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FILE NAME Armco ARM DATE 1933 DOC ARM005 DOCUMENT DESCRIPTION Transactions of the National Safety Council PLAINTIFF'S EXHIBIT ! { 1933 TRANSACTIONS National Safety ~~ . Council , Incorporated TWENTY ANNUAL SAFETY CONGRESS Chicago Illinois October 2 to October 6 1933 The Stevens Hotel Copyright 1954 National Safety Council Inc. ieShey siseae ELE yeN<tn f R be ae f' $s} Ten ve . EXmieAAG Ay Day Cp orga Se -) Reatba iety Che i aac apy Plan of Publication . THE TRANSACTIONS of the Twenty Congress of National Council tunes Safety are published in wo vol The first smaller the containing General Su ject and the Industrial the General the Industrial Section sessions is a smaller voluine supplemented by Hip away away Tralle containing Section the sessions of the Street and S.if y Section Education Section the Child Tralle Child Education Education and llome ord division papers of TheThe session each session or division of the Congress , breviate or delete with care and discernment to ab- edited sults delete the the less essential portions portions and the concise and for concise re- presented complete study and reference Although sense that not readable intersting the intersing every word is reproduced it is a , interesting record which emphasizes emphasizes , paparrttss of each emphasizes the memorable paper and original manuscripts Council address on file in thethe Council Library The available are Library as desired available for aditional additional reference k a) ALTHOUGH National yn endeavors iminateTHE Safety Council from discussion at its to eli- which are conventions matters +, not pertinent to its purposes or which are san for the viewsviews discusions expressed either in the papers discussions thercon ; papers presented or the i! CONTENTS ' Directors Council Officers and be eeeneae sep eet eee Council Purposes and Policies .....cccccccssaccee Annual Meeting of Members av seeceneees . PAGE wee testers vewneee 1 9 H Banquet Dance and 21 0.0.0.0 vee Subject Sessions Accident Records peter Dermatitis sce e eee ees .........- Peden Dust Problem in Industry : oe cette rrerace eee eeve te e es 23 eee eees vee ceone 31 ne 37 Falls of Persons 45 Fire Prevention 51 Handling Materials 59 Hoisting eeenadee 63 Maintaining Interest in Safety 69 Practical Medical Program for Industry . . 75 Industrial Nursing 83 Safety Equipment seve 91 Safety Organization and Program Len eeeeee oseeeveese 107 Safe Use of Chemicals in Industry Safe Use of Electricity in Industry . The Eye and Its Relation to Safety Mental Training for Safety ede eee eacecet etter napenrees seccceoeee 141 Accident Prevention Equipment Manufacturers Section Aeronautical Section 6... eee eee e carte tenes A. S. Engineering Section eee c cece cease Automotive and Machine Shop Section Section Cement fevecernane Chemical Section eee eeeaes Construction Section Delivery Taxicab and Bus Section Electric Railway Section Food Section sees Marine Section 0. eee Leather tb aveneeeceons Meat Packing Tanning and Leather Industries Metals Section tees enbaneeeeacceceeee , Ved eeweeerares wecese 307 Mining Section bocce ereenetecececeneserens 325 Paper and Pulp Section . 343 Section Petroleum rene ......ccasceen Quarry Section Section Refrigeration Section vee eeeenensennae saeees Refrigeration Section Se een Rubber Section Se eee ate e treme e ere e ne ccm mnea eer steeeens Safety Section Steam Railroad Section NSC ee eenees Textile Section fa vererevecees ater t ener ecm nccaeenes ee Woodworking and Lumber Manufacturing Section etenes Index cece vee eee tb r der car e en ete e ater eneetecenee 439 479 . 485 x Twenty Congress Congress National Safety Conneil A. Divast Safety Division Syracuse Chamber of W. H. CAMERON National Commerce .. Safety Council Romiar 1. CatTIN Actua Life Insurance Company Frank II Cocak Marine Section Wirt Cearth Marshall Field & Company A. Find Chair Safety Department Nashville Chamber 4. E. Celtisty Bethlehem Steel of Commerce Company UPWARD DANA Boston Elevated Railway Railway A. Dwinsex Dwinsex Consulting Consulting Engineer LitLori Davis Monychis Safety Council ich H. Davis Blackstone Valley Safety Council W. Dawt y Dawt y Refrigeration Section Hartes D. Dawsox Grand Rapids Safety Council Ewig A. Blois Consulting Engineer sy E Decker Mason City Safety Council ames B. Douglas The Philadelphia Gas Works Company Dr. Louis 1. Dustin Metropolitan Life Insurance Company TEARLES H. Easies Textile Section Tykky W. Ekins Meat Packing Tamming & Leather Industries Section D. Faxx~-lChicago Safety Council Ay A. Fisen Electric Railway Section onaj^"A. Fiskn inerToledo Safety Commeil uoysFitzgehalp Western Pennsylvania Safety Council owand B. Foxna Burrouglis Wellcome & Co. U.S.A. Inc. B. Fortves Lehigh Valley Safety Council G. GILSON Paper & Pulp Section Thomas W. Gosling Child Education Section riin M. Graves The General Cruslied Struc Company anny Guilfekt The Pullman Company stan Hale The Atchison Topeka & Santa Fe Railway Company T. Harmingtox United States Bureau of Mines T. Hehmutit Chicago North Shore & Milwaukee Railroad Company LAS HILL New York Central Lines stora G. HoiFSAs Street & Highway Traffic Section AUDE J Ding Albany Safety Council 1105 W. Howar Hulson County Safety Commeil miny D. Tarsier Pennsylvania Department of Labor & Industry Industry D. James James Manufacturing Company L. KESIS Power Press Section T. Kriter Detroit Industrial Safety Council V Kiser Pomsylvania Salt Manufacturing Manufacturing Company 315 W. Kluning Woodworking & Lumber Manufacturing Section ANKLIN M. Krimi Evanston Safety Council . L. LaFountaise LaFountaise Great Northern Railway Company axaro C. Lax~-nKnoxville Safety Council ink J. Lanaman Fort Pitt Malleable Iron Company G. Lickitig Eastbay Safety Council . ru W. Luote Employees Publication Section M. LITTLE New York Department of , Education Officers and Directors 1. A. Lewiax Madison County Safety Council Jons E. Long The Delaware & Hudson Railroad Corporation W. Low Rubber Section : W. R. Linyo Safety Division Hirmingham Chamber of Commercz H. Manux Fisk Rubber Company W. MATSON Minnesota Safety Council Paxton Mendelssohn Detroit Heway Mixeur Elizabeth Safety Council W. 5. Morliening Ft Wayne Safety Council Council K. B. Monty