Document nmo2BQqe9GxRR1XLy9rjVBa0G
PLAINTIFF'S EXHIBIT
API-94
SC-API-2355
A P I MISCELLANEOUS CORRESPONDENCE
1953 through 1956
2l 'll!.3.0
Esso Research and Engineering Company
(FORMERLY STANDARD OIL DEVELOPMENT COMPANY) P. O. Box 121, Linden, N. J.
MEDICAL RESEARCH DIVISION Koacirr z. zckardt, rm.o. m.o.
DIRECTOR
NATHAN V. HENDRICK*. CH.Z. HCAO INDUSTRIAL HYOIENIZT
HORACE W. OKRARDE, PN.D., M.O. . MEAD TOXICOLOGIST
ERTRAND C. DENNISON, M.D. CHIEF CLINICAL RESEARCH PHYSICIAN
March 25, 1956
Dr. A. Wesley Horton University of Cincinnati
College of Medicine The Kettering laboratory Eden Avenue Cincinnati 19, Ohio
Dear Dr. Horton:
As the basis for discussions at the coining meeting of the Subcommittee on
Carcinogenicity, I am sending you several comments which I have concerning
your Interim Report of the API Research Project MC-1, dated October 1, 195?
and the data tables which accompanied this report.
'
*
My first comment concerns your suggested correction on page 3 of the phrase "a satisfactory correlation". You will remember that you proposed a one-toone correlation be substituted here, and I would simply like to point out that there is no such thing as a correlation, one-to-one or otherwise, based on one point. In order to obtain correlations it is necessary to obtain a mini mum of two data points which can be correlated. Each data point must be determined by at least two pieces of data, since a point is always defined with a minimum of at least two coordinates. For this reason, a one-to-one correlation as used just has no meaning whatsoever.
We made an attempt to confirm the P&j's recorded in the various tables which
acconpanied this report. It appears that you must have developed a new standard
curve of values, since many of the average latent periods recorded in your
tables do not correspond with the P which would be determined from your previous
standard curve. If this is the case, I believe it is essential that the members
of the Subcommittee be informed of any change in the standard curve so that they
might adjust thefr own records accordingly.
*.
'
At .the"*-top' of page U it is implied that there is not a significant increase in
the carcinogenic potency of an oil after it has been subjected to thermal crack
ing.' However, 6 of the 9 aromatic oils which were thermally cracked and then
-2 -
tested for carcinogenic potency did show an increase in their Pjp after thermal cracking. I am wondering if this is consistent with the paragraph at the top of page h of this written report.
On page 5 in discussing the relative area of spread of various solvents on the skin of the mouse, I am wondering what significance this may have when the mouse is painted by a brush stroke, rather than by simply placing a drop on his skin. It would seem that the relative spread of a material placed dropwise on the shaven skin of a mouse is quite a different thing from the spread of this material placed on the un shaven skin of the mouse with the stroke of a brush. This question was raised previously with you, and to date the Subcommittee has never received a satisfactory answer to it.
On page 6 at the bottom of the middle paragraph, the following statement is made: "It soon became apparent that these materials are derived from the crude petroleum, that they may increase in concentration to some extent under the conditions of catalytic cracking, and that they may eventually be reduced significantly by very drastic cracking". Are there data to support this statement, or has this statement simply been made on the basis of the knowledge of the general chemical character of accelerators and what would happen to them under the various cracking conditions? In reviewing the biological data given on page 1 and 2 of Table I there is a sug gestion that this statement may not be true. In other words, your own biological data suggest that the conclusion that you have reached is invalid. The Subcommittee must know what basis you have for contradicting your own data.
At the bottom of page 7 the statement was made that "In the case of API-8, approxi mately 1|0 per cent of the carcinogenic material (in terms of methylcholanthrene equivalents) may be separated from the oil by this technique." Where are the data that support this statement? We assume that this statement has been deducted from the results obtained with API-8 as given on page 6 of Table I, minus the results with API-8-23g and- 8-23h as given on page 15 of Table I.
We wonder why'the results in Table XII are not given in terms of Pjjq values, since then it might be possible to determine exactly what is happening as a result of the washing of the animals. For instance, you imply in your written statements that a rinse with certain materials may accelerate the activity of a particular oil under washing conditions. The data actually show that this is not an acceleration from the rinse, but rather a loss of the inhibiting effect produced by- the wash if a rinse is used first.
In Table HI on page 2 in experiments 305, 306, 307 , 308, 312 and 313 it is our feeling that the variations in results obtained simply represent the experimental variation which one would anticipate in an experiment of this type, and do not show any real difference in effect. It would be our conclusions from this type of experiment that neither the rinsing of an animal before washing with either oils which you used, nor the use of a barrier cream improves on the results which can be achieved with washing alone. This we feel is of itself a significant observation, without an attempt to interpret into the data something which is not apparent.
-I*
3-
On page 10 it should be remembered that only two rinse solutions hare been used in
your experiments, namely kerosene and white oil. Is it valid, therefore, to conclude
that rinsing offers no benefits for this type of work? Certainly it can be concluded
that no benefits can be anticipated with these two types of materials but they are
limited in number, and it is necessaiy, I believe, to point out that they are limited
experiments..
'
We have tried to distinguish between API-95 and API-80, and have concluded that they
represent an identical material, with the exception that in one experiment it was used on CSV rather than on C3H mice* Is this the case?
AH of the rinses used are presumably non-accelerating solvents so that we wonder whether it should be intimated that such non-accelerating solvents when used as a rinse have an accelerating activity.
We would suggest that on page 11, the next to the last paragraph, beginning with the last sentence of this paragraph be changed to read: "One experiment (Table IX) has demonstrated that the accelerator DIB can elicit tumors in skin previously subjected to single applications of catalybically cracked oil. Similar experiments with.pure carcinogens show that the accelerators DDB and dodecane can elicit tumors from a single application of a pure carcinogen."
I was extremely interested in the fact that painting with distilled water produced tumors in your animals. This is indicated as experiment 2bl in Table II. If your animals are so sensitive that distilled water will elicit tumors, then it appears
t^at much of the fine interpretations of the data is open to considerable question. Also in Table II, experiment 221a, it would appear to me that this fraction would make an ideal material to paint on rabbits.
In Table III, experiment 625 and 62b, it appears to me that the difference reported, simply represents the error of the experiment and no really significant difference in the results. Is this a correct interpretation?
In experiment 218 is it to be assumed that the crude residuum API-5 has had an in hibiting effect upon the carcinogenicity of methylcholanthrene? It is not indicated that this is a bad experiment, and it appears that this is as much of a drop in
as one could anticipate with a decent inhibitor.
In at least three experiments represented in Table HI, namely API-293, API-291 and API-235 the concentration of methylcholanthrene was so high that one would not an ticipate that one would be able to detect all of the Pjjg of the sample. I make this statement since you told me that any concentration of methylcholanthrene above .35$ by weight is too high to permit complete biological detection of its effect.
If this statement which you made to me in the bar of the Terrace Plaza Hotel is
correct, then all experiments conducted with concentrations of methylcholanthrene in excess of .35$, and all experiments conducted with benzpyrene in concentrations in excess of .17$ should be eliminated from the tabular data, since they are inaccurate experiments. It is important, I think, that this be pointed out to each of the
members of the Subcommittee, since I am not sure that all members were present at our
discussion at the Terrace Plaza.
-4 -
In experiments 223, 222 and 23k listed in Table III, I find it difficult to explain the results obtained. I presume that the lowered carcinogenicity of these materials is due to the previously mentioned spreading effect in the Secondary amylbenzene.
The experiments with benzpyrene in benzene included in Table IV indicate that at a concentration of 0.08%, a higher relative effect is obtained than when 0.17% is used. I assume, of course, that the 0.32? is too high a concentration to permit detection of the full effect, in keeping with the discussions above on concentration. However, I do find it difficult to explain the difference in the amount of benzpyrene detected in the two lower concentrations.
We have plotted the data represented in Table VI in the attached graph in which the of methylcholanthrene solutions in dodecyl benzene was plotted along one ordinate
and the concentration of methylcholanthrene in the dodecyl benzene along the other ordinate. The theoretical line is shown as a dotted line. One might interpret these data as indicating an accelerating effect of dodecyl benzene which appears to be limited by the concentration of the carcinogen. At very low concentrations of methylcholanthrene, dodecyl benzene apparently has no accelerating effect, and at the highest concentration it likewise seems to have no effect. Intermediate concentrations do seem to have an effect on the activity. In attempting to apply this information to experimental samples, the concentration of the carcinogen present appears to be extremely important in the end result obtained and also in whether or not .the effect of accelerators can be detected.
In attempting to interpret Table VH it would be helpful, I believe, to have a column which indicates the Pgp of BP. The data then might be a little more under standable, since any figure less than 100 would suggest an inhibition and any figure greater than 100 would suggest an acceleration in such determinations. Of course, it is necessary to know the equivalents of benzpyrene in terms of methylcholanthrene. Previously you had suggested to the Subcommittee that this was approximately 60%. At the present time you suggest that it may be closer to 50%; your data would suggest that it probably is in the range of 1*0-65?. Therefore, I would interpret your data to say that any Pjjg of BP of less than 1*0 suggests inhibition, and of greater than 65 suggests acceleration. How much above the 65 would represent actual acceleration rather than simply variations in the experimental results would have to be determined.
On page 2 of Table VII it would appear that in experiments 277-3 and 277-1* there is an error either in the per cent boiling over, or in the boiling range of these two fractions. The boiling range of 277-3 is indicated as 550-565, whereas the boiling range of 277-1* is indicated as 580-600. Therefore, the boiling range of 565-580 is missing; yet the percentages are continuous.
In reviewing the experiments encompassed with API-260 , 25?, 633 , 637, 636 and 638, on benzpyrene in white oil-accelerator mixtures, we plotted the data in two ways in the accompanying graphs; In tenas of the Pjjj versus the concentration of benzpyrene and in terms of the Pgp of BP versus the concentration of benzpyrene. It would appear to us in looking at these data that the effect of accelerators is; in part, dependent upon'the frequency of application, the concentration of the accelerator and the concentration of the carcinogen. In other words, it would appear that there are three independent variables acting in the determination of these results. This is.
perhaps, shown best in the plot which compares the effect of accelerator concentra
tion on acceleration for two different concentrations of benzpyrene, in which the
corves are not parallel.
.
.
In the remaining graph we have attempted to show the variation of acceleration with
experimental technique by plotting Pvp versos the nomber of applications per week.
It would appear that if the number ox applications per week is increased, the
.
accelerating effect diminishes. This appears as an important observation which
may influence the interpretation of the data.
I am looking forward to discuss these comments with you at the next meeting of the Subcommittee.
Very truly yours 9
REE:mak Encs. -i . graphs
cc w/encs:
Messrs. R. A. Kehoe E. V. Adams C. H. Hine E. K. Linder M. M. Marisic R. C. Mithoff M. N. Newquist
A. C. Pabst
R. E. ECKARDT, M. D.
Or5 * IT
JjV
*
American Petroleum Institute
50 WEST BOTH STREET NEW YORK 20. N. Y.
DEPARTMENT OP TECHNICAL SERVICES DAVID V. STROOP, DlRKCTOft
November 1, 1956
To Members Medical Advisory Committee and Technical Advisors
Gentlemen: The enclosed Tentative Agenda has been prepared for
your general information prior to the 22nd Medical Advisory Committee. You vill note it is subject to change.
Very truly yours,
DVS:Js Enclosure
Esso Research and Engineering Company
fPORMEMLY STANDARD OIL DEVELOPMENT COMPANY)
p. O. BOA 121, Limdkn. s J.
MEDICAU RESEARCH DIVISION
KOBSHT C KCHAttOT, FH. tip. OIAKCTOK
ft HlCNOftrCK*. CM. m. Ht'Aff'tNDVWrmiJkL* HVOIKNT
HMACf W. OIRAMOI. PH.O.. M.C. HKAO TOKlCOtOOH^
KimtANO C.
M. D.
CKIr CUNICAt MMARCH PHYSICIAN
August 22, 195*.
Mr. David V. Stroop American Petroleum Institute 50 West 50th Street New York 20, New York
Dear Mr. Stroopi
The attached article appeared in the NEW YORK TIMES on the morning of August 21, 1956.
Of particular ihterest to the petroleum industry is the section underlined in red. Although I do not agree with the report when it ' says that paraffines on milk cartons have produced cancer in man and experimental animals, nonetheless, it is likely that the various petroleum companies may receive inquiries as a result of this news item. In order to prepare them for this, I believe that the attached article should he circulated to all raembefa of the Medical Advisory Committee of the
1API. Dr. Horton should he asked to prepare some data vhich provides information on this particular subject.
Very truly yours,
R. E. ECKARDT, M. D.
REE:cjh
Attach. - Article in THE NEW YORK TIMES, Tuesday,
August 21, 1956. Cancer is Traced to
Food Additives.
Copy From D. V. Stroop For Information Of Members Of Medical Advisory Committee and Technical Advisers
. 8/23/50
Esso Research and Engineering Company
tPOBUBKLY STANDARD OIL DBYKLOPMBNT COMPANY)
P. O. POX 121 Ljnokh. N. J.
MEDICAL RESEARCH DIVISION
ROUKRT X. KCKAAOT.
M.Oo.inecTON
N. V. HCNONICKC. CM. C. HEAD IMDUCTAtAU HVOSCNICT
HONACC W. <ZW*ARDC. PH.D.. M.O. HEAD TOXlCOUOOtXT
KKTNAND X. BCNNItON, M.O. CHIKFCUNiCAL RECKARCM RKYCIdAN
Copy From D. V. Stroop For Information Of Members Of
Medical Advisory Committee 9/5/56
August 31# 1956
Mr. D. V. Stroop
American Petroleum Institute
50 West 5066 Street
..
New York 20, New York
Dear Mr. Stroop:
I am attaching the original publication of TIME MAGAZINE, which is a sequel to THE NEW YORK T3M53 article of August 21, 1956, which I sent to you for distribution ~r to the Medical Advisory Conmittee. I believe that this warrants distribution to / the members of the MAC and/or its associates.
I an also enclosing the original publication of CANCER RESEARCH, in which there is a review article entitled, "The Bole of Atmospheric Pollution in the Pathogenesis of Pulmonary Cancer," written by Dr. Paul Kotin of the University of Southern California, School of Medicine. This article, I believe, should be distributed to all members of the MAC. You may also wish to give consideration to distributing "
it to members of the Smoke and Fumes Committee of the API, who in turn may wish to bring it to the attention of the CRC, who, I understand, is interested in this problem.
Inasmuch as we ere sending you the original journals, we would appreciate your re turning them to us as soon as you have bad them duplicated.
VrtWf
1\* AWlLMAkASJ. A'*# *i
KS5:cjh Attach. - Cancer Suspects. TIKE MAGAZINE 68:70 (August 27, 1956)
- Kotin, Paul. The Role of Atmospheric Pollution in the Pathogenesis of Pulmonary Cancer: A Review. CANCER RESEARCH 16:375-393 (June 1956)
Dictated, but not read
*
Copy From D. V. Stroop For Information Of Members Of
I
Medical Advisory Committee_____
2/15/56
Esso Research and Engineering Company
I irOKMKRLr STANDARD OIL DKVSLOPNKNT CONPANT)
! F. O. BOX 121. limokm. n. j.
i medical research division
j ftOIIWT I tCKAMOt, PND, M-O.
*4TMAM y NtNOmCKf. CW C. HKAD IMOOVT1IIAC MVi|MIVT
j
HOWACC W. SNAOK. *H.0,, M.*.
`
t -HflCer roatcoLOiT
cmKfiteT>ftAcHlcinCic. aKlMKMHtftOuMc. aM.NO.N*wriN
'
February Di, 1956
Hr. D. 7. Stroop American Petroleum Institute 50 West 50th Street New lork 20, New Tork
*
Dear Hr. Stroops
I have just received the attached letter and handout from Dr. A. Bradley Soule, Jr. I believe that this would.be of interest to all the members of the Medical Advisory Committee of the API. Here is a genuine opportunity for this committee to indicate that it really believes what it sees about the kerosene situation, by offering it an opportunity to make a constructive contribution to attest to control it. I would like to emphasize that Dr. Soule is in no way blaming the petroleum industry for what happens. He is convinced that the problem is not so much with the petroleum industry which produces the kerosene, but in the ignorance and low economic status of those who continuously use kerosene-and therefore have it available for their children to consume. He is convinced, as I am sure we all are, that"labeling is not the only answer, but that educational efforts will also have to be undertaken. I am not sure how much money Dr. Soule is talking about, but I believe that a total amount of approximately $2,000 a year over the next several years would make a staunch ally of Dr. Soule and also many other physicians who have brought this problem to the attention of the API, only to be ignored in their efforts.
I would like to reintroduce this topic for discussion again at the time of the Medical Advisory Committee meeting in Philadelphia, since I am convinced that it is an important one that we should take some action on.
Very truly yours,
RJEsraak
.
Enc. - Ltr. of 2/U/56 to REE
from A. Bradley Soule, Jr.,M.D.
w/att. information on "Kerosene
Poisoning in Toung Children".
Dictated, but not read
R. E. ECKARDT, H. D.
ASSOCIATES IN ftADIOLOOr
A.MMAOWtY BOUlt, OCCAM S. ACTCMSOM, JR.**. 0> MOMCMT N. SAMMY. K. O, MAMV ftCtCNCM MOCMITAk ifULlMCTOM, VKMMOMT
rMCOKMieM W. VAN UCKmiLM.O. JOftCMM C.FOUCT.M.O. tSHOA AtCOCCMUtAMO HOiFtTAX VMUMOTOM.VCMMOMT
W MtMMtMT JOHMSTOM. M 0MltATOM MOftMIVAl
monthmucm.vkamowv
February 4, 1956
Dr. ttobert Z, l.'okardt, director. Medic.2 ;te3earcn biirisi:>n, Esso Laboratorie 3,
P.u.Bcac 51* Linden, N.J.
MEDICAL RESEARCH
DIVISION
-sus;
beb
>
NVH_______
HWC
FWC ARJ JDY
t-CM CH MK
FEB 71958
bear Doctor Eckasdt:
You my recall our exchange of letters in -ieptenber 1954 relating to the problem of publicizing trie dangers of certain petroleum products, especially keroa-xie, to young children. I have a few moje thoughts on the natter and would like to ask your advice regarding than.
First of oil, to bring you up to date, we hive now seen approximately 150 children who hat*e accidentally ingested or aspirated kerosene or allied pri ducts. Of these three have died.
At the Clinical Session of the American Medical -ssociati on held in Boston several months ag 3, we put on an exhibit which was most successful, from the point of view of attendance. Between 700 and 800 physicians, many of them general practitioners, stopped in and talked with ue about the problem. These men came from all part3 of the country and as a result of our conversations, weTcame back convinced that there is a great deal of kerosene poisoning seen in many parts of the country, most of \hich has not been reported in the medical literature We have had requests for reprints from all parts of the world; some of these have been accompanied or followed by notes from physicians who have stated tnat they were seeing a nunber of children who have drunk kerosene. Vie have had several requests to show our exhibit at meetings,- one from the American Academy of Pediatrics; one from the North Carolina Medical -Society. I believe that there
ASSOCIATES IN NAOIOLOOY
A.ftflAOlCY
onoscaAcffttTmM. *.rlrAexaiv. mN..oj.a,w. o.
MAfrr rUTTCHCM hospital
URUMrON.VCtlfONr
rncocmcK w.van viftm*. m. o
JOSCPH C.rOLCt. M.O. |lHO AOOCIHMMO HOlPtTAl UNUN0TOM.V(RMOMT
W WCAACRT JOHMSTON. M P. H CATOA HOSPITAL
MONTCb<C*. VERMONT
.
rr--
may be a number of other medical societies who would use an exhibit if one wore available. At the request of the California State Medical Society, I made a tape recording for use in their poet-graduate program. Another tape recording was made by tne tbctenaitn Service of the University
of Vermont and this has been broadcast over small radio stations in V rmcnt and Connecticut. We have had numerous articles in the local newspapers and a few articles in such magazines as the New England Homestead and in The Country Gentleman.
But we are still seeing children with kerosene poisoning. Part of it is because we are not reaching the right people* I do believe, however, that if we continue to reiterate our story about the dangers of kerosene to small children, it may eventually become enough of a well-known fact
so that even the poorer and more ignorant may learn of it.
<ie have no Individual resources available
other than our interest and what time we can give to it. I
am now writing you to ask if you believe it might be possible
to interest the American Petroleum Institute (or some other
agency) in under-writing,through a grant to the University of
Vermont College of Medicine who is our sponsor, the construction
of several traveling exhibits and the cost of sending them to
various meetings together with travel expense of eomeone to
go with them. We found that the principal value of our
exhibit at the A.M.A* was the fact that it was constantly
-
attended by one of our group who could anhwer questions and
could discuss the problem with reasonable intelligence. We
would like to be able to construct a well-made exhibit which
could be packed up and shipped to a medical meeting, but we
would also like to be able to send someone along with it.
tie would also Ula to have made up one or mors exhibits of
a different type which would be suitable for display at lay
gathering, such as county fairs, health meetings, teachers1
conventions, etc. and which would not heed to be attended.
Obviously, this would cost quite a lot. I presume that wo might easily have to spend several hundred dollars or more to construct a semi-permanent exhibit and
packing cases for it. Travel expenses would run into hundreds
ASSOCIATES IN RAOIOUOOY
A ftAADLSV OULC.JA-W O
OICANS PVTCftftOM,
D
MOBCfTT M AAXAV. M.O.
MAt riXTCHCM HOMITAl
UftUNAfOM.VCAMON?
rmcotAiCK w.van usKtfift. m. a.
joaca* c.routr.M.o.
(SHOP MOOCStAtAMD HO*TAl UnUMOTOM.VCfmONT
w mcavknt jomnatom. m. a HKATOM HOIATAL WOMfACk<KA.VCAMONT
of dollars.
If there Is any likelihood that the American Petroleum Institute might look with interest on making a grant for this purpose, I '.-joold like to have the opportunity of submitting to them in proper form a more completely worked-out plan designed to publicize kerosene poisoning to the medical profession and to the lay public. In view of the amount of work involved, I would not want to do it unless I were assured of enouffr financial backing so that we could build good exhibits and show them to at least six medical conventions annually for a period of several years. The inhibits far the general public could reach many more groups, depending on the number of exhibits made up, the distribution list, etc.
Dr. George M. Wheatley, Chairman of the Committee on Accident Prevention of the American.Acadeay of Pediatrics, and Frederick S. Kent, Chief of the Home Accident Prevention Activities of the Departnent of Health,eJdu<Btix>n and Welfare of the U.S.Public Health Service, have both been interested in what we were trying to do and have been mo3t helpAil to us in publicizing kerosene poisoning.
1 apologize for the length of this letter, but hope that you may be able to suggest something which may allow us to continue our work on a larger scale. I believe I sent you a reprint of our original paper in RADIOLOGY, June 1954* I am enclosing a folds* which we had printed to pass out at the A.M.A. convention. I should also like to make reference to an editorial on Kerosene Poisoning, with especial reference to our work which appeared in the J.A.H.A. on June 29, 1955*
Thank you for your help and interest.
Sincerely,
ABS:S
A. Bradley Soule, Jr. ,M.D.
-
KEROSENE POfSOKENIG IN YOU KG CKfLDiEW
A. BRADLEY SOULE, Jr., M.D. JOSEPH C. FOLEY, M.D.
From the Division of Radiology University of Vermont College of Medicine
Burlington, Vermont
In study made In northwestern Vermont, 1S1 children were admitted to five hospitals daring the past ten years
following the accidental ingestion or aspiration of kerosene. Three of these children died, thus giving a mortality rate of approximately 2%. None of the children were younger than 8 months nor older than 24 months. In other words, they were old enough to be creeping or walking ahout the floor; they appeared to reach the age of discretion (an regards swallowing of kerosene) at the age of two years.
In this area, it was the commonest type of poisoning encountered in young .children. Reports from other parts of the world Indicate that kerosene poisoning is commonly seen among people using fuel oil for cooking or heating, - especially in rural areas. It has been reported extensively in southern and mid-western sections of this country and in portions of Sooth America and South Africa.
In oar series, most of the children drunk from glasses, cans or bottles left on the floor to catch drippings from leaky fuel lines or oil-stoves. One child sniffed kerosene from drum from which the top was missing; another drank from a can containing kerosene used for soaking paint brushes; another drank from s cup of kerosene left on the kitchen table by the mother who had been using it in treating the child for nits.
Moat of the children wore found on the floor, choking, coughing, gagging or vomiting. Many became dyspneic with in minutes; a number were drowsy or stuporous within an bout's time. About a quarter of them became cyanotic.
After arriving at the hospital, most of the children had gastric Isvage. Attempts were made to prevent aspiration of gastric contents dtring the procedure but this was not always successful. X-ray examinationa'of the cheat showed evidence of clouding in one or both lungs, especially near the bases, within minutes or a few hours of exposire in more than half of the children. These pulmonary changes, pneumonic in type, were more commonly seen in the children who vomited or who had gastric lavage than in those who did not vomit and who did not have gastric lavage, thus suggest ing that aspiration el vomilea contributed to the production of pneumonitis.
For treatment, oxygen was especially useful sad was need routinely when cyanosis nr dyspnea was present. Anti
biotics were tmed to combat infection.
.
