Document nmwK3rd4mGREq0N1DdvJDnrKX

7^ Legal sectioonn. P; ^-^^^^p^llei^OOl.829254^2 j Industrial Coaaisslon o.Holston; '**>,;r;' 246 North Sligh Ssttrreeeett'^^<l^#?!^^^f^<?H^^t6eneral-? Motor" Corpora* Coluabus, Ohio 43215 Fisher,BodyftOivision; - .u-r-> Attn* Judy 'J. 'O-ST^r^ Dear Ms. . Spencer j&r-t; an1 .Vi i^r:y.{r': The following^reportlwi Jerry Hoi a ton (829254-22/is'basedfonti 'the cleaner the claiaantTused? and|fits^relati6nship^tofthe|alleged|lnjuries received by him on October0>j1983^ Mr.` Bol8tbn>haslMeiile'^16yedfaMaTjanitor|byfv?l'sheribodyM^>' -. Divis ion , < General " Motors; Corporatioh'#MansieldiP lantM25251M.|j4 th : U .- Street/ Mansfield/?OhioVsincell 978^:OntOctoberSl 0/|1 983Jfhe|was' spray applying; an Industrialfcleaner#( XC-115 SpartanlCheaical^Coaqpany) to locker rooa vails. "The ,folloving;6rning^he!,diBcov*red^skin_<>/^ ,' irritation over?certain'areas^of hisVbody^lThejcondition was-f' r . subsequently diagnosed?as an}rythaicfskin reactioni\rpossibly allergic ma*rrf5. cosplex (IC-115) ^contained -isopropyl/alcohol,i?potassiua|hydroxide,: sodium nltrlloyacetater^wettlngtagentsV/emd/wafr Th ill product- does. M,-L ^ not contain?'Butoxyethanol.'I^^^^^^^^^^^^M ,,...w;. s.The ? following ?comments? perbalrilto|the|toxicolog ical; action?of /r these.ingredient /'and j theirireratiorishij^^^deraatitis/ %- `* '&"{%/. Xig'* .-vv^w- Isopropanol jMXccbrdingTfoTPattyXsilndustrialiHyg itnefand^Tox icology^3^i#' ^ivol.`^2gT7^tol^ts^6f/^verB<^efffetatohTJhu^slarj^reratlv/ily|>fewi:ln lcfOl^fDlSSwoof5<^*^.Hlte>g246 N. HlghStVi OD 829254-22 Jerry Bolston Page -2- et al. tested IPA on the skin of six human subjects and found its irritancy to be negligible, a few cases of dermae irritation and/or skin sensitization have been reported. . 'A- ' 'T-'"??* ; * Potassium Hydroxide: This compound is extremely alkaline in nature and is very corrosive to body tissues. Derauititis may- result from repeated exposure to dilute solution in the-form.of liquid dusts, or mists. ' '' Sodium Hltrllo Acetate or Nltrllo-trlacctlc Acid (MTA)a There is no established permissable exposure limit on this subst&nce; nor information on route of entry. The following on- NTA and its relationship to dermatitis was taken from."Contact Dermatitis - Vol. (5), 1980s "Nitrilo-triacetic acid (NTA) is another chelatingagent made of formaldehyde/ sodium cyanide and ammonia.-V When, of .'technical quality it contains hexamethylene tetramine.We have confirmed;that formaldehyde is present in technical NTA . The amount of ~ W> formaldehyde may of course vary between batches v ~.. . The risk'of sensitization is probably small but there is a-potential risk of elicitation of dermatitis in previously^sensitized people." : i * 1 % ' v-" - `. -* 1. In summary, there appears to be a dermatitis potential/ both contact and allergic, with use of this product/idue to its alkalinity (Ph-13L0) and action of the individual ingredients./ More definitive testing could be conducted on the claimant to determine his sensitivity to these ingredients. V Respectfully'submitted, , V' SSA/rl Sharon S.T Adams Industrial Hygienist 1 SHORT. COMMUNICATIONS FMmaldbhyd* bitodhnieal EOTA and NYA . . ^t.- .'