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PT :i I am happy to have this opportunity to extend my congratulations to the Lead Industries Association for your sponsor ship of a production model of a battery powered electric delivery van. At this time, the development of vi able alternatives to gas consuming, air polluting motor vehicles is of vital im portance to the well-being of our nation and the entire world. Because of our great population den sity, the City of New York is deeply in terested in any advances made in this direction. I join with concerned citizens every where in awaiting new ways of meeting the energy and pollution crisis. I am ex pecting a report on this innovation from Transportation Administrator Michael Lazar, who is representing me at the demonstration of your project. I wish everyone involved in the spon sorship of this new concept continued success in your efforts to encourage and support the realization of new energy saving ideas. Sincerely, Abraham D. Beame Mayor, City of New York LIA26694 Lead first among recycled metal Recycled scrap battery lead is poured Into pigs, most ot which are used to produce new lead batteries. On a percentage basis, lead is first among all metals in recycling. Re Added to the number of passenger car batteries are the nearly 6.6 million non cycled lead produced by the secondary highway vehicle batteries produced dur industry accounted for at least 610,000 ing the same period. Such batteries are tons in 1972. according to the U.S. Bu used in (11 materials handling equip reau of Mines. Total L.S. production of ment such as forklift trucks and similar pig lead during 1972 was reported to be types of vehicles, and (2) in farming about 1.577.000 tons. In previous years, and construction equipment, lawn and before L ,S. mining operations were garden tools, boats and ships, recrea expanded, secondary lead production tional vehicles such as golf carts and exceeded domestic production of pri snowmobiles. mary lead. Adding to lead's advantages as far as Lead scrap is unique in that most of it comes from batteries, which require more lead than any other end-use appli cation for the metal. Approximately 65% of the lead produced by the sec ondary lead industry in 1972 came from scrapped batteries and this percentage is expected to increase. availability is concerned, is the fact that it can be continuously recycled. In fact, most of the lead that is recycled comes from "old," or previously re cycled scrap. According to the U. S. Bureau of Mines, the ratio of old scrap vs. new scrap during a recent 10-year period was 80% old and 20% new. The continuing growth of the secon It is estimated that at present, well dary lead industry can be seen by ex over a million tons of lead--which can amining production figures spanning the be compared to a huge, above-ground 10-year period beginning in 1958 when mine--is in the recycled lead inventory. 402,000 tons of secondary lead were A million ton lead inventory seems like a recovered. By 1968, the figure had huge amount until one considers the reached 550,000 tons--148,000 more millions of batteries being produced for than ten years earlier. An even more "ew cars each year, and the fact that dramatic growth rate was achieved from automotive batteries are replaced about 1968 to 1972 when secondary tonnage every three to four years. This insures a increased 145,000 tons. Each year of continued availability of the major increased secondary lead production has ^urce of supply for the secondary lead been marked by a corresponding in industry and it helps conserve ore re crease in battery production and in serves. creased use of scrap batteries. Some secondary lead producers ob tain as much as 80% of their scrap from batteries. They usually arrive in 40,000 lb. truck loads which consist of about a thousand average-size batteries. After unloading, the tops of the batteries are cut off by a guillotine and the lead plates are removed and stored in huge piles to await refining. Refined lead is assayed to determine its exact alloy content. The lead is usu ally molded into pigs and, more often than not, the pigs are shipped directly to a nearby battery manufacturer who de pends on recycled lead for most of his supply. Thus the lead once again enters the recycle market. In addition to use for batteries, re cycled lead and lead alloys are refined for use in tetraethyl lead gasoline addi tives, and for ammunition, caulking lead, cable covering, foil, die castings and lead type. Some of these end uses, particularly foil, lead type and cable covering, also are sources of lead scrap. L IA26695 3 Refinery solves major noise problems with lead sheets Complying with Occupational Safety and Health Act I OSHA) noise con work within the plant were the primary sources of noise. Corrective action called trol regulations can he a major problem for shrouding the noisy equipment in for large installations such as chemical thick layers of glass fiber and thin lay plants and oil refineries. Modifying ers of sheet lead, and then jacketing the huge, complex plant equipment for such noise shroud in heavy-gauge aluminum. installations often involves sizable ex In order to modify the gearboxes, pense and considerable downtime for the anchor pegs were bonded to gearbox equipment and a subsequent decrease in casings to support the 1.5--2-in. thick overall plant production. fiberglass layer. Bonding was chosen However, one major East Coast refinery over welding since the latter might have has demonstrated that the huge task of created a spark hazard in an area where modifying process and industrial equip large volumes of flammable materials ment can be accomplished without dis are processed. turbing the normal plant schedule. The Parkway Insulation Company, Hack refinery installed a combination of sheet ensack, N.J., installed the 3 and 6 lb. lead, glass fiber and aluminum on equip per cubic foot Ipcf) fiberglass and then ment. The result: noise levels were re covered it with sheet lead. Generally, duced to well within OSHA limits, and 2 lb. per sq. ft. (psf) (.0312-in. thick) plant operations continued undisturbed. of the sheet lead was used although The acoustical consulting firm of Don some 1 psf (.0156-in. thick) sheet lead ley, Miller and Nowikas, Upper Mont was also utilized on other parts of the clair, N.J., was engaged to pinpoint plant equipment. equipment noise problem areas and to Sound attenuation of such parts as design solutions. Their study revealed valve handles and gages was accom that gearboxes, blowers, steam chests plished by adding silicone rubber and and some sections of the giant pipe net aluminum sliding doors. Silicone rubber added to the valve handles and slid; aluminum doors covering them elim" t j nated potential sources of noise. Simi|ar doors combined with clear plastic Werf installed around