Industrial Accident Prevention Associations M. J. McCarthy Automotive & Machine Shop Section Milter McClintock Harvard University II McKenney Minois Steel Company South Works W. Nerr Accident Prevention Equipment Manufacturers Jons A. Oarty1 Carnegie Steel Company A. Orr Detroit Edison Company Lew R. PALMtest Equitable Life Assurance Striety Jos C. PARker Brooklyn Safety Council M. Prater Public Utilities Section Section C. Paynoxe American American Manual Liability Liability Insurance Company R. Pow Seattle Traffic & Safety Comeil * ALBERT S. Regula Industrial Relations Counselors Inc. Lt. Col. Hkxay A. Resinger Lehigh Portland Cement Company Maminus Ritfr Paterson Safety Council JOHN ROACH Chemical Section Charles 11. Ronosnx JR Baltimore Safety Council Tomas Kori Rochester Safety Council Jonk Russell JR Newark Safety Council Chas H. Ruru Delivery Taxical & Bus Section G. Saxiora General Electic Company G. Schaftxer Erie Safety Council 1. A. SCHENDEL Food Section Orto Schenk Wheeling Safety Council 11arny A. Schultz United States Steel Corporation . Charles R. Scort Bureau of Safety Inc. Lester D. Stystork American Airways Inc. Base S. Shantzer Utica Safety Council . Ges Jons H. Stemmurxe Massachusetts Safety Cuncil Dr. A. Shouny Bethlehem Steel Company E. L. Simonds Southern New England Telepluse Company Groute P. Sister Reading County Safety Comicil E. Lie Skeel Cleveland Safety Comicil C. W. Smith Standard Oil Company Company Indiana W. D. Sanri Delaware Safety Council R. T. Solexstex Elliott Service Company . W. Speight Peoria Safety Council C. Sruing Lansdale Pa George R. Stephens The Safety Bureau Buffalo Chamber of Lucies S. Stowns United Railways & Electric Company * noe Commerce =e detect. Act . . Pye ow oy S Twenty Congress Safety Council Alfred H. Swayne General Motors Corporation . Arthur M. Tone Consulting Marine Engineer W. W. Treven Schenectady Safety Commeil W. D. Turneville San Antonin Safety Council William F. Venen Rahway Safety Commeil Vincent Wakefield Kansas City Safety Council George H. Warfel Union Pacific Railroad Dr. H. Watson American Telephone & Company Hanry M. WeRBER Illinois Bell Telegraph Company S. E. WHITING Liberty Mutual Teleplione Company W. Insurance Company W. WWhiintannesy UNnaitoinonaClarBbuirdeeau& oCfarCabsounalCtoyrp&orSautrieotny Underwriters Dr. C.-E. A. WINSLOW Yale Medical School Harry Wise SR Chattanooga Safety Council M. Woltz Youngstown Sheet & Tube W. E. Wourn International Harvester Company F. J. Zauft Safety Bureau Duluth Company J. B. Zook Cement Section Chamber of Commerce , a r. of o* os - . fn op s LAr ty 3m (i s a . tS v : & : Und) ; f aime > 3 = y yt pf] Cy * e 2 ao #4 . b A Aaa ae ie P v y, ; A . ; q oe ey ' ener t : Be Ronee f The life nation rectly Tree ir essent Inse condit TINL the i indusi merer inclur Units nationi Th tailexi under - wauk Yurk .. ships - Thi a were a Pemer and t prevent accide examp Sin leatli Mulder 11 . cordes celt dveli veltici ing ru having munity - facts accid Since best s a. ee i ci . cet clothes etc ty in air uld be steriliza~-l from the hands he skin and openl im plenty of such -mning hot water ls for cleansing , before mentioned mal diseases and Important occupa- : upossible because ontinuous contact complete listing omplete chemical w processES . . istances that are a irritating a known irritating of .rk time of ex- surfaces Make free as possible the worker with ~ thly cleaned and H .iet and keep it . i | - and laundered . ; Mill Company : : vailable in com- . * Inads ich worker has | . d'equipntent d'equipntent bui * . thing into work Laner who does mpany time you . ill find that the in efficiency will will f . TWENSECT OND SEY COND SECOND ANNUAL ANNUAL ANNUAL SAFETY SAFETY SAFETY CONGRESS NATIONAL SAFETY COUNCIL CONGRESS : yee . Gy Dust Problem in Industry vost . EU- ws FRIDAY MORNING SESSION 14 _ 14 October 6 1933 The special session slevoted to a discussion of the dust problem in industry was called to order by J. R. Allan assistant manager Industrial Engineering and Construction Department International Harvester Company Chicago who presided He briefly outlined the purposes of the session and then presented the first speaker The Mechanical Control of Dust .. *-_ , : By E. O. JONES . oan O04 fee Consultant National Founders Association Chicago The speaker said in part During the last few years much has been written about the pathological effects of dust From this material there seems to be of some lack pathological types agreement among scientists as to the * effects of these their dangerous dimensions the length of time one must be of dust exposed to their mhala- of is dangerous tion the density concentration which and the extent to which they . are directly causative or contributory to disease foundry confrmoendtiecdalbeptrowfeeesnsion willing the industry who unioruinate the legal ethics ethics harbored It is that in the twilight are certain members of zone and and are advantage of these uncertainties and capitalize on them largely inr their When was with the accusation that own it there to take benefit health hazard took potential a its leaders immediately steps to study problem the eliciting the all with object of facts and determining upon the the procedure to eliminate causation This study has under a course of been some time but its proeviure presents many difficult problweamys in some localities for The mechanical control of dust is not our only problem nor does the accomplish ment of such control depend upon large expenditures of money We know from experience gradually human ingenuity will provide ways and means to this part - - . 