In the three fatal cases,death ensued as a result largely of extensive pneumonic changes iaboth lungs. "Asphyxisl membranes''consisting of fibrin, leukocytes and red blood cells lined the alveolar walls while the air-spaces were filled with a sero-sanguinous exudate. Small bronchia) subdivisions were extensively involved with a broncho-pneumonic process.
In the non-fatal cases, all children showed maximum changes within eight hours after tbe accident. All who sur vived the initial eight hour period without alarming symptoms or findings ultimately recovered. Some of them showed residual clouding of lung fields by x-ray for a week or more, however. Moat of them were well or nearly well within forty-eight hours.
Follow-sp examinations of children made one to ten years later showed no serious sequelae. Parents of many of the children felt that tbey had had more serious "chest colds'* and other bouts of respiratory infection than otber chil dren of the same age. X-rays of tbe chests of these children showed either no abnormalities or slightly equivocal pro minence of broncho-vascular markings.
J*
I
f
Experimental studies, using rabbits and cats, indicated that intratracheal administration of area minute quantities of kerosene produced marked pulmonary irritation followed by rapid development of a fulminating and severe broncho* pneumonia with "aaphyxial membraaoa . Intragastrie administration of kerosene failed to produce pnemnonltia; how ever, If relatively large quantities were introdaced into the stomach, this was followed by general systemic and cerahral
iepreasion and death.
It in the Impression of the authors that pneumonitis is ntely, if ever, produced by absorption of kerosene from the
alimentary tract bat is nsaslly the resolt of direct aspiration during a choking attack or from aspiration of gastric con
i!
tents (including kerosene) during vomiting or during gastric lavage. It teems doubtful that tbe average child will swallow enough kerosene to produce fatal effects from absorption of toxic snbatancoa alone; however, kerosene is a erode sub
stance of highly variable composition and It la possible that in certain eases it may coctaia imptallies which may in
themselves be poisonous.
This posea the dilemma aa to whether gastric lavage should be performed or not. The authors balteve that each
case-meet be' considered individually when taia decision la made. It aaema probabla-that in most *--srn i <-
not
to perform lavage than to do it.
Education of the public so to the dangers o( kerosene to young cbitdreo is oi paramount importance. Since thia ia largely an accident occwring to people in the low-income bracket, tbe conventional instruments lor dissemination of
information have unfortunately not been overly effective to date. Newspaper and aagasine articles, radio and tele vision programs and talks by agricultmal extension workers and others have been rather widely ssed.
BIBLIOGRAPHY:
1. Foley, J.C., Dreyar, N.B.. Sauls, A.B., Jr., and Kail, .; KcroMaa Poiaoaiac in Tovar Chilttraa. Radiology, 62:817-829* Juno. 1954.
2. Bologna, N.A., and Woody, N.C.: Karoseee Poiooaiag, Now Orloaeo M. S.J. 101: 256-260, 1948. 8. Doichaaat.tll., KUiwilior,l.V.,Withorap, S., aad Johtiosano, B-: Kerosene intoxication. Aaia.lntJied. 21i803-823, November, 1944. 4. Gorabts-Cobta, J., Bringbare!, L.S., aad Bymo, R.N.: Roentgenography ol Kerosene Poieeeisg. Am. J. BooatganoL 69:557 562, April. 1953. 5. Heaceck, C.H.: Pnoitmoalo ia CMidrea Foilowing tba Ingaotian of Petroleum Prodacta. Radiology 58: 793-797, December, 1949.
6. Looser, L.I., Boons, U.S., oad McKay, J.D.: Pulmosory Uaalfootatitao Fellowiag tbe iageetioo el Koroooao. J. PodiaU 23:552-364, September. 1943.
7. Rood, LS.. Lolbia, 5., asd Karmaa, HJ),r Katoooao Iatoxicaties. Am. J. Dio. Child. 79t 623-432, April, 1950. 8. Wariag, J.Lt Poewaocie ia Ksressao Poiecoisg. Am. J. H. Sc. I85t 125-830, March, 1983. 9. Carithara, H.A.t Accident Pravantlon in Childhood -- the Koeooooo Hassrd, J.AJLA., 159: 109.111, Sept. 10, 1955. 10. Editorial: Karoosee Peteoaiag. J.A.M.A. 157: 448-449, Jaaawy 29, 1955. 11. Itlchardaoa, Jamos A., aad Prett-Tbomaa, B.R.t Toaic Effects oi Varying Doeaa of Koroaoao Admiaielered by Difforoot Rentes. As J. Mod. Scieacee, 221: 531-586, Moy 1951. 12. Bala. Catharina: Death Dm to Accidoatol Poiaooiag is Yovag Children. J. Podiat., 44: 616-623, Jane 1954.
I
SOCONY MOBIL OIL COMPANY, INC.
26 Broadway, New York 4, N. Y.
10 January 1956
Mr. David V. Stroop American Petroleum Inatituta 50 West 50th Street New York, New York
Dear Mr. Stroop:
Will you pleaee reproduce the attached correspondence to and from Mr. R. Hitchcock, Jr., of the Rand Development Corporation and distribute it to the members of the Medical Advisory Committee.
After it has served your purpose, will you please return the original correspondence to me.
Sincerely yours.
Attch.
Medical Director
Copy From D. V. Stroop For Information Of Members of Medical Advisory Committee and Technical Advisors
1/11/56
C'
S O C O N V MOBIL OIL COMPANY, INC.
26 Broadway, New York 4, N. Y.
'
10 January 1956
Mr. R. Hitchcock, Jr., Vice President Rand Development Corporation 13600 Deise Avenue Cleveland 10, Ohio
Dear Mr. Hitchcock:
Thank you for your letter of 6 January 1956 referring to your proposed studies on the possible occurrence of 3,4 benzpyrene in exhaust gases from internal combustion engines. This pro posal which was made originally to the Smoke and Fumes Committee of the American Petroleum Institute was referred to the Medical Advisory Committee of the A.P.I. and to its Subcommittee on Atmospheric Pollutants. After study by that Subcommittee, it was decided at the last meeting of the Committee not to endorse the study.
Sincerely yours.
GM5:ar
'"G, eo'>rg0e-'M'*. cSaunders, MfC.D*.-' Medical Director
b*aii CAtitMviMt.aawar*
RAND DEVELOPMENT CORPORATION
1II0C DBISfc AVINU1 MaU AddnM-r.C. In Mil CLEVELAND 10. OHIO
6 January 195<->
in', George M. Saunders
Medical Advisory Committee American Petroleum Institute Socony Mobile Oil Company 26 Broadway New York 4 New York
/ V*
.
Dear Dr. Saunders:
__
Early last year, we at the Rand Development Corporation proposed
to the Smoke and Fumes Committee of the American Petroleum Institute
a study into the problem of carcinogenic constituents, if any, in
gasoline and diesel motor exhaust fumes and if they prove to be present,
means of eliminating them. This work is in line with experience we
have had in separating and identifying 3,4 benzpyrene in the smoke of '
cigarettes, cigarette paper, and tobacco. After separating and identify
ing this carcinogen in the . smoke, we discovered that the addition of
ammonium salts to the paper or to the tobacco markedly reduced the pro
duction of 3,4 benzpyrene when the paper or the tobacco was subsequently
burned. Two of our people. Dr. S. Z. Cardon and E. T. Alvord, recently
reported results of this work to an annual meeting of the American
Association for the Advancement of Science in Atlanta, Georgia on Dec
ember 27, 1955.
tor specific proposal to the Smoke and Fumes Committee was to determine whether 3,4 benzpyrene is present in exhaust gases; if so, to determine the quantities formed under different running conditions, and to then attempt to inhibit the formation by the use of additives. Our experience with cellulose materials, suggests nitrogen heterocyclic com pounds rather than hydrocarbons are formed in the presence of nitrogen compounds, especially ammonia, in organic reactions at high temperatures. The initial additive approach would therefore follow this line.
The Smoke and Fumes Committee, as reported to us by Dr. Claussen, considered the proposal sound but felt the problem was more in the pro vince of the Medical Advisory Committee and suggested you be contacted. The press of rounding out the cigarette picture kept us from pursuing
this equally interesting phase until now. With the near completion of the cigarette project, we are again exploring the possibilities of re search in the similar problem applied to exhaust gases. In this regard, we would like to submit to your committee the formal proposal originally submitted to the Smoke and Fumes Committee through Dr. Claussen.
Hitchcock, Jr
RH/h
Vice President
m 9\35i
Esso Research and Engineering Company
{FORMERLY STANDARD OIL DEVELOPMENT COMPANY)
V. O. BOX SI, LINDKN. N. J.
MEDICAL RESEARCH DIVISION
*aCJrT K. ECKAAOt, FM.D., M.D. DiltCCTOft
NATHAN V. NEttOfttCKt, CK *. head induetoial nvaicmikt
MOItACS w. DEAAItOS, PM.O., M.O. HEAO TOXlCOLOClAT
XftTftAMD K. MNNIIO| *.D. CHIEF CLINICAL RESEARCH RMTEtCIAN
November 1^5?
Mr. D. V. Stroop American Petroleum Institute 50 West pOth Street Hew York 20, N. Y.
Dear Mr. Stroop:
At the suggestion of Professor Philip Drinker I am sending you a negative photostat of an article entitled "The Identification of a Carcinogenic Compound in Coal-Tar1' by E. Kennavay in the British Medical Journal for September 24. It might be helpful if this report were distributed to all members of the Medical Advisory Committee and to the Kettering Laboratory group.
Very truly yours,
f.i-
ItEE/jbin Enc.
K. E. ECKABDT, M. D.
Copy From D. V. btr'Cp For Information Cf Members Of
Medical Advisory Cc.sni ttee
11/22/55
Esso Research and Engineering Company
tPORMERLY STANDARD OIL DEVELOPMENT COMPANY)
* P. O. BOX 51. LlMDUH. N. J.
MEDICAL RESEARCH DIVISION
ftosarr s. ickahot, fN.D., m.o.
OMISCTOtt
M.MATHAM V. MtHMrCKI, CM
mcao iMOurmiAL MtciKMiar
MOMAC W. MCAftOC,
M.O.
MCAO TOIlCOUMMt
KirVAAMO C. OCMMICOM. M.O. CMttF CUMIC4L KCMCAOCM *MVttCtAM
OO'tObOP l8, X?55
Hr* D. V. Stroop Aseriosn Petroleum Institute 50 West 50th Street Hew York 20, Hew York
Deer Mr. Stroop:
If the attached two articles hare not been brought to the attention of the sneakers of the Medical Advisory Coasaittee of the API, it would probably be advantageous to see that they are circulated at least to the nodical weabers of the coasaittee.
Sincerely yours,
R. . ECEARDT, H.D.
HEEtaak
Enca. - Cancer of the Respiratory TractRecent Trends in Mortality, Edvard A. Lew, J. of the International Coliege of Surgeons, Vol. <&, Uo.l,
July; 15557--------
Accident Prevention in Childhood-- The Kerosene Hassrd, H. A. Carithera, J.A.M.A., Vol. 159, Ho. 2, Sept. 10, 1955.
Copy From fl. V. Stroop Vor Inl'ogmation 62 Members 6f Medical
Advisory Coasaittee
10/28/55
SHELL DEVELOPMENT COMPANY
fMfKYVIllf. CAUKOKNIA
January 10, 1956
T f( MHO Hf OLYMPIC 3-2100
AIR-MAIL
Mr. D. V. Stroop American Petroleum Institute
50 West 50th Street New York 20, N. Y.
-
Dear Mr. Stroop:
An article entitled "Procedures for the Appraisal of the Toxicity of Chemicals In Foods, Drugs end Cosmetics" has recently been published by a member of the staff of the Food and Drug Administration. This article appeared in the Food.. Drue .and Cosmetic Lew Journal for October, 1955.
I would appreciate your calling this publication to the attention of the members of the Medical Advisory Com
mittee since it reflects the official attitude of that branch
of our government service which is responsible for passing on the safety of many substances of importance to the petroleum industry.
I inquired of Dr. Lehman, author of the article, whether it would be possible to obtain copies for distribution, and he advised that because of a limited budget he coulcl not distribute these reprints gratis. Individual copies may be obtained by the medical directors by writing directly to Dr. Lehman, or alternatively, copioo may be purchased for $1,25 each from the Commerce Clearing House, Inc., Chicago 1, Illinois.
Very truly yours,
GHH/Jck
C. H. Hine, M.D., Ph.D. Consulting Toxicologist
Copy From D. V. Stroop For Information Of Members Of Medical Advisory Committee and Technical Advisors
1/12/56
Esso Research and Engineering Company
(FORMERLY STANDARD OIL DEVELOPMENT COMPANY)
O. BOX 51. LlNDKN. N. J.
MEDICAL RESEARCH DI-VKION
ROBERT C. CCKAROT. PH.O., M.O. OIRECTOR
NATHAN V. HCNORICKS, CH.E. HEAD INDUSTRIAL. HYGIENIST
HORACE W. CERARDE, PH.O., M.O. HEAO TOXICOLOGIST
BERTRAND E. BENNISON. M.O. CHier CLINICAL RESEARCH PHYSICIAN
_
April 11, 1?55
Messrs. E. W. Adams L. C. Beard, Jr, Allan E. Dooley F. D. Gassavay
L. M. Henderson C. H. Hine
. K. Linder R. C. HLthoff M. N. Newquist James V* Osborn F. J. Sanders
Gentlemens
I thought each of you would be interested in the attached abstracts
of papers to be delivered at the coming meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research. These, I believe, are the ones pertinent to us in our thinking about carcinogenicity, from the great number of papers to be delivered at that meeting.
Sincerely yours.
REEjilk Attachments
cos Messrs. A. Wesley Horton R. A. Kehoe D. 7. Stroop
R. E. ECXARDT, II. D*
ESSO LABORATORIES
STANDARD OIL DEVELOPMENT COMPANY P.O. BOX 51, LINDEN, N.J.
MEDICAL RESEARCH DIVISION
ROBERT E. ECKARDT. PH.D.. M.D. DIRECTOR
HORACE W. GERARDE. PH.D.. M.D. HEAD TOXICOLOGIST
INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE SECTION
NATHAN V. HENDRICKS. CH.E. HEAD OF SECTION
FRANKLIN W. CHURCH. M.S. GEORGE M. WILKENING. M.S.
INDUSTRIAL HYGIENISTS
Deoenhar 29, 195U
TO i MEMBERS OF THE MEDICAL ADVISOR! COMMITTEE
Gentleneni
On page 1075 of the December 2k, 195U issue of SCIENCE is sost interesting paper by Setala, Setala and Holati desling Tilth the ooosreinogenio action of various agents for aouae skin, if Ton have not seen this paper, I an sure that it ' will be of Interest to all of you.
Very truly yours,
REEjilk ec
R. E. ECKARDT, M. D.
R. A. Sehoe D. V. Stroep
American Petroleum Institute
SO WEST SOTH STREET NEW YORK 20. N. Y.
DIVISION OF REFINING
W. T. GUNN, DIRECTOR
OFFICERS
P. C. SPENCER, CHAIRMAN OF BOARD
FRANK M. PORTER, PRESIDENT
GENERAL COMMITTEE
JOHN W. NEWTON, CHAIRMAN E. B. MCCONNELL, VICE-CHAIRMAN H. G. OSBORN, SECRETARY
R. M. BARTLETT, VICE-PRESIDENT JOHN W. NEWTON, VICE-PRESIDENT JOHN G. PEW, VICE-PRESIDENT CHARLES 8. JONES, VICE-PRESIDENT B. BREWSTER JENNINGS, TREASURER
W. R. AROYLS
LACEY WALKER. SECY, and asst. TREAS.
FRED . BEHRENS
M, S. BERINGIR
RAUL C. BLAZER
RALRH BOOKER JAMIE T-B. BOWLES
May 21, 1954
HARRY A. BROWN
BEORSK M. BURRUBB
W. J. CARTHAUB
H B. CHASE
B. A. OAVIDSOM
C. E. DAVIS
DAVID E. DAY
ROY J. DIWOKY
. S. DUNHAM
S. E. EBNEK
A. O. FARQUHARSON N. W. FEROUSON MAX M. FISHER
To the Enrolled Members of the Division of Refining:
M. HALPERN
T. A. HELLINO
H. Y. HYDE
R. L. JOHNSON K. E. KINSMAN
Gentlemen:
.
J. A. LAFORTUNE J. PORTER LANSFITT HARRY A. LOSAN, JR. R. E. LUTON
Enclosed for your information is a reprint of a special section of the May 1954
CEO. L. MACPHERBON F. L. MARTIN B. L. MATEER
issue of Petroleum Processing. This section reports on Division of Refining activities
F. W. MCCURRY RAY E. MILLER
and personnel.
'
L. W. MOORE
D. M. MORRISON WILLIAM NADCN BLENN E. NIELSON
This section was available in re print form to all who attended the 19th Midyear
H. M. PAULSEN MAX S.PAULUS
Meeting in Houston May 10-13> 1954.
FRANK M. FERRY
JOHN S. PPARR
W. HAROLD REA L. W. ROBBIE
Yours very truly.
ROLAND V. ROOMAN
J. B. ROOERSOH
A. W. SCOTT
J. L. SEWELL
E. L. SHEA
HENRY SONNESORN, III
W. F. STROUD
e. L.-SUHR
T. J. SULLIVAN c. e. TATS
C. H. THAYER R. L. TOLLETT J. W. VAIDIN
WTGtmb Enclosure
JOHN S. WERTZ
Diyision of Refining
Complete Program, 19th Mid-Year Meeting Special Reports on Technical Projects Annual Reviews of Committee Activities Abstracts of Analytical Research Papers
JOHN W. NEWTON Vice President for Refining
The API Is "People"
HE Division of Refining of the API is far more than a mass of com
Tmittees, important though these are in any organization. The work of the Division is actually the total of all the effort ex pended by the men of the oil industry. For them, the Division is a forum in which they can discuss those technical facts and opinions that affect the industry's progress but not the vitality of its competition.
Not committees, not a company or group of companies, not the Division itself, but people form the prime mover. The lone individual in his laboratory, at his desk, in the field, who pries into the unexpected or hunts for a door in the wall of knowledge--he is the industry, and, in a very real sense, the API.
Our people work voluntarily with the belief that rapid spreading of infor mation, coupled with competition, has helped make us great and will make us greater. They make room on crowded schedules for the extra task. They are encouraged by the managements of hundreds of companies, big and little, who recognize the value of contributing toward that over-all body of technological knowledge from which their individual companies can fashion their own improvements.
So, as one who believes in the purpose of the API and in its merit, I salute all those other "ones" who, on their own, work on committees, prepare their papers, and do all the other tasks that must be done.
The people of the industry are truly great people.
WILLIAM T. GUNN Director, Refining Division
Reprinted from Petroleum Processing, May 1954 Copyright 1954 by McGraw-Hill Publishing Co.
A
1.
API Division of Refining
What's on the mid-year meeting program
PETROLEUM processing technolo gists and executives from all over
An Analyzer-Recorder for Measuring Hydrogen Sulfide in Air, E. B. Offutt,
the country will assemble in Houston, American Thermometer Division of
Texas, in a few days for the 19th mid year meeting of the American Petro
Robertshaw-Fulton Controls Co., and L. V. Sorg, Standard Oil Co. (Indiana). Micro Distillation Methods for the Anal
leum Institute's Division of Refining.
ysis of Petroleum, A. R. Javes, C. Lid
The meeting will take place at the Rice
dell, and W. H. Thomas, Anglo-Iranian
G. D. Hoggan, Richfield Oil Corp. Spectrographic Analysis of Petroleum
Products and Related Materials, L. L. Gent, C. P. Miller, and R. C. Pomatti, The Texas Co. Application of the Logarithmic Sector to Quantitative Spectrographic Analysis of Petroleum-Ash Residues, E. B.
Hotel, Monday through Thursday,
Oil Co., Ltd.
Childs and J. A. Kanehann, Socony-
May 10-13.
A Reduced-Scale Reid Vapor Pressure
Vacuum Laboratories.
A total of 52 technical papers will be given during the 12 group sessions. In addition, a panel discussion has been scheduled on the subject: "Plan ning for Major Unit Turnarounds," as part of the two sessions on refinery maintenance.
Apparatus, R. L. LeToumeau, Julian F. Johnson, and W. H. Ellis, California Research Corp. The Determination of Water in Acetalde hyde by Infrared Spectroscopy, J. A. Favre, J. P. Butler, and B. J. Heinrich, Phillips Petroleum Co.
~ TRAINING
Monday, May 10, 2:00 p.m., Ball Room. Presiding: G. R. Bryant, The Texas Co.
(Session developed by R. B. McHenry, Gulf Oil Corp.). Basic Management Training for Hourly Employes, W. E. Bennett, Cities Serv
Reports of the results of studies on
CORROSION
ice Refining Corp.
two important refining problems are Monday, May 10, 9:00 a.m., South Amer How to Train Your Subordinates, Rich
included'among the technical papers.
ican Room 1.
ard E. Crow, Continental Oil Co.
One is a report on the results of the survey of the study group on oil-stor age tank failures, to be given by Carl H. Samans, Standard Oil Co. (In diana), chairman of the study group.
The other is a status report on the research program of the Smoke and
Presiding: L. W. Robbie, Republic Oil Refining Co. (Session developed by C. F. Pogacar, Atlantic Refining Co.).
Corrosion and Prevention -- Heat Ex changers in Cooling-Water Service, J. D. Munro, Standard Oil Development Co.
Selection of Paints and Application in
How Far to Harmonious Relationships? L. R. Boulware, General Electric Co.
REFINERY MAINTENANCE Tuesday, May 11, 9:00 a.m., Ball Room. Presiding: Bonner H. Barnes, Gulf Oil
Corp. (Session developed by H. W. Ferguson, Humble Oil & Refining Co.).
Fumes Committee, to be given by
Combatting Atmospheric Corrosion, F.
Minimizing the Refinery-Maintenance
Vance N. Jenkins, Union Oil Co. of
T. Radecke, Shell OU Co.
Crew, F. C. King, General Petroleum
California, executive secretary of the committee.
A current controversial problem with widespread interest among all refiners--motor fuel and preignition-- is also the subject of one session.
Another subject of wide general in-, terest--petrochemicals--will be cov ered by four technical papers by authors from Standard Oil Co. (Ohio), Standard Oil Development Co., Con tinental Oil Co., and Gulf Oil Corp.
ANALYTICAL RESEARCH
Hydrogen-Chloride Evolution from Crude Oils as a Function of Salt Con centration, G. J. Samuelson, Petrolite Corp.
ANALYTICAL RESEARCH
Monday, May 10,2:00 p.m., South Amer ican Room 1.
Presiding: R. J. Askevold, Pure Oil Co. (Session developed by C. E. Headington, Atlantic Refining Co.).
Methods for the Determination of Tetra ethyl lead in Gasoline--A Review, C. M. Cambrill and Sue A. Gendemalik, Ethyl Corp.
Corp.
Use of Technically Trained Men in Re
finery-Maintenance Work, D. G. Debo
and J. G. Housman, Standard Oil Co.
(Indiana).
Correlation of Manpower Requirements,
Maintenance Requirements, and Equip
ment Selection, Michael A. Pappas and
James S. Dalton, Standard Oil Co.
(Ohio).
Effective Control of Stores Operations,
J. H. Anderson, Humble Oil & Refin
ing Co.
'
REFINERY MAINTENANCE
Monday, May 10, 9:00 a.m., Bail Room.
Determination of Phenyl alpha-naphthyl-
Tuesday, May 11, 2:00 p.m.. Ball Room.
Presiding: C. E. Headington, Atlantic Re
amine (PAN) in New and Used Oils
Presiding: Clarence H. Thayer, Sun Oil
fining Go. (Session developed by Mr.
(A Colorimetric Method), W. S. Levine
Co. (Session developed by H. W. Fer
Headington).
and W. A. Marshall, Socony-Vacuum
guson, Humble Oil & Refining Co.).
Coordinating the Operations of a Petro
Laboratories.
The Area-Supervisor System as Applied
leum-Research Analytical Group, W. Spectrochemical Determination of Cop
to the Baton Rouge Refinery, O. R.
C. Schaefermeyer and E. S. Smith,
per in Crankcase Drainings, C. R.
Menton, Esso Standard Oil Co.
Union Oil Co. of California.
Hodgkins and John Hansen, Esso Lab
PANEL SESSION: Planning for Major-
A Simplified Amperometric Method for
oratories Research Division, Standard
Unit Turnarounds; panel members: C.
Determining Mercaptan Sulfur in Liq uid and Gaseous Hydrocarbons, M. D. Grimes, J. E. Puckett, B." J. Newby, and B. J. Heinrich, Phillips Petroleum
Oil Development Co. The Determination of Trace Amounts
of Iron, Nickel, and Vanadium on Catalysts by X-ray Fluorescence, G. V.
H. Trotter, Phillips Petroleum Co.; E. C. Newton, Atlantic Refining Co.; J. T. Tippit, The Texas Co., and A. C. Collins, Shell Oil Co.
Co. Analytical Distillation in Miniature Col
Dyroff and P. Skiba, Esso Laboratories Research Division, Standard Oil De
OIL STORAGE TANK FAILURES
umns--I: Equipment and Operation,
velopment Co.
Tuesday, May 11, 7:00 pun.. Ball Room.
) J. C. Winters and R. A. Dinerstein, Standard Oil Co. (Indiana).
Non-Metal Analysis of Micro QuanU'ties of Solids by Means of the Emission
Presiding: R. G. Sanders, Magnolia Pe troleum Co. (Session developed by Carl
New Techniques for Analyzing Mixtures
Spectrum, E. L. Gunn, Humble Oil &
H. Samans, Standard Oil Co.--In
of Trace Metals, R. M. Sherwood and
Refining Co.
diana).