gages. Enclosures for the blowers were 0f s different construction from the gear boxes and steam chest housings. Blowers 4 were first layered with glass fiber and sheet lead, then encased in sound insulated outer panels of aluminum, lead and glass fiber. Movable panels permit easy access to the equipment when re quired. Additional work is to be acoustically treated by wrapping equipment piping in glass fiber, sheet lead and aluminum jacketing. According to the refinery, the cost of the job was "under $10,000 for the large blower housing, and under $6,000 fot the gearboxes". Sound attenuating ma terials were installed by Bulldog Drummond Insulation Accessories, Inc., BeU. more, N.Y. Gearbox noise was reduced to levels permitted by OSHA. 4 Noise problem areas such as this largo steam chest were pinpointed by the acoustical consulting firm. LIA26696 Street construction sites silenced by sound enclosure i walk down a city street and wish P vou had ear plugs to block out the pitched noise coming from a streetconstruction site where a utility lf'` installing water, gas or telephone I ties' such an incident may soon be a thing ihe past >f experiments conducted by 0 control engineers of the Depart". nt of Environmental Control of the ( in of Chicago continue to prove sucss/ul. The engineers collaborated with Singer Partitions. Inc.. Chicago, one of l(,e nation's leading manufacturers of nois(. control products, to test a prototvpe noise control enclosure for utility installation and maintenance sites. The approach taken was to surround street|fyf| construction operations with sound reducing curtains so that noise could not jnnoy people in the area, Such installa tions also permit construction and main tenance work to be undertaken without having to worry about violating munici pal noise codes that almost every city has in effect. According to Singer Partitions, the utility construction site noise enclosure was designed to combine portability with simplicity of erection and maxi mum noise abatement. A key element of the noise control system was a leadloaded vinyl curtain wall suspended from a four-sided framework of heavy duty track that surrounds the construc tion site. Free-standing columns support (he overhead track containing steel ball bearing rollers which allow the curtain to move freely. The curtains are seg mented so that they can be easily stored for transporting from one site to an other. Men and equipment can move through the front, back or side openings as desired. A roof section, also com Lead-loaded vinyl is hung on heavy-duty rollers which are located at the top ot the framework. Workmen inside the noise enclosure cut a 12-In. diam. ductile water pipe. prised of lead-loaded vinyl, was placed over the top of the enclosure to insure a tight, noise-reducing system. The Chicago noise control experiment was carried out at a site on the city's well-known North Clark Street. A sev eral-mile-long section of the street was being excavated to install a water main to service the numerous high-rise apart ments that have been built in the area. Noise was so bad that the citv was re ceiving numerous complaints and the decision was made to experiment with the noise control enclosure. Lead-loaded vinyl selected for the prototype enclosure was :!-y lb. psf den sity backed on the inside face with acoustical foam. The enclosure. 9 ft. long, 7 ft. high and 6 ft. wide, was pro duced at a cost of approximately $2,000. According to Singer, it was installed by two men in 45 minutes. To test the enclosure, workmen from the city's water department cut through a 12-in. dia., TL-in. thick ductile iron water main using a gasoline-powered cutting saw. Engineers measured sound pressure levels at various distances from the site during the test. They determined that at 10 ft. from the site, the cutting operation resulted in a 97 dB(A) read ing without the enclosure. A 12-decibel reduction, to 85 dBlA) was realized with the leaded vinyl curtain in place. City engineers expressed satisfaction with the test and added that the enclo sure system is an effective means of re ducing construction noise for operations such as pavement breaking and repair ing and installing metal pipe. They also commented that the 12-decibel reduction could also be expected in similar situ ations. Engineer from Qtoteago's Department ot Environmental Control checks noise level outside the enclosure while workmen cut water pipe. LIA 2 6 697 5 PLZT: From transparent to opaque in a split second Enlarged view of a lab prototype PLZT wafer used as a computer input information device shows electroa9s (black areas) which are used to activate the array of small light gates in the ceramic. PLZT may one day become a household electrical voltage is applied to metallic year to form Optoceram, Inc., a c o bv word as familiar as the initials of Inter electrodes on the surface of the ceramic. pany which produces and sells the Pbj> national Business Machines -- IBM. PLZT stands for lanthanum-modified lead zirconate, lead titanate and when this combination is baked it forms a transparent ceramic. When charged with electricity, the ceramic makes a split second change from its original trans parency to an almost jet black opaque The electrodes are thin, parallel strips about two one-thousandths of an inch wide and separated by gaps of about 40 one-thousandths of an inch. A voltage applied to the electrodes switches micro scopic areas in the ceramic, altering the light and enabling it to pass through the second of the crossed polarizers. When ceramic. ness. the voltage is removed, the ceramic re The PLZT concept has been used at turns to its normal unswitched state and Sandia Laboratories, Albuquerque, New the second polarizer again blocks the A, Mexico, to develop three devices--nu passage of light. clear flash blindness protective goggles, protective windows for aircraft and a Using the nuclear flashblindness pro computer input information device that tective goggles as an example, it is easy can transmit up to 5 million bits of data to see how the PLZT ceramic is used per second. These devices are being de for various applications. For military veloped under various military con use the goggles are designed to furnish tracts, but their spin-off into commercial the wearer with an "electronic blink" applications shows promise for a wide which cuts off the peak brilliance of eye variety of uses. They include safety gog damaging nuclear flashes. The PLZT in gles, optical shutters for high-speed cam the glasses permits them to switch from eras, and protective systems for light- transparent to opaque (with a trans sensitive equipment. Research is also mission of 0.01 per cent) within 50 underway to use the PLZT concept to microseconds. The glasses return to the develop high-resolution image storage transparent state when the light levels devices for slow