., New York, and 9217-54th Ave., Elmhurst, L. I.. N. Y. FEBREY, Ernest J., (1903), Senior Member, (for mail), E. J. Febrey & Co., 616 New York Ave., N.W., and 1610 Riggs Place, N.W., Washington, D. C. FEEHAN, J. B., (1923). Pres, and Treas.. John B. Feehan, Inc., 471 Union St., Lynn, and 82 Sargent St., Winthrop, Mass. FEHLIG, John B., (1918), Pres., (for mail). Excelsior Htg. Supply Co.. 52S Delaware St., and 2927 Brooklyn Ave., Kansas City, Mo. FELDMAN, Abram M.,* (1903), Consulting Engr., 145 West 45th St., New York, N. Y. PELS, Arthur B., (1919), Pres., (for mail). The Feb Co., 60 Union St., Portland, and P. O. Box 33. Yarmouth. Me. FELTWELL, R. H., (1905), Dist. Mgr., D. & T. Mfg. Co., St. Louis, Mo., and (for mail), 1040 S. Frazier Ter., Philadelphia, Pa. \ FENNER, Everett M., (Associate 1928), Sales Engr., American Heating Co., 1 College St., New Haven, Conn. -' FENNER, Nicholas Paul, (Junior 1927), Dist. Office Mgr., (for mail). Hoffman Specialty Co., 130 N. Wells St., Chicago, and 362 N. York St., - Elmhurst, 111. FENSTERMAKER, Sidney E., (1909), Pres., (for mail), S. E. Fenstermaker & Co., 821 Hume- Mansur Bldg., and 3102 Washington Blvd., Indianapolis. Ind. FERGUSON, Ralph R., (Junior 1925). St. Louis Mgr., (for mail), American Blower Corp., 1221 Boatman's Bk. Bldg., and 6235 Southwood Ave., St. Louis, Mo. FEST, Leon T,, (1919), Phila: Mgr., Pierce. . Butler & Pierce Mfg. Corp., 31st and Oxford . Sts., and (for mail), 6646 North 18th St., Phila delphia. Pa. . FESTORAZZI, A. O., (Junior 1925), Vice-Pres., (for mail), C. P. Lichty Engrg. Co., Inc., 507 North 22nd St., Birmingham, and 407 Govern ment St., Mobile, Ala. FIEDLER. Harry W.. (1923), Chief Engr., (for mail), Burnham Boiler Corp., 420 Lexington Ave., New York, and 19 Archer Ave., White Plains. N. Y. FIELDING. Howard H., (1904). (Council 1918 1919). Htg. and Vtg. Engr., (for mail), Warren Webster & Co.. 1226 California St., and 607 E. Tenth Ave., Denver, Colo. FILSON, Foster E,, (1924), (for mail), 107 Cherry St., Harrisburg, and 19 N. Second St., Wormleysburg, Pa. FINAN, Edward John, (Associate 1926), Super vising Engr., Bd. of Education, 650 S. Clark St., and (for mail), 7149 Euclid Ave., Chicago, III. FINAN, James J., (1923), Supervising Engr., Board of Education. City of Chicago. 630 S. Clark St., and (for mail), 7149 Euclid Ave., Chicago, III. FIRESTONE, James F.t* (Associate 1925), Chief Engr., (for mail), The Beckwith Co., and 509 Green St.. Dowagiac, Mich. FIRSCHING, Frank J., (1921), Engr., (for mail). Warren Webster & Co., 1005 Empire Bldg., and 6951 Frankstown Ave., Pittsburgh, Pa. FISHER, Edwin L., (Associate 1928). Plbg. and Htg. Contracting., 3224 N. Third St., Harrisburg, Pa. FITCH, Walter S., (1926), Construction Engr., (for mail). Dennison Mfg. Co.,.300 Howard St., Fram ingham. and 27 Summit Rd., Wellesley, -Mass. FITZ, Jean Chandler, (1925), Htg. Engr. . and Estimator, Louis J. Sommer & Son, 2436 Brown St., and (for mail). 4213 Darien St., Philadelphia, Pa. FIX, Frederick W., Jr., (Associate 1927). Treas., (for mail), Kellogg-Mackay Co.. 1351 West 37th Place, Chicago, and 535 Hinman Ave., Evanston, 111. FLEISHER, Walter L.,* (1914), Vice-Pres., (for mail). Cooling & Air Conditioning Corp., 11 West 42nd St., and 129 West 11th St., New York. N. Y. FLEMING, James P., (1923). Engr., Custodian, (for mail). Board of Education, 1410 N. Rockwell St., and 4035 N. Keystone Ave., Chicago. 111. FLEMING, Ralph A.. (1926). Member of Firm. Floyd L. Benedict, Inc., 960 College Ave., and (for mail). 137 E. Tompkins St.. Columbus. O. FLEMING, Thomas C., (1919), 5239 North 15th St.. Philadelphia. Pa. . FLEMMING, Walter L., (Junior 1928), Mgr., (for mail), W. F. Hirschman Co., 525 Sixth Ave., and 1370 University Ave., New York, N. Y. FLETCHER, Saxton W., (1923), Sales Engr., (for mail), J. O. Ross Engrg. Co., 30 East 42nd St., New York, and 67 S. Broadway, White Plains, N. Y. FLETT, Henry R., (Associate 1915; 1915), Mgr., (for mail), Taylor-Forbes Co., Ltd., 1088 King St., W., and 170 Indian Rd., Toronto. Ont., Can. FLINK, Carl H., (1923), Chief Engr., (for mail). Gas Utilization, American Radiator Co., 40 West 40th St., New York, and 324 First Ave., N. Pelham, N. Y. FLINT, Coll T., (1919), Sales Mgr., (for mail). H. B. Smith Co., 640 Main St., Cambridge, and 56 Brantwood Rd.. Arlington. Mass. FLORENCE, William ., Jr., (Junior 1924; Associate 1925), Engr., Acme Htg. & Vtg. Co.. 13 Hawkins St., Boston, and (for mail). Weston Rd., Reading, Mass. FOLEY, William J., (Associate 1923). Pres, and Mgr., (for mail), Wm. J. Foley Htg.ServiceCo., 230-15th St., and 360 Colorado Blvd., Denver, Colo. FOLLEY, E. B., (1928), Pres, and Gen. Mgr., (for mail), Gaylord & Eitapence Co.. 179 Washington St., and 50 Beethoven St., Binghamton, N. Y. FORFAR, Donald M., (1917), Sales Engr., (for - mail), Grinnell Co., 240 Seventh Ave., S., and 4817 Emerson Ave., S., Minneapolis, Minn. 16 Roll of Membership FORGAN, Donald M., (Associate 1923), Mgr., FUNCK, Elmer H., (Junior 1926), Sales Engr., American Radiator, 40 West 40th St., New York, Johnson Fan & Blower Co., 1319 W. Lake St., N. Y. Chicago, and Library Play3, Evanston, 111. FORGEE, Frederick A., (1919), Consulting Engr., (for mail). 141 East ?9th St.. New York, N. Y,, and Ridgewood. N. J. G FORSBERG, William, (1919), Secy., (for mail), Hopson & Chapin Mfg. Co., 231 State St., New London, and Quaker Hill, Conn. FOSTER, Charles, (1923), Consulting Engr., (for GABY, Frederick A., (1926), Chief Engr., (for mail). Hydro Elec. Power Comm., 190 Uni versity Ave., and 480 Spadina Rd., Toronto, Ont., Can. mail). 512 Sellwood Bldg., and 2831 E. First St., Duluth, Minn. FOSTER, James M.t (Associate 1920), Dist. Mgr., GALE, Thomas J., (Associate 1920; 1921), Htg. and Piping Engr., Contractors St. Louis Assn., 1795 Railway Exchange Bldg., and (for mail), (for mail). Ilg Elec. Vtg. Co.. 1421 Syndicate 2705 S. Kingshighway, St. Louis, Mo. Trust Bldg., and 7021 Lindell Blvd., St. Louis, Mo. FOSTER, William M., (Associate 1914), Vice- GALLAHER, A. J., (1926), Pres., (for mail), Gallaher' Boiler Co.. 508 Star Bldg., and 3943 Cleveland Ave., St. Louis. Mo, Pres. and Gen. Mgr., (for mail), The Leggett- GALLAHER, James Ed., (Junior 1923; Associate Doll-Foster Co.. 16508 Woodward Ave.. High - 1923; 1927), Engr., Smith, Hindiman & Grylls, land Park, and 19 Wellesley Drive, Pleasant Marquette Bldg., Detroit, Mich. Ridge. Mich. FOUILHOUX, J. Andre, (1915), Archt. and Engr., Raymond Hood, Godley & Fouilhoux, 40 West 40th St.. New York, N. Y.. and (for GALLIGAN, Andrew B., (1921). Mgr., (for mail), Galligan Bros., 716 South 51st St., and 5987 Woodbine Ave., Philadelphia, Pa. GALLIGAN, John H., (1923), Engr., (for mail). mail), Short Hills. N. J. FOULDS, Powys A. L., (1916), Mech. Engr., (for mail), Hollis French & A. Hubbard, 210 South St.. Boston, and 854 N. Shore Rd., Revere, Mass. Marine Galligan Co., 14 South 20th St., and 1930 South 56th St., Philadelphia, Pa. . GANNON, James E., (1918), Pres, and Treas., (for mail), Gannon & Carey Co.. 903 Parade St., FRANK, John M,, (Associate 1912; 1918), Vic*. and 508 West 11th St., Erie, Pa. Pres., (for mail), Ilg Elec. Vtg. Co., 2850 N. GANT, H. P.,* (1915), (Presidential Member), Crawford Ave., Chicago, and 1152 Chatfield Rd., Hubbard Woods, 111. . FRANK, Olive E.,* (1919), Pres., (for mail), O. E. Frank Heater & Engr. Co., 20 Milburn St., and 296 Norwalk Ave., Buffalo, N. Y. . FRANKEL, Gilbert,. (1926), Sales Engr., (for mail), Buffalo Forge Co., 490 Broadway, and 567 Delaware Ave., Buffalo, N. Y. (Pres. 1923; Council 1918; 1924; 2nd Vice-Pres. 1921; 1st Vice-Pres. 1922), Vice-Pres.. (for mail). York Htg. & Vtg. Corp., York Bldg., 16th and Sansom Sts., and Penn Athletic Club, Phila' delphia. Pa. GARDNER, B. F., (1924), Plbg. and Htg. Contr., 322 Myrtle Ave., and (for mail), 277 Carlton Ave., Brooklyn, N. Y. FRANKLIN, Ralph S., (1919), Pres, and Treas., GARDNER, S. Franklin, (1911), Member of (for mail), Albert B. Franklin, Inc., 25 Haverhill Firm, (for mail), Standard Engrg. Co., 2129 St.. Boston, and 320 Grove St., Melrose, Mass. FRANZHEIM, Geo. W., (1924), Pres, and Gen. Eye St., N.W.. and 3805 Kanawha St., Washing ton. D. C. Mgr., Universal Smokeless Boiler-Co.. Ravenna, GARDNER, W., Jr., (Associate 1921), Sales Mgr., O. (for mail). Gardner City Fan Co., 1842 McCor FRASER. William G., (1916), Vice-Pres., (for mick Bldg., and 7836 Loomis St.. Chicago. 111. mail). Power Efficiency Corp., 137 Arthur St., GASSLER, John H., (Junior 1927)* Htg. Engr., and 1515 Amherst St.. Buffalo, N. Y. Crane Co., 738 W. Bay St., and (for mail), p. O. FREAS, Royal Bruce, (1928), Pres, and Mgr., (for Box 4242, Jacksonville, Fla. -- - mail). The Thermo Elec. Instrument Co., 1206 GAST, Charles, (1928), Gen. Supt., (for mail), > S. Grove St., Irvington, and 117 Hillcrest Ave., Manhattan Bronx Power Corp., 116 East 19th Leonia. N. J. St.. New York, and 2 Rutland Place, Rockville FRENCH, Donald E., (1926), Mgr. Htg. Dept., -Center. N. Y. (for mail), York Heating & Ventilating Corp., GAULIN, Richard P., (Junior 1925), 3611 Walnut 16th and Sansom Sts., Philadelphia, and Merion, St., Philadelphia, Pa. Pa. . GAUSMAN, Carl E., (1923), G. M. Orr & Co.. 816 FREYN, Harry L., (Associate 1928), Owner, Freyn Bros., 1028 N. llli St., Indianapolis, Ind. Second Ave., S., Minneapolis, and 1528 Iglehart Ave.. St. Paul, Minn. FRIEDMAN. Abraham, (1922). Htg. Con GAUVIN, Leon Gough, (1926), Engr., Power tractor. Friedman & Kiss, Inc., 769 Third St., Efficiency Corp., 137 Arthur St., and (for mail), New York, and 2529 Erickson St., Elmhurst; 45 E. Delavan Ave.. Buffalo, N. Y. ' L. I.. N. Y. . GAWTHROP. Fred H., (1919), Pres, and Treas., y FRIEDMAN, Ferdinand J.t (1921), Mech. Engr,. (for mail). McDougall. Pease & Friedman, 85 (for mail), Gawthrop & Bro. Co., 705 Orange St., and 2211 Shallcross Ave., Wilmington, Del. Osborne St., and 670 Sherbrooke St., W., GAYLOR, William S., (1919), Htg. and Vtg. Montreal, Que., Can. Engr., Starrett & Van Vleck, 8 West 40th St., FROST, Robinson V.,* (1921). The Frost Re search Laboratory, Inc.. 1326 Markley St., Norristown. Pa. FRUTCHEY, Marcus Peter, Jr., (Junior 1927), Consulting Engr., 59 Grove Ave., Verona, N. J. FRUTCHY, Asel E., (Junior 1920; 1924), Vicei Pres., (for mail). Frutchy-Barnes Co., 104 W. Second St., and 864 Euclid Ave., Elmira, N. Y. FRY, J. D., (Junior 1924), Asst. Engr., (for mail), McDougall, Pease & Friedman, 85 Osborne St., Montreal, and 16 Thornhill Ave., Westmount, Que., Can. FRYER, Frederick G., (1918), Director, Rown- tree & Co.. Ltd.. York. England. FUKUI, Kunltaro, (1927), Director, (for mail), Fukui & Co.. Tokio Kaijo Bldg., Manmouctu. and Shiba, Tokyo, Japan. ' New York, and (for mail), 42 Mayhew Ave., Larchmont, N. Y. GAYLORD, F. H., (1921), (for mail), Hoffman Specialty Co., Inc., 130 N. Wells St., Chicago, and 362 N. York St., Elmhurst, 111. GEIGER, Irvin H., (1923). Registered Profes sional Engr. and Mfrs. Rep., (for mail). 600 N. Second St., and 240 Maclay St., Harrisburg, Pa. GEMENY, William J.,- (1919), Pres., (for mail), W. J. Gemeny Co., 2528 W. Madison St., and 7601 Normal St., Chicago, 111. GERRISH, Harry E., (1910), (Council 1919), Partner, (for mail), Morgan-Gerrish Co., 800 LaSalle Ave.. and 4534 S. Freemont Ave., Minneapolis, Minn. ' GETSCHOW. Geo. M., (1906), Pres, and Treas., (for mail). Phillips-Getschow Co., 421 N. State St., and 4542 Beacon St., Chicago, 111. ' FULLER. J. Lansing, (Associate 1916). Dist. GETSCHOW. Roy M., (1919), Secy., (for mail). 1' Sales Mgr., (for mail), -Hart & Crouse Co., 459 York St., and 1745 Chicago Blvd., Detroit, Mich. Phillips-Getschow Co., 421 N. .State St., and 1336 Arthur Ave., Chicago, 111. . 17 a;. of and 1929American Society Heating Ventilating Engineers Guide, GIBBONS, M. J., Jr., (1014). Secy., (for mall), M. J. Gibbons Supply Co., 601 E. Monument Ave.. and 22 Oxford Ave., Dayton, GIBBS, Edward W., (1919), (for mail). The Smith-Gibbs Co.. 11 S. Main St., and 61 Presi dent Ave.. Providence. R. I. GIBBS, Frank C., (1921), Gen. $upt. (for mail). National Regulator Co., 2301 Knox Ave., Chicago, and 430 S. Oak Park Ave., Oak Park, 111. GIESECKE, F. ., (1913), Dir. Engrg. Experi ment Sta.. Agricultural and Mechanical College of Texas. College Sta., Tex. GIFFORD, Robert Fulton, (1927), Dist. Repr., Shaw-Perkins Mfg. Co., 89 Broad St., Boston, GIFFORD, Robert L., (1908), Pres., Illinois Eng. Co.. 21st St. and Racine Ave., Chicago, 11L. and (formail), 1231S.ElMoUnoAve. Pasadena.Calif. GIGUERE, Geo. H., (1920), Mech. Engr., Smith. Hinchman & Grylls, 800 Marquette Bldg., and (for mail), 13002 Greinef Ave., Detroit, Mich. GILBERT, Maxwell F., (Associate 1915). Mgr., (for mail), Richardson & Boynton Co., 1308 Arch St., Philadelphia, and 138 Fenbrook Ave., Wyncote, Pa. GILBOY, John P., (1924), Sales Repr.. Products, (for mail), Herman Nelson Co.. 810 Scranton Elec. Bldg., and 1725 Olive St., Scranton, Pa. GILDEA, Thomas Emmett, (1907), 127 Coolidge Ave., Syracuse. N. Y. GILLETT, Merriman C., (1916), Asst. Sales Mgr., Hoffman Specialty Co., 25 West 45th St., New York, N. Y., and (for mail), 6600 Rising Sun Ave., Philadelphia. Pa. GILLHAM, Walter E.,* (1917), (Treas. 1926; Council 1924-1926), Consulting Engr.. (for mail), 409 Interstate Bldg., and 3427 Beliefontalne, Kansas City. Mo. ' GILLING, William F., Jr., (Associate 1919), Asst. Mgr., American Radiator Co.. 129 Federal St., Boston, and (for mail), 29 Abbott Rd.. Wellesley Hills, Mass. GILMORE, Frank P., (1923), Sales Engr.. (for mail), Peerless Unit Ventilation Co., Room 838, 100 Boylston St., Boston, and 21 Highland Ave., Somerville, Mass. GILMORE, R. E., (1923). Consulting Engr., Rm. 1619 Monroe Bldg., 104 S. Michigan Ave., ' and (for mail), 4243 Sheridan Rd., Chicago, 111. GIVIN, Albert W., (Associate 1925), Mgr., (for mail). Taylor Forbes Co.. Ltd., 1070 Homer St., and 2849-42nd Ave., W., Vancouver, B. C. GLASSEY, J. Wilbur, (1922), Partner, (for mail). Vapor Engrg. Co., 10 South 18th St., and 7818 Ardleigh St., Chestnut Hill, Philadelphia, Pa. GLEASON, Gilbert H., (1923), 25 Huntington Ave., Boston, and43 Clyde St, Newtonville, Mass. GLORE. Erins Foree,* (Associate 1916), Pres., Evins F. Glore & Son, Inc., Manley St. and Artable Ave., Long Island City, and (for mail), 639 West End Ave., New York, N. Y. GODFREY, Foskett H., (1921), Pres., (for mail). Steam Appliance Co., 2021 L. C. Smith Bldg., Seattle, and Tacoma, Wash. . GOERG, Bernhard, (1928), Asst. Dir., Institute \ of Thermal Research, American Radiator Co., 675 Bronx River Rd., Yonkers, and 325 Rich Ave., Mt. Vernon, N. Y. ' GOETHEL, Alfred C., (Associate 1926), Pres., (for mail). Alfred C. Goethel Co.. 829-31st St., . and 140 Wright St., Milwaukee, Wis. GOLDBERG, Harry M., (Junior 1923). 11 Park Place, and 41 Fifth Ave., New York, N. Y. GOLDSCHMIDT. Otto E., (1915). Consulting Engr., (for mail). 116 West 39th St., and 12 East 97th St.. New York. N. Y. GOLDSTEIN. A. M.. (1923). Managing Owner, (for mail). Federal Htg. Co., 1501 Varnum St., Washington, D. C. GOMBERS, Henry B., (Associate 1901). Secy.,(for mail). Htg. and Piping Contractors Natl. Assn., 50 Union Sq., New York, N. Y., and 160 Halsted St.. E. Orange, N. J. GOMERSALL. William H., (Associate 1921), Sales Engr., (for mail). Sherman Engrg. Co.. 254 South 15th St., ' Philadelphia,' and (for mail), 7428 Fayette St., Germantown, Philadelphia, Pa. GOOD, Macy S. (1921), Mgr., Chicago Territory, (for mail), C. A. Dunham Co., 450 E. Ohio St., and 7021 Clyde Ave., Chicago. 111. GOODHUE, Albion Paris, (1928), Sales Repr.. The Herman Nelson Corp., 43 Court St., Belfast. Me. GOODLOE. Alfred M., (1924), Vice-Pres., Mid west Air Filters, Inc., Bradford, Pa. GOODNOW, Wallace F., (1912), Special Repr., (for mail). Pierce. Butler & Pierce Mfg. Corp., 41 East 42nd St., and 260 West 11th St., New York, N. Y. GOODRICH, Charles F., (1919), Andrews & Goodrich, Inc., 98 Friend St.. Boston, Mass. GOODWIN, Samuel L., (1924), Consulting Engr., 644 Eighth Ave., New York, N. Y., and (for mail), 247 Madison Ave., Hasbrouck Hgts., N. J. GORDON, Edward B., Jr., (1908), Chas. L. Pillsbury Co.. Capital Natl. Bk. Bldg., St. Paul, and (for mail), 3215 Girard Ave., S., Minne apolis, Minn. . GORDON, Edward G., (1923). Robert Gordon. Inc.. 1355 W. Washington Blvd., and (for mail), 6655 Ogalah Ave., Chicago, 111. GORMLY, John,* (Charter Member; Honorary Member; Presidential Member). (Pres. 1906; Council 1899; Board of Governors 1900-1903; 1st Vice-Pres. 1904), 1436 Locust St., Norris town. Pa. GORMLY, P., (1919), Consulting Engr., R. D. No. 5, Norristown, Pa. GORNSTON. Michael H., (Associate 1923), Engr., Junior High School, P. S. 109.430 Dumont Ave.. and (for mail), 251 Crescent St., Brooklyn. N. Y. GORTNER, John W., (1919), Htg., Vtg. and Sanitary Plumber, (for mail), A. W. Gortner & Son, 318 Sunbury St., and 42 N. Sixth St., Shamokin. Pa. GORTON, G. H., (Associate 1924), W. B. Young Supply Co.. 208 Delaware St., Kansas City. Mo. GOSS, Matthew H., (1921), Estimator and Engr., The Brown Co.. 1053 Baltimore Ave., W,, and (for mail), 1254 E. Grand Blvd., Detroit, Mich. GOSSETT. Ear! J., (1923). Pres., (for mail), Bell & Gossett Co., 3000 S. Wallace St., and 1609 Ridge Ave.. Evanston, 111. . GOTTWALD, C.. (Associate 1916), Pres., (for mail). The Ric-Wil Co., 1573 Union Trust Bldg., and 2225 Stillman Rd., Cleveland. O. GRAHAM, Charles Danne, (Junior 1927), Asst. Chief Engr., (for mail). York Heating & Venti lating Corp., 16th and Sansom Sts., Philadelphia, and 39 W. Athens Ave., Ardmore, Pa. GRAHAM, William D., (Junior 1923; Associate 1925), Dist. Mgr., (for mail). York Htg. & Vtg. Corp., Rm. 1804, 208 W. Washington St., Chicago, and 2641 Prairie Ave., Evanston, 111. GRAHN, Victor F., (1927), Engr., Tenney & Ohmes, 101 Park Ave., New York, N. Y., and (for mail), 120 Greenwood Ave., East Orange, N. J. GRANT, Albert E., (1928), Pres., (for mail). Grant Home Heater Corp., Grant Accessories Corp., 2 Rector St., and 3305 Broadway. New York. N. Y. GRASSLER, Edmund, (Associate 1919), Grassier & Gezelschap, (for mail), 214 Third St., and 750 Summit Ave., Milwaukee, Wis. - GRAVES, Clarence C., (Associate 1925), Secy., (for mail), Heating Service Co., 3047 Sheffield Ave., and 4110 N. Kilbourn Ave., Chicago, 11L GRAVES, Ralph E., (Associate 1923), Sales Representative, (for mail), Fulton Co., 1014 Holland Bldg., St. Louis, and 8516 Florence Ave., Webster Groves, Mo. GRAVES. Willard B., (1906), Pres., (for mail). W. B. Graves Htg. Co., 162 N. Desplaines St., Chicago, and 531 Edgewood Place, River Forest, 111. 18 Roll of Membership GRAY, George A., (1924), Mgr., Br. Sales, (for mail), C. A. Dunham Co.. Ltd., 404 Plaza Bldg., and 115 Belmont Ave., Ottawa. Ont, Can. GRAY, William E., (1922), Sales Engr., Merritt Engrg. and Sales Co., Inc., Lockport, N. Y., and (for mail), 2237 Greenwood St.. Harrisburg, Pa. GREBE, Henry W,, (1919), Pres., (for mail). Central Asbestos & Magnesia Co.. 214 W. Grand Ave., and 2650 Wilson Ave., Chicago. 111. GREEN, John E. (Associate 1926), Owner and Prop., 11820 Brush St., and 2411 Glynn Court, Detroit, Micb. GREEN, William C., (1906), Br. Mgr., (for mail). Warren Webster & Co.. 919 Provident Bk. Bldg., and 244 Erkenbrecher Ave., Cincinnati, O. - GREENE, Walter C., (1921), Mgr., (for mail). W. C. Greene Co.. 1629 Union Trust Bldg., Cleveland, and 2400 Demington Drive. Cleve land Hgts., O. - GRIER, William, (1908), P. O. Box 75, Cincin nati. O. GRIFFIN, Byron Henry, (1928), Sales Engr., Heggie Simplex Boiler Co., 457 Fifth Ave., New- York, and (for mail), 2150 Bedford Ave., Brook lyn, N. Y. GRIFFIN, Frank A., Jr., (1917), Sales Engr.. (for mail), Kellogg-Mackay Co., 2030 Walnut St., and 3930 S. Benton St., Kansas City. Mo. GRIFFIN, John Joseph, (1928), Sales Repr., Hoffman Specialty Co., 2807 Windsor Ave., Baltimore, Md. GRIFFIN, Porter C., (1923), Supt of Plbg. and Htg., Hutton Bros. Co., 9 Union St., and (for mail), 151 Oak St., Winsted, Conn. GRILL, Guido E., (Junior 1922), Designer, (for mail), Clark, McMullen & Riley, 101 Park Ave.. New York, and 90 Alter Ave., Dongan Hills, S. I.. New York. GRONBERG, C. E., (Associate 1928), Dist. Mgr., B. F. Sturtevant Co., (for mail), 1101 New City Trust Bldg., and 5636 Guilford St., Indianapolis, Ind. GROOM, Stanley L., (1920). Managing Director, Buffalo Forge Co., Ltd.. 24 Buckingham Gate, and (formail), Homstead Thrale Rd.. Streatbam, London, Eng. GROSS, R. A., (1923). Ben Rigby. Inc., 604 W. Lake St., Chicago, and (for mail), 527 N. Wash ington St., Park* Ridge. IU. GROSSMAN, Harry Edward, (Junior 1927), Engrg. Dept., Burnham Corp., Graybar Bldg., 420 Lexington Ave., New York, and (for mail), 16 Neperan Rd., Tarrytown, N. Y. GROSSMAN, Howard M., (1922), Dist. Sales Mgr.. Burnham Boiler Corp., 701 Griest Bldg., and (for mail). 634 Race Ave.. Lancaster. Pa. GROSVOLD, Fred E., (1917), Plbg. and Htg., 411 Grand Ave., .. and (for mail), 603 Main St.. Eau Claire. Wis. ' GROTZ, Arthur B., (1921), Treas., Patterson- Kelly Co.. 101 Park Ave., New York, and (for mail), 59 Old Orchard Lane, Scarsdale, N. Y. GUEST, Peyton L., (1921), Pres., Smith Guest, 19 Houston St., and (for mail), 247 McLinden St., Atlanta. Ga. . GUNTHER, Felix A., (1925), Sales Engr.. (for mail). Direct Control Valve Co., 1007 Diamond Bk. Bldg., and P. O. Box 137, R. F. D. No. 9, South Hills Branch, Pittsburgh, Pa. H HAAS. Samuel L.. (1923), Pres, and Treas., (for mail). Advance Htg. Co., 117 N. Desplaines St., and 1513 Fargo Ave.. Chicago; IU. HAAS, William, (1915), Pres, and Treas., (for mail), The WiUiam Haas Co., 429 E. Third St., and 1632 S. Wayne Ave.. Dayton, O. HACKETT, Charles P., (Associate 1921), Partner, Vessey-Hackett Sales Co., 2401 Chest nut St., Philadelphia, and (for mail). 56 W. Eagle Rd., Upper Darby, Pa. HACKETT, H. Berkeley, (1921), Consulting Engr., (for mail). Public Ledger Bldg., and Lenox Apts., 13th and Spruce Sts., Philadelphia, Pa. HACKNEY, Henry, (Associate 1919), Contractor and Engr., (for mail). 34 W. Fifth St., and 1514 E. Seventh St., Charlotte, N. C. HADDOCK, Isaac T., (Associate 1926), Vice- Pres., (for mail), Cambridge Gas Light Co., 719 Massachusetts Ave., Cambridge, and 133 Barnard Ave., Watertown, Mass. HADEN, George N., (Junior 1922), Director, (for maU). G. N. Haden & Son. and Owens Cottage, HUperton, Trowbridge, Eng. HADEN, William N.f (1902), Managing Director, (for mail). G. N. Haden & Sons, Ltd., Silver St., and Homefield House, Trowbridge, Eng. HADESTY, Alfred L-, Jr., (1921). 130 E. Broad St.. Tamaaua. Pa. HAGAN. William Vincent, (Junior 1926). Secy.. V. J. Hagan Co., 508 Pearl St., and Metz Apt. 303, Sioux City, la. HAGEDON, Charles H., (1919), Secy, and Treas.. S. E. Fenstermaker & Co., 821 Hume Mansur . Bldg., and 4156 Broadway. Indianapolis. Ind. HAILEY, Syd Houston, (1925), Asst. Engr., N. C. & St. L. Ry., 924 Broadway, and (for mail), 3737 Harding Rd., Nashville, Tenn. HAINES, John J., (1915), Vice-Pres. and Secy.,, (for mall). The Haines Go., 1933 W. Lake St., Chicago, and 623-17th Ave., Maywood. IU. HALE, John F.,* (1902). (Presidential Member), (Pres. 1913; Board of Governors 1908, 1910; 1st Vice-Pres. 1912; Council 1913), Dist. Repr., (for mail), Aerofin Corp., Rm. 1531, Burnham Bldg., Chicago, and 408 S. Brainard Ave., LaGrange, IU. HALEY, Harry S.,* (1914), Consulting Engr., (for mail). Leland & Haley, 58 Sutter St., and 735 21st Ave.. San Francisco. Calif. HALL, Cortice H., (1927), Chief Engr., Domestic Stoker Co.. 815 East 139th St, New York, N. Y.. and (for mail), 250 Hamilton Ave., Glen Rock, N. J. . HALL, Thomas, (Associate 1928), Combustion Engr., Automatic Heat Corp., 3929 Broadway, and (for mail), Kansas City Club, Kansas City, Mo. HALLETT, Edwin S..* (1918). (Council 1921; 1923), Chief Engr., (for mail), Board of Educa tion. Board of Education Bldg., and 5156 Cabanne Ave., St. Louis, Mo. HALLEY, Wilson H., (Junior 1923: 1925). Engr., (for mail), Langenberg Mfg. Co.. 4519 N. Euclid Ave., and 6134 W. Park Ave^ St Louis,' Mo. HALLLDAY, Leo, (Associate 1926), Vice-Pres. and Gen. Mgr., (for mail), Newport Boiler Co., Rm. 800, 529 S. Franklin St, and 7242 E. End Ave.. Chicago. III. HAMJY, Paul W., (1924). Owner, (for mail), 611 Mohawk St. and 612 Steele Place. Utica, N. Y. HAMLIN, Harry A., (Associate 191G), Detroit Mgr., (for mail), Johnson Service Co., 427 Brainard St, Detroit, and 120 Winona Ave., Highland Park. Mich. HANCHETT, James H-. (Associate 1026), Mgr., Minneapolis Office, (for maU). The Trane Co., 923 Nicollett Ave., and 1622 West 31st St., Minneapolis, Minn. HANCOCK, James Reynolds, (Junior 1926), Asst. Mech. Engr., D. X. Murphy & Bro., 714 LouisviUe Trust Bldg., LouisviUe, Ky., and (for mail), 131 W. Chestnut St, JeffersonvUle. Ind. HANKIN, Richard, (1898). Vice-Pres.. John Hankin & Bros., 228 Cherry- -St, New York, N. Y,, and (for mail), 279 Main Ave., Passaic, N. J. HANLEY, John H., Jr., (1923), Vice-Pres. and Chief Engr., Reed Engrg. Co.. 50 Church St., New York, and (for mail), 1718 East 26th St., Brooklyn, N. Y. HANSEN, Charles C., (1928), Engr., Pierce. Butler & Pierce Mfg. Co., 41 East 42nd St, New York, N. Y., and (for mail), 428 Prospect St, South Orange, N. J. HANSON, E. W., (1922). Engr. and Estimator, (for mail), W. N. Sauer Co., 806 Chestnut St., and 919 Eldora Place, Pittsburgh, Pa. 19 of and 1929American Society Heating Ventilating Engineers Guide, HARBISON, Earl J., (Associate 1924). Mgr., J. E. Harbison, Plbg. and Htg. Contracting. 213 Union St., and (for mail), 1053 Brierwood Blvd- Schenectady. N. Y. HARBULA, M. G-* (1921), Consulting Engrs., Air Conditioning Specialists, (for mall), 1564 Broadway, New York, and 3520 Brewster AveFlushing. L. I., N. Y. HARDING, Louis A.,* (1911), (2nd Vice-Pres., 1928), (Council 1922; 1924), Pres., (for mail). L. A. Harding Construction Co., 1335 Main St and 85 Cleveland Ave., Buffalo, N. Y. HARDING, Romie M.. (1928). Htg. and Vtg. Designer, L. J. Wing Mfg. Co., 154 West 14th St., New York, N. Y.. and (for mail), 151 Bloom field Ave., Passaic, N. J. HARE, Edgar S,, (1920). Pres., (for mail). William Hare's Sons Co., 46-14th St., Wheeling, W. Va- and W. Alexander. Pa. HARMS, Wm. T,,* (1917), Htg. Contractor, 1173 Clark Ave., Detroit. Mich. . HARPER, Samuel H., (Associate 1927), Prop., (for mail). Heating Equipment Co., 1343 Oliver Bldg., Pittsburgh, and 223 Dalzell Ave., Ben Avon, Pittsburgh, Pa. HARRIGAN, Edward M., (1915). Gen. Mgr., (for mail). Harrigan & Reid Co., 1365 Baker St., and 7450 LaSalle Blvd., Detroit, Mich. HARRINGTON*, Charles (1923), 160 Grenadier Rd., Toronto, Ont- Can. HARRIS, Henry W., (Associate 1924), Salesman, J. R. Brockman Mfg. Co., 617 N.- Second St., and 4296 Washington Blvd., St. Louis, Mo. HARRIS, Jesse B., (1918), Partner, (for mall). Rose & Harris, Engrs., 15th and Oak Grove Sts., and 3620 Colfax Ave.. S., Minneapolis, Minn. HARRISON, Burt S., (1918). Chief Engr., Nichols Products Corp., 33 West 42nd St,, New .York, and (for mail), 148 Clinton St., Brooklyn, N. Y. HARRISON. James M.t (1919), Pres., (for mail), J. M. Harrison, Inc.. Guarantee Title Bldg., and 11209 Lake Ave.. Cleveland, O. HART, Harry M., (1912). (Presidential Member). (Pres. 1916; Council 1914; 1917; 1st Vlce-Pres. 1915), Pres., (for mail), L. H. Prentice Co., 1048-50 W. Van Buren St., and 5409 Winttrop Ave., Chicago, 111. ' HART, Thomas Henry, (Junior 1927), Htg. and Vtg. Engr., Research Dept., Buckeye Incubator Co., and (for mail), 1827 Stratford Place, Springfield, O. HARTER, Baxter B,, (Junior 1926),.Htg. Engr., (for mail), Warren Webster & Co., 549 W. Washington Blvd., and 3904 N. Lincoln St., Chicago, 111. . HARTMAN. Frank E..* (1924). .Chief Chemist. . U: S. Ozone Co., 500 N. Dearborn St., and 6435 N. Richmond St.; Chicago, 111. HARTMAN, John Milton. (1927), Testing Engr., (for mail), Kewanee Boiler Co., and 719 Henry St., Kewanee, 111. ' HARTPENCE, Charles C.. (1923). Htg. and Vtg. Engr., (for mail), P. O. Box 337, and 722 Benking Blvd., Columbus, Ga. HARTWELL, Joseph C., (1922), Dept. Mgr. and Engr., (for mail), Grinnell Co., Inc., 260 W,, Exchange St., and 16 Freeman Parkway, Prodence, R. I. HARVEY, Alexander D., (Junior 1925), Asst, to Sales Mgr., (for mail), Nash Engrg. Co., S. Norwalk, and New Canaan, Conn. . HARVEY, Lyle C., (1928). Sales Promotion Mgr., Bryant Heater & Mfg. Co., 17825 St. Clair Ave., Cleveland, O. HASEY, Charles E., (1919). C. W. Hasey Co.. (for mail), 726 Fourth St., S., and 2613 Third Ave.. S., Minneapolis, Minn. HASKELL, Benj. E., (1925), Engr., Arthur B. Fels, 42 Union St., Portland, and (for mail), 539 Brighton Ave.. Woodfords. Me.. HASKINS, A. L., (Associate 1927), Mgr., Ameri can Radiator Co., 253 East Ave., Rochester, and . (for mail). 400 Laurelton Rd.P Irondequbit, N. Y. HATTIS, Robert E., (1926). Consulting Mech. and Elec. Engr., 6 N. Michigan Ave., Chicago, I1L HAUSS, Charles F., (1922), Special Representive for Far East, (for mail), American Radiator Co., 4 Yuen Ming Yuen Rd., and 77 Avenue du Roi Albert, Shanghai, China. HAWES, Herbert R., (1926), Treas., Edwin Hawes Co.. 806 Main St., and (for mail), 22 Elmwood St.. Worcester, Mass. HAYES, James J., (1920), Sales Engr., (for mail), Stannard Power Equipment.Co., 926 Monadnock Block, and 7443 Jeffery Ave., Chicago, 111. HAYES, Joseph G., (1908), Mgr. and Engr., (for mail), Hayes Bros., Inc., 236 W, Vermont St., and 2849 N. Capitol Ave., Indianapolis. Ind. HAYNES, Charles V., (1917), (Council 1926), Vice-Pres. and Gen. Sales Mgr., Hoffman Specialty Co., 25 West 45th St., New Yoric, N. Y., and (for mail), 115 Llanfair Rd., Ardmore, Philadelphia, Pa, HAYWARD, Ralph B., (1909), Pres., (for mail), R. B. Hayward Co., 1714 Sheffield Ave., Chicago, and 201 S. Stone Ave.. La Grange. 111. HEAGERTY. William H.. (Associate 1923). Vice-Pres. and Gen. Mgr., Oil City Boiler Works, Oil City. Pa. HEAGLER, John M., (1922), Dist. Mgr., (for mail), American Foundry & Furnace Co., 508 Guardian Life Bldg., and 1646 Iglehart, St. Paul, Minn. - HEATH, Samuel C., (Associate 1928), Br. Mgr., U. S. Radiator Corp., 1248 First Ave., S., and (for mail), 2345 31st Ave., S., Seattle, Wash. HEATH, Frederick R., (1913;, Sales Engr., E. B. Badger & Sons Co., 75 Pitts St.,- Boston, and (for mail), 89 Trowbridge St., Cambridge, Mass. HEATHERTON. James M., (Associate 1904). Publisher, (for mail). Plumbers Trade Journal Publishing Co., 239 West 30th St., New York, and 395 Clinton Ave., Brooklyn, N. Y. * HECK, George L., Jr., (Associate 1921), Sales Engr., (for mail). Garden City Fan Co., 1842 McCormick Bldg., and 7522 Cornell Ave., Chicago. 