7 But let us digress from the subjret to consider the amount dust we as indi- viduals create molder of of Take the for instance who goes to his bench at the He his day's work reaches for his air hose and starts the start day with its force everything he can from his by removing equipment In close proximity to his bench .. : , 37 > o e XN ; 3 ? xy 3 y 4 $B HERS 3 t, 3 9 : ee . bee AD very YS fe. A 5 y fe as 4 f co te fj SOY < iS; iy 4 " te : f $i 4) 5 r ais , "1G te." gestys- : -, ze i) y if Sy te Pit ; 3 r Ty Ae " a es LB AA G hfi bt ee a fe Brett + } 8 b 7 f ny: Cf be, f 9 3 Aya! Us oD Sf fats FE : ot . . . Ie reves eydere nf \ F na 4 i | Bl wehe aa | n : ; | Rs | if Re itl ae (Ki nm Il Me afd iM ned , "% t Me fy: 4 ; oh 38 Twenty National Safety Council ve on relies When take a the window sill in front of him you will usually find He will usually wet down his samt pile but seldom he is through with his shift he usually grabs the air compressed air bath a varied collection of his flour or gangway hose and proceeds to And we have the foundry laborer he has many menial tasks to perform When judged he sweeps or uses a shovel he by the atmosphere he creates seems to be of the opinion that his If he does sprinkle the floor it is efforts are usually done very sparingly Shake men and crane men seemingly give little attention to the results of their thoughtlessness Grab liickets are usually lited to the limit of their lift and then lumped Many companies have furnished equipment such as positive pressure helmets and respirators to ensployees who work in extremely dusty But it is surprising to note the apparent lack of interest on the part of ine whose protection this equipment is furnished atmospheres the employer From these remarks some may say Why shift the responsibility Not a bit We have merely cited these few facts as an indication that possilily we can improve the supervision If we make every man responsible for the cleanliness in the vicinity in which he works and every foreman responsible for his department and then in turn make the superintendent answer for the cleanliness of his shop we will not have to worry about the increase in labor cost After dust gets into the atmosphere it is of course very difficult and expensive to remove Keeping the foundry floor off the ceiling is a man job . Ventilation is problem everywhere A diligent survey of our existing emininent nay develop the fact that by small expenditures we ran improve conditions Inspect your arresting equipment See that the rapping device is in order that the screens are in good condition we suggest that they are rapped and the hoppers emptied regularly Repair any leaks in pipes See that the valves close properly Chutes should he kept in good repair and when emptying arrestors respirators sl~nulil be worn by the men whose duty it is to perform this work If reluse from the arrestors is not removed at once keep it in containers or wet down until is re- moved Above all watch your air velocities and make sure yini are removing at the source as much of the dust as the equipment was originally designed to do You - pay for the current the motor consumes to operate get the proper return for that ~ expenditure your suctions equipment therefore equipment De ^fintsture or allow sand in accumulate around your blasting Make sure you are reviving the proper air changes in your sandblast rooms Inspect your masks the amount of air purging througit The wearer is prone many times to just crack or partially open the valve and when this is done he is not getting the full protection for which the helmet was designed We suggest that the helmet be rentoved from the sandblast rooms anil stored at the end of the day in a tight cabinet instructing the wearer to clean before using In your cleaning rooms where tumbling barrels are used we deal again with air velocities Piping should be diligently inspected and kept in good repair Make sure traps are performing the service they were designed for It might be well to keep floors in this department wet down Remove the day's accumulation of refuse at the end of the day's rim When eyelones are useil make sure you are mit exhausting at the level of windows which may be opened in other parts of your plant We will have to look for further operation from the foundry equipment manu- facturers who serve our imlustry Equipment will have to be soldl us nut to *~ Pre Ny aa: hee Pn oD 2 SEDs teed hed 3 -s: 3 rare nae * ce . * Re erenceom are meet ex the egun regularis designed And w inuelr provided equipmen Our in For tlus is our de who have the actual In the it is impe precaution upon the ni all kne hope to a to employ industry How to a .Director .Director I The inp disease has sunjeet has extension u inscreasing disability d eliminating the dustine given dust - given quant font of air that is the Many inst and it may African inve pheric dust early as 19 AN SV": 2G s ; varied collection of this floor or Kangway inse and proceeds to 1. to perform ' When his efforts are judiza is usually done very very in the results of their * their lift and then as positive pressure * dusty atmospheres part of the employee sability Not a bit sibly we can intprove liness in the vicinity rtment and then in is shop we will not into the atmosphere ws the foundry floor . : : . i conditions Inspect in order that the and the hoppers lves close properly respirators should - li refuse from the koen until it is re- " are removing at esigned to do You ., quipment therefore 2 equipment Make oms Inspect your ne many times in is not getting the hat the helmet he in day in a tight cal again again with air repair Make sure be well to keep ition of refuse at are not exhausting or plant equipment mamit- sold to us net to - j : . : a . i ; iF, ; Dust Problem in Industry - 39 nicet existing cixles but as tight as human the equipment is installed it will be the ingenuity can design them After regularly inspected and purchaser's responsibility to see that it is maintained to perform the service for winch it designed - was originally maintained And we refer again in the employee's a foundry lie should be willing to responsibility When he elects to work in provided by his employer and it wilclosbiejpetrhaetepuarncihlasweera'rs the safety devices which are equipment is well cared for and responsibility to see that the Our industry is a hasie properly For this one and we hope that it will long continue to be reason we want to assure those who essential is our determination and hope that with are sitting on the side lines that it ae who have given so the help of those in the generously of their time in scientific study we medical profession the actual extent of the hazard - ran soon determine In the meantime while it is that many diverse opinions are being brought into imperative we give more than passive aereement precaution or improvement The assent to suggested measures of upon the diligent and accomplishment