scan and possibly tele drop to a non-hazardous level. When vision scan rate displays. the battery system being developed for PLZT ceramics are generally made by starting with the individual raw material oxides, which are as small as 3 microns in size. Depending on the applications concerned, PLZT's typically contain from 55 to 70 per cent lead. The oxides are hot pressed at elevated temperatures in a furnace. The raw slug is then cut into thin slices, which are polished and annealed. The addition of lanthanum, a rare earth metal, to lead zirconate tita the glasses is fully miniaturized, it will displace less than 2-cu. in. and weigh about 2 oz. The industrial spin-off ver sion of the goggles, which can be used in welding and other metalworking ap plications, incorporates a "dial-a-shade" circuit that permits the wearer to pre select the level of light transmitted through the lens. These goggles have about the same size of power supply as the nuclear flashblindness version. t i ( nate, provides the ceramic with its PLZT was invented by Dr. Gene H. transparency. Haertling while at Sandia Laboratories, A thin slice of the PLZT is sand Albuquerque, New Mexico. Sandia is a wiched between two crossed polarizers prime contractor to tbe Atomic Energy of material similar to that used for po larized sunglasses. Virtually no light will pass through this sandwich until an Commission, and is engaged in research and development on nuclear weapon ord nance. Dr. Haertling left Sandia last 3 t 4-in. wafers of PLZT will be used for flashblindness and thermal burn protection in aircraft window segments. 6 LI*26698 Grand old lady of bridges gets a new coat of paint There are countless jokes about the bigtime operator who sold the Brooklyn Bridge, but when it comes to painting John Augustus Roebling's hisloric structure, it's not a joking matter. Fact is, it takes a 20-man crew two rears to do just that. Roebling's ``grand old lady" has just turned 90 and, as a birthday present, he Transportation Administration of ;ne City of New York is now giving the old gal a new multiple coat of paint . . . some 10,000 gallons of it in fact. To in sure that corrosion resistance require ments for the bridge's multiple-coat paint system were met, a basic lead silico chromate pigment whose low tinting strength makes j ust about any color pos sible was used. The pigment, which meets ASTM designation D-1648, also provides the required durability and weather-ability required for the bridge's paint system. It must be able to with stand aggressive attacks from the saltWen marine environment -- the bridge fosses New York's famed East River, which connects both with Long Island hound and New York Bay; and the ndge is subjected to corrosive attacks ^at are common to all urban industrial env'ronments. Brooklyn Bridge is being painted with a specially formulated, multi-coated system that was developed for use on bridges that span water and are located in in dustrial areas. Amsterdam Color Works, Inc., The Bronx, N.Y., is supplying the paint for the bridge. The key element that gives the paint system its corrosion resistance, long life and ability to retain its "just painted" good looks for many years is its high lead content. The first step in painting the bridge was to remove as much as possible of the old, peeling paint from the structure. To accomplish this, the vertical posts ofthe truss system were sand blasted while the remainder of the bridge--the cables, etc., were hand-cleaned. One unusual aspect of the paint sys tem for the Brooklyn Bridge is the fact that it was selected by the New York Landmark Preservation Committee. The bridge has been designated an official landmark of the City of New York and, for that reason, the New York City Transportation Administration specified that the same colors be used as those specified by John Roebling when he de signed the bridge 90 years ago--medium brown for the steel undergirdings, tan for the main catenary cables, and silver for the vertical cabling. Thanks to lead, the bridge will look just the way it did when it opened on May 24, 1883. LIA26699 7 1 program accelerates 1 acceptance of electric vehicles (L) Senator Hubert Humphrey discusses GoLlAth with (C) Paul R. Hater, Chairman of Battronlc Truck Corp., manufacturer of the vehicle and, (R) Michael Kieiar, representative from UA, during electric vehicle demonstration in Washington, D.C. Donn Crane, Director. Office of Fleet Management, U.S. Postal Service, was principal speaker when GoUAth was introduced at the Plaza Hotel, New York City. (L) Connel Baker, UA representative in charge of GoLlAth project. (C) Donn Crane, Director, Office of Fleet Management. U.S. Postal Service, and (R) Philip E. Robinson, Executive Vice President LIA, discuss the vehicle at LIA's exhibit at the Third International Electric Vehicle Symposium held in late February in Washington, D.C. 8 Lead Industries Association ; launched a major promotional paign to demonstrate the capability and economics of lead acid batteries ^ power multi-stop, short-range work y^ hides. A key element in the program GoLlAth, a battery powered delive ** van LIA introduced earlier this year New York City. 1,1 GoLlAth will be used in an extensiy multi-city program, in the United Stated and Canada, to demonstrate the effec tiveness of battery powered delivervans for a wide variety of multiple-sto-7 short range services. The vehicle is fe,' tured at the Association's annual meet ing in early April at the Drake Hotel i,, Chicago. It already has completed tw0 successful demonstration programs the New York City metropolitan are* and it is slated for additional project, in major U.S. and Canadian cities. pu. ture uses will be similar to the two a), ready completed. Mr. Donn Crane, Director of Fleet Management, U.S. Postal Service, was the featured speaker at the GoLlAth in. troduction and he stressed his organiza- tion's keen interest in electric vehicles. The U.S. Postal Service is conducting continuing tests of battery powered mail and parcel delivery vehicles in five U.S. cities to determine their effectiveness in a variety of terrain and weather condi tions. Mr. Crane specifies what this in. terest could mean if the tests continued to be successful. Based on data from tests at Cupertino, Calif., one of the cities where electrics are being tested, the U.S. Postal Service has ordered 350 vehicles. Providing these vehicles and those still under test continue to operate success fully, Mr. Crane says, "Our next pur chase could be sizable indeed ... per haps 1,000 this year and as many as 5,000 in 1975." He also added that the U.S. Postal Service alone represents i potential market for 93,000 additional electric vehicles. Still another target for electrics would be the nearly 100,000 vehicles the U.S. Postal Service leases from private industry as well as the op erators of fleets