111. HECKEL, Edmund P.t (1918), Vice-Pres., (for mail), Carrier Engrg. Corp., 1032 Burnham Bldg., ' Chicago, and 314 Cuttriss Place, Park Ridge, 111. HEDGES, H. Berkley,* (1919), Sales Mgr., (for mail), York Htg. & Vtg. Corp., 149 Broadway, New York, N. Y., and 1021 Park Lane, Plain field. N. J. HEDLEY, Park S., (1923), Mfr's. Agent, (for mail), 374 Delaware Ave., Buffalo, and 31 Westgate Rd., Kenmore, N. Y. HEEBNER, Walter- M., (1922), Sales Engr., Warren Webster & Co., 15 West 34th St., New York, N. Y., and (for mail), 362 Highwood St., Bogota, N. J. HEIDENREICH, George, (1928), Sales Engr., C. A. Dunham Co., 506 Board of Trade Bldg., Indianapolis, Ind. HEILES, F. C.. (1914;.1920). Perry West Con - suiting Engr., (for mail), 13. Central Ave., Newark, and 154 Chestnut St., Union, N. J. HEILMAN, Russell H.,* (1923), Sr. Industrial Fellow, (for mail). Mellon Institute, and 7108 Willard St., Pittsburgh. Pa. HEINLE. Earl L., (1920). Secy, and Treas.. The Kain-Petersen-Heinle Co., 437 E. Tenth. St., Cleveland, and (for mail), 2176 Edgewood Rd., Cleveland Heights, O. ' HELBURN, I. B., (Junior 1927), Engrg. Dept., (for mail), Reed Air Filter Co., 215 Central Ave., and 1440 S. Fourth St., Louisville, Ky. HELLERMAN, Harry H., (1902), Pres., (for mail), Treas., The Penn Engrg. Co., 312 Cherry St., and 49th St. and Monument Ave., Phila delphia, Pa. HELPHINGSTEIN, Otto, (1919). Br. Mgr., (for mail), Cullyford Plbg. & Htg. Co., 119 W. Sixth St., and Amarillo Inn, Amarillo, Tex. . HELSTROM, Herman G., (1928), Salesman. Kewanee Boiler Co., 708 Builders Exchange, Minneapolis. Minn. HELWIG, Gunther Albert, (1927), Prop- National Htg. & Vtg. Co., 920 Cass Ave., and 4217 Athlonc Ave., St. Louis, Mo. 20 Roll of Membership HEMINGWAY, W. S., (1906), Htg. and Vtg. Engr., (for mail). Rm. 519, J. D. Speckels Bldg., and 3213 Mt. View Drive, San Diego, Calif. HENION, Hudson D., (Associate 1923), Sales Mgr., (for mail), C. A. Dunham Co., Ltd., 1523 Davenport Rd., and 45 Ridge Drive, Toronto, Ont., Can. HENNINGS, William A;, (1926), Htg. Engr., Schmidt, Garden & Erickson, Archts., 104 S. Michigan Ave., and (for mail), 1445 Summerdale Ave., Chicago. 111. HENRICH, George A., (1914), Pres., (for mail). Geo. A. Henrich Co.. 702 N. Wells St., and 548 Fullerton Parkway, Chicago, 111. HENRIC1, Hermann C.. (1925). Pres.. Henrici Lowry Engrg. Co., 508 Huntzinger Bldg., 110 Tenth St., and (for mail), 430 West 58th St., Kansas City, Mo. HEPBURN, George V., (Associate 1926). Sales . Engr.. (for mail), Herman Nelson Corp.. Builders and Traders Exch., and 840 Pinecrest, E., Grand Rapids. Mich. . HERBACZEK, Edward, (Junior 1925), 4905 N. Whipple St., Apt. 1-B, Chicago, 111. HERENDEEN, Frederick W., (1920), Secy., (for mail), The Natl. Boiler & Radiator Mfrs. Assn- 29 Seneca St., and 815 S. Main St- Geneva, N. Y. HERLIHY, George F., (1922). Vice-Pres.. (for mail). J. J. Herlihy. Inc.. 810 W. Congress St., and 10836 Forest Ave- Chicago, III. HERLIHY, Jermiah J- (1914), Pres- (for mail), i J. J. Herlihy, Inc., 810 W. Congress St- and 3634 N. Keeler Ave- Chicago. 111. HERMAN, Harry H- (Junior 1925), Chief Engr- (for mail), Warren Webster Co- 1226 California St- and 612 Milwaukee St.. Denver. Colo. V, HEROLD, Chas. W., (Associate 1928), Herald v Plbg. & Htg. Co., (for mail), 1315 East 26th St and 2600 Pasco, Kansas City, Mo. HERRICK, Daniel A., (1923), Factory Mgr- (for mail), Julian d'Este Co- 2 Spice St- Charles town, and 27 Agassiz St- Cambridge, Mass. HERRING, Edgar, (1919), Managing Director, (for mail), J. Jeffreys & Co- Ltd- Barron's Place Waterloo Rd- London, S.E., and "Kenia," Keowick Rd.. Putnev. London, S.W.. 15, Eng. HERSH, G. Willis, (1917), Gen. Mgr., Hersb Bros. Co., 2510 Chew St., Allentown, Pa. HERSKE, Arthur R., (1926). Mgr- Heating & Piping Contractors Assn., 408 Chester Twelfth Bldg., and 17010 Kenyon Rd- Cleveland, O. HERTZ, H. Porter, (1924), Engr., (for mail), Routledge & Hertz, Archts., 303 State Exch. Bk- and 314-12th Ave- Hutchinson. Kan. HERTZLER, John R., (Junior 1928), Student Engr- (for mail), York Ice Mchy. Corp., Yorkco Club, York and 627 N. Duke St., Lancaster, Pa.. HESS, Horace L., (1924), Salesman. H. B. Smith Co- 49th and Grays Ave., W. Philadelphia, and (for mail), 214 Nedro Ave- Olney, Philadelphia, Pa. HESTER, Thomas J- (1919), Vice-Pres. and Treas.. (for mail), Hester, Bradley Co- 4200 Forest Park Blvd- and 67 Aberdeen Place, St. Louis. Mo. - HETHERINGTON, Edward T., (1919), Owner, (for mail), Hetherington Bridge Grate Co- 1709 Sansom St., and 3311 North 16th St., Phila delphia. Pa. ' HETTINGER, Henry, (Associate 1927), Chief Engr., (for mail), Metropolitan Life Insurance Co- Bldg., 11 Court Sq- Long Island City, and 40 Rose Ave- Floral Park, N. Y. HEYDON, Charles G- (Associate 1923), Sales Engr.. (for . mail). Wright-Austin Co- 315 Woodbridge St- W- and 2681 Nebraska St., Detroit. Mich. HEYMSFIELD, Herbert R., (Associate 1926), 673 Wales Ave- Bronx, N. Y. HIBBS. Frank C., (1917), Htg. Engr., The H. B. Smith Co- 49th and Grays Ave- and (for mail), 846 North 65th St- Philadelphia. Pa. IIIERS, Charles R., (Junior 1927), Sales Engr., U. S. Radiator Corp- 101 Park Ave- New York, JL .* and (for mail), 81 Fletcher Ave., Mt. Vernon, ar N. Y. HIGGINS, Dan T., (1928), Htg. Engr- (for mail), McCarthy-Craudall, Inc- 529 S. Cascade Ave- and 738 E. Platte Ave- Colorado Springs, Colo. HIGGINS, John M., (1922), Salesman. H. B. Smith Co- 640 Main St., Cambridge 39, and (for mail). 28 Monmouth Ave- W. Medford, Mass. HIGGINS,. Thomas J., (Junior 1923), Vice-Pres. and Mgr- Ross Engrg. Co. of Can- Ltd- New Birks Bldg- Montreal, and 478 Victoria AveWestmont, P. Q- Can. HILL, E. G. T., (1922), Htg. and Vtg. Engr- E. G. Hill & Co- 20 Vermont Crescent, Newl^nd Hill, E. Yorke, Eng. HILL, E. Vernon,* (Associate 1912; 1914) (Presidential Member), (Pres. 1920; Council 1915; 1917; 1921; 2nd Vice-Pres. 1918; 1st Vice- Pres. 1919). Pres- (for mail). E. Vernon Hill Co ' 121 N. Clark St- and 4415 Hazel Ave- Chicago, III. HILL. Newell J., (1916L Consulting Engr.. (for mail), 708 Architects Bldg- and 19567 Stratford Drive, Detroit, Mich. HILLIARD, Charles Ernest, (Junior 1927), Htg. and Vtg. Engr.*, (for mail), 27 B St- South Boston, and 13 Weir St- Auburndale, Mass. HILLMAN, R. Ward, (1919). Asst. Vice-Pres sor mail), U. S. Radiator Corp., 133 E. Grand River- Ave- and Pleasant Ridge, Detroit, Mich. HILLS. Arthur H- (1924), Htg. Engr- C. A. Dunham Co- (for mail), 101 Park Ave., New York, and 20 Rochelle Ter- Mt. Vernon, N. Y. HINCHMAN, E. G., (1923), Secy- (for mail), E. G. Hinchman Co- 1263 Atlantic Ave- and 547 Eastern Parkway, Brooklyn, N. Y. HINKLE, Edwin C., (1911), Pres. Atlantic Htg. & Engrg. Co- Second Natl. Bk. Bldg- and (for mail). 170 Franklin Ave.. Hempstead, N.Y. HINRICHSEN, Arthur F., (1928), Vice-Pres., (for mail). Reed Engrg. Co- 50 Church St- New York, N. Y- and Mountain Lakes, N. J. HIRES, J. Edgar, (1927). Pres., Hires, Castner & Harris, Inc- 1110 Land Title Bldg- Philadelphia, and (for mail), 107 Linwood Ave., Ardmore, Pa. HIRST, James Noble, (Junior 1927), Chief Draftsman, (for mail). York Htg. & Vtg. Corp- 16th and Sansom Sts- and 2913 Popular St- Philadelphia. Pa. . HITCHCOCK, Frederick P., (1917), Sales Repr- Herman Nelson Corp., (for mail), 309 Lathrop Bldg- and 4938 Forest Ave., Kansas City, Mo. HOBBS. J. Clarence, (1920), Supt. of Power, Diamond Alkali Co., and (for mail), 60 Wood St- Painesville, O. HOBEN, Robert J., (1919), Plbg. and Htg. Contractor, (for mail). 258 S. Van Pelt' St and 5102 Spruce St., Philadelphia, Pa. HOCHULI, Henry W., (1925), Sales Engr- National Radiator Co- 47 Wesf 42nd St., New York. N. Y- and (for mail), 113 Chester Ave- Bloomfield, N. J. HODGDON, Harry A., (1919), Htg. and Vtg. Engr., Stone-Underhill Htg. & Vtg. Co- 171 Harrison Ave- Boston, and (for mail), 153 Norfolk St.. Wollaston, Mass. HOERSTING, Frank J., (1921). Pres- (for mail). Hoersting & Holtmann, 1133 W. Third St- and 2045 Philadelphia Drive, Dayton, O. HOFFMAN, Charles F,, (Junior 1925), Sales Engr- (for mail), International Heater Co- 1114 Dime Savings Bk. Bldg- and 80 W. Euclid Ave- Detroit, Mich. HOFFMAN, Charles S., (1924). Vice-Pres., (for mail). 576 Greenwich St., New York, N. Y- and 19 Belvidere Place, Montclair. N. J. HOFFMAN, George D.,* (1906), P. O. Box 438, Pasadena, Calif. HOFFMAN. James D.,* (1903), (Presidential Member), 1st Vice-Pres. 1908; Pres. 1910; Board of Governors 1911, 1912), Prof, of Practical Mechanics, Head of Dept- Director of Practical Mech. Lab- (for mail), Purdue University, and 323 University St- W. Lafayette, Ind. HOFT, Paul J., (Associate 1924: 1925), Prop., Plbg. and Htg. Contractor, (tor mail), 245 S. Eighth St- and 1119 Wyoming Ave- Phila delphia. Pa. ' 21 American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1929 HOGAN, Edward L., (1911), Consulting Engr.-, (for mail), American Blower Co., 6000 Russell St.. Detroit, Mich. HOIER, William V., (1917), Owner, (for mail), Wm. V. Hoier Co.. 701 Wells St., and 6960 Kenmore Ave.. Chicago, 111. HOLBROOK, Frank M., (1923). Power and Htg. Engr.. Congoieum-Nairn, Inc.. Kearny and 84 Park St., Montclair, N. J. HOLMBERG, John A., (1924), Mgr., (for mail). The Holmberg Steam Trap Co.. 122 E. Lincoln, and 603 N. Second St., Lindsborg, Kans. HOLMES, Joseph, (1921). Htg. Engr., 1902 Freeman St.. Toledo, O. . HOLTON, John H., (1927), Dir. of Research, (for mail). York Htg. & Vtg. Corp., Bridgeport, and 1949 W. Main St., Norristown, Pa. HON1BALL, Charles R., (1911). Pres., Charles R. Honiball Co., 156 Boundary St.. Liverpool. Eng. HOOK, C. Howard, (1915), 6949 Thomas Blvd., Pittsburgh. Pa. HOOK, Maurice G., (1919), Mgr., (for mail), C. A. Dunham Co.. 101 Park Ave., New York, and 11 Henry St., Tuckahoe, N. Y. HOOVER, H. Earl, (Associate 1922), Vice-Pres., The Hoover Co., 1407 Railway Exch., Chicago, and 1801 Green Bay Rd.. Glencoe, 111. HOPKIN, William E., (1919). Pres, and Treas., (for mail). Chas. E. Hopkin Co.. 107 Bethlehem Pike, and 514 Wyndmoor Ave., Chestnut Hill, Philadelphia, Pa. HOPSON, William T., (1915), Hopson & Chapin Mfg. Co.. New London, Conn. HORNUNG, John C,, (1914), Engr., (for mail), 343 S. Dearborn St., Chicago, and 854 Bluff St., Glencoe, 111. HORTON, Homer F., (1925), Sales Repr.. (for mail). National Regulator Co., 2301 Knox Ave., Chicago, and 343 Green Bay Rd., Glencoe, 111. HOSTERMAN, Charles O., (1924). Supt.. The McMurrer Co.. 303 Congress St., Boston, and (for mail). 25 Bales Rd., Dorchester, Mass. HOTCHKISS. Charles H. B.. (1927). Asst. Prof, of Htg. and Vtg., (for mail), Purdue University, and 1006 South 11th St., Lafayette. Ind. HOUGHTEN. Ferry C,,* (1921), (Secy. 1924; 1925). Director of Research Lab., (for mail). A. S. H. & V. E., U. S. Bureau of Mines. 4800 Forbes St., and 1136 Murray Hill Ave., Pitts burgh. Pa. HOULISTON, George Baillie, (Associate 1928), Sales Engr.. (for mail). Warren Webster & Co., 919 Provident Bank Bldg., Cincinnati. O., and 33 Tower Place. Ft. Thomas, Ky. ' HOUPT, George A., (1916), Pres., (for mail), Phila. Piping & Equipt. Co., 1605 Rockland St., Philadelphia, and 9 N. York Rd., Willow Grove, Pa. * HOWATT, John,* (1915), Chief Engr., (for mail). Board of Education. 650 S. Clark St., and 7006 Bennett Ave., Chicago. 111. HOWE, Willis W., (Associate 1917). Sales and Various Special Work, American Radiator Co., 816 S. Michigan Ave., Chicago, 111. HOWELL, Frank B., (1920), American Radiator Co., (for mail). 40 West 40th St,, and 15 Central Park, W., New York, N. Y. HOWELL, Lloyd, (1915). Chief Engr., (for mail). American Foundry & Furnace Co.. 915 E, Washington St., and 1601 E. Washington St., Bloomington, 111. HOYT. William B., (1919), Sales Mgr. and Secy., National Pipe Bending Co., River and Lloyd Sts., New Haven, and 39 Clifford St., WhitneyviUe, Conn. HUBBARD, Allen, (1919), Consulting Engr., (for mail), Hollis French & Allen Hubbard, 210 South St,, Boston, and 51 Montvale Rd.. Newton Center. Mass. HUBBARD, G. W., (1911), Chief Mech. Engr., (for mail), Graham, Anderson, Probst & White, 1417 Railway Exch., Chicago, and 710 Bonnie Brae, River Forest, III. HUBBARD, Nelson B,, (1919), Engr., (for mail). Hubbard & Wagschal, Engrs., 1346 Broadway, and 2985 Blaine Ave., Detroit, Mich. HUBERT, Jack W., (1924), Pres., (for mail), Barron-Hubert Co.. Inc., 243 West 68th St., and 316 West 93rd St.. New York, N. Y. HUGH, Aioyaius J., (1919), Gen. Mgr. of Sales, (for mail). Central Supply Co., 312 & Third St., and 4037 Harriet Ave., Minneapolis, Minn. HUCKEL, Frank, Jr., (1920), Mgr. Htg. Dept. Keystone Supply & Mfg. Co.. 907 N. Ninth St.. Philadelphia, and (for mail), 5335 Wingohocking Ter., Germantown, Pa. HUCKER, Joseph H., (1921), Sales Repr., 2013 Sansom St., Philadelphia, and (for mail), 715 Stanbridge St., Norristown, Pa. HUGHES, Willard C,, (1921), (for mail), Wicks ` Hughes & Co., 224 Genesee St., and 16 Cottage Place. Utica. N. Y. HUGHSON, Harry Henry, (1927), Engrg. Sales man. The Coon-DeVisser Co., 2051 W. Lafayette and 58 Florence Ave., Detroit, Mich. HUMPHREY, Dwight E. * (1921), Htg. and Vtg. Engr., (for mail), Goodyear Tire & Rubber Co., Akron and 121 Harrison Ave., Cuyahoga Falls, O. HUMPHREYS, Aurelius E., (1911), Mgr., (for mail), O'Mara'Heating Co., 504 Victoria Bldg., and 4121 Flora Blvd., St. Louis, Mo, HUNGER. Robert F,, (1927). (for mail), David son, & Hunger, 1302 Land Title Bldg., Phila delphia. and 107 Long Lane, Stonehurst, Pa. HUNT, Phil M.. (1922), Htg. and Vtg. Engr.. Crane Co., 90 South St., Newark, N. J. HUNT, Richard B., (1912). Sales Engr., American Radiator Co., 414 S. Fourth Ave., Mt.Vemon,N.Y. HUNTER, H. R., (Associate 1925), Bldg. Supt., (for mail). Jewelers Building Corp.. 36 West 47th St.. New York, N. Y., and 209-74-112th Ave.. Bellaire. L. I. HURLEY, Joseph C., (1915), Pres., (for mail). Petroleum Fuel Engine Co., 4028 Filbert SL, Philadelphia, and 134 Landsdowne Court, Lansdowne, Pa. HUSBAND. Edward Woods. (1922). Htg. Engr.. 807 Union Trust Co., Bldg., and (for mail), 114 Corinth St., Providence, R. I. HUTTON, William, (1919), Pres., (for mail). Hutton Bros. Co., 9 Union SL, and 28 Spring St., Winsted. Conn. HUTZEL, A. F.. (1916). (for mail). Hutzel & Co.. 119 E. Washington SL, and 2115 Wallingford Rd., Ann Arbor, Mich. HUTZEL. Hugo F., (1918), (for mail), American Radiator Co., 1901 South lltb St., Springfield. . 111., and 64 N. Long St.. WilliamsvUle. N. Y. HUTZEL, Max H., (1923), Vice-Pres, and Secy., (for mail), Hutzel & Co., Hutzel Bldg., and 731 N. Elm St.. Muncie. Ind. HUTZEL, Victor C., (1923), Treas., (for mail), Hutzel & Co.. Hutzel Bldg., and 715 N. Elm SL, Muncie. Ind. HUZZARD, Edward C., (Associate 1924), Mgr. and Asst. Treas.. Fleck-Marshall Co., Hazel and Water Sts., and (for mail), 710 New Holland Ave., Lancaster, Pa. HYMAN, Wallace M., (1920), Vice-Pres., (for mail), Reis & O'Donovan, Inc., 253 West 28th St., and 210 West 70th St.. New York. N. Y. HYNES. Lee P. * (1919), 30 Church SL, New York, N. Y. I ICKERINGILL. John. (1923), Sales Engr.. Spencer Heater Co.. 16th and Sansom St.( Philadelphia, and 235 Rector St., Roxborough, Pa. IDDLES, Alfred, (1921), Vice-Pres., Day & Zimmermann Engrg. & Constr. Co., 112 N. Broad St., Philadelphia, and (for mail), 304 Conestoga Rd., Wayne, Pa. ILLIG, Walter Richard, (Associate 1927), Mgr.. Plbg. Dept., The Jennison Co., 17 Putnum St., and 47 Arlington St., Fitchburg, Mass. IMPEY. Paul F.. (Junior 1921; Associate 1925), Htg. Engr., 2623~78th Ave., Elmwood Park, Cragin P. O., Chicago, 111. INGALLS, F. D. B., (1906), Htg. and Sales Engr.. (for mail), 136 Federal SL, Boston, and 1 Hop kins St., Reading, Mass. 22 Roll of Membership INGELS, Margaret M.,* (Junior 1918;. 1923), Research Engr.. New York Commission on Venti lation, Rm. 318, City Hall, Syracuse, N. Y. INNIS, Helen R., (Junior 1918; 1921), Largent, W. Va. IRELAND, Thomas Hilton, (1923), Sales Engr., Crane Co., 23 West 44th St., New York, and (for mail), 69 Cedar Ave., Rockville Center. L. I;, ` N. Y. IRWIN, Clarence W., (1924), 826 Campbell Ave., Waterloo, la. ISSERTELL, Henry G., (Associate 1912; 1913). Supervising Engr., General Elec. Co., (for mail), 120 Broadway, and 825 West 180th St., New York. N. Y. J JACKSON, Charles H., (1923), Sales Engr., Bayley Mfg. Co.. 732 Greenbush St., and 614 Farwell Ave. Milwaukee. Wis. JACKSON, Charles J., (Associate 1912), Vice- Pres. and Local Mgr., Jenkins Bros., 646 W. Washington Blvd., Chicago, 111. JACKSON, George O.. (Associate 1928),' Pres.. . Jackson Engrg. Co., 37 S. Capitol Ave., Indiana polis. Ind. JACKSON, J. O., (Associate 1928). Pres., (for mail), Jackson Supply Co., 333 W. Ohio SL, and 5258 Washington Blvd.. Indianapolis, Ind. JACKSON, Jonathan William, (Associate 1927), Mgr., (for mail), Pierce Co., 41 W. Spring SL, and 12 West Ave.. Gainesville. Ga. JACKSON, Marshall S., (1919). Repr., (for mail). 232 Delaware Ave., and 108 Larchmont Rd., Buffalo. N. Y. JACKSON, Tandy L., (Junior 1926), 2036 North 22nd SL. Cleveland, O. JACOBUS, David S., Dr., (1916), Advisory Engr.. Babcock & Wilcox Co., 85 Liberty SL, New York. N. Y. ' JALIEN, John J., (1922), Engr., American Gas Products Corp., 376 Lafayette St., and (for mail), 320 Central Park West, New York, N. Y. JANET, Harry L., (1920), Engr., (for mall). Carrier Engrg. Corp., 750 Frelinghuysen Ave., Newark, N. J., and 688 Decatur St., Brooklyn, N. Y. JARDINE. Douglas Connell. (Associate 1926). Htg. Contracting., Jardine & Knight Plbg. & Htg. Co.. 312 N. Custer, and 1731 N. Nevada, Colorado Springs, Colo. JARVIS, George E., (1923), Secy.. Htg, and Vtg. Engr., A. E. Holmes & Bros. Co., (for mail), 911 Banks Ave., and 1626 Baxter Ave., Superior, Wis. JAYNES, Euberris L., (1918). Pres, and Treas., Michigan Warming & Ventilating Co.. 363 Hauseman Bldg., Grand Rapids, Mich. JELLETT, Stewart A.,* (Charter Member: Presidential Member), (Pres. 1895; Board oi Managers 1896-1897; Secy. 1898; Board of Managers 1899), Pres.. Stewart A. Jellett Co., 1200 Locust SL. Philadelphia, and 6701 Lincoln Drive. Mount Airy, Philadelphia. Pa. JENKINS, Harry E., (Associate 1923), Sales Mgr., Radiator Div.. (for mail). Winchester Repeating Arms Co., and 436 Whalley Ave., New Haven, Conn. JENNINGS. Irving C.. (1924). Pres., ffor mail). Nash Engrg. Co., and 138 Flax Hill Rd.. S. Norwalk, Conn. JENNINS, Harry H., (1901), Managing Director, E. Oldroyd & Co., Ltd., Black Bull St., and 15 Grange View, Chapeltown Rd., Leeds, Eng. JENSON, Jean S., (1912), Consulting Engr., (for mail). 431 S. Dearborn St., and 1634 West 106th St.. Chicago, 111. ( JOHN, Benjamin F., (1920), Pres., (for mail), Benjamin F. John Co.. 1003 Race St., and 881 North 24th SL, Philadelphia, Pa. , JOHNS, Harold Byron, (Junior 1927; 1928), Mgr., House Htg. Div., Peoples Gas, Light & Coke Co., 122 S. Michigan Ave., Chicago, and (for mail), 513 N. Elmwood Ave. ,Oak Park, 111. JOHNSEN, Henry, (Associate 1927), Htg. Con tractor, 51 Raleigh Ave., W. New Brighton, S. I., N. Y. JOHNSON, Carl W., (1912), Pres., (for mail). . C. W. Johnson. Inc.. 211 N. Desplaines SL, and 1809 Morse Ave.. Chicago. 111. ' JOHNSON, Donald H.t (Junior 1927), Sales Engr., (for mail), C. A. Dunham Co., 450 E. Ohio St., Chicago, and 825 Main SL, Evanston, I1L JOHNSON, Edgar Engman, (1926), Sales Engr., (for mail). Buffalo Forge Co., 490 Broadway, and - 200 Loring Ave., Buffalo. N. Y. JOHNSON, Edward B., (1919). Sales Engr., Staten Island Supply Co., 1390 Richmond Ter., and (for mail), 154 Wardwell Ave., W. New Brighton, N. Y. JOHNSON, Fred W., (1916), Vice-Pres., (for mail). Johnson, Larsen & Co., 6530 Beaubien, Detroit, and R. F. D. No. 4, Birmingham, Mich. JOHNSON, Helge Samuel, (Junior 1927), Sales Engr.. (for mail). The Coon-DeVisser Co.. 2051 W. Lafayette Blvd., and 156 W. Margaret St., Detroit, Mich. JOHNSON, James M., (Associate 1928), Sales Engr., Frederick. Trangott & Alien, 152 North 15th St., and (for mail), 825 North 24tb St., Philadelphia, Pa. - JOHNSON, Ralph B., (1922), Sales Engr., (for mail), 1100 E. Douglas Ave., Wichita. Kans., and 2117 East 68th St. Ter., Kansas City. Mo* JOHNSON. Royster H., (1927), Sales Engr., Mfg. Repr., 660 College St., Jacksonville, Fla. JOHNSON, Tracy R., (1924), The Trane Co., and 626yi S. Fourth SL, LaCrosse, Wis. JOHNSTON, James Ambler, (1912). Partner, (for mail). Carneal & Johnston. 806 Va. Ry. & Power Bldg., and Massie Rd., Windsor Farms. Richmond, Va. JOHNSTON, R. E., (Associate 1926). Sales Engr., Taylor Forbes Co., Ltd., 1070 Homer SL, and (tor mail), 3342-33rd Ave., W., Vancouver, B. C. JOHNSTON, William B., (Associate 1916; 1921). - Vice-Pres., (for mail). Ideal Furnace Co.. 2995 E. Grand Bldg., and 19450 Glouster Drive. Palmer Woods, Detroit, Mich. JOHNSTON, William H.. (1924), Pres., (for mail), Johnston Htg. Co., 332 East 47th St.. New York, and 19 Magnolia Ave., Larchmont, JONES, Alfred, (1928), Dir. of Research, (for mail). Armstrong Cork Co., P. O. Box 565, and 402 Resident Ave.. Lancaster, Pa. ' JONES, Alfred L-, (1926), SupL. Htg. and Power Constr., Alfred Penovi & Sons, 89 Railroad Ave., Greenwich, and (for mail), R. F. D. No. 28, Cos Cob. Conn. JONES, Bernard G., (1928), Chief Engr., (for mail). Acme Elec. Co., Ltd., and Acme Engrg. Co., 148 Princess SL, and 588 Lipton SL, Winm- . peg. Man., Can. JONES, Charles R., (1928). Pres, and Mgr., Jones Supply Co., Siloam Springs, Ark. JONES, Edwin, (Junior 1924). Engr. and Esti mator. (for mail). Watt Plbg., Htg. and Supply Co.. P. O. Box 582, and 1436 East 17th Place, Tulsa, Okla. JONES, Edwin A., (1919), Contracting Engr., L. J. Mueller Furnace Co. 197 Reed St., and 1595 Frederick Ave., Milwaukee. Wis. JONES, Edwin F., (1923), Consulting Engr., (for mail), 301 Zenith Bldg., and 116 E. Fourth SL, St. Paul, Minn. JONES, Ernest, (Associate 1925), Dist. Mgr., (for mail), B. F. Sturtevant Co., 423 Dwight Blag., and 4630 Wornall Rd.. Kansas City, Mo. JONES, Ernest F., (1923). Mgr. Htg. Dept., (for mail). Kellogg-Mackay Co., 1351 West 37tb Place, and 1431 Lunt Ave., Chicago. 111. JONES, Harold L.. (1920). Asst. Supt.. (for mail). The W. W. Farrier Co.. 44 Montgomery SL, Jersey City, and 11 Cambridge Rd., Glen Ridge, N. J. JONES, Louis T,, (1921), Salesman, 3700 High land Ave., Drexel Hill, Delaware Co., Pa. 23 American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1929 JONES, Raymond E., (1919), ` Pres.. Haynes Selling Co.. Inc., 2013 Sansom St., Philadelphia. KELLOGG, Hosford D., (Associate 1916), Mgr. (for mail), H. B. Smith Co., 17th and Arch Sts., Pa., and 39 W. End Ave., Haddonfield, N. J. Philadelphia, and Haverford, Pa. JONES, WllUamT., (1915), (Council 1925-1928). Partner, Barnes & Jones, 126 Brookside Ave., Jamaica Plain, and (for mail) .11 Rossmere St., Newtonville, Mass. ' -. . JOYCE, Walter P., (Associate 1924), Htg. Engr,, 2039 Hardesty Ave., Kansas City, Mo. JUNG, John S., (Associate 1923), Htg. Con tractor. 554 Layton Blvd., Milwaukee. Wis. . JUNKERS. Prof. Hugo, (1925), Pres., (for mail), Junkers-Werke, Mauptburo, and 21 Kaiserplatz, Dessau. Germany. JUTTNER, Otto J., (1915), Pres., (for mail). Juttner Heating Co.. 43 Jefferson St., Milwaukee, and Elks Club, Juneau Park, Wis. ELELLOGG, Thomas M., (Associate 1923), Mgr. Htg. Dept., (for mail). The Bishop & Babcock Co., 444 Lafayette St., New York, and 23 Roxbury Rd., Scarsdale. N. Y. KELLY, Hugh, (1927), Mgr., (for mail). H. Kelly . & Co.. Ltd., 10041-101 A Ave., and 10235-124th St., Edmonton, Alberta, Can. . KELLY, John G., (Associate 1919), 210 East 45th St., New York, and (for mail). 374 Park Ave.. Yonkers, N. Y. . KENT, Laurence F., (Junior 1924), Pres, and Gen. Mgr., (for mail), Moncrief Furnace Co., P. O. Box 1673, Atlanta, and R. F. D. No. 2, Smyrna, Ga. KERN, Raymond T., (1927), Chief Engr., K KAMMAN, Arnold R., (Junior 1921; Associate 1925), Engr.. John W. Danforth Co., 72 EUicott St., Buffalo, and (for mail), Wanakah, Erie Co., N. Y. KAMMERER, William C., (1923), Mech. Engr., Hadlow, Hughes, Hick & Conrad, 1301 Union Mortgage Bldg., Cleveland, and (for mail), 13963 Clifton Bivd.. Lakewood. O. KAPPEL, George W., (1921), Pres, and Trea9., (for mail), Camden Heating Co.. 8 Market St., Camden, and 347 King's Highway W., Haddon field, N. J. . KAPPLER, Herman C., (1927), Educational Dir., (for mail), York Htg. and Vtg. Corp., 16th and Sansom Sts., Philadelphia, and 211 Wayne Ave., Narberth,. Pa. . KARLSON, Alfred E., (1918). Chief Engr.. (for mail), Parks-Cramer.Co., 970 Main St., Fitch burg. and 186 Prospect St., N. Leominster. Mass. Jennison Co., Fitchburg, and (for mail), 51 Clafiin St., Leominster, Mass. KERNEY, Thomas F., (Junior 1925), Engr., (for mail), H. Berkeley Hackett, Consulting Engr., 1001 Public Ledger Bldg., and 4522 N.fReese St., Philadelphia, Pa. . KERSHAW, Melville G., (Junior 1921; Associate 1926), Designing Engr., du Pont Engrg. Co., Wilmington, Del., and 3957 N. Percy St., Philadelphia. Pa. KERSJES, William, (1922). Pres, and Gen. Supt.. Wheeler Blaney Co., 249 N. Burdick St,, and (for mail), 728 Clinton St., Kalamazoo, Mich. KEYES, Robert E., (1913), Construction Engr., (for mail). Drying Systems, Inc., 1800 Foster Ave., Chicago, 111., and 2497 Grand Ave., New York, N. Y. . KEYS, George Walter, (Associate 1927), Mech. Draftsman, Louis T. Klauder, Consulting Engr., 1300 Bankers Trust Bldg., Philadelphia, and (for KASTELLO, August, (1923), Mgr., (for mail),- mail). 518 Van Kirk St., Crescentvillel Phila C. A. Dunham Co., Ltd., 904 New Birks Bldg., and 112 Rutland Ave., Town of Mt. Royal, delphia. Pa. KIEFER, Carl J., (1922), Consulting Engr., 901 Montreal, Que, Can. Schmidt Bldg.. Cincinnati. O. .. KATSUMOTO, Eijiro, (1926), Pres., (for mail), Katsumoto & Co.. Engrs. and Contractors, 29, Awajicho, and 3 Kirishimacho, Darien, S. Manchuria. China. KAUFFMAN,'Rufus, (1921). Htg. Engr., (for mail). 4308 N. Broad St., and 326 W. Seymour St., Philadelphia, Pa. . KAYSING, Harry C., (1926), Engr., HesterBradley Co., 4200 Forest Park Blvd., St. Louis, and 7405 Lyndover Place, Maplewood, Mo. KEASBEY, Aertsen Parry, (1922), Vice-Pres, and Gen. Mgr., (for mail), Robert A. Keasbey Co., 445 West St., New York, N. Y.. and 298 Park . St., Montclair, N. J. - KEENAN, P. Frank, (Associate 1921), Pres., (for KIEFER, Elmer Joseph, Jr., Uunior 1928), H. C. Archibald Co., 108 N. Sixth St., Strouds burg, Pa. KIEWITZ, Arthur A., (1912). Htg. Engr., 23-80 Chauncey St., Astoria. L. I., N. Y. KIEWITZ, Conway, (1907), Engr.. N. Y. Board of Education, Flatbush Ave. and Concord St.. Brooklyn, and 70 King St.. FloralPark, L. I,, N. Y. KILBY, Roger E., (1926), Supt., (for mail), Northwestern Htg. & Plbg. Co., 1465 Sherman Ave., and 1010 Lake St., Evanston, 111. KILLIAN, Maurice A., (1922), Pres., Glanz & Killian Co., 1761 Forest Ave.; W., and 4400 Leslie Ave., Detroit, Mich. - * KIMBALL, Charles W., (1915), Richard D. mail), Leo Flush Valve Co.. 331 Madison Ave., Kimball Co.. 6 Beacon St., Boston, and 65 New York, and 283 Burns St., Forest Hills, L. I. Prescott St., W. Medford, Mass. KEENEY, Frank P., (Associate 1915), Pres-, KIMBALL, Dwight D.,* (1908), (Presidential Domestic Engrg., 1900 Prairie Ave., Chicago, 111. Member), (Pres. 1915; Board of Governors 1912; KEHM, August, (1901), (Board of Governors 1908; 1911; 1st Vice-Pres. 1909), Pres.. Kehm Bros. Co.. 51 E. Grand Ave., and 1336 Dearborn Pkwy., Chicago, 111. . N. 1913; 2nd Vice-Pres. 1914; Council 1914-1916), Consulting Engr., (for mail), 101 Park Ave., New York, and 230-23rd St., Jackson Heights, L. I., N. Y. KEHM, Horace Stevens, ' (1928), Engr. and Salesman, Kehm Bros. Co., 51 E. Grand Ave., KIMBALL, Walter C., (1927), 12 Norwood Ave., Summit, N. J. . and 2337 Commonwealth Ave., Chicago, 111. KING, Thomson, (1923), Vice-Pres., The Peerless KEISER, Walter, (Associate 1920),'Vice-Pres.. (for mail). Keiser Equipment & Engrg. Co.. 580 Heater Co.. Boyertown, and 834 High St., Pottstown, Pa. Arcade Bldg., and 7411 Parkdale Ave., St. Louis, KINGSLEY, Edwin A., (1926), Consulting Engr.; Mo. ' (for mail), 101 Park Ave., New York. N. Y., and KELBLE, Frank R,, (1928), Mgr. and Htg. Engr.. (for mail), The Huffman-Wolfe Co.', 5217 Germantown Ave., Philadelphia, and Glenside, 261 Ridge Rd., Rutherford, N. J. KINNER, J. E., (1924), Bryant Heater & Mfg. Co.. 314-71st Euclid Bldg.. 716 Euclid Ave., Pa. Cleveland, and 14502 Clifton Blvd., Lakewood, KELLEY, James J., (Associate 1924), Vice-Pres., Cleveland. O. (for mail). Ballard Oil Co., 535 Commonwealth Ave., Boston, and 142 Governors Ave., Medford. Mass. KIPE, J. Morgan, (1919), Br. Mgr., (for mail), Spencer Heater Co., 609 Otis Bldg,, Philadelphia, and Williamsport, Pa. , . ' KELLOGG, Alfred,* (1916). (Council 1920-1921; KIRK, Charles D., (1909). Mgr., Chas. D. Kirk 1923-1924), (for mail), 89 Franklin St., Boston, and 6 Hawthorne St., Waverly, Mass. . Co.. Sargent and Colleen Sts., and 774 McMillan Ave., Winnipeg. Manitoba, Can. 24 Roll of Membership KIRK, George H., (1906), Htg. Contractor KOTTCAMP, Horace A., (1915). Pres, and Gen. 6711 Wentworth Ave.. Chicago, 111. Mgr., Chambersburg Construction Co.. 139 N. KIRK, Leonard G., (1923). Pres., L. G. Kirk Co., Inc., 441 West 50th St., New York, N. Y,, and- 859 Boulevard E., Weehawken, N. J. KIRMES, Edwin W., (1923). Vice-Pres. and Chief Engr., (for mail), Walworth-Eriglish-Flett Co.. 81 Commercial Wharf, Boston, and 29 Oakland St;, Melrose, Mass. KISSICK, J. J,, (1918), Chief of Bureau of Operation, Board of Education, Sixth and Rock well Ave., and (for mail), 1768 Wayside Rd., Cleveland. O. KITAURA, Shigeyuki, (1918), Mech. Engr., Second St., and (for mail), Philadelphia Ave., and Kenwood Rd., Chambersburg. Pa. KRATZ, Alonzo P., (1925), Research Prof.. Dept, of Mech. Engrg., (for mail). University of Illinois, and 1003 Douglas Ave., Urbana, IU. KREISSL, Hans George, (1925), Engr.. (for . mail), American Radiator Co., 816 S. Michigan Ave.. and 630Cornelia Ave., Chicago, 111. KREITNER, William, (Junior 1926). Service Engr., Milwaukee Valve Co., Grand Central Terminal. New York, and (for mall), 108 Linden St.. Brooklyn, N. Y. KRIEBEL, Arthur E-, (1920), Service Engr., (for Monopoly Bureau, Dept, of Finance, Tokyo, mail), Haynes Selling Co., 2013 Sansom St., Japan. Philadelphia, and Berwyn, Chester Co., Pa. KITCH, Stanley B., (Junior 1925), Sales Engr., KRIEBEL. John H., (Associate 1921), Sales The Trane Co., 844 Rush St., Chicago, and (for Engr., Grinnell Co., Inc., 2032 Commercial mail), 3330 Wesley Ave., Berwyn, III. Trust Bldg., Philadelphia, and 708 Blythe Ave., KITCHELL. Herbert N., (Associate 1926), Mgr. Htg. Dept., (for mail), Crane Co., 824 Broadway, ana 4528 Circle Ave., Cincinnati, O. Drexel Hill. Pa. KRUEGER, James I,, (1921), Mfgr's. Agent, (for mail), Illinois Engrg. Co., 417 Market St., Suite KITCHEN, Francis A., (Juhior 1923), Sales Engr., (for mail), John H. Kitchen Co., 1012 Pioneer Trust Bldg., and ^5039 Wyandotte St., Kansas City, Mo. KITCHEN, John H., (1906), Htg. and Vtg. 320, and 2236 Jackson St., Apt. 2, San Francisco, Calif. KUHLMANN, Rudolf, (1928), Pres., Thermo Service, Inc., 101 Park Ave., New York, and (for mail), 47 Lockwood Ave., New Rochelle, N. Y. Engr., (for mail), John H. Kitchen & Co., Pioneer Trust Bldg., 1016 Baltimore Ave., and L ' 5015 Westwand Terrace, Kansas City, Mo. KITTLE, F. Carlton, (1923), Htg. Draftsman, (for mail). Lord & Burnham Co., and 98 Harding Ave., White Plains, N. Y. KLAUS, Louis J., (Junior 1921). Asst. Htg. Engr., Socony Burner Corp., 26 Broadway, New York, and (for mail), Farmingdale, L. I., N. Y. LAGODZINSKI, Harry J., (Junior 192O), Sales ' Engr., (for mail), Ilg Elec. Vtg. Co., 324 W. Monroe St., and 3628 N. Tripp Ave., Chicago, 111. LANCE, Joseph F., (1923), Harrigan & Reid, 1365 Baker St,, and 2491 Clairmount Ave., Detroit; Mich. LANDERS, John J., Uunior 1924). Engr., (for KLEIN, Albert R,, Dr., (1920), Mgr., Carrier mail), U. S. Radiator Corp., 303 Crosby Bldg., Lufttechnische Gesellschaft, Langestrasse 61, and and 823 Smith St., Buffalo, N. Y. (for mail), Panoramastrasse 23, Stuttgart. LANE, Alfred M., (1916). Pres., (for mail). Germany. Monarch Metal Products Co., 5020 Penrose St., KLEIN, Edward W., (1917), S.E. Dist. Mgr., (for and 4238 Lafayette Ave., St. Louis, Mo. mail), Warren Webster & Co.. 618 Atlantic LANE, Edward K., (1916), Owner, (for mail). Trust Bldg., and 825 Myrtle St.. Atlanta, Ga. Lane-Bowen Co.. 201 Seventh St., and 333 KL1E, Walter, (1915), Pres., (for mall). The Smith & Oby Co., 6107 Carnegie Ave., Cleveland, and 18411 S. Woodland Rd., Shaker Heights, Cleveland, O. ' Fourth St., Lorain, O. LANG, Lawrence P., (Junior 1925), Htg. Engr., . (for mail), Warren Webster & Co., 549 W. Washington St., and 1108 Balmoral Ave., KLINE, Walter J., (1912), Sales Engr., (for mail). American Dist. Steam Co., N. Tonawanda, and 186 Pine St., Lockport, N. Y. . JLLONOWER, Arthur A., (1920), Mgr., J. S. Cassedy Co.. 133 Austin St,, and 244 Brattle Chicago. 