of worth while results depends active operation of of all known means of prevention and everyone control concerned and the utilization hope to accomplish an effective Only through united effort can we + employers to and program which will give maximum of advantage employees alike and industry will continue to dedicate its eatronesstuchanadn end we are confident the foundry conscientious efforts How to Determine the Dust Content of the Atmosphere in Dusty Industries . =. . , . Ge MS ak Director Industrial e By DR E. G. MEITER Hygiene Laboratory Employers Mutual _ Co. Milwaukee Wis 8 Liability Insurance curve The importance of disease has long been atmospherie dust as an agent in the causation of known However it is only within the last few respiratory subject has achieved medical and legal importance in extension of compensation laws to dusty industries years that this Because n^ the increasing number of include necupational diseases and througli an legal suits against industrial concerns ever- disability due to dust inhalation there is need for by employees claiming eliminating or otherwise a severe attack on the problem of combating the dust hazard the dustiness of the air ^ norder to intelligently control the amount of dust present given dust two factors are must be determined With a given quantity of air usually considered which 1 the number of dust particles in is usually expressed in millions of a fnot of air 2 particle usually particles per cubie that is the percentage less than expressed in a size frequency distribution stated size is plotted against the size of particles Instruments Used for Determining Atmospheric Dusts Many instruments have been deviseal for it be and may well to give a brief determining the dust concentration in air African historical review of this subject investigators began using the The South pheric dust in 1911 sugar tube method for the sampling oni atunis- Bureau the early as 1914. same method was used by the U. By this method a measured volume of the dust of Mines as air is passed through . . .. . . ys t+ A , Kd {i --ye I i- $ I i ^' 13 t f : ; $ ; x 2 f e, % ze : x i 3 : K. 4 RY ir ik : DATES 33 . ars ; 3 ale Q * F; ff 4 i Chico ane , 4 . : Ee ; gh u ; Ge a anes ue D e! \ TE % Sateen (3 . ; J ; 5 K : 3 * 7) - vy 1 P 4 xf Sus bey & N ay ){" CpXky 4 BS $3 ferro ae yeh C4 : Zine gi a sy iertee tts x Ds n ed aR Fy NSS YS f 40 Twenty Congress Safety Council ripe akive: sh ww oe Pe a tube containing granulated sugar which filters out the suspeniel dust At the laboratory the sugar is dissolved in water and the number of dust particles are deter mined by counting those in small volume of the sugar solution under This method of dust sampling had certain a microscope disadvantages the chief of which was the fact that the purest commercial sugar contained a certain introduced considerable quantity of dust which errors especially in those samples containing a low dust concentration To overcome the limitations of the sugar tude method various otlier devices were developed one of which was the Palmer consisted essentially of a shaped glass bulb the lowearppeanrdatoufs whTihcihs taeprpmainraatteuds in a tube or trap Suction was applied to the glass bulb by means of an electric exhaust fan and the volume of air measured by means of a Petot tube Dust cis- tilled water was put into the tube The air drawn through the in broke it up into a spray within the larger portion of the water the tran sampling hull which washed out and retained the dust The dust so obtained was analyzed by the usual methods The Palmer apparatus also had certain disadvantages the chief of which was that its eciencyas a dust catcher was low In the search for a more portable type of in- strument which at the same time would yield rapid results the South African in- vestigators introduced in 1916 a new instrument known as the Kotz^'konimeter The ko imetersamples dust by impinging a small volume of air against the surface of vaseline glass plate the vaseline serving to catch the dust a retained on the glass plate was then enunted under the particles The dust microsenpe at a suitable magnis fication The chief disadvantages of the konimeter are that in atmospheres containing a hich concentration of dust the spots are too dense to allow coimting the particles and the method cant therefore not be aised in such cases also manyindsiavmipdlueasl lind to be taken to secure a correct average determination in places where the dust concentration was variable A) screen light eye a such + It 10 lea maker by the are 11 and air ca 00C will f perso indief that a The outsiu conter Wiser ticles cul free cueda As a result of the different methods of dust determination being used by the differ- ll ent governmental bureaus and others it was soon found that the various samplin ence methods did not yield absolute results consequently some confusion arose in inter- ae ry m we preting the various dust studies In order to arrive at some liasis of comparisont the U. Bureau of Mines conducted a laboratory study of sampling instruments wer The results of this study were published in Public Health instruments Bulletin No. 144 entitled Comparative Tests of Instruments for Determining Atmospherie Dusts 1925 ce During the course of this study two of the investigators Dr. L. Greenburg an re W. Smith devised a new apparatus called the impinger In the comparative strie 6. 