F. W. Chapman, Jr., Atlantic Refining
Spectrographic Method for Analyzing
Brittle Failure of Steel Structures--A
Co.
Lubricating Greases, C. W. Key and
General Engineering Problem, Prof.
Petroleum Processing, May, 1954
705
DATE
9.-00 A.M.
2:00 P.M.
FR1. MAY 7
Corrosion Subcommittee. French Room
Corrosion Subcommittee, French Room
SAT. MAY
Analytical Research Comm., Hunt Room Corrosion Subcommittee, French Room Pressure-relieving Systems Subcomm., Room E
Analytical Research Comm., Hunt Room Corrosion Subcommittee, French Room Pressure-relieving Systems Subcomm., Room E
SUN. MAY 9
Joint Meeting: Mechanical EquipL Subcomm. Sc Mfgrs. Centrifugal Pumps Subcomm., French Room
Safety Sc Relief Valves Mfgrs. Subcomm., Hunt Room Joint Meeting: Inspection Supervisors Subcomm. Sc
Designers' Subcomm. on Inspections, Jade Room Oil-Water Separation Subcomm., Room E (10:00 a.m.)
Joint Meeting: Mechanical Equipt. Subcomm. Sc Mfgrs. Centrifugal Pumps Subcomm., French Room
Safety Sc Relief Valves Mfgrs. Subcomm., Hunt Room Joint Meeting: Inspection Supervisors Subcomm. &
Designers' Subcomm. on Inspections, Jade Room Tank Accessories Sc Cleanouts Subcomm., Room E
MON. MAY 10
Analytical Research Session, Bail Room Corrosion Session, So. American Room 1
Training Committee, Reception Room Valves, Mfgrs. Subcommittee, Hunt Room Joint Meeting: Low-Pressure Storage Tanks Subcomm.
Sc Mfgrs. Subcomm. on Low-Pressure Storage Tanks, French Room Chemical Wastes Subcommittee, Room E Automotive Research Committee, Jade Room
Analytical Research Session, So. American Room X Training Session, Ball Room
Petroleum Products Committee, Jade Room Electrical Equipment Subcomm., Reception Room Corrosion Subcommittee, Hunt Room Waste Gases & Dusts Subcommittee, Room E Joint Meeting: Low-Pressure Storage Tanks Subcomm.
Sc Mfgrs. Subcomm. on Low-Pressure Storage Tanks, French Room
TUES. MAY 11
Refinery Maintenance Session, Ball Room
Analytical Research Committee, French Room Training Committee, Jade Room Smoke Sc. Fumes Technical Advisory Comm., Room E Sampling Sc Testing Subcommittee, Hunt Room Sludges Sc Clays Subcommittee, Reception Room
Refinery Maintenance Session, Ball Room
Analytical Research Committee, French Room Training Committee, Jade Room Sampling Sc Testing Subcommittee, Hunt Room Program Committee, Reception Room Pump Manuals Mfgrs. Subcommittee, Room E
WED. MAY 12
Waste Disposal Session, So. American Room 1 Motor Fuels Session, Ball Room (9:30 a.m.)
Analytical Research Committee, French Room Training Committee, Jade Room Advisory Committee, Room 336 Valves Subcommittee, Room E Unfired Pressure Vessels Subcommittee, Hunt Room Instruments Subcommittee, Western Room Electrical Equipment Subcommittee, Room 927
Petrochemicals Session, Bail Room (2:30 p.m.)
Analytical Research Committee, French Room Training Committee, Jade Room General Committee, Reception Room (1:30 p.m.) , Disposal of Refinery Wastes Committee, Hunt Room Refinery Equipment Committee, So. American Room A Joint Meeting: Pump Manuals Subcommittee &
Mfgrs. Subcommittee, Room 336
THURS. MAY 13
Processes Session, Ball Room
Disposal of Refinery Wastes Committee, Jade Room Refinery Equipment Committee, French Room . Smoke Sc Fumes Committee, Hunt Room
Fractionation Session, Ball Room
General Committee Meeting, So. American Room A (1:30 p.m.)
TUES. MAT II AT 7:00 PM. WID. MAY 12 AT 7:00 PJ*. THURS. MAY 13 AT NOON
Oil-Storage Tank Failures Session, Ball Room Open Dinner Session, Ball Room General Committee Luncheon, So. American Room 1
Heavy Type--Group Sessions Light Type--Committee Meetings
M. E. Shank, Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Results of the Survey of the Study Group on Oil Storage-Tank Failures, reporting for the members of the Study Group: Carl H. Samans (chairman), Standard Oil Co. (Indiana). Some Economic Aspects of the Oil Stor age-Tank Failure Problem, F. A. Gitzendanner. Standard Oil Co. (Indiana). The Standard Oil Development Co. Study of Brittle Failure of Tank Steels, F. J. Feely, Jr., and M. S. Northup, Stand ard Oil Development Co.
WASTE DISPOSAL
Wednesday, May 12, 9:00 ami., South American Room 1.
Presiding: C. C. Tate, Phillips Petroleum Co. (Session developed by W. C. Douce, Phillips Petroleum Co.). _
New Oil-Reclamation and Waste-Dis posal Facilities, W. L. Purse11 and T. W. Ferguson, Skelly Oil Co.
706
Preferential Withdrawal of Catalyst Fines to Reduce FCC Stack Losses, C. A. Seibert, Jr., and D. L. Cleveland, Shell Oil Co.
New Developments in the Disposal of Refinery Waste Gases, D. B. Ardem, Houdry Process Corp., and Raymond C. Lassiatt, Sun Oil Co.
Chemical Flocculation of Refinery Wastes, R. F. Weston, Atlantic Refin ing Co.
Planning and Execution of a Refinery Waste-Stream Survey, A. P. Dennis, Jr., Esso Standard Oil Co.
Status Report on the Research Program of the Smoke and Fumes Committee, Vance N. Jenkins, Union Oil Co. of California (executive secretary, API Smoke and Fumes Committee).
MOTOR FUELS
Wednesday, May 12, 9:30 a.m.. Ball Room.
Presiding: Bruce K. Brown, Pan-Am . Southern Corp. (Session developed by
F. J. Sanders, Standard Oil Co.--Ohio). The Contribution of Surface Combustion
of the Fuel to Preignition, R. E. Wil son, F. W. Bowditch, and G. J. Nebel, General Motors Research Laboratories. The Preignition Resistance of Fuels, B. M. Sturgis, E. N. Cantwell, W. E. Mor ris, and D. L. Schultz, E. I. du Pont de Nemours & Co., Inc. The Study of Fuel Additives to Reduce Preignition, F. C. Burk, L. J. Test, and H. R. Jackson, Atlantic Refining Co. The Measurement and Chemical Control of Preignition in Engines, J. B. Hinkamp, H. A. Toulmin, Jr., and J. S. Wintringham, Ethyl Corp.
PETROCHEMICALS
Wednesday, May 12, 2:30 pjn.. Ball Room.
Presiding: Harold G. Osborn, Continental
Petroleum Processing, May, 1954
Here's a Guide to Help You Find Committee Meetings . . .
Advisory Committee
Subject
Analytical Research Committee
Automotive Research Committee Chemical Wastes Subcommittee
Corrosion Subcommittee
Disposal of Refinery Wastes Committee Electrical Equipment Subcommittee
General Committee
Inspection Supervisors Subcommittee, joint with: Inspections, Designers' Subcommittee
instruments Subcommittee Low-Pressure Storage Tanks Subcommittee: joint with: Low-Pressure Storage Tanks Mfgis. Subcommittee Mechanical Equipment Subcomm. (joint with Mfgrs.
Subcomm. on Centrifugal Pumps) Oil-Water Separation Subcommittee Petroleum Products Committee Pressure-relieving Systems Subcommittee Program Committee Pump Manuals Mfgrs. Subcommittee Pump Manuals, Mfgrs. Subcommittee joint with: Pump Manuals Subcommittee Pumps, Centrifugal, Mfgrs. Subcommittee
(joint with Mechanical Equipment Subcommittee)
Refinery Equipment Committee
Safety & Relief Valves, Mfgrs. Subcommittee Sampling & Testing Subcommittee Sludges & Clays Subcommittee Smoke and Fumes Committee Smoke and Fumes Technical Advisory Committee Tank Accessories & Cleanouts Subcommittee
Training Committee
Unfired Pressure Vessels Subcommittee
Valves, Mfgrs. Subcommittee
,
Valves Subcommittee
Waste Gases & Dusts Subcommittee
Chairman
E. B. McConnell
C. E. Headington C E. Headington C. E. Headington C. E. Davis R. J. Austin H. G. Mangelsdorf H. G. Mangelsdorf H. G. Mangelsdorf J. H. Easthagen J. H. Easthagen L. M. Goldsmith L. M. Goldsmith J. W. Newton J. W. Newton J. W. Newton W. K. Brown J. H. Rickerman
G. N. Ehly W. L. Bowler H. C. Boardman
E. F. Voss
R. C. Adam R. C. Alden
J. C. Souder C. M. Ridgway G. V. Shaw G. V. Shaw i J. J. Stadtherr
Lynn Sawyer
R. H. Venn R. H. Venn
L. P. Stillman L. Mittelman J. A. Fowler W. L. Stewart, Jr.
H. G. Vesper E. E. Kerns D. S. Turner D. S. Turner D. S. Turner N. J. Rees W. P. Kliment R. H. Bungay W. C. Douce
Date Wed., May 12 SaL, May 8 Tues., May 11 Wed., May 12 Mon., May 10 Mon., May 10 Fri., May 7 Sat, May 8 Mon., May 10 Wed., May 12 Thurs., May 13 Mon., May 10 Wed., May 12 Wed., May 12 Thurs., May 13 Thurs., May 13
| Sun., May 9
Wed., May 12
| Mon., May 10
Sun., May 9
Sun., May 9 Mon., May 10 SaL, May 8 Tues., May 11 Tues., May 11 | Wed., May 12
Sun., May 9
Wed., May 12 Thurs., May 13 Sun., May 9 Tues., May 11 Tues., May 11 Thurs., May 13 Tues., May 11 Sun., May 9 Mon., May 10 Tues., May 11 Wed., May 12 Wed., May 12 Mon., May 10 Wed., May 12 Mon., May 10
Time* 9:00 am. 9:00 am. 9:00 am. 9:00 am. 9:00 am. 9:00 a.m. 9:00 am. 9:00 a.m. 2:00 pm. 2:00 pm. 9:00 a.m. 2:00 pm. 9:00 am. 1:30 pm. 12:00 noon 1:30 p.m.
9:00 am.
9:00 am.
9:00 a.m.
9:00 am.
10:00 am. 2:00 p.m. 9:00 a.m. 2:00 p.m. 2:00 pm.
2:00 p.m.
9:00 am.
2:00 p.m. 9:00 am. 9:00 am. 9:00 am. 9:00 am. 9:00 am. 2:00 p.m. 2:00 am. 9:00 am. 9:00 am. 9:00 am. 9:00 am. 9:00 am. 9:00 a.m. 2:00 p.m.
* Times shown are starting times: some meetings run all day.
Place Room 336 Hunt Room French Room French Room Jade Room Room E French Room French Room Hunt Room Hunt Room Jade Room Reception Room Room 927 Reception Room So. American Room 1 So. American Room A
Jade Room
Western Room
French Room
French Room
Room E Jade Room Room E Reception Room Room E
Room 336
French Room
So. American Room A French Room Hunt Room Hunt Room Reception Room Hunt Room Room E Room E Reception Room Jade Room Jade Room Hunt Room Hunt Room Room E Room E
Oil Co. (Session developed by L. O. Crockett, Gulf Oil Corp.). Petrochemicals--Glamour Girl or Prob lem Child? G. B. Ryan and V. A. Brietenbach, Standard Oil Co. (Ohio), and H. K. Nieuwenhius, consultant. New York City. Isobutylene Manufacture Using the Sulfunc-Acid Process, G. P. Baumann and M. R. Smith, Standard Oil Develop ment Co. Simultaneous Extraction of Benzene and Toluene by the Sulfur-Dioxide Process, R. A. Ratliff and W. B. Strobel, Con tinental Oil Co. Large-Scale Manufacture and Distribu tion of Ethylene, P. W. Cornell, W. H. Litchfield, and H. M. Vaughan, Gulf Oil Corp.
OPEN DINNER SESSION Wednesday, May 12, 7:00 pm., Ball
Room. Presiding: John W. Newton, Magnolia
Petroleum Co., and Vice-President for
Petroleum Processing, May, 1954
Refining, American Petroleum Insti tute. (Session developed by H. D. Wilde, Humble Oil & Refining Co.). Opening Remarks, John W. Newton, Vice-President for Refining. _ _ Recognition of Executive Ability in Yourself and Others, Robert F. Pearse, Worthington Associates, Chicago.
PROCESSES
Thursday, May 13, 9:00 am.. Ball Room. Presiding: H. D. Wilde, Humble Oil &
Refining Co. (Session developed by F. W. Schumacher, Standard Oil Develop ment Co.). Dualayer Distillate Fuel-Oil Treating Process, C. A. Duval, R. T. Malin, and V. A. Kalichevsky, Magnolia Petro
leum Co. Factors in Selecting a Catalytic Reform
ing Process, J. A. Boch, W. R. Hertwig, L. W. Russum, and R. A. Steel, Stand ard Oil Co. (Indiana). A Model H Fluid Hydroformer and Its Application, E. W. Nicholson, Esso
Standard Oil Co. Hyperforming, Clyde Berg, Union Oil
Co. of California.
FRACTIONATION
Thursday, May 13, 2:00 p.m.. Ball Room. Presiding: C. P. Baker, Socony-Vacuum
Oil Co., Inc. (Session developed by R. C. Adam, Magnolia Petroleum Co.). Fractionation-Equipment Sizes for Re finery Feed Stocks, G. T. Atkins and G. W. Wilson, Humble Oil & Refining Co. Effective Use of the Fractionating Ability of Continuous-Distillation Columns, Norman Kirk, General Electric Re search Laboratory, and Merrell R. Fenske, The Pennsylvania State Col
lege. The Performance of Catalytic Cracking-
Unit Fractionating Towers, G. S. Houghland, E. J. Lemieux, and W. C. Schreiner, M. W. Kellogg Co. Hydraulics of Tray Design, Prof. R. L. Huntingdon, University of Oklahoma.
707
OVERALL AND PER-BARREL REFINING CORROSION COSTS
Cost Factor
Per Bbl. Crude Run
Industry Total,
Approx.
1--Anti-Corrosion Built-In $0,021 $50,000,000
2--Maintenance
0.071 168,000,000
3--Lost Production on Scheduled Shutdowns 0.018
43,000,000
4--Tool Stocks, Inventory 0.0025 6,000,000
$0.1125 $267,000,000
In the table at the left, it assumed
that 2,370/400,000 bbl.of crude were:
charged to stills in 344 days during-
1951, a total of 21 days being allowed
for scheduled shutdowns.
''
On the basis of $0.1125 per bbl., the
actual total loss would be $267,000,
000. The figure of $270,000,000 was
' taken as an approximation of the total
refining Industry loss;' '
; This method was used by the API
panel for estimating overall refining
industry costs, and is'tentativeiy pro
posed as a standard. .'
``
Measuring Plant Corrosion Costs
New technique for analyzing costs proposed by API Refining Division's cost study group
By V. B. GUTHRIE
ent known methods for corrosion
Associate Editor
protection. It is also planned to de
velop new techniques for protection.
WO part-way goals have been
The API program is under the di
Treached in the program of the rection of a Subcommittee on Corro API Refining Division for developingsion of the Committee on Refinery
means to help oil companies reduce Equipment'of the Refining Division.
the present high corrosion costs en countered in processing petroleum.
1--An estimate has been worked out of the yearly direct cost to the re fining industry of combating the de
E. Q. Camp, Houston, Humble Oil and Refining Co., is chairman of the subcommittee. The corrosion cost studies have been carried on by a panel . of the subcommittee, of which F. C.
terioration of metals through corrosion occurring in their plants. This approx
Braun, Pittsburgh, Gulf Oil Corp., is chairman.
imation is $270,000,000, or $0.1125
The cost studies were started in
per barrel of crude run to stills (see 1953 and it was then thought that
table above).
. $200,000,000 would be a high corro
2--The methods of analysis used by sion cost for the refining industry. As
an API cost study panel in setting up data was gathered from the oil com
this overall industry figure have been panies and better methods of cost esti
proposed for use by oil companies and mation were developed, the higher the
plants in setting up their own individ overall figure has gone.
ual corrosion costs.
Members of the panel believe the
Although the estimate for the indus try and the methods used in setting it up are tentative; refining companies representing nearly 70% of the crude charged to stills in this country agree
present per-barrel cost figure ($0.1125) for the corrosion cost for the industry is considerably under the actual cost for some individual plants where cor rosive crudes are being processed.
in general with the panel's work.
The present tentative technique for
What has been accomplished so far corrosion cost estimation is to a con
is only the first phase of the API pro siderable extent based on actual cost
gram. Having established the extent figures for building and maintaining
of the overall corrosion cost, and sug gested a means for individual compa
processing units. The direct corrosion costs are considered to be of four
nies to approximate their own costs, it types: (1) Built-in, anti-corrosion costs
is proposed to show how these ex for processing units; (2) maintenance
penses in refining can be reduced 15 costs chargeable to corrosion; (3) costs
20% by greater application of the pres of loss in production due to corrosion,
at regular shutdowns; (4) costs of spe cial tools and labor required for cor rosion repairs, and interest on money tied up in replacements and inventory because of corrosion.
Following is a discussion of the pan el's tentatively proposed technique for estimating direct corrosion costs and also summaries of comment from oil companies to whom the panel's data was submitted.
1--Built-In Corrosion Protection
In order to determine the cost level of corrosion-suppressing equipment originally built into an average manu facturing unit designed for a crude oil of average corrosivity, a 32,000 bsd atmospheric crude still and outlying appurtenances was selected for analy sis.
The unit selected was designed with a normal amount of anti-corrosion ma terial in heaters, vessels and lines to withstand a crude of average corrosiv ity. Cost data covered the still proper, additional steam and electrical utili ties, cooling tower and water facilities, field oil lines and running and storage tanks required for the unit.
Cost records and design drawings were used in estimating total anti corrosion investment in fired heaters; towers, drums and storage tanks; heat exchangers; pumps, compressors and drivers; piping (alloy and carbon steel); structural steel; painting, etc.
708 Petroleum Processing, May, 1954
At the same time, an estimate of this factor in refinery corrosion costs in both cases are $6,000,000 per year
useful life, converted to dollars cost showed a spread of from 50 to 90% for the industry, and the per barrel
per year, was made for anti-corrosion in the percentage of maintenance cost cost was $0.0025.
material, and corrosion allowance in chargeable to corrosioa The estimate
each category.
of 70 to 73% used by the panel in set Indirect Corrosion Costs
On the 32,000-bbl. unit and outly ting up its tentative corrosion yard
ing accessories, the anti-corrosion in stick for refineries, is to be continued
vestment was estimated as 13% of as a satisfactory base until more de
the total cost of the complete job. The tailed maintenance cost accounting is
equivalent life of the built-in, anti available.
corrosion investment, weighted on the
The unit maintenance cost of $0,071
the basis of cost per year, was taken per bbl. tentatively set up, is consid
as 7 years. The factor for converting ered an acceptable figure, in view' of
1947 construction and .materials costs the'range of 7 to 11 cents a barrel
to a 1953 basis was taken as 1.35. The given in the comment from oil com
originally built-in investment cost to panies.
the company was based on the concept
of capital recovery (earning power in 3--Lost Production
terest compounded annually).
Due to Corrosion
From the study of these factors, the unit cost of the originally built-in anti corrosion investment was set at $0,021 per bbl. of crude processed. On the volume of 2,370,400,000 barrels proc essed in 344 days in 1951 (see table), the total annual cost to the refining industry was estimated at approxi mately $50,000,000.
The per barrel estimate resulting from the detailed investigation of the actual costs of the 32,000-bbl. atmos pheric-vacuum crude unit, to the pan el's surprise, tallied closely with the theoretical estimate of this corrosion cost factor which the committee had made earlier.
The oil companies to whom the API' corrosion cost data has been submit ted, have suggested from their expe rience that the factor of 13% of the cost of the total job as representing the cost of originally built-in anti-corrosion equipment, is too high. They expressed a preference for a 10-13% factor.
Information received was not spe cific enough, the panel stated, to war rant changing the 7-year average life figure for built-in equipment. One com pany thinks the estimate is too low.
This corrosion cost factor includes inspection, special maintenance, and interest on money tied up in replace ments and inventory.
In setting up the $0,018 cost per barrel of this factor, the API group assumed that an average processing unit has three weeks of scheduled shut down per year, and that an average of five days of this period are required for corrosion tasks, such as inspections and calibration of metal thickness.
On the basis of 1951 operations, if the five days of shutdown due to corrosion could have been avoided, an additional 34,500,000 barrels of crude would have been processed. - It is further assumed that processing op erations increase the value of each barrel of crude by $1.25. Thus $43, 000,000 a year is lost to the oil com panies because of corrosion tasks on scheduled shutdowns, or $0,018 per barrel of the total 2,347,400,000 bar rels of crude charged.
Replies from the oil companies were not clearly drawn on this corrosion item. One suggested an estimate of $0.0125 per bbl.
The replies varied considerably on the figure of $0,021 as the per-barrel cor rosion cost for built-in protection. The range was from 50 to 300% of the " committee's estimate.
This variance was believed to come about through a difference in the proc essing units studied by the reporting oil companies, in their estimates of
4--Tool Stocks and Inventories
Corrosion factors here are (a) costs of tool stocks used for corrosion in spection and maintenance, and field operators and users of these tools, and (b) interest on money tied up in re placement and inventory because of corrosion. It was assumed that costs
These result from such causes as accident and fire losses, lost production on unscheduled shutdowns, evapora tion through deteriorated tank roofs, leaks through openings caused by cor rosion, above-normal insurance rates, civic responsibilities in regard to stream pollution where corrosion is a factor, and others.
The panel as yet has found no way to approximate the indirect corrosion costs, except possibly as a percentage of direct cost. It has asked the oil com panies to submit suggestions on this point.
Summary of Cost Work
Opinion in the refining industry, the API Subcommittee on Corrosion Costs believes, is in favor of the method of cost estimation represented in the pres ent tentative schedule. Said one mem ber, "It may be that approval so far has stemmed from the fact that com panies not represented on the commit tee have not yet set to work to analyze their own costs on this same basis. The one detailed reply received followed the pattern fairly well, the differences in results stemming from differences in methods of analysis and estimation.
"While there is no cut-and-dried an swer, the subcommittee feels it has already accomplished one valuable re sult in revealing a considerable overall corrosion cost in the refining industry, the approximate level of which is at least logical and has been of great interest to the oil companies.
"With such an awakening of interest at the management level, as is evi denced by statements that maintenance costs attributable to corrosion will be isolated in the future, the subcommit tee feels that the first phase of the API Corrosion Protection Program is reach ing a conclusion.
"The next phase should be a review of corrosion costs to determine to what extent they may be controlled on the basis of the refineries' experience with corrosion protection methods."
useful life, and natural differences in
the methods of analyzing cost data. 2--Maintenance Costs
Report on Tank Failures
Chargeable to Corrosion
Investigations of maintenance costs made independently by two large re fineries, showed 70 and 73% charge able to corrosion. For each refinery, on a per barrel basis, the maintenance cost due to corrosion was $0,071.
Comment from oil companies on
THE first public report on the covered in as many papers are:
problem of oil storage tank fail
1-- A broad historical survey of
ures will be made at the Houstofnailures of this type.
meeting of the API Refining Division
2-- The extent of the problem
at a group session, Tuesday evening, throughout the refining industry, the
May 11.
results of a survey on large oil storage
Four aspects of the problem to be tank failures made by the special Study
Petroleum Processing, May, 1954
709
!j Committee appointed to the task by ' the Committee on Refining, Equip
ment. , 3--The cost figures which must be j kept in mind in looking at the results
' of the special Study Committee survey. 4--Latest results in an experimental
study of ways for decreasing further ; the chance of brittle failure of steel as
built into an API standard oil storage ' tank.
The reports presented are fact find ; ing. Later on, recommendations will . be made to the Committee otTRefinery
Equipment, after due consideration has been given by all concerned to the _ facts available.
That the problem is not new will be brought out in a paper reviewing past history, by M. E. Shank, Massa chusetts Institute of Technology. Such failures have been occurring from time to time, usually with little or no warn ing, ever since steel has been used for engineering structures, a period of I about 75 years, according to Dr. - Shank.
Several of the more striking failures of this type will be described. General I ly, several factors, some not clearly ; known even now, have been needed to explain some of these failures. . These factors vary, and not always l the same .ones seem to be most im-
1 portant in the differert cases. The
problem is particularly puzzling be cause, in most cases, die cracks look as though the steel was extremely i brittle. However, the usual tests ail
show the steel to have its -normal good engineering properties; and de signing has been done on that basis.
The loss of about 250 welded steel ships in a similar manner of failure, and the cracking in service of about 1200 more during the period 1942-52 focussed a great deal of attention on the problem, and some of the world's outstanding scientists and engineers have studied it with only moderate success towards solving it. Dr. Shank points out that tests of samples show that the steel only acts as though it were brittle when it is cooled below some critical temperature, and that this seems to be different for each plate. The age of the structure or of the steel is not important.