111. LANGDON, J. D., (1920), 2030 Fifth Ave., Pittsburgh. Pa. LANGENBERG, Everett B., (1914), (Council 1926), Vice-Pres., Langenberg Mfg. Co., 4519 N. Euclid Ave., and 6625 Water Ave., St. Louis, Mo. . St.. Cambridge, Mass. LANGLEY, Frank P., (Associate 1926). Dist. KLOTZ, Albert William, (Associate 1927), Engr., Mgr., The Trane Co., 3628 Main St., Buffalo, Fleck-Marshall Co., 766 E. Third St., Williams and (for mail), 26 Berryman Drive* Snyder, N. Y. port, and (for mail), 1103 W. Mountain Ave., S., LANNING, E. K., (Associate 1927), Asst. Secy, Williamsport, Pa. and Sales Mgr., (for mail). Warren Webster & KNAB, Edward A., (Associate 1927), Htg. Engr., . Co.. Camden, and Clayton, N. J. ' 1575 Cramer St., Milwaukee, Wis. LaPRAIRIE, Charles, (1926), Repr., (for mail). KNIGHT, Alvin B., (Associate 1916), (for mail), Crane, Ltd.. 1170 Beaver Hall Sq., Montreal, and Warren Webster & Co., 7402 Woodward Ave., 51 Bowen Ave., N. Sherbrooke, Que., Can. - and 19501 Burlington Drive. Detroit, Mich. LARIMER, G. B., (1915), 751 S. Windsor Blvd., KNOWLES, Arthur F., (Associate 1914), Knowles Los Angeles. Calif. Mushroom Ventilator Co., (for mail), 202 Frank LARIMER, Wm. McCoy, (1922), Mgr. Htg. lin St., New York, N. Y,, and 135 Haddon Place, Dept., (for mail). Crane O'Fallon Co., P. O. Box Upper Montclair, N. J. ' 239, and 159 W. Second Ave., Denver, Colo. KOCH, Harry O.,. (1916),. Vice-Pres., American . LARSON, Gustus L.,* (1923), Prof. Steam and Htg. & Vtg. Co., 1505 Race St., Philadelphia. Pa. Gas Engrg.. (for mail), Univ. of Wisconsin, and KOEHLER, George T., (1923). Br. Mgr., Rich Route 7, Madison, Wis. ' mond Radiator Co.. 1480 Broadway, New York, LARSON, J. M., (1924). (for mail). National N. Y., and (for mail), 1111 Market St., Harris . Regulator Co.. 2301 Knox Ave., and 3541 burg, Pa. ` Wnghtwood Ave.. Chicago, 111. KOHR, Raymond K., (Junior 1927; Associate LARSON. W. C-, (1925). Htg. and Vtg. Engr., 1928), Steamfitter, Chas. N. Brown & Co., Narowitz Htg. & Vtg. Co.. 1711 Park Ave., and Lafayette Bldg.. Fifth and Chestnut Sts., Phila (for mail), 4224 N. Winchester Ave., Chicago, 111. delphia. Pa., and 3631 Westfield Ave., Camden, N. J. KOITHAN, William S., (1913), Sales Engr., (for LATHAM, George, (1924), Engr. and Supt. of Plant, Edmonton Public School Board, 518 Civic Block, and 11317--91st St., Edmonton, Alberta, mail), Koithan & Pryor, 39 Cortlandt St., New Can. York, N. Y., and 46 Linden Place, Summit, N. J. LATHROP, Dr. Elbert C., (1926), Director KORN, Charles B., (1922), Member of Firm, Research Dept., (for mail). The Celotex Co., Reber-Korn Co., 817 Cumberland St., and 1022 645 N. Michigan Ave., and 2322 East 70th Place, S. Eighth St.. Allentown, Pa. Chicago, 111. 25 American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1929 LAU, Anton S., (1926), Consulting Engr., 51 East 42nd St,, New York, N. Y,, and (for mail), 35 Woodland Rd., Bloomfield, N. J. LAUTENSCHLAGER, Fred, (1915), Vice-Pres and Treas., Kroeschell Boiler Co., 4211 Diversey Ave., and 3846 Alta Vista Ter., Chicago, 111. LAWTON, Frank C., (1928), Mgr. Htg. Dept., Frank A. McBride Co.. 327 Grand St., Paterson, and (for mail), 145 Buena Vista Ave., Haw thorne. N. J. LEAHY, Joseph L,, (Junior 1926), Sales Engr., Modine Mfg. Co., 3116 Market St., and (for mail), 5730 N. Howard St., Philadelphia, Pa. LeBEAU, John F. (1924), (for mail). 103 Park, Ave., and 158-84th Drive, New York, N. Y. LeCOMPTE, William G.. (Associate 1914). Vice- Pres.. (for mail), Jenkins Bros.. 80 White St., and 124 East 84th St.. New York. N. Y. LEEK, Walter, (1903), Managing Dir., Leek & Co., 1111 Homer St., and 1114 Pacific St., Van couver, B. C. LEES, Herbert K., (Junior 1912; 1924), Esti mator, William Lees, 548 W. Washington Blvd., and 4946 Christiana Ave., Chicago. III. LEGEMAN, Ralph E., (Junior 1926), Archt. and Engr., (for mail). Thole & Legeman, Archts. and Engrs.. 309 American Trust Bldg., and 900 Powell Ave., Evansville, Ind. LEILICH, Roger L., (1922), Vice-Pres, and Mgr., . (for mail), Baltimore Heating Corp.. 425 St. Paul Place, and 2810 Elsinor Ave., Baltimore, Md. LEITCH. Arthur S,, (1908), Pres, and Mgr., (for mail). The Arthur S. Leitch Co., Ltd., 1123 Bay St., and 421 Russell Hill Rd., Toronto, Can. LELAND, William E,, (1915), Consulting Engr., 58 Sutter St., San Francisco. Calif. LEMMERMAN, Clarence W., (Associate 1927), New York Br., (for mail). The Ric-wil Co., Inc., 101 Park Ave.. New York, and 1165-72nd St.. Brooklyn, N. Y. LENONE, Jose M., (1919), Engr., Armour & Co.. General Office, 0. S. Yards, and (for mail), 4808 Dorchester Ave.. Chicago, 111. LEUSCH, Victor William* (Associate 1926), Sales Engr., Illinois Engrg. Co., Chicago. 111., and (for mail), 1130 Diamond Ave., South Bend, Ind. . LEWIS, Edward B., (1924), Htg. and Vtg. Engr., Ellerbe & Co., Endicott Bldg., and (for mail), 2283 Commonwealth Ave., St. Paul, Minn. LEWIS, George C., (1919), Sales Engr., American Htg. & Vtg. Co., 1505 Race St., Philadelphia, and 812 Summit Grove, Bryn Mawr, Pa. LEWIS, J. Clifford, (1913). Mech. Engr., (for mail), Lewis & Warren, 428 S. Fifth St., and R. R. No. 1, Upper River Rd., Louisville, Ky. LEWIS, John G., (1926). Mgr. and Partner, Lewis & Davis, 412 East 31st St., K>naa* City, Mo. LEWIS, John W., (1926), Htg. Contracting, 4019 Sansom St., and 7038 Grays Ave., Philadelphia, Pa. LEWIS, L. Logan,* (1918). Secy., (for mail). Carrier Engrg.. Corp., 750 Frelinghuyse'n Ave., Newark, and 724 Carlton Ave., Plainfield, N. J\. LEWIS, Samuel R.,* (1905). (Presidential Member), (Pres. 1914; Board of Governors 1909, 1912; 2nd Vice-Pres. 1910; Council 1915), Con sulting Engr., (for mall), 407 S. Dearborn St., and 4737 Kimbark Ave., Chicago, 111. LEWIS, Thornton,* (1919). (2nd Vice-Pres.' 1927; 1st Vice-Pres. 1928), (Council 1923-1926), Pres., (for mail). York Htg. & Vtg. Corp., 1541 Sansom St., Philadelphia, and 346 Calvert Rd., Merion, Pa. LICHTY. Arthur J., (Junior 1923), Sales Engr., (for mail). C. A. Dunham Co., 804 Forsyth Bldg., Atlanta, Ga. LICHTY, Charles P., (1920), Engr., C. P. Lichty, 507-509 North 22nd St., and 728 Cotton Ave., Birmingham, Ala. LINDEMAN, Henry, (Junior 1923), Estimator, Baker, Smith & Co.. 572 Greenwich St.. New York, and (for mail), 157 Foxall St.. Ridgewood, L. I., N. Y. LINDEMUTH, Nelson Rhoads, (Associate 1924), Vice-Pres., (for mail), Lindemuth Engrg. Co., Inc., 155 N. George St., and 324 W. Jackson . St., York, Pa. LINER, John J., (Associate 1916). Pres., (for mail). Philadelphia Asbestos Co., 2010 N. Tenth St., Philadelphia, -Pa., and Berlin, N. J. LINHARD, Howard V., (Associate 1921), Sales Mgr., Anchor Pipe & Supply Co.. 14430 Dexter Blvd., and (for mail), 7238 Webb Ave., Detroit, Mich. LINN, Homer R., (1914), Engr., American Radiator Co.. 816 S. Michigan Ave., Chicago, and 321 S. Ashland Ave., LaGrange, 111. LINTON; John P., (1927), Gen. Mgr., (for mail). The Garth Co., 50 Craig St., W., and 247 Brock Ave., N,, Montreal, Q., P. Q., Can. LIPPMAN, Orville S., (Associate 1920). Sales Repr.. (for mail). The Kellogg-Mackay Co., 1351 West 37th Place, and 7251 Princeton Ave., Chicago. 111. LITTLE, Edwin R., (1916), Pres., (for mail). The E. R. Little Co.. Inc., 1918-20 Fort Bldg., Detroit, and 447 Rivard Blvd., Grosse Pointe, Mich. LIVINGSTON, Bernard B., (1927), Gas Engr., Dept., of Public Utilities. City of Richmond, and (for mail). P. O. Box 976, Richmond, Va. LLOYD, Edward C., (1927), Chief Engr.. Arm strong Cork & Insulation Co., 24th St. and Allegheny River, Pittsburgh, and 118 Maple Ave.. Edgewood, Pittsburgh, Pa. LOCKE, Hiram W., (1920). Htg. Engr. and Sheet Metal Worker, 1942 North 20th St., Philadelphia, Pa. LOCKER, Charles W., (1916), 13579 St. Marys. Detroit, Mich. LOCKWOOD, Edwin H.,* (1915). Asst. Prof. Mech. Engrg., Teaching and Research, Sheffield Scientific School. Yale University, 400 Temple St., and (for mail), 51 Sheldon Ter., New Haven, Conn. LOEFFLER, Frank X., (1914). Pres., (for mail), Frank Loefiler Supply Co.. 710 N. Hudson St., and 320 West 26th St.. Oklahoma City, Okla. LOH, Nan-Shee, (Junior 1927), Charge of Htg. and Sanitary, Dept, of New Shanghai Construc tion Co., 1309 Goidon Rd., and (for mail). S. 681 Connaught Rd., Shanghai, China. LONDON, Irving, (Junior 1924). Engr. and Estimator, Raisler Heating Co., 129 Amsterdam Ave., New York, and 811 Crown St., Brooklyn, N. Y. ` LONG, David Raymond, (1927), Director of Engrg., (for mail), Congoieum Nairn, Inc., Kearny and 117 Christopher St,, Montclair, N.J. LONCENECKER, Howard J., (1917), Treas., (for mail). York Htg. & Vtg. Corp., Bridgeport. Mont gomery Co., and 1009 DeKaib St., Norristown, Pa. LONGWELL, Henry E., (1919), Vice-Pres-. Pierce, Butler & Pierce Mfg. Corp.. 41 East 42nd St., New York, and (for mail), S3 Washington Sq., New York, N. Y. LORD, Frank R., (1922), Pres., (for mail). Lord. Hawley & Hammell. Inc., 33rd and Thompson St., Philadelphia, Pa., and Edgewood Ave., Delanco, N. J. LOVE, Clarence H., (1919), Mfgr. Agent, (for mail), Nash Engineering Co., 317 Chamber of Commerce, and 289 Norwalk Ave., Buffalo. N. Y. LOVEGREN, H. M., (Associate 1927), Htg. Engr., (for mall), B. Hoffman Mfg. Co., 1819 SL Paul Ave., and 112-26th St., Milwaukee, Wis. . LOWNSBERY, Benjamin F., (1920), HtgT Engr., Benjamin F. Shaw Co.. Second and Lombard Sta., and (for mail), 21 SI Sycamore SL, Wil mington, Del. LUCE, G. D,, Jr., (1919), Mech. Engr.. D. H. ' Burnham Co.. Archts., 1900 Burnham Bldg., and (for mail). 3633 N. Harding Ave., Chicago, lit LUCK, Alexander W.,* (1919), Pres, and Gen. Mgr., Reading Heater & Supply Co., Church and Woodward Sts., Reading, Pa. 26 Roll of Membership LUCKE, C. E., (1924), Prof. Mech. Engrg., Executive Htg. Dept., (for mail), Columbia University, and 845 West End Ave., New York, N. Y. LUTZ, James H., Jr., (1928), (for mail). 140 Paxton St., and 1601 Forest St.. Harrisburg, Pa. LYLE, Ernest T., (1919), Engr., (for mail). Carrier Engrg. Corp.. 39 Cortlandt SL, New York, N. Y., and The Braemore, 466 Com monwealth Ave.. Boston. Mass. LYLE, J. Irvine,* Q911). (Pres. 1917), (Council 1918), Treas. and Gen. Mgr., (for mail). Carrier Engrg. Corp., 750 Frelinghuysen Ave., Newark, and Plainfield. N. J. '' LYMAN, Samuel E., (Associate 1924), Erecting Supt., Air Conditioning, 2021 Land Title Bldg., and (for mail), 132 North 49th SL, Philadelphia,Pa LYMAN, William Ira, (Associate 1925), Engr., Grinnell Co., and (for maiJ), 225}f Scott SL, Warren, O. ' LYNCH, Grevirson Davis, (Student 1927), Draftsman, York Htg. & Vtg. Corp., 16tb and * Sansom Sts.. Philadelphia, Pa., and (for mail), 43 Cedarcroft Ave., Audubon,, N. J. LYNCH, William L., (1928), Pres., (for mail), Rome-Tourney Radiator Co., and 312 N. James St., Rome. N. Y. Me McCAFFREY, H. Grattan, (1922), Chief Engr.. (for mail), Sheldons. Ltd., W. Main St., S.. and 23 Rich Ave., Galt, Ont., Can. . McCANN, Frank G. * (1903), (Council 1914-1915), Chief of Htg. and Vtg. Div., (for mail), Board of Education, 131 Livingston SL, and 1616 E. Tenth SL. Brooklyn, N. Y. McCarthy, Bernard J., (1925), Sales Engr.. (for mail), The Trane Co., 844 Rush SL, Chicago, 111., and 2410 S. Calhoun SL. Ft. Wayne. Ind. McCarthy. Charles J., (1919). Contractor, (for mail), Chas. J. McCarthy, 808 Otis Bldg., and 533 South 55th SL. Philadelphia, Pa. McCAULEY, James H., (1021), Contractor. 565 W. Washington Blvd., and (for mail). 3831 Lexington St., Chicago. III. McCLELLAN, James E., (1922), Sales Engr., (for mail), American Blower Co.. Rm. 1404, 228 N. LaSalle SL. and 4645 Manor Ave., Chicago. 111. McCLENATHAN, Robert, (1927), Dir. Mech. Tests and Measurements, (for mail). Board of Education, Central High School Bldg., Akron, and 492 South 16th St., Cuyahoga Falls, OMcCLINTOCK, Alexander, Jr.. (Junior 1920; 1928), Junior member of firm, A. McClintock 8c Sons. 1937 Ridge Ave.. Philadelphia, Pa. McCLINTOCK, Alexander, Sr., (1917), Pres., (for mail), A. McClintock & Son; 1937 Ridge Avei, Philadelphia, and * 121 Rochelle Ave., Wissahickon. Philadelphia. Pa. McCLINTOCK, John L,, (1917). Member of Firm,' (for mail), A. McClintock & Son, 1937 Ridge Ave., and 933 E. Rittenhouse St., Phila delphia, Pa. McCOLL. Jay R..* (1916). (Presidential Member).. (2nd Vice-Pres. 1920: 1st Vice-Pres. 1921; Pres. 1922; Council 1923), Consulting Engr., (for mail), McColl, Snyder & McLean, 2348 Penobscot Bldg., and 825 Chicago Blvd., Detroit, Mich. McCONACHIE, Lome Leslie, (Associate 1928), Co-Partner, Plbg. and Htg., 8817 Mack Ave., and (for mail), 1381 Maryland Ave., Grosse Pointe, Mich. ' McCONNER, Charles R., (Associate 1922),.DisL Mgr., York Htg. & Vtg. Corp., 4-266 General Motors Bldg., Detroit, Mich. McCORMACK, E. T., (Associate 1923). Mgr., (for mail), Pierce, Butler & Pierce Mfg. Corp., 600 Ogden St., and 19 Seymour Ave.. Newark, N. I. McCOY, Thomas F., (1924). Mgr., (for mall). The Powers Regulator Co.. 125 SL Botolpb SL, Boston, and Glen Rd., Wellesley Farms, Mass. McCREA, Lester W., (1920), (for mail), Jas. McCrea & Son, 19 N. Carrollton Ave., and 564 University Parkway, Baltimore, Md. McCREARY, Julian Ledrew, (Associate 1928), Rm. 11, Prince Theatre Bldg., Ambridge, and Balden, Pa. McCREERY, Hugh J., (1922). Mgr., (for mail). Combustion Engrg. Corp., Ltd., Standard Bk. Bldg., and 1921-45th Ave., W,, Vancouver, B. C. McCULLEY, David E., (Associate 1917). Pres, and Treas., (for mail). D. E. McCulley Co.. 1820 SL Mary's Ave.. and 5104 Cuming SL, Omaha, Nebr, McCUNE, Byron V,, (1928), Sales Repr., and Engr., 101 W. Yakima Ave., and (for mail), 211 North 24th SL, Yakima, Wash. McDonald. John J., <1927). Mgr.. Mitchell Woodbury Co., 560 Atlantic Ave.. Boston, and (for mail), 26 Chestnut SL, Malden. Mass. McDONNELL, Everett N., (1923), Partner, (for mail), McDonnell & Miller, Wrigley Bldg., 400 N. Michigan Blvd., and 627 Arlington Place, Chicago. 111. McELLROY, G. S., (1925), Engr., R. T. Withers Sons Co., Ill N. Shenango St.. New Castle, and (for mall), R. F. D. 2, Glenshaw. Pa. McEVOY, William J., (1917). Vice-Pres. and Secy., (for mad), Kitzelman Co.. 3615 S. Morgan SL, and 6718 Lakewood Ave.. Chicago, IU. MCFARLAND, William P,, (Associate 1923), Salesman, Powers Regulator Co., 2720 Greenview Ave.. and (for mail), 1106 Columbia Ave., Chicago. III. McGEORGE, R. H., (1927). Mgr., (for mail), Ilg Elec. Vtg. Co.. 508 Architects Bldg., and 2410 Tuxedo Ave., Detroit, Mich. McGINNESS, J. E., (1903), Pres., (for mail). McGinness. Smith & McGinness Co., 527 First Ave., Pittsburgh, Pa. McGLENN, G. Raymond, (1915). Secy.. Ameri can Wanning & Vtg. Co., 317-19 Pennsylvania Ave., and (for mail), 259 Lormore St., Elmira, McCRAIL, Thomas Ernest, (1926). Mgr., Htg. Dept., Crane, Ltd., and (for mail), 316 Belmore Ave., Montreal, Que., Can. McGREGOR, George H., (1920). Mgr., (for mail). Western Htg. Co., 2250 N. Cicero Ave., Chicago, and 500 Leonard St., Park Ridge, 111. McGUIGAN, L. A., (Associate 1919). Salesman, Natl. Radiator Co., 1509 Arrott Bldg., and (for mail). 724 Hastings St., Pittsburgh, Pa. McHENRY, Robert W., (1921). Estimating En$r.. Empire Brass Mfg. Co.. Ltd.. 110 Adelaide ' St., W., and (for mail), 236 Eglinton Ave., E., Toronto. Ont., Can. McHUGH, George F., (1925), 2427 Penna. Ave., Philadelphia, Pa. McINTIRE, James F., (Associate 1914; 1915). (Council 1926). Vice-Pres.. (for mail), U. S. Radiator Corp., P. O. Box 686, 1056 First Natl. Bk. Bldg., and 3261 Sherboume Rd.. Detroit, Mich. McINTOSH, Fabian C., (Junior 1917; 1921), Br. Mgr., (for mail), Johnson Service Co.. 10 E. North Diamond St.. N.S., and 3335 Portole SL, Pittsburgh, Pa. ,* McKENNA, William N., (1912), Treas.. (for mail), Wm. N. McKenna Co., 79 Chestnut SL, and 21 W. Cedar St.. Boston, Mass. McKlEVER, Wm. H. * (Junior 1896; 1897). Pres., (for mail), Wm. H. McKiever, Inc., 247 West 13th St., New York, and 479 Eighth St.. Brooklyn, N.Y. McLAIN, Roland D., (1921). Htg. Engr., E. Keeler Co., 238 West SL. and (for mail), 716 Vernon Ave., Williamsport, Pa. McLAUGHLIN, Joseph Domnlck, (Junior 1928), Mgr., (for mail), Braley & McLaughlin, Htg. and Vtg. Contractors, 166 Aborn St., and 45 Roslyn Ave., Providence. R. I. McLAUGHLIN, Joseph J., (Associate 1928). Contractor. 1831 South 23rd St. Philadelphia, Pa. McLEAN, Derraid, (1917), Consulting Engr., (for mail). McColl, Snyder & McLean, 2304 Penob scot Bldg., and 12651 Birwood Ave., Detroit, Mich. 27 American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1929 McLEAN, Ivory D., (1924), Pres., (for mail), McLean & Cousens Co., 65 Chandler St., Boston, and 156 Coolidge St., Brookline, Maas. McLEISH, William Scott, (Junior 1928), Engr.t The Ric-wil Co.. 1573 Union Trust Bldg., Cleveland, and 1604 Wagar Ave., Lakewood, O. MANAHAN, James E., (Junior 1926), Asst. Engr., (for mail), Bradley Htg. Co.. 3834 Olive St., and 6732 Oakland Ave., St. Louis, Mo. MANDEV1LLE, Edgar W., (1914), E. W. Man- deville, Inc.. 623 Parkside Ave., and (for mail), 1171 East 37th St., Brooklyn, N. Y. McLELLAND, H. Burton, (Associate 1912), MANN. Carl P., (1924), Construction Engr., Salesman. Jenkins Bros., 640 Washington Blvd., Mercer Island, Seattle, Wash. and 129 N. Menard Ave., Chicago, 111. MARION, Charles A., (Associate 1926), Engr., McMAHON. Thomas W., (1928), Br. Mgr., (for 4155'Cass Ave., and (for mail), 742 Burlingame mail). American Blower Corp., 819 Continental Ave., Detroit, Mich. . Bk. Bldg., and 3541 N. Meridian St., Indiana* MARSCHALL, Peter J., (Junior 1927), Engr., (for polis, Ind. mail), E. Vernon Hill Co., 121 N. Clark St., and McMAHON, W. W., (Associate 1923), Eastern 8228 Langley Ave.. Chicago, I1L Mgr., (for mail), Automatic Heat Control Co.,' MARSHALL, H. Hall, (1923). Consulting Engr., 91 Seventh Ave., and 3105 Decatur Ave., New (for mail). 37 West 43rd St., New York, and 63 York, N. Y. Pine St., Garden City, N. Y. McMICHAEL, Peter, (Associate 1925), Pres, and Mgr.. Kewanee Boiler Co., Ltd., 66 Richmond St., E., and (for mail). 41 Spadina Rd., Apt. No. 7, Toronto, Ont., Can. . McMILLAN, Luther B.,* (1918), Consulting MARTENIS, John V., (1918), Associate Prof, of Mech. Engrg., Mech. Engrg. Dept., University of Minnesota, and (for mail), 416 Harvard St., S.E., Minneapolis, Minn. MARTIN, Albert B., (1917), Dist. Sales Mgr., (for Engr.. (for mail). Johns-Manville. Inc., 292 maiB, Kewanee Boiler Co.. 822 W. Washington Madison Ave., and 105 East 38th St., New York, Blvd., Chicago, and 779 Vine St., Winnetka, 111. n. y. : MARTIN, George W,, (1911). Pres., (for mail). McMORRAN, Francis J., (1917), Chief Engr.. New York Service Co.. 141 East 29th St.. New Pecco, Inc., 2951 N. Market St., St. Louis, and . York. N.Y.,and 314 Prospect St., Ridgewood, N.J. (for mail), 230 E. Argonne Drive, Rirkwood, Mo. MARTIN. Jeremiah F., (1926). Estimator and McMURRAY, John, (1920), Pres., Iron City Supt. of Construction, H. L. Graham, 60 Ex- - Htg. Co.. 843 Jackson St., N.S., Pittsburgh. Pa. change St., and (for mail), 166 Glenwood Ave., McMURRER, Louis J., (Junior 1924; 1928), Pawtucket, R. I. ' Draftsman. The McMurrer Co., 303 Congress MARTIN, O. Waldemar, (1925), Chicago Mgr., St., Boston, and (for mail), 190 Harvard Circle, (for mail), Flax-li-num Insulating Co., 228 N. Newtonville. Mass. ' McNAIR, Edward E., (1915), (Council 1921; LaSalle St., Chicago, and 2235 Forest View Rd., Evanston, 111. 1922; 2nd Vice-Pres. 1923), Vice-Pres., (for mail), U. S. Radiator Corp., 1056 First Natl. Bk. Bldg.. Detroit, Mich. ' McVEHIL, Earl W., (1923). Mgr., McVehil Plbg. Co., 40 E. Wheeling St., Washington, Pa. MASON, James J.t (1918), Salesman, (for mail). National Radiator Corp., 935 East 63rd St., Cleveland, and 936 Whitby Rd., Cleveland. Heights, O. MASON, Ray B., (1925), Sales Engr., (for mail), Kewanee Boiler Co., 2014 Wyandotte St., and M LaSalle Hotel, Kansas City, Mo. MacDADE, Ambrose H., (1923), Sales, (for mail), Burnham Boiler. Corp., Bourse Bldg., Phila delphia, Pa., and 225 Haddon Ave., Westmont, N. J. MacDOUGALL, Burgess W., (1923), Mech. Supt., State of New Jersey, State Office Bldg.; Trenton, and (for mall), 219 Netherwood Ave., Plainfield. N. J. ` MacKENZIE, Burt, (1924), (for mail). P. O. Box 353. and 111 Westover Ter., Greensboro, N. C. MacKENZIE, John J., (1925), McNaughton & MacKenzie, 1029 Shaw St., and (for mail), 664 Shaw St., Toronto, Ont., Can. . MACKIE, James, (1917), Mgr., James Mackie Plbg. & Htg. Co.. 357 Langside St., and 254 MATCHETT, James C., (1923). Vice-Pres. and Mgr., (for mail). Illinois Engrg. Co., Racine Ave., at 21st St., and 9936 W. Winchester Ave., Chicago, 111. MATHEY, Nicholas J., (1915), Htg. and Vtg. Engr.. Mathey Plbg. Co., 31 Third Ave., N.E., LeMars. Iowa. MATHIS, Eugene, (1922), New York Blower Co., (for mail). New York Blower Co., Armour P. O. Sta., 32nd St. and Shields Ave., and 9151 S. Hoyne Ave., Chicago, 111. MATHIS. Henry, (1921). New York Blower Co., 3155 Shields Ave., and (for mail, 6226 S. Loomis Blvd., Chicago, 111. MATHIS, Jullen W., (Associate 1921). Pres.. Montrose St.. Winnipeg, Man. ' New York Blower Co., 2248 S. Halsted St., and MADISON, Richard D., (1926), Research Engr., (for mail). 7003 S. Peoria St.. Chicago. 111. (for mail), Buffalo Forge Co., 490 Broadway, MATHY, Joseph, Jr., (1925), Chief Engr.. (for ' and 133 Lisbon Ave., Buffalo, N. Y. ' mail), R. B. Hayward Co., 1714 Sheffield Ave., MAGINN, Peter F., (1908), P. F. Maginn & Co., and 3415 West 61st Place, Chicago, III. 207 Fulton Bldg.. Pittsburgh, Pa. , MATSON, Taylor, (Associate 1925). Mech. MaGIRL, Willis James, (Junior 1927), .Asst. Engr., Taylor Matson Co., 6141 Girard Ave., Htg. Engr., (for mail), P. H. MaGirl Fdry. & , Philadelphia, Pa. Furnace Works, 401*413 E. Oakland Ave., and MATTHEWS, Charles Russell, (1924). Htg. 401 Willard Ave., Bloomington, 111. MAHONEY, David John, (Associate 1926), Br. Mgr., (for mail). Johnson Service Co., 503 Engr., (for mail), Warren Webster & Co.. 76 Summer St.. Boston, and (for mail), P. O. West Action, Mass., R. F. D. No. 1, Boxborough, Franklin St., and 1240 Delaware Ave., Buffalo, , Mass. N. Y. MAIER, George M., (1921), Engr., Planning and Research Dept., (for mail),'American .Radiator Co., 40 West 40th St., New York, and Apt. 54, Peldean Court. Pelham. N. Y. MAIER, Herman F., (1926), Chief Engr. and Secy.. New York Blower Co., 3166 Shields Ave., and (for mail). 7124 S. Morgan St., Chicago, III. . MATTHIESSEN, H. G. F,, (1923). Sales Engr.. Hoffman Specialty Co., 25 West 45th St., New York, N. Y., and (for mail), 394 Centre St., Nutley, N. J. MATZEN. Harry B., (1919). Mgr., Carrier Engrg. Corp., 1824 Union Trust Bldg., Cleveland, and 3115 Chadbourne Rd., Shaker Heights, O. MALLIS, William. (1914), Architect and Engr., MAUER, William J., (1919), Vice-Pres. and Sales (for mail), 300 Lyon Bldg., and 1727-16th Ave., Mgr.-, (for mail). Dwyer Equipt. Co., 4534 W. Seattle. Wash. North Ave.. Chicago, and 2525 Colfax St., MALONE, Dayle G., (Associate 1925), Vice-Pres., Evanston, III. Hardin-Lavin Co., 121 W. Pershing Rd., Chicago, MAURER, Edward D., (1921). Secy, and Treas., and (for mail), 7015 Merrill Ave.. Windsor Pk. Maurer Bros. Co.. 8600 Detroit Ave.. Cleveland, Sta., Chicago. 111. ` and (for mail), 1527 Mars Ave., Lakewood, O. 28 Roll of Membership MAUTSCH, Robert, (Associate 1928), Engr., MEYER, John W,, Jr., (1921), Mgr. Order and Mgr., Compagnie Beige des Freins Westing- Credit Depts., (for mail), American Blower Co., house. Avenue Louise 97. Brussels. Belgium. 6004 Russell St., and 700 Seward Ave., Detroit, MAY, Arthur O., (Junior 1928), Sales Engr.t (for Mich. ' mail), Stannard Power Equipt. Co., 53 W. MEYER, Richard C., (1926), Sales Engr.. Walter Jackson Blvd., Chicago, and 122 Callan Ave., H. Eagan & Co., 315 Stephen Grand Bldg., and Evanston, 111. - (for mail), 1705 Porter St., Philadelphia, Pa. MAY, Edwin A., (1906). 171 N. Kenilworth Ave., MEYERS, John, (Junior 1925; Associate 1928), Oak Park, 111. Br. Mgr., (for mail). Johnson Service Co., 911 MAYER, Robert S.f (1911), R. F. D. No. 1, Cathedral St., and 404 Wilmslow Rd.. Baltimore, Erie. Pa. Md. MAYETTE, Charles E., (1926), Service Equipt. MEYERS, Samuel H., (Associate 1924), Meyers Engr., United Engrs. & Constructors, Inc.. 112 Bros., 219 Hale St., and 1502 Virginia St,, N. Broad St., Philadelphia, Pa., and (for mail). Charleston, W. Va. Engineers Club..Boston, Mass. MICKIEWICZ, Stanley John, (Junior 1928), MEAD, Edward A., (1926), Sales Dept., (for mail), Htg. and Vtg. Engr., Typhoon Fan Co., 345 ' Nash Engrg. Co., S. Norwalk, Norwalk, Conn. ' West 39th St., and (for mail). 532 East 147th MEAD, Walter R., (1924). Dist. Sales Repr., St.. New York, N. Y. ' Hoffman Specialty Co., 409 Call Bldg., San MIKESH, John James, (Junior 1928), Htg. Francisco, and (for mail), 711 Highland Ave., Dept. Mgr., Crane Co., (for mail). Crane Co.,' San Mateo, Calif. - 400 Third Ave., N., and 4836 Nokomis Ave., MEADOWS, Frank H,, (1923), Pres., (for mail). S., Minneapolis, Minn. The Meadows Heating Co., 94 Second St., and MILES, James C.,* (1914), Vice-Pres., The Warm 1282 Farwell Ave., Milwaukee, Wis. : Air Furnace & Fan Co., 6511 Cedar: Ave., MEARA, John J., (Junior 1925), Engr., Hunt Cleveland. O. Htg. Co., 1515 Olive St., and 5046 Wabada Ave., MILLAR, Rowland J., (1925),'Vice-Pres. and St. Louis, Mo. Mgr., (for mail). Pease Foundry Co., Ltd., 118 MEHAFFEY. William Chambers, (1922), King St., E., and 53 Oakmount Rd., Toronto, Engr.. Chambersburg Construction Co., Cham- Ont.. Can. bersburg. Pa. MILLER, Alan A., (Associate 1926), Htg. Dept., s MEHRING, George, (Charter Member), Pres., . Mehring & Hanson, 162-166 N. Clinton St., Chicago, 111. . MEIER, Konrad,* (1916), Consulting Engr., Hajoca Corp., 120 South 30th St.. Philadelphia, and (for mail), 731 Cornell Ave., Drexet Hill, Pa. MILLER, Charles A., (Associate 1917), Salesman, (for mail). The H. B. Smith. Co., 10 East 39th Rychenbergstrasse 57. Winterthur. Switzerland. MELLON, James T. J., (1911), (Council 1915), St., and 2178 University Ave., New York, N. Y. MILLER, Charles W,, (Junior 1908; 1919), Owner, Mellon Co., (for mail), 4419 Ludlow Pres., (for mail), Rado Co., 192 Reed St.. Mil St., and 431 North 63rd St., Philadelphia. Pa. waukee, and R1, Box 62, Menomonee Falls. Wis. MENK, Rudolph W., (1919). Mgr., Htg. Systems Div., Robinson Furnace. Co., 205-207 W. Lake MILLER, Edwin A., (Associate 1925), Coheen Corp., (for mail), 331 Madison Ave., and Emer ' St. Chicago, and (for mail), 814 Clement St.; son Hotel. 75th St., Amsterdam Ave., New Joliet. 111. MENSING, Frederick D.t (1920), Consulting York. N. Y. MILLER, Floyd A., (1911), Inspection Engr., Engr., (for mail), Mensing & Co., 928 Presser, Bldg., and 2845 Frankford Ave., Philadelphia, Pa. . MENZIES, Frederick Robert, (Junior 1926). U. S. Treasury Dept., 477 Federal Bldg., Chicago. . 111. MILLER, Harry M., (1920). Htg. and Vtg. Engr., 6089-91 Plankinton Bldg., Milwaukee, - New Haven Mgr., (for mail). The Trane Co., 410 " and 1290 Stowell Ave., Shorewood. Wis. Temple St., New Haven, and Long Hill, Wood- bridge. Conn. - MILLER, Harvey N,, (1921), Dist. Mgr., (for mail), Illinois Engrg. Co., Buckeye Blower Co.. . MERKEL, Fred P., (1924), Prop., (for mail). 2 Garfield Place. E. Orange, N.J. , _MERRELL, Spencer Atkins, (Associate 1927), ' Pres., (for mail), Merrell & Co.. Inc.. 4424-26 . Olive St., St. Louis, and 4395 McPherson. St. Louis, Mo. - 1228 Grand Rapids Natl. Bk. Bldg., and 645 Prince St.. S. E., Grand Rapids. Mich. MILLER, Henry F., (Associate 1928), Mgr., (for mail), Keasbey & Mattison Co., Rm. 200. Schaff Bldg., 15th and Race Sts., Philadelphia, and 11 S. . Swarthmore Ave., Ridley Park, Pa. MILLER, James E., (Junior 1912; 1914), Vice- MERRILL, Carl J., (1919), Treas., (for mail), Pres.. (for mail), C. W. Johnson, Inc., 211 N. C. J. Merrill, Inc., 54 St. John St., 15 Longfellow Desplaines St., Chicago, and 2210 Colfax St., St., Portland, Me. ' Evanston, 111. MERRITT, C. J., (1925). C. J. Doughty & Co., MILLER, John F. G., (1916), Vice-Pres. and Inc., 30 Brenan Rd., W., Shanghai, China. Treas., American Blower Co., 6004 Russell St., MERTZ, Walter A., (1919). Secy., (for mail). Detroit, Mich. Kehm Bros. Co.. 51 E. Grand Ave., and 3753 MILLER, Leo B.; (1926V Partner, (for mail), N. Keeler Ave.. Chicago, 111. McDonnell & Miller, Wrigley Bldg., Chicago, 111. MERVINE, Thomas R., (1922), Mervine Bros... MILLER, Merl William, (Junior 1926), Research 616 N. Fifth St., and (for mail). 