8 the dust colleeting ethriency of the impinger was found to be hight and in addition e method- offered several advantages over previous methods After several the meee e tions to meet special requirements this instrument was adopted by the FederamlodPiufbilciac } Health Service and Bureau of Mines as the standard technique for the sampline of ee dust in air The instrument has been used in the study of a number of dust res and is the commonly accepted method in trades use today ee t 5.250 As know throu merse Th with prines applia Whit | may gage The a knc TO Size of Dust Particles Taken into the Lungs cuhic e It has been observed from a study of silicotic lungs that most of the dust to th that have pengirated into the air saes are less than 10 microns in particles fe dutie ee= ( micron is 1000th of a millimeter or 2500th of an inch It is lgoenngeersatlldyimaegnrseieodn Alter place therefore that we need not bother with particles larger than 10 microns in se the concentration of measuring WI FS a dangerous dust Nant So that you may visualize the size of these small particles consider a 280 mesh clean 50 mi s Ry a aeay2 rte LORI TOT '^' 4b vv eof, SITS AY si RAWLS oR perp ne 2 Y 4 ) Hare } tate < ; ;Tye rN ppTips ty ett " ) e 4. Ve ated ah $5063 TRY; Ret tstttos Tk Conncil Indled dust At the particles are deter- inider a microscope - of which was the tatity of dust which staining a low dust ethod various other s This apparatus of which terminated maicans of an electric tube Dust dis- The water in the tran * Sulb which washed the usual methods 4 which was that its portable type of inSouth African in- l^'kontineter The inst the surface of a articles The dirst at suitable magni pheres containing eting the individual also many samples wes where the dust * ome, used by the differ- -oussampling eee en arose in inter- " of comparison the pling instruments meinm * No. 144 entitled oe me :: Dusts ( 1925 rceree G reenburg anj comparative sturly Te ind in addition the r several modifica- TA the Federal Public " th,, e sampling of er of dust trades the dust particles iongest dimension s generally agreed erons in measuring sider a 280 niesh OL oP vee ey | Dust Problem in Industry +1 sereen in which the screen openings are 50 mictins light an atmosphere In the absence of eye and therefore is containing these tiny partieles will apqwar clear to extremely deceptive such particles directly visible Only a powerful microscope a beam of the naked can make Fontent It is necessary therefore to make a to learn how badly polluted it microscopical examination of the atmosphere may be Larger particles such as naked eye are essentially harmless in the are visible to the causation of silicusis as these are caught by the membranes provided by nature in the nasal and other are eventually coughed up or eliminated before any damage irseqduoinraetory passages and andWhen small dust particles are dispersed in air they are carried about like settle out very slowly How long such particles will smoke air can be roughly determined from Stoke's law remain suspended in quiet Assuming a round particle to be one micron in diameter it can he calculafed by means of this will fall only 203 feet in 24 hours It law that such a particle can be persed into the air is seen therefore that any fine dust dis indefinite period not only a momentary hazard but remains in the air for This fact is often overlooked by workmen as it is an that as soon as the dust cloud is no longer visible all dust has usually assumed The term dusty working place is only a relative settled out outside of factories contains some dust one Most air both inside and It is therefore necessary to adopt a standard content for the dividing line between slightly dusty and dusty working Wisconsin dust cole prescribes a tentative figure of 15 places The ticles under 10 microns in longest dimensions with million countable dust par- a cubic foot of air free silica content of 35 per cent in filica as determined by Publie Health Service teclmique Variations in will make propertional inverse changes in this cordance with this standard The permissible enunt for standard In ac- 5.250,000 particles practically pure silica would he a . How Dust Samples are Collected electrically As mentioned previously the instrument used in known as the Impinger With this enflecting the dust samples is that through a glass tube and impinged instrument the air to be sampled is drawn at high velocity on a glass plate which is im mersed beneath a suitable liquid contained in the collecting flask The impineer therefore combines the principle of with a washing or bubbling method collecting dust by impinge^flnent principles The dust is tims and so possesses the advantages of both trapped and remains in the collecting liquid Suction is applied to the impinger by means of a steam ejector Where compressed air is not available a small operated by compressed air may be used The rate of air flow is measured either vacuum pump gage or an orifice flow meter by means of a small vac~-m~-m . The entire apparatus is calibrated before a known volume of air may be sampled use against a standard gas meter so that The rate of sampling is approxiniately one euhic foot of'air of'air per minute to the The collecting device is placed in close breathing level of the workmen involved while proximity duties so that air samples representing actual performing their respective After a sufficient volume of laden air working conditions may be obtained placed in a suitable container and has been sampled the collecting liquid is When the dust sample removed reaches to thethe talkoratory for the necessary analysis clean graduated flask through the laboratory the entire sample is filtered into a a niesli screen so that only partieles smaller 50 microns are permitted to pass particles larger than 50 micronts than are not considered = _vo <e a Ze s BESte he2ay ; Pee na e ] iy -. ~ =. Se. sows = i i . D | sae ey < : .. Wat) 28 ' REY Beh: . a3 ; 7 : : Aire : 1 : . ; Se + * ,, . =2 Ry} 58 | : ex} arate: fF Brats x . ws { , , +2 Twenty Congress Safety Council injurious and are therefore removed from the sample After proper dilution the contents of the graduated flask are thoroughly shaken so tlui a umform suspension je obtained and two portions of about one cubic centinicter are reinover with a pipette to just fill two Sedgwick counting cells The cells are allowed to stand at least 20 minutes and the dust particles are then counted by means of a microscope ; . The microscope wife an Able condenser is provided with an eyepiece micrometer a millimeter objective and a 7.X eyepiece The eyepiece micrometer has a large squire engraved on it and this square is divided into 100 squares one of which is further divided into 25 smaller squares The proper tube length of the microsenpe is determined by calibration with a stage micrometer so that a sule of the large square of the eyepiece covers 1 millimeter 1,000 microns the The large square of eyepiece micrometer therefore encloses the dust in an . area of one square millimeter and since the counting cell is one millimeter the dust suspenried in one enthie millimeter of the