of pick-up and delivery vehicles such as telephone, gas, electric and water utilities. In his address at the introduction of GoLlAth, LIA Executive Vice President, Philip Robinson, said, "Our goal is to further demonstrate the economic, e#-. vironmental and energy conservation advantages of lead acid batteries to power short haul vehicles used for * wide variety of purposes. Lead acid battery powered vehicles are more eco nomical to operate than vehicles pow ered by other sources; they use n< Ll4^6?00 as Ti es to zeis fy in vre, tes 5C- ry >Pi *aetin wo in ea cts uai- ret *as inza* es. mg iail .S. in diinled sts ies '.S. Ips . .till 2SS- ur>er- as the sa nal for 100 lses opery trie , of ent, i to ention to ra acid ecoiow- no rgy while standing or waiting at e jffic signals, and they significantly re duce noise levels in city streets." He jje<j that such vehicles also have the a(jvantage of being recharged during ff.peak or nighttime hours when elec- jc energy demand is at its lowest. Just 25 imporl;ant' electric vehicles that pro file services for which they are best - ujted--multiple-stop, short-haul deliverjefr--can play an important role in piping to solve the current shortage of fuel needed for internal combustion powered vehicles. CoLIAth is the first of a series of production line electric work vehicles being produced by Battronic Truck Cor poration. Boyertown, Pa. The company is one of four electric vehicle manufac turers that have produced delivery vans for the U.S. Postal Service's tests. Bat tronic also is producing more than 100 electric work vehicles for use in a na tionwide battery vehicle demonstration program sponsored by the Electric Ve hicle Council and 55 electric utilities. They will use the vehicles for the same purpose as their conventionally powered vehicles--for meter reading, to trans port maintenance and repair crews, and to carry personnel and cargo. CoLIAth is powered by 112-volt lead acid batteries that can operate the ve hicle for 20 miles at a minimum of 50 mph or for 50 miles at a minimum speed of 20 mph. Such speeds and ranges are well within the requirements for a typi cal multiple-stop, short-range vehicle performing tasks such as intra-city de livery services. An auxiliary 12-volt bat tery provides power for windshield wipers, lights, etc., and it is continuously charged from the main lead acid bat teries. The vehicle is 145-in. long, 78-in. wide, 92-in. high and can carry 160-cu. ft. of cargo. If programs GoLIAth has been in volved in thus far are any indication of what can be expected to happen during the rest of the year when the exception ally busy schedule for the vehicle is being implemented, it won't be too long before virtually every major segment of American industry, commerce and gov ernment are aware of the capabilities of lead acid batteries to power short-haul, multiple-stop delivery vans. For ex ample, shortly after GoLIAth's introduc tion, the vehicle was evaluated by N.Y. Telephone for determining the effective ness of electrics for carrying a variety of Personnel involved in installing and maintaining the city's vast telephone net work. GoLIAth participated in the Third Electric Vehicle Symposium in Washing ton, D.C. from Feb. 19-21. The vehicle was one of the highlights of electrics on display. During the three-day event, hun dreds of industry and government offi cials discussed the vehicle's potential with LIA representatives and many had their first ride in an electric. Government officials who took an active interest in GoLIAth included Mr. Donn Crane of the U.S. Postal Service, w no was princi pal speaker when the vehicle was intro duced in New York; and a large number of utility industry spokesmen as well as officials from many commercial and in dustrial companies who are interested in the possibilities of electrics. A major event of the Symposium was an electric vehicle cavalcade to famed "Capitol Hill" where a number of com muter cars, a bus, a miniature "police car ", and other examples of battery powered vehicles now available, joined GoLIAth in an open air exhibit at the foot of the U.S. Capitol stairs. Among those who viewed the vehicles and took a close, personal interest in GoLIAth, were Senators Muskie, Humphrey and McClure. Senator McClure was principal speaker when the Symposium opened on Feb. 19 and he rode an electric vehicle from the U.S. Capitol Building to the Sheraton Park Hotel, where the event was held. In order to demonstrate the effective ness of GoLIAth in wintertime condi tions, the vehicle was placed in test ser vice with the Singer Company for a three-week period beginning in late February. The vehicle operated out of the company's Mt. Vernon, N.Y. Service Center, which provides sewing machine pickup and delivery repair service for the company's list of nearly 1.200 schools and penal institutions, and 48 retail stores carrying Singer Sewing Ma chines in areas of Westchester County. Long Island and New York Citv. The Singer Service Center in Mt. Vernon is typical of the hundreds the company has all around the country, and it is also typical of home appliance repair centers established by many other companies. The Mt. Vernon Singer Ser vice Center maintains a total of seven delivery-type vans that might well be battery powered electric vehicles. Dur ing the experimental winter-time pickup and delivery demonstration in coopera tion with Singer, CoLIAth made as many as 12 pickup and delivery trips a day and averaged about 50 miles per day. A wide variety of other test and demonstration projects are planned for CoLIAth during the rest of 1974. These include delivering newspapers, (lowers, bakery products, laundry and similar products, as well as transporting main tenance and repair crews. In addition, CoLIAth will be exhibited at the joint Lead Industries Association/Zinc Insti tute Annual Meeting at Chicago's Drake Hotel on April 3-4, and at Booths 556558 during Fleet Week 74, June 17-21 at McCormack Place in Chicago. Singer Company, which used QoLIAth for sewing machine repair pickup and delivery service between its repair facility in Mt. Vernon, N.Y. and the company's Institutional customers and retail stores in the New York City metropolitan area, Is typical of the electric delivery van demonstration projects that will be undertaken this year by UA. LIA26701 C Terne-coated stainless gaining acceptance by architects Produced by Follansbee Steel Com pany, TCS has been specified for and installed on such significant structures as the State Hospital in Buffalo, N.Y.; the Andrew Jackson Hermitage House in Nashville, S.C.; LaSalle College in Philadelphia; the Chicago Circle Campus of the University of Illinois; and a num ber of outstanding private residences. Although introduced only five years Stainless steel, terne-coated or cov ered on both sides by an 80c/c lead, ago, the technique of coating