When a crack occurs in the steel, " under tensile loading, it progresses
nearly with the speed of sound in . steel. Although many seem to think , that welded structures are more apt ! to crack than do riveted structures,
there is no real evidence to support \ this view. In fact, cracks usually run i through the parent steel rather than
| along the welded seams. However, de
fects of design or due to fabrication procedure usually are important, al
though sometimes these details are so
small that they cannot readily be
found.
Over the years, the ingenuity of
engineers and the experience they have
gained from earlier failures have led
to many methods for lessening the ma
jor causes of cracking in steel struc
tures. In general, as long as the rec
ommendations of.existing design stand
ards are followed, the chance of fail
ure probably is small. However, as
long as,- in any failure, we know
neither all of the factors involved
nor their relative importance, there
always will be some chance of failure
occurring, no matter how small.
The extent of failures in the refining
industry will be indicated by the re
port of the chairman of the special
Study Committee, Dr. Carl H. Sam-
ans, associate director of. engineering
research for Standard Oil Co. (Indi
ana).
There are about 6000 large tanks in
service today, each of which can hold
55,000 bbl. or more. There have been
32 failures in the past 35 years of
such tanks in this country. They have
failed either partially, by a crack or
split of limited extent, or completely.
Although there have been over
twice as many partial failures as com
plete failures, there is no reason to
think that any of the partial failures
would not have been complete if
conditions had been as adverse as they
might have been. No way of pre
dicting whether or not a failure might
occur is known. Some of the tanks
failed when first filled. Others gave
satisfactory service for as long as forty
years, before anything happened. Still
others, after failing partially relatively
early in their life, were repaired and
then have given over twenty years of
service without any further trouble.
Cases also are known in which
fairly large, partial cracks must have
existed partway through the tank wall
for a sizable time before a number
of new and different adverse factors
happened to coincide, and a crack to
failure appeared. Oil storage tanks,
like all other structures, are built with
plenty of extra material in their wall
thickness, and it takes some unexpect
ed and powerful forces really to harm
them.
~
The economic slant to these failures
will be explained by Fred A. Gitzen-
dazmer, also an associate director engi
neering research for Indiana Standard.
He will point out that the loss from
a single tank failure has ranged from
about $5000--when only minor re
pairs were made and most of the tank's
contents recovered--to as much as
$500,000--when there was a complete
loss of tank and contents.
The average loss was $90,000 per
failure. On this basis, an annual insur
ance premium of $60 per tank could
cover the risk for this type of sudden
tank failures. Actually, this figure is
low when compared to the corre
sponding fire insurance premium of
$220 per tank per year on the average
being paid by refiners.
Mr. Gitzendanner also will discuss
the relative costs of other things that
might be done to decrease the chance
of such failures, and show how all
of them have to be looked at as a
calculated risk, as against the sound
ness and cost of the methods proposed
for reducing failures.
New methods to decrease the
chances of brittle failure will be de
scribed by Frank J. Feely, Jr., and
Maynard S. Northup, Standard Oil
Development Co. In their special test,
the latest and most promising ap
proach to the problem, pieces of steel
plate up to 16 ft. long and 40 in.
wide are being tested in a manner
approaching service conditions more
closely than is possible with the cus
tomary small test pieces.
Cracks of known length, and vary
ing degrees of fineness that are almost
impossible to see even under a micro
scope, down to those produced at liq
uid nitrogen temperature, are first pro
duced by a specially controlled
method.
-
The specimen next is cooled to the
desired test temperature and is stretch
ed by a known load. A gun is then
used to drive a wedge into the crack
very rapidly. If the temperature is too
high, or if the stretching load is too
small, either nothing will happen or
the crack will lengthen a small amount
only. However, if the temperature is
low enough and the stretching load is
high enough the crack will jump very
rapidly entirely across the test plate.
The effects of such factors are being
studied as width of test pieces, their
length and thickness, the size of the
initial (made) crack, the test tempera
ture, and the type of steel. Although,
in this special test method, the ordi
nary carbon steels that are now made
for the shipbuilding industry seem to
give uniform results, those made for
general structural purposes, including
the usual tank steels, vary a great deal.
Some plates will resist cracking, even
when the temperatures are relatively
low and the stretching loads are rela
tively high; others bought to the same
specification will crack readily even
when the temperatures are relatively
high and the stretching loads are rela
tively low. Thus far the reasons for
these differences are not known, and
no other simpler test has been found
which shows them so clearly.
710 '
Petroleum Processing, May, 1954
4*
Afore Economic Pressure Vessels
That is goal of engineering research studies to which API gives considerable financial aid
By WILLIAM C. UHL
vessel construction, but may be used-- plates of structural quality in pressure
Associate Editor--Equipment
safely and economically--with much vessels during times of material short
higher design stresses, under certain ages.
THE petroleum processing indus limitations of service.
tries today spend an estimated
Organization of PVRC itself was
15 to 20% of the new constructionat the original request of the Boiler
Information now being developed in current projects will augment the data already accumulated to prove out
dollar every year for pressure vessels. Code Committee and the Welding Re the major premise of the PVRC goal
Based on last year's total capital in search Council. The main committee --that pressure vessels can, and must
vestment by refiners of some $1,056, comprises about 100 engineers and eventually, be made at lower cost yet
i\
250,000, this means that pressure vessels are probably costing the refiner
technologists from such segments of industry, as steel makers, fabricators,
with'increased strength and safety. Among them are many projects of
around $150,000,000 to $200,000,000 boiler and vessel builders, engineering considerable significance to the petro
annually.
construction firms, the petroleum and leum processing industries, while all
An important current research ac chemical industry, as well as research of them are of high value to pressure
tivity is directed at an ultimate goal of organizations, universities, government vessel users and builders. For example:
reducing some of this cost--through agencies, and associations who are
The Fabrication Division is spon
more careful design, more efficient use concerned with the problem--like the soring, among others, three closely
of the newer metals, and at higher de API.
correlated projects concerned with the
sign stresses and an increase in the
Three principal divisions make up mechanical properties of high tensile
true factor of safety.
the group--materials, design, and fab steels which are being considered for
This activity is receiving consider rication. In addition, there are a num use in pressure vessels in order to per
able financial support by the American ber of important subcommittees di mit higher design stresses.
J Petroleum Institute as well as active participation by interested API mem
rectly concerned with specific projects. These include: research on high-
The Design Division's work has re sulted in two reports soon to be pub
bers. It is being conducted by the Pres strength steels, stress corrosion crack lished, which are seen as important
sure Vessel Research Committee of ing, inspection and testing, tests on and helpful contributions to the prob
the Welding Research Council and low-alloy high-strength steels in pres lems caused by local loads on vessels
has received API support since its in sure vessels, materials for high-tem applied through nozzles, lugs, clips,
ception in 1945. PVRC operates on perature service, increased design supports, etc. Analytical and experi
an approximate annual budget of stresses, and many others.
mental data has been, up to this time,
$80,000, of which the API contributes, about one-third.
Some 40 reports have already been published by PVRC, reflecting the re
extremely scarce and entirely inade quate for this type of loading to which
Including this direct support of sults of work and projects carried out vessels are regularly subjected in serv
pressure vessel research, API is re by the various subcommittees.
ice.
sponsible for 12% of the cost of all
Information already available to in
Another project being considered is
research projects conducted by the dustry, through these published re ' aimed at developing design rules for
Welding Research Council itself.
ports, includes:
size, location, buckling strength, circu
As pointed out by PVRC Chairman
1-- Effects of different deoxidation larity, etc., of the reinforcement at the
Perry R. Cassidy, of Babcock & Wil practices on the behavior of steels.
intersection of conical and cylindrical
cox Co., "A 1% reduction in the cost
2-- Deleterious effects of the strain shells.
of pressure vessels will represent sav ings equal to many times the total cost
ing of steels associated with tempera ture or time, and how these effects
The Materials Division likewise is contributing much to the overall goals
of the research program to date."
may be overcome.
of PVRC. Among projects of interest
*
Principal goal of the PVRC work is to arrive at factual data, needed by
3-- The manner in which steels to the petroleum processor are: 1) a which are ductile at ordinary room research investigation of stress corro
code making groups, by designers in temperatures become brittle at low sion cracking, and 2) compilation of
the manufacturing field, and by all temperatures.
the basic properties of six high tensile
other engineers who are concerned
4-- How brittle failure may be steels.
with the design of pressure vessels, avoided by the selection of suitable
The stress corrosion cracking proj
i using the newer, higher strength steels. steels, together with utilizing better ect has been assigned to the National
These steels, ranging in yield design and workmanship.
Bureau of Standards. The first part of
strength from 70,000 to 90,000 psi.
5-- Heat treatment effects covering the program is to devise an accelerated
and in tensile strength from 100,000 preheating of vessels before welding. laboratory test to obtain satisfactorily
to 120,000 psi., cannot be used eco
6-- Amelioration treatments by post reproducible results--in 250 hours or
nomically today, because of certain heating.
less--of the transcrystalline stress-cor
restrictions in stress allowances. PVRC
7-- The influence of corrosive en rosion cracking of Type 304 stainless
proposes to show that higher strength vironments on cracking of steel and steels. The overall problem is to de
steels are not susceptible to failure how they may be controlled.
termine the conditions under which
any more than the medium strength
8--Proof testing of vessels.
austenitic stainless steels are subject to
steels presently employed in pressure
9--The possible use of carbon steel this phenomenon.
Petroleum Processing, May, 1954
711
Do You Need Training Materials?
Here's an API service to help you get them
By STUART BOYNTON
respectable trickle of requests widened
Editorial Assistant
into a river. Out of 59 items on the
first index (with three copies of most
A CENTRAL lending library for material on training refinery per
of them) all had been borrowed by April 1,'and there was a large backlog
sonnel is one of the most'successful of requests for the more popular
recent innovations of the API Refining works.
Division. Organized as part of the
The collection in the new library is
main library at New York headquar composed of contributions from indus
ters, the project is expected to go a try, universities and individuals. It
long way toward meeting the need for consists of almost anything touching
knowledge in the industry about the on refinery training that contributors
latest methods and aids being used for want to send--company manuals, pa
training personnel in refining jobs and pers read at university or association
skills.
symposiums, or research developed by
The idea has made a big hit. Al university extension departments.
though the library has existed officially
The library lends to all comers,
since May, 1952, it came into its own firms or individuals, API members or
only last January, when the API cir not. A large part of its appeal probably
culated the first index of material ac stems from its policy of permitting
cumulated since it opened. After the reproduction of any of the circulating
industry had a look at the index, the literature. This has several advantages:
1) a firm can build a permanent file of training literature for possible future use; 2) it can review and improve its established training programs by con sidering the methods employed by other companies; and 3) a course for training a specific skill can be set up more efficiently by utilizing the experi ence, as far as it fits the situation, of other firms that have built successful programs.
Trade secrets are safe because each company decides for itself what mate rial should be contributed to the li brary and, therefore, might be used by others. Cost of reproduction is met by the borrower.
How does the system work? The experience of a Canadian refinery which had a difficult training problem is an illustration.
The firm's management had decided
Here's What You Can Get from the Library
BOILERMAKERS
The Texas Co.
Basic training course in boiler shop layout practices
CARPENTRY
.
Atlantic Refining Co. Carpentry training program for job and zone foreman instructors
The Texas Co.
gosic training coursns ini
Bill of material interpreau'on and blueprint reading Construction materials and their properties Hand and power tools and their uses Mechanics of the steel square
CRAFTSMEN, GENERAL
The Texas Co. Blueprint reading and interpretation
`
ELECTRICIANS
Sinclair Refining Co. Electrical trainees' on the job manual Training course for electricians and linemen
MACHINISTS
McKee, Arthur G. & Co. Technical training program--centrifugal pumps, by Frank
Drahos, Byron Jackson Co.
The Texas Co.
Basic training coursns im
Bearings--designs and uses for machinists Blueprint reading and interpretation Centrifugal pumps Care and operation of compressors Machine shop layout Materials--standards, properties and uses Mechanical seals for centrifugal pumps
.
Power units (steam turbines) Reciprocating pumps Rotary pumps
MANAGEMENT
Cities Service Refining Corp. Basic management training program, 1952 Management development program leaders program, 1950 Esso Standard Oil Co. Conference leadership. A text and reference to assist in the de
velopment of conference leaders tor training programs, 1952 Humble Oil & Refining Co. Foundations in Management, 1947, 1948 and 1950. A series of
lectures delivered before management groups McKee, Arthur G. and Co. Orientation and indoctrination series, 1953 Shell Ott Co. Conference chairman and instructors manual, by G. P. Koch,
1949 Conference leader's background information on day to day
written communications, 1950 Conference leader's guide for 1952, Shell's 40th year Conference outlines. What makes people u'ck: The behavior pattern, 1949 The grouch, the daydreamer, the know-it-all, 1949 The troublemaker, the timid soul, the worrier, 1949 Program for security, 1953 Socony-Vacuum Oil Co. Tips on talking Standard Oil Co. of California The management guide--an organization and administrative aid
in the California Standard Co., 1948 Management teamwork--pamphlet outlining the objectives of
management teamwork of California Standard, 1949
REFINERY PRACTICES AND PROCESSES
Chu, Ju Chin How to train refinery engineers in distillation McKee, Arthur G. <k Co.
712
Petroleum Processing, May, 1954
to set up a petrochemical branch in Alberta and was going to have to hire operating personnel with little experi ence of refining. The company hoped to be able to set up an intensive pro gram for training the new men during their first few months of employment.
Training aids were needed covering both general refining practices and the operation of specific pieces of equip ment--centrifugal and reciprocating pumps, compressors, fractionation col umns, heat exchangers, etc.
The company's training supervisor could find only a small part of the needed texts in the firm's own files. He sent a letter stating the problem to the API library. The inquiry was answered promptly with a list of works on these topics in the library--this was before the recent index was published.
From this list the training supervisor chose and requested a number of items. After examining them he de cided to reproduce the contents of sev eral of the most useful. As will usually be the case, the texts bad to be modi fied in some respects so as to fit the plans and organization of the com pany. Also, the supervisor was not able
How to Use the API Training Library
Contributions to the API Li brary of Training Materials must meet only one requirement; they must be of a size to fit on a stand ard library shelf (12 x 18 in.). In addition, it is requested that three copies of each item be furnished, if possible.
Both contributions and re quests for material to be bor rowed should be addressed to the Librarian of the American Petro leum Institute, 50 West 50th St., New York 20, N. Y.
to find material on every job for which training was necessary. Nevertheless, using the library's resources offset a substantial part of the time and cost involved in organizing such a program, and it's likely that the final plan was better for having been developed out of the experience of many firms.
The library can be useful in many
other ways. For instance there was the professor at a well-known college of engineering who had to organize and give a course on the internal combus tion engine. He requested and was sent material on the functions of these en gines in the refinery and their con struction, fuels and lubricants.
Another man, an official of a small, independent refinery, evaluated the service as an aid to the new firm which is dealing with operating and training problems for the first time or with problems that are peculiar to the area. Management at this company hopes to utilize some of the techniques other refineries may have worked out while operating under similar conditions.
Consideration of the project began as'early as 1951, when the committee on training of the API' Refining Divi sion decided that a system should be set up to inform the industry about the training aids in use. A subcommit tee on training literature was estab lished. It came up with the recom mendation for a source library of these materials. The final decision was for a central collection in New York at the API headquarters.
) Revised codes and code interpretations for unfired pressure vessels
Films and Audio-Visual Aids
and pressure piping, by Frank G. Williams, Taylor Forge and
Socony-Vacuum Oil Co.
Pipe Works Magnolia Petroleum Co. Fundamentals of refining, 1953
Audio-visual aids Buere's guide
Film catalog
.
Practical use of audio-visual aids in industrial training, 1949
Pan American Refining Corp. Basic training manual--operating departments Training activities 1951-52
The what and why of. audio-visual aids Parsennal Relations
Standard Oil Co. (Ohio)
Standard Oil Co. of California
Refinery crude unit operating manual, 1952
Company's personnel relations program--a summary of talks,
Texas A. A M. College Vocational training, fundamentals of
1949 Here's your opinion--results of 1951 employee opinion poll
general refining practices
.
1 An over-all picture of a refinery and the processes involved
2 Crude oil--the primary charge stock to the refinery
3 Distillation
4 Processing and disposition of light hydrocarbons
5 Polymerization
6 Cracking, thermal and catalyu'c
7 Treatment of petroleum stocks lighter than lube oils
8 Lubricating oil evaluation and non-solvent treating
9 Dewaxing and solvent treating processes
Piping and Tubing Babcock & Wilcox
Properties and methods of working seamless and welded tubes and pipes of the B&W stainless Croloys
Methods of working seamless tubes and pipes of the intermediate B&W Croloys
Properties and methods of working seamless tubes and pipes of the B&W Nicloys
Properties of carbon and alloy seamless steel tubing for hightemperature and high-pressure service
10 Petrochemical and other processes
Supervisors
11 Heavier products, fuels and certain by-products
Esso Standard Oil Co.
12 Refrigeration m the refinery
Basics of supervision
13 Metallurgy and corrosion in the refinery
Supervisor training, 1949
14 Personnel and auxiliaries required to operated a refinery
Humble Oil & Refining Co.
Fundamentals of supervision, Vois. 1 and 2
MISCELLANEOUS
The Texas Co. Procedure manual, supervisory program
Correspondence Standard Oil Co. of California Correspondence handbook--basic principles of good letter writ
ing and their application to company requirements, 1949
' Corrosion Bridgeport Brass Co. Technical handbook, revised 1952 Condenser and heat exchange tube handbook, 1953
Driving Esso Standard Oil Co. Driver testing and training, 1951 Manual for safety training of lift truck operators
Safoty McKee, Arthur G. A Co.
(See under Refinery Practices and Processes)
Technical
Esso Standard Oil Co.
.
Technical training program,-Baltimore refinery
Welding Socony.Vacuum Co. Trainers guide for electric arc-welding programs, 1950
Work Sheets Socony-Vacuum Oil Co. Job methods work sheet
1 Petroleum Processing, May, 1954
713
i API Catalyzes Refining Progress
J By JOHN W. NEWTON 190 individual cars covering 19 makes taining cleanliness of streams and air
Vice President for Refining
and yearly models ranging from 1946 at high levels of purity. The oil in
American Petroleum Institute
to 1952. Eight oil companies furnished dustry shares with all others this re
fuels with widely varying character
LIKE the catalysts the oil compa nies use in processing, the Amer
istics. Vapor Lock and Cold Starting: Of
ican Petroleum Institute Refining Di-basic importance have been the re
sponsibility. Anyone familiar at all with the steps taken in recent years can attest to the sincerity and aggres siveness with which the oil companies,
I vision functions to enlarge and speed cent investigations into vapor lock individually and jointly, have accepted j up the flow of essential' tSfchnical in and cold-starting characteristics of their portion of the task.
formation and data to the petroleum refiners. This swift dissemination of
military vehicles. In the summer of 1951 and winter of 1951-52, exhaus
The development of technical infor mation dealing with the treatment of
fact and opinion has put the refining tive tests were made on 12 different refinery waste products has been one
] industry 'in the forefront of the quick types of military vehicles. Using a of the longest established goals of
' adaptation of better equipment and great many commercial petroleum the Division of Refining.
improved techniques.
fuels, the tests gave direct results in
The Committee on Disposal of
The Producing and Marketing Divi the form of improvements in the fuel Refinery Wastes, through its support
sions of the API operate along the injection systems and in a description of research projects in leading research
same lines as Refining. The constant of the gasoline properties that would institutions and by free exchange of
assembling of fundamental knowledge give best performance. These were industry "know-how," has helped keep
in all branches of the petroleum indus- carried on under various conditions.
the refining branch abreast of modern
1 try under the sponsorship of the API
Diesel Fuels and Lubes: Research technology in both water and air pol
1 in effect spreads the work of solving activities on diesel problems have lution abatement.
common technical problems. This extended to military aircraft engine
Product Testing: Almost at the op
achievement has made the API unique design, fuels and lubrication. Combat posite extreme, in so far as public
I among industry associations in the country. It is not the Refining Division's
vehicles of all types have been placed under various studies as the Division of Refining has extended its coopera
attention is concerned, is the Divi sion of Refining's work in the meas urement, sampling and testing of pe
, purpose nor practice to discuss com tive efforts with various segments of troleum and its products.
' petitive problems ' or information; the Armed Forces.
Of particular importance, as an
( rather, the work of the Division offers
An example of this continuing pro example, is the work done on pressure-
' every refiner solid facts from which gram is the current work of establish temperature relations of petroleum
he individually can find ways to im- ing, with U.S. Army Ordnance, the mixtures, a project undertaken in 1949
i prove his products' quality, increase - proper engine-lubricating oil relation at Northwestern University. When
] his operating efficiency, better his pub ship in air-cooled tank engines.
completed -- perhaps in 1954 -- this
lic relations and accomplish many
Other projects have looked into the study will undoubtedly have yielded
other objectives.
storage stability of diesel fuels, gaso information of extreme value to design
The current and recently completed lines and jet fuels--work which has engineers in many industries.
, work of the Division will receive con resulted in vast savings of product
Central Abstracting: Another en
tinued interest as additions are made and energy.
deavor initiated by the Division is the
to this existing reservoir of techno
Public Relations: The API's Oil Central Abstracting Service. Culmi
logical fact. A review of these projects Industry Information Committee, itself nating a cooperative study by oil tech
will show some of the directions in not a part of the Division of Refining, nologists, the API has started a service
which they are most likely to benefit has done some notable work in edu aimed at furnishing weekly abstracts
refiners and, through them, the U.S. cating both the public and the oil of 100 leading U.S. and foreign tech
public.
industry.
nical publications to subscribers.
Automotive Fuels: For many years,
This educational program has al
Employee Training: In employee
in cooperation with the auto makers, ready had some distinct benefits in training, the Division of Refining has
the Division has sponsored research improving the industry's relations with accumulated training literature and
projects dealing with equipment, lu the public. It is not, however, the only counseled with the pump manufactur
bricants, and fuels. These have re way in which the API has had influ ers and other suppliers on making
sulted in direct gains for the motoring ence in gaining public confidence and their training literature more effective.
public through advanced engine de appreciation for the refiner. Many
The list of such contributions can
sign and more effective petroleum segments of the various research pro also include providing the industry
i fuels. They have permitted refiners to grams have dealt with problems of with viscosity sampling materials, and
1 plan production of higher quality fuels direct concern with these relations.
with engineering techniques for greater
and carry these production changes
Refinery Waste Disposal: One of safety.
out efficiently and economically. In the most important of these has been
The fundamental knowledge con
] addition to the civilian effort, a large the continuing program of investiga stantly being assembled under API
1 segment of this research has been tion into the technical problems of sponsorship has immediate and direct
devoted to defense activities, which refinery waste disposal.
meaning in the refiner's search for
. even more vitally affect the essential
J public interest.
While the major portion of the na tion's refining capacity is concentrated
technological improvement. Its impor tance can be recognized only by its
j The Division, working through the in relatively few areas, the nation use and by furtherance of its con
Southwest Research Institute in San Antonio, Texas, has investigated some
as a whole is becoming increasingly conscious of the over-all task of main
tinued gathering through wholehearted support of the API program.
714
Petroleum Processino, May, 1954
API Committee Activities--1953
Annua! progress reports on programs under way
by Refining Division technical committees
One of the most important activities of the American Petroleum institute Division of Refin* Ing is to organize and coordinate various tech nical committees, which carry out studies and projects of mutual interest to the petroleum processing industries. To acquaint the industry more fully with the work of these committees, these progress reports have been prepared for us by the chairmen, with the cooperation of W. T. Gunn, director of the Division.
JOHN W. NEWTON .
Chairman, General Committee
Mr. Newton, Mongolia Petroleum Co., Beau mont, received a degree in chemical engineering from Texas A&M. He jtaught chemistry there for 2 years, and then 'joined Magnolia as a chemist in 1914. After successive promotions, he became a director and vice president of the company in 1938, and is now vice president and manager of refining.
elliott b. McConnell
Chairman, Advisory Committee
Mr. McConnell, Standard Oil Co. (Ohio), grad uated from Cornell University chemical engi neering school in 1923 and was employed by Standard Oil Co. (N. J.). In 1928 he joined Standard of Ohio as assistant to the vice presi dent in charge of manufacturing, was made general manager of the manufacturing depart ment in 1945, and in 1946 was appointed vice president and elected a director.
CHARLES M. RIDGEWAY
Chairman, Program Committee
Mr. Ridgeway, Pure Oil Co., Crystal Lake, 111., received a B.S. in chemical engineering from the University of Michigan. He has been with Pure since 1932, in various capacities at the company's refineries and in the Chicago office. From 1942-43 he served with PAW, returning to Pure as technical assistant for the refining de partment. Since 1949 he has been manager of the research and development laboratories.
C. E. DAVIS, Chairman
Mr. Davis has been with Shell Oil Co. since 1917, starting as a clerk in the Cushing, Okla., refinery. He moved to Wood River, to Houston, to St. Louis, and in 1943 was made general manager of the manufacturing department in New York. He became assistant to the vice president in charge of manufacturing in 1949.