5852 N. Fifth Engr., (for mail), Trane Co., and 1132 State St., St., Philadelphia, Pa. LaCrosse, Wis. I MERWIN, Gile E., (Junior 1923; 1924), Htg. Engr., (for mail), Rockford Brass Works, and 1228 Rockton Ave., Rockford, 111. MESSMER, George E.. (Junior 1925). Htg. . Engr.. (for mail). Bridge & Beach Mfg. Co.; . 4204 N. Union Blvd., and 2914 N. Euclid Ave., St. Louis, Mo. MESTON, A. B., (Associate 1925).-20I W. Second St., Des Moines, la. MILLER, Peter, (1926), Htg. Engr. and Estima tor, Davidson & Miller. Htg. and Plbg. Con tractors. 119 Broadwav, Saranac Lake. N. Y. MILLER, Robert B., (1922). Pres, and Mgr., (for mail). Miller & Brady. Inc., 210 East 38th St., New York, and 9405-95th St., Woodhaven, L. I,, N. Y. MILLER, Robert T., (Associate 1927), Chief Engr., (for mail). Masonite Corp., 504 Conway Bldg., and 1465 East 50th St.. Chicago. III. 1 MEWSI1AW, James P., (1923), 915 Barr Bldg., Washington, D. C. - MILLER, Rowland Austin, (Associate 1927), Mgr., Pacific Coast Dist., (for mail). Chamberlin MEYER, Frank L., (Junior 1928), Engrg. Dept., Metal Weather Strip Co., 1072 N. Wilton Place, % Meyer Furnace Co., and (for mail), 201 Bradley St., Peoria, 111. . Los Angeles, and 334 25th St., Santa Monica, Calif. MEYER, Henry C., Jr., (1898), (Council 1915; MILLER, Tolbert G., (Junior 1921), Supt., Herre 1916), Consulting Engr., 101 Park Ave., New Bros., Harrisburg, and (for mail), 11 N. Second York, N. Y. St., Wormleysburg, Pa. ^ 29 American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1929 MILLER, William C., (IM8), Pres., (for main, Htg. Specialties Co., 110 Walnut St., and 4420 Sansom St., Philadelphia, Pa. MILLIKEN, James H., (1923), Chicago Mgr., (for mail), Reed Air Filter Co., 22$ N. LaSalle St.. Chicago, and 1021 Ridge Court, Evanston, I1L MILLIS, Linn W,,* (1918), Secy, and Treas., Security Stove & Mfg. Co., 17th and Oakland Sta,, and (for mail), 3534 Wabash Ave., Kansas City, Mo. MILWARD, Robert K.. (Associate 1920). Br. Mgr., (for mail), U. S. Radiator Corp., 517 Dime Bk. Bldg., and 2675 Tuxedo Ave., Detroit, Mich. MINNICH, Harry S., (1921), Philadelphia Mgr., Richmond Radiator Co., 2241 N. American St., and (for mail), 4526 Walnut St., Philadelphia, Pa. MITCHELL, Charles H., (1924), Engr., Barber Co., 26 Warrenton St.. Boston, and (for mail), 179 Thatcher St.. Mattapan. Mass. MODIANO, Rene, (1925). Continental Sales Engr.. Carrier Engrg. Co., Ltd., Elysee Bldg.. 56 Rue du Faubourg, St. Honorg, and (for mail); 10. Rue Gustave Dore, Paris (17 eme), France. MOFFETT. William S., (1907), Consulting and Construction Engr., R. F. D. 2, Staunton, Va. MOLER, William H., (Junior 1923; 1927). Sales Engr., Carrier Engrg. Corp., Rm. 1032, Burn ham Bldg., Randolph and LaSalle Sts., and 536 Arlington Place, Chicago, IU. MOLTZ; George N., (Associate 1925). Standard Heater Co., 320 Granfilan Blvd., Williamsport, Pa. MONAGHAN, Thomas H., (1914). Pres., (for mail). Robert Gordon, Inc., 22 W. Austin Ave., and 623 Deming Place. Chicago. HL MONDAY, Charles E., (1920), (for mail), Chas. E. Monday Co.. 1323 Fairmont Ave., and 15 N. Chelsea Ave., Atlantic City, N. J. MONIN. E. H.. (1923). E. H. Monin. Inc.. 70 Delaware Ave., and 669 Parkside Ave., Buffalo, N. Y. ' MONROE, Harry E., (Associate 1928). Sales Engr., Excelso Products Corp., 820 S. Michigan Ave., and (for mail), 1907 East 78th St., Chicago, IU. MONROE. Lewis O.. (Junior 1917; Associate 1925), Vice-Pres, and Gen. Mgr., Clarage Fan Co., Cor. North and Porter Sts., and (for mail), 2415 S. Westnedge St.. Kalamazoo. Mich. MONTAGNA, C. J,, (1924). Pres, and Treas., C. J. Montagna. Inc., (for mail). 211 W. Olney Rd., and 1215 DeBree Ave., Norfold, Va. MONTGOMERY, W. Ray, (Associate 1923), Co-Partner, (for mail). Montgomery Bros., 500 N. Dearborn St., and 2970 Sheridan Rd., Chicago, IU. MOON, L. Walter, (1915). Engr.. (for maU), Bradley Htg. Co., 3834 Olive St., and 6069 Cates Ave., St, Louis, Mo. ' MOORE, H. Lee, (1919), Pittsburgh Mgr.. Buffalo Forge Co.. Union Trust Bldg., Pittsburgh, and 7065 Flaccus Rd., Ben Avon, Pa. MOORE, Herbert S., (Associate 1923), Sales, Mgr..y The Atlas Engrg. & Mach. Co.. Ltd., 23 River St., and 107 Clendenan Ave., Toronto, Ont.. Can. * MOORE, Raymond Francis, (Associate 1926), Architect, (for mail), 426 Mercantile Natl. Bk. Bldg., and 347 South 19th St.. Cedar Rapid9. Ia. MOORE, Robert Edwin, (Associate 1928), Mgr., B. & G. Heater Div., Bell & Gossett Co.. 3000 Wallace St., and 2102 Home Ave., Chicago, I1L MORAN. Frank E., (1922), Pres., (for mail), Ben Rigby. Inc., 2652 Elston Ave., Chicago, and 3034 S. Maple Ave., Berwyn. 111. MORAN, F. N., (1916). 128 W. Main St., Staun ton. Va. MORAN, Roger J., (1926). Prop., (for mail), 51 Allen, and 379 E. Utica St., Buffalo. N. Y. . MORGAN, C. Stanley, (Associate 1919), (for mail). 445 W. Larned St.. Detroit, and 1036 Devonshire Rd., Grosse Point Park Village, Mich. MORGAN, Francis H., (1912), Pres, and Treas;, (fgr mail). J. F. Morgan & Son, Inc., 67 Blake St., and 194 Maple St., Lynn. Mass. MORGAN, Glenn C., (1911), Partner, (for mail), Morgan-Gerrish Co., 80S LaSaUe Ave., and 1722 . Fremont Ave., S., Minneapolis, Minn. MORGAN, J. Scott, (Associate 1922), Mgr., (for mail). Morgan Bros., 7227 Tioga St., and 7031 Hamilton Ave.. Pittsburgh. Pa. MORGAN. Robert C., (1915). Chief Engr.. (for mail). Stewart A. JeUett Co., Engrs., 1200 Locust St., and 314 W. Seymour St., Philadelphia, Pa. MORRILL, Raleigh Dudley, (1928). Associate Prof. Experimental Engrg.. (for mail). New York University, University Heights, New York, N. Y., and Overbrook, Stamford, Conn. MORRIS, C. Raymond, (1921), Vice-Pres., (for mail), A. & J. Fnedman Supply Co.. Inc.. 55 Lex ington Ave., Passaic, and 379-20th Ave., Pat erson, N. J. MORROW, Charles F., (Associate 1919), Mgr., (for mail). National Radiator Co.. 1509 Arrett Bldg., Wood and Fourth Ave., Pittsburgh, Pa. MORSE. C. T., (1921), Sales Mgr.. American Blower Co.. 6004 RusseU St,, and 16222 Shaft9- bury Ave., Detroit, Mich. ' MOSHER, Clarence H., (Associate 1919), Dist. Sales Agent, American Schaeffer & Budenberg Corp., 338 Berry St., Brooklyn, and (for mall), 423 Ashland Ave., Buffalo. N. Y. MOSHER. Roy Bradford. (Associate 1927), Mgr., (for maU), Modine Mfg. Co., 354 Baker Blag., and 3236 Irving Ave., S,, Minneapolis, Minn. MOSS, Edward, (1920), Supervisor, Plbg. and Htg.. (for mail), New York Rapid Transit Corp., 1130 Atlantic Ave., Brooklyn, and 9053-2O4th St.. Hollis. L. I., N. Y. MOTEJL, J. A., (1917). Chief Engr., Board of ' Education and (for maU), 220-16th Ave., W., Cedar Rapids. Ia. MOTT, Abram C., Jr., (1921). Pres., Abram Cox Co., American and Dauphin Sts., Philadelphia, Pa. MOULDER, Albert W., (1917), Mgr.. Htg.. Power and Industrial Piping Div., (for mail). Grinnell Co., 260 W. Exchange St,, Providence, R. I. MOULTON, David, (1926). Mech. Engr.. (for mail). Monks & Johnson, 99 Chauncy St., Boston, and 30 Meridian St., Malden. Mass. MOWER, William P., (1924). Htg. Engr.. (for mail), Warren Webster & Co., 76 Summer St.. Boston, and 48 Middlesex Ave., Swampscott, Mass. MUELLER, Paul E., (1919). Pres., (for mail). The Paul E. Mueller Co.. 320 Park St., and 924 Summit Ave.. Milwaukee, Wis. MUIR, George A., (1917), Consulting Mech. Engr., 168 N. Michigan Ave., Chicago, and (for mail). 234 S. Scoville Ave., Oak Park. 111. MUNDER, J. F., Jr., (Junior 1924; 1927), Mgr., Trade. Div., (for mail). American Blower Co., .50 Church St.. New York, N. Y.. and 193 River Edge Rd., Tenafly, N. J. MUNIER, Leon L., (Junior 1915; 1919), Secy., (for mail). Wolff.& Munier, Inc., 222 East 41st St.. New York, and Mt. Vernon, N. Y. MUNRO, Edward A., (1920). Htg. and Vtg. Engr., Richardson & Boynton Co.. 260 Fifth Ave., New York, and 118-66 Farmers Ave., St. Albans, N. Y. MUNSON, Morris G., (1925), Field Sales Mgr., . (for mail), Herman Nelson Corp., Moline, and 805-20tb Ave., E. Moline, 111. MURPHY. Edward T.,* (1915). Vice-Pres. and Sales Mgr., .(for mail). Carrier Engrg. 'Corp., 39 Cortlandt St., New York, N. Y., and 1250 Montgomery Ave., Atlantic City, N. J. - MURPHY, Howard C.,* (1923), Vice-Pres., (for mail), Reed Air Filter Co., Inc., 215 Central Ave., and 2114 Edgehill Rd., Louisville, Ky. MURPHY, Joseph Richard, (Associate 1925), Asst, to Pres.. Thermal Appliance Co., Inc., 342 Madison Ave., New York, and (for mail). New Beverly Apt., B-2, Kew Gardens. L. I., N. Y. 30 Roll of Membership MURPHY, William A., (1926), Sales Engr., Hoffman Specialty Co., 25 West 45th St., New York, N. Y. MURPHY, William R., (1911). Vice-Pres. and Treas., American Htg. & Vtg. Co., 1505 Race St., Philadelphia, and 226 Valley Rd., Merion Sta., Pa. MURRAY, Thomas F.. (1923), Engr., State Architect, and 300 Washington Ave.. Albany, N.Y. MUSAUS, John, Jr., (1923), Pres., (for mail), John Musaus Sons. 5912 New Utrecht Ave., and ll08-85th St., Brooklyn. N. Y. MUTH, Herbert, (1912), Pres, and Treas., (for . mail), Muth Htg. & Engrg. Co., 4338 N. Western Ave.. and 4117 Greenview Ave.. Chicago. III. MYERS, David R.. (1923). Mgr., (for mail), Merion, Pa., and 5629-32nd St. N.W., Washing ton. D. C. MYERS, George W. F., (Junior 1923; Associate 1928), Asst. Sales Mgr., York Htg. & Vtg. Corp., 1541 Sansom St., Philadelphia, and (for mail), 730 Wynnewood Rd.. Ardmore, Pa. MYRICK, James W. H., (1909). Vtg. Engr., Owner, (for mail), New England Air Condition ing Co., 53 Devonshire St., Boston, and 398 Columbia Rd., Dorchester. Mass. N' NACEY, Harry M., (1908). Pres, and Gen . Mgr., (for mail). 927 S. State St., and 229 Lake Shore Drive. Chicago. III. NADEN, Lester James, (Junior 1925). Interstate Plbg. Supply Co.. 733 Broadway, and 131 Southern Blvd., Albany, N. Y. NAROWETZ, Louis L-. Jr., (Associate 1912), Contractor, Secy., (for mail), Narowetz Htg. & Vtg. Co.. 1711-1717 Maypole Ave., Chicago, and 112 Park Ave., Park Ridge, 111. NASON, George Lends, (Junior 1927), Drafts man, Buerkel & Co.. 16-24 Union Park St.. Boston, and (for mail). 31 N. Franklin St., Holbrook. Mass. NASS, Arthur F., (1927), Secy, and Treas., (for mail). McGinness. Smith & McGinness Co., 527 First Ave., Pittsburgh, and Hillcrest and Elm hurst Ave., R. F. D. No. 8, Crafton P. O., Pa. NATKIN, Benjamin,* (Junior 1907; 1909), Pres., (for mail), Natkin Engrg. Co., 208 Mutual Bldg., and 3725 Tracy Ave., Kansas City, Mo.- NAYLOR, Ben C-, (Associate 1922), Sales Mgr., Standard Asbestos Mfg. & Insulation Co.. Scott and Guinott, Kansas City. Mo. NEAL, Harry W,, (1928), Secy., (for mail), Hall- Neal Furnace Co., 1324 N. Cap Ave., and 3905 Graceland Ave., Indianapolis, Ind. . NEALE, Laurence I., (Associate 1927), Sales Mgr., (for mall), Atlantic Gypsum Product Co., . 40 Rector SL, and 49 West 57th St., New York, N.Y. ' NEIDECK, Albert August, (Junior 1927), Engr. and Estimator, Peter Sinnott, Htg. Contractor, 621 Tiffany St., and (for mail). 2010 Valentine Ave.'. Bronx, N. Y. NE1LER, Samuel G., (1898), (for mail), Neiler, Rich & Co., Consulting & Designing Engineer, 431 S. Dearborn St., Chicago, 111. NEITZEL, Carl W., (1921), Mgr.. The C. W. Neitzel Co., 10724 Hathway Ave., Cleveland, and Belvoir Bldg., S. Euclid, O. NELSON, Frank, Jr., (1923), Partner, (for mail), . Frank Nelson & Son. 1826 Cherry St., and 6349 Greenway Ave., Philadelphia. Pa. NELSON, George Augustus, (1928), Sales Engr., (for mail). Skinner Bros. Mfg. Co., 949 Broad way, and 2336 University Ave., New York, N. Y. NELSON, George O., (1923). Engr. and Supt., Carstens Bros.. Ackley, Ia. NELSON, Harold A., (1926), Consulting Engr., 412 Associated Realty Bldg., Los Angeles, and (for mail), 236 S. LaPere Drive, Beverly Hills, Calif. NELSON, Herman W., (1909), Pres., (for mall), Herman Nelson Corp., 1824 Third Ave.. and 2500-llth St.. Moline. 111. NELSON, Ralph L., (Junior iqi3; 1917), Mgr., Heating Assurance, Inc., 507 Empire State Bldg., 3823 Normandie, Spokane, Wash. NELSON, Richard Herman, (Junior 1928), Pro duction Mgr.. Herman Nelson Corp., 1824 Third Ave.. Moline, and (for mail), 1632-18th Ave., Longview Apts., No. 3, Rock Island. 111. NELSON, Roy O., (Junior 1928). Estimator, Htg. and Vtg., (for mail). The Ensign Engrg. Corp., Rm. 3536. 35 E. Wacker Drive, and 2321 Wave- land Ave., Chicago, 111. NESBIT, David M.,* (1895), (Board of Governors 1900), Chairman, Ashwell & Nesbit, Ltd., Ashwell Lodge, Barkby Lane. Leicester, Eng. NESBITT, Albert J.,* (1921). Secy, and Treas., (for mail). John J. Nesbitt, Inc., Holmesburg and Evergreen Rd., Jenkintown Manor, Philadelphia, Pa. ___ NESBITT, John J., (1923), Pres., (for mail), J. J. Nesbitt. Inc., Holmesburg Junction, Philadelphia. Pa. NESDAHL, Ellert, (1915), Engr., Carrier Engrg. Corp., 750 Frelinghuysen Ave.. Newark, and (for mail), 1453 Concord Place, Elizabeth. N. J. NESMITH, Earl, (Associate 1928), Engr., Williams Institute Heat Research. Oil-O-Matic Burner Htg. Corp., and (for mail), 107 Warner Ave., Bloomington. IU. NEWCOMB, Raymond, 570 Seventh Ave.. New York, and (for mail). 20 Hillside Ave., White Plains, N. Y. NEWPORT, Charles F.,* (1906). Sales Engr., Weil-McLain Co., Michigan City, Ind., and (for mail). 10001 Longwood Drive, Chicago. 111. NICELY, John Eyster, (Associate 1925), Vice- Pres. and Sales Mgr., Corbit Bros. Plbg. & Htg. Corp., Inc., 149 N. Fifth St., and (for mail), 1208 Marion St., Reading, Pa. NICHOLLS, Percy,* (1920), Supervising Engr., Fuel Section, (for mail), U. S. Bureau o? Mines, and 273 N. Craig St., Pittsburgh, Pa. NICHOLS, George B., (1915), (Council 1919 1920), 25 Alden Ave., Colonial Heights, Tucka- hoe. N. Y. NICOL, Norman C., (1923). Engr., National Tube Co.. P. O. Box 542, City HaU Sta., N. Y. NIESTRATH, W. H., Sales Repr., Jas. P. Marsh & Co., 3324 S. Jefferson Ave., St. Louis, Mo. NILSON, Andrew, (1917), Pres., Eureka Smoke less Furnace Co., 3222 N. Halsted St,, and (for mail). 5407 Wayne Ave., Chicago. 111. NILSON, Karl A., (junior 1926), Engr. and Salesman, Nilson Bros., 3222 N. Halsted St., and (for mail). 1463 Summerdale Ave., Chicago. 111. NOBBS, Walter W., (1919), 50 Fairhaze! Gardens, London. N.W., 6, Eng. . NOBIS. Harry M.. (1914). Htg. Engr., 1827 Stanwood Rd.. E. Cleveland, O. ' NOBLE, Milner, (Junior 1924), (for mail), Aerofin Corp., 750 Frelinghuysen Ave.. and 80 Broad St.. Newark. N. J. NOLAND, Lloyd U., (1915), Pres., Noland Co., Inc., Newport News, Va. NOLAND, Ralph W., (1914), Consulring and Mech. Engr., 332 Utility Bldg., Fort Wayne, Ind. NOLL, William F., (1924), Asst. Gen. Mgr., The Paul E. Mueller Co., 320 Park St., and (for mail), . 1188~48th St.. Milwaukee. Wis. NORDINE, Louis F., (1914), Sales Engr.. Herman Nelson Corp., and (for mail), 1170-2oth St., Moline. III. NORMAN. Mehrold A.. (1926). Htg. Engr., Warren Webster & Co., Rm. 506. 549 W. Wash ington Blvd., and 4942 Rare Ave., Chicago, IU. NORRIS. James C., (1928). Mgr., (for mail). The H. B. Smith Co., 49th and Grays Ave.. Phila delphia. and 3215 Highland Ave., Drexel HU1, Pa. NOTTBERG, Henry, (1919), Vice-Pres.. (for mail), U. S. Engrg. Co.. 914 Campbell St., and 213 S. Bales. Kansas City. Mo. NOVOTNEY, Thomas A., (1928). Mgr., (for mail), National Radiator Corp.. 259 Delaware Ave., and 1240 Delaware Ave., Buffalo, N. Y. NOYES, George Taft, (1928), Treas. and Engr.; The AUen Plumbing Co., 283 Main St., and (lor mail), 27 Church St., Presque Isle. Me. NULSEN, Carl A., (1919), Mgr. Htg. Dept., (for mail), Hanley & Co., 6 N. Clark St., and 931 Ainslie St., Chicago, III. 31 American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1929 NUSBAUM, Lee.,* (1915), Owner, (for mail). ORR, Merrill J., (1917) Pres.,and Mgr., (formail), Penna. Engrg. Co., 1119 N. Howard St., and 315 Orr Co., 513 Jackson St., and 1815 Jackson Carpenter Lane, Philadelphia, Pa. St., Sioux City. la. NUTTING, Arthur, (Junior 1927), Designing ORTH, John W., (1919), Pres.. Orth Plbg. Engr., Reed Air Filter Co., 215 Central Aye., Co.,* 509 Columbia St., and 1930 Kossuth, Louisville, Ky. O . Lafayette, Ind. OSBORN, Wallace J., (Associate 1927), New York Mgr., Domestic Engineering, 110 East OAKS, Orion O., (1917). Chief Engr., N. Y. Div., (for mail). American Radiator Co., 40 West 40th St., New York, N. Y., and 13 Russell Place. Summit, N. J. O'BANNON, Lester Severance,* (1928), Prof, of Heat Engrg., (for mail). University of Kentucky, . and 123 State St., Lexington, Ky. OBERT, Casin W., (1916), Consulting Engr., Union Carbide and' Carbon Research Labora tory, Thompson Ave. and Manley St., Long Island City, and (for mail), 122 N. Columbus Ave., Mt. Vernon, N. Y. . O'BRIEN. J. H., (1923), Chicago Dist. Mgr., (for mail)*, American Blower Co., 228 N. LaSalle St., and 6525 Glenwood St.. Chicago. 111. O'CONNELL, Edward D., (Associate 1925), Engr., Robt. Scott. Inc., 1512 Vine St., and (for mail). 1432 North 53rd St., Philadelphia, Pa. ' O'CONNELL, Michael K.,* (Junior 1927). Engr., Cooling & Air Conditioning Corp., 11. West 42nd St., and (for mail). 1722 Crosby Ave., New York, N. Y. O'CONNELL, P. M., (Associate 1928). Sales Engr., American Radiator Co., 820 S. Michigan 42nd St.. New York, N. Y.. and 225 Golden Hill St., Bridgeport, Conn. - OSBORNE, G. H., (1922), Gen. Mgr., (for mail). The Vtg. & Blow Pipe Co.. Ltd., 740 Inspector St., and (for mail), 836 Pratt Ave., Outremont, Montreal, Que., Can. OSBORNE, Maurice M., (1925), Owner. Osborne & Co.. 755 Boylston St., and (for mail), 367 Beacon St., Boston, Mass. OSTRANDER, Lewis F.. (1923), Pres., Secy., Engr., O. E. Specialty Mfg. Co., 8 Keefe Ave., and (for mail), 701 Lake Drive. Milwaukee, Wis. OSWALD, Walter L., (1919). Sales Engr., Crane Co.. 23 West 44th St., New York, N. Y., and (for mail), 121 Central Ave., Coldwell, N. J. OTIS, Gerald E., (1922), Vice-Pres., (for mail). The Herman Nelson Corp.. and 1921 23rd Ave., Moline. 111. OTT, O. W., (1925), Consulting Mech. Engr., (for mail). 13004 Washington Bldg., and 123 S. Virgil Ave., Los Angeles. Calif. OTTO, R. W., (1912), Consulting Engr., Toltz, King & Day. Inc., Builders Exchange Bldg., and (for mail), 2147 Carroll Ave., St. Paul, Minn. Ave., and (for mail), 7100 N. Robey St.. Chicago. III. P O'CONNELL, Presly M., (1916). Repr., Hoffman Specialty Co., and (for mail), 5749--3lst Ave., PADGINTON, George, (1919), Supt. of Htg. and N.E., Seattle. Wash. O'CONNOR, Joseph M., (1923), (for mail), 110 Plbd.. Board of Eduaction, 1417 Genessee Bldg., and (for mail), 73 Huntington Ave., Buffalo, N.Y. E. Douglas Ave., and 4331 E. English St., PAETZ, Herbert E., (1922). Sales Engr., (for Wichita, Kans. O'DONNELL, Thomas J., (1920). Secy, and mail), American Blower Co.. 2539 Woodward Ave., and 2506 Cadillac Ave-- Detroit, Mich. Treas., (for mail), William H. McKiever, Inc.. PAGE, Harry W., (1923), Pres., Wisconsin Equipt. . 247 West 13th St.. New York, and 927 Central Ave., Woodmere, L. I., N. Y. ODROBINA, Stephen Robert, (1927), Engr.. Co., 307 Loan & Trust Bldg., Milwaukee, and (for mail), 119 Warren Ave., Wauwatosa, Wis. . PAINE, Kenneth A., (Junior 1925; Associate Richardson & Boynton. 260 Fifth Ave., New 1928), Mgr., Paine Htg. Co.. 127 S. State St., York, and (for mail), 25-68-35th St., Long and P. O. Box 13. Jackson, Miss. ' Island City, N. Y. . PAINE, Leonard G., (1920). PhiladelDhia Mgr., OFFEN, Ben, (1928), Sales Mgr., Chicago Office, (for mail). C. A. Dunham Co., 200 South 15th The Cooling & Air Conditioning Corp., 30 N. St., and 5915 Carpenter St., Philadelphia, Pa. .LaSalle St., and East End Park Hotel, Chicago, 111 OFFNER, Alfred J., (1922). Consulting Engr., PAINTER, David H.. (Associate 1924) . .Salesman, Hoffman Specialty Co., and (for mail), 900 East 30th St., Kansas City, Mo. (for mail), 1282 Broadway. New York, and PARKER, Philip, (1915), Engrg. Dept., Braman Beechhurst, L. I., N. Y. Dow & Co., 239 Causeway St.. Boston, and (for OCELSBY, William P., (1923). Sales Mgr.. Oil mail). 8 Middle St., Woburn, Mass. City Boiler Works, 1043 Real Estate Trust Bldg., PARKHILL, David, (1915), Supt., (for mail). Philadelphia, Pa. '' OLSEN, Carlton F., (Junior 1920; Associate 1925), The Graff Furnace Co., 116 Wooster St., New York, and 197 Rutland Rd.. Brooklyn, N; Y. Service Dept., Kewanee Boiler Co.; 822 W. PARKS. Vernon H., (1918). Mgr., Meyer Furnace Washington, and (formail), 6238 Evans Ave., & Supply Co., 1051 St. Louis, Kansas City, Mo., Chicago, 111. and (for mail), 321 N. Ewing Ave., Dallas, Tex. OLSON, Arvid E., (1925), Engr., Board of PARKS, William N., (Associate 1927), Mgr., Education, 1009 Milton St., and (for mail), 3554 Minnesota Br., (for mail), U. S. Radiator Corp., Dickens Ave., Chicago, 111. 688 Hampden Ave., St. Paul, and 3436 Pillsbury OLSON, Robert G., (1923). Milwaukee Mgr., (for ' Ave., Minneapolis, Minn. ' . ' mail). American Blower Co., 1418 Majestic PARROTT, Lyle G., (1922), Consulting Engr., Bldg., and 266 E. Juneau Ave., Milwaukee, Wis. McColl. Snyder & McLean, 2348 Penobscot OLVANY, William J., (1912). Engr. and Con Bldg., and (for mail), 3788 Gladstone Ave., tractor, 100 Charles St., New York. N. Y. Detroit, Mich. . O'NEILL, J,, (Junior 1925; Associate 1927). Chief PARTER, Samuel C., (Junior 1907; 1909), Secy., Engr.. The Trane Co. of Canada. Ltd., 439 King James H. Merritt & Co., Inc., 207 Water St., St., W., and (for mail), 8 Springmount Ave., and (for mail), 865 West End Ave.. New York. Toronto, Ont., Can. O'NEILL, Peter, (1920), Treas., Bartley-O'Neill Co., 224 Third Ave., and 2448 Charles St.. Pittsburgh. Pa. ORMSBY, H. Kingsley, Jr., (Junior 1928). Salesman, Hoffman Specialty Co., 1538 E; Genesee St.. Syracuse, N. Y. . ORR, Fred B., (1924). Asst, to Vice-Pres., (for mail), Illinois Maintenance Co., 72 W. Adams St., and 700 Irving Park Blvd., Chicago,.IU. . ORR, Hugh Ben., (1928). Mgr., York Htg. & Vtg. Corp., (for mail), 1507 First Natl. Bk. Bldg., and 5527 Center Ave., Pittsburgh, Pa. N. Y. PARTLAN, James W., (1916). (for mail), 14290 Goddard Ave., and 2521 Edison Ave., Detroit, Mich. PATERSON, Frederick C., Jr., (Junior 1928). Htg. and Vtg. Engr., Paterson & Fensel, City Bldg.. Bradford, Pa. ,r PATERSON, G. E., (1926). Owner, (for mail), Paterson Htg. Co., 28 Waugoo St., and 511 Main St.. Oshkosh, Wis. ' PATERSON, James S., (1922), Mech. Engr. (for mail). Board of Education. 155 College St., and 23 Norton Ave., Toronto, Ont., Can. 32 Roll of Membership PATORNO, Sullivan A. S., (1923), Htg. and PFEIFFER, J. F., (Junior 1925), Mech. and Htg. Vtg. Engr., (for mail), Meyer. Strong & Jones, Engr., (for mail), Spencer Heater Co., and 346 Inc., 101 Park Ave., and 1242 Morris Ave., New Louisa St., Williamsport, Pa. York, N. Y. PFU1ILER, John L., (Junior 1923; Associate PATTERSON, D. Finley, (Junior 1925), Br. Mgr., 1925), Plbg. and Htg., 600 Manor Rd., Staten Vapor Htg. Co., (for mail). 2129 Cherry St., and Island. N. Y. 6428 N. Woodstock St., Philadelphia, Pa. PHELPS, H. R., (Junior 19270, Engrg. Dept., PATTON, Roy Lee, (1927), Vice-Pres., (for mail). American Blower Corp., 6004 Russell St., and (for Federal Steam Specialty Co., 120 E. Main St., mail), 960 Gladstone. Apt. 405, Detroit, Mich. and 1111 West 38th St., Oklahoma City, Okla. PHILLIPS, Frank T.t (1919). Sales Engr., (for PAULDING, Lewis Grant, (1926), Treas., (for mail), American Radiator Co., 25th and Reed mail), Frank Paulding & Son, Inc., 4736 Grand Sts., Philadelphia. Pa., and 827 Belmont Ave., Central Terminal Bldg., New York, and 8786 Collingswood, N. J. 116th St., Richmond Hill, N. Y. PHILLIPS, Frederic W., Jr,, (1921), Engr., (for PAULSEN, Carl E., (Associate 1926), Archt. mail), E. W. Mandeville, Inc., 623 Parkside Engr., (for mail), Mann & Co., 722 Rorabough- Ave., and 825 East 38th St.. Brooklyn. N. Y. . Wiley Btbd.,and 511 N. Poplar, Hutchinson, Kan. PICKER, F. C., (Associate 1926), Pres., The Air PEACOCK, James K., (1921), Sales Engr., (for Conditioning & Engrg. Co., 2914 S. Jefferson mail). Hoffman Specialty Co., Inc., 25 West 45th Ave., and 4568 Tower Grove Place, St. Louis, St., New York, and 440 Fowler Ave., Pelham Mo. __ Manor, N. Y. PICKETT, Clinton A,, (Associate 1923), Sales PEAK, Alexander M., (Junior 1927), Sales Engr., Repr., (for mail). Herman Nelson Corp., 200 629 Chestnut St., and (for mail). 5802 N. Fifth St., Philadelphia, Pa. PEARCE, C. E., (1911), Chief Engr.. Guilbert & Betelle, Architects, Chamber of Commerce Bldg., Newark, and (for mail), 1255 Clinton Place, Elizabeth, N. J. PEASE, Harrison H., (Associate 1922), c/o Carrier Engrg. Corp., 39 Cortlandt St., New York, N. Y. PECKHAM, Randolph R., (19.19),' (for mail), 650 Baltimore W., and 3018 Hogarth Ave.. Detroit, Mich. PEEBLES, John K., (Junior 1924: Associate Rialto Bldg., St. Louis, and 7300 Melrose Ave., University City, Mo. PIERCE, Edward Franklin, Jr., (Junior 1925), Sales Engr., Hoffman Specialty Co.. 72 Lynn Fells Parkway. Melrose, Mass. PIHLMAN, Arthur A., (1928), Supervisor, (for mail). Consolidated Gas Co., 2 Irving Place, New York, N. Y., and 235 Dwight St., Jersey City. N. J. PINDER, Percy H., (1919), Treas.. (for mail). Standard Steam Specailty Co., 366 Third Ave., New York, N. Y., and 12 Forest Rd., Ridgewood, N. J. 1925), Peebles & Ferguson, 733 Law Bldg., PINES, Sidney, (1920), Asst. Mgr., (for mail), Norfolk, Va. ' Natkin Engineering Co., 208 Mutual Bldg., and PENCE, Millard Davis, (Junior 1927), Htg. 736 Valentine Rd., Kansas City. Mo. Engr., C. A. Dunham Co., 450 E. Ohio St., Chicago, III. PIPER, Albert, (1920), Plbg. and Htg. Contract . ing, (for mail), Piper Bros., 340-346 N. Broad PENHALLEGON, R. L., (1925), Mgr., Burnham St., Trenton, N. J. . Boiler Corp. of Calif., 1385 Harrison St., San PITCHER, Lester J., (Junior 1924; Associate' Francisco, Calif. 1928), Sales Engr., Illinois Engrg. Co., 21st St. PENNELL, S. Howard, (1925), Member of Firm, and Racine Ave., and 1518 East 69th ,St. (for mail), William Macy Stanton, Archt., 1915 Land Title Bldg., Philadelphia, and Hilldale Rd.. Lansdowne, Pa. Chicago, 111. PITTELKOW, Arthur G., (1907). Pres., Pit- telkow Htg. & Engrg. Co*, (for mail!, 2340 W. PENNOCK, William Britton, (1927), Managing Partner, (for mail). Fuel Saving Equipt. & Engrg. Corp., 30 Ferry St., and 733 Quellette Ave., Windsor, Ont., Can. . PENSINGER, Luther C., (Associate 1925), Partner, Burdick Pensinger Co., 3409 East '. 18th St., and 19 West 42nd St., Kansas City, Mo. PERHAM, Stanley H., (1920), Consulting Engr., (for mail), Edgecombe & Perham, Illionis Bldg., . and 4507 Carrollton Ave., Indianapolis, Ind. PERKINS, Fred C., (Associate 1923), Treas., (for mail), Perkins-LeNoir Co., 1068 Drexel Bldg.; Philadelphia, and Lansdowne, Pa. PERLSTEIN, Samuel, (Junior 1928), Treas., . Frank Perlstein & Son, Inc., 163 S. Bond St., and (for mail), 718 W. State St., Trenton, N. j. PETERKIN, Stuart MacC., (1922). Engr., C. A. Lafayette Blvd., and 225 Covington Drive, Detroit, Mich. PIZIE, Stuart G., (Associate 1926), Partner, B. T. Pizie & Son. MiUbrook. N. Y. PLACE, Clyde R.. (1924), Consulting Engr., (for mail), Grand Central Terminal, and 333 East 57th St.. New York, N. Y. , PLACE, Herman R., (1924), Vice-Pres., Sprague, . Bates, Place Co-, 28 Union St., Boston, and (for mail). 835 Watertown St., W. Newton, Mass. PLAENERT, Alfred Bernhard, (Junior 1927), Engr., Pharo Htg. Co., 1302 Regent St., and 1114 South Park St.. Madison. Wis. PLASS, Charles Webster, (1928), Partner, (for mail). Plass & Shuttleworth, 1531 Grand Ave., and 426 East 55th St., Kansas City, Mo. PLAYFAIR, George A., (Associate 1924), Mgr., (for mail), Johnson Temperature Regulating Co., Dunham Co.. 229 College St., and (for mail), 71 Deloraine Ave., Toronto, Ont., Can. Ltd., 100 Adelaide St., E.. and West Hill.P. O.. Toronto, Ont., Can. PETERMAN, Robert M., (1917). Engr.. School Dist., of Philadelphia, 19th St., above Chestnut * St., Philadelphia, and (for mail), 205 Lauriston St., Wissahickon. Pa. PETERS, Harry G., (Associate 1924). Prop., (for mail), Peters Htg. Co., P. O. Box 763. and 638 N. Congress St., Jackson, Miss. - PETERSEN, Gustave, (Associate 1916), Treas. and Mgr., (for mail), Htg. and Vtg. Magazine, i. 243 West 39th St., New York, and Park Ridge, N.J. * PETHERICK, David H., (Associate 1916), Salesman. U. S. Radiator Corp., 517 Dime Bk. Bldg., Detroit, and (for mail). 9 Kenberton 'r Drive. Pleasant Ridge, Mich. . PFEIFFER, Benjamin J., (Junior 1925), Htg. PLEWES, Stanley E., (1917), Philadelphia Mgr., (for mail), Johnson Service Co.. 258 S. Van Pelt St., Philadelphia, and Evergreen Rd., Jenkin- town. Pa. PLUNKETT, John H.t (1925), Chief of Inspec tions, Dept, of Public Safety. Bldg, and Boiler - Inspection, Rm. 24, State House, Boston, and (for mail), 81 Woodrow Ave.;.Dorchester, Mass. POEHNER, Robert E., (1928). Vice-Pres. and Secy., W. H. Johnson & Son Co., 300 E. St. Joe St., and (for mail), 2308 Coyner Ave., Indiana polis, Ind. POLDERMAN, L. H,, (1927), Br. Mgr., Carrier Engrg. Corp., 911 Mateo St.. Los Angeles, and 1330 Colorado Blvd., Eagle Rock, Calif. POOL, Sterling H., (1913), Pres., (for mail). Contractor, 435 West 41st St., and (for mail), Howard F. Pool Co., 22 Market SL, Lynn, and 30 West 112th St.. New York. N. Y. 39 Pinckney St., Boston, Mass. - 33 1 American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1929 POOLE, Ernest F., (1921), Engr.t (for mail), F. P. Sheldon & Son, 1009 Hospital Trust Bldg., and 74 Farragut Ave.. Providence. R. I. POPE, S. Austin, (1917), Contracting Engr., (for mail), 26 N. Jefferson SL, Chicago and 410 Ashland Ave., River Forest, 111. POPE, William A., (1906), Contracting Engr., 26 N. Jefferson St.. Chicago, and River Forest. 111. ' PORTRUDE, William M., (Junior 1926), Dept. Head, Andersen Meyer & Co., 4-5 Yuen-Ming- Yuen St., and 1458 Ave. Joffre, Shanghai, China. POSEY, James, (1919), Consulting Engr., (for mail), 201 W. Franklin St., and 4005 Liberty Heights Ave., Baltimore, Md. POTTINGER, C. T., (1917). Dist. Mgr., American Blower Co., 614-615 Bona Allen Bldg., and 43 Woodcrest Ave., Atlanta. Ga. POWERS, Fred I., (1920), Salesman. P. O. Box 324, and 605 S. Sixth Ave., Bozeman, Mont. POWERS. Fred W., <19ll>, (Council 1918-1919), Pres., (for mail). The Powers Regulator Co., 2720 Greenview Ave., and 900 Castlewood. Terrace, Chicago, 111. PRATT, Edwin D., (1922). Asst, to Gen. Mgr., Childs Restaurants. 200 Fifth Aye.; New York, and (for mail). 