steel with terne to protect it from corrosion has 20'/< tin alloy, is rapidly gaining favor among architects and construction mate rial specifiers. A 304 nickel-chrome "dead soft" stainless steel, the material been in use for several hundred years. For example, the roof of the Yale Faculty Club in New Haven, Conn., has been in use for nearly 200 years without a ma jor repair and some of the nation's most is known by its initials--TCS--and it is particularly suitable for a wide variety of exposed architectural applications. While the terne can L; used for most historic buildings--among them Monticello and the original Smithsonian insti tute--have terne roofs. flashing and fascia applications, it is One particular advantage of terne- being increasingly specified for roofing coated stainless steel is that it does not applications designed to provide a bold, have to be painted. The material has the contemporary look in modern architec ability to `"paint itself' as it weathers in ture. Because the material is easy to form the atmosphere without danger of un and bend in the dead soft condition, it sightly discoloration or staining of sur can quickly and economically be formed rounding surfaces. This is possible be into a wide variety of roofing designs-- cause the high lead content in the terne such as standing, batten. Bermuda and coating helps turn it a soft, gray color Hat locked seams that are among the most that is both predictable and architec popular patterns. turally attractive. Another advantage of coating stain less steel with terne is that it permits a solder-joining of roofing components without the need of pretinning or special preparation that is required to avoid post-soldering corrosion problems that can occur when stainless steel is solder, joined. Only a rosin tlux is required f,,r soldering, thus the need for subsequent neutralization of the highly corrosive flux ordinarily used to solder stainless is thereby eliminated. The terne coated stainless is manufac. tured by a unique process w hich creates a tin-iron alloy at the surface of the stain, less steel with the tin actually penetrating the basic metal. As a result, the lead-tin terne coating cannot peel. Hake or be completely removed by any scraping process. It is also anodic to the stainless, pro tecting the latter by galvanic sacrificial action. This is extremely important in areas close to salt water or where high atmospheric corrosion is present. Fur thermore, when the coating is entirely removed at certain points that have been spot-welded, independently conducted laboratory tests show that there is no deterioration of the metal even after ex posure for a thousand hours in a saltspray cabinet. The St. Benedict Abbey Chapel in Benet Lake, Wise., shows how TCS cen be used to achieve a dramatic effect tor the roofing and siding ot religious architecture. The use of TCS provided one ot the architectural highlights tor the three-tier root of a group of buildings designed tor the New York Bar Association Center, Albany, N.Y. photo courtesy of Conde-Nast Publications, Inc. i srieet lead was selected lor the steeply-pitched root of this house In Atlantic County, N J. Current developments in the United States and England indicate the quick acceptance for the roof fascia of hotels, apartment buildings and offices. increasing variety of uses being made Developed as the result of a research jn architectural applications involving project conducted by the International sheet lead for exterior roofing, siding Lead Zinc Research Organization in and fascia of hotels, apartment blocks England, the concept also has potentially and private residences. The sheet lead is wide application in the United States being used both as the primary archi since a wide variety of sheet lead fabri tectural material and as the exterior of cation specialists are capable of pro combined material panel systems. ducing the panels. One of the most dramatic uses of sheet The primary objective of using sheet lead was specified by Philadelphia archi lead bonded to a substrate is to decrease tects Louis Sauer Associates. The sheet the total weight of material required to lead was used for the steeply pitched cover a given area and to eliminate "oil roof of a boldly contemporary house canning"--wavy lines that almost al near the shore in Atlantic County, N.J. ways can be seen in installations involv that soars above its neighbors to pro ing sheet metal that is not supported by vide a third-story view of the ocean. being bonded to a rigid material. An Sheet lead was selected because it pro added advantage is that in many cases, vides the combined corrosion resistance sheet lead bonded to substrate material needed near the ocean with the aesthetic can be installed at prices that are com need for a clean plane for the steeply- petitive with such materials as copper, pitched, skylighted roof. In addition, the stainless steel and other exterior mate standing seam of the roof design echoes rials frequently specified for roofing, the vertical lines of the textured ply siding and fascia. wood siding of the house. Approxi While copper and other materials mately 300 sq. ft. of 21-gauge (1 psf) have been successfully bonded for use sheet lead was used for the roof. in exterior applications, it was only re Meanwhile, in England, a recently in cently that techniques were developed to troduced technique of adhesively bond successfully bond thin sheet lead to a ing sheet lead to hardboard is gaining substrate such as hardboard. A key to The Gloucester Hotel, West London, where lead adhesively bonded to hardboard is used for roof fascia and to cover a rooftop mechanical penthouse. the success of the bonding technique is the use of a special neoprene-base adhe sive bonding agent that will perform satisfactorily in a variety of weather and temperature conditions that are typically found in exterior architectural applications. A typical exterior face panel utilizing the adhesive bonding technique consists of '54 in. hardboard bonded to 2 or 3 psf sheet lead I 1/32-in. or 3/61-in. thick) with either a textured or rolled finish. The panels are factory faced and are supplied with projecting llanges for on-site joining. A vapor barrier is pro vided o'n the interior face of the panels, which can be joined end-to-end to make up greater lengths than the 5' 4" stan dard lengths now available. Current examples of lead adhesively bonded to hardboard include the Glou cester Hotel in West London, where thev are used for roof fascia and to cover a rooftop mechanical penthouse; the Runneymede Hotel, located near the site where the Magna Charta was signed; and for the roof fascia, and adjoining top floor window overhangs and me chanical penthouse sheathing of a new office block on Baltic Street in London. New architectural applications for sheet lead L IA26703 ii Energy from the sun