R. C. ALDEN Chairman, Subcommittee on Fuel Surveys (see photo. Committee on Petroleum Products)
HE Automotive Research Com were concluded during the year and
Tmittee continued to sponsor a final report is in preparation. A new studies and investigations to promotevolatility project which will include
improvements in fuels and lubricants studies on vapor lock, stalling and
and their more efficient utilization. hot starting has been inaugurated by
Many of the research projects were CRC.
carried out by the Coordinating Re
Among the more important CRC
search Council under the joint spon projects is a study of the storage sta
sorship of the American Petroleum bility of motor gasolines, turbine fuels,
Institute and the Society of Automo and diesel fuels. This study was ini-
tive Engineers and are of considerable titated primarily at the request of the
benefit both to the petroleum and au military services, but is yielding in
tomotive industries.
formation of considerable interest
Surveys of commercial motor and commercially. Other fundamental fuel
aviation gasoline properties, diesel studies include projects at the Massa
fuels and turbine fuels are made an chusetts Institute of Technology and
nually by the U. S. Bureau of Mines the University of Wisconsin for de
with the cooperation of the Automo veloping techniques and apparatus for
tive Research Committee and distri the instantaneous measurement of gas
buted to the automotive and petrole temperatures inside the combustion
um industries. The desirability of in chambers of internal combustion en
cluding residual fuels in future sur gines. In cooperation with the U. S.
veys is being considered.
Bureau of Mines, fundamental inves
Vapor lock studies conducted by tigation of ignition quality of diesel
the Southwestern Research Institute fuels is being continued using a con-
Petroleum Processing, May, 1954
stant volume bomb procedure. In motor gasolines major emphasis
has been placed on the phenomenon of preignition and its relation to oc tane requirement. Investigation of tur bine fuels covers high temperature volatility characteristics and the rela tionship between combustion charac teristics and turbine efficiency, includ ing depositing tendency. In the Diesel fuel field the full scale tests on rail road Diesel engines has entered the final phase and a progress report on the first phase has been issued to the participants.
Lubrication projects currently in progress include a study of engine lubricant relationships and a new project on gear lubricants. A design for a new test engine for evaluating the performance of engine lubricants has been finalized and a supplier has been selected on the basis of price and ability to conform with the com mittees' requirements.
715
W. L. STEWART, Jr., Chairman Mr. Stewan, Union Oil Co. of California, Los Angeles, attended Stanford University and was graduated by M.I.T. in 1923. He began with Union Oil the same year and worked as a re search assistant until 1925, when he became sec retary of the manufacturing committee. In 1927 he was promoted to executive assistant and elected a director. He became a director of manufacturing a year later, a vice-president in 1930 and, in 1942, the company's executive
vice-president.
HE Smoke and Fumes Commit
Ttee was formed in 1952 for the purpose of sponsoring research the growing problem of aifpollution. The research program adopted by the committee was designed to develop basic information on the causes of air pollution in urban areas and to obtain reliable data concerning the contributions to the problem of both the petroleum industry and its cus tomers.
The funds for use in financing the Committee's program were made available on January 1, 1953. Some three weeks later, the Executive Com mittee met with the Director, Division of Refining, and the Executive Secre tary and appointed an ad hoc fiveman Technical Advisory Committee to assist the Executive Secretary in selecting the research institutions best qualified to conduct research on the projects it was proposed to establish. The Technical Advisory Committee held its first meeting in February, with the Director, Division of Refin ing, and the Executive Secretary in attendance. It was recommended that several additional institutions be con tacted in regard to certain projects before final decisions regarding their placement were made.
These recommendations were fol lowed and, at the second meeting of the Executive Committee in April, final recommendations were made concerning the location and proposed cost of 11 research projects.
The recommendations presented to the Executive Committee were accept ed by it, and the task of negotiating contracts covering the projects was begun with the institutions selected. Research work under the first con tract signed began on May 1, 1953.
Research projects were placed at seven institutions.
1---The Industrial Hygiene Founda tion of America, Inc. was chosen as the site of a project for the selection and demonstration of the method most suitable to the determination of the path of gases after emission from a given source.
In setting up this project, it was soon discovered that no suitable meth od of tracing emissions was available and research would have to be car
ried out to develop a suitable method. At present two lines of attack are onbeing followed. One of these involves the dispersal of mercury vapor from a given source and the development of sensitive methods for the detection of the vapor after subsequent dilution by diffusion and convection. The other possible and promising method of tracing emissions being studied in volves introducing a finely-divided metallic compound into the given source. Minute amounts of the com pound carried to distinct locations are then recovered by drawing measured quantities of the contaminated air through filter paper. The metal in the samples is then made radioactive by exposure to neutrons in the Oak Ridge pile. By allowing appropriate time to elapse between activation and counting, the radioactivity of inter fering elements will have disappeared by normal decay. Hence, the amount of the tracer metal, and its concentra tion in the air volume sampled, may be determined by a count of its re maining radioactivity.
2--The Armour Research Founda tion was selected for two projects.
One of these projects has for its objective the development of an an alytical method for the determination of small amounts of ozone in polluted industrial atmospheres. The stipula tion was made that the method de veloped should depend, if possible, upon physical rather than chemical properties of ozone and thus be spe cific for ozone.
The other project has for its ob jective the determination of the quan tity and types of partially oxidized, thermally cracked and unchanged hy drocarbons present in the effluent gases from various types of domestic and industrial devices burning petroleum products. It appears that research on this project will be completed at the end of one year's time. The results of the study indicate that air pollution resulting from unbumed hydrocar bons, cracked hydrocarbons and par tially oxidized hydrocarbons from the burning of petroleum fuel is insignifi cant in cities of more than one mil lion population which use petroleum products exclusively as domestic and
industrial fuel.
716
3--The Kettering Laboratory of the
University of Cincinnati was selected
as the site of a project involving a
survey of the ozone content and ozone
forming capacities of the atmospheres
of selected industrial cities.
Ten cities were selected for survey
and the work in five of these cities
has beenr completed. The preliminary
results indicate that, contrary to what
has been believed in the past, Los
Angeles may not be unique in respect
to the high ozone content of its at
mosphere.
A--The Engineering Experiment
Station of the University of Illinois
was chosen as the location of a project
for a study of the effect of nitrogen
oxides, nitric acid and various par
ticulate matter upon the sulfur diox
ide-sulfur trioxide equilibrium in an
atmosphere irradiated by sunlight.
Exceptionally good progress has
been made on this project, the first
portion of the study already having
been completed. The preliminary re
sults indicate that in sunlight, in the
presence of water vapor and nitrogen
oxides in concentrations which may
exist in polluted atmospheres, the ox
idation of sulfur dioxide to sulfur tri
oxide is a very slow reaction, only
about 0.1% of the amount of sulfur
dioxide present being oxidized to sul
fur trioxide during each hour of reac
tion time.
5--The Franklin Institute was
chosen to study the reactions occur
ring in sunlight between nitrogen di
oxide and hydrocarbons of the various
types present in gasoline, as well as
the reactions occurring between ozone
and hydrocarbons of the same type.
These studies are being carried out
by the aid of infrared spectroscopy.
Preliminary results indicate that the
reaction products of the nitrogen di
oxide hydrocarbon systems are quite
easily identifiable. However, at the
present time some uncertainty remains
concerning the identity of some of the
products formed in the reaction be
tween ozone and certain types of hy
drocarbons.
'
6--The University of Wisconsin
also was selected as an additional site
for the study of the reactions occur
ring between nitrogen dioxide and hy
drocarbons.
Petroleum Processing, May, 1954
WILLIAM NADEN, Vice Chairman Mr. Naden, Esso Standard Oil Co., New York, joined the company over 20 years ago. His first post with Esso was as a chemist in the Everett, Mass., refinery. Between 1934 and 1944 he was general superintendent of the Everett and Balti more refineries, and in 1944 was made manager of employee relations. Two years later he be came a director, and in 1949 was named a vice president in the manufacturing department. He was appointed general manager of the depart ment in 19S0.
H. G. VESPER Chairman, Technical Advisory Committee Mr. Vesper, California Research Corp., San Francisco, was graduated by California Institute of Technology in 1922 and has been with Stand ard Oil Co. of California since. In 1931 he was transferred from manager of the El Segundo branch of Standard's research and development' department to San Francisco, as assistant to the general manager of the department. He was elected president of California Research Corp., Standard's research affiliate, in 1945.
B. A. FRIES Chairman, Project Advisory Committee No. II Mr. Fries, California Research Corp., Rich mond, Calif., received a B.S. and Ph.D. from the University of California, Berkeley. In 1943 he was employed by the Manhattan Project, for which he conducted research in plutonium sepa ration processes at the University of Chicago, Oak Ridge and Hanford. In 1945 he joined Cali fornia Research Corp. as a research chemist.
R. N. GILES Chairman, Project Advisory Committee
No. VIII Mr. Giles, Standard OQ Co. (Ind.), Chicago, received his B.S. from the South Dakota School of Mines, and his Ph.D. from Ohio State Uni versity in 1930. He then joined Standard of Indiana as a chemist at Casper, Wyo. He was transferred in 1934 to the Whiting laboratory, and in 1945 was placed in charge of all techni cal service activities at the Whiting refinery. In 1947 he became director of technical service for all of Indiana Standard's refineries.
VANCE N. JENKINS, Executive Secretary Mr. Jenkins, Union Oil Co., of California, Brea, Calif., was graduated in 1918 from Southwestern University, Georgetown, Texas, with a B.A. in chemistry. After brief periods with The Texas Co. he left to teach and study at Emory Uni versity during 1920-21, and to attend the gradu ate school of chemistry at the University of California during 1921-22. From 1922 to 1930 he was again employed by The Texas Co. He began to work for Union Oil in 1932, and is now supervisor of the research division.
R. M. SHEPARDSON Chairman, Project Advisory Committee No. I Mr. Shepardson, Esso Laboratories, received a C.E. degree from Rensselaer Polytechnic Insti tute in 1930, and immediately thereafter joined Esso Standard Oil Co. at the Bayway, NJ. re finery. In 1935 he was transferred to the Esso Laboratories (process division), and in 1947 was appointed director of these laboratories.
W. J. COPPOC Chairman, Project Advisory Committee No. VI Mr. Coppoc, The Texas Co., New York, re ceived a B.S. from Ottawa University, Ottawa, Kans. in 1935 and his M-A- and.Ph.D. degrees from Rice Institute in 1937 and 1939. He began work with The Texas Co. in 1938 while attend ing college. In 1944 he was appointed assistant to the assistant chief chemist at Port Arthur, was transferred in 1949 to the Beacon, N. J., laboratories as assistant research director, be came associate director in 1951, director in 1953.
HARRY LEVIN Chairman, Project Advisory Committees
Nos. IV and V (see photo. Analytical Research Committee)
K. M. WATSON Chairman, Project Advisory Committee
No. VII (see photo. Petroleum Products Committee)
Because of the fact that nitric acid is a more probable constituent of the amosphere than nitrogen dioxide when ozone is present, the work at the Uni versity of Wisconsin will be concerned chiefly with nitric acid reactions. This project was the last one to be acti vated and, hence, no preliminary re sults of great importance are yet avail able.
7--Stanford Research Institute was selected as the site of two projects.
Because this institution already had laboratory facilities in the Los An geles area, it was given the problem of determining the mechanism of the for mation of ozone in polluted industrial atmospheres. Its second assignment was the development of a method for the determination of the amount of total organic substances in polluted in dustrial atmospheres.
Considerable progress has been made on both phases of this project. Preliminary data indicate that contrary to published statements and popular
Petroleum Processing, May, 1954
belief, nitrogen dioxide and saturated branched chain hydrocarbons play no part in the formation of ozone. A method of isolating the substance or substances which form ozone on ir radiation by sunlight has been devel oped, and it is believed there is a dis tinct possibility of the substance or substances responsible being identified within the near future.
It was found possible to modify an infrared analyzer for use in the deter mination of total organic substances in the atmosphere. The construction of an instrument embodying the neces sary modifications will be begun within a short time.
Ever since the original postulation of the theory that smog is caused by reactions in the atmosphere between oxidizing substances and hydrocarbons derived from petroleum, there has been sharp disagreement concerning the degree to which this theory repre sents fact. In particular, there has been much argument concerning the
relative amounts of hydrocarbons de rived from petroleum and from other sources, such as rubbish burning, in the atmospheres over our cities. This point can be settled by a determina tion of the amount of radioactive car bon contained in the organic material in a given atmosphere. It is proposed to initiate a project of this kind within the near future.
There also has been a large amount of contradictory data presented on the subject of visibility reduction caused by aerosols resulting from the reaction of unsaturated hydrocarbons with ozone. Some authorities claim such reactions in the atmosphere are the cause of most of the reduced visibil ity over cities using petroleum prod ucts as the chief fuel. It is proposed to establish a project to study the condi tions under which aerosols are formed by reaction of unsaturated hydrocar bons and ozone, as well as the rate of visibility reduction if such aerosols are
found to form.
717
R. H. VENN, Chairman Mr. Venn, Humble Oil and Refining Co., Hous ton, received a B.S. from Wayne University and
an M.S. from M.I.T., the latter in 1934, and started with Humble Oil as a junior chemical engineer at the Baytown refinery. In 1938 he became section head of the technical service division, was promoted to senior project engi neer in 1942, and in 1945 was named technical assistant to the director in charge of refining. In 1950 he was named manager of refining opera
tions.
THE Committee on Refinery Equipment is concerned with
facturers of equipment and the proc ess plant contractors. It is expected
matters pertaining to the design, conthat this work will culminate in a
struction, inspection Ttnd repair of manual of recommended practices for
refinery equipment. It fosters the API electrical installations in refineries.
program of standardization in these
The Subcommittee on Mechanical
fields where standards do not exist, or Equipment, E. F. Voss, chairman,
where the standards developed by worked in cooperation with the Manu
other bodies do not meet adequately facturers Subcommittee on Centrifu
the needs of the refining industry. gal Pumps, Lynn Sawyer, chairman,
It formulates recommended practices on Specifications for Centrifugal
for industry-wide use in the promo Pumps for General Refinery Service.
tion of efficiency and safety in refining The specification is complete and is
operations. Through its representatives now in the process of being printed.
in other organizations, it attempts to
The Subcommittee on Pressure-
insure that standards developed by Relieving Systems, under the chair
those organizations are acceptable to manship of J. C. Souder, continued
the petroleum refiner.
in its effort to formulate a workable
The Subcommittee on Electrical recommended practice for the design
Equipment, under the chairmanship and construction of refinery pressure-
of L. M. Goldsmith, continued its relieving systems. At present, the
study of the design of refinery elec greatest effort is being expended to
trical installations. Its purpose is the ward obtaining agreement on certain
development of recommendations controversial design data relative to
which can be accepted by the petro heat input to vessels involved in fires.
leum industry as well as the manu
The Subcommittee on Unfired Pres
sure Vessels, N. J. Rees, chairman, has been considering certain proposed supplements to the API-ASME Code for Unfired Pressure Vessels having to do with materials, nozzle reinforce ment, and inspection rule changes. Study groups are considering the gen eral subject of welding quality, the design of alloy-clad vessels, and the fabrication of low chrome-moly ves sels. The subcommittee also is work ing toward the development of a specification for graphitization-resistant steel.
The Subcommittee on Low-Pres sure Storage Tanks, under the chair manship of W. L. Bowler, in coopera tion with a Manufacturer's Subcom mittee, H. C. Boardman, chairman, is reviewing a final draft of recom mended rules for the design, con struction, and inspection of large, low-pressure welded storage vessels for service at pressures above the lim itation of API Standard 12C, but be low the range of the API-ASME Code
C. C. TATE, Sponsor
Mr. Tate, Phillips Petroleum Co., Bartlesville, received a B.S. in electrical and mechanical
engineering from Kansas State College, and in 1932 joined Phillips as an engineer. His expe rience in refining operations includes 12 years in Borger, Texas, and Okmulgee, Okla., refin eries. From 1945-48 he was Phillips' special representative in Mexico. He returned to Bar tlesville in 1949 to take his present position as manager of the refining department.
H. G. MANGELSDORF Chairman, Subcommittee on Corrosion
Mr. Mangelsdorf, Esso Standard Oil Co., New York, a graduate of Kansas State College, has an M.S. in fuel and gas engineering from M.I.T. He joined Esso in 1934 at Baton Rouge, where he subsequently became manager of the chemi cal products division and later general super intendent of the petroleum products division. In 1950 he was appointed general superintend ent of the Bayway refinery. He was named man ager of east coast manufacturing in 1952.
L. M. GOLDSMITH Chairman, Subcommittee on Electrical
Equipment Mr. Goldsmith, Atlantic Refining Co., Philadel phia, was graduated from Drexel Institute of Technology, which later bestowed on him the honorary degree of doctor of science. He pio neered the adaptation of the diesel-electric drive to tow-boats and medium-size ocean-going ves sels in 1923 and was an early advocate of elec tric welding for pipe lines. He is Atlantic's chief engineer and vice president of manufacturing.
E. F. VOSS Chairman, Subcommittee on Mechanical
Equipment Mr. Voss, Humble Oil and Refining Co., Hous ton, attended Technical University of Aachen, Germany, in 1913-14, before coming to the UJS. in 1916. He was graduated from M.I.T. with a B.S. in 1918, and the University of Paris awarded him a doctorate in physical chemistry in 1923. He returned to the U.S. as an instructor at M.I.T. during 1923-24, then joined Humble. In 1927 he became chief refinery engineer.
G. N. EHLY Chairman, Subcommittee on Instruments Mr. Ehly, Atlantic Refining Co., Philadelphia, received a diploma in mechanical engineering from Drexel Institute of Technology in 1933 and completed a 3 yr. course in petroleum refin ing at Pennsylvania State College in 1943. He was employed by Atlantic in 1933 at the Phila delphia refinery, and in 1939 became senior test engineer of the mechanical laboratory section, mechanical department. In 1946 he was made the department's instrument section supervisor.
LYNN SAWYER Chairman, Manufacturers' Subcommittee
Centrifugal Pumps Mr. Sawyer, Byron Jackson Co., Los Angeles, secured his electrical and mechanical engineer ing education via extension courses. In 1929 he was employed by Byron Jackson as sales engi neer. He was promoted to branch manager in 1933, and in 1938 was transferred in this capac ity to New York. He became general manager of the pump division in 1943, a vice president in 1945, and board member in 1952.
718
Petroleum Processing, May, 1954
J. C. SOUDER Chairman, Subcommittee on Pressure-Relieving Systems Mr. Souder, Standard Oil Development Co., Linden, NJ., was graduated by Virginia Poly technic Institute with an MJE. in 1929. He joined Standard Oil Co. (NJ.), and was as signed to the development company. After three years as an inspector with the refinery equip ment group he transferred to the Aruba, N.W.I., refinery. Since 1946 he has been with SOD as an engineering consultant
W. L. BOWLER Chairman, Subcommittee on Low-Pressure Storage Tanks Mr.' Bowler, Pure Oil Co., Chicago, was gradu ated from Lehigh University in 1922. For two years he was with the Chile Exploration Co., and from 1926 to 1930 in the inspection depart ment of Jersey Standard. After three years with the Taylor Forge and Pipe Works he joined Pure, and since then has been concerned with general refinery problems and plant mainte nance.
L. P. STILLMAN Chairman, Manufacturers' Subcommittee on
Safety and Relief Valves Mr. Stillman, Manning, Maxwell and Moore, Tulsa, holds a B.S. from.Iowa State College. He spent five years as an operator of pressure stills for the Cities Service refinery in East Chi cago, Ind., and two more years in the com pany's Tulsa office. After two years with an engineering firm, he joined Manning, Maxwell and Moore as a sales engineer and became manager of the products division.
H. C. BOARDMAN Chairman, Manufacturers' Subcommittee on
Low-Pressure Storage Tanks Mr. Boardman, Chicago Bridge and Iron Co., Chicago, received a B.S. degree in civil engi neering in 1910 and a CJE. degree in 1926 from the University of Illinois. He worked for Chi cago Bridge and Iron from 1910 to 1916 and from 1926 until the present. During the latter period he served as research engineer and, since 194$, as the director of research.
for Unfired Pressure Vessels. The Subcommittee on Corrosion,
H. G. Mangelsdorf, chairman, fosters the study of corrosion of refinery equipment.
The Subcommittee of Refinery In spection Supervisors, W. K. Brown, chairman, is concerned with the writ ing of Recommended Practices for Refinery Inspections. Parts I through V have been completed. A Designer's Subcommittee, under the chairman ship of J. H. Rickerman, is working with Mr. Brown's group.
A study group under the chairman
ship of C. H. Samans is gathering in formation on storage tank failures by brittle fracture.
The Subcommittee on Valves, R. H. Bungay, chairman, cooperates with the Manufacturer's Subcommittee, un der the chairmanship of W. P. Kli ment, to perpetuate the valve stand ards which are considered acceptable to the petroleum industry.
The Subcommittee on Tank Acces sories and Cleanouts, E. E. Kerns, chairman, has as its objective the formulation of recommendations rela tive to the standardization of tank ap
purtenances and openings. Last year, it recommended that provision be made on cone-roof tanks for attach ment of cables for painters, inspectors and maintenance men's scaffolds and that the number, size and location of manholes and cleanout openings be referred to the Committee on Tank Cleaning.
The Subcommittee on Instruments has completed its work in the prepa ration of Part V, Instruments, of the Recommended Practices for Refinery Inspections. Copies of this Part were scheduled to be available May 1.
' W. K. BROWN , , Chairman, Subcommittee on Refinery , Inspection Supervisors
'' Mr. Brown, Standard Oil Co. (Ind.), Whiting, j is a graduate of the University of Texas, where
he received his B.S. in 192$, and of the Univer sity of Ulinots, with a M.S. in 1927. Except for two years with a firm of consulting engineers, he has been in the engineering division of Indi ana Standard's Whiting refinery. He has been
assistant chief engineer in charge of the plant engineering department since 194$.
J. H. RICKERMAN Chairman, Designers' Subcommittee on
Refinery Inspections Mr. Rickerman, M. W. Kellogg Co., New York,
received a B.S. in mechanical engineering from the University of Illinois and was first employed ; as a steam engineer for Commercial Solvents
* Corp. He joined M. W. Kellogg in 1936, and . became its chief standards engineer in 1949.
He has also been a part-time instructor of graduate courses in petroleum engineering de sign at Columbia and New York Universities.
E. E. KERNS Chairman, Subcommittee on Tank Accessories
and Cleanouts Mr. Kerns, Standard Oil Co. (Ohio), Cleveland, received his M.E. degree from Carnegie Insti tute of Technology in 192$. In 1928 he joined the Louisiana Oil Refining Corp-* eventually becoming mechanical superintendent of the Bos sier City refinery. In 1934 he was employed by Standard, of Ohio. He is presently in charge of the materials and equipment secu'on of general engineering.
R. H. BUNGAY Chairman, Subcommittee on Valves Mr. Bungay, Union Oil Co. of California, Los Angeles, graduated in 1930 with a B.S. from the California Institute of Technology. He was . employed by Standard Oil of California from *' "1 1930-40, was with the Army from 1940-46 and joined Union Oil upon his discharge. At present he is supervisor of engineering and construction in the manufacturing department, and is in charge of design and construction of major refinery expansion programs.
N. J. REES Chairman, Subcommittee on Unfired
Pressure Vessels Mr. Rees, Socony-Vacuum Oil Co., New York, received a B.S. in 1931 and an M.E. in 1932 from the College of the City of New York. For six years he worked with the U.S. Navy Depart ment, then in the power industry, and for three years with the M.W. Kellogg Co. He joined Socony-Vacuum in 1944 and is now design engi" neer in the refinery engineering division.
W. P. KLIMENT Chairman, Manufacturers? Subcommittee on
Refinery Valves Mr. Kliment, Crane Co., Chicago, started work ing for the Crane Co. in 1924, at the age of 23, and is now engineer of standards in charge of the application of codes, specifications, and correlative standardization data pertaining to the valve and fittings industry.
Petroleum Processing, May, 1954
719
D. S. TURNER, Chairman Mr. Turner, Standard Oil Co. (Ohio), Cleve land, attended Westminster College and Youngs town College and majored in social science and metallurgy, taking his B.S. in the latter. He was employed by Carnegie Illinois Steel Corp. for 13 years, serving as assistant to the super intendent of the personnel division, and as di rector of training in the Youngstown district.
He joined Sohio in 1946 as staff assistant in the industrial relations division of the manu facturing department training activities.
THE Committee on Training is re sponsible for developing and im
Library as a part of the regular li brary of the API. The training mate
proving training methodST techniquesrial currently housed in the Training
and training aids in the refining indus Library is available to anyone in the
try. It is also interested in keeping the Refining Industry who is interested in
men responsible for refinery training training. (A detailed story on this ma
informed on the latest developments, terial appears in this issue, pg. 712.)
and offers assistance in organizing and
Mr. W. W. McMullen, Jr., is chair
promoting training. The sponsor for man of a Subcommittee on Economics,
the Committee on Training is Mr. which is making a study of what train
George V. Dunham, Vice-President of ing has been done in the refining in
Socony-Vacuum Oil Co.
dustry in the field of economics.
The Subcommittee on Pump Man
The Subcommittee on Committee
uals has prepared specifications for Work, headed up by Mr. Taylor Rush
training manuals. Mr. John Stadtherr ing, submitted the final draft of a
and his subcommitte have worked with booklet entitled, "The Three R's for
a subcommittee of representatives of Committeemen." The Refining Divi
pump manufacturers headed up by sion felt its members needed a clear
Mr. George V. Shaw. The specifica picture of their responsibilities. This
tions have been very well received by ' booklet was prepared to meet this
the pump manufacturing industry and need. The three R's referred to in the
the Hydraulic Institute. These Subcom title of the booklet are Responsibili
mittees are now preparing general ties, Relationships, Rewards. Copies
training manuals on:
of the booklet have been sent to all
1--Centrifugal Pumps
members of the API.