283 Glen Ave., Port Chester, N. Y. PRENTICE, Oliver J., (Associate 1927). Publicity Mgr., (for mail), C. A. Dunham Co., 450 E. Ohio St., and Allerton Club, 701 N. Michigan Ave., Chicago, 111. PRESDEE. Cliff W.. (Associate 1926). Western Mgr., (for mail), Htg. & Vtg. Magazine, 750 Builders Bldg., Chicago, 111. PRICE, William Henry, Jr., (1927), Mgr. New England Office Territory, York Htg. & Vtg. Corp., 46 Cornhill. Rm. 508, Boston, and 15 Heckle St., Wellesley. Mass. . PROBST, A. H., (1919). Sales Engr., (for mail). Morgan-Gerrish Co., 808 LaSalle Ave., Minnea polis, and Minnatonka Beach, Minn. PROX, Robert F., (junior 1922; 1923). Vice-Pres.. (for mail), Frank Frox Co., P. O. Box 61, and 1608 S. Fourth St., Terre Haute. Ind. PRYOR, Frederick L., (1913), Advisory, (for mail). National Silk'Dyeing Co.. 5 Colt St.. Paterson, and Towaco, Morns Co.. N. J. PRYOR, Robert W., Jr.* (1913), (Council 1919-1920), Mech. Engr.. (for mail), Koithan & Pryor, 39 Cortlandt St.. New York, N. Y., and 199 Roseville Ave.. Newark, N. J. PURCELL, Arthur J., (1914), Engr., Salesman of Htg. and Vtg. EquipL, 631 New Britain Ave., Hartford, Conn. PURCELL, Frederick C., (1926). Owner, F. C. Purcell & Co., (for mail). 2847 Grand River Ave., and 2025 Palmer Park Blvd., Detroit, Mich. PURCELL. Robert E., (1916). Htg., Vtg. and Plbg. Contractor, 1735 Willis Ave.. W., and (for mail), 4061 Seebaldt Ave., Detroit, Mich. PURDY, Alexander K., (1922). Pres., (for mail). Purdy. Mansell, Ltd., 63 Albert St., and 30 Glenrose Ave., Toronto. Ont.. Can. PURDY, Randall B., (Associate 1927). Editorial . Staff. "Power," McGraw-Hill Pub. Co., (for mail). Tenth Ave. and 36th St.. New York, and 224-05-139th Ave.. Laurelton. N. Y. PURINTON, Dexter J., (Associate 1923). Mech. Engr., (for mail). Voorhees, Gmelin & Walker, . 101 Park Ave.. New York, N. Y., and Roseville Rd., R. F. D. No. 35. Westport. Conn. PURSELL, H. E., (1919). Kewanee Boiler Co., and (for mail), 212 S. Tremont St.f Kewanee, 111. PYLE, John W., (1919), Contractor, (for mail), 30 W. Canal St., and 371W. Third St.. Peru, Ind. Q QUALTROUGH, B. F., (Associate 1926), Engr., (for mail), Carbondale Mch. Co., 928 Wyandotte St., and 1411 Forest Ave., Kansas City, Mo. QUAY, D. M.,* (Charter Member), (Pres. 1909; 2nd Vice-Pres. 1895; 1st Vice-Pres. 1896. 1899), D. M. Quay Co., Builders Exch., and 1352 East 84th St., Cleveland. O. QUENTIN, Edward H., (Associate 1919), Mgr., (for mail), Johnson Heat Regulating Co., 2328 locust St., and 3259 Geyer Ave., St. Louis. Mo. QUIGLEY, William J., (1920), Salesman, (for mail), Gurney Heater Mfg. Co.. P. O. Box 184, Buffalo, and 27 Knowlton Ave., Kenmore, N. Y. QUIRK, Clinton H., (Junior 1915. iQift), Sales Engr., Vtg. Div., (for mail). American Radiator Co.. 40 West 40th St., New York, and 36 Kilburn Rd., Garden City, N. Y. R RAE, Thos. W., (1924), Salesman, (for mail). . American Radiator Co., P. O. Box 882, and James Hotel , Oklahoma City, Okla. RAINE, John J., (1912), G. S. Blodgett Co.. Burlington. Vt. RA1NGER, Wallace F., (Junior 1924). Chief Draftsman. Jaros & Baum. Consulting Engrs., 116 West 39th St.. New York, and (for mail), 68 Livingston Ave., Yonkers, N. Y. ' RAISLER, Louis, (1925). Raisler Htg. Co.. 129 Amsterdam Ave., New York. N. Y. RAISLER, Samuel, (1021). Pres., Raisler Htg. & Sprinkler Co.. 129 Amsterdam Ave., and (for mail). 173 Riverside Drive. New York. N. Y. RALSTON. Louis T. M., (1926), Consulting Engr., (for mail), 52 Vanderbilt Ave., and 780 Riverside Drive. New York, N. Y. RAMSEY, Harold Whiteman, (Junior 1928). Secy, and Treas.. Standard Htg. Co., Inc., 1705 Alter St., Philadelphia, and (for mail), P. O. Box 31, Newton Square, Pa. RANDALL, W. Clifton,* (1928), Chief Engr., (for mail), Detroit Steel Products Co., .2250 E. Grand Blvd.. and 5540 Ridgewood Ave., Detroit, Mich. ` RANDOLPH, Charles H., (Junior 1926), Sales Engr., American Foundry &. Furnace Co., Rm. 400. 15 Michigan SL, and (for mail), 567 Stowell Ave., Milwaukee, Wis. . . RASMUSSEN, Einar, (Junior 1925; Associate 1926). Westinghouse Elec. & Mfg. Co.. E. Pitts burgh. and (for mail), 419 Whitney Ave., Wilkinsburg. Pa. . RATHER, Max F., (1919), MgT., Johnson Service Co., 2142 East 19th St., Cleveland, O. REARDON, J. Albert, (1921). Pres, and Treas., Reardon Bros. Co.. Mfrs, Natl. Bk., 341 Union St., Lynn, and 18 Marion Rd., Marblehead, Mass. RECH, Philip Doerr, (Associate 1927), Special Repr., Hoffman Specialty Co., Inc., 25 West 45th St.. New York. N. Y., and (for mail), 240 E. Ninth St., Plainfield, N. J. . RECK. William Ernst, (1927), Vice-Pres., (for mail). The Reck Htg. Co., Ltd., 15 Eeromgade, Copenhagen, and 16 Lundvej. Hellerup, Denmark. REDERER. Benedicts.. (1922). Mgr., (for mail), B. S. Rederer & Co., 513 Arrott Bldg., and 1540 Beiasco Ave., Pittsburgh, Pa. REED, John F., (Associate 1923; 1927), Vice- Pres., (for mail). Reed Air Filter Co., 50 Church St., New York, N. Y. REED. WUliam M., (1927), Pres., (for mail), Reed Air Filter Co., 215 Central Ave., Louisville, Ky. REEDER. Charles L., (1911). Consulting Engr.. (for mail). 916 N. Charles St., Baltimore, and 222 Longwood Rd., Roland Park, Md. REESE, Henry L.( (1923), Pres, and Gen. Mgr., for mail). Keystone Plbg. & Htg. Co., 229 N. Sixth St.. and 426 Jefferson St.. Hyde Park. Reading, Pa. REHLING, Hugo F,, (1928), Dist. Mgr., (for mail), B. F. Sturtevant Co., 913 Provident Bk. Bldg., and 2844 Observatory Ave., Cincinnati, O. REID, Henry P., (Associate 1927). Specialty Engr., (for mail). Universal Portland Cement Co.. Rm. 1520, 210 S. LaSalle St., Chicago, and 3507 Oak Park Ave., Berwyn, 111. 34 Roll of Membership REILLY, Charles Edward, (Junior 1928), Pres., (for mall). Wynnefield Steam Heat Co., and Bala Steam Heat Co., 4920 City Line Ave.. Philadelphia, Pa. REPP, Harry L., (1922), Sales Repr., (for mail), Herman Nelson Corp., 610 Traction Terminal Bldg., and 525 S. Central Ct., Indianapolis, Ind. REUSS. Edward H., Jr.. (Associate 1919; 1921), Htg. Contractor, (for mail), Edward H. Reuss, Jr., 49th and Grays Ave., Philadelphia, and 220 N. Latch's Lane, Merion, Pa. ' REYNOLDS, Henry M., (1915), P. O. Box 350, San Antonio, Tex. ROBERTS, J. H., (1926), c/o Mrs. E. C. Fell, Upper Lake St.. (Carrier No. 19), Elmira. N. Y. ROBERTSON, John M., (Junior 1926), Sales Engr., (for mail), E. K. Campbell Htg. Co.. 4908 Delmar Blvd,, and 7321 Zephyr Place, St. Louis, Mo. ROBINSON, Albert G., (1924), (for mail), 145-49 Warren St., and 18 Harrison Ave., Glen Falls N. Y. " ROCKART, Edward R., (1921), Mech. Engr., Minneapolis Board of Education. 245 Ninth Ave., N., Minneapolis, and 1173 Arkright St., St. Paul, Minn. REYNOLDS, Thurlow W:, (1922)'- Engr., American Radiator Co.. 40 West 40tn'St., and RODMAN, Robert W., (1922), Supt. of Plant Operation, (for mail), Dept, of Education, 500 (for mail), 1657 Montgomery Ave., New York. N. Y. . Park Ave., and 175 West 73rd St., New York, N. Y. REYNOLDS, Walter V., (Associate 1928). Pres., ROEBUCK, William. Jr.. (1917), Sales Engr., (for mail), Janes-Reynolds Co., Inc., 218 East 52nd St., New York, and 193 Mamaroneck Ave.. White Plains. N. y. (for mail). The R. T. Coe Cos:, 308 Jackson Bldg., Buffalo, and 1625 East Ave., Rochester, N. Y. ROEMER, Julius, (1928), Owner, (for mail), RIBLET, William H., (Associate 1921), 327 J. Roemer Htg. Co., Builders Exchange, Cleve Munsey Blvd.. Washington, D. C. land, and 1478 Bunts Rd., Lakewood, O. RICE, C. J., (Associate 1923). Sales Mgr., (for ROGERS, A. Carle, (1921), Consulting Engr., mail), Modine Mfg. Co..'and 2016 Washington 752 Euclid Ave., Toledo. O. Ave., Racine, Wash. RONEY, Thomas G., (1916). (for mail), T. G. RICE, William W., (1915), Engr., Mellon Co.. 4417-19 Ludlow St., Philadelphia, and (for mail), Roney Htg. Co., 3461 Fort St., W., and 748 25th St., Detroit, Mich. 830 Morgan Ave., Drexel Hill, Del. Co.. Pa. ROONEY, Martin A.,* (Associate 1917; 1918). RICHARD, Irenee Talbot, (Associate 1928), Steamfitter and Htg. Engr., 34 Warren St., and (for mail). 10 Carlisle St., Roxbury. Mass. Sales Engr.. (for mail). American Radiator Co.-, 374 Delaware Ave., Buffalo, and Eggertsville. N. Y. RICHARDS. S. Frank, (1915), Pres, and Sales Mgr., The Richards Corp., 1125 North Ave., Wilkinsburg Br.. and 335 W. Riverview Ave., Bellevue Br., Pittsburgh, -Pa. . ROSEBROUGH, Robert M., (1920). Br. Mgr., (for mail), L. J. Mueller Furnace Co., 4246 Forest Park Blvd., St. Louis, and 7241 Dorset Ave., University City, Mo. RICHARDSON. D. Rait,* (1915), Pres., (for mail), Richardson & Boynton Co., 260 Fifth Ave.. and 299 Park Ave., New York. N. Y. RICHARDSON, Frank J., (1921), Mech. Engr., ROSENBACH, Rudolph G,, (1920). Sales Engr., (for mail). Warren Webster & Co.. 549 VV. Washington St., Chicago, and 343 N. York St., Elmhurst. 111. Dept, of Education, Bureau of Plant Operation, 131 Livingston St., and (for mail). 467 First St., Brooklyn, N. Y. RICHTMANN, WUliam Muir,* (Junior 1926). .ROSENBERG, Philip, (Associate 1928). Pres., Somaron Sheet Metal Works, Inc., 3618 Park Ave., and (for mail), 811 Walton Ave., New York; N. Y. Test Engr.. Bayley Blower Co.. 732 Greenbush St., Milwaukee, and (for mail), 765 Wentworth Ave.. Milwaukee. Wis. ROSS, John O., (1920). Pres., (for mail), Ross Industries, Inc., 271 Madison Ave., New'York, and Philipse Manor, N. Tarrytown, N. Y. RICKLY, Francis Andrew, (Associate 1927), Asst. Mgr., (for mail). American Radiator Co., ` 1008 Pine St., and 5616 Pershing Ave., St. Louis, Mo. -RIET2, Elmer W., (1923), Asst. Sales Mgr., (for mail). Powers Regulator Co.. 2720 Greenview Ave, Chicago, and 940 Glenwood Ave., Win ' netka. 111. ' RILEY, Champlain L.,* (1906). (Presidential Member). (Pres. 1921; Council 1918-1922; 1st Vice-Pres. 1920), (for mail), Clark MacMullen & Riley. 101 Park Ave., New York. N. Y., gruj Plainfield. N. J. . RILEY, DeWitt H., (1921), Engr.. American ' Radiator Co., Bond Plant, 87 Rano St., Buffalo, and (for mail), 88 Columbia Rd., Kenmore, N. Y. . RINKENBERGER, George, (1924). Htg. Engr., (for mail), 224 Market St., and 840 Franklin St., Johnstown. Pa. . RITCHIE, Edmund J.. (1923) Gen. Sales Mgr., Sarco Co., Inc., (for mail), 183 Madison Ave., New York, and 19 Grace Ct., Brooklyn, N. Y. RITCHIE, William, (1909), Vice-Pres., Boynton Furnace Co., 58 West 40th St., New York, N. Y,, and (for mail), 17 Van Reipen Ave., Jersey City, N. J. RITTER, Arthur, (1911). N. Y. Mgr., (for mail). American Blower Co.. 50 Church St.. New York, and 39 Plaza St., Brooklyn, N. Y. ` ROBB, John M.,* (1913). Dir. of Service, The Herman Nelson Corp., Moline, and (for mail). 1513 Columbia Terace, Peoria, 111. ROBBINS, Loring G., (1907), Robbins, Gamwell ROSS, Joseph F., (1926), Secy, and Treas., (for mail). Ross Boiler Co.. 112 W. Adams SL, and 5608 S. Nagle Ave.. Chicago, 111. ROSSMAN, Vincent D., (1919), 2365 Klemm St., St. Louis. Mo. ROTHROCK, John T., (1920), SupL Mech. Engr., Thompson-Starrett Co., Packard Bldg.. Philadelphia. Pa. ROTTMAYER, Samuel I., (Junior 1928); Engr., Samuel R. Lewis, Consulting Engr., 407 S. Dearborn St., and (for mail), 918 Winona Ave.; Chicago, III. - ROTZ, John M., (1918), Engr., (for mail), J. M. Rotz Engrg. Co., 704 Merchants Bk. Bldg., Indianapolis, and Carmel, Ind. ROWE, William A., (1921), Chief Engr.. Ameri can Blower Co., 6004 Russell SL. and 1733 Virginia Park. Detroit. Mich. ROWLEY, Frank Benj.,* (1918), Prof, of Mech. ' Engrg. and Dir. of Experimental Engrg. Labora tories, University of Minnesota, and (for mail); 63 Barton Ave., S.E., Minneapolis. Minn. ROYER, Earl B., (1928), Designing Engr., Fosdick & Hilmer, Consulting Engrs.. 1703 Union Trust Bldg., and (for mail); 6635 Iris Ave., Kennedy Heights, Cincinnati, O. RUCKEL, John B., (Associate 1919), Pres., (for' mail). J. H. Ruckel & Son. 81-83 Main St., and 183 Cleveland Ave.. Buffalo. N. Y. RUDDELL, Wm. H., (1921), Mgr., (for mail). West Coast Htg. Co.. Inc., 505 Lloyd Bldg.; Sixth Ave., and Stewart St., and 816 W. Blaine C, Cpoftl-- UIqbI, & Co.. 68 West St., Pittsfield, Mass. RUFF, DeWitt C.', (1922), Treas., (for mail), ROBERTS. Henry L., (1916), Engr. and Con tractor, 228 North 16th St.. Philadelphia, Pa. Heaiy-Ruff Co., 765 Hampden Ave., and 2211 St. Clair St., St. Paul. Minn. 35 i American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1929 RUGART, Karl F. K., (Associate 1924), Sales . Engr., (for mail), Warren Webster & Co., . Camden, N. J., and 5830 Willows Ave., W. Philadelnhia. Pa. RUGGLES, Robert F., (Junior 1926), Asst. Sales Mgr., DeBothezat Impeller Co., 1922 Park Ave., New York, and. (for mail), 15 Gregg Place, Randall Manor, Tompkinsville, S. I., N. Y. RUPPERT, E. H., (Associate 1923). (for mail), Excelso Specialty Works, 210 East 45th St., New York, and (for mail). 85 Eastern Parkway, Brooklyn, N. Y. . RUSSELL, Edward A., (Associate 1927), Mech. ' Asst, to Pres., Vapor Car Htg. Co., 1450 Railway Exchange Bldg., and (for mail), 8103 Dorchester SAUNDERS, J. Cheater, (1926), Estimator and Engr., (for mail), Crosby & Beard Co., 163 W. Harrison St,, and 10921 Oakley Ave., Chicago, 111. ' SAVILLE, Thos. H., (1924), (for mail), 2009 N. Wabash Ave., and 1121 Lafayette St., Scranton, Pa. SAWADE, Carl A., (Associate 1920), National ' Radiator Corp., 15th Floor, 55 West 42nd St., New York, N. Y. - . SAWDON, Will M., (1920). Prof. Exper. Engrg., (for mail), Cornell Univ., and 1018 E. State St., Ithaca. N. Y. ' SCHANK, George E., (Associate 1926). 155 16th St.. Buffalo. N. Y. . Ave., Grand Crossing Station, Chicago, I1L SCHANZE, A. Gale, (Associate 1925), Gen. Mgr., RUSSELL, Hugh C., (1911), Inspector. Mech. Hardinge Oil Burner Corp., 843 Beacon St,, and Elec. Engr., (for mail), U. S. Treasury Dept., Boston, and (for mail), 30 Willoughby St., 215 Post Office Bldg., and 909 E. Tenth St.. Brighton, Mass. Chattanooga, Tenn. SCHEER, Frederick W., (1922), Htg. Con RUSSELL, Joseph N., (1899), Mgr., Rosser & tractor, (for mail), 430 Connecticut, and 12 Russell, Ltd., 37 Duke St., Oxford St,, London, W. 1- Eng. Brayton St., Buffalo, N. Y. SCHEIBEL, Albert H., (1919), Designing Engr.. RUSSELL, W. A., (1921), Asst. Gen. Sales Mgr., Stone & Webster, 49 Federal St., Boston, and ' (for mail), U. S. Radiator Corp., 3254 N. Kil- (for mail), 92 Miltoa Ave., Hyde Park, Mass. . bourn, Chicago, 111., and 2484 Pingree. Detroit, SCHEIDECKER. Daniel B.. (Associate 1919), Mich. RUSSELL, William Arthur, (Charter Member), Pres., W. A. Russell & Co., 5037 Grand Central Secy., (for mail), Hunter-Clark Vent. System Co., 2800 Cottage Grove Ave., and 4626 N. Kilbourn Ave., Chicago. 111. . Terminal Bldg., New York, N. Y. . SCHELLHAMMER, Alfred L., (1919), Mgr., RUSSELL, William Bradford, (1928), Works Pennsylvania Furnace & Iron Co., Warren. Pa. ' Mgr.', Heggie Simplex Boiler Co., and (for mail), SCHKLDMILLER, George H., (1922), 55 W. R. F. D. No. 1, Joliet, 111. RUSSELL, William L. A., (Associate 1925), St. Louis Sales Mgr., (for mail). Skinner Bros. Mfg. , Co., 1474 S. Vandeventer St., and 1246 Temple Place, St. Louis, Mo. RYAN. Harry J., (1922). Consulting Engr., 47 . Harris Ave., Albany, N. Y. RYDELL, Carl A,, (Junior 1928). Htg. and Vtg. Engr., Meyer, Strong & Jones, Inc-:101 Park . Ave.. and (for mail). 414 East 204th St., New York. N. Y. RYEN, Max, (Junior 1928). Engr., (for mail). Pierce, Butler & Pierce Mfg. Corp., Eastwood Plant, and 304 Van Buren St., Syracuse, N. Y, Huron St.. Pontiac, Mich. SCHIMMEL, F. W., (1926), Resident Engr., Warren Webster & Co., '279 Cumberland St., Harrisburg, Pa. SCHLEY, Arthur A.t (1920), Mgr.. Htg. Dept., Schley & Nash Co., 709 Columbia Bk. Bldg., Pittsburgh, Pa. - SCHLOSS, Newton L., (1913), (for mail), Engrg. Service, 51- East 42nd St., and Hotel Lincoln,' New York, N. Y. SCHMIDT, George G., (Junior 1912; 1914). Gen. Eastern Repr- Carrier Engrg. Corp.. 39 Cort- ' landt St., New York, and 55 Burns St., Forest Hills, Long Island, N. Y. S SCHNEIDER, Charles, (1923), Pres., (for mail). C. Schneider Co.. 492 East 163rd St., and 2178 SABIN, Edward R., (1919), Pres., (for mail). Edward R. Sabin Co., Htg. Contractors., 4710-12 Market St., Philadelphia, and Lansdowne, Pa. SACHLEBEN, Edward H., (Associate 1921), (for mail),-E. H. Sachleben & Co.. 2829 Locust St., St. Louis, Mo. SADLER, Charles Boone, (1928), Design Drafts University Ave., New York, N. Y. SCHNEIDER, Paul W., (1919), Pres., (for mail), P. W. Schneider, Inc., 307 Lafayette St., and 2039 Genesee St., Utica, N. Y. SCHOENIJAHN, Robert P., (1919). Consulting Engr., (for mail), 406 Industrial Trust Bldg., and 719 Nottingham Rd.. Wilmington; Del. man, (for mail), Public Works Office, 11th Naval SCHOEPFLIN, Paul H.. (1920). Pres., (for mail), Dist- and 1723 Granada Ave., San Diego, Calif. Niagara Blower Co., 95 Liberty St., New York, ST. CLAIR, Charles W., (Junior 1927). Sales N. Y. Engr., (for mail), Herman Nelson Corp., Rm. SCHOFIELD, Thomas Johnson, (1928), Gen. 321, 1836 Euclid Ave., Cleveland, and 12053 Mgr., Schoefield-Cowl Co., 23 Tenth St., and Lake Ave., Cleveland, O. Glenwood Heights; Wheeling, W. Va. ST. JOHN, Joseph S., (Junior 1928), Chief Engr., (for mail), Agree-Garelik Co.. 99 E. Baltimore St., and Northern Br. Y. M. C. A.. Detroit, Mich. SAKOUTA, Mathleu L., (1924), Consulting Engr. Expert, Gavan, Simanskaia 4, Leningrad, Russia. " SAMUELS, Sidney, (Junior 1925; Associate 1928), '' SCHOPP, Walter J.. (1922V Partner, (for mail). General Engrg. & Construction Co., 923 Gar field Ave., Palmyra. N. J- and 1704 Ludlow St., Philadelphia, Pa. SCHRADER, C. C.,* (Junior 1923; Associate 1925), Research Engr.. (for mail), Armstrong . Cork Co., Research Division, Lancaster, Pa. Secy., (for mail), Paramount Plbg. & Htg. ' SCHRAM, Waldo W., (1928), Supervision House- Supply Corp., 262 West 145th St., and 626 West Heating Div,, Northern Indiana Public Service 165th St., New York, N. Y. SANBERN, E. Nute,* (1923), Engr., (for mail), Co., (for mail), 649 Hohman St., and 132 Vine St., Hammond, Ind. Mensing & Co.. 928 Presser Bldg., Philadelphia, SCHROTH, August H.f (1911). Vice-Pres.. Pa., and 119 Haviland Ave., Audubon, N. J. Richmond Radiator Co., 1480 Broadway, New SANBORN, Stephen H., (Associate 1924), S. H. York, N. Y., and (for mail), 90 S, Oraton Park Sanborn Engrg. Co., 123 E. Main St., P. O. Box way., E. Orange. N.J. 289, Middletown, N. Y. , SCHUKAI, Walter C., (Junior 1928), Estimator, SANFORD, Arthur L., (1915), Mech; Engr.. (for mail), Board of Education, 245 Ninth Ave., N., and 301 East 48th St., Minneapolis, Minn. (for mail), Eichler Heating Co., 2010 Railway Exchange Bldg., and 2622 North 19th St., St. Louis. Mo. SAULSON, Saul, (1916), Mech. Engr., Albert Kahn, Inc., 1000 Marquette Bldg., and 2491 W. Euclid, Detroit, Mich. SCHULZ, Howard I., (Associate 1915). Mgr., Crane Co., (for mail), 1223 W. Broad St., and 1535 West Ave., Richmond, Va. 36 -g ' - ............ .........................- - Roll of Membership SCHULZE, Ben. H., (1921), Sales Engr.. (for mail), Hester-Bradley Co., 4200 Forest Park Blvd., and 1914 Forest Ave., St. Louis, Mo. SCHWAB, Henry E., (1923). Vice-Pres- (for . mail), R. J. Schwab & Sons Co., 283 Clinton St., and 671 Franklin Place. Milwaukee, Wis. SCHWAB, Quentin D., (Junior 1927), Htg. Engr., (for mail), Henschien & McLaren, 1637 Prairie Ave., and 2017 Prairie Ave., Chicago, 111. SCHWEIM, Henry J., (1928), Development Engr., (for mail), U. S. Gypsum Co., 300 W. Adams St., Chicago, and 2233 Forest View Rd., Evanston, 111. SCOLLAY, Ulysses G., (Charter Member), (Council 1894; Board of Managers 1895; Treas. 1904; 1911). Pres.. J. A. SchoIIay. Inc.. 308 Halsey St., Brooklyn, N. Y. SCOTT, Charles E., (1907), Pres, and Treas., (for mail). Vapor Engineering Co.. 489 Fifth AveNew York, N. Y,, and Meadowbrook Rd- Darien, Conn. SCOTT, Clarence Earl, (Junior 1926), Engr.. (for mail), York Htg. & Vtg. Corp., York Bldg., 16th and Sansom St- Philadelphia, and 611 Sinede St- Norristown, Pa. SCOTT, Edwin A., (1912), Pres, and Treas., (for mail), Edwin A. Scott Publishing Co- 45 West 45th St- and 3224 Grand Concourse. New York, N, Y. SCOTT, George M,, (1915), Vice-Pres- Child & Scott Co- 108 Wooster St- New York, and 319 Glen Ave- Port Chester, N. Y. SEELIG, Alfred E., (1926). Pres, and Gen. Mgr- L. J. Wing Mfg. Co- 154 West 14th St- and (for - mail), 310 Convent Ave- New York, N. Y. SEELIG, Lester, (1925), Mech. Engr- Drying Systems, Inc- 1807 Foster Ave- and 2630 N.. . Spaulding Ave- Chicago, 111. SEIDERS, John T.,(1926), Htg. and Vtg. Engr(for mail). Rm. 219, 83;S. High St- and 980K N. High St- Columbus, O. SEITER, J, Earl, (1928), Htg. Repr- Consoli dated Gas, Elec. Lt. & Power Co- Lexington Bldg- Baltimore, and (for mail), 21 Florida Rd,, Towson. Md. SEKIDO, Kunisuke, (1903), Nakano, Tokio Suburb. Japan. SELIG, Ernest T., (1926), Consulting Htg. Engr., (for mail), 1501 HerrSt- and 920 North 16th St- Hamsburg, Pa. ' SELLARS, Fred J., (1917), Pres- (for mail). Sell- Orr Heating Co- 311 N. Penn Ave- and 619 N. Ninth St., Independence, Kan. --SELLMAN, Niles T., (1922), Asst, to Vice-Pres. and Asst. Secy- in Charge of Sales and Utiliza- - tion, Consolidated Gas Co- of N. Y. (for mail), 130 East 15th St- and 135 West 183rd St.,- New York, N. Y. SELTZER, A. P., (1921). Show Rm. Mgr- (for mail), American Radiator Co- 820 S. Michigan Ave- Chicago, and Evanshire Hotel, Evanston, I1L SENIOR, Richard L., (1925), Engr. and Supt- J. Gescheidt & Co.. Inc- 142 East 43rd St- New York, and (for mail), 1 Edgewater Place, Dillon Park, New Rochelle, N. Y. SETZER, Walter C., (Junior 1922 Associate 1926), Archt.'s Repr,, Pierce, Butler & Pierce Mfg. Co- 31st and Oxford Sts., (for mail), 211 Gillham St- Lawndale, Philadelphia, Pa. SEWARD, PercJval H.,* (Charter Member), Vice-Pres- Richmond Radiator Co- 1480 Broad way, New York, and (for mail). 369 Washington Ave.. Brooklyn. N. Y. SEWELL, John M,, (1919), Consulting Engr- (for mail). 14 South 20th St- Philadelphia, and Berwyn. Pa. SHANKLIN, John Andrew, (1928), Estimator, (for mail), West Virginia Htg. & Plbg. Co- 233 Hale St- and 5 Swarthmore Ave- Charleston, W. Va. SHANKLIN, John R., (1899), Htg. Engr- (for mail), W. Va. Htg. & Plbg. Co- 233 Hale St . and 1507 Quarrier St- Charleston, W. Va. SHAW, Edgar, (1923), Pres.. Lynch & Woodward, Inc- 320 Dover St., Boston, and 51 Royal St.. Wollaston, Mass. SHAW, N. J. H., (Junior 1925), Sales Engr., Barnes & Jones, 5 Melrose St.,'Boston, and (for mail), 99 Melrose St- Arlington, Mass. SHAW, Raymond E,, (1921), Sales Mgr- (for. mail), B. F. Sturtevant Co- Hyde Park, Boston, SHAY, Russell A,, (1924). Htg. Engr., 108 Linwood St- Brooklyn. N. Y. SHEARS, Matthew W,, (1922), Htg. Engr- C. A. Dunham Co- Ltd- 1523 Davenport Rd., and (for mail). 53 Sylvan Ave- Toronto, Ont- Can. SHEFFIELD, Edward B., (1921), Sales Engr.. (for mail), Armstrong Cork Co- 11 Brant St., Toronto, and Lambton Mills, Ontario, Can. SHEFFLER, Morris, (1921), Member of Firm, (for mail), Shefiler-Gross Co., 205-211 Drexel Bldg- and 5451 Lebanon Ave- Philadelphia. Pa. SHELDON, Nelson Edward, (1927), Dist. Sales Mgr- (for mail), York Htg. & Vtg. Corp- 703 Temple Bldg- and 942 Genesee Park BlvdRochester, N. Y. SHEPPARD, Frank A., (1918), Kansas City Mgr.. (for mail), Johnson Service Co- 411 E. Tenth. St- and 4550 Mill Creek Blvd- Kansas City, Mo. SHEPPARD, William G., (1922), Partner, (for mail), Sheppard & Abbott. Harbourd St- and' 479 Dovercourt Rd- Toronto, Ont- Can. SHEPSTONE, Oscar, (1927), Mech. Engr., Detroit Edison Co- 2000 Second Ave- and (for mail), 121 N. Phillip Ave- Detroit, Mich. SHERET, Andrew, (Associate 1925), Pres- (for ' mail), Andrew Sheret, Ltd- 1114 Blanchard St and 1030 St. Charles St- Victoria, B. C. SHERIFFS, Walter A., (1918). Mehring & Hanson Co- 162 N. Clinton St- Chicago, 111. SHERRY, Raymond Wilbur, (1927), Estimator and Engr- C. H. Sherry, 349 W. Broad St- and (for mail). 601 Peace St- Hazelton, Pa. SHINOHARA, Shlro, (1924), Master, Shinohara & Co- 14th Bldg- Marunouchi. and (for mail), 2 Chome Kojimachi Kojimachikes, Tokio, Japan. SHIPP, C. C., (1923), Owner, (for mail). C. C. Shipp & Co- 230 E. Ohio'St- and 3405 Guilford Ave- Indianapolis, Ind. SHODRON, John G., (1921), Research Engr., James Mfg. Co- 411 E. Milwaukee Ave., Ft, Atkinson. Wis. SHORB, Will A., (1909). Treas- Field & Shorb Co- 133 W. William St- and (for mail), 3 Lincoln Place. Decatur, 111. SHOZO, Saito, (1923). Htg. and Vtg. Engr. and Contractor, (for mail), Marunoucm Bldg- and 171 Kitakamata. Tokio, Japan. SHREINER, Dewey C.t (Junior 1923; Associate. 1926), Vice-Pres. and Treas., Shreiner & Son, Inc- (for mail), 116 W. High St- and 1240 Southern Blvd- Elkhart, Ind. SHROCK, John H., (1924). Vice-Pres.. (for mail). New York Blower Co., and 109 Franklin St., LaPorte, Ind. . SHRUM, A. T., (1928), Pres- (for mail). Me chanical Equipt. Co- 305 Louisville Trust Bldg- and 41 E. Weissinger-Gaulbert Apt- Louisville, Ky. . SHUELL, Frank W., (Associate 1921), Pres, and Gen. Mgr- (for mail). Ever Hot Heater Co- 5241 Wesson Ave- Detroit, and Lone Pine Rd. Birmingham, Mich. SHUFELT, Howard M., (Associate 1928), Re search and Production Div- Duro Air Filter Co- 3155 Shields Ave- and (for mail), 7353 Bennett . Ave- Chicago, 111. SHULTZ, Earle, (Associate 1919), Vice-Pres- (for mail), Illinois Maintenance Co- 72 Edison Bldgand 1310 Birchwood Ave- Chicago, IU. SIEBS, Claude T., (Associate 1927), Factory , Planning Engr- Western Elec. Co- 100 Central Ave- Kearny, N. J. SIEGEL, Leo, (Junior 1924; Associate 1925), Mech. Engr- Board of Education, Bridge and Concord Sts- and (for mail), 1909 Stillwell Ave., Brooklyn, N. Y. SIMPSON, William A., (1925), Engr- (for mail), Johnson & Morris. 538 West 23rd St- and 1269 Grand Concourse, New York, N.' Y.' 37 American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1929 SIMPSON, William K.. (1919). Secy., (for mail). SOMERS, William Stuart, (Junior 1926), Supt., Hoffman Specialty Co.. 193 Grand St., and 9 Success Heater Mfg.Co.,* 1015 Murphy St., and Sands St.. WateTbury. Conn. (for mail). 2807 Grand Ave., Des Moines. Ia. SKAGERBERG, R., (Junior 1921; 1924). Con-, SOMMER, Louis J.. Jr., (1922). Pres., Louis J. suiting Engr., 1497 Chelmsford Ave., St. Paul, Sommer & Son, 2436 Brown .St., and 4809 Minn. Chestnut St., Philadelphia, Pa. SKELLY, John F., (1921), Htg. Contractor, J. SOPER, Horace A., (1916), Vice-Pres., (for mail), F. Skelly, 303 Catherine St.. Ogdensburg, N. Y. American Foundry & Furnace Co., and 1122 E. SKINNER, Henry W., (1920). Mech. Engr., (for Monroe St., Bloomington, 111. mail), W. C. Hedrick. Archt., 1005 First Natl. SOPER, Ira N., (1919), Sales Engr.. (for mail), Bk. Bldg., and 1300 Dorothy Lane, Ft. Worth, Warren Webster & Co., 549 W. Washington St., Tex. and 6915 Harper Ave., Chicago. 111. SKLENARIK, Louis, (Junior 1928). Htg. and SOULE, Lawrence C., (1908). Secy., and Sales Vtg. Engr., (for mail), Thompson-Starrett Co., Mgr., Aerofin Corp., 750 Frelinghuysen Ave., 245 Hunters Point Ave., Long Island City, and Newark, and 26 Wooton Rd., Essex Fells, N. J. 305 East 72nd St., New York, N. Y. SOWERS, Paul E., (1922). Gen. Mgr., (for mail). SLADE, Arthur J.t (Associate 1925). Dir. of Paul E. Sowers Co.. Htg. and Vtg. Engrs., 25 Sales, (for mail). American District Steam Co., N. Duke St., and 110 Findley St., York, Pa. and Louise St., N. Tonawanda, N. Y. SPAFFORD, Alien, (Associate 1927), Chief Engr., SLIGHT, Irvin, (Junior 1925; Associate 1926), Wood Conversion Co., and' (for mail). 406 Slight Bros., Willow Grove, and Hartsville, Pa. Avenue D, Cloquet, Minn. SMALL, John D., (1910), Consulting Engr., (for SPECKMAN, Charles H,, (1918), Htg. Engr.. . mail). 127 N. Dearborn St., Chicago, and 411 375 Bourse Bldg., Philadelphia, Pa. ` Maole Ave., Wilmette. 111. SPELLER, Frank N.,* (1908), Dir., Dept, of SMALLMAN, Edwin W., (1920). Engr.. Stone Metallurgy and Research, (for mail). National & Webster. Inc., 49 Federal St.. Boston, and (for Tube Co.. 1810 Frick Bldg., and 6411 Darlington mail), 87 Essex St., Melrose. Mass.. Rd., Pittsburgh, Pa. SMALLMAN, William T., (1911), Treas.. (for SPERZEL, Henry J.. (Associate 1918: 1919). mail). Isaac Coffin Co.. 52 Sudbury St.. Boston, N. W. Br. Mgr., Kewanee Boiler Co., 708 and 127 Rockland Ave.. Malden, Mass. Builders Exch., and 4644 Bryant Ave., S., SMITH, Card Wentworth, (1927). Mgr., Minneapolis. Minn. ' Furnace Dept.. Jewel Div., (for mail), Detroit SPIELMAN, Gordon P,, (Junior 1923). Vice- Stove Works, 6900 E. Jefferson Ave., and 2133 Montclair Ave., Detroit, Mich. SMITH, Harold Paul, (1928). Mgr., The H. B. Smith Co., De Normandie Ave., Fair Haven,' ' N. J. . SMITH, John Colbourne, (Junior 1927). Sales Engr., Niagara Blower Co., 673 Ontario St., Buffalo, and (for mall), 95 Columbia Blvd., Kensmore, N. Y. SMITH, Leslie L., (1919). Chief. Mech. and Elec. Engr., (for mail). Smith, Hinchman & Grylls, 800 Marquette Bldg., and 17305 Lilac Ave., Detroit, Mich. SMITH, Milton S., (1919), production Mgr., Carrier Engrg. Corp., 750 Frelinghuysen Ave., Newark, and (for mail), 13 North Terrace, Pres. and Secy., (for mail), Harrison-Spielman Co., 480 Milwaukee Ave.. Chicago, and 515 N. Prospect Ave., Park Ridge, 111. SPITZLEY, Ray L,, (1920), Pres., L. Spitzley Htg. Co.. 1200 W. Fort St., Detroit, Mich. SPOONER. Harold R,, (1921), Engr. and Esti- . mator. Atlas Heating Co., Inc., Butler Bldg., Jamica Ave. and 159th St., Jamaica, and 190-02 Woodhull Ave.. Hollis. N. Y. - SPRAGUE, Frank H., (1923). Secy., (for mail). Skidmore Corp., 1535 Dayton St.. Chicago, and 1522 Forest Ave.. Wilmette. 111. SPROULL, Howard E., (1920). Dist. Mgr., American Blower Co., 905 Sycamore St., and 3588 Raymar Drive. Hyde Park, Cincinnati, O.' ' Maplewood. N. J. . SPURGEON, Joseph H., (1924). Sales Engr., (for SMITH, Philip C., Jr., (1928). Specialty Engr., mail), Joseph H. Spurgeon Co., 3-224 Gen. The H. B. Smith Co.. 49th St. and Grays Ave., Motors Bldg., and 818 Woodmere Ave.. Detroit, Philadelphia. Pa., and (for mail), Northport, Mich. L. 1. SMITH, Sidney S.. (1926). Vice-Pres., (for mail). STACEY, Alfred E., Jr.,* (1914). Research Engr.. Carrier Engrg. Corp., 750 Frelinghuysen Andes Range & Furnace Corp.. Geneva, N. Y. ' SMITH, Virgil A., (Junior 1923). Sales Engr., (for Ave., Newark, and. (for mail), Wootton Rd., Essex Fells, N. J. . mail), C. A. Dunham Co., 2304 Cleveland Ave., STACK, Murle F., (Associate 1925). Vice-Pres.. Tampa, Fla. (for mail), Sunkel Appliance Corp., 308 N. New- SNELL, Ernest, (1920), Htg. and Vtg. Engr., stead, St. Louis, Mo. 3914 LeMay Ave.. Detroit, Mich. SNIDER, L. A., (1927), Pres., (for mail), L. A. Snider Engrg. Service, Inc., 612 N. Michigan' Ave.. Chicago. 111. '. SNYDER, Charles B. J., (1895). (Presidential STACKHOUSE, Raymond M., (Associate 1908; 1919), (for mail). 1294 East 55th St., and 2040 Steams Rd., Cleveland, O. STAMMER, Edward L. * (1919), Supt., Htg. and Member). (Board of Governors 1900-1904; 2nd 506 Locust St., and 4430 Tennessee Ave., St. Vice-Pres; 1905; 1st Vice-Pres. 1906; Pres. 1907; \ Louis, Mo. ' ' Board of Governors 1908), 183 Madison Ave., STANFORD. Leland E.. (1921), Mgr., Forbs- New York. N. Y. Stanford Co.. 756 Upson St., Akron, and (for SNYDER, Jay W., (1917), Member of Firm, (for mail). 