/' *. , . ' 'V ' ...K , S. Fmout amo B. Geuvaaxcca * " ' " Department of Occupation! Dcrmatofogy; University Hospital, S-22115 Land. Sweden aged*. SI, dewing; Komptexon,' Nidkpan, Com- dmJofftl www Iwod Nd forearm dermatitis g pfasone. Dfatol >, Iipka. Cklwi, Synta U a, after $ yaws. 1CORO patdi lot gavw pothlvtj&J rttftfrMi io foflpikkhydia TW cktolftf Mtcptt*' add (NTA) k twn checked for formaldehyde (Bloha 193V dkcktioi nok of fbnMldcbydc; i Om of these contained formaldehyde. This arae cyanide and aaimonk. Whew of Act titfpectcd bocMM tbi cootfictoci ki qwlky {t qoquIm biUMtbylcMtitfMiMi to fiiannif tJut tht pfirfucti AouU bi fftt Wa have conflmcd that formaldehyde k pa of formaldchyda., Hwa it waa found. that om aent In technical NTA. It k supplied as a coMiitutotj tbi iimt $odkt/9 tilt of* powder or a liquid. Eaampka of technical P- c&yWnerilamine;tetraacetate (NajBOTA>'eoa*' plfcailooi Heavy, duty liquid detergents, boder tsined formaldrhyife; v-7 water- trwunent." ~ ' Fof tfcfe nuoft ti aiodo b^driii f.'fOMO' <. The amount of foreaaldchyde amy of count COTA 0|M||(lClM9.tO fit mm fafbOMtJo* vary between batcher. It k: probable that the cm tlio pfodoctlonoAd porityof thh co&pouodL? peeaent patient waa aenafttred by foraialdebydr EOTA k -'madriof Tormaldchydfft'elliyfcM': iw apent. The ridt of anwhiiation h dtuBjoi 104 jodtas'cysaidOe l! ii t^p&d n' probably:. smell but there k a potential rhk a powder orafodd, Rannaiddqdaaadfortha^ of ehdtatlon of derawuitk ht'previously seed- tha formaldehyde n***"*r besamcUiylenetctm*'' ilood pfi^fi HiWffiwtMfw of fifpilurti coo* mhte on present in,varying `"'w,''WaTInt taking EOTA and NTA are not always aware confirmed that formaldehyde b'pRwM'iaW'' of the presence of formaldehyde in their prod nical EOTA. EOTA aa uacd 'fa mediesmsats V ucts. purified --d doer wot contain fonwaMrhyrfr^/y^ Eaawplea of technical appttcatlont^Soepwf *. deterrents, shampoos, dklnfrctantt,^ metal % cleaning, textile processing awistsnt, heat ex^v^: changer, leather., photography.. EOTA occurs;'; Biohm, O. (1959) Formaldehyde contact derma- under several braod: names.* .$. ^ Vcrscne, : - tltis. Acta Drrmoio-rcntnoiotica if, 450- Sequestrate, Rexcne, Tetrinc, , Kakx, Triton B ,-.U,X-^? 433. r `X-. . * '>*'*/'.*** r< <_ un un u11 m>sm BSWti un ~i j Jj /JVi**. - . - "H creases the petro- . **fctants prevent J textile industry > output of soaps 'vetting, and re- "hey hdp to pen{agents. In resin- ^stance, water re gents function as 1 j j I f dustry uses large id clothing dean eas where food pedalty cleaning ay, specially tai- s, builders, and died properties. surface dirt and able*, eggs, and Ats are valuable shortening, salad prepared food ; * ; on with organic ant in many dry ts. especially the surfactants and < detergents are per sizing, finsins horn pulp; belts of paper ting, painting, must be comLarge amounts rioyed for this susedtomods frothing and p. s are used to bid as dispers- SOAfS AND DCTZHGENTS 197 \g agents for pesticide sprays. They are also ing ones. Klauder (1962) summarized the *w- ed to prevent fertilizer from caking. tual causes of certain occupational dermatoses" in 3229 workers horn 1943 to 1962 and reported sYNnomc rune* manufacture Sodium tai ls soaps and detergents ate employed in bu- that Wafer, soap, ariZTiMUM deteigWIli wen responsible for 796 cases over m percent ot diene rubber manufacture to emulsify the in- foe total- Aggravation ot easting skin disease redients during processing. "tJy the use of soaps and detergents is an addi tional factor not usually accounted for in such tMNT manufacture Detergents emulsify statistics. The incidence of occupational der /nthetic resins in aqueous media for the man- matitis due to soaps Is probably the same today tacture of water-based points. as it was in 1955. Cleaning agents designed foe uses other than lubricants Detergents axe used in hy- skin cleaning may contain a variety of irritating raulic oils to prevent sludging in engine parts, substances. Certain laundry products contain lost heavy-duty greases are composed of heavy sodium fiuoroaiUcate, for example, which ts a wtals with nonionic detergents. powerful irritant