2--Rotary Pumps
A major project undertaken by
3--Reciprocating Pumps
the Committee on Training in Refin
Mr. Ray Faller and his Subcommit ing is the formation of area subcom
tee on Training Literature have an mittees. The Committee feels that
nounced to all members of the Refin such subcommittees can do a lot to
ing Division, the start of the Training advance refinery training throughout
the United States. The membership of these subcommittees would be com posed largely of the men who are organizing, coordinating, and conduct ing training programs at the refinery levels. These subcommittees will be patterned after the Gulf Coast Sub committee, which has been operating for a number of years. The service they have performed in their area has proved the value of area subcommit tees. The chairmen in charge of organizing these area Subcommittees ai;e:
Mr. W. O. Barnes--San Francisco and Los Angeles areas.
Mr. E. R. Laminack--New YorkPhiladelphia area.
Mr. M. L. Mullins--Great Lakes area.
Mr. R. H. Gould--Mid-Continent area.
The Committee on Training felt there was a definite void of "Case Studies" for. use in supervisory train ing. The committee agreed to make a compilation of problems that have occurred in the field of human rela tions in the refining industry. Mr. Stadtherr is in charge of collecting these cases.
C. E. HEADINGTON, Chairman
Mr. Headington has been with Atlantic Refin ing Co. in Philadelphia since 1929--in the research and development department--and was made division research director in 1944. He received his BA. from Upper Iowa University
in 1927, and his M.S. in chemistiy from Iowa State College in 1929, studying during 1927 28 as an industrial research fellow.
THE Committee on Analytical Re search is a relatively young ac
industry through group sessions on this subject, which are held annually
tivity in the API being an outat the API midyear meetings; and
growth of the cooperative program through Analytical Chemistry, where
between the government and the pe the papers presented at the group ses
troleum industry during World War sions are ultimately published.
II. Its function is to promote analy
Most of the research programs of
tical research in the petroleum in the committee are carried out by
dustry and to develop new analytical means of discussion and cooperative
techniques which will aid petroleum work in nine subcommittees, which are
refining operations.
currently engaged in the following
The results of its analytical research programs:
"
programs are made available to the
1--The Subcommittee on Trace
720
Elements in Crude Oils and Catalytic Charge Stocks, headed by Harry Levin of The Texas Co., is developing quick and reliable methods for determining minute amounts of metals such as vanadium, nickel, iron and sodium and others in oil fractions that are charged to units employing catalytic processes.
2--The Subcommittee on Analysis of Cracking Catalysts, headed by R. O. Clark of Gulf Research, is de veloping methods for determining
Petroleum Processing, May, 1954
f
I 4 ;! i !i
!
i
i
G. S. DUNHAM, Sponsor Mr. Dunham, Socony-Vacuum Oil Co., New York, is a Cornell University graduate of 1922. He was employed by the White Eagle Oil Corp. (now part of Socony-Vacuum) at its Augusta, Kans., refinery in 1925, later becoming superin tendent of the firm's Ft. Worth, Texas, plant. In 1936 he became manager of Socony-Vacuum's refinery engineering division and later vice chair man of the manufacturing committee in charge of refineries in the eastern and central states.
TAYLOR M. RUSHING
Chairman, Subcommittee on Committee Work
Mr. Rushing, The Texas Co., New York, was
graduated from Southwestern University in
1925. He took his graduate work at the Univer
sity of Texas and the University of Southern
California, and was a public school principal
for 17 years. In 1943 he became associated with
Lamar Coliege, Beaumont, Texas, remaining
there until 1945, when he accepted the job of
supervisor of training for The Texas Co. refining
department.
-
W. W. McMULLEN
Chairman, Subcommittee on Economics Training
Mr. McMullen, Magnolia Petroleum Co., Beau
mont, Texas, was graduated with a B.S. in me
chanical engineering from Texas A. & M. Col
lege. He has been with Magnolia at the Beau
mont refinery since 1947 and was in the engi
neering department until 1952, at which time he
was promoted to training director. With the
engineering department he performed mainte
nance and design engineering and field inspec
tion work.
-
W. E. BENNETT Chairman, Gulf Coast Subcommittee
Mr. Bennett is supervisor of personnel training, Cities Service Refining Corp., Lake Charles, La. Prior to joining Cities Service in 1944, he attended Louisiana State University, served in the merchant marine, and worked in the con struction field. After moving through several mechanical department posts at Lake Charles, he took on his current responsibilities. He has also served in union contract negotiations for the firm.
R. R. FALLER Chairman, Subcommittee on Training Literature Mr. Faller, Ethyl Corp., New York, received his B.S. from New York University and his M.S. from Yale. Ethyl employed him in 1931 as an automotive engineer in the Dayton, Ohio, office. Five years later he became assistant division manager at Dayton, and in 1939 was assigned to the Detroit laboratories as director of train ing. In 1945 he became manager of personnel and employee relations at the laboratories, and was made director of training in 1948.
J. J. STADTHERR Chairman, Subcommittee on Pump Manuals Mr. Stadtherr, Pure Oil Co., Chicago, was grad uated from the University of Missouri with a B.S. and took post-graduate work in chemical engineering at Ohio State University. From 1927-37 he was a chemist for Sinclair Refining Co. He then joined Pure as a resident chemist for the Heath, Ohio, refinery, and was subse quently assistant general operating foreman, and training supervisor. Since 1949 he has been training director for the refining division.
W. W. HITCHCOCK Chairman, Subcommittee on Case Studies Mr. Hitchcock, Sinclair Refining Co., Houston, entered the oil industry in 1920 as a "rough neck" in oil field production. In 1921, Sinclair employed him as a Stillman in its lube oil opera tions, transferring him in 1924 to light oil opera tions. He was made a foreman of various refin ery operating divisions in 1929 and promoted to industrial engineer in 1948. In 1950 he was ap pointed manager of refinery training and safety for the company.
GEORGE V. SHAW Chairman, Manufacturers' Subcommittee on
Pump Manuals Mr. Sbaw, Ingersoll-Rand Co., New York, re ceived his technical education at the Polytechnic Institute of Brooklyn. He worked up through the ranks in engineering with the Newburgh Ice Machine and Engine Co. and the Alberger Pump and Condenser Co. He has been with Ingersoll-Rand for 35 years and chief engineer of its pump sales division since 1938.
H. Y. HYDE, Sponsor Mr. Hyde, Tide Water Associated OH Co., San Francisco, graduated from the University of California in 1926 with a B.S. in chemical engi
neering, and received an M.S. from M.I.T. two
years later. From 1929 to 1946 he was general supervisor of the research and development de partment of the Associated Division of Tide Water. Since 1946 he has been vice president in charge of manufacturing.
R. J. ASKEVOLD Chairman, Advisory Subcommittee
Mr. Askevold, Pure Oil Co., Crystal Lake, III., is also secretary of the Committee on Analytical Research. He was graduated from the Univer sity of Chicago in 1934, where he was elected to Phi Beta Kappa. After graduation he joined Pure Oil's research and development laborato ries as a research chemist. For the past eight yeais he has been director of the analytical research and service division of the laborato ries.
these same elements in trace amounts on the catalysts. Obviously, both of these programs are aimed at an ulti mate understanding of which of these elements act as poisons to the catalysts used in the industry and will be in valuable in studies aimed at removal of the offenders.
3--The Subcommittee on Measure ment of Physical Properties of Crack ing Catalysts, headed by L. Mittelman of Tide Water Associated Oil Co., is studying the various methods used for
Petroleum Processing, May, 1954
measuring catalyst properties with the aim of selecting the best methods that are available for this purpose. This work is being conducted with the full cooperation of the companies who are manufacturing these catalysts.
A--The Subcommittee on Refinery Effluent Water Analytical Methods, headed by J. B. Rather, Jr., of SoconyVacuum, is concerned with the de velopment of new analytical tech niques for determining minute amounts of oil, phenol and other re
finery products in waste waters. This
activity is a part of an intensive in
dustry wide program aimed at the
prevention of stream pollution. To
date this group has developed a num
ber of new methods for determining
oil and phenols in very low concen
trations.
_
5--The Subcommittee on Analyti
cal Methods for Atmosphere, headed
by G. R. Lake of Union Oil, is giving
aid to the Committee on Disposal of
Refinery Wastes in the field of de-
721
G. R. LAKE Chairman, Subcommittees on Group Session , Papers, and on Analytical Methods
for Atmosphere Mr. Lake, Union Oil Co. of California, Brea, Calif., holds a B.S. in chemical engineering (1929) and an M.A. in chemistry (1933) from the University of Texas. He was employed by Union Oil in 1933 as an analyst, and has also been a research chemist for the firm. He is now supervisor of the research division.
R. O. CLARK Chairman, Subcommittee on Analysis of
Cracking Catalysis Mr. Clark, Gulf Research and Development Co., Pittsburgh, received his B.S. and M.S. de grees at the University of Nebraska, the latter in 1935. Two years later he joined Gulf to direct its microanalytical laboratory. In 1943 he was appointed head of Gulfs analytical methods section, and was promoted to head of
the analytical laboratory in 1949.
termining hydrocarbons in air and ex* pects to be useful in thE activities of the API Smoke and Fumes Commit tee.
6-- The Subcommittee on Determi nation of Sulfur and Sulfur Types, headed by B. J. Heinrich of Phillips Petroleum, is doing some excellent work on the determination of car bonyl sulfide, mercaptans, sulfides, disulfides, thiophenes, and other sulfur compound types. This work is being carefully coordinated with the work of API Project 48 on Sulfur Compounds.
7-- The Subcommittee on Determi nation of Naphthenic Hydrocarbons, headed by S. S. Kurtz, Jr. of Sun Oil, has been comparing methods used in individual laboratories for determ ining cyclohexane and methylcyclopentane. The program is now being
extended to include C; naphthenic hy drocarbons where agreement between laboratories and methods is not ex pected to be as satisfactory as was the case with the Ce hydrocarbons.
8-- The Subcommittee on Analysis of Oxygenated Compounds, headed by W. H. Jones of Esso Standard Oil, has been working on improved meth ods for the direct determination of oxygen. The group is now turning its attention to the determination of func tional groups containing oxygen. The quantities of oxygen involved here are, in all cases, small.
9-- The Subcommittee on Naph thene Hydrocarbon Type Analysis, headed by C. W. Key of Richfield Oil, will hold its first meeting in Houston in May. It is expected that they will be interested in developing analytical
methods for pyrolles, pyridines, etc. in hydrocarbon mixtures.
In addition to the above, a Sub committee on Group Session Papers, headed by G. R. Lake of Union Oil who is also Vice Chairman of the Committee on Analytical Research, has organized a Group Session on Analytical Research for the Midyear API meeting to be held in Houston, May 11 of this year. This program will include 16 papers on a variety of subjects of analytical interest. (Ab stracts of all of these papers appear in this issue, beginning on pg. 725-- Ed.)
Information on the activities of the committee may be obtained from either the chairman or from R. J. Askevold of Pure Oil Co. in Chicago, who is secretary of the committee.
R. C. ALDEN, Chairman
Mr. Alden, Phillips Petroleum Co., Bartlesville, Olcla., is also chairman of the Subcommittee on Fuel Surveys of the Automotive Research Com
mittee. He is a graduate of Lehigh University,
and has been in the petroleum industry since 1920. He started with Phillips in 1925 as a se nior chemist on the research staff, and was made assistant director of research in 1930, and director in 1933. He is now chairman of Phil lips' research planning board.
THE Committee on Petroleum which came to fruition in 1953 was the Products is concerned principally API Technical Abstracting Service. with matters pertaining to specificaAn office and staff was set up at the
tions, methods of test and methods API headquarters under Mr. L. C.
of measurement for petroleum prod Stork. The first issue appeared Janu
ucts. The Committee will serve as ary 8, 1954. The Service abstracts
an advisory committee to other com about 100 chemical journals and oil
mittees of the API and also upon periodicals. It appears weekly and
request to duly authorized govern covers items of interest to petroleum
ment agencies on matters coming technologists. The abstracts are
within its title with particular refer grouped by subjects rather broadly.
ence to quality.
Each issue shows some improvement
A "Glossary of Terms Used in Pe in the Service so that those now ap
troleum Refining" was published in pearing are very satisfactory and a
August, 1953. This represented six great credit to Mr. Stork, his staff and
years' work on the part of the Com the API. In spite of the high basic
mittee. The Glossary has had good subscription price of $3000/year,
reception, its sales to date having there are now 22 subscriptions and -
reached 1100. It is fulfilling a long felt it is indicated that this will be a suc
need in this field.
cessful venture.
Another activity of this Committee
Considerable valuable data has been
accumulated during the last five years from a fellowship maintained at the Technological Institute, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois on the Vapor Pressure-Temperature Data sponsored by the Committee on Pe troleum Products.
One of the functions of the Com mittee is to select API representatives on Sectional Committee Zll on Pe troleum Products and Lubricants of the American Standards Association.
This Committee has for some time been organizing a symposium on petro chemicals. This symposium will be held at the Spring meeting of the Re fining Division of the API at Houston.
The Committee on Petroleum Prod ucts also has been working closely with . the Diesel Engine Manufacturers' As sociation on mutual problems.
722
Petroleum Processing, May, 1954
W. H. JONES Chairman, Subcommittee on Analysis of
Oxygenated Compounds Mr. Jones, Esso Laboratories, Baton Rouge, La., was graduated from Alabama Polytechnic Institute in 1928 with a B.S, and received his M.S. from Louisiana State University in 1929. He was employed as a chemist by the Esso Standard Oil Co. (Louisiana Division) in Baton Rouge in 1939.
L. L. M11TELMAN Chairman, Subcommittee on Physical Properties
- of Cracking Catalysts Mr. Mittelman has been with Tide WBter Asso ciated Oil Co., Associated, Calif., for 32 years. He is a 1919 graduate of Cornell University, and joined Tide Water shortly after leaving college. He now holds the position of chief chemist with the company.
S. S. KURTZ, Jr. Chairman, Subcommittee on Naphthene Analysis Mr. Kurtz, Sun Oil Co., Marcus Hook, Pa., completed "his B.A. studies at Harvard Univer sity in 1921, and his M.A. work in 1922. He was with Atlantic Refining Co. from 1928 35; and then joined Sun Oil as manager of the development division's chemical section. For 10 years he was manager of Sun's research labo ratory at Norwood, Pa., and since 1952 has been a technical associate in the research and development department.
W. R. ARGYLE, Sponsor Mr. Argyle, Sinclair Refining Co., New York, was graduated from the University of Utah. When he joined Sinclair he was put in charge of fuel and utilities for all of the company's re fineries. In 1924 he became superintendent of the Marcus Hook, Pa., refinery and remained there until 1943. From then until 1945 he served in Washington with the PAW. Upon returning to Sinclair he became assistant manager of re fining, and is now vice president for refining end a director of the company.
A. E. MILLER Chairman, Glossary Subcommittee Mr. Miller, Sinclair Refining Co., New York, is also chairman of the Advisory Committe's Infor mation Subcommittee. He received his B.S. in Chemistry from Pennsylvania State College in 1912, and then joined Gulf Refining Co. He has been with Sinclair since 1918, and assistant to the vice president, research and development,, since 1942. He has spent a number of years in Europe for Sinclair, gathering technical data.
J. C. GENIESSE
.
Chairman, Subcommittee on Viscosity Standards
Mr. Geniesse started with The Atlantic Refining
Co, Philadelphia, after obtaining a PhJJ. in
chemical engineering at the University of Mich
igan. For a time he was concerned with fuel and
lubricant tests and fuel production from heavy
petroleum products. Subsequently he became
divisional director of research in heavy oils in
the research and development department, and
later was made director of the application re
search division of the department.
Petroleum Processing, May, 1954
HARRY LEVIN Chairman, Subcommittee on Trace Elements in
Crude Oils and Catalytic Charge Stocks Mr. Levin, The Texas Co., Beacon, N.Y., stud ied chemistry at Cooper Union Institute of Technology, being graduated in 1921; obtained a law degree from New Jersey Law School; and studied microchemistty at New York Uni versity in 1935-36. He is supervisor of the ana lytical and testing department at Texaco's Bea con Research Laboratories, and chairman of its committee on test methods.
J. B. RATHER, Jr. Chairman, Subcommittee on Refinery Effluent
Water Analytical Methods Mr. Rather, Socony-Vacuum Oil Co., received a B.S. in chemical engineering from Lehigh University in 1932. He joined Magnolia Petro leum Co., a Socony-Vacuum affiliate, in 1935, and was transferred in 1937 to Socony's labora tories in Brooklyn, N.Y. He is assistant director of the technical service department, and super visor of the inspection and fuels section.
B. J. HEINRICH Chairman, Subcommittee on Determination of
Sulfur and Sulfur Types Mr. Heinrich, Phillips Petroleum Co., Bartles ville, Okla., received an M.S. in analytical chemistry from the University of Oklahoma in 1930. From 1937 until he was employed by Phillips in 1943 he taught chemistry. He has done work toward a Ph.D. at both Oklahoma and the University of Michigan, and since 1945 has been chief of the analytical section of Phillips' research department.
H. W. FIELD Chairman, Subcommittee on Central " Abstracting Service Mr. Field, Atlantic Refining Co., Philadelphia, received his B.S. in 1928 from the U. of Penn sylvania. He started with Atlantic as a junior engineer, and after a series of promotions be came assistant manager in the research and de velopment department in 1940. He was elected a director in 1946, appointed general manager of the department in 1947 and vice president in charge of research and development in 1949.
K. M. WATSON Chairman. Subcommittee on Vapor Temperature-Pressure Relationships Mr. Watson. Pure Oil Co., Crystal Lake, 111., is also chairman of Project Advisory Committee No. VII of the Smoke and Fumes Committee. He received his B.S., M.S. and Ph.D. (1929) from the U. of Wisconsin, joined UOP in 1931, was research director there from 1935-41, spent a year with Gulf Oil, and returned to his alma mater in 1942 as a research professor. In 1952 he joined Pure as director of research.
J. G. RAYMOND Chairman, Study Group on Mechanics Mr. Raymond, Sinclair Refining Co., New York, was graduated with a B.S. from Michigan State College in 1928, and in 1931 received a degree in library science from Columbia University. He has been Sinclair's Librarian since 1946.
B. R. SIEGEL (not shown) Chairman, Subcommittee on Octane Precision Mr. Siegel is with Sinclair Refining Co., Har vey, 111. No photograph available.
723
I. H. EASTHAGEN, Chairman Mr. Easthagen is also chairman of his com mittee's Coordinating Subcommittee. He was graduated by the Colorado School of Mines in 1928 with a degree in petroleum engineering. Next he was employed by Standard Oil Co. of California at the El Segundo refinery. In 1944 he transferred to the California Research Corp. when it was formed, and in 1945 he moved to the Richmond Laboratories to take charge of technical services, research and certain develop ment work. He is now senior research engineer.
THE Committee on Disposal of Refinery Wastes has the respon
engaged in preparing material for the revision and expansion of Volumes
sibility of collecting, summarizing, andI, II, and III.
publishing in manual form technical
The committee is currently sponsor
information that will be of assistance ing four research projects. One research
to refiners in selecting efficient and project, contracted to the Acad
effective methods for handling and dis emy of Natural Sciences in Philadel
posing of waste materials.
phia, concerns the applicability of a
Since 1951 the committee has been certain bio-assay method to natural
engaged in a complete revision and bodies of water typical of those into
reorganization of the Manual on Dis which petroleum refineries discharge
posal of Refinery Wastes. The manual waste. Work under this contract was
has been divided into five volumes, initiated in the Spring of 1953 and
and since 1951 four of the five vol will probably cover about three years.
umes have been revised, expanded,
A second project, contracted to the
and published. The five volumes and Boyce Thompson Institute, is a co
their status are as follows:
operative project sponsored by a group
Volume I--"Waste Water Contain of industries interested in determining
ing Oil"--The fifth edition of this the effects of long time exposure to
volume was published in March 1953. extremely low concentration of fluo
Volume II--"Waste Gases and Par rides in the atmosphere on vegetation.
ticular Matter"--The fourth edition This project was initiated in 1951 and
of this volume was issued in May will probably run for an additional
1952.
two years.
Volume III--"Chemical Wastes"--
In 1953 two additional projects
The second edition of this volume was were initiated by the committee. The
published in 1951.
first of these is a project to evaluate
Volume IV--"Sampling and Analy critically the currently available data
sis of Waste Water"--The first edition on the acute and chronic toxicity for
of this volume was published in 1953. man and animals of selected chemical
Volume V--"Sampling and Analy pollutants found in waste streams
sis of Waste Gases and Particular from petroleum refineries. A new sub
Matter"--The first edition of this vol committee has recently been formed
ume is nearing completion and should to act as project advisory group in
be published in 1954.
establishing and carrying out the
The committee is currently actively project.
The second new research project concerns the collection, evaluation, and assembly in a comprehensive and publishable form of available infor mation on the subject of Removal of Dust and Particular Matter from Waste Gases. A new subcommittee has recently been set up and assigned to act as an advisory group in estab lishing and carrying out the details of this project.
The various subcommittees of the committee are currently giving atten tion to the following subjects:
1--The evaluation of gas flotation as a means of removing oil from waste waters.
2--The investigation of economical methods for handling and disposing of oily sludges and clays.
3--A study of the relative merits of circular and rectangular oil-water separators.
A--The development of the design of an all-purpose incinerator.
5--The biological treatment of wastes.
6--Treatments for phenolic-type
wastes. 7--Chemical oxidation of organic-
type wastes. The results from the activities of
these various subcommittees will be used in the expansion of appropriate volumes of the Manual on the Dis posal of Refinery Waste.
G. A. DAVIDSON, Sponsor Mr. Davidson, Standard Oil Co. of Calif., San Francisco, received his B.S. from the University of California in 1921 and was then employed by California Standard as a chemist in research and development. He became superintendent of the refinery at El Segundo in 1933. In 1937 he was assigned to the home office as assistant to the general manager of the manufacturing de partment, becoming assistant general manager
in 1943, then assistant vice president. The company elected him vice president in 1944.
W. C. DOUCE Chairman, Subcommittee on Waste Gases
and Dusts Mr. Douce was employed by Phillips Petroleum Co., Bartlesville, after his' graduation from the
University of Kansas in 1942, and worked in plant operations and refinery process engineer ing. In 1945 he was made technical adviser in the patent department. After three years he returned to refining, as staff administrator, andin 1950 became coordinator of pollution abate ment and product-Ios. control work.
R. J. AUSTIN Chairman, Subcommittee on Chemical Wastes Mr. Austin, Standard Oil Co. (Ind.), Whiting, received his bachelor's degree from the Uni versity of Kentucky in 1933, and a year later his M.S. in physical chemistry. In 1936 he joined the research department of Indiana Stand ard. He is currently working in the technical service division of the research department as a group leader on problems relating to refinery waste disposal and atmospheric pollution.
L. C. BURROUGHS Chairman, Biological Project Subcommittee
L. C. Burroughs, Shell Oil Co., New York, is a graduate of the University of Illinois. He
joined Shell in 1925 as a chemist at the Wood River, 111., refinery. Later he worked in the manufacturing department of the company's head office. In 1942 he became assistant super intendent of the Houston refinery and held that position until he returned to Shell's head office in 1946 as assistant to the vice president.
724
Petroleum Processing, May, 1954
W. H. BARCUS Chairman, Fluoride Project Subcommittee Mr. Barcus, Sun Oil Co., Marcus Hook, Pa., was graduated from Swarthmore College in 1927. Shortly afterward be was employed by Sun as a chemist, and two years later became a chemist and chemical engineer in the develop ment laboratory. In 1936 he was appointed chief of the chemical engineering section of the de development division, and since 1948 he has been manager of the development laboratory of the research and development department.
RANDLOW SMITH Chairman, Dust Collector Project Subcommittee Mr. Smith, The Texas Co.,. New York, was graduated from the California Institute of Tech nology with an M.S. in 1941 and joined The Texas Co. in New York City shortly afterward. He became a senior engineer before leaving for military service in 1944. Returning to the com pany in 1946, he continued his work in the design of waste disposal works, alkylation units and miscellaneous stabilizers.
J. A. FOWLER Chairman, Sludge and Spent Clay Disposal
Project Subcommittee Mr. Fowler, Sinclair Refining Co., East Chicago, Ind., is a 1935 graduate of the University of Texas, where he received a B.S. in chemical engineering. He was employed by Gulf Oil Corp. in various laboratories and grease plants until he entered military service in 1942. In 1945 he joined Sinclair in the laboratory de partment and was later transferred to the tech nical department.
D. G. STEVENS Chairman, Water Quality Criteria Project
Subcommittee Mr. Stevens, Standard Oil Co., (Ohio), Cleve land, was graduated as a chemical engineer by Syracuse University in 1938. He spent four years with Standard of New Jersey at Aruba, N.W.I. as a process engineer before joining Ohio Standard in 1941. During the past several years he has been active in process engineering and operation of waste disposal facilities. Cur rently he is chief of technical service.
W. H. LANG Chairman, Incinerator Design Project
Subcommittee Mr. Lang, Standard Oil Development Co., re ceived a B.S. from Washington and Jefferson College in 1934, an M.S. from Iowa State Uni versity in 1938, and a Ph.D. from the Univer sity of Iowa in 1940. He has been a sanitary engineer for Pennsylvania, chief chemist and bacteriologist for Newport News, and an asso ciate edito rof Water Works Engineering. He is currently a consultant on pollution for SOD.