or wind, stored in lead acid batteries, may soon be providing electricity to light and heat Sun and win homes and to run major and small appli ances. A system to convert sunlight into elec tric energy for residential dwellings is in use and plans are underway to install a wind-generated electrical power source in another home. These prototype homes are a direct result of the energy crisis which has prompted a search for new alternatives to fossil fuels as a source of electricity and heat. Solar energy--converting the sun's rays into usable energy--appears to be one of the leading candidates at this time to augment fossil fuels and there are estimates that such systems could be widely used by 1980. Solar energy is abundantly available and can be converted directly into electricity and heat. According to some projections, solar energy could supply up to approxi mately 15 per cent of the country's na tional energy needs--more than is cur rently supplied by hydro-electric and nuclear power plants combined. Just as important is the fact that solar power also can produce more energy than that provided by current oil imports from all foreign countries. The use of solar energy for residential dwellings is only SOLAR ONE house at Newark, Oelaware. Small shed to right of house contains batteries for energy storage. a small part of the proposed use of this natural resource. Solar scientists indi cate that approximately 20 to 60 per power when needed. Solar conversion ONE, an experimental solar home built cent of the energy now used for homes systems would alleviate a sizable amount by the University of Delaware's Institute could be saved if most of the housing in of the power drainage during hours of of Energy Conversion (IEC), in New the United States were heated wholly or peak demand. They would also offer the ark, Delaware. This house is the first in part by solar energy. possibility of power-on-demand during such structure that incorporates a sys The basis for converting solar energy power emergencies by overriding the tem for directly converting sunlight to into heat and electricity is the installa tion of solar conversion systems. These systems vary. One involves circulating water to be heated by the sun's rays and internal system, disconnecting the house from the utility, and work from a re serve of energy stored for that specific purpose. both heat and electricity for domestic use. Dr. K. W. Boer, Director of the In stitute, is responsible for both the con cept of solar conversion systems devel then stored for later use in insulation. Another exposes inexpensive salt hy drates to air warmed by the sunlight, which melt by the action of the sun's heat and then condense at night and give off the stored heat. These systems would provide supplemental electrical and ther mal energy from solar inputs in amounts varying up to 80 per cent of the total power demand, depending upon geo graphical location. They would operate Energy reserves can be stored in a number of ways. Lead acid batteries constitute one of the simplest, most de pendable and readily available means of storing energy for future uses. They also possess the unique ability of being able to deliver large amounts of energy quickly in a short period of time, or small amounts of energy over long pe riods of time. oped for the house and for the construc tion of SOLAR ONE. It incorporates the use of 20, 12-volt, 80-ampere hour lead acid batteries. SOLAR ONE was built to collect data on the use of solar energy in solar con version systems as a supplement to con ventional energy sources. Such data will also provide a basis for further study of solar conversion systems for future resi dential dwellings. in conjunction with local power utilities Lead acid batteries are currently being The 1500 sq. ft., two-level structure which would supply the balance of utilized for energy storage in SOLAR has been designed to obtain a substan- 12 LIA2670A tial proportion of its heat and electricity from sunlight. The remaining energy needs, which are expected to be required on very cloudy or overcast days when solar energy cannot be used, will be ob tained from the Delmarva Power and Light Company, Delaware's public util ity which is cooperating in the experi ment. SOLAR ONE's roofline is set at a 45 angle to the horizon. A skylight set into the roof protects the solar cells, which are installed in 4-ft. x 8-ft. panel sec tions. SOLAR ONE has 24 roof incorpo rated solar collectors. Six vertical south **all collectors are available for addittonal cool weather heat gathering ca pacity. All collectors are used to gather heat energy from the sun. Three of the foof collectors act as combination ther mal/electrical generators through the aae of Cadmium Sulfide cells mounted on top of the thermal collection plate. Electricity generated by the cells is stored in the lead acid batteries and thermal energy used for heating and cooling, is stored in eutectic salts. Dur ing winter months, solar energy will liquify the 120F eutectic salts, thus storing heat of energy fusion. During times when cooling is needed, a heat pump is run during night hours to freeze the 50F salts, thus providing a reser voir for cooling. The direct current generated by the solar cells will be used to power lights, clothes dryers and the kitchen stove. When an inverter is installed to convert the direct current to alternating current, most all of the motor-driven appliances in the house can be tied into the solar power system. Future plans call for the house to be connected to the Delmarva Power and Light Company during the night and morning hours for charging depleted storage systems. During hours of peak power demand, the house may be dis connected from the utility grid and the energy stored in the lead acid batteries is used until a minimum charge of 40 per cent or the end of the power peak demand is reached I approximately 9:00 P.M.). At this time the house is recon nected to the utility grid. The Pittsburgh, Pa., architectural firm of Burt, Hill Associates, has designed a second prototype home that utilizes solar energy. Designed for Mrs. A. N. Wilson, Chief of Information Services for the National Parks Service, the home will be in Shanghai, W.Va. The demonstration house will be initially solar heated and then eventually solar cooled. Water will be used as a heat storage medium. Plans also provide for the inclusion of photo voltaic cells and a wind generator for producing electricity which will be stored in lead acid batteries. According to Burt, Hill Associates, the house has been designed for maxi mum utilization of solar energy. Ap proximately 81 per cent of the required heat will be supplied by the sun, while the balance will be supplied by oil stored on site. The thermal system operates from two storage tanks--one 2,400 gal., the other a 400 gal. tank. During cold weather