sample is under the ruled fideeldep Aallll partieles visually less than 10 microns in longest diameter in one quarter of the field are counted at five points on the cell maniely near the iour corners and the center Two cells of each dust sample are commited and the average of 10 enunts is obtained Control counts are subtracted from the average sample counts giving finally average net comits of the number of particles which are then calculated in terms of per culic font of air sampled particles j^/inegal cofiposition Having determined the concentration of dust particles less than 10 microus in diam- eter in given atmosphere it is also necessary to obtain information regarding the of the dust before any evaluation of the health hazard can he made , In general it may be said that the harmfulness of a quartz crntaining dust is usually in direct proportion to its s^>licaSiO content It is therefore neces- a sary to distinguish between free siliea that is the silica that occurs as quartz and combined silica ue the silica that is combined with other elements in the various silicate minerals It should be borne in mind therefore that the total silica in the customary chemical analysis is no measure of the reported amount of free silica The quartz content of fine dusts is usually determined by a combination petrographic and chemical methods Each dust presents individual of individual technique applies to all dusts regardless of their compporsoibtlieomns aTnhdosneo interested in this problem should consult Reprint No. 1560 of the Public Health Re- ports February 24 1933 entitled The Quantitative Determination of Quartz ( free silica in Dusts hv Adolph Knopi Professor of Physical Genlogy Yale and Consultant United States Public Health Service University >. Arig Peete Arig Jeo. Discussion of Dust Problems By DR LEONARD GREENBURG Yale University New Haven Conn speaker ; The said in part On the technical side of this . presented with twis problems you havehave been Hast : excellent papers hy Mr. Joues and Dr. Meiter There is little . that { should add from this point of view Perhaps the most valuable : that I can make is to contribution 9 : present to you my own personal view of the broader adminis r ' trative aspects of this problemi gained as a result of ? In order to do this this let in its many years of close contact simplest us analyze the problem in its simplest terms i we 3 o os a: 3 3 4 =z =f xv ry we * > 4 Bat, ca i A : if Lah si Satyras - ry ey, Lake 3 frye : says wae if PVT, 144, Pata RLY oN Saris eRT Be PRES fi MES res ee ., . STEa OL Date 4 eve SES ot + $ oe 9{ a eitaete ls wer . Tee TORO ee core . ~ y BS J ry % tee, . : ever La, 4;z. rf " ~ ag yf 2 Obed oe Ay @] vat ? ia 1) , Oy -45 BN i Rie Pt t be. mincil a rs proper dilutiom the + uniform suspension are removed with a cells are allowed to by means of a vepiece micrometer ronicter has a large one of which is fursi the microscope is : of the large square . ince the dust in an millimeter deep all the ruled field All quarter of the field rs and the center 20 counts is obtained ving finally average - in terms of partieles in liam- 10 microns in liammicrons 10 sation regarding the alth hazard can he containing . * containing dust is is therefore neces- curs as quartz and sents in the various ental silica reporter ni free silica of alcontbination no omposition Those - Public Health Re- of Quartz free .> Yale University - jem jem you have been er There is little duable contributions The broader adminis- es of close contact terms - Dust Problem in Industry 45 We may begin by agreeing that pulmonary fibrosis results from the inhalation i of certain dusts in known concentration concentration over a sufficient perival ni time This act : has been demonstrated repeatedly by means of industrial laboratory and pathological ! studies On this simple fact take it there is complete agreement : Such legitimate cases of disabling pulmonary fibrosis are field in many states to Is the res~-^/msibilityof the employer Further a perisal of the enmpensation laws makes it evident that there exists a decided trend in the direction of broadening the compensation acts throughout the Union for we find from time to time that additional states are being added to the list of those holding silicosis to be a com- i pensable disease We would certainly he Islimding ourselves to the faeis were we t not to admit the existence of this trend in social legislation It should lie imited out here that this is a very wholesome and desirable state of affairs The msurance principle has justified its existence in spreading the burden of ill fortune over a long period of freedom from catastrophie and surely in the ease of industrial accidents it has freed us from the deplorable state of affairs in existence prior to 1912. Int the case of the occupational diseases we may hope for equally satisfactory results Nevertheless compensation insurance is not the complete solution of the problem at band The mmily adequate means of avoiding the burden of silicosis is by the preven- tion of this disease All other methods do not touch the crux of the problem and carry if illness they their wake a vast amount of litigation and a large inancial burden on industry If what we have agrevil upon to this point is true is ridivinis H that industry mntist prevent the dissemination of dust in the workrowing air by such t adequate engineering techniques as are available or in certain cases where this ja~ inepossible industry est provide and force the worker to use sach means of persimal protection as will adojinitely safeguard him against the minalation of dust 3 It is only hy these means that we can guarantee a ^>nture free of disaliling pulmonary pulmonary , { disease due to dust inhalation a : In spite of the very best efforts of industry to solve this problem there will un- doubtedly be a certain number of cases hrought to the emiris and presented as : legitimate cases of silicosis While some of these are true cases ni silicosis others ' I have been informed are not but are designed merely as a means of uhtansing consideration of such logically from A second funds industry us cases brings to the the What is part of present discussion What the ideal method of handling compensation : cases with reference to