A well-known fabric rinse contains 4% ammonium siUcofluoride, which cutting oils In water-soluble cutting oils, can be irritating to the akin. Floor deaners, with letergents are used as emulsifiers, while cation- as much as 50% sodium carbonate, 36% sodium c detergents an used as germicidal agents. metasilicate, and 5% sodium hydroxide, can be extremely caustic, producing bums and tissue rLAsncs manufacture Polymerization takes destruction. Many carpet deaners contain for place more rapidly in detergent solutions; soaps malin as well as various solvents. Some toilet wen the first surfactants used to mass produce bowl deaners contain as much as 35% formal the vinyl polymers. dehyde and 25% hydrochloric add. Class dean ers may contain formalin, ammonium hydrox miscellaneous uses Detergents an used in ide, and a variety of solvents. Certain household printing inks; in waterproofing solutions for liquid dish detergents have as much as 0.3% wood and concrete; as a degresser prior to dyeing formalin. Oven deaners are very corrosive when leather; in fumitun deanen and polishes; as antifog agents; in fin-fighting foams; in dust accidentally spilled onto the skin, containing approximately 5% sodium hydroxide, 1% am preventsLives; and in antistatic agents. The list monium hydroxide, and surfactants to remove grows longer and non impressive each year, grease, which also dissolve keratin in the akin. and in fact then an few industrial processes Scouring powders usually have silica powder when soaps or detergents an not used in some as the abrasive, with an anionic detergent, a way. phosphate builder, and other substances that art irritating to the akin. Contact Dermatitis from Soaps Dermatitis from cleaning agents may be caused by (1) excessive use, (2) the presence of abrasive and Detergents or irritating materials, and (3) development of contact or photocontact alleryv to snaps and de? Workers in the soap and detergent industry can develop dermatitis from handling strong alka tergents. Allergic dermatitis unrelated to pho tosensitivity is rare. lies and rancid oils, but this is very uncommon Most household soaps and detergents have a today because almost all the systems used are primary irritant effect under certain conditions, dosed. In addition, the companies manufac- ' mostly from extreme use, but under conditions hiring soaps and detergents are among the most of ordinary use normal skin is not irritated. Soaps safety-conscious in the United States. and anionic synthetic detergent products used In other industries, however, cleaning agents for skin cleaning, have an average pH of ap cause a significant amount of contact dermatitis proximately 9.5 when in solution, and when every year. In 1955 Schwartz ranked the causes soap to excessively used for several days, the of occupational dermatitis among 41,628 work skin pH rises to about 8 and remains there as ers, and cleaning agents were among the lead- long as cleaning continues (Klauder and Croat, 190 OCCUPATIONAL SKIN OtSCASI 1951). Wahiberg (1969) showed that absorption through the skin for hexavalent chromium, for example, is greater in an alkaline pH, and the same may be true for other chemicals as wed. Bettley (1972) has suggested that the persistent alkaline pH of soaps and detergents may also predispose the skht to bacterial infection. Workers required to contact large amounts of soap and detergents continuously in their work indude dish washers, bartenders, cannery workers, textile workers, janitors, maids, cooks, food handlers, typists, mimeograph operators, nurses, physicians, dentists, and dental assis tants. Dermatitis is common among these peo ple. but the role of