the smaller tank is held between 135F and 150F --the large one, above the 90F mark. Should the temperature of the large tank fall below 90F, a pump draws hot water from the small tank. And should the temperature of the small tank fall below 135F, a thermostat turns on an oil-fired auxiliary heater. During the cooling season and following the installation of air conditioning, the small tank will be held at 180 F. The heat transfer medium consists of a mixture of ethylene glycol in water which is pumped to the roof where it gets heated and then flows into the tanks. This mixture is pumped through a coil where a fan moves cool house air across the coils to heat it and return it to the living areas. A variable speed motor drives the fan from 660 to 1600 cfm depending on the heat of the water. Hot water is obtained by circulating cold water through a coil submerged in the small, hot tank. LIA26705 13 1 Shallow-depth submersibles designed I1 I for work and recreation uses Recreational submersible vehicle can dive up to 60 ft. deep and has a maximum depth time of two hours. Work vehicle is designed to perform a wide variety of undersea tasks. Lead is playing a key role in the pro duction of two new shallow-depth, company is producing is called the PRV-Il since it was developed from the dry submersibles; a two-seat commercial company's first submarine design de work boat and a four-seat recreational veloped for recreational purposes. PRV- vehicle that is suitable for use by scuba 11, which also has been named the divers, undersea photographers, etc. "`Submobile," has a dry weight of 7,600 Both submarines are powered by lead lbs. and works at depths up to 300 ft acid batteries and they use approxi Batteries in the droppable pod are used mately 1,200 lbs. of lead as safety drop- to power the craft's two 7.5-hp propyl, weights. The bottom working skids of sion motors. They provide a cruising the submersibles are aluminum tubes speed of 3 knots and a short duration that are filled with lead bar stock to maximum speed of 7.1 knots. The vehicle achieve stability while on the ocean is equipped with a diver lock-out hatch floor. thus permitting exploration outside the The vehicles are being produced by Pierce Submersibles Inc. of Huntington, N. Y. The company says that pro duction of the two submersibles, which share common parts, is an indication of the trend that is developing with regard to supplying dependable, highly efficient vehicles that can be equipped with vari ous work tools to perform a number of undersea work functions or else can be equipped only for sport and recreation purposes. Company president Robert H. Pierce reports that lead acid batteries were se lected for the vehicles because of their dependability, ease of maintenance and performance characteristics and added that such batteries have already proven themselves in a wide variety of sub marine uses. The use of lead acid bat tery power sources also decreases re search and development time required to insure that all components for sub mersibles are of the high quality re quired. vehicle. It can spend up to 5.5 hours at its maximum depth of 300 ft. The PRV-1I can be ordered with a variety of optional equipment. It in cludes one or two manipulator arms, a television camera and TV tape recorder, radar, sonar, and trenching tools. De signed for a variety of commercial uses, the boat has been ordered by the ocean ography departments of two universities, an oil company that is exploring for off shore petroleum, and by a firm engaged in salvage and exploration. PRV-I, the recreational model, carries passengers two-abreast. The vehicle can dive up to 60 ft. deep, and it has a top speed of 5 knots. The 5,400 lb. craft's lead acid batteries drive two 5-hp motors to provide a cruising speed of 2 knots. The vessel hits a maximum depth time of two hours, and surfaces automatically when either the time or depth limit is exceeded. Hydrodynamic control surfaces at the bow of each vessel adjust its pitch while stem surfaces regulate both pitch and Lead acid batteries for the two sub roll. Yaw control and propulsion are marines are housed in a specially de provided by reversible dc motors in swiv signed droppable pod that can be jet eling pods. tisoned in an emergency. This would The stem and sides of each craft form permit the craft to rise to the surface a U-shaped structure containing the bal even if both the normal electrical or last tanks and air cylinders. All external back-up compressed air system should equipment for the vehicles is mounted on fail. spring-loaded sliding pins for quick re The two-seat commercial model the lease in case of fouling. 14 L IA26706 New lead/copper compound increases life of bearings 1 transmission gear, treated with anti-friction *3^pound during laboratory tests, shows no sign of ``Sas'OH whlle un{reate<* smaller gear displays f,',U *ear Ijv an established fact that moving nletai parts that come in contact with one another--such as gears and bearings _ abrade even when they are lubricated lo help eliminate the metal-to-metal fricjl)n that results from such contact. The abrasion results in the slow removal of minute* amounts of metal surface. In time- it can seriously decrease the ability 0f gears, bearings, etc. to properly func tion. To help overcome this problem, a *idf variety of products have been de veloped to decrease gear and bearing friction that can result in expensive parts replacement and machinery down time. However, most of these anti-friction compounds serve only as devices to somewhat lengthen the service life of mechanical parts. A new type of lubrieation that has recenliv been introduced is designed to provide greatly increased wear for both metal bearings and gears. The material -(insists of powdered lead and copper contained in a variety of mediums that can be applied to ball, roller and sleeve hearings; power transmission equip ment such as gear reducers, open gear ing. universal joints, splines, etc.; to hydraulic systems; to forming and stamping dies to increase die life; and for bearings, valves, pistons- and cylin der walls in gas and diesel engines. For normal usage, the anti-friction compound is supplied in a petroleum base carrier that is compatible with pe troleum lubricants such as oil and grease. For applications where such products cannot be used, the material is available in vegetable, animal, water or synthetic base suspensions. While the actual content of the com pound is proprietary with the developer. Composite Metal Corp., Denver, Colo., it can be stated that the material is com posed of a mix of 60 per cent copper and 40 per cent lead. The resulting com position, which has been patented, is not an alloy. It is a combination of both metals which takes advantage of the lu bricity of lead, as well as the strength and heat dissipating properties of cop per. The lead and