RAY C. ADAMS Chairman, Subcommittee on Oil-Water
Separation Mr. Adams is with Magnolia Petroleum Co., Beaumont, Texas. No photograph or biographi cal data available.
L. MITTELMAN Chairman, Subcommittee on Sampling and
Testing (see photo. Committee on Analytical Research)
Analytical Research Sessions
Here are the abstracts of 16 papers on a wide
range of newly developed methods of testing
AS in the past, the broad scope of activities of the API Refining Di
both of which will be held Monday, May 10, appears on p. 705.
vision's Committee on Analytical Re C. E. Headington, Atlantic Refin
search is reflected in the two technical ing Co., Philadelphia, and chairman of
sessions on that subject at this year's the Analytical Research Committee,
mid-year meeting.
will preside over the morning session;
The 16 papers scheduled for pres and R. J. Askevold, Pure Oil Co.,
entation represent one means whereby Crystal Lake, HI., and secretary of the
the work of the Committee and its committee, will preside over the after
sub-committees is brought to the at noon session.
tention of the industry. Topics to be
Abstracts of each of the 16 papers
covered in the discussions include the follow.
following: Micro techniques for distillation
and for trace quantities of metals and
COORDINATING GROUP OPERATIONS
non-metals; several spectographic pro "Coordinating til* Operations of a Pofro-
cedures; tests for mercaptan sulfurs and for hydrogen sulfide in the air; procedures for testing gasoline, grease, crankcase drainings, and other prod ucts.
A detailed report on the activities
loom Research Analytical Group," by W. C. Schaefermeyer and E. S. Smith, Union Oil' Co. of California, research and process department, Brea, Calif.
e Petroleum research progress and costs depend heavily upon the efficiency of the analytical services available. The analytical
of the Analytic Research Committee itself appears in this section on p. 720. The complete program for the two sessions on Analytical Research,
group at the Union Oil Co. of California Research Center has found that many de vices and practices developed originally to increase the efficiency of business offices may be used profitably for the coordination
of laboratory operations. Punched cards, high-speed accounting machines, and a du plicator which uses a beam of infrared energy are only a few of the devices which now relieve scientists and technicians of paper work and supply supervisory personnel with information they need to direct labo ratory operations efficiently.
MERCAPTAN SULFUR IN GAS AND LIQUID HYDROCARBONS
"A Simplified Amporomotric Method lor - Determining Mercaptan Sulfur In Liquid
and Gaseous Hydrocarbons," by M. D. Grimes, J. E. Puckett, B. J. Newby, and B. J. Heinrich, Phillips Petroleum Co., re search division, Bartlesville, Okla.
e Often it is important to know the con centration of the various types of sulfur compounds in refinery streams and petro leum products.
The work reported in this paper was undertaken as a result of the need for an accurate, fast method for the determination of mercaptan sulfur in all kinds of refinery streams and in finished petroleum products. A method is described for its determination in either liquid or gaseous hydrocarbons. The amperomrtric apparatus is inexpensive and portable. Data presented indicate that the method is satisfactory for specification
Petroleum Processing, May, 1954
725
Mr. hhatfirnuytr
Mr. Smith
testing. An analysis for the mercaptan con tent of a sample of jet fuel can be made in less than 10 min. The -analysis of a sample of liquefied petroleum gas requires a slightly longer period because of the processing of the sample before the amperometric titration.
MINIATURE COLUMN DISTILLATION
"Analytical Distillation In Miniature Col umns--It Equipment and Operation," by J. C. Winters and R. A. Dinerstein, Standard Oil Co. (Indiana), research department, Whiting, Ind.
A fraction of an ounce of liquid can be separated into dozens of individual com ponents in new miniature distillation equip ment. Many research experiments produce as little as a tablespoonful of material. Such tiny quantities must be further separated by distillation into many smaller fractions, each containing only a few drops. These fractions can then be identified by modern microanalytical methods, such as spectro scopy.
To distill such small samples, special con trols and instruments are needed so that materials which boil at almost the same temperature can be separated. For example, the electric power which supplies the heat must be controlled within a few thousandths of a volt. It may take as long as week to distill 2 oz. in continuous routine opera tion.
TRACE METAL TECHNIQUES
"New Techniques for Analyzing Mix tures of Trace Metals," by R. M. Sherwood and F. W. Chapman, Atlantic Refining Co., Philadelphia, Penna.
e Today's high-octane gasoline, as well as many chemicals derived from petroleum, is made by catalytic processes. In such cases the. catalyst is introduced into the process to steer the chemical reactions in the direc tion of making the desired product. How ever, the minute quantities of metals which are in petroleum frequently poison this cata lyst, and make it unable to do its job. This paper describes methods for measuring the amounts of many of these metals in petroleum when they are present in concen trations of only a few parts of metal per million parts of ofi. The use of such methods
Mr. Grimes
Mr. Puckett
should help the petroleum refiner to dis cover which of the many metals present . poison his catalyst, and should also help him to solve the problem of how to remove them from the oil.
HYDROGEN SULFIDE IN AIR
"An Analyzer-Recorder for Measuring Hydrogen Sulfide In Air," by E. B. Offiitt, American Thermometer Division of Robertshaw-Fulton Controls Co., St. Louis, Mo., and L. V. Sorg, Standard Oil Co. (Indiana), Sugar Creek, Mo.
e Hazards in the petroleum industry have been overcome one by one. Scieryx .and engineering have pitted their "know-how" against the inherent hazards of refinery operations. Hydrogen sulfide, a deadly gas, is one such hazard. It is one of the ingre dients of crude oil, and it also arises in refining operations by the breakdown of sulfur compounds. Recognizing the need for an instrument which would detect and record the presence of this deadly gas, a team of Standard Oil (Indiana) researchers developed such a machine. It also sounds an alarm when - the amount is above the safe limits of 20 ppm. The machine already has proved its worthiness in field tests made at several of Standard's refineries. Unsus pected hazardous areas have been revealed, and corrective measures have been taken.
Although the first models of the machine operate in the range from 0 ppm to 100 ppm of hydrogen sulfide in air, it is versa tile enough to be adapted for control of gas streams in sulfur-recovery systems. The instrument uses a special film prepared by coating blank 16-mm. motion-picture film with a chemical which becomes black in the presence of hydrogen sulfide. A sample from the air under test is pumped continuously through an exposure hood. The hydrogen sulfide reacts with the film coating to form a stain. A light beam through the stained film falls on a photoelectric cell which generates an electrical current. The current operates a conventional electronic recording device.
MICRO-DISTILLATION
"Micro Distillation Methods for the Analysts of Petroleum," by A. R. Javes, C. Liddell, and W. H. Thomas, AngloIranian Oil Co. Ltd., Sunbury-on-Thames, Middlesex, England.
Mr. Newby
Mr. Hainrich
o Minute quantities of crude oil, extracted by solvent from cores removed dunng drill ing, give the first indications of the quality of oil in new structures being penetrated. The sample of crude oil obtained is usually too small to fractionate and, as a result, it is not possible to obtain full analytical details on the crude. Consequently, it was found necessary to devise ait apparatus which would do the job. This paper de scribes a piece of equipment which can operate at atmospheric pressure or under vacuum, and fractionate a quantity as
small as 0.8 ml.
SMALL SCALE RVP DEVICE
"A Reduced-Seal* Retd Vapor-Pressure Apparatus," by R. L. LeToumeau, Julian F. Johnson, and W. H. Ellis, California Research Corp., Richmond, Calif.
The volatility of gasolines is an important property, and one which frequently is meas ured in connection with studies of the vaporlock and starting characteristics of gaso lines. Normally about a pint of sample is required to make this measurement. Cali fornia Research Corporation has developed an apparatus which requires only 3 ml. of sample. This is about \% of the regular sample. This will permit measurements to be made on samples withdrawn directly from the carburetor or fuel lines of engines. Information so obtained will be useful for tailoring gasolines for specific climates and for design of fuel systems.
WATER IN ACETALDEHYDE
"The Determination of Water In Acetal dehyde by Infrared Spectroscopy," by J. A. Favre, James P. Butler, and B. J. Heinrich, Phillips Petroleum Co., research division, Bartlesville, Okla.
The amount of water in acetaldehyde is a critical factor for the control of the re action rates of chemical processes which use acetaldehyde. Standard methods, such as Karl Fischer's, are not suitable for this analysis. An infrared method is presented which covers the concentration range of 0.1 to 0.4 wt.-% of water in acetaldehyde. Acetalydehyde boils at room temperature, and readily absorbs water from the atmosphere. This paper presents special handling and blending instructions for the preparation of synthetic blends used in the calibration of the
726
Petroleum Processing, May, 1954
infrared instrument. The accuracy' of this
method is plus or minus (KOI wt-% in the
range covered.
'
REVIEW OF TEL TESTS
"Methods for the Determination of Tetraethyllead In Gasoline--A Review," by C. M. Gambrill and Sue A. Gendemafik, Ethyl Corp., Research Laboratories, Detroit,
Mich.
e The increasing importance of tetraethyl lead to the petroleum industry has prompted considerable research aimed at the devel opment of more accurate and less time consuming analytical methods. The numer ous methods reported in the literature for the determination of tetraethyllead in gaso line are reviewed. Obviously it is impossible to expect one method to serve the needs of all the various laboratories required to make the analysis. The advantages and dis advantages of the various methods are dis cussed in an attempt to acquaint the reader with their overall application.
With the introduction of instrumental methods, it has been possible to reduce the elapsed time for an analysis from 7 his. to a matter of minutes without sacrificing ac curacy. This paper presents in one source all the references to methods, for the analy ses of gasolines for tetraethyllead, which have been published to the present time.
PAN IN NEW AND USED OILS .
"Determination of Phenylalpha-naphthy-
lamine (PAN) in Now and Used Oils (A Colorimetric Method)," by W. S. Levine and W. A. Marshall, Socony-Vacuum Lab oratories, Brooklyn, N. Y.
In use, oils tend to oxidize. Hence special compounds are added to them to retard oxidation. One such compound is phenylalpha-naphthylamine (PAN), an aromatic amine. To test its effectiveness in oils in the laboratory and for plant use, a method to determine the presence and concentration of PAN is needed. This paper describes such a qualitative and quantitative procedure. Results are accurate enough for control of oil blending, and for examining used oils. _
A small amount of oil is dispersed in acetone, and a reagent is added. The re agent forms a bluish-purple solution with the PAN, and the intensity of the color is measured with a colorimeter. The PAN
content of an oil is read off a graph which relates the color intensity to PAN con centration. Also described are the factors which affect the intensity and stability of the color. The precision of the method for samples which contain up to 0.1% of PAN is estimated to be approximately plus or minus 10%. The procedure is rapid. One sample can be analyzed in 18 to 20 min., and approximately 25 analyses can be made in an 8-hr. period. If other aromatic amines are present, they may cause high results.
COPPER IN CRANKCASE DRAININGS
"Spectrochamical Determination of Cop per in Crankcase Drainings," by C. R. Hodgkins and John Hansen, Esso Labora tories Research Division, Standard Oil De velopment Co., Linden, N. J.
e The copper in a single penny dispersed in about 700 qt of oil. illustrates the 5 parts of copper in a million parts of oil which it is possible to determine by the spectrographic method described. The anal ysis can be made on as little as one thirtieth of an ounce of used lubricant, and can be completed in less than 1 hour after the sample has been taken. '
The copper content of the oil in the crankcase of laboratory engines used to evaluate lubricants can be related to the loss in weight of the copper-lead bearing in the test engine. By analyzing samples taken at fixed time intervals during the test, the engineer can calculate the amount of bear ing weight loss, and can establish when the loss occurs, without the necessity of taking the engine apart to remove the bearing for weighing.
TRACE METALS ON CATALYSTS
"The Determination of Trace Amounts of Iron, Nickel, and Vanadium on Cata lysts by X-Ray Fluorescence," by G. V. Dyroff and P. Slriba, Esso Laboratories Re search Division, Standard Oil Development Co., Linden, N. J.
Everyone is familiar with the use of Xrays by physicians for diagnosing various bodily ills. Scientists at the Esso Laborato ries of the Standard Oil Development Co. are utilizing these same X-rays to diagnose some "ills" of a giant "cat cracker."
By combining new "high-powered" tools
such as X-rays and Geiger tubes with com mon table salt (in the form of a large single crystal), very rapid and precise deter minations of minute amounts (as little as 20 panicles in a million) of iron, nickel, and vanadium can be made.
Inasmuch as small amounts of these metals on the catalyst have a marked effect on the processing of oils in a catalytic crackifig unit, rapid methods of analyses are almost a necessity. Accurate analyses of these catalyst samples by means of Xrays can be carried out in IS min as com
pared to several hours by usual methods.
MICRO QUANTITIES OF NON-METALS
"Non-metal Analysis of Micro Quantities of 5ollds by Moans of tho Emission Spec trum," by E. L. Gunn, Humble Oil and . Refining Co., refining technical and research divisions, Baytown, Texas.
o In present-day manufacturing technology
the role which minute amounts of substances
play in influencing the course of chemical
reactions is becoming of increasing im
portance. In petroleum processing, for ex
ample, the occurrence of trace elements may
have a profound effect upon the course
taken by a specific reaction--thus influenc
ing the amount of valuable product recov
ered in the process. The detection and
identification of minute micro quantities of
solids often provides a valuable clue to the
researcher for ferreting out reasons for
the course taken by a process which he is
investigating. For rapid and precise detec
tion of these traces the best analytical tools
available are required. This paper describes
a technique whereby certain non-metals such
as sulfur and chlorine can be determined
in micro amounts of solids by means of an
emission spectrograph.
'
In principle, the detection of a non-metal
in a material by the emission spectrum
consists in subjecting the material to the
impact of a powerful high-voltage spark
discharge which causes light of a character
istic nature to be emitted. By measuring
this light, the identity of the non-metal, as
well as its amount in the material, is de
termined. The production of the fight spec
trum in non-metals has its points of diffi
culty, and some of these are considered.
The emission spectrum has been used to
determine as little as 1% of sulfur and
Mr. Fovr*
Mr. Rutlar
Petroleum Processing, May, 1954
Mr. Gambrill
Miss Gendernallk
Dr. Luvln*
Mr. Marshall
727
f
Mr. Hodgkliu
Mr. Hanson
chlorine in micro solids which weigh 0.0003ounce. This sample amount would be very difficult and time-consuming to analyze by other methods; but the analysis may be performed in approximately 2 hr. by thespectrum method. Thus the method is espe cially useful in case the sample amount is extremely small. It is applicable to ash matter, deposits, surface films, paints, ero sion products, precipitates, and similar solids which often require identification in the refinery laboratory.
SPECTRO METHOD FOR GREASES
"Spectrographic Method for Analyzing lubricating Greases/' by C. W. Key and G. D. Hoggan, Richfield Oil Corp., Wilming ton, Calif.
e This direct spectrographic method for analyzing lubricating greases was developed in order to provide a rapid and accurate' method by which the metallic elements in these petroleum products could be deter mined. Chemical and spectrographic meth ods based on prior ashing of such samples require excessive periods of time. Because of the length of time required to complete these analyses, they do not provide the nec essary controls for the production and han dling of such materials. Therefore, it was believed that a rapid spectrographic method would enable the processors and developers of lubricating grease to maintain better con trol over the product
For many years the manufacture of grease has been considered an art rather than a science; however, recent developments which require that lubricating greases meet more severe operating conditions demand that the compounding material be controlled with more scientific knowledge. The addi tions of metallic soaps to lubricating oils so as to produce greases with waterproof, extreme-pressure, high-temperature, anti foam, anti-corrosion, and other character istics are common practice. Because of the special characteristics which metallic soaps . impart to lubricating greases, it is highly desirable that the addition of such com pounds be precisely controlled; otherwise uniformity of product will not be obtained, nor will the desired characteristics be im parted to the final grease.
Spectrographic methods for determining metallic constituents in lubricating oils have been reported by several investigators. It
Mr. Dyroff
was believed that the same principle could be utilized in the determination of similar metals in greases, provided the greases could be taken into and maintained in solution. An investigation of several solvents for greases disclosed that the greases could be taken into solution, and could be delivered to the arc spark stand of an emission spec trograph. Operating variables of the spectro graph were determined; and it was found that, by employing a high-voltage spark dis charge, the metallic elements could be sufficiently energized to create spectral lines which could be recorded on 3S-mm film, and could then be compared with similar lines deposited from known concentrations of internal standards. This method then pro vided an accurate and reliable means of determining the metallic constituents in lu bricating greases. By using this method, re search and development laboratories and lubricating-grease plant engineers have a means whereby metallic elements may be determined as a process is under way. From these data modifications may be made, when necessary, during the processing and com pounding operations--thus enabling the pro duction of scientifically controlled and de veloped grease.
This method requires between 30 and 60 min. to complete the analyses of a single sample; whereas to obtain the same data by conventional chemical analyses may re quire as long as 40 hours. In this way mod em scientific instrumental analyses make possible the scientific producu'on of supe rior lubricants for high speeds and pres sures, close tolerances, high and low tem peratures, and other severe requirements of present-day machines.
SPECTRO ANALYSIS OF PRODUCTS
"Spactrographic Analysis of Petroleum Products and Related Materials," by L. L. Gent, C. P. Miller, and R. C. Pomatti, The Texas Co,, Beacon, N. Y.
In recent years many of the slower chem ical methods for quantitative analysis of metals have been replaced by instrumental spectrographic methods. The principle of these latter procedures is that the intensity of light emitted by metals when they are burned in an electrical arc is proportional to their concentration in the sample.
The unique technique described by these
authors is the sample preparation whereby the sample to be analyzed is weighted onto a relatively large amount of graphite powder contained in a crucible. If it is an oil or grease, the sample is burned, and the resi due is mixed thoroughly. Portions of this are placed in cratered graphite electrodes and burned in an electrical arc. The light rays from the arc, in both quality and quantity, are characteristic of the various metals, and are measured by use of a photographic plate and a densitometer.
The method is applicable to a wide variety of samples such as oils, greases, additive concentrates, engine materials, and anti freeze. It can also be applied advantageously to relatively small samples, as for example, the few milligrams of grease remaining in a used ball bearing.
SPECTRO ANALYSIS OF ASH RESIDUES
"Application of tho Logarithmic Sector to Quantitative Spectrographic Analysis of Petroleum-Ash Residues," by E. B. Childs and J. A. Kanehann, Socony-Vacuum Laboratories, Brooklyn, N. Y.
o One of the most interesting tools used by chemists is the emission spectrograph. This instrument makes possible quantitative analysis of many elements in a sample at the same time. This results in a considerable saving of time and expense. Usually the amount of an element present is determined by measuring line intensities on a photo graphic plate with an expensive densitom eter.
This paper shows that quantitative spec trographic analyses of petroleum-ash residues may be done without a densitometer. A logarithmic-sector disc is rotated in the light beam from the burning sample. Line intensities are estimated by measuring line lengths with a simple hand magnifier. Other spectrographic techniques remain the same, including the use of an internal standard (indium).
Precision generally is not quite so good as when the densitometer is used. However, in many cases, precise analysis is un necessary. The application of this method will save about one-half of the time usually spent on quantitative spectrographic analy ses. Because a densitometer is not needed, the procedure may be attractive to smaller laboratories.
)
Mr* Hoggan
I 728
Mr* Gent
Mr. Miller
Mr. Pomatti
Mr* Childs
Mr. Kanehann
Petroleum Processing, May, 1954
Copy Prom D. V. Stroop for Information of Members of Medical Advisory CommitteeJanuary 12, 195^
UNITED STATES COAST GUARD WASHINGTON August 20, 1953
Dear Mr. Moss:
In accordance with recent conversation, there are forwarded photostatic copies of correspondence and reports relative to vanadium poisoning in boiler cleaning operations.
Very truly yours, /s/ R. A. Smyth
R. A. SMYTH Captain, USCG
Mr. James E. Moss Director, Division of Transportation American Petroleum Institute 1625 K Street, N. W. Washington, D. C.
ESSO LABORATORIES
STANDARD OIL DEVELOPMENT COMPANY
P.O. BOX 51, LINDEN, N.J.
MEDICAL RESEARCH DIVISION
ROBERT E. ECKAROT. FM.O.. M.D.
HORACE W. OCRARDE. PH D.. M.O.
''
' -- ' HEAD TOXICOLOQ1ST
ingest k, 1953
INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE SECTION
NATHAN V. HENDRICKS. CH.E. HEAD OF SECTION
FRANKLIN W. CHURCH. M.S. SEOROE M. WILKENINQ. M.S.
INDUSTRIAL HTDIENISTS
C0KMANDA5T
U. S, Coast Guard Headquarters Washington 25, D. C.
*
Attention: Captain B. A. 8mvth. Assistant Chief. Office of Merchant Karine Safety
Dear Captain 8myth:
'
In response to your letter of July 29, 1953, let me say that we hare done little work ourselves on vanadium toxicity. However we were alerted to the possible existence of vanadium poisoning from cleaning oil fire burners by an article which appeared in the British Journal of Industrial Medicine, Volume 9, page 50, 1952 by H. Williams entitled, "Vanadium Poisoning from Cleaning Oil-Sired Boilers". A photostatic copy of this article is attached for your information.
In addition, one of the most complete studies of vanadium pentoxide toxicity following inhalation la contained in a monograph entitled, "Vanadium Pentoxide Suet - A Clinical and ^Experimental Investigation on its Xffect after Inhalation", by Sven-055sta Sj'dberg. Unfortunately we do not have an extra copy of Dr. Sjoberg's monograph, but I am sure that if you were to write to him at the Department of
Occupational Hygiene at the State Institute for Public Health, Tomteboda, Sweden, that he would be very happy to forward you. a copy of this monograph. Since it was reprinted privately, I believe he asked the nominal charge for the copy, which In my recollection, le about $1.00 or $1.50. However, this monograph wee also published as supplement 238 to Acta Med. Scandinav., Volume 138, 1950, and it would probably be possible for you to obtain this monograph from the Army
Medical Library.
In our own work we conducted an industrial hygiene survey in one of our affiliated companies in the early part of 1952. At this installation there were a lot of tankers which needed to have their boilers cleaned. Analysis of the ash obtained from the boilers of these tankers indicated that it con tained from ?0 to 82.25J vanadium pentoxide. Measurements of the vanadium concentration of the air in the breathing tone in the men who were doing the boiler cleaning indicated an average vanadium pentoxide concentration of 99.6 milligrams per cubic meter of air. This group of men do not work
Captain a. l. anyth
~ 2 *
August k, 1953
coatinuouely at this operation hut bars Ion#; pariods whan they are not engaged
in holler cleaning. Therefore, It has been difficult for us to evaluate the
significance of these exposures.- However, these sen have been subjected to a
very thorough clinical evaluation with no significant consistent findings,
nonetheless, it has been our feeling that this represents an unsatisfactory
level of efTiosuxes and we have therefore devised a vacuum cleaner which can be
used to clean theee boilere prior to the tine that the men will have to enter
the boiler for cleaning it. Much of the duet inside the boiler reeulted from
the deposited materiel on the tubes being put into the air when the knockers
were used to clean out the inside of the tubes. With the use of this vacuum
clsansr prior to the uee of the knockers. It has bssn possibls to rsdacs
markedly the duet to which these men ere being exposed. It is cur intention
to reetudy this operation at a future date in order to determine the effective
ness of this vacuum cleaner in reducing the vanadium pentoxide dust, but due
to the pressure of other work, it has not yet been possible for us to make these
repeat studies. Those concerned in the 'supervision of this work, however, have
informed us that there has been a marked reduction in the dnetlneee of this
operation since the installation of this vacuum cleaning equipment. It would
be my suggestion that your group glvs consideration to the development of a
suitable vacuum cleaner which could be used in .boilers of your ships to
reduce or eliminate the h&xarde. It was our observation' that It is impossible
to provide sufficient general ventilation to the boilere to eliminate the
exposure, whereas the vacuum cleaner would provide a great deal of reduction
of the exposure.
I trust that thi* information will assist you in formulating your own ideas
concerning your era workers. I may say that in cooperation with Hr. Stoklnger
at the Occupational Health Held Headquarters of the Public Health Service in
Cincinnati, we are now arranging to have the finger nails of some of theee
exposed people analysed for their cystine content in order to determine whether
or not their exposure has
excessive, since Hr. Stokinger feels that there
le evidence that all cystine content of the finger nails diminishes on exposure
to vanadium pentoxide. As yet these analyses have not been completed so I am
not able to give you the reeulte at this time. If thare is anything further
that we can do to assist you with the problem, pleaee do not hesitate to contact
us again.
Very truly yours
HEStgch Enel:
H. I. ECKARDT, K. D
Bril. J. irtdu.ur. Med., 1952, 9, 50.
MEDICAL RESEARCH DIVISION LIBRARY STANDARD OIL DEVELOFiiENI CO*
.. ESSO RESEARCH CENTER
'^VANADIUM POISONING FROM CLEANING
blL-FIRED BOILERS
BY
N. WILLIAMS
From the London Transport Executive (UCZJVED FOR FUSUCATION MAY I, 1951)
The vanadium content of crude oil ash varies considerably according to its source. It may be as high as 45% in Venezuelan and 14% in Iranian crude oil or as low as a trace in Wyoming crude oil and none in the Pennsylvanian product (Dunstan, 1938). As fuel oils are residual oils left after the distillation of the more volatile hydrocarbons, they will contain a higher proportion of vanadium than the corresponding crude oils. Thus an oil with an ash content of (H% containing 40% of vanadium as V^O, would produce 1 lb. of vanadium pentoxide for 11 tons of oil burnt. A significant proportion of the vanadium accumulates in the gas piag<* of boilers. This paper describes the symptoms and clinical findings in men cleaning oil-fired boilers, and sets out evidence that vanadium was responsible.