contributing factors such as skin dryness, atopic dermatitis, a cold working environment, decreased absolute humidity, and simultaneous exposure to solvents must also be considered. Specific ingredients of soaps and detergents that cause dermatitis are as follows. OPTICAL WHITENING AGENTS In 1968 and 1969 Osmundson reported an 'epidemic of contact dermatitis fat 167 patients in Denmark due to a recently introduced optical brightener, a mixture of 2-pyrazoiine deriva tives (Osmundson, 1969,1972; Osmundsen and Alani, 1971). All patients had a positive patch test to the brightener at O.l%-1.0% in yellow petrolatum. Pruritus, especially at night, was predominant, and the eruption was similar to that seen in textile dermatitis, affecting the in ner aspect of the upper arm, the axilla, and the volar forearms. An unusual reticulate pigmen tation was seen in some patients (Osmundson, 1970) . The offending brightener was withdrawn from the world market and has not been used since. The usual optical brightener* are stilbene derivatives, and dermatitis has so far not been reported from their use (Gloxhuber and Block ing, 1978). PROTEOLYTIC ENZYMES Although dermatitis from these enzyme ad ditives was reported about a decade ago (Ducks- bury and Dave, 1970; Jensen, 1970; Shapiro, 1971) , there have been no additional reports since then. Zachariae et aL (1973) analyzed a large group of workers occupationally exposed and found the effect to be irritant in nature, not allergic as suspected. A problem with these en zymes did occur in the lungs of workers ex posed to high concentrations in the early days of manufacture of enzyme-containing deter gents (Fkndt, I960; Gothe et aL, 1972; Newhouse and Tagg, 1970), but today the problem has largely disappca;ed. Proteolytic enzymes are found today in only three or four commer cial all-fabric household foundry bleaches sold in the United States (Weaver, 1961), but as re cently as 1970,70-75 percent of the laundry de tergent products contained these enymes. De pending on the brand and type, they had up to 0.1% of active enzyme (Carter and McMunain, 1970). Extensive studies on oral toxidty, cuta neous sensitization potential, and skin and eye irritation were conducted in the late 1960s with out finding adverse effects (Griffith etaL, 1969). SULTONES A severe allergic contact dermatitis from a dishwashing liquid suddenly occurred in Nor way in 1966 (Magnusson and Giljt, 1973). Some of the patients had systemic symptoms, such as nausea, fever,and a peculiar fond of mental depresaion. The causative agent was not dis covered at first; but from patch testing it was soon found that the substance was a component of the fouryi ether sulfate fraction. The total number of cases reached approximately 1000 out of an exposed population of from 200,000 to 500,000 persons. The cutaneous reaction was severe, and the hands and arms were most af fected, with papules, vesicles, and often pur pura. Some cases required hospitalization. A similar outbreak occurred in Denmark in 1971 (Syivest et al., 1975). The allergen was later found not to be fouryi ether sulfate, but an accidental contaminant added during manufacturing; l-dodecene-1,3sultone, and 2-chloro-l,3-dodecane sultone and their CM homologues (Connor et al., 1975). The sensitizing properties of these tuitones were found to be stronger even than l-ddoro-2,4* dinitrobenzene (DNCB), which is one of the most potent contact sensitizers known (Ritz et al., 1975). PERFUMES In hia study of balsams, Hjorth (1961) found that 50 percent of Scandinavian patients sen sitive to balsam of Peru on patch testing were also sensitive to perfumes fat soap. Rotenburg 'S:-v;;'- D\ .viliK.v