445 Hudson Rd., R. F. D. No. 3, Kent. O. mail). McColl, Snyder & McLean, 2348 Penob STANGER, Ralph B.. (1920). Mgr., (for mail). scot Bldg., and 8987 Martindale Ave., Detroit, . Robinson & Stanger, 917 Empire Bldg., and Mich. ' 728 E. End Ave., Pittsburgh, Pa. SNYDER, Joseph. S., (Assoicate 1925), Spec. Repr., (for mail), American Radiator Co., 374 Delaware Ave.. and 39 Granger Place, Buffalo, STANGLAND, B. F., (Charter Member), (Board, of Managers 1895; 1899. Council 1896; 1897; Board of Governors 1905; 1906; 1909; 2nd Vice- N. Y. . Pres. 1908). Morton. N. Y. . SODEMANN, Paul W,, (Junior 1920; Associate' STANNARD. James M..* (1906). (Board of 1925; 1926). Dist. Repr., Aerofin Corp., and (for' . Governors 1913; Council 1914, 1917), Pres., (for mail), 4947 Cote Brilliante Ave.. St. Louis, Mo. mail), Stannard Power Equipment Co... 926 SODEMANN, William C. B., (1919), Pres., Monadnock Block, Chicago, and 1402 `Elinor Sodemann Htg. & Power Co., 2300 Morgan St., Place, Evanston, 111. and 3510 University St., St. Louis. Mo. STANTON. Gerard William, (1928), Pres., (for SODERBERG, Charles H., (1919), Consulting. mail), Almirall &*Co., Inc., 53 Park Place, New Engr.. (for mail). 608 Donovan Bldg., Detroit, York, N. Y., and 231 Washington Place. Has- and 220 Puritan Rd., Birmingham, Mich. brouck Heights, N. J. . 38. Roll of Membership STAPLES, William H., (Associate 1924), Gillis & Geoghegan. 537 W. Broadway, and 137 West 96th St.. New York, N. Y. STOCKENBERG, Ruben, (1922). Sales Engr(for mail), Johnson Service Co., 1355 W. Wash? ington Blvd., Chicago, 111. STARK, W. Elliott.* (1926), Rea. Engr.. Bryant STOCKLY, Harold A., (1925), 240 S. El Molins Heater & Mfg. Co., 17825 St. Clair Ave., Cleve St.. Alhambra. Calif. land, and (for mail), 1849 Windermere Ave., E. Cleveland, O. STOCKWELL, William R., (Junior 1901; 1903), Gen. Mgr., Weil-McLain Co., Michigan City. STARKS, Verne E,, (1921), Dist. Mgr., (for mail). Ind. Ilg Elec. Vtg. Co., 1314 Schofield Bldg., and 13488 Clifton Blvd., Cleveland, O. STOKES, Ralph E., (1920), Vtg. Engr., (for mail), Ilg Elec..Vtg. Co.. 1018 Bessemer Bldg., STEARNS, Walter I., (Associate 1926), Owner, Pittsburgh, and 150 S. Bryant Ave., Bellevue, Pa. (for mail), 560 North 16th St., and 1009 South ' STONE, Eugene R., (1913), Pres., Stone-Under* 46th St., Philadelphia. Pa. hill Htg. & Vtg. Co., 171 Harrison Ave., Boston, STECKHAN, Louis, (Junior 1926), Estimator, and 51 Elm Ave., Quincy. Mass. (for mail). Crane Co., 30 South 16th St,, and 3014 Indiana Ave., St. Louis, Mo. STEDMAN, Charles N., (1921), Dist. Sales Mgr., STONE, George F., (1918), Estimator. Galligan Bros., 716 South 51st St., and (for mail), 4520 N. Carlisle St., Philadelphia. Pa. (for mail), C. N. Stedman Co.. 610 Wrigley Bldg., and 6917 Crandon Ave., Chicago, 111. STEIM, Charles J., Jr., (1923), Mgr. Br. Sales Office, (for mail), C. A. Dunham Co.. 91 State St., and 3 Elk St., Albany, N. Y. STEINHORST, Theodore F., (1919). Supt. and Treas., (for mail), Emil Steinhorst & Sons, 1158 Mohawk St., and West Shore R- R., and 1664 Brickerhoff Ave., Utica, N. Y. STEINKE, G. B., (1924), Pres., (for mail). 103 Park Ave., New York, and 2730 Decatur Ave., Brooklyn, N. Y. STEINMULLER, J. M., (1925), Mech. Engr.. (for mail). Thompson-Starrett Co., 245 Hunters Point Ave., Long Island City, and Lake Mo* hopac, N. Y. STOREY, Gilbert C,, (1927), Secy., Mgr., (for mail). Windsor Water Commissioners, City Hall, Windsor, and 372 Eastlawn Blvd., Riverside, Ont., Can. STOREY, Thomas G., (Associate 1925), Sales Supervisor, Public Service Co. of Colorado, 900 15th St., and (for mail), 868 S. Gilpin St., Denver, Colo. STRACHAN, John S., (1928). Pres., (for mail); Strachan-Harrison, Inc., Cons. Engrs., 243 State St., and 121 Furman St., Schenectady, N. Y. STRANDWITZ, William J., (1919), Secy, and Treas., (for mail), Strandwitz & Scott. Inc.. 537-49 S. Second St., Camden, and Hawthorne Ave., Haddonfield, N. J. STEPHEN, Harold M., (Associate 1926). James STRONG, Edward A., Jr., (Associate 1928), E. Degan Co., 622 First St., and 3729 Clements Co-Partner, (for mail). Strong Bros., 309 N. Ave., Detroit, Mich. . Alabama St., and 4354 College Ave., Indiana STEPHENSON, Lewis A., (1917), Mgr., (for polis, Ind. ' mail). Powers Regulator Co., 409 East 13th St., and 801 West 57th St., Kaniqiq City, Mo. ' STERN, H. R., (1923), (for mail), Johnson & Morris. 538 West 23rd St., and 225 West 86th St.. New York. N. Y. STERNBERG, I. C., (1926), Chief Engr.. (for mail), Arctic Nu-Air Corp.. 110 East 42nd St., and 1271 Morris Ave., New York, N. Y. STETSON, Lawrence R., (1913), Engr.. (for mail), Engr., The McMurrer Co., 303 Congress St., Boston, and 35 Bradfield Ave.. Roslindale. STRONG, Ralph C., (1919), 4515 Larchwood Ave., Philadelphia, Pa. STROUSE, Sidney B., (1921), Dist. Mgr., (for mail). Warren Webster & Co., 429 Guarantee Trust Bldg., and 22 S. Illinois Ave., Atlantic City. N. J. STURGES, Heyward A., (Junior 1926; Associate 1928). Detroit Mgr.. International Heater Co., 1114 Dime Bk. Bldg.. Detroit,. Mich., and (for mail), 90 N. W. O'Connor. St. Albans, Vt. Mass. SUITS, George A., (1923), Mgr.. Hoffman STEVENS. Frank H., (Associate 1924). Sales Specialty Co., 26 Stanley Ave., Medford, Mass. Engr., (for mail). Pacific Steel Boiler Corp., and SULLIVAN, Daniel A., (1923). Miller & Brady. 570'Western Ave., Albany, N. Y. Inc., 210 East 38th St., and 3178 Rochambeatl STEVENS, Harry L., (Junior 1924), Member of Ave.. New York. N. Y. Firm, (for mail). M. M. Stevens Co., 108 W.; Sherman St., and 7 West 22nd St.. Hutchinson, Kan. ' STEVENSON, Wilbur W,, (1928), Steam Htg. Engr:, Allegheny Co., Steam Htg. Co., (for mail). 436 Lancaster Ave., and 1125 Lancaster Ave., Pittsburgh. Pa. SUTCLIFFE, Arthur G.( (Associate 1918; 1922), Engr., Ilg Elec. Vtg. Co., 2850 N. Crawford Ave. and (for mail), 4146 N. St. Louis Ave., Chicago; III.' SUTTERLEY. W. W,, (1919), 503 North 52nd St.. Philadelphia, Pa. STEWART, C. W., (Associate 1918; 1919). Asst. Sales Mgr.. Hoffman Specialty Co., Inc., 25 West 45th St., and (for mail). Apt. 2 F, 644 Riverside SWAIN, Wilbur A., (Associate 1926), Repr., (for mail), Jenkins Bros., 80 White St., New York. N. Y., and 133 Evergreen Place, E. Orange, N. J. Drive., New York, N. Y. SWAN, Thomas J., (Junior 1925), Sales Engr., STILES, Harry Leroy, (1928), Mech. Engr., (for Hoffman Specialty Co., and 23 Athelwold St,, mail), Edison Electric Appliance Co*. 5660 W. Dorchester, Mass. Tayler St., and 6844 W. Lake St., Chicago, 111. SWANEY, Carroll R., (Junior 1921), Sales Engr., STILL, Fred R.,* (1904), (Presidential Member), (for mail). Gilbert Howe Gleason, 25 Huntington (Pres. 1918; 2nd Vice-Ptes. 1917; Council 1916 Ave.. Boston, and 24 Southgate Park, W. 1919), Vice-Pres. in charge of Export, (for mail), Newton. Mass. American Blower Co., 30 Church St., and 895 West End Ave., New York, N. Y. STITT, Eugene W., (1917), Htg. Supervisor, (for mail). Standard Sanitary Mfg. Co., 213 Galves ton Ave., Pittsburgh, and 1535 Park Blvd., Dormont, Pittsburgh, Pa. . STITT, Howard B., (Associate 1922), Salesman, (for mail). National Radiator Corp., 431 W. Georgia St., and 506 West 29th St., Indianapolis, Ind. STOCK, Edward L., (Associate 1918). Pres., (for SWARTWOUT, Jay D., (1917). Secy, and Treas., J. D. Swartwout Co., 349 S. Weadock Ave., Saginaw, Mich. . SWEENEY, Sylvester H., (1915), Owner, 306 East 39th St., and 1916 Loring Place, New York, N. Y. SWIFT, Clement K., (Associate' 1928), Engrg.. Dept., (for mail). MacAndrews & Forbes Co.. Third St. and Jefferson Ave., Camden, N. J,, and 434 Oxford Rd., Upper Darby, Pa. mail). Niagara Radiator & Boiler Co.. 1117-15th SZEKELY, Ernest, (1920), Consulting Engr., 500 St.. N. W., Washington, D. C., and Bradlev . B. & R. T. Bldg.. Cleveland. O., and (for mail), - Hills, Bethesda, Md. 1140 Maple Ave., Evanston, 111. 39 American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1929 THOMSEN, William T., (1919), Secy, and Treas.. TAGGART, Ralph C., (1912). Division Archt., Dept, of Public Works. New York State, 14 Lyon Ave., Menands, Albany. N. Y. ' TALIAFERRO, Robert R., (1919), Chief Engr.. - Conditioning Dept., (for mail), York Htg. & Vtg. Corp., York Bldg., 16th and Sansom St., and Beechwood Park, Philadelphia, Pa. TALLMADGE, Webster, (1924), Pres., (for mail), Webster Tallmadge & Co., Inc.. 50 Church St., . . New York, N. Y., and 7 Claremont Place. . Montclair, N. J. TAVERNA, Frederick F., (Junior 1924; Associate, 1927), Estimator, Raisler Heating Co., 129 Amsterdam Ave., New York, N. Y.. and (for mail), 406 Savoy St.. Union City, N. J. TAYLOR, John H., (Associate 1928), Pres., (for mail), Hutchison Regulator Sales Corp., 12 Lispenard St.. New York, and 9344-215th Place, Queens Village. L. I., N. Y. TAYLOR, Milton A., (Associate 1925). Asst, to Pres., (for mail), Taylor-Forbes Co., Ltd., International Engrg. & Supply Co., Suite 609, Tower Bldg., and (for mail), 3636 Fillmore St., St. Louis, Mo. THOMSON, Thomas N., (1927). Sanitary and Htg. Engr., 37 Irwin Place, Huntington, L. I., N. Y. THORNTON, Roger T., (1919), Engr.. (for mail). Buffalo Forge Co., 490 Broadway, and 46 Burbank Ter., Buffalo. N. Y. THRUSH, Homer A., (1918). Pres., (for mail), H. A. Thrush & Co., 21-23 E. River St., Peru, Ind. THUEM, Adolph E., (Junior 1922; Associate 1926), Htg. and Vtg. Engr., Board of Education, Flatbush Ave. Ext. and Concord St.. Brooklyn, N. Y., and (for mail), 132-39th St., Union City, N. J. TIBBETS, John C,, (1920), Htg. and Vtg. Engr., B. & O. R. R. Co.. 1303 B. & O. Central Bldg., . * Baltimore, and (for mail), P. O. Box 106. EUicott City. Md. TILDEN, Elwyn E., (1924), (for mail), Warren Guelph, Ont., Can. TAYLOR, R. Frederick, (1915), Consulting Engr.. 1305 Santa Fe Bldg., and 6705 Gaston Webster & Co., 76 Summer St., Boston, and Holbrook, Mass. TIMMERMAN, Manford M,, (Junior 1921; Ave.. Dallas. Tex. TEASDALE, Lawrence Aldrich, (1926), Engr., Hollis French & Allen Hubbard, 210 South St., Boston, and 28 Ardmore St., E. Braintree, Mass. TEMPLIN, Charles L., (1921). Mgr., Southern - Dist.. Office, (for mail), York Htg. & Vtg. Corp., 216 Bona Allen Bldg., and 764 Greenwood Ave., 2925), Engr., Works, Engrg Dept., Westinghouse Elec. & Mfg. Co., E. Pittsburgh, and (for mail), 859 E. Hutchinson Ave., Swissvale. Pa. TIMMIS, Pierce, (1920), Service Equipment Engr., United Engineers & Constructors, 1401 Arch St.. Philadelphia, and (for mail), 1122 Montgomery Ave., Narberth, Pa. TENNANT, Ernest M., (Associate 1927), Sales . Engr., (for mail), C. A. Dunham Co., 450 E. - Ohio St.. Chicago, 111. - TERRELL, Herbert A., (1915), Carrier Engrg. Corp., 39 Cortlandt St., New York, N. Y., and (for mail), 19 Hampton St., Cranford, N. J. THAIN, Arthur Edgar, (Associate 1926), Htg. TIMMIS, W. Walter, (Associate 1925), Htg. and Vtg. Engr., 315 Fifth Ave,, New York, and (for mail). Oak Lane, Glen Cove, N. Y. TINKER, A. K., (1927). Western N. Y. Sales . Mgr., Landon Radiator Co., Inc., 281 Delaware Ave., and (for mail), 69 Shoshone St.,' Buffalo, N. Y. TINKER, William E., (Associate 1922), (for Specialties, 2 E. Biddle St., and' (for mail), ' 2116 Mt. Holly St., Baltimore, Md. THATCHER, George S., (1919), Pres., (for mail). Thatcher Heating Co., 455 E. Exchange St., mail), Natl. Radiator Co.. 121 N. Broad St., and 600 South 48th St.. Philadelphia, Pa. TISNOWER, William, (1923), Mech. Engr.. (for mail). Board of Education, 131 Livingston St., and 140 Morningside Drive. Arkon. O. THEISEN, Edwin F., (1922), Pres, and Htg. Engr., Industrial Plumbing & Htg. Co., 606 Second St., and (for mail), 1835 Des Moines St., Ft. Madison, la. THEORELL, Hugo G. T., (1902). Consulting Engr., 4 Skoldungatan. Stockholm, Sweden. THINN, Christian A., (1921), Chief Engr., C. A. Dunham Co., 450 E. Ohio St., Chicago, 111. THOMAS, Bernard A., (Junior 1923), Sales - Engr., (for mail). Crane Co., 705 W. Main St., and 2555 West 21st St., Oklahoma City,- Okla. THOMAS. Herbert G., (1917). Sales Engr., Warren Webster & Co.. 549 W. Washington St., Brooklyn, and 3611-31st Ave., Long Island City. N. Y. TITUS, Marvin Sinclair, (1928), Htg. and Vtg. Engr., Buick Motor Co., No. 25 Eng. Dept., and (for mail), 2617 Eastlawn Drive, Flint, Mich. TJERSLAND, Alf, (Junior 1906; 1916). E. Sunde & Co., Christiania, Norway. TOBIN, George J., (1905), Sanitary, Htg. and Vtg. Engr., (for mail), 187 North Ave., and 510 ` Grant Ave., Plainfield. N. J. TORfLINSON, Malcolm C. W., (1924). Mech. Engr., Western Elec. Co., Kearney, and (for mail); 106a Euclid Ave., Loch Arbour, N. J. Chicago, and (for mail), 2312' Ridge Ave., TOOKER, Charles C., (1918), Owner. Plbg. and . Evanston, 111. ' Htg., 116 North 27th St., and (for mail), 208 THOMAS, Melvem F., (1909), Consulting Engr., Terry Ave., Billings, Mont. (for mail), 229 College St., and 24 Rivercrest TRANE, Reuben N.,# (1915), Pres., (for mail). Ave., Toronto. Ont., Can. THOMAS, Norman A., (1928), Pres., (for mail), - Thomas Heating Co., 723 Center St., and 824' Monroe Ave., Racine, Wis. THOMAS, R. H., (19201. Pres., (for mail). Economy Pumping Machine Co., 3431 West 48th Place, Chicago, and 426 Forest- Ave., Oak Park, 111. THOMPSON, Charles, (Associate 1927), 720 13th St., Sacremento, Calif. THOMPSON, James, (1920), Pres., (for mail), Philadelphia Boiler Works, 1737 Filbert St., Philadelphia,'and 158 Stonewa'y Lane. Bala, Pa. THOMPSON, Nelson S.,* (Junior 1897; 1917), Chief Mech. and Elec. Engr., Office of Super vising Engr., U. S. Treasury Dept., and (for mail). 1615 Hobart St.. N.W.. Washington. D. C. The Trane Co., Htg. Specialty Mfgrs., and 126 ' South 15th St., LaCrosse. Wis. TRUITT. Joseph E., (Associate 1911; 1920). Pres., Autovent Fan & Blower Co., 1805-27 N. Kostner Ave., Chicago, 111. TRUMBO, Silas M., (Associate 1926), _ Sales ` Engr,, Buffalo Forge Co., 562 W. Washington Blvd., Chicago, and 921 Franklin St., Downers Grove, 111. TUCKER, Frank N., (1926), Field Engr.. (for mail). Ilg Elec. Vtg. Co.. Rra. 1108. 13 Park Row, and 174 Nagle Ave., Apt. 22, New York, N. Y. ' ' TURNER, John W., (1928), Chief Engr., (for * mail). Pacific Steel Boiler Corp., and 233 Stewart Ave., Waukegan, 111. ' THOMPSON, Richard C., (1927), Sales Engr., (for mail). Power Equipment Co., 250 Stuart St, TURNO, Walter G. W., (Associate 1912; 1917), Engr. and Estimator, 71 Lafayette Ave., E. Boston, and P. O. Box 257, Cohasset, Mass. Orange, N. J. THOMPSON, William P., Jr., (1915). (for mail), Thompson Bros.. 520 Buttonwood St., and 1349 Colwvn St., Philadelphia. Pa. TUSCH, Walter, (1917). Htg. and Vtg. Engr., Tenny & Ohmes. 101 Park Ave., New York, and (for mail), 881 Sterling Place, Brooklyn, N. Y. 40 Roll of Membership TUTTLE, J. Frank, (1913), Mgr., (for mail), Warren Webster & Co., 76 Summer St., Boston, and 5 Lewis Rd.. Winchester, Mass. TWIST, Charles F., (1921), Secy, and Treas., (for mail), Ashwell, Twist & Cook, Inc., 967 Thomas St., and 2310 Tenth Ave., N., Seattle, Wash. TYLER, Frank T., (1922L Asst. Sales Mgr., (for mail), Herman Nelson Corp., 1824 Third Ave.,' and 1615 Eighth Ave., Moline, 111. - . TYLER, Roy Dexter, (1928), Dist. Sales Mgr., Modine Mfg. Co., 3116 Market St., Philadelphia, and-(for mail), 300 Park Ave., Swarthmore, Pa. TYSON, William H., (1923), Htg. and Vtg. Engr., (for mail), Goodyear Tire & Rubber (^., and 320 Afton Ave., Akron, O. U UHL, Edwin J., (1925). Sales Engr.. Uhl Co.. 132 S. Tenth St., and 3324 Lyridale Ave., S., Minnea polis, Minn. ' - UHL, Willard F,, (1918), (for mail), Uhl Co., 132 S. Tenth St., and 4716 Lyndale Ave., S.. Minnea polis. Minn. UHLHORN, W. J., (1920), Sales Engr., Drying Systems, Inc., 1800 Foster Ave., Chicago, and (for mail"). 733 S. Highland.Ave., Oak Park, III. ULLMAN, Herbert G., (Associate 1928), Secy, of Lab., (for mail), Inst, of Thermal Research, American Radiator Co., 675 Bronx River Rd., Yonkers, and 35 Oakland-Ave., Crestwood Sta., Tuckahoe, N. Y. ULRICH, Kay Flemming, (Junior 1926), Mech. Engr.. L. Ulrich. Smedegade, Slagelse. Denmark. UNDERHILL, William W., (1913), Treas., (for ' mail), Stone-Underhill Htg.' & Vtg. Co., 171 Harrison Ave., Boston, -and 15 Kinwood .St., Brookline, Mass. .. V VALENTINE, Howard D.,* (1924). Director Sales Engrg., (for mail). Central Huckon Gas & Elec. Corp., 50 Market St., Poughkeepsie, N. Y. VALIQUET, Harry H,, (Associate 1926). Htg. Contracting, H. H. Valiquet Co., 2624 Lawrence Ave., and (for mail), 6436 N. Albany Ave., Chicago. 111. - VAN ALEN, Walter T., (1924), Sales Engr., 1300 Darlington Rd., Beaver Falls, Pa. VAN ALSTYNE, Richmond F., (Associate 1928), Br. Mgr., (for mail), Johnson Service Co., 312 . E. Ohio St., and 323 East 49th St., Indianapolis, Ind. . VANCE, Louis G., (1919), Br. Mgr., The Trane Co.. 517 Garrett Bldg., and (for mail), 3601 Garrison Ave., Baltimore, Md. VAN NORDEN, Ernest M., (1923), Civil Engr., The New York Edison .Co., 130 East 15th St., New York, and 168 Brixton Rd., Garden City, Nassau Co., N. Y. VAN SICKLE, William B., (1915). Pres., (for mail). The W. B. Van Sickle Co., 707 Frankfort Ave., Cleveland, and 1530 Grace Ave., Lakewood, O. VAN ZANDT, John H,, (1914), Mfgrs. Agent, . 408 Dallas Natl. Bk. Bldg., and 4416 Bryan St., Dallas, Tex. . VAUX, Frederick J., (1919), Vice-Pres. and Gen. Mgr., Monitor Bi-Loop Radiator Co.,-and (for mail), 202 E. King St.. Lancaster, Pa. . VAUX, Noble, (Associate 1923), Htg. Engr., R. T. Vaux & Son, 12 Fawcett St., and (for mail). 11 Holmelands Park S., Sunderland. Eng. VER HALEN, Edward T., (Associate 1925), Edw. T. Ver Halen, Inc., 610 Milwaukee St., Mil waukee, Wis. VERNER, William F.,* (1913), Mech. Engr., (for mail), Verner, Wilhelm & Molby, 824 Book Bldg., Detroit, and 908 Lincoln Ave., Ann Arbor, Mich. VERNON, J. Rexford, (Associate 1926), Sales Engr., (for mail), Johnson Service Co.. 1355 Washington Blvd., Chicago, and 619 Brummel St.. Evanston, Iff. VIVARTTAS, E. Arnold, (1910), Mech. Engr., . Jardine. Hill & Murdock, 347 Madison Ave., New York, and (for mail), 10 Midwood St., Brooklyn, N. Y. VOGEL, Andrew, (1926), Plant Engr., (for mail). General Electric Co., and 611 Lenox Rd.* Schenectady, N. Y. VOGELBACH, Oscar, (1923). Htg. and Vtg. Engr., Guilbert & Betelle, Archts.. Brandford . Place, Chamber of Commerce Bldg., Newark, and 195 Devon St., Kearney. N. J. . VOGT, J. H., (Associate 1925), (for mail). 124 East 28th St., New York, and 87 Grant Ave., Brooklyn. N. Y. . VOIGT, Charles O., (1921). Engr., The Sterns Roger Mfg. Co., 1720 California St., and 60 Albion St., Denver, Colo. VOLK, Joseph H., (1923), Pres., (for mail), Thos. E. Hoye Htg. Co., 1910 St. Paul Ave., . and 949 Muskego Ave., Milwaukee, Wis. . VOORHEES. Guy A., (1922), Engr.. Century Htg. Service Co., 633 S. Delaware St., and (for mall), 3451 Broadway, Indianapolis, Ind. W WADE, Norman S., (2926), Asst. Supt., Steam Htg. Service Dept., (for mail), Edison Elec. Illuminating Co. of Boston, 39 Boylston St., Boston, Mass., and 19 Walsingham St., Newton, Mass. WAECHTER, Herman Paul, (Junior 1927), Htg. and Vtg. Squad Leader, New York Edison Co., 44 East 23rd St., New York, and (for mail), 89 Sherman Ave.. Tompkinsville, N. Y. WAGNER, A. M., (Associate 1921). Mgr., 1 American Radiator Co.. 692 Prior Ave., N., St. Paul, and 1626 West 25th St., Minneapolis, Minn. ` WAGNER, John P., (Associate 1921), The . Stoker Co., 859 Church Lane. Philadelphia, Pa. WALDON, Charles W., (Associate 1924), (for mail), American Larson Vtg. Co., 204 Keystone Bk. Bldg., Pittsburgh, Pa., and 1006 Ninth St., Portsmouth, O. . WALKER, Alex., (Associate 1925), Br. Mgr., (for mail). C. A. Dunham and Powers Regulator Co., 311 Dominion Bk. Bldg., Calgary, Alta, Can. WALKER, George F., (Junior 1925). Sales Engr.. Spencer Heater Co., and (for mail),4561 Sander son Ave., Scranton. Pa. . WALKER, James B., (1919), (for mail), Pitts burgh Htg. Co., 715 Magee Bldg., and 202 Iroquois Apt., Oakland, Pittsburgh, Pa. WALKER, James H.,* (1916), Supt.. Central Heating, (for mail), Detroit Edison Co., 2000 Second Ave., and 1520 Virginia Park, Detroit, . Mich. . WALKER, William K., (Junior 1924), Sales Engr., (for mail). York Htg. & Vtg. Corp., 149 Broadway. New York, and 191-02 Central Ave., St. Albans, L. I.. N. Y. WALLACE, George J., (1923), Htg. and Vtg. Engr., 1006 First Ave., New York and (for mail), 27-36 Ericsson St., E. Elmhurst, L. I., N. Y. WALSH. Arthur F., (Associate 1923), Htg. and Vtg. Contractor, 7445 Exchange Ave., and 7536 S. Shore Drive, Chicago, 111. " WALSH, John Henry, (Junior 1927), Htg. and Vtg. Engr., 10 Fairview Ave., New York, N. Y. WALSH, Joseph F., (1928), Erecting Engr., Jarcho Bros., 215 East 37th St., New York, and (for mail). 1163 Ocean Parkway, Brooklyn, N. Y. WALSH, Malcolm, (1924), Vice-Pres., (for mail). Walsh & Wertheim, 55 W. Houston St., New York, and 720 Forest Ave., S. I., N. Y. - WALTERS, Arthur L., (Junior 1924; Associate 1925; 1926), Chief Engr., (for mail), Langenberg Mfg. Co.. 4519 N. Euclid Ave., St. Louis, and 7284 Richmond Place. Maplewood, Mo. . .. WALTERS, Victor, (Junior 1924), Htg. and Vtg. Engr., (for mail), 1131 N. Wells St.,.and 7053 St. Lawrence Ave., Chicago, Iff. . 41 American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1929 WALTERS, William T., (1917). Engr., Illinois Engrg. Co., N. E.. Cor. 21st St. and Radne. Ave.. and (for maii), 8053 Ingleside Ave., Apt. 2. Chicago, I1L WALTHER, Harry J., (1919), Salesman, (for mail). The H. B. Smith Co.. 49tb andGrays Aves., and 1115 Duncannon Ave.. Philadelphia, ' Pa. WALTHER, Owen N., (1919), Pres, and Gen. Mgr>. Walther Industries, Inc., Gibson, La. WALTHER. Vernon H.. (Junior 1927; 1928), Asst. Mech. Engr., C. W. & Geo. L. Rapp, Archts., 190 N. State St., and (for mail), 6821 Osceola Ave., Edison Park, Chicago. 111. WALTHERTHUM, John J., (Associate 1922), Htg. and Vtg. Contracting. 173 East 62nd St.,. New York, N. Y., and 834 Grant St., Jersey City. N. J. WALTON, Hiram L,, (1916), Mech. Engr., (for mail). Smith, Hinchman & Grylls. 800 Marquette Bldg., Detroit, and 218 Monterey Ave., Highland Park, Mich. . WANDLESS, F. W., (1925). Chief Engr.. (for mail). Haynes Selling Co., 2013 Sansom St., Philadelphia, and P. O. Box 308, Berwyn, Pa. WARD, George C., (1925), Demonstrator and Ventilation Expert, Bureau Industrial Hygiene, . State Dept, of Labor, 124 East 28th St., New York, and (for mail), 86-87th St., Brooklyn, N. Y. WARD, Lawrence Thomas, (Associate 1928), Experimental and Research Engr., (for mail), David Lupton's Sons Co., Allegeny Ave. and Tulip St., and 1457 Lardner St.. Philadelphia, Pa. WARD, Oscar G., (1919). Dist. Mgr., (for mail), Johnson Service Co., 1230 California St., ami 1221 Sherman St., Denyer, Colo. WARREN. Clarence N., (1919). Vice-Pres, and Engr.. Hayes Bros.. Inc., 236 W. Vermont St., and (for mail), 419 East 48th St., Indianapolis, Ind. WASH, William Percy, (1923). Sales Engr.. (for mail), Richmond Radiator Co... P. O. Box 381, and 131 Wellington Ave.. Roanoke. Va. WATERS, George G., (Associate 1926), Dist. Mgr,, (for mail), American Blower Co.. 604 Bldg, and Loan Bldg., and 329 Gladstone, S. E., Grand Rapids, Mich. WATSON, John Howard, (1925), Engr.. Drying Systems. Inc., 1800.Foster Ave., and (for mail). 2021 Beiwyn Ave., Chicago, 111. WATSON, M. Barry, (1928), Consulting Engr., Associate, Harry H. Angus, Bloor and Balmuto Sts., and 121 Welland Ave., Toronto, 5, Ont., Can. WATTERS, Peter J., (1921). Mgr., John Watters. 55 Church St., and (for mail). 52 Ann St., Port Richmond.-S. I., N. Y. WEAGER, T. A., (1920). Cleveland Mgr., (for mail). Buffalo Forge Co., Rockefeller Bldg., Cleveland, and 3124 Berkshire Rd., Cleveland Heights, O. WEBB, John S., (1920). Herman Nelson Corp., Rm. 517 State Bldg.. Boston, Mass. WEBB. John William, (1926), Director, The Webb Dust Removing & Drying Co., Ltd., Tiviot Dale Chambers, and (for mail). 6 Meadows Rd.. Heaton Chapel. Stockport, Eng. WEBER, Erwin L.t (1921), Consulting Engr., 723 Seaboard Bldg.. S., Seattle, Wash. WEBER, G. A., (1922), 207 Taylor St., Pittsburgh. Pa. WEBSTER, E. Kessler, (1915), Secy, and Asst. Gen. Mgr., (for mail). Warren Webster & Co., 17th and Federal Sts., Camden, and 320 Wash ington Ave., Haddonfield, N. J. WEBSTER, Warren, (Associate 1899; 1906). Pres., Warren Webster & Co., 17th and Federal Sts.. Camden, and Swiss Cottage. Ocean Gate. N. J. WEBSTER, Warren, Jr., (Junior 1927), Asst. Secy., (for mail), Warren Webster & Co., 17tb and Federal Sts.. Camden, and 249 W. Summit Ave.. Haddonfield, N. J. WEGMANN, Albert, (1918), Sheet Metal Con tracting, A. and W. wegmann, 2813 Fletcher St., and (for mail), 2842 N. Bonsall St., Phila delphia. Pa. ' WELDER, Frederick J., (1919), Vice-Pres., (for mail). Barr.& Creelman Co., 74 Exchange St., and 40 Kenwood Ave., Rochester, N. Y. WEIL, Martin, (Associate 1925), Secy., (for mail), Weil-McLain Co., 641 W. Lake St., and 4259 Hazel Ave.. Chicago. 111. WEIL, Maurice 1., (Associate 1928). Pres., (for mail), Chicago Pump Co., 2336 Wolfram St., and 1409 Elmdale Ave., Chicago, 111. WEIMER, Fred G., (Associate 1919), Milwaukee Mgr., Kewanee Boiler Co., 440 Barclay St., and (for mail). 1308 Stowell Ave., Milwaukee, Wia. WEINSHANK, H. T.. (Junior 1924). Sales Engr., (for mail), Abbot Vent. Co., Inc.. 5436 S. LaSalle St., and 2638 N. Spaulding St,, Chicago, III. WEINSHANK. Theodore,* (1906), Board of Governors 1913), 2323 Kedizie Blvd., Chicago, III. WEISS, Arthur Paul, (1928), Asst. Treas.', Burnham Boiler Corp., 2 Main St., Irvington, and (for mail), Farrington Ave., Philipse Manor, N. Tarrytown, N. Y. WEISS, Carl A., (Associate 1924), Supt., (for mail), Kornbrodt Kornice Ko., 1811-13-15 Troost Ave., and 105 East 68th St., Kansas City, Mo. WEIXEL, Albert L., (1928), Consulting Engr., (for mail), 228 N. LaSalle St., and 6647 Newgard Ave., Chicago. 111. WELAMB, Victor N., (1918), Contractor, (for mail), V. N. Welamb Co.. 2313 Walnut St,, and 1741 North 33rd St., Philadelphia, Pa. WELLS, Harry N., (Junior 1927; Associate 1928), Htg. and Vtg. Engr., Guilbert & Betelle, 811 Chamber of Commerce Bldg., Newark, and (for mail), 44 Fuller Place, Irvington, N. J. WELSH. Harry S.,* (1906). Pres.. The Boiler & Radiator Corp., 999 E. Main St., Rochester, N. Y. WENDT, Edgar F., (1918), Vice-Pres, and Treas.. (for mail). Buffalo Forge Co., 490 Broadway, and 731 Lafayette Ave.. Buffalo, N. Y. WENDT, Henry W,, (1917), Pres., (for mail); Buffalo Forge Co., 490 Broadway, and 120 Lincoln' Parkway. Buffalo. N. Y. WEST. Baird F., (Junior 1928). Adv. Dept., (for mail), American Radiator Co., 461 Eighth Ave., Rm. 214, and 306 West 92nd St., New York, N. Y. WEST, Perry,* (1911), (Coundl 1920-1925; Treas. 1924-1925), Consulting Engr., (for mail),' 13 Central Ave., and 322 Park Ave., Newark, N. J. WHEELER, Charles W,, (1916), Br. Mgr., (for mail). C. A. Dunham Co.. 1104 May Bldg., Pittsburgh, and Allison Park, Pa, WHEELER, Otto J,, (1923). Mgr. and Secy., The Samuel A. Esswein Htg. & Plumbing Co., 548 W. Broad St., and 504 Linwood Ave.. Columbus, O. ' WHELAN, William F,, (1928), Wm. F. Whelan & Bro., 222 W. Lancaster Ave., Ardmore. Pa. WHELAN, William J., (1923). Hairigan Reid. 1705 First St., Detroit, Mich. WHELLER, Harry S.. (1916). Vice-Pres., L. J. .Wing Mfg. Co.. 154 West 14th SL. New York, N. Y., and (for mail), 725 Union Ave., Elizabeth, N. J. WHITAKER, Ernest C,, (1925), Supt. of Engrg.. Buerkel & Co., Inc.. 24 Union Park St., Boston, and (for mail), 35 Sherborn St., Arlington, Mass. WHITBY, Stephen S,, (Associate 1922), Treas.. (for mail), Culbert-Whitby Co., Inc., 2019 Rittenhouse St., and 127 E. Upsal St., German town, Philadelphia, Pa. WHITE, E. A., (1921). Engrg., Dept., (for mail). Crane Co., 30 South 16th St., and 5244 Notting ham St. Louis, Mo. 42 Roll of Meubersuip WHITE, Elwood S., (1921). Pres., (for mail). Taco Heaters, Inc., 342 Madison Ave., New York. N. Y., and Sound Beach, Conn. WHITE, M. G,, Jr., (1925). Rm. 1010, 41 East 42nd St.. New York. N. Y. WHITELAW, H. Leigh, (1916), Vice-Pres. and Gen. Mgr., (for mail), American Gas Products Corp., 376 Lafayette St., New York, and 18 Locust Ave., Larchmont, N. Y. WHITLEY, James, (1919), Consulting Engr., Whiteley & Sanders, 3000 Grand River Ave., and 520 Navahoe Ave.. Detroit, Mich. WHITMER, R. P., (Associate 1927), Secy., (for mail), American Foundry & Furnace Co.. 915 E. Washington St., and 1402 E. Washington St., Bloomington, 111. WHITNAH, C. S., (1927). 1106 Lakeside Ct., Duluth, Minn. ` WHITTEMORE, Edward H,, (1920), Engr.. (for mail), Stone & Webster, 49 Federal St., Boston, and 96 Church St., W. Roxbury, Mass. WHITTEN, H. E., (1924), Pres., (for mail), H. E. Whitten Co., 9 Federal Circuit, Boston, and 56 Highland Rd., W. Somerville, Mass. WHITTEN, Herbert W.,* (Associate 1908; 1909), Htg. and Mech. Engr., Chamberlin Metal Weather Strip Co., (for mail), 134 Congress St., - and 254 W. Newton St., Boston, Mass. WHITTINGTON, W. Penrose. (1928). Pres., W. P. Whittington, Inc., 404 Lumber Insurance Bldg., Indianapolis, Ind. WHOMES, Harry, (1926), 3269 N. Penna. St.. Indianapolis, Ind. . WHY, H. Berkeley, (1919). Engr., (for mail), Galligan Bros.. 716 South 51st St., and 640 W. Sedgwick St., Germantown, Philadelphia. Pa. WIDDICOMBE, R. A., (1903), 1120 Lake Shore Drive. Chicago. 111. WIEGNER, Henry B., (1919), Mgr., Johnson Service Co., 31 Waltham St., Boston, and 143 ' Standish Rd., Watertown, Mass. WIERSIG, R. H., (Associate 1927), Pres., (for mail), Rud Wiersig, 2311 N. California Ave., and 3001 N. Kilpatrick Ave., Chicago. 111. WIGGS, G. Lome, (Junior 1924), Mech. Engr., (for mail). 80-90 St. Paul St., and 85 Brown Ave., Quebec, P. Q,, Can. WIGLE, Bruce M., (Associate 1926), Owner, Bruce Wigle Plumbing & Htg. Co.. 9117 Hamil ton Ave., and 1814 Holmur Ave., Detroit, Mich. WILD. Walter H., Mgr., (for mail), Heggie Simplex Boiler Co., Land Title Bldg., Pbttadelphia. and 122Cynwyd Rd., Bala Cynwyd, Pa. WILDE, Ray S. M., (1916), Consulting Engr.. (for mail), 1216 Michigan Theatre Bldg., Detroit, . and 194 Connecticut Ave., Highland Park, Midi, WILDER, Edward L., (1915), Mgr. Industrial Sales Dept., (for mail). Rochester Gas & Electric Corp., 89 East Ave., and 16 Ericsson St., Roches ter, N. Y. ' WILEY, Charles S., (1921), Htg. and Vtg. Engr., (for mail), Eastman Kodak Co.. Kodak Park, and 239 Mulberry St., Rochester, N. Y. WILEY, Edgar C., (1909), Consulting Engr.. Wiley & Wilson, Lynchburg, Va. WILLARD, Arthur C., (1914), (Presidental Membet). (2nd Vice-Pres. 1926; 1st Vice-Pres. 1927; Council 1925-1926). Prof. Htg. and Vtg., and Head of Dept, of Mech. Engrg., (for mail). University of Illinois, and 1208 W. California St., Urbana, 111. WILLIAMS, Allen W., (Associate 1915), Man aging Dir., (for mail), National Warm Air Heating & Ventilating Assn.. 174 E. Long St., Columbus, and 51 Meadow Park, Bexley. O. WILLIAMS, Grover M,, (1928). Secy.