copper are dispersed in the composite in such a manner that they are burnished onto the metal sur faces in the form of a thin lead/copper coating. This is accomplished as the re sult of pressure from the metal-to-metal contact and the temperatures generated by friction during metal-to-metal con tact. Unlike other anti-friction materials, the new lead/copper compound must be worn off. According to Composite Metal Corpo ration, the new compound can effectively lubricate through temperature ranges of -450 F to 1500 F. The companv savs that use of the anti-friction compound reduces galling, friction, heat and noise while raising power transmission effirienev. For bearings, the lead copper com pound provides a low-friction coating on metal surfaces that are in rubbing or rolling contact. Use of the material closes tolerances of power transmission equipment, thus maintaining surface wear and prolonging service life. I se of the eoncentrate prolongs the working life of hydraulic systems and increases the production rate of forming and stamping operations. For gasoline and diesel engines, it provides protection against dust, dirt and severe operating conditions that would break down pe troleum films. The company has developed specific recommendations for each in-service use of the material. In some cases, the lubri cant must be added to carriers while machinery is being operated; whereas in others, it can be applied directly to the metal surfaces to be protected from wear. The material is available in both liquid and paste forms, each of which was developed for a particular applica tion. The companv cautions that the new lead/copper compound should be used only in equipment which has metalto-metal contact surfaces and it does not recommend its use in lubricants con taining graphite or molybdenum di sulphide. FOR CHANGE OF ADDRESS PLEASE ATTACH OLD MAILING LABEL. ADD ME TO YOUR MAILING LIST (please check one) ------------- V/ ATTACH MAIUING LABEL HERE _________A__________ To _____________ Name, Title Company PLEASE CHECK INTEREST Painting Q Health & Safety Architectural & Building Design & Radiation Engineers Ceramics Chemical Engrs. Battery Power Miscellaneous (please specify) Street City, state, zip code LIA26707 15 NEW LISTINGS Electric Work Vehicles A 12-page folder describing battery powered short haul delivery vehicles and comparing their economics to internal combustion delivery trucks. L-19 Organolead Antifoulants An 8 page reprint describing how organo lead coatings have proven successful in preventing marine fouling. Tests were conducted m Connecticut and Maryland. F-6 Lead Proves A Heavy Favorite as Sound Control Material A reprint of a feature from Product Engi neering illustrating lead's usefulness in sound attenuation to help meet OSHA noise requirements in factories and also on planes and trams. J-17 Electrics Get Key Post Office Tests Reprint of a feature from Electrical World describing tests on the suitability and economy of electric battery-powered de livery trucks for the Postal Service. L-1S ARCHITECTURAL Lead In Building A four-part data sheet containing informa tion on waterproofing, sound barriers, roofing and flashing and anti-vibration ap plications. A-13 Lead roofing and flashing Detailed instructions on the simplest and most usual methods for forming or join ing lead for roofing and flashing appli cations. Complete specifications. Dia grammatic drawings. Sixteen pages. A5 PAINTS Follow the safety line with chrome yellow Formulations and suggested applications for chrome yellow safety paints. Illus trated. Eight pages. F-5 CHEMICAL CONSTRUCTION & CORROSION PROTECTION Corrosion resistance of lead in chemical applications A chart presentation of the corrosion re sistance of lead and its alloys against 188 chemicals from 0 to 3000#F. Six pages. H-3 BATTERIES A primer on the lead-acid battery A condensed story of the principles of the lead-acid battery and tts chemistry, in cluding some of the fundamentals and definitions of direct-current electric en ergy. Two pages. L-6 Lift profits electrically Provides performance data on electric battery powered vehicles for industrial use. Cost calculators are designed to help buyer estimate depreciation, operating L-14and maintenance costs. Sixteen pages. A Crackling Market for Electric Forklifts Business Week reprint details the upsurge in use of electric forklift trucks in com pliance with stricter Federal and other antipollution regulations. L-16 Lead Keeps Classrooms Quiet Reprint illustrates how sheet lead was in stalled as plenum barriers between rooms in a Greenlawn, N.Y. school. Lead-shielded audiometnc room will provide accurate hearing tests. J-13 Sheet lead plenum barriers Detailed description of acoustical plenum barriers and how to install them. Mate rials and installation procedures described and illustrated. Eight pages. J-10 Controlling sound with lead Reprint cites three installations where lead is being used as a noise and vibra tion barrier: John Hancock Building; Baldwin Wallace College; and New Eng land Medical Center. Boston. Four pages. J-12 Practical Application Of Sheet Lead For Noise Barriers Discusses how the use of various thick nesses of lead bonded to or used m con junction with other construction mate rials determines the Sound Transmission Class (STC) rating of wails and partitions. J-15 CERAMICS Facts about lead glazes for art potters and hobbyists Detailed information on the proper formu lation. firing techniques, handling, etc. of lead fluxed glazes used by art potters and hobby ceramists, illustrated. Sixteen pages. B-ll SOLDERING AND WELDING Lead Welding Reprint from American Welding Society Handbook, covers methods of welding lead, joint design, torch manipulation and welding speeds. Other sections cover safety promotions and common applica tions. Bibliography. Fourteen pages. 1*1 SOUND BARRIERS Directory of acoustic specialties Summary of available materials for sound insulation by barrier, damping and absorption methods. Sixteen page list of materials by brand name and manufac turer. Eighteen pages- J*4 Lead a major factor in new machinery noise suppression systems Description of techniques used to lower machinery noise levels with lead and lead composites. Lists machines that normally exceed noise level allowed by WatsriHealey Public Contracts Act Two pages. J-9 Primary lead production an. in the U.S. eas For schools, libraries. ll*xu ing locations in U.S. of most I- T*8 and refineries, and lead Use of lead in the automobile Reprint of article from Metals u cussing in detail the various pges. M-J"11 ^ aU,0m^ Lead--The "Clydesdale" workhors, m space ^ Reprint from Space World detail,*, applications of lead in space ex-' Illustrated. Four pages. M-19 Facts About Lead And Pediatrics This magazine is reproduced from lead type NAME, TITLE COMPANY STREET CITY, STATE, ZIP CODE L IA26706