occupational disease and more particularly silicosis particularly : we examine the development of the compensation acts we find that a technique designed primarily to adjudicate cases of industrial accidents has hy degrees been i i given jurisdiction over ocempational diseases In fact in some states diseases are . regarded as injuries so that they may be brought within the scope of the original . emmpensation acts But on close examination it becomes apparent that diseases are far more difficult to adjudicate than are the ordinary injuries arising in industry They present many teclusical facets and often require a detailed knowledge of this particular branch of medicine with which the average commissioner is very often unfamiliar As result we find in practice that the Court is presented with highly jechnical evidence by experts for the plaintiff and for the defendant which is very difficult if not impossible to satisfactorily evaluate Often the commissioner is caught between the conflicting views of such witnesses and is not provided with his own 1 experts to aid him in arriving at the real scientific background of the problem at ! hand . kaa | . . ' : Ny ; 3 2 G o 9 J tee cs 3) Chae: G - 4 L, 42 x Ky asians / . A Bg J . f: z . + se 2 es > te4 cA = ne Y Me ies 4 ANE, a : . iS 23 Bi } : J 4 ; Aa) oe igh 5 o ot owe P Par, ww ee; re Ia 1] mw Tas . ed oe. . > e ternd Vm.oe o oe PAL,nae=swe pe L8, > : ye. pod peeve Yi CIE aes we Vi 3 oat hati Pa J r t ' : | teny. \ ' is A OF al aks ht 1% ave :; oe i ; ! ! cag : eat wees koh ' * : fre oefrei : : >) : H MS Me SAA ! a ye ; ; ; f { , i) y nes ft ; x ff+32% 2 ! ! ee 9 , tes ft H Pen Mie t 3 : bh Tava : . Sy |: Peeg pal 4 : pees | 4 i ea |. 3 : 44 . Twenty-second Conyress NutionalCouncil Couneil What Twenty Twenty second Congress Congress Acts ty keep pace witt: dite Congress National Safety Council stde of What really need a strengthening the teclinical of compensation compensation to strengthening strengthening understanding understanding understanding compensation compensation occupational pace the increased the regarding regarding occupational occupational with diseases This cines accurately worded compensation themselves compensation but should define west the the promulgation promulgation accurately accurately compensation which the worded pair Compensation Compensation commissioners short! diseases for which compensation assisted assisted technical experts composed of commissioners the hy the hearts engineering schools and engineers appointed deans deans deans various various engineering The physicians appointed appointed very deans the recognized recognized medical schools conditions conditions th engineee rs engineevrsensteillecatteidonselected should physiciane physiccioanin-e cpohnyis-iccioamne e ventilation plete knowledge knowledge of factory field should industrial hygiene and occupational It Te as only such specialized specialized specialized boards boards occupational occupational equivalents the the compensation commissioners commissioners may be be able do complete their equivalents both sides in compensation compensation technical complete that employers as cases establishment these highly alike would benefit the belief speaker use and em- en. ployees alike hasten greatly the establishment establishment such such boards . establishment establishment establishment this system system employers justified ap- it pealing their legislatures legislatures this end in employers legitimate legitimate demand Ap- receive the hearty hearty support certainly . should Frequently Frequently one is all concerned concerned those claims demand on little asked should should done done worker which are based hase no evidence injury the which are merely reared by very enterprising enterprising enterprising attorney claims I have been told becoMNES reared very common and constitute Such Such problem industry industry alivious alivious becoMNES the compensation compensation suggested earlier as soon that that serve the advisory advisory boards suggested against type as they are formed formed future a healthy hulwark cases of baseless baseless and venture venture predict predict that few would favorably favorably upon suelt cases present time factory officials by board | employ the the of real experts this field the very best should reinforce employ reclinical the talent available versed the legal talent with cases : and medical medical experts experts thoroughly thoroughly to bear the field siliensis siliensis required have been fost failure a bring the requisite technical required prove hare Here is an the existence existence existence a the end hy increased excellent example case which which a a case whieh money may be saved in final expenditures We arrive at steps in the control this this the worker Every factory shunild problem employment employment aed ray examinations It seems oliviens have health routine pist examinations examinations placed on the that the burden the pre employment and worker How can plant without the privilege hire employment tie examination examination examination examination industry be legitimately worker worker the blind his her physical condition and then expected be expected expected shoulder shoulder the burden his worker's health physical physical examinations examinations examinations possible ta burden discern faint early deviations By repeated physical take . possible manner manner employer from normal health any In this manner would be forewarned routine workmen workmen showed lung lung suggestive suggestive early silicosis The industrial industrial industrial health examination 3 changes br^dd throughout the routine American industry on a public health procedure procedure major portion significance American constitute ON significance means tiun tion of major population would would aided in such prevention prevention large propher the degenerative degenerative degenerative diseases of middle middle life today constitutes menace menace the degenerative tliseases such 9 real ADJOURNMENT . . ADJOURNMENT . ; : , : ry - be ey . i per er ; Ch: 8 7 . : ' - : ! { ' . . ' . oly ! oO , . 