-Treas., (for mail), Bevington-Williams, Inc., 1134 Indiana Pythian Bldg., and 316 Berkeley Rd., Indiana polis. Ind. WILLIAMS. J. M., (Associate 1925), Pres., (for mail), Williams Radiator Co.. 1865 W. Cordova St., and 861 Harcourt Ave., Los Angeles. Calif. WILLIAMS, J. McFarland, Jr., (Junior 1927; Associate 1928), Sales Engr., 2401 Garrison Ave., Baltimore, Md. WILLIAMS, J. Walter, (1915), Pres, and Treas., Forest City Plumbing Go.. 332 E. State St., and 922 E. State St., Ithaca. N. Y. WILLIAMS, O. L., (Associate 1925), 207 N. Hiland Ave.. E. Liberty Station, Pittsburgh, Pa. WILLIAMS, Robert Eubank, (1926), Consulting Engr., (for mail), 308 Home Insurance Bldg., and 2427 Broadway, Little Rock, Ark. WILLIAMSON, A. H., (Associate 1915), Sales Mgr., (for mail), American Radiator Co. of Michigan, 1344 Broadway, and 2272 Glynn Couit, Detroit, Mich. WILLIAMSON, Fred W., (1914), Consulting Engr., 1418 East 34th St., Brooklyn, N. Y. WILLIS, Frederick H., (1921), Consulting Engr., (for mail). 922 Gas and Elec. Bldg., and 1110 Jackson St., Denver, Colo. WILLIS, Roy C., (1927), Vice-Pres. and Secy, (for mail). Vapor Engrg. Co., 489 Fifth Ave., and 227 Audubon Ave., New York, N. V. WILLIS, William Jasper, (1927), c/o Mrs. J. A. Ruble, 351 Kirk Place. San Antonio, Tex. WILMOT, Chas. S., (1919). Htg.. Plbg. and Vtg. Engr., Day & Zimmermann Engrg. & Const. Co., 112 N. Broad St.. Philadelphia, Pa. WILSON, Benjamin W., (1922). Htg. and Vtg. Engr., (for mail). The Ballinger Co.. S.E. Cor. 12th and Chestnut Sts., and 5935 Windsor Ave.. W. Philadelphia. Pa. WILSON, Charles H., (1920), Htg. and Vtg. Engr.. Fuller & Warren Co., 1403 Park Blvd., Troy, N. Y. WILSON. Ernest J. F.. (19231. Partner. Wiley & Wilson, Consulting Engrs.. 801 Main St, Lynch burg, Va. WTLSON, Eugene K., (1919). Wilson & Co., (for mail), 1017 Duke St., and 12 Lafayette Blvd., Norfolk, Va. WILSON, F. A., (1910), New York Edison Co., 32 West 48th St.. New York, and 20945-llOth Ave.. Bellaire, L. I., N. Y. WILSON, George T.;- (1925), Gurney Foundry Co.. Ltd., 500 King St., Toronto, and (for mail). Tyre Ave.. Islington, Ont.. Can. WILSON, Harry A., (1903). P. O. Box 155, Washington, R. I. WILSON, Howard M-, (Associate 1925), Br. Mgr., (for mail). Standard Heater Co.. 136 Federal St.. Boston, and 15 Chestnut St., Wellesley Hill, Mass. WILSON, J. J., (Charter Member). Consulting Engr., 5514 Paschail Ave., Philadelphia, Pa. '! WILSON, William H., (Associate 1923), Br. Mgr., (for mail), Johnson Service Co., 149-159 Michigan St., and 431 Olive St., Milwaukee, Wis. WILSON, William S., (Associate 1924), Mgr. Lands Dept., The Lake Superior Corp., and 210 McGregor Ave.. Sault Ste. Marie. Ontario, O". WINCH, Franklin R., (1925), Consulting Engr., (for mail), 1031 Broadway, Los Angeles, and 1058 Bedford. Beverly Hills, Calif. WINTERBOTTOM, John W,, (1915), Pres., Winterbottom Supply Co., Commercial and Miles St., and 432 Denver St., Waterloo, la. WINTERBOTTOM, Ralph F,, (Associate 1923), Mgr., Faultless Heater Mfg. Co., and (for mail). P. O. Box 2217. Sta. A, Waterloo. Ia. WINTERER. Frank C.. (1920). Htg. Dept., (for mail), Cochran-Sargent Co.. Third and Broad way. and 836 Juno St:, St. Paul. Minn. WISE. Frank W., (Associate 1918), Sales Engr., (for mail). General Boilers Co., 207 Davidson Bldg.. 615 City Bk. Bldg., and 2751 Charlotte Ave., Kansas City, Mo. WISE, Mason W., (1923), Prop., (for mail),M. W. Wise Co.. 215 Glenn Bldg., and R. F. D. . No. 2. Atlanta, Ga. WITTLEDER, Edward A., (Junior 1926). Mech. Draftsman. W. W. Alschiager. Archt., and (for mail). 3429 Medill Ave., Chicago, 111. 43 American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1929 WOLF. J. C., (1923), Mech. Engr.. B. F. Sturte- vant Co., and 1367 Stowell Ave., Milwaukee, Wis. WOLFF, Oscar H., (1926), Repr., Hoffman Specialty Co., 6232 Oakland Ave., St. Louis. Mo. WOLFF, Richard A., (Junior 1915;1919), Pres., - (for mail), Wolff & Munier, Inc., 222 East 41st St., New York, and Hewlett. L. I., N. Y. WOLFSFELD, Charles F., (1923). Chief Drafts man, Board of Education, Flatbush Ave. and Concord St., Brooklyn, and (for mail), Vista Ave.. Bayside. L. I., N. Y. . WRIGHT, Kenneth A., (1921), Mgr., (for mail), Johnson Service Co.. 1113 Race St., Cincinnati, ` O., and 113 Orchard Rd., Ft. Mitchell, Ky. WUNDERLICH, Milton S.,* (1925), Mech. Engr., Flaxlinum Insulating Co.. Hampden and Wabash, (for mail), 1598 Laurel Ave., St. Paul, Minn.- WYLIE, Howard McW., (1917; 1925), Vice-Pres., In charge of Sales, (for mail). The Nash. Engrg. Co., and 51 Elmwood .Ave., South Norwalk. Conn. Y WOOD, James Sydney, (1926), Estimator, (for mail). The Bennett & Wright Co., Ltd., 72 Queen St., E., Toronto, Ont., Can. WOODLING, Miner D., (1926). Prop., (for mail). Miner D. Woodling Htg. & Vtg. Co., 810 Midland Bldg., and 301 West 51st Terrace. Kansas City, Mo. WOOLLEY, Thos. R., (1916), Sales Engr., Woolley Engineering Co., 2457 Woodward Ave.. and (for mail), 3267 Tyler Ave., Detroit, Mich. WOOLSTON, Alfred H., (1919), Member of Firm, (for mail). Bowers Bros.' & Co., 2015 Sansom St., and 4815 North 12th St.. Phila delphia. Pa. . ; WOOLSTON, C. E., (1924), Vice*Pres, and Treas., (for mail), Smith Twin Tubular Boiler Co., 38-42 E. Allen St., and 1510 North 28th St.. Philadelphia, Pa. / YAGER, John J., (1921), Pres, and Gen. Mgr., Goergen-Mackwirth Co., Iiic., 817 Sycamore St., and (for mail). 272 Carlton St., Buffalo, N. Y. YAGLOU, Constantin P.,* (1923), Instructor in Vtg., (for mail). Harvard School of Public Health, 55 Van Dyke St., Boston 17, Mass., and 1626 Commonwealth Ave., Boston, Mass: . YAMASAKI, Kanjlro; (Associate 1923), Htg., Engr., Daiwa Kogyo Co., Ltd., First Mutual Bldg., Rm. 216, No. 53 chome Denmacho, Kyobashi-Ku, Tokio, Japan. . YARDLEY, Ralph W.. (1920), Asst. Archt., Board of Education, City of Chicago, and (for ' mail), The Newberry, 817 N. Dearborn St., Chicago. 111. ' . YATES, Walter, (1902), Governing Dir., (for mail), Matthews & Yates, Ltd., Cyclone Works, and Parksend, Swinton, -Manchester, Eng. WORM, -Amdl, (Associate 1924). Flaxlinum Insulating Co., 1425 Grand Ave., and (for mail), - 2424 East 68th St., Kansas City, Mo. . WORSHAM, Herman, (1925), Dist. Mgr., Carrier Engrg. Corp., 850 FreUnghuysen Ave., Newark^ . N.J. , -. Z' ZACK, Hans J., (1928), Prop, (for mail). The Zack Co., 2311 Van Buren St., and 2057 N. Spaulding Ave., Chicago, 111., . ZECK, Alex., (1904), Pres., Alex Zeck & Son Co., Morgantown, W. Va. . WORTH, William Ellison, (Associate 1927), ZELDITCH, Morris, (1928). Htg. Engr., Rush Industrial -Engr., (for mail), 15 Moore St., New . Mchy. Co., 32 E: Carson St., and'(for mail), York, and Apt. 6-A, Pelham Gables, Pelham, 2301 Lutz Ave., Pittsburgh, Pa. - - N. Y. ZIEL, Herbert E., (1924). Albert Kahn. 1000 WORTHING, E., (1923), Bayley Mfg. Co.. 732 Greenbush St., and 56 Prospect St., Milwaukee, Wis. WRIGHT, Charles Leslie, (1925), Mgr., Htg. and Vtg. Dept., (for mail). Geo. E. Gibson Co., Inc., 441 Lexington Ave., and 54 West 94th St., New York. N. Y. Marquette Bldg.. Detroit, Mich. . ZINGSHEIM, George Godfrey, (1927), Br. Mgr., ' ' Richardson & Boynton Co., 301- N.'Seventh St., and (for mail), 4011 Pleasant Ave.. Minneapolis, Minn. ZOKELT, C. G., (1921), Mgr., (for mail). 414 ' Central Bldg., and 2366--16th Ave., S., Seattle, Wadi. ` ' WRIGHT. Harris H., (1917), Mgr., C. A. Dun ZORB, Henry Phillip, (1927), Master Fitter, ham Co., Pacific Steel Boiler Co., 615 City Bk. .2620 Fourth Ave., Detroit, Mich. . Bldg., and 1214 E. Gillham' Rd., Kansas City, ZUEHLKE, Rudolph, (1923), (for mail), Zuehlke Mo. . Heat. Co., 281 N. Main St., Wauwatosa, Wis,. WRIGHT, John C., (1926), Associate. Fletcher H. Burke--John C. Wright--Associate, 392 ZUHLKE, W. R., (1928), * Engr., American Radiator Co., 675 Bronx River Rd.. and (for Franklin St., Buffalo, N. Y. . mail), 530 McLean Ave., Yonkers. N. Y. 44 Summary of Membership (Corrected to December 1,1928) UNITED STATES Alabama........ ..................... ..................... 4 Missouri_______________ .............. ______ 106 Arkansas.-............................ _________ 2 Montana___________________ ..... ____... 4 74 2 Colorado;.... ......... .. ..... ___________ 17 New Jersey........... ........................ .....__ 91 n New York.___...... ......................... 410 . -4 A District of Columbia___ ........... ........ 9 Ohio--.......... ......... .......... ........... 76 Florida.-_________________ ___________ 4 Oklahoma. ..:__ ;.. ...-.................. .......... 17 7 1 Illinois ______________ ___ ___________ 273 Pennsylvania............................... _____ 285 Indiana................. ......' ..................... 47 Rhode Island........... .................... ........... 10 14 ..:____ 7 Kansas.-........... ........ ........ ................... 10 Texas...... ............................... --------- 12 Kentucky lo' Utah....................................................................... ....................................... 1 Maine................._______________:............ 6 Vermont__________ .__________________ 4 17 Virginia ______ 18 Massachusetts...................... ................. 107 Washington____________ .,_____ .:____ 21 Michigan. ............................ ;------------- 118 West Virginia--.......................... ......-- 8 50 ........ .. 53 Mississippi:________ _______ _______ 2 1874 FOREIGN COUNTRIES Canada_____________ _____ _ ........... ....... Frances.___________________ .............. Germany___:_______________........ ........ Ireland.-................................... __ ______ Japan.........................................____ :..___ 1 66 ft 7 17 4 2 1 6 New Zealand .......... --....._____ :......... Russia............................................. ____ .......... Sweden_________ _______________ --__ Switzerland.... ................ _____ 1 l 1 I 1 1 114 Total Membership--............. .......... 1988 SUMMARY OF MEMBERSHIP BY GRADES Honorary Members 1 Presidential Members.................,,.................;__________ Members.:...................................... :........................'. 1421 Associate Members....:__________ 428 Junior Members.___ ___________________________ ___J___ 20 118 1988 45 LIST OF MEMBERS Arranged Geographically ALABAMA Birmingham. . Boisclair, H. C. Bunnell, E. W. Festorazzi, A. O. Uchty, C. P. ARKANSAS Little Rock-- Williams, R. E. SUoam Springs-- Jones, C. R. CALIFORNIA Alhambra-- Stockly, H. A. Berkeley-- Duncan, G. W., Jr. Beverly Hills-- Nelson, H. A. Burlingame-- Douglass, T. C. Glendale-- Dougherty, P. J. Huntington Park-- Berg, A. H. Los Angeles-- Larimer, G. B. Miller. R. A. Ott, O. W. Polderman, L. H. Williams. J. M. Winch, F. R. Oakland-- Cummings, G. J. Bowles, PGifford, R. L. Hoffman, G. D. Sacramento-- ' Thompson, C. San Diego-- ' Hemingway, W. S. Sadler. C. B. .. San Francisco-- Haley, H. S. Krueger, J. I. Leland, W. E. : . Penhallegon, R..O. San Mateo-- Mead. W. R- UNITED STATES COLORADO Colorado Springs-- Higgins. D. T. Jardine, D. C. Denver-- Adams, C. W. Bagnall, G. A. Bradbury, G. L. Brickey, J. P. Cullyford. F. S. Daly. J. H. Deranleau, R. L. Fielding. H. H. Foley, W. J. Herman, H. H. Larimer, W. M. Storey, T. G. Voigt, CO. Ward. O. G. Willis. F. H. CONNECTICUT Bridgeport-- Callahan, M. J. Clement. E. R. Cos Gob-- Jones, A. L. Hartford-- ' Byrnes, T. F. Purcell. A. J. New Britain-- Cadwell, W. H. New Haven-- Fenner, E. M. Jenkins, H. E. Lockwood, E. H. Menzies, F. R. New London-- Forsberg, W. Hopson, W. T. Noroton Heights-- Ashley, E. E. S.Norwalk-- Harvey,. A. D. Jennings, I. C. Mead, E. A. Wylie, H. M. W. Springdale--' Broderick, J. F. ' Waterbury-- Simpson. W. K. Whitneyville-- Hoyt, W. B. Wlnsted-- Griffin, P. C. Hutton, W. DELAWARE Wilmington-- Gawthrop, F. H. Kershaw, M. G. Lownsbery, B. F. Schoenijahn, R. P. DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA Washington-- Brdtenbach, G. C. Chapman, D. W. Coward, H. Febrey, E. J. Gardner, S. F. Goldstein, A. M. . Mewshaw, J. P. Stock. E. L. Thompson, N. S. FLORIDA Jacksonville-- Denson, W. Gassier, J. H. Johnson, R. H. Tampa-- Smith, V. A. \ ___GEORGIA Atlanta-- Alger, R. W. Clare. F. A. ' Guest. P. L. Kent. L. F. Klein. E. W. Lichty, A. j. . Pottinger, C. T. TempUn, C. L. Wise. M. W. Columbus-- . Dexter, MacD. , Hartpence, C C. Gainesville-- Jackson, J. W. 46 ILLINOIS Arlington Heights-- Atkinson, R. E. Berwyn-- Davidson, H. MacD. Kitch, S. B. Bloomington-- HoweU. L. McGirl, W. J. Nesmith, O. E. Soper. H. A. Whitmer, R. P. Champaign-- Brownell, C. D. Chicago-- Abrahamson, P. Aeberly, J. J. Allan, C. D. . Allen. H. D. Andel. F. J. Arenberg, M. K. Armspach; O. W. Ashenhurst. H. S. Bailey, J. H. Baker, E. V. Barrows. C. E. Beery, C. E. ` ' Bennett, P. D. Bennett, G. G. BidweU, R. E. Birkholz. H. E. Black. F. C. . Bloom, S. C. Boswin, G. A. Bracken, J. H. Braun, L. T. Brayton. W. M. Broom, B. A. Burke. G. B. . Burns, W. A. Burt. H. J. Calvert, N. W. Carnahan, G. C. Casey, B. L. Casserly, T. D. Chenoweth. W. H. Cheyney, C. C. Clark. H. J. Clow, M. T. Cones, B. . Cornell. H. Coughlin, R J. Crannell, C. A. Crawford, W. B, Crone. C. E. Currier, C. H. Cutler, J. A. Cutter, E. H. Davis, J. H. Deland. C. W. Dewar, J. G. Dickinson. C. E. Dresen. W. D. Dunham, C. A. Ebin, L. Emmert. L. D. * Ensign, R. M. Faber, G. S. Fenner, N. P. Finan, E. J. Finan, J. J., Sr. Fix, F. W. Fleming, J. P. Frank, J. M. ' Funck, E. H. Gardner, W,, Jr. Gaylord, F. H. Gemeny. W. J. Getschow, G. M. Getscbow, R. M. Gibbs, F. C. Gilmore. R. E. Good, M. S. Gordon, E. G. Gossett. E. J. Graham, W. D. Graves, C. C. Graves, W. B. Grebe. H. W. Haas, S. L. Haines, J. J. Hale. J. F. Halliday, L. Hart. H. M. Harter, B. B. Hartman, F. E. Hattis, R. E. Hayes, J. J. Hayward, R. B. Heck, G. L.. Jr. Heckel, E. P. Hennings, W. A. Henrich. G. A. Herbaczek, E. Herlihy, G. F. Herlihy, J. J. Hill. E. V. Hoier, W. V. Hoover, H. E. Horaung, J. C. Horton, H. F. Howatt, J. Howe. W. W. Hubbard. G. W. Impey, P. F. Jackson, C. J. Jenson, J. S. Johnson, C. W. ..Johnson, D. H. Jones. E. F. Keeney, F. P. Kehm. A. Kehm, H. S. Keyes, R. E. Kirk, G. H. Kreissl, H. G. Lagodzinski, H. J. Lang, L. P. Larson. J. M. Larson, w. C. Lathrop, Dr. -E. C. Lautenschlager, F. Lees. H. KL Lenone. J. M. Lewis, S. R. Lippman. O. S. Luce, G. D.. Jr. McCarthy, B. J. McCauley, J. H,, Jr. McClellan. J. E. McDonnell, E. N. McEvoy. W. J. McFarland, W. P. McGregor, G. H. McLelland, H. B. Maier, H. F. Malone. D. G. Marsdxalli P. J. Martin, A. B. Martin. O. W. Matcliett. J. C. Roll or Membership Mathis, E. Mathis, H. Mathis, J. W. Matby, J.. Jr. Mauer, W. J. May, A. O. Mehring, G. Mertz, W. A. Miller. F. A. Miller, J. E. Miller, L. B. Miller. R. T. Milliken, J. H. Moler, W. H. Monaghan, T. H. Monroe, H. E. Montgomery. W. R. Moore, R. E. Moran, F. E. Muth, H. Nacey, H. M. Narowetz, L. L., Jr. Neiler, S. G. Nelson, R. O. Newport, C. F. Nilson, A. Nilson. K. A. Norman, M. A. Nulsen, C. A. O'Brien, J. H. O'Connell, P. M. Offen, Ben . Olsen, C. F. Olson, A. E. Orr. F. B. Pence, M. D. Pitcher, L. J. Pope, S. A. Pope. W. A. Powers, F. W. Prentice, P. J. Presdee. C. W. Reid. H. P. Rietz. E. W. Rosenbach, R. G. Ross, J. F. Rottmayer, S. I. Russell. E. A. Russell, W. A. Saunders, J. C. Scheidecker, D. B. Schwab, Q. D. Schweim, H. J. SeeUg. L. Seltzer, A. P. Sheriffs, W. A. Shufelt, H. M. Shultz, E. Small, J. D. Snider, L. I.' Soper. I. N. Spielman, G. P. Sprague, F. H. Stannard, J. M. Stedman, C. N. Stiles, H. L. Stockenberg, R. Sutcliffe, A. G. Tennant, E. M. Thinn, C. A. Thomas, R. H. Truitt, J. E. Trumbo, S. M. Valiquet, H. H. Vernon, J. R. Walsh, A. F. Walters. V. Walters, W. T. . Walther, V. H. Watson. J. H. Weil, M. I. Weinshank, H. T. Weinshank, T. . Weixel, A. L. Widdicombe, R. A. Wiersig, R. H. Wittleder, E. A. Yardley, R. W. Zack, H. J. Decatur-- Shorb. W. A. Evanston-- Bergner, W. G. KUby, R. E. Szekely, E. Thomas. H. G. Joliet-- Menk. R. W. Russell, W. B. Kewanee-- Baker. E. E. Bronson, C. E. Dickson, R. B. Hartman, J. M. PurseII, H. E. LaGrange-- Eaton, B. K. Linn. H. R. Moline-- Munson, M. G. Nelson, H. W. Nordine, L. F. Otis, G. E. Tyler, F. T. Oak Park-- Alexander, A. D. Barnes, R. B. Beling, E. H. Blandlng, G. H. Close, P. D. Johns, H. B. May, E. A. Muir. G. A. Uhlhorn, W. J. Park Ridge-- Gross, R. A. Peoria-- Meyer, F. L. Robb, J. M. Rockford-- Merwin, G. E. Rock Island-- Nelson, R. H. Springfield-- Hutzel. H. F. Urbana-- Kratz, A. P. Willard. A. C. Waukegan-- Collette, J. R. Turner, J. W. Wlnnetka-- Ellis, E. E. INDIANA Elkhart-- Shreiner, D. C. Evansville--Legeman. R. E. Noland. R. W.. Hammond-- Schram, W. W. . Indianapolis-- Ammerman. C. R. Ascher. N. C. Bevington, W. C. Callon, H., Jr. Cotton, R. M. DeHaven, I. C. Dresen. W. D. Edwards, R. H. Fenstermaker, S. E. Freyn, H. L. llagedon. C. H. 47 Hayes, J. G. Heidenreich, G. Jackson. G. O. Jackson, J. O. McMahon, T. W. Neal, H. W. Perham, S. H. Peohner, R. E. Repp, H. L. Rotz, J. M. Shipp, C. C. Stitt. H. B. Strong, E. A., Jr. Van Alstyne, R. F. Voorhees. G. A. Warren. C. N. Whittington, W. P. Whomes, H. Williams, G. M. Jeffersonville-- Hancock, J. R. Lafayette-- Hoffman, J. D. Hotchkiss. C. H. S. Orth, J. W. La Porte-- Shrock, J. H. ' Michigan City-- StockweU. W. R. Muncie-- Hutzel, M. H. Hutzel. V. C. Peru-- Pyle. J. W. Thrush, H. A. South Bend-- Leusch, V. W. Terre Haute-- Prox, R. F. IOWA Ackley-- Nelson, G. O. Cedar Rapids-- Moore. R. F. Motejl, J. A. Des Moines-- Bogardus, G. W. Meston, A. B. Somers, W. S. Fort Madison-- Theisen, E. F. Le Mars-- Mathey, N. J. Sioux City-- Hagan, W. V. Ott. M. J. Waterloo-- Bartley, J. S., Jr. Irwin, C. W. Winterbottom, J. W. Winterbottom, R. F. KANSAS Emporia-- Burnap, C. W. H u tchlnson-- Hertz, H. P. Paulsen, C. E. Stevens, H. L. American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1929 Independence-- . Sellars, F. J. Lindsborg-- Holmberg, J. A. Topeka-- Barnes, A. R. ' Wichita-- Cloud, O. E. Johnson, R. B. O'Connor, J. M. KENTUCKY Lexington-- Anderson, F. P. Evans, J. H. O'Bannon, L. S. Louisville-- Helbum. I. B. Lewis, J. C. Murphy, H. C. Nutting, A. Reed, W. M. Shrum, A. T. LOUISIANA Gibson-- Walther, O. MAINE Belfast-- Goodhue, A. P. Portland-- Fels. A. B. Merrill. C. J. Presque Isle-- Noyes, G. T. Woodfords-- Eaton, P. Haskell, B. E. MARYLAND Baltimore-- Adams, H. Collier, W. I. ' Dorsey, F. C. Eisert, H. Erickson, H. A. Griffin, J. J. Leilich, R. Li ` McCrea, L. W.. Meyers, J. .K.eeaer. i*. Thain, A. E. Vance, L. G. Williams, J. M., Jr. EUicott City, Howard Co.-- Tibbetts, J. C. Rockville-- . Brunett. A. L. - Towson-- Seiter, J. E. . . MASSACHUSSETTS Arlington-1Shaw. N. J.fH. Whitaker, E. C. Boston-- Abboud, A. Bartlett, A. C. Barton, R. E. . Boyden, D. S. Boynton, D. W. Brinton, J. W. Brooks, T. C. Brown, R. H. Bryant, Dr. A. G. Cooper, F. I; Cummings, C. K. Drinker, P. Dusossoit, E. A. Eaton. R. - Ehrenzeller, A. Foulds. P. A. L. Franklin, R. S. Gifford, R. F. Gilmore, F. P. Gleason, G. H. Goodrich, C. F. Hilliard. C. E. Hubbard, A. Ingalls, F. D. B. Kelley. J. J. Kellogg. A. Kimball, C. W. Kirmes, E. W. McCoy, T. F. McKenna, Wm. N. McLean, I. D. Mayette, C. E. Moulton, D. Mower, W. P. Myrick, J. W. H. Osborne. M. M. Price. W. H., Jr. Shaw, E. Shaw, R. E. Smallman, W. T. Stetson, L. R. Stone, E. R. Swaney. C. R. Teasdale, L. A. Thompson, R. C. Tilden, E. E. Tuttle. J. F. Underhill, W. W. . Wade, N. S. Webb. J. S. - Whittemore, E. H. Whitten, H. E. Whitten, H. W. Wilson, H. M. Yaglou, C. P.. Boxborough-- ' Matthews, C. R. Brighton-- Framingham-- Fitch, W. S. Nason, G. L. Hyde Park-- Ellis, F. R. Scheibel, A. H.' Lawrence-- Bride. W. T. Leominster-- Kern, R. T. Lynn-- Feehan, J. B. ' Morgan, F. H. Pool. S. H. Reardon, J. A. Malden-- McDonald, J. J. Mattapan-- Mitchell, C. H. Medford-- Dane, I. S. Suits, G. A. . . Melrose-- Pierce, E. F., Jr. Smallman, E. W. Newton-- Cousens, W. S. Newtonville-- Jones. W. T. McMurrer, L. North Adams-- Buck, L. Pittsfield-- Robbins, L. G, Reading-- Florence, W. E,, Jr. Roxbury-- . . Richard, I. T. South Weymouth-- Berchtold, E. W. Schanze, A. G. Cambridge-- Baker. R. H. Chaisson, C. H. Cox, C. J. Flint, C. T. Haddock, I. T. Heath, F. R. Klonower, A. A. Charlestown--' Herrick, D. A. Watertown--- Wiegner, H. B. Wellesley IUU-- N GilUng, W. F.. Jr. West Newton-- Place, H. R. Weymouth-rClough, L. Dorchester-- Brown, M. Hosterman, C. O. Plunkett, J. H. Swan, T. J. Woburn-- Parker. P. Wollaston-- Hodgdon, H. A. Fitchburg-- Dolan, W. H., Jr. Illig, W. R. - Karlson, A. F. Worcester-- Dix, H. M. " Hawes, H. R. 48 MICHIGAN Ann Arbor-- Backus, T. H. L. Cuthbert, I. N. Emswiler, Prof. J. E. Hutzel, A. F. Detroit-- Armstrong, H. M. Baker. C. H. Baldwin. W. H. Bishop, F. R. Blackmore. F. H. Boales, W. G. Brender, P. E. Brown, W. C. - Collamore, R. Connell, R. F. Coon, T. E. Cummings, C. A. Cummins, G. H. Dauch, E. O. Davis. L. J. Decker, E. M. Degan, J. E. Dillman, E. J. Donahue, E. S. Doody, C. A. . Dubry, E. Eggleston, L. W. Emerick, S, H. Fuller, J. L. Gallaher, J. E. Giguere, Geo. H. Goss. M. H. Green, J. E. Hamlin, H. A. Harms, W. T. Harrigan, E. M. Heydon, C. G. Hill, N. J. Hillman, R. W. Hoffman, C. F. Hogan, E. L. Hubbard, N. B. Hughson, H. H. Johnson, F. W. Johnson, H. S. Johnston, W. B. Killian, M. A,. Knight, A. B. Lance, J. Linhard, H. V. Little, E. RLocker, C. W. McColl, J. R. McConner, C. R. McGeorge, R. H. Mclntire, J. F. McLean, D. McNair, E. E. Marion, C. A. Meyer, J. W.. Jr. Miller, J. F. G. Milward, R. K. Morgan, C. S. Morse, C. T. Paetz, H. E. Parrott, L. G. Partlan, J. W, Peckham. R. R.' Phelps, H. R. Pittelkow, A. G. Purcell, F. C. Purcell. R. E. Randall, W. C. Roney, T. G. Rowe. W. A. St. John. J. S. Saulson.S. ShueU. F. W. Smith, G. W. Smith, L. L. Snell, E. Roll of Membership Snyder, J. W. . Soderberg, C. H. Spitzley, R. L. Spurgeon, J. H. Stephen, H. M. . Vemer. W, F. Walker. J. H. 'Walton, H. L. Whelan, W. J. Whiteley. Wigle, B. Wilde, R. S. M. Williamson, A. H. Wooley. T. R. Ziel, H. E. Zorb. H. P. Dowagiac-- Firestone, J. F. Flint-- Titus, M. S. Grand Rapids-- Alexander. C, H. Bradfield, W. W. Carman, G. G. Carroll, W. J. Hepburn. G. V. Jaynes, E. L. Miller. H. N. Waters, G. G. Grosse Pointe-- McConachie, L. L. Highland Park-- Foster. W. M. - Holland-- Cherven. V. W. Kalamazoo-- Blaney, C. A. Kersjes, W.' Monroe. L. O. Lansing-- Distel, F., Jr. Pleasant Ridge-- Blessed, W. A. Petherick, D. H. Pontiac-- Schildmiller, G. H. Saginaw-- Swartwout, J. D. MINNESOTA Cloquet-- Backstrom, E. R. Spafford, A. Duluth-- Foster, C. . Whitnah, C. S. Minneapolis:-- Andresen, A. W. Barnum, M. C. Betts, H. M. Bjerken. M. H. Bradford, H. H. Brown, J. H. - Burns, E. J. Burritt, C. G. Cash, T. T. Challman, S. A. Cowles, B. E. ' Dahlstrom, G. A. Forfar, D. M. ' Gerrish, H. E. . . Gordon, E. B,, Jr. Hanchett, J. H. Harris, J. B. Hasey, C. E. - Helstrom, H. G. Huch. A. J. Martenis. J. V. Mikesh, J. J. Morgan. G. C. Mosher, R. B. Probst, A. H. Rockert, E. R. * Rowley. F. B. ` Sanford, A. L. Sperzel, H. J. Uhl, E. J. Uhl. W. F. Zingsheim, G. G. Owatonna-- Clarkson, W. B. St. Paul-- Anderson, P. E. Buenger, A. Gausman, C. E. Heagler, J. M. Jones, E. F. Lewis, E. B. Otto. R. W. Parks, W. N. Ruff. D. C. Stagerberg, R. Wagner, A. M. Winterer, F. C. Wunderlich, M. S. MISSISSIPPI Jackson-- Paine, K. A. Peters, H. G. MISSOURI Independence-- Cook, B. F. Kansas City-- Arthur. J. M., Jr. Betz, H. D. Burton, C. A. Caleb, D. Campbell, E. K. Carr, C. H. Clegg, Carl Cox, W. F. Dodds, F. F. Downes, N. W. Dunlap. R. L. Fehlig, J. B. Gillham, W. E. Gorton, G. H. Griffin, F. A., Jr. Hall. T. Henrici, H. C. . Herold, C. W. Hitchcock, F. P. Jones, E. Joyce, W. P. Kitchen, F. A. Kitchen, J. H. * Lewis, J. G. Mason, R. B. Millis, L. W. Natkin, B. ' Naylor, B. C. Nottberg, H. Painter. D. H. Pensinger, L. C. Pines, S. Qualtrough. B. F. Plass. C. W. Sheppard. F. A. Stephenson, L. A. Weiss, C. A. Wise, F. W. Woodling. M. D. Worm, A. Wright, H. H. Kirkwood-- McMorran. F. J. Liberty-- Dudfield. A. St. Louis-- Baetz. H. Balsinger, H. D. Barnes, E. R. Baumgardner, C. M. Bayse, H. V. Bowers, J. S. Bradley. E. P. Bradley, J. T. Branigin, H. L. Browning, H. K. Buder, C. G*. Butler. C. W. Cook, C. D. Cooper, J. W. Davis, C. R. De Nellie. J. L. Edwards, D. F. Eichler, A. Evleth, E. B. Falvey, J. D. Ferguson. R. R* . Foster, J. M. Gale, T. J. C. - Gallaher, A. J.. Graves, R. E. Hallett, E. S. ' Halley, W. H. .Harris. H. W. Helwig, G. A. Hester. T. J. Humphreys, A. E. Kaysing, H. C. Keiser, W. Lane, A. M. Langenberg, E. B. Manahan, J. E. Meara. J. J. Metre!!, S. A. Messmer, G. E. Moon,' L. W. Niestrath, W. H. Picker, F. C. Pickett, C. A. Quentin, E. H. Rickly, F. A. Robertson. J. M. Rosebrough, R. M. Rossman. V. D. Russell, W. L. A. Sachleben, E. H. ' Schukai, W. C. Schulze. B. H. Sodemann, P. ` Sodemann, W. C. Stack. M. F. Stammer, E. L. Steckhan, L. Thomsen, W. T.Walters, A. L. . White. E. A. Wolff. O. H. .Springfield-- . Cooper, H. Webster Groves-- Chappell, R. E. MONTANA Billings-- Cohagan. C. C.Tooker, C. C. Bozeman-- Powers, F. I. Helena-- Bain, J. G. . NEBRASKA Omaha-- . McCulley, D. E. Scottsbluff-- Davis, O. E. NEW JERSEY Atlantic City-- Monday, C. E. Strouse, S. B. : Audubon-- Lynch, G. Bloomfield-- Hochuli. H. W. Lau, A. S. Bogota-- ' Heebner, W. M. Caldwell-- . Oswald. W. L. Camden-- Kappel. G. W. A. Kohr, R. K. Lanning, E. K. Rugart, K. Strandwitz, W. J. Swift, C. K. . Webster, E. K. Webster, W. Webster, W.. Jr. Cranford-- Terrell. H. A. East Orange-- Bolling, Esten Grahn, V. F. Merkel, F. P. ': Schroth, A. H. Turao, W. G. W. Elizabeth-- i;-. Cornwall, G. T. _ . Nesdahl, E. Pearce, C. E. WheUer, H. S. Essex Fells-- Carrier, W. H. Stacey, A. E,, Jr. Fair Haven-- Smith, H. P. Glen Ridge-- Chapman, F. T. Glen Rock-- Hall, C. H. Grantwood-- . Butler, P. D. Haddonfield-- Dobbs. C. E. ' Jones, R. E.. 49 American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1929 Hasbrouck Heights-- Goodwin, S. L. Hawthorne-- Lawton, F. C. Irvington-- Freas, R. B. Wells, H. N. Jersey City-- Calahan, J. J. Driscoll, W. H. Jones. H. L. Ritchie. W. Walterthum, J. J. Jobstown-- Allinson, O. H. Kearney-- Long, D. R Siebs, C. T. Vogelbach, O. Loch Arbour-- Tomlinson, M. Lyndhurst-- EhrUch. M. W. Maplewood-- Evans, W. A. Smith, M. S. . Merchantville-- Binder. C. G. Montclair-- Holbrook, F. M. Newark-- ' Bentz, H. Bermel. A. H. Binder, 1. Connolly,* C. I. Heiles, F. C. Hunt, P. M. Janet, H. L. Lewis, L. L. . Lyle. J. 1. McCormick. E. T. Noble, M. Soule. L. C. West. Perry - Worsham, H. Nutley-- Matthiessen. H. G. F. Oaklyn-- Dnggs, L. L. Palmyra-- Schopp, W. J. Passaic-- Boeker, C. H. Hankin, R Harding, R M. Morris, C. R Paterson-- Pryor, F. L.. Plainfield-- MacDougall; B. W. Rech, P. D. Tobin, G. J. Princeton-- Black, J. J. Riverton-- Bilyeu, W. F. Brunt, T. B. Rutherford-- Davidson, R. A. Short Hills-- . Fouilhoux, J. A. South Orange-- Hansen, C. C. Summit--; Kimball, W. C. Trenton-- Piper. A. Peristein, S. Union City-- Darton, A. W. Taverna, F. F. Thuem, E. A. Verona-- Frutchey, M. P., Jr. West New York-- Ricker, J. J. NEW YORK Albany-- Murray. T. F. Naden. L.J. Ryan, H. J. . Steim, C. J., Jr. Stevens, F. H. Taggart, R G. Binghamton-- Folley, E. B. Bronxville-- Barr, G..W. Brooklyn-- Atwater, L. W. Bampton. C. M. Beatty. D. J. Bender, C. P. Bennett, I. T. Blest. F. S. Bondy, W. S. Chadeayne, G. D. Crutchley, E., Jr. Dalto. F. J. DePalma, J. R Doherty, J. A. Dwyer, T. F. Dyer, W. S. Fells. H. B. Emery, W. D. Gardner, B. F. Gomston. M. H. Griffin, B. H. Hanley. J. H.. Jr. Harrison, B. S. Hinchman, E. G. Kreitner. W. London, I. McCann, F. G. Mandeville. E. W. Moss, E. Musaus, J., Jr. Phillips, F. W.. Jr. Richardson, F. J. Ruppert, E. H. Scollay, U. G. Seward, P. H. Shay, R A. Siegel. L. Tisnower, W. Tusch. W. Vivarttas, E. A. Walsh. J. F. Ward. G. C. - Williamson, F. W Buffalo-- Ahlff, A. L. Archer, F. S. Beirn, J. U. Beman. M. C. Booth. C. A. Breneman, R B. Bresnahan, J; J. Bulkeley, C. A. Burke, F. H. Castin, L. N. Cherry.'L. A. Cheyney, C. C. Chittenden, F. J. Clucas. W. F. Criqui, A. A. Danforth, N. L. Davis, J. Dempsey, H. P. Drake, G. H. Dyer, O. K. Evans, C. A. Ewing. D. R Farnham, R Farrar, C. W. Frank, O. E. Frankel. G. Fraser, W. G. Gauvin, L. G. Harding, L. A. Hedley. P. S. Jackson, M. S. Johnson, E. E. Ingels, M. Landers. J. J. Love, C. H. Madison, R D. Mahoney, D. J. Monin, E. H. Moran, R. J. Mosher, C. H. Novotney, T. A. Padginton. G. Quigley, W. J. Roebuck, Wm., Jr. Rooney, M. A. Ruckel, J. B. Schank, G. E. Scbeer. F. W. Snyder, J. S. Stearns, W. F. * Thornton, R T. Tinker, A. K. Wendt,.E. F. Wendt, H. W. Wright. J. C. Yager, J. J. Elmira-- Davis. B. C. Frutchy, A. E. McGlenn, G. R Roberts. J. H. Geneva-- Herendeen, F. W. Smith. S. S. Glens Falls--r * Robinson, A. G. Herkimer-- Ertman, B. R Irondequolt-- Haskins, A. L. * Irvington-on-Hudson-- Bastedo, A. E. Kittle. F. C. Ithaca-- Sawdon, W. M. Williams, J. W. Kenmore-- Bliss, S. C. Riley. D. H. Smith, J. C. Larchmont-- Gaylor, W. S. * Middletown-- Sanborn, S. H. Mill brook-- Pizie, S. G. Morton-- Stangland, B. F. Mt. Vernon-- Hiers. C. R. Hunt, R. B. Obert. C. W. ` New Rochelle--r Dailey, J. F. Kuhlmann. R Senior, R. L. New York City-- Abrams, A. Addams, H. Adler. A. A. Alvord, A. M. Ames, C. F. Armagnac, A. S, Bachler, L. J. Baird, F. X. Bennitt. G. E. Berman. L. K. Birch. H. R Bishop. C. R Blackman. A. O. Blackmore, J. J. Bock. B. (St. Albans, L. I.) Bolton, R P. Booth. H. N. Brassington, A. F. (Port Richmond,S.I.) Browne, A. L. Brunner, H. Buensod. A. C. Campbell. F. B. Carpenter, R H. Carty. T. Chase, J. M. Clark, W. D. * (Richmond Hill, L. I.) Cosgrove. W. M. Crone, T. E. Cumming, R W. Dailey, J. A. Darts, f. A. Davis. A. C. Day. V. S. Dill. H. O. Donnelly, R. Donnelly, W. (Lynbrook, L. I.) Donoghue, J. J. Doroheim, G. A. (L. I. City) Downe, E. R. Duff. K. Duffield, T. J. Durand, W. L. Eadie, J. G. Easterbrooks, C. C. Ellis, W. H. Ellison, J. H. (Freeport, L. I.) Ely. F. E. Emerson, R. R Engle. A. Fansler, P. E. Faulkner. D. H. Fay, F. C. Feldman, A. M. Fiedler, H. W. Fleisher, W. L. ` Flemming, W. L. Fletcher, S. W. Flink, C. H. Forgan, D. M. Forgee. F. A. Friedman. A. Gast, C. Glore, E. F. Goldberg. H. M. Goldschmidt, O. E. Gombers, H. B. Goodnow. W. F. Grant, A. E. Grill, G. E. Harbula, M. G. Heatherton, J. M. Hedges. H. B. Hettinger. H. (Long Island City) 60 Roll of Membership Heymsfield, H. R Hills, A. H. Hinkle, Edwin C. (Hempstead, L. I.) Hinrichsen, A. F. Hoffman, C. S. Hook. M. G. Howell, F. B. Hubert, J. W. Hunter, H. R. Hyman, W. M. Hynes, L. P. h-eland. T. H. (Rockville Center,L.I.) Issertell, H. G. Iambus. Dr. D. S. Jalien, J. J. Johnsen, H., (New Brighton, S.I.) Johnson, E. B. (W. New Brighton, S. I.) ` Johnston, W. H. . Keasbey, A. P. Keenan, P. F. ' Kellogg. T. M. . Kiewitz, A. A. - (L. I. City) - . Kimball. D. D. Kingsley, E. A. .) Kirk, L. G. Klaus. L. J. (Farmingdale, L. .1.) C. Kiewitz (Floral Park, L. I.) Knowles, A. F. Koithan, W. S. * LeBeau, J. F. LeCompte, W. G. Lemmerman, C. W. Linderman, H. (Ridgewood, L. I.) Longwell, H. E. Lucke, C. E. * Lyle. E. T. McKiever, W. H. . McMahon. W. W. McMillan, L. B. Maier. G. M. Marshall, H. H.' . Martin, G. W. Meyer, H. C.. Jr. Mickiewics. S. J. Miller, C. A. Miller. E. A. Miller. R. B. . Morrill, R D. Mundcr, J. F., Jr. Munier. L. L. . Munro, E. A. ' Murphy,' E. T. Murphy, J. R ' (Kew Gardens, L. I.) Murphy, W. A. Neale, L. I. Neideck, A. A. Nelson, G. A. Nicol, N. C. Oaks, O. O. O'Connell, M. E. O'Donnell, T. J. Odrobina, S. R. (Long Island City) Offner, A. J. Olvany, W. J. Osborn, W. J. Parkhill. D. Parter, S. C. Patomo, S. A. S. Paulding, L. G. Peacock. J. K. Pease. H. H. Petersen, G. Pfeiffer, B. J. Pfuhler, J. L. Wolfsfeld, C. F. |W. New Brighton, (Bayside, L. I.) Worth, W. E. Pihlman, A. A. Wright, C. L. Pinder, P. H. Place. C. R. Pryor R W,, Jr. North Tarrytown-- Weiss, A. P. Purdy, R B. N. Tonawanda-- Purinton, D. J. Kline. W. J. Quirk. C. H. Slade, A. J. Raisler, L. Raisler, S. Ralston, L. T. M. Reed. J. F. Reynolds. T. W. Ogdensburg-- Skelly, J. F. Port Chester-- Pratt, E. D. Reynolds, W. V. Poughkeepsie-- Riblet, W. H. Doherty, J. J. Richardson, D. R Valentine. H. D. Riley. C. L. Ritchie, E. J. Ritter. A. Rodman, R W. Rosenberg, P. Ross. J. O. Ruggles, R F., (Tompkinsville, S. I) Russell. W. A. Rochester-- Axeman, J. E. Beasom. G. R Coe. I. B. Coe, R. T. Devendorf, W. F. DeWolf. R D. Dobson, G. G. Sheldon, N. E. Ryndell, C. A. Weider, F. J. Samuels, S. Sawade, C. A. Welsh. H. S. Wilder. E. L. Schioss. N. L. Wiley. C. S. Schmidt, G. G. Rome-- Schneider. C. . Lynch, W. L. Schoepflin. P. H. Scott, C. E. Scott, E. A. Rye-- Donovan. J. Scott, G. M. . Saranac Lake-- Seelig, A. E. Miller, P. Sellman, N. T. Scarsdale-- Simpson. W. A. . Grotz, A. B. Sklenarik, L. (Long Island City) Schenectady-- Harbison. E. J. Smith, P. C. Strachan, J. S. (Northport, L. I.) Vogel, A. Snyder, C. B. J. Spooner, H. R (Hollis, L. I.) Snyder-- Langley, F. P. Stanton, G. W. Staples, W. H. Steinke. G. B. Steinmuller, J. H. (Long Island City) Stern, H. R. Sternberg, I. E. Syracuse-- Acheson, A. R. Bradley, R H. Dennis, C. K. . Duncan. J. M. Gildea. T. E. Ormsby. H. K. Ryen, M. Stewart. C. W. Still. F. R Tarrytown-- Sullivan, D. A. Grossman, H. E. Swain, W. A. Tuckahoe-- Sweeney, S. H. Nichols. G. fc. Tallmadge, W. Troy-- Taylor. J. H. Wilson. C. H. Thomson. T. N. (Huntington, L. I.) Utica-- Timrais, W. W. (Glen Cove) Tucker, F. N. Brandeles, H. J. . Cantwell; W. T. DeRosa. A. Hamjy, P. W. Van Norden, E. M. Vogt. J. H. Walker, W. K. Wallace. G. J. Hughes, W. C. Schneider,- P. W. Steinhorst, T. F.. (E. Elmhurst, L. I.) Wanakah, Erie Co.