6 ; Mee. 1 Ales t Inay thas. era be grain wane or |. gra run; T.. likew the + Nor * : the Mu : Ma. ladder to to . have : the te ' . a a tats PET REIS og a 3 hn) if x ue sf ; v " 33 : ; * ye i> ETE * ix rf 4 a a , rete Pt x HY dy tat: ; Raat ie . % ; rg ri ; R ; Y nhs hae ra, Seon ies ES . . : ' <5 Pa. 4 0 sively that the 2. would stimusety T^>mitest on each year in sm the past ning improvement in by five deaths rcentage basis Lance compares cident experirs ago the rub- was true but sa the National v able to prove best in severity ninth best in commitry The than the rubber industries al cost figures xperience ni a rublier goods te that during ut did not iresafety program My committ.es ulvisory comand pending ost was reduced And this was a .st of factories * textile mills in 1931 2 and er to get divie Inst the man- 17th more than vnt prevention ' coming down that he broke inctory that I Ling or leaving e ~ ey ee TWENTY TWENTY SECOND ANNUAL SAFETY SAFETY CONGRESS CONGRESS NATIONAL SAFETY COUNCIL et Se aee Safety Section A.R.A. Railroad Section N.S.C. Officers 1932-33 Charles F. Hill New York Central Lines New York First Chairman I_ LAFountaing Great City Minn Northern Railway Co. St. Paul . o SeCchoincdagVicoe Chairman A. Pautsti Chicago & North Western Railway Co. Secretary C. Caviston American Railway Assn New York Members Committee of Direction City . F. Hartenstein Lehigh Valley Railroad :) H. A. Rowe Delaware Lackawanna Bethlehem Pa :) N. Woodwand New York New & Western Railroad Co. New York City Comm Haven & Hartford Railroad New Haven a Ronent Scott Atlantic Coast Lines Railroad . O. Beck Canadian National Railway Co. Wilmington Montreal N. C. W. Cuntis Denver & Rio Grande Western Q. Canada G. Evans Louisville & Nashville Railway Railroad Denver Louisville F. Lausox Missouri Pacific Railroad St. Ky F. M. Metcalfe Northern Pacific Louis Se J. T. Pratt Rearling Co. RearlingRaPialway .Co. St. Paul Minn a me The complete report of these sessions is of the 13th Annual Meeting of the published in a booklet entitled Proceedings Railway Association Safety Section available from the merican ee em TUESDAY MORNING SESSION October 3 1933 me The sessions of the Safety Section American road Section National Safety Commeil Railway Association Rail with the Annual Congress of were held as a part of and in conjunction + the National Safety Council in the Stevens lintel ~ 439 es Dy wos ew esl, A re Cee OPO, : ~ 1 : kF ote ' { Hee fa Cah) oe 7 pie tes Ly |; i3 | j 14 . i ; a : | { entre Vv. i 3 . r e oi < . 7 Spare ran tae RE 7 4 : 43 V Vv4 ETN t C RayUN Mee ra WY:Wt TSerSy 3 tn : LR ? cS YEH ^' Hi [7 fad 5 $, ~ rha: SF ras ie } r : ; RS My 4 de Ly 85) aA! * : ef Vf, ay): AT One's 72 , Ue Ad Q wahoo WEG bg) if want a. 2 ree Hick uy 3 ors 8 te le ri ciaRet: ane Nzcoro ews renteae ve vyee by HN,oy t 8 prota 3. . PX : Sse I 5% Z =p Oty 2. v3 ne oe fs - - ie+. eure wem ems ts mt ome , \d pBiesl, Trvasie , e avid Ses : ge re me 2 oo cae oe arenaHeh}oe 3 * oR, OO ~ wyy nS,teow SOd bat boier kas toeas +2 ~ t e-. Cn mh ob . ee = 444 Twenty Congress Safety Council TUESDAY AFTERNOON SESSION October 3 1933 Address . By FREDERICK E. WILLIAMSON President New York Central Lines New York City The speaker said in part I got my first lesson in safety in a very trying way I was working in Utica and the yard was harly congested was working with a switch engine in the lower part of the yard and it was showing hard I was on top of a string of cars and I was trying to figure out how to get them out I swung down on a side ladder with my mind wholly intent on what I was trying to accomplish and stepped back on track No. there was a screech of a whistle and here suddenly was No. 3's engine about 50 feet away or so it seemed to me Instinctively I made a dive between this string of cars that was pulling out and I could just feel that pilot beam whistle by me and the engineer thought he had hit me He stopped and cante hack to find that I was all right but certainly I got a safety lesson from him in no uncertain words So I learned my first safety lesson by a shock and a scare Today however we have adopted another principle Now we are trying to teach the young men safety by rules by education rather than by letting them learn and narrow escapes that safety is essential You and the affiliated safety bureaus of the several railroads through experience . have taught us to miderstand that while you can't undo accidents that have happened you can see to it that no accident that does happen will be considered a closed bank mutil there is a thorough analysis of its cause with a view to the avoidance wherever possible of that same cause of succeeding accidents As we review the official records of the Interstate Commerce Commission we note with pride the progress of the American railroad in the reduction of accidents and all who are familiar with the subject recognize the large contribution of the Safety Section of the Association in that noteworthy achievement One of my distinguished predecessors in the presidency of the New York Central Lines was fond of saying that a railroad is composed of plant and personnel and that personmel represents 20 per cent of its value Much of the success of your * work is dependent upon a recognition of the large importance in safe railroading of the called Inman element You must consider and deal with a mental ap- prnach of ollicers and employees to all safety work It is nut enough that the physical plauts be cleared of lurking hazards nor is it enoughs that instructions as to the sale methods of operation be promulgated Both of these things of course are vital Of equal importance perhaps of larger importance is the molding of mental attitude toward safety movements and toward safety itself The number of accidents that are utterly unavoidable is surprisingly small Everything that is done to impress on all the frightful cost of accidents in life linib and money is yenman~- service We must eternally seek to instill in the minds of all a serious respect for safety measures and a dogged determination to do cach one his job not only well but safely Your section is now as it has been from its inception in the vanguard of that movement and it is but candid that I say to you that railroad executives generally congratulate and honor you for what you have done and are doing se START 2 ia[zs ek ane we mn ee emi.eee - ee mre 8 oe e te om ee on et ine ee en, Ae