-- Walsh, J. H. Kamman, A. R Walsh. M. West Point-- Watters, P. J.: r i.. Bryant, P: J. (Port Richmond^S. I.) White Plains-- Waechter, H. P. Callahan. .T. H. (Tompkinsville, S. I.) Yonkers-- West, B. F. Brabbee, Dr. C. White, E. S. Goerg, B. . White. M. G. Kelly, J. G. Whitelaw, H. L. Newcomb, R. Willis, R C. Rainger. W. F. Wilson. F. A. Ullman, H. G. Wolff, R. A. - Zuhlke. W. R 51 NORTH CAROLINA Charlotte--1Brandt. E. H., Jr. Christian, C. W. Hackney, H. Greensboro--. MacKenzie, B. Weldon-- Chappell, T. A. Winston-Salem-- Bahnson, F. F. OHIO Akron-- Humphrey. D. E. McClenathan, R Thatcher, G. S. Tyson, W. H. Cincinnati-- Blomfeldt, A. A. Bostain, J. C. Cuyler, D. H. Doyle, W. J. Green, W. C. Grier, W. Houliston, G. B. Kiefer. C. J. Kitchell. H. N. Rehling, H. F. Royer, E. B. SprouU, H. E. Wright, K. Cleveland-- ' Adrianse, P. R Arthur, H. W. Benedict, E. R Beyer. J. E. Bridges, F. G. Brueggeman, A. R Colby, C. W. . Deex, C. J. Eveleth/C. F. Farley. J; W. Gottwald, C. Greene. W. C. Harrison. J. M. Harvey, L. C. Jackson, T. L. Herske, A. R Kinner, J. E. Kissick.J. J. Klie. W. McLeish, W. S. Mason, J. J. Matzen. H. B. Miles. J. C. Neitzel, C. W. Quay, D. M. Rather, M. F. Roemer, J. . St. Clair, C. W. Stackhouse, R M. Starks. V. E. Van Sickle, W. B. Weager, T. A. Cleveland Heights-- Davis. R G. Heinle. E. L. Columbus-- Babbitt, E. C. Brown, A. I. Fleming, R. A. Seiders, J. T. Wheeler. O. J. Williams. A. W. American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1929 Dayton-- Gibbons. M. J., Jr. Haas, w. Hoersting, F. J. East Cleveland-- Nobis, H. M. Stark. W. E. Kent-- Stanford, L. E. Lakewood-- Kammerer, W. C. Maurer, E. D. Lorain-- Lane, E. K. Mansfield-- Bamsteiner, A. Painesville-- Hobbs, J. C. Ravenna-*-- Franzheim, G. W. Springfield-- Hart. T. H. ' Toledo-- . Baker, H. C. Bryce. S. D. Holmes, J. Rogers. A. C. Warren-- Lyman, W. I. Youngstown-- Choffin, C. C. OKLAHOMA Oklahoma City-- Butler, C. ` Dolan, R. G. Loeffler, F. X; Patton. R. L. Rae, T. W. Thomas, B. A. ' Tulsa-- Jones. E. OREGON La Grande-- . Anderson, S. A., Jr. PENNSYLVANIA Allentown-- Buel, H. G. Hersh, G. W. Korn, C. B. Ambridge-- McCreary, J. L. Ardmore-- . Graham, C. D. Haynes, C. V. Hires, J. E. Myers, G. W. F. Whelan, W. F. Beaver Falls-- Van Alen, W. T. Boyertown-- King, T. Bradford-- Philadelphia-- Goodloe. A. M. Paterson, F. C. ' Adams. B. Alt. H. L. Bridgeport-- Abel. D. M. Holton. J. R. Longenecker, H. J. Anderson, C. A. Arnold, R. S. Bachler, H. C. Bartlett, C. E. Bauer, H. C. Cannonsburg-- Edwards, C. H. Chambersburg--. Kottcamp, H. A. Mehaffey, W. C. Beahm. R. B., 2nd Black, H. G. Blankin, M. F. Bogaty, H. S. Bolsinger, R. C. Boon, G. ' Chester-- Boyd. W. R. Bornemann, W. A. Boyd. D. K. Braemer, W. G. R. Drexel Hill--Del. Co. Jones, L. T. Kriebel, J. H. Miller. A. A. Rice, W. W. Breen, J. W. Brogan, J. J. Burt, J. E. Carey, J. A. Carstens, E. Cassell, J. D. . Erie-- Gannon, J. E. Mayer, R. S. Cavileer, J. V. Clarkson, R C,, Jr. Cooper, T. W. Culbert, W. G. Germantown-- Huckel, F., Jr. Dambly, A. E. Davidson, L. C. Davidson, P. L, Glenshaw-- McEllroy, G. S. Dome, W. R. ui iui.uiiujl, m, Dr. . Duemler, F. C. Harrisburg-- Eicher, H. C. Filson. F. E. Fisher, E. L. Geiger. I. H. Gray. W. E. Koehler. G. T. Lutz, J. H. Schimmel, F. W. Selig, E. T. Eagan, W. H. Eakins, W. ` Eckardt, C. A. T. Edgar, A. C. Feltwell, R. H. Fest, L. T. Fitz, J. C. Fleming, T. C. French, D. E. Galligan, A. B. Galligan, J. H. Haverford-- Black, E. N. Gant, H. P. Gaulin, R. P. Gilbert, M. F. Hazelton-- Sherry, R. W. GiUett, M. C. Glassey, J. W. Gomersall. W. H. - Holmesburg Junctlon- Nesbitt,.A. J. . Nesbitt, J. J. Hackett, H. B. Hellerman, H. H. Hess, H. L. Hetherington, E. T. Johnstown-- Desparois, L. D. Dillon, H. R. Rinkenbfrger, G. Hibbs. F. C. . Hirst, J. N. Hoben, R. J. Hoft. P. J. Hopkin, W. E. Lancaster-- Grossman. H. M. Huzzard, E. C. Jones, A. Schrader, C. C. Vaux, F. J. Houpt, G. A. Hunger, R. F. Hurley, J. C. Ickeringill, J. Jellett, S. A. , John. B. F. 'Johnson, J. M. McKeesport-- Dugan, T. M. Kappler, H. C. Kauffman, R. Kelbe, F. R. Merlon-- Myers. D. R. Kellogg. H. D. .; Kerney. T. F. Keys. G. W. Narberth-- Timmis, P. Kipe. J. M. .. Koch. H. O. Kriebel. A. E. . New Castle-- Leahy, J. L. Eckles. R. A. Norristown-- Frost. R. V. Gormly. J. Gormly. P. Hucker. J. H. Lewis, J. W. Lewis, T. Liner, J. J. ' Locke. H. W. Lord. F. R. Lyman, S. E. Oil City-- . McCarthy. C. J. Heagerty, W. Hv, . McClintock, A,, Sr. 52 McClintock, A,, Jr. McClintock, J. L. McHugh, G. F. McLaughlin, J. J. MacDade, A. H. Matson, T. Mellon, J. T. J. Mensing, F. D. Mervine, T. R. Meyer, R. C. ' Miller, H. F. Miller, W. C. Minnich, H. S. Morgan, R. C. Mott, A. C., Jr. Murphy.W. R. Nelson. F.. Jr. Norris, J. C. . Nuabaum. L. O'Connell. E. D. Ogelsby, W. P. . Paine. L. G. Patterson, D. F. Peak, A. M. Pennell, S. H. . Perkins. F. C. Phillips, F. T. Plewes, S. E. Ramsay, H. W. Reilly, C. E. Reuss, E. H., Jr. Roberts, H. L. Rothrock, J. T. Sabin, E. R. Sanbern, E. N. . Setzer, W. C. Sewell, J. M. Sheffler, M. ' Sommer, L. J., Jr. Speckman, C. H. Stearns, W. I. Stone, G. F. Strong, R. C. Sutterley, W. W. Taliaferro, R. R- Thompson, J. Thompson, W. P. Tinker, W. E. Tyler, R. D. . Wagner; J. P. - Walther, H. J. Wandless. F. W. Wegmann, A. Welamb, V. N. Whitby. S. S. Why, H. B. Wild, W. H. Wilmot, C. S. Wilson, B. W. Wilson. J. J. Woolston, A. H. Woolston. C. E. Pittsburgh-- Aston, J. Beighel. H. A.Blackmore, G. C. * Blackmore, N. L.Bowman, H. A. Brauer. R. Bushnell, C. D. ` Chester, T. Clark. F. C. Clark, W. H. Comstock, G. M. Dibble, S. E. Edwards, P. A. English, A. T. Evans, E. C. Firsching, F. J. Gunther, F. A. Hanson, E. W. ' Harper, S. H. Heilman, R. II. Roll of Membership Hook. c. H. Houghten, F. C. Langdon, J. D. Lloyd, E. C: McGinness, J. E. McGuigan, L. A. McIntosh, F. C. McMurray, J. Maginn, P. F. Moore, H. L. Morgan, J. S. Morrow, C. F. Nass, A. F. Nicholls, P. O'Neill, P. Orr, H. B. Rederer, B. S. Richards, S; F. Schley, A. A. Speller. F. N. Stanger, R. B. Stevenson, W. W. Stitt. E. W. Stokes. R. E. Waldron, C. W. Walker, J. B, Weber, G. A. Wheeler, C. W. Williams. O. L. Zelditch, M. Reading-- Luck. A. W. Nicely, J. E. Reese, H. L. Ridley Park-- Davis. B. W. Williamsport-- Chambers. W. E. McLain. R. D. Moltz, G. N. Pfeiffer, J. F. Willow Grove-- Slight, I. Wormleysburg-- Miller. T. G. York-- Hertzier, J. R. . Lindemuth, N. R. Sowers, P. E. Zelienople----Eberle, C. F. RHODE ISLAND Pawtucket-- Martin, J. F. Providence-- Coleman, J. B. Dunlevy, T. R. Gibbs. E. W. Hartwell, j. C. Husband, E. W. McLaughlin, J. D. Moulder, A. W. Poole. E. F. Washington-- Wilson, H. A. Scranton-- Gilboy, J. P; Saville. T. H. Walker, G. F. Sewickley-- Black. G. E. Shamokin-- Gortner, J. W. South Williamsport-- Koltz, A. W. TENNESSEE Chattanooga-- Russell. H. C. Memphis-- Allen, W. H. ' Bevfl, A. T. Brewster. D. R. Nashville-- Brown, F. Hailey, S. H. Stroudsburg-- . Kiefer, E. J., Jr. TEXAS Swissvale-- Timmerman, M. M. Tamaqua-- Hadesty, A. L., Jr. Upper Darby, P. O.-- Hackett, C. P. Warren-- Schellhammer, A. L. Washington-- McVehil, E. W. Wayne-- Iddles, A. Wilkinsburg-- Campbell, T. F. Rasmussen, E. Amarillo-- Helphingstein, O. College Sta.-- Giesecke, F. E. . Dallas-- . Parks, V. H. Taylor, R. F. Van Zandt, J. H. Fort Worth-- Burnett, E. S. Skinner, H. W. Houston-- Barnes, A. F. San Antonio-- Diver, M. L. Ebert. W. A. Reynolds,'H. M. Willis, W. J. UTAH Salt Lake City-- Cooper, A. W. VERMONT Burlington-- Austin, F. L. Raine, J. J. N. Ferrisburg-- Breckenridge, L. P. St. Albans-- Sturges, H. A. VIRGINIA Lynchburg-- Cleland, J. E. Doering, F. L. Wiley, E. C. . Wilson, E. J. F; Newport News-- . Noland, L. U. Norfolk-- Montagna, C. J.. Peebles, J. K. Wilson, E. K. Richmond-- , Austin. W. E. Beverley. R. C. Carle, W. E. Childress, W. L. Johnston, J. A. Livingston, B. B. Schulz, H. I. Roanoke-- Wash, W. P. Staunton-- Moffett, W. S. Moran. F. N. WASHINGTON Seattle-- Beggs, W. E. Brasch. H. K. Brown, A. P. Carsten, W. H.' Cox. W. W. Dudley. W. L. Early, G. D. Eastwood, Prof. E. C Eckart, C. H. Godfrey, F. H. Heath, S. C. Mallis, W. Mann, C. P. O'Connell. P. M. Ruddell. W. H. Twist, C. F, Weber, E. L. Zokelt, C. G. Spokane-- DeLong, H. B. Nelson, R* L. Yakima-- McCune, B. V. WEST VIRGINIA Charleston-- Meyers, S. H. Shanklin, J. A. Shanklin, J. R- Largent-- Donnelly, J. A. Innis, H. R. Morgantown-- Zeck, A. Wheeling-- Hare. E. S. Schofield. T. J. . WISCONSIN Eau Claire-- Grosvold, F. E. Fond Du Lac-- Ahern, T. L, Fort Atkinson-- Shodron, J. G. La Crosse-- Anderegg. R. H. Johnson, T. R. Miller. M. W. Trane, R. N. Madison-- Larson. G. L. Plaenert, A. B. Richtmann, W. M. Milwaukee-- Berghoefer, V. A. Berringer, S. H. Bowers, A. F. Brown, W. H. Cook, H. R. Dannies, F. R. Downey, F. E. Downey. P. C. Ellis. H. W. Goethel, A. C. Grassier, E. Jackson, C. H. Jones, E. A. Jung, J. S. Juttner, O. J. Knab, E. A. Lovegren, H. M. Meadows, F. H. . Miller, C. W. Miller, H. M. Mueller, P. E. Noll, W. F. Olson, R. G. Ostrander, L. F. Randolph. C. H. Schwab, H. E. Ver Halen, E. T. weimer, r. v. Wilson, W. H. Wolf, J. C. Worthing, E. Oshkosh-- Paterson, G. E. Racine-- Dixon, A. G. Rice. C.J. Thomas, N. A. Superior-- Eddy, W. H. Jarvis. G. E. Wausau-- Bassler, E. M. Wauwatosa-- Page, H. W. Zuehlke, R. West Allis-- . Erickson, M. E. Wisconsin Rapids-- Eron, L. J. , S3 x American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1929 FOREIGN COUNTRIES CANADA Calgary, Alberta-- Clarke. S. & Walker, A. Edmonton, AlbertaKelly, H. Latham, G. Galt, Ont.-- Evans, J. McCaffrey. H. G. Guelph-- Taylor, M. A. Halifax, N. S.-- Eagar, R. F. Islington, Ont.-- Wilson, G. T. -Kingston, Out.-- Arkley, L. M. Druce, J. J. London, Ont.-- Coliver, G. L. Flett, H. R. Gaby, F. A. Harrington, C. Henion, H. D. Leitch, A. S. McHenry, R. W. M. McMichael, P. Mackenzie, J. J. Millar, R. J. O'Neill, J. W. Paterson, J. S. Peterkin, S. M. Playfair, G. A. Purdy, A. K. Shears. M. W. Sheffield. E. B. Sheppard. W. G. - Thomas, M. F. Watson, M. B. Wood. J. S. St. John, N. B.-- Campbell, J. P. Vancouver, B. C.-- Blake, A. H. Givin, A. W. Johnston, R. E. Leek. W. McCreery, H. J. Victoria, B. C.-- Sheret, A. Montreal, Que.-- Friedman, F. J. Higgfnsfr. J- Kastello, A. LaPrairie. C. . Linton, J. P. McGrail, T. E. Osborne. G. H. Windsor, Ont.-- Perinock, W. B. Storey. G. C. Winnipeg, Man.-- Jones, B. G. Kirk. C. D. Mackie, J. Ottawa, Ont.-- Gray, G. A. Quebec, Que.-- Dube, W. Wiggs, G. L. BELGIUM Brussels-- Mautsch, R. CHINA Sault Ste. Marie, Ont.-- Wilson, W. S. Shanghai-- ' - Cooper. T. R. Toronto, Ont.-- Addy, E. Angus, H. H. Bin-eU. A. L. BlackhaU, W. R. Doughty. C. J. Hauss. C. F. Loh,,N.-S. Merritt. C. J. Portrude, W. M. Boddington, W. P. Church, H. J. Clifton. W. F. South Manchuria-- Katsumoto, E. Cole. G. E. Dickey. A. J. _ Tientsin-- Dolan, E. M. ' Baker, H. W. H. DENMARK IRELAND Copenhagen-- Reck. W. E. Cork-- Barry, P. I. Smedegade, Slagelse-- Ulrich, K. F. JAPAN ENGLAND Hull-- Hill. E, G. T. Leeds-- Jennins, H. H. Leicester-- Nesbit, D. M. Liverpool-- Atkinson, R. E. Honiball, C. R. London-- Barker, A. H. Groom, S. L. Herring, E. Nobbs. W. W. Russell, J. N. Manchester-- Chadwick. J. B. Yates. W. Stockport-- Webb. J. M. Sunderland-- Vaux, N. Trowbridge-- Haden, G. N. Haden, W. N. York-- Fryer, F. G. Tokyo-- Fukul, K. Kitaura, S. Sekido, K. Shinohara, S. Shozo, S. Yamasaki, K. MEXICO Yucatan-- Croft. T. NEW ZEALAND Dunedin-- Davies, G. W. NORWAY Christiania-- Tjersland, A. RUSSIA Petrograd-- S&kouta, M. L. SOUTH AMERICA FRANCE Paris-- Barre, L. S. Beaurrienne, A; Downe, H. S. Modiano, R. ' GERMANY Santiago, Chile-- Carrasco, S. . SWEDEN Stockholm-- Theorell. H. G. T. Dessau-- Junkers, H. Stuttgart-- Klein, A. R. SWITZERLAND ----------- Winterthur-- Meier, K. 54 . PAST OFFICERS American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers 1894 President____ __ Edward P. Bates 1st Vice-PresidentWin. M. Mackay 2nd Vice-President____-....... .... ,,Wiltsie F. Wolfe 3rd Vice-President__ _Chas. S. Onderdonk TreasurerJudson A. Goodrich SecretaryL. H. Hart 1898 President_____________________ ______ Wiltsie F. Wolfe 1st Vice-Presidents--_________ _________ J. H. Kinealy 2nd Vice-President___________ _________ A. E. Kenrick 3rd Vice-President___________ ---------------- John A. Fish Treasurer_____________________ __ Judson A. Goodrich Secretary _..^_Stewart A. JeUett Board of Managers Chairman, Fred P. Smith Henry Adams A. A. Cary Hugh J. Barron James A. Harding Edward P. Bates, Pres. L. H. Hart, Secy. Council Chairman, R. C. Carpenter Albert A. Cryer . Chas. W. Newton F. W. Foster Ulysses G. Scollay.. Secy. 1895 PresidentStewart A. JeUett ' 1st Vice-Presidents_______ ________Wm. M. Mackay 2nd Vice-President_________ ____ Chas. S. Onderdonk 3rd Vice-President:D. M. Quay Treasurer------------------------------------Judson A. Goodrich Secretary.... .......... ...................... .................... - L. H. Hart Board of Managers Chairman', James A. Harding Geo. B. Cobb Ulysses G. Scollay Wm. McMannis B. F. Stangland Stewart A. JeUett. Pres. L. H. Hart, Secy. Council Chairman, R. C. Carpenter Henry Adams T. J. Waters Edward P. Bates. Albert A. Cryer, Secy. 1896 PresidentR. C. Carpenter 1st Vice-President____ ___ ' _____ ___ D. M. Quay 2nd Vice-President_______ _____ Rdurard P. Bates 3rd Vice-PresidentF. W. Foster Treasurer-------- ,,,,-------------------------Judson A. Goodrich Secretary----------------------------------------------------_L. H. Hart Board of Managers Chairman, Wm. M. Mackay Hugh J. Barron Stewart A. JeUett W. S. Hadaway.. Jr. Wiltsie F. Wolfe R. C. Carpenter, Pres. L. H. Hart, Secy. ` Council Chairman, A. A. Cary Albert A. Cryer . B. F. Stangland Wro. McMannis J. J. Blackmore, Secy. President__ __ ______ 1st Vice-President 2nd Vice-President. 3rd Vice-President" Treasurer__________ Secretary___________ 1897 ____________ Wm. M. Mackay _________________ H. D. Crane ...... ......................Henry Adams ___ j___________ A. E Kenrick -------------- Judson A. Goodrich _____________ H. M. Swetland . Board of Managers Chairman, R. C. Carpenter Edward P. Bates ; Stewart A. JeUett W. S. Hadaway, jr. WUtsie F. Wolfe Wm. M. Mackay, Pres. H. M. Swetland, Secy. Council . Chairman, Albert A. Cryer John A. Fish James Mackay Wm. McMannis . B. F. Stangland Board of Managers Chairman, Wm. M. Mackay Thomas Barwick A. C. Mott John A. Connolly Francis A. Williams WUtsie F. Wolfe, Pres. Stewart A. JeUett, Secy. Council Chairman, R. C. Carpenter Henry Adams W. S. Hadaway, Jr. Albert A. Cryer- Wm. McMannis Wiltsie F. Wolfe, Pres. Stewart A. JeUett, Secy. 1899 President___ _____________ ___ ________ Hpnry Adams 1st Vice-PresidentD. M. Quay 2nd Vice-President_____ .... .A. E. Kenrick 3rd Vice-President.......... ........ ........Francis A. Williams TreasurerJudson A. Goodrich Secretary.:______________ Wm. M. Mackay Board of Managers Chairman, Stewart A. JeUett B. H. Carpenter Wm. Kent A. A. Cary WUtsie F. Wolfe Henry Adams, Pres. Wm. M. Mackay, Secy. ' Council . . Chairman, R. C. Carpenter John Gormly Wm. McMannis W. S. Hadaway. Jr. B. F. Stangland Henry Adams. Pres. Wm. M. Mackay, Secy. 1900 PresidentD. M. Quay 1st Vice-PresidentA. E. Kenrick 2nd Vice-PresidentFrancis A. Williams TreasurerJudson A. Goodrich Secretary____________________________Wm. M. Mackay Board of Governors Chairman, D. M. Quay Wm. Kent, Vice-Chm. D. M. Nesbit R. C. Carpenter C. B. J. Snyder John Gormly Wm. M. Mackay, Secy. President__________ 1st Vice-President". 2nd Vice-President.. Treasurer____ !______ Secretary___________ 1901 J. H. Kinealy _A. E. Kenrick Andrew Harvey Judson A. Goodrich ____________ Wm. M. Mackay Board ol Chairman, J. H. Kinealy Wm. Kent, Vice-Chm. John Gormly R. C. Carpenter C. B. J. Snyder R. P. Bolton Wm. M. Mackay, Secy. ' 55 American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1929 President____________ 1st Vice-President-- tnd Vice-President-- Treasurer___________ Secretary____________ 1902 __ A. E. Kenrick .Andrew Harvey ..Robert C. Clarkson ..Judson A. Goodrich . ____Wm. M. Mackay Board of Governors Chairman. A. E. Kenrick John Gormly, Vice-Ckm. J. H. Kinealy R. C. Carpenter C. B. J. Snyder Wm. Kent Wm. M. Mackay; Secy. 1907 President_ 1st Vice-President____________ tnd Vice-President___________ Treasurer..-.............. ;_________... Secretary......_________________ ____C. B. J. Snyder _____ James Mackay ______Wm. G. Snow .Ulysses G. Scollay ....Wm, M. Mackay Board of Governors ' Chairman, C. B. J. Snyder - James Mackay.Vice-Chm. Frank K. Chew R. E. Atkinson A. B. Franklin R. C. Carpenter Edmund F. Capron Wm. G. Snow Wm. M. Mackay, Secy. 1903 . H. D. Crane 1st Vice-President__ ____ Wm. Kent tnd Vice-Presidents ,,R P. Bolton Treasurer_______________ Judson A. Goodrich Secretary________________ .Wm. M. Mackay Board of Governors Chairman, H. D. Crane C. B. J. Snyder, Vice-Chm. A. E. Kenrick . R. C. Carpenter Geo. Mehring John Gormly Wm. M. Mackay Secy. ___ James Mackay 1st Vice-President__ ..Jas. D. Hoffman tnd Vice-President-- _B. F. Stangland Treasurer___________ ____________ Ulysses G. Scollay Secretary____________ Wm. M. Mackay Board of Governors Chairman, James Mackay Jas. D. Hoffman, Vice-Chm. John F. Hale B. F. Stangland August Kehm . R. C. Carpenter C. B. J. Snyder Frank K. Chew Wm. M. Mackay, Secy. . 1904 President--------------------------------------------Andrew Harvey -1st Vice-PresidentJohn Gormly tnd Vice-PresidentRobert C. Clarkson Treasurer------------ ----.----------------- Ulysses G. Scollay Secretary. Wm. M. Mackay Board of Governors Chairman, Andrew Harvey John Gormly H. D. Crane Robert C. Clarkson A. E. -Kenrick J. J. Blackmore C- B. J. Snyder R. C. Carpenter Wm. M. Mackay, Secy. 1st Vice-President___________ tnd Vice-President. Treasurer_____ _______________ Secretary____ ________________ .. _____ Wm. G. Snow ______ August Kehm _____ B. S. Harrison -Ulysses G. Scollay Wm. M. Mackay Board of Governors Chairman, Wm. G. Snow August Kehm, Vice-Chm. Samuel R. Lewis John R. Allen James Mackay R. C. Carpenter B. F. Stangland . B. S. Harrison . Wm. M. Mackay, Secy. President__ __ --___ 1st Vice-President__ tnd Vice-PresidentTreasurer............... .. Secretary.___________ -Wm. Kent -R. P. Bolton ____ C. B. J. Snyder --Ulysses G- Scollay __ Wm. M. Mackay Board of Governors . Chairman, Wm. Kent R. P. Bolton James Mackay C. B. J. Snyder B. F. Stangland B. H. Carpenter J. C. F. Trachsel A. B. Franklin Wm. M. Mackay, Secy. President_____________ 1st Vice-President-__ tnd Vice-President___ Treasurer__ ;__________ Secretary_____________ -Jas. D. Hoffman _____ R. P. Bolton ..Samuel R. Lewis ..Ulysses G. Scollay __Wm. M. Mackay Board of Governors Chairman, .Jas. D. Hoffman R. P. Bolton, Vice-Chm. John F. Hale Geo. W. Barr Samuel R. Lewis R. C. Carpenter James Mackay Judson A..Goodrich ' Wm. M. Mackay, Secy. 1st Vice-President._ tnd Vice-Presidents Treasurer..-__ ____ - Secretary____________ ----John Gormly -C. B. J. Snyder -T. J. Waters -Ulysses G. Scollay __Wm. M. Mackay Board of Governors Chairman, John Gormly . C. BJJ. Snyder,Vice-Chm. James Mackay R. C. Carpenter B. F. Stangland . Frank K. Chew T. J. Waters A. B. Franklin Wm. M. Mackay, Secy. 1911 Presidents _R. P. Bolton 1st Vice-President.... ......... .... .................... John R. Allen tnd Vice-President_______________ ___ A. B. Franklin' Treasurer__ ___________________ Ulysses G. Scollay Secretary_______________ _____ ________Wm. W. Macon - Board of Governors . Chairman, R. P. Bolton . John R. Allen, Vice-Chm. A. B. Franklin John T. Bradley Jas. D. Hoffman R. C. Carpenter August Kehm James H. Davis Wm. W. Macon, Secy. 56 Roll of Membership 1912 President-------- ------------ ----- -------------- John R. Allen 1st Vice-President--John F. Hale tnd Vice-President.Edmund F. Capron TreasurerJames A. Donnelly Secretary_______________ ______ _______ Wm. W. Macon Board of Governors Chairman, John R. Allen John F. Hale, Vice-Chm. Edmund F. Capron R. P. Bolton Jas. D. Hoffman Dwight D. Kimball Samuel R. Lewis Wm. M. Mackay Wm. W. Macon, Secy. 1916 .. President___ ____ --_____ --_____ Harry M. Hart 1st Vice-PresidentFrank T. Chapman tnd Vice-President-,,______________ Arthur K. Ohmes Treasurer____ ____ __-__________________Homer Addams SecretaryCasin W. Obert Council Chairman, Harry M. Hart F. T. Chapman,Fce-Chm. Homer Addams Charles R. Bishop Frank I. Cooper Milton W. Franklin E. Vernon Hill Dwight D. Kimball Henry C. Meyer, Jr. Arthur K. Ohmes Fred R. Still Walter S. Timmis Casin W. Obert, Secy. . 1913 PresidentJohn F. Hale - 1st Vice-PresidentA. B. Franklin tnd Vice-PresidentEdmund F. Capron . TreasurerJames A. Donnelly Secretary........ .............................................. Edwin A. Scott Board of Governors Chairman, John F. Hale A. B. Franklin,Vtce-CAm. * John R. Allen Edmund F. Capron R. P. Bolton. Frank T. Chapman . Ralph Collamore James A. Donnelly Dwight D. Kimball Wm. W. Macon James M. Stannard Theodore Weinshank Edwin A. Scott, Secy. 1917 President........... ........... ..... -- 1st Vice-President____________ tnd Vice-President___________ Treasurer--___________________ Secretary_____ ------------------- -- ___ J. Irvine Lyle Arthur K. Ohmes ______Fred R. Still __ Homer Addams __ Casin W. Obert Council Chairman, J. Irvine Lyle A. K. Ohmes, Vice-Chm. Homer Addams Davis S. Boyden Harry M. Hart E. Vernon Hill James M. Stannard Bert C. Davis Milton W. Franklin Charles A. Fuller Fred R. Still Walter S. Timmis Casin W. Obert, Secy. 1914 president Samuel R. Lewis 1st Vice-President..-Edmund F. Capron tnd Vice-PresidentDwight D. Kimball Treasurer___--....... ......................--James A. Donnelly SecretaryJ. J. Blackmore Council Chairman, Samuel R. Lewis E. F. Capron, V.ice-Chm, Dwight >. Kimball John R. Allen Frank T. Chapman Frank I. Cooper James A. Donnelly John F. Hale Harry M. Hart Frank G. McCann Wm. W. Macon James M. Stannard. J. J. Blackmore, Secy. President 1st Vice-President-- tnd Vice-President. Treasurer.__________ Secretary.................. - ______ Fred R. Still .Walter S. Timmis ____E. Vernon Hill .....Homer Addams ___Casin W. Obert Council Chairman, Fred R. Still W. S. Timmis, Vice-Chm. J. Irvine Lyle Homer Addams E. Vernon Hill William H. Driscoll Frank G. Phegley Howard H. Fielding Fred. W. Powers H. P. Gant Champlain L. Riley C. W. Kimball Casin W. Obert, Secy. 1915 President............ ................ --........... -Dwight D. Kimball 1st Vice-PresidentHarry M. Hart tnd Vice-PresidentFrank T. Chapman TreasurerJ Homer Addams Secretary._____________________________J. J. Blackmore Council Chairman, Dwight D. Kimball Harry M. Haxt,Vice-Chm. Samuel R. Lewis Homer Addams Frank T. Chapman . Frank G. McCann J. T. J. Mellon Frank I. Cooper E. Vernon Hill . Henry C. Meyer, Jr. Arthur K. Ohmes Wm. M. Kingsbury. J. J. Blackmore, Secy. 1919 President--------------------- ____________Walter S. Timmis 1st Vice-President_____ E. Vernon Hill tnd Vice-President-__ ________ Milton W. Franklin Treasurer.______ -------- ______ Homer Addams Secretary,,........................ Casin W. Obert Council Chairman, Walter S. Timmis E. Vernon HiU, Vice-Chm. Frank G. Phegley Homer Addams Fred. W. Powers Howard H; Fielding Robt. W. Pryor, Jr. Milton W. Franklin Champlain L. Riley Harry E. Gerrish Fred .R. Still George B. Nichols Casin W. Obert, Secy. 57 / American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1929 President..___ . ... 1st Vice-Presidents Snd Vice-President,Treasurer____________ Secretary 1920 -E. Vernon Hill ..Champlain L. Riley _______Jay R. McColl ______Homer Addams ______Casin W. Obert Council Chairman, E. Vernon Hill C. L. Riley, Vice-Chm. Jay R. McColl Homer Addams George B. Nichols Jos. A. Cutler Robt. W. Pryor,'Jr Wm. H. Driscoll W. S. Timmis A. C. Edgar Perry West Alfred Kellogg Casin W. Obert, Secy. President___________ 1st Vice-President Snd Vice-Presidents. Treasurer______ Secretary_______ 1921 -Champlain L. Riley ___ ____JayR._McColl -H. P. Gant _Homer Addams -Casin W. Obert Council Chairman, Champlain L. Riley Jay R. McColl, Vice-Chm. E. S. Hallett Homer Addams E. Vernon Hill Jos. A. Cutler Alfred Kellogg Samuel E. Dibble E. E. McNair Wm. H. Driscoll Perry West H. P. Gant . Casin W. Obert, Secy. 1922 President_____ .Jay R. McColl 1st Vice-Presidents...... _H. P. Gant End Vice-President____ ------------ Samuel E. Dibble Treasurer --------- ------ Homer Addams Secretary______ ----------------Casin W. Obert . Council Chairman, Jay R. McColl H. P. Gant, Vice-Chm. . , L. A. Harding Homer Addams E. E. McNair . Jos. A, Cutler H. J. Meyer Samuel E. Dibble C. L. Riley . Wm. H. Driscoll Perry West E. S. Hallett ' Casin W. Obert, Secy. President.. _______S. E. Dibble 1st Vice-President_________ __Wm. H. Driscoll Snd Vice-President________ ,,F. Paul Anderson Treasurer^ ..Perry West Secretary....... ................. ............................. F. C. Houghten Council Chairman. S. . Dibble Wm. H. Driscoll, Vice-Chm. W. T. Jones Homer Addams Thornton Lewis F. Paul Anderson J. H. Walker W. H. Carrier Perry West kAE. .CGuitlllehram A. C. Willard F. C. Houghten, Secy. President... . 1st Vice-President._ Snd Vice-Presidents. Treasurer___________ Secretary.___________ ........ W. H. Driscoll -F. Paul Anderson _____A. C. Willard ____ W. E. Gillham ..A. V. Hutchinson Council ' Chairman, W. H. Driscoll nderson. Vice-Chm C. V. Haynes W. T. Jones //V\ E. B. Langenberg v* \ Thornton Lewis J. F. Mclntire . C. Willard .F. Paul Anderson 1st 1 ..............Ji. C. Willard Snd Vice-President .........Thornton Lewis Treasurer_ W. E. Gillham Secretary........ ............ .............................A. V. Hutchinson Presidents 1st Vice-President__ Snd Vice-Presidents Treasurer__ ;________ Secretary_______ 1923 ----------H. P. Gant ___Homer Addams _____E. E. McNair -.Wm. H. Driscoll ______ C. W. Obert Council Chairman, H. P. Gant Homer Addams, Vice-Chm. E. S. Hallett W. H. Carrier Alfred Kellogg J. A. Cutler' Thornton Lewis S. E. Dibble E. E. McNair Wm. H. Driscoll Perry West N . Casin W. Obert, Secy. 1st Vice-President___ Snd Vice-presidents_ Treasurer____________ Secretary 1924 .Homer Addams . S. E. Dibble ..\$Uliam H. Driscoll __________ Perry West -------- F. C. Houghten Council Chairman, Homer Addams S. E. Dibble. Vice-Chm. W. E. Gillham F. Paul Anderson. L. A. Harding W. H. Carrier Alfred Kellogg J. A. Cutler . Thornton Lewis William H. Driscoll Perry West , H. P. Gant F. C. Houghten, Secy. Council Chairman, F. Paul Anderson A. C. Willard, Vice-Chm. H. H. Angus W. H. Carrier W. H. Driscoll Roswell Farnham H. H. Fielding W. E. Gillham C. V. Haynes . John Howatt W. T. Jones J. J. Kissick E. B. Langenberg Thornton Lewis J. F. Mclntire. H. Lee Moore F. B. Rowley 1928 President...... ..........................-.......................A. C. Willard 1st Vice-President....................................Thornton Lewis Snd Vice-President........... ................... ......L. A. Harding Treasurer...................................................... W. E. Gillham Secretary......................................... ......... A. V. Hutchinson Council ... Chairman, A. C. Willard Thornton Lewis, Vice-Chm.' F. Paul Anderson H. H. Angus W. H. Carrier N. W. Downes Roswell Farnham C. V. Haynes John Howatt' W. T. Jones J. J. Kissick E. B. Langenberg ' J. F. Mclntire H. Lee Moore F. B. Rowley 58