After the recent war a generating station was partly converted to burning fuel oil owing to shortage of coal. After cleaning the oil-fired boilers the men noticed symptoms which they associated with the work. Before this conversion there had been- no complaints from the boiler-cleaners of any harmful efTect on their health.
The boilers are probably the largest oil-fired land installations in this country, each boiler consuming about ISO tons of fuel oil per week. The lower part of the boiler, into which is sprayed the atomized oil, is known as the combustion chamber, which is lined by refractory fire-bricks, and on its rear and side walls are the vertical generating tubes. In the upper part of the boiler are more generating tubes interspersed between which are the superheater tubes. Considerable quantities of petroleum soot are deposited in both the combustion and super heater chambers.
Each boiler, requires cleaning once a year in order to maintain its efficiency, and it has been found necessary at these times to renew the fire-brick lining. It takes a gang of eight men about five
days to clean a boiler, after whicn the bricklayers enter to dismantle the fire-brick walls and build new ones.
The boiler cleaning methods in use when the investigation began produced large quantities of dust. The combustion chamber was cleaned by brushing the soot ofT the walls, and the boiler tubes by tapping with a rod, the soot falling off as a result of the vibration. In the superheater chamber the banks of tubes had to be cleaned by a compressed air jet from a nozzle, as it was difficult to reach them by other means (Fig. 1). Dismantling the fire-brick walls also produced dust, and the bricklayers complained of similar, though less severe, symptoms than those described by the boilercleaners'(Fig. 2). The scaffolders, who are the first to enter the boiler in order to erect the platforms from which the cleaners work, have had symptoms similar to those of the bricklayers, but the cases reported in this paper are all boiler-cleaners.
Methods of Analysis
The vanadium content of the urine samples was determined by a colorimetric method described by Sandell (1950) in which sodium tungstate is used. The method was checked by estimating vanadium in the urines of men not exposed to petroleum soot, none being detected in these samples, and urines to which known quantities of ammonium meta vanadate were added. It was found that the method was accurate in determining quantities as low as 0 02 mg. per specimen. Samples of dust were collected from different parts of the boilers during cleaning operations. Measured volumes of dust laden air were drawn through distilled water con tained in an aspirator packed with Lessing rings, a guard aspirator also being fitted as a precaution. Three separate samples of 3-7, 4-5, and 6-8 cu. m. were collected, the air being passed at about 7-1 cu.
VANADIUM POISONING FROM BOILER CLEANING
I
Ik. I. B<ilcrcteancr demonstrating methods of dislodging toot from generator and superheater lubn. The one orf the left is
wsmg a compressed air lance, and on the right the cleaner is tipping the tubes with a rmJ.
Ik;. 2. -Bricklayer* dismantling a firebrick wall. The man on the right b spr>mg the bricks with water.
Fic.1
I
)
I
BRITISH JOURNAL OF INDUSTRIAL MEDICINE
m. per hour. Vanadium was estimated both in the that the symptoms were due to sulphur dioxide,
resultant solution and suspended solids. Thermal but the absence of the characteristic smell and the
precipitator samples were used to estimate particle delay in the onset of the symptoms excluded this
size and concentration. The microscope technique possibility. involved the use of both 4 mm. and 2 mm. objec
.
CHakal Reports
tives. Particles counted ranged from II to 0-44
All eight boiler-cleaners were examined before and
microns with the 4 mm. objective, and 4 to 0-15 after work, that is after exposures lasting approxim
micronsUsing the 2 mm. objective.
ately one week. It was obvious from a knowledge
Symptomatology
of the men's previous personalities that they were in low spirits, looked tired, listless, and pale. One
Boiler-Cleaners' Complaints.--All the eight men man complained that coughing had been sufficiently
engaged on this work complained of symptoms severe to produce vomiting. Another noticed that
associated with cleaning oil-fired boilers. The first the tips of his cigarettes turned green.
symptoms usually occurred between half and one
Examination of the fongue revealed a coating
hour after starting work, but in some cases were on the dorsum varying from greenish-bJack to
delayed for 12 hours. They consisted of rhinor- greenish-yellow. It was not possible to remove the
rhoea, sneezing, watering of the eyes, soreness of discoloration by scraping. In two of the men there
the throat and behind the sternum. This group of were signs of generalized bronchospasm and
symptoms can be described as the primary symp bronchitis. Two other men had developed rales in
toms, the secondary ones appearing after a period of the right axillary region. Cardiac examination
six to 24 hours. They were dry cough, wheezing, revealed no abnormality. In two men slight tremor
severe dyspnoea causing the man to rest after of the hands developed.
climbing a 20-foot ladder, lassitude, and depression
Af-ray films of the chest, electrocardiograms, and
with a disinclination to follow the usual evening routine examination of the urine for albumin, sugar,
activities. A greenish-black coating developed on and blood revealed no abnormality.
the tongue which faded two or three days after
contact with petroleum soot was over. Some of the
men noted that the cough became paroxysmal and
productive.
These symptoms continued while at work and
only became less severe three days after ceasing
work. In one man the wheezing and dyspnoea
persisted for oyer a week, but none noticed any
permanent ill-effects.
'
Cut Reports
Case I.--This man, aged 38, had been a boiler-deancr from 1947 to 1949. He was examined after five days' cleaning on an oil-fired boiler. He complained ofsneezing within two hours of starting work and developed a cough the same evening. He was dyspnocic the next day on ladder climbing, was depressed.' and felt tired. He noticed that cigarette tips turned green. Examination revealed a greenish-black coating on the tongue, many
high-pitched rhonchi throughout the chest, and riles in Personal Observations.--I entered one of the oil- the right axillary region. Blood pressure was 110 70
fired boilers while it was being cleaned and remained (pre-exposure 138 65). A radiograph of the chest revealed
there for about one hour to obtain first-hand experience of the symptoms. Rhinorrhoea, sneez ing, and watering of the eyes occurred within 15 minutes. Three hours later the secondary symptoms
no abnormality. Urine analysis showed 0-06 mg. -vanadium in 210 ml. urine passed during the day and 002 mg. vanadium in an early morning specimen of
297 ml.
began to develop: dry cough, wheezing, dyspnoea, Case 2.--Aged 40, he had been boiler-cleaner from
and soreness behind the sternum. Cough and wheezing continued throughout the night disturbing sleep. During the next day dyspnoea became more intense, it being impossible to walk at even a moderately brisk pace on the level. Climbing 30 stairs necessitated, a short period of rest before continuing. There was a general feeling of depres sion. and it was difficult to take the usual interest in
194610 1949. He was examined after two days'exposure. He developed rhinorrhoea and sneezing within three hours of starting work and a dry cough the same evening. He felt drowsy, and was dyspnocic on climbing stairs. Examination revealed a yellowish-green coating on the tongue, scattered rhonchi over both lungs with riles at both bases. Blood pressure was 110/75 (pre-exposure 140/95). A radiograph of the chest was normal. No vanadium was detected in the urine.
work. Cough became productive after the second day. The bronchospasm was not relieved by '* benadryl '* but ephedrine and stramonium gave some relief. The dyspnoea had disappeared by the end of one week, but the cough persisted for a
Case 3.--This man, aged 32, had been a boiler-cleaner from 1947 to 1949. He was examined two days after ceasing two days' work in an oil-fired boiler. He developed rhinorrhoea and sneezing half an hour after Marling work. He noticed tightness of the chest the same
further week. It had at one lime been suggested evening, and felt depressed. Next day dry cough began
VANADIUM POISONING FROM BOILER CLEANING
and he became dyspnoeic and orthopnoeic. He had to and felt a tightness of the chest the same evening. He
sit down after climbing a flight of stairs. Examination was dyspnoeic next day and had to rest after climbing a
revealed a yellowish-green coating on the tongue. A ladder. He noticed a bitter taste in the mouth, and felt
fine tremor of the hands was evident. No physical signs depressed. Examination showed a thick, dark green
were detected in the chest. Blood pressure was 120/82 coating on the longue. No physical signs in the chest '
(pre-exposure 145.'90). A radiograph of the chest was were detected. Blood pressure was 120/75 (pre-exposure
normal. No vanadium was detected in the urine.
130 90). A radiograph of (he chest was normal. No
vanadium was detected in the urine. Case 4.--Aged 43, he had been a boiler-cleaner from
1946 url949. He was examined after five days' exposure.
Vanadium in Urine
He developed rhinorrhoea and sneezing within half an hour of starting work and later soreness of the throat and chest. Dry cough started later the same day. Next day he became dyspnoeic and had to rest after climbing a ladder. He felt depressed. By the fifth day cough had become paroxysmal and induced vomiting. Examination
Specimens over a period of 24 hours, on the last day of working at boiler cleaning, were collected from each man, precautions being taken to prevent contamination by dust from the clothes and hands.
The largest amounts of vanadium were detected
revealed a pale green coating on the tongue. No physical in the urine samples ffbm Case I (0-4 mg. and 0-07
signs were detected in the chest. Blood pressure was 103 70 (pre-exposure 128 80). A day sample of 230 ml. urine contained a trace of vanadium.
mg. per litre). It is interesting to note that this man was regarded clinically as being the most severely affected.
Case 5.--This man. aged 39, had been a charge hand Traces were found in the specimens of Cases 4 boiler-cleaner from 1946 to 1949. He was examined and 6, one of whom had severe symptoms and the
aftci live days' exposure. No symptoms appeared on other mild. Vanadium was not detected in the
the first day, but rhinorrhoea and cough developed on the urine of the remaining cases. second day, with some wheezing and a tight feeling
across the chest'. Cough was productive on the third day.
Atmospheric Dust
The patient was dyspnoeic on climbing stairs, and felt listless. Examination revealed that he was paler than normal; the tongue was light green posteriorly. No physical signs were detected in the chest. Blood pressure was 110 65 (pre-exposure 125 80). A radiograph of the chest was normal. No vanadium was detected in the urine.
Table I gives the average results obtained from two thermal precipitator samples taken in the superheater. On the average the numerical con centration of dust particles not exceeding 11 microns in diameter was 3,526 particles per I ml. of air, and of these 93-6n,, did not exceed I micron in size.
Case 6.--The patient was aged 35 and had been a boiler-cleaner from 1948 to 1949. He was examined four days after ceasing boiler-cleaning, an operation lasting three days. He developed rhinorrhoea and cough towards the end of the first day, but had no wheezing.
Although there was such a numerical preponderance of fine particles these accounted for only a small proportion of the weight of dust in the air. The weight concentration of particles within different size ranges has been computed on the assumptions
He lacked concentration. Cough ceased two days after that the particles are spherical in shape, and that
exposure ended. Examination showed a pale yellow the dust has a specific gravity of 2. The results
coating over the longue and a few rales in the right axilla. Blood pressure was 110 70 (pre-exposure 150.80). A radiograph of the chest was normal. The urine, 152 ml., contained a trace of vanadium.
of these calculations are shown in the fourth column of'Table I, where it is seen that the mass con centration of dust below I micron in size was only 0-36 mg. per cu. m. In the last column of Table I
Case 7.--This man, aged 39, had been a boiler-cleaner the weight concentrations of particles of various
from 1948 to 1949. He was examined after five days' sizes are shown as percentages of the total estimated
exposure. He developed sneezing and rhinorrhoea within six hours of starting work. Cough began next day and soon became productive. He was dyspnoeic on climbing a ladder and had to rest at the top. Examina tion showed a greenish-black coating on the tongue, and a fine tremor of the hands. No physical signs were detected in the chest. Blood pressure was 150 90 (pre exposure 150 90). A radiograph of the chest was normal.
weight concentration of particles not greater than 11 microns. It should be remembered, however, that the estimate of the total weight concentration (12-3 mg. per cu. m.) of particles of this range of size can give no indication of the weight concentra tion of the whole dust when there are present many particles greatly exceeding 11 microns in diameter.
No vanadium was detected in the urine.
That is made clear by comparing the weight con
Cast 8.--The last patient, aged 26, had been a boilercleaner from 1947 to 1949. He had had occasional cough cleaning coat-fircd boilers. He was examined after five days' exposure. He developed rhinorrhoea, sore throat, and cough within one hour of starling work.
centrations in Table I with those in Table 2 which gives the results of the three samples taken from boilers during cleaning operations, by aspirating air through distilled water (Table 2). The range of particle size of the vanadium dust is not known but
BRITISH JOURNAL OF INDUSTRIAL MEDICINE
.
Table I
THERMAL FRECIMTATOR SAMPLES TAKEN FROM SUPERHEATER DURING CLEANING OPERATION
Diameter of Particles Number of Particles <P> (per 1 ml. air)
015-1-0 1-0-5-5 5-5-11
3.300 217
9
Numerical Concen Weight Concentration Weight Concentration
tration of Particles
of Particles
of Particles
(*;.> (mg. per cu. m.) (%>
93-6 6-14
0-26
0-36 4-09 7-85
2-9
33-3 63-8
Superheater chamber . Superheater chamber .
Combustion chamber
Table 2
ANALYSIS OF DUST FROM KHLER DURING CLEANING
Dust (mg..cu. m. air)
659 239 489
Vanadium (as % ofdust)
6-1 7-2 *2-7
Vanadium (mg./cu. m. air)
40-2 17-2 58-6
when advising on the use of suitable respirators it is safer to assume that the smallest dust particles contain vanadium.
Preventive Measures
Efforts were made to prevent or reduce the
amount of the dust produced, but the main problem
was to prevent the inhalation of the dust by the
boiler-cleaners.
It was found that a large part of the boiler could
' be cleaned by an operator standing outside the
boiler at the manhole using a lance several feet long,
from which a jet of compressed air boosted to a
very high pressure was ejected. The soot was
drawn away from the operator and up the flue to
the outside atmosphere by the induced draught fan..
As certain parts of the boiler could not be reached
by this method, men wearing dust respirators
< Mark IV, Siebe Gorman), a type approved for use
where there is a silicosis hazard, entered the boiler
itself in order to complete the cleaning. When the
induced draught fan could be used to advantage this
was switched on.
Much soot dust was produced when the fire
brick walls were dismantled and a water spray was
therefore used on the bricks as they were being
dislodged. A tarpaulin was stretched over the top
of the combustion chamber to prevent soot particles,
dislodged from the boiler tubes by vibration, falling
from the superheater chamber into the combustion
chamber where men were working.
.
Two boilers have been cleaned using these methods
without a single complaint of symptoms from the
boiler-cleaners, scaffolders, or bricklayers.
More recently, two boiler-makers and two brick
layers have been engaged on repairs in a boiler which had not been previously cleaned. They wore their respirators only when it appeared to them that there was dust in the atmosphere and it is not surprising that they developed minor symp toms of vanadium intoxication. The vibration of the repair work must have caused a small amount of soot to get into the air of the combustion chamber. It has therefore been recommended that all men entering boilers which have not previously been completely cleaned should wear suitable res pirators.
Discussion
-
A search of the literature has failed to disclose
any reference to symptoms caused by this type of work, although it has been known for many years that petroleum and petroleum soot contained vanadium in varying proportions. Respiratory symptoms of vanadium poisoning among workers extracting vanadium from petroleum soot, obtained from the boilers of oil-fired liners, were described by Wyers (1946). Information obtained from a boiler-cleaning company revealed that they have paid increased wages since 1924 for men cleaning oil-fired boilers. The reasons for this have been obscured by time, but it would appear that there were two possible reasons : the dirtier nature of the petroleum .soot and the unpleasant respiratory symptoms experienced. The management stated that the men still complained of a wheezing of the chest, but medical advice on this, as an industrial problem, had never been sought. They had, how ever, provided the men with a light mask with a cotton wool filter.
VANADIUM POISONING FROM BOILER CLEANING
Sjoberg (1949) recorded four cases of broncho*
pneumonia, one of lobar pneumonia, and one of
pleurisy among workers exposed to vanadium dust.
The sick records of the boiler-cleaners over the last
two years were examined, but they revealed no
significant increase in sickness absence from any
cause. This would appear to be in accordance with
the vieWT of Symanski (1939) who, in a very full
account of vanadium poisoning, concluded that the
work should be intermittent in order to allow
recovery from adverse effects. In the present series
of cases the system of working had. in fact, produced
these conditions as the men work on oil-fired boilers
for only about two weeks in every three months.
The blood pressure of the boiler-cleaners taken
after exposure were in no case higher than the pre
exposure readings as might have been expected
from the experience of Wyers (1946). In fact they
were lower. No explanation is offered for these
findings but possibly the men had become accus
tomed to medical examination by (he time the later
readings were taken.
Dutton (1911) described vanadium poisoning
with symptoms and signs referable to disorders of
the gastrointestinal and renal systems. These were
anorexia, nausea, and vomiting, and albumin,
blood, and casts in the urine. He also observed
anaemia, with a reduction both in the number of
cells and of haemoglobin. No cases in the present
series had symptoms or signs referable to these
systems, though one man did develop a degree of
pallor. Symanski (1939) also failed to observe any
. of these changes. However, two of the boiler-
cleaners developed a fine tremor of the hands, a
sign which Dutton' and subsequent writers have
observed.
In view of the risks of vanadium intoxication
involved in cleaning oil-fired boilers, it is suggested
that methods of cleaning these boilers should be reviewed and means devised which do not involve exposure to the harmful effects of the petroleum soot. Even intermittent exposures tray lead to bronchitis or pneumonia. Men working on these boilers should be under medical supervision. It is probable that much respiratory dirsase .occurs among boiler-cleaners, the true cause of which is not recognized. Finally, it is hoped that this paper may be of some value in drawing attention to the existence of the hazard.
Vanadium intoxication in eight men cleaning oil-fired boilers is described.
The method of investigation of the original complaint, the preventive measures instituted, and the results achieved are discussed.
It is suggested that methods of cleaning oil-fired boilers should be reviewed, and that men working on these boilers should be medically supervisied.
I am indebted to Mr. K. T. Wilford, the late super intendent of laboratories, and to Mr. H. E. Styles, present superintendent of laboratories, and their staff for the analyses of the dust and urine; to Mr. H. Branton. Generating Station Superintendent, for his help and cooperation; and to Dr. L. G. Norman, the Chief Medical Officer, for his advice in the preparation of this paper. The thermal precipitator estimations were carried out by the Fuel Research Station, Department of Scientific and Industrial Research.
RmuNca
Pawns. A. e! (ISM). " Tin Sciw* of PatroUum." vot. 2, p. 1051. LomIoa.
Dutton, W. F. (1911). J. Amtt. med. Au., 54. 1441. SaixMl. E. (!). "Cotorimmrie DawnmtMiion of Tncw of ' . Motalt." 2nd ad. (domical Analyaa. aol. 3.) loodon. Sjatws. S. C. (IMS). Word. AM.. 41. 300. Srmomki, H. (iS3S). XrrA. CnaWwI. OraarSrArr.* S, 3S3. Wjm, H.(IM4). mmuk Jmnol VhtdMtiml VrWidar. i, 177.
f
MPlVIHa. AOOMC** 1M
DEPARTMENT <F HEALTH, EDUCATION AJ HELPARK
irmne^snTii^mxApmgni
PUBLIC HEALTH SERVICE
Occupational Health Piaid Headquarters 1014 Brosdway, Cincinnati 2, Ohio
Jnlcr 21, 1953
Coianrtant U. 3. Coast Guard Headquarters
Washington 25, D C*
-
Attn: Capt* C. P. Murphy Chief, Merchant Karine Teehsloel Bivisiea
Dear 3Lr:
Toor letter directed to this office regarding the possibility
at vanadium
e in boiler-cleaning operations is herewith
acknosdedged*
Oils froa certain areas of the world, notably Teoesuela,
Curacao, and certain parts of the Middle last, contain appreciable
aaounts of ranadlaa, nickel, and traces of naqy other Mtallie oom-
stltuants; U. S. oils, in general, do not contain appreciable quan
tities of Tanadlua.
-
According to lnforaa&ion obtained from Dr* Robert Sekardt, of Esso Laboratories ifcose operations extend into the Teneeaelian area, workers cleaning boilers using such oil get into respiratory difficulties fron th{ vanadium left as an ash of pentnrl.ile* As such as AO to 50 per cent of tbe ash nay be in the fens of Jjfiy
.
To nr knowledge, I have not heard of anyone attributing say pulmonary or other effeots to the nickel or oebalt components ef any oils to diate; although fron our work with these elensnts, this possibility should be oonaidered*
The aymptoma ef the respiratory distress seused by the ooataei with vaasdlun froa such sources has been deeeribed by S^obergd).
The chief symptoms eooaiated of severe irritation ef the respiratory tract, dryneas and pain la the threat, e bothers--e oeugh end whean ing sounds in the chest, shortness of breath upon exertion, accompanied by weakness end fatigue. A few individuals developed bronoopna--rada. Others bed nasal catarrh, and irritation of the conjunctivas* Prom incut also were demal lesions of the faoe, hands, legs, and the dorsum of tbe feet, consisting of papular eruptions* An osessional case of allergy was believed dnsonstrated by patch test with soditai vanadate* The upper respiratory distress caused by vanadi-- was
I I
Page 2 - Caoaundaot, U* 3. Coast Guard Headquarters - July 21, 1953
difficult to differentiate fro* other infections of tho upper reaplretory tract.
1b fire cases acute chances occurred ia the langs (pnewoxde in one, bronohopnsmeonle in four), throe of which latter were knows to hare had heavy exposure to dust* IQrers reported four alallar
eases* Thus, it appears probable that ?25 **** may cause pneu-
fee iinding of several types of paUwgenic bacteria in dicated that the vanadit* pneumonitis asy be of a adxsd chemical and
bacterial character. Koreever, an allergic factor nay possibly
be present) one of these cases with acute lung ehaqges had aot only an ecsaaatous lesion, but also rt--nstratod a positire patch test
to Tanarti--.
'
Although these cases arose in a plant aasufaeturing T^j,
I feel reasonably certain such description is typical of responses to Tanadim peato3d.de that nay be expected In cleaning burners of oil containing sanadii.
Vanadium bee yet to be show to bo a producer of chronic
pulmonary injury, (i.e., progressive Injury fre* euualatire effects
after exposure has ceased) but the response ia chronic in the sense
that the acute effects say be repeated orar and orcr again*
. Orcr the past too years, these laboratories have docs eo>
hsustive studies with vanadium la animals; unfortunately our in
halation toxicity work is only about to start* Wa have found,
however, it possible to treat successfully with ascorbic add
(vitada C) animals that bad received a lethal dose of vanadium;
125 sg/kg body velght ascorbic add nee aufficlmt to save tho --
life of severely poisoned dogs, rats, and ados*
'1
tilth the lack of oven a tentative maximal allowable concen tration for vanadium peatoadde in the air, I would suggest main taining dust concentrations of VjjOj as low as possible, loss than .
l_ag/n?, by adequate ventilation, bhere this is not possible, I would suggest tho use of sir-supplied masks or a suitable respirator containing a U. 3* Bureau of Minos approved dust and fume filter* I would suggest else the uee of protective clothing on exposed parts. Tho pH of Vj^-saturated solution is approximately 3, *a irritant in Itself, irrespective of the toxicity of vanadium* Ms have not determined as yet whether vanadium compounds may penetrate the unbroken akin*
Further help on tho practical awpoets of your problem mgr bo obtained by ooMnaiootlnf with tho following!
Director of Public Hoolth
.
_ Ustrlet of Colfhlo Hoolth Dept,
" " HbahAngtcn 1 D. C*
Sincerely yours,
Reference*
Horbort X. Steidngcr m Chief Tozloologlst
(1) 3Joberg, 3* Health Haserde Associated with TjOj, Arch, Hyg., 2> 631, 1951.
American Petroleum Institute SO WEST BOTH STREET NEW YORK 20. N. Y.
DEPARTMENT OF TECHNICAL SERVICES DAVID V. STROOP, DJMXCTOX
December 4, 1953
Professor Philip Drinker Harvard University School of Public Health 55 Shattuck Street Boston 15, Massachusetts
Dear Phil:
In response to the circularization of your letter dated October 21, 1953, we have received suggestions as follows:
1. October 26, 1953
"We would like to recommend that the following be looked at:
1) Tri-cresyl Phosphate 2) Aromatics 3) Gasoline
"We have suggested the first chemical because apparently it is being used more and more by industry, one of the latest uses being a gasoline additive.
"We also think the toxicity of gasoline should be reviewed because since the original investigations established the MAC value at 500 parts per million, gasoline has become more and more aromatic in nature due to newer types of processing."
2. November 2, 1953
"Please transmit the following to Dr. Drinker.
"In accordance with Dr. Stokinger's letter in which he states they are considering establishing tentative levels as guides for compounds on which there is insufficient experience and experimental data to fix a firm value, we would like to see his Committee give consideration to the following compounds or elements in this light.
1. Iron carbonyl 2. Cobalt carbonyl
3. Vanadium 4. Molybdenum
5. DDT 6. Chlordane
7. Lindane 8. Aliphatic mercaptans (methyl,
ethyl and propyl)
9. Coal tar fumes (bitumastic coatings, such as Water
Works Enamel)
Professor Philip Drinker
-2 -
December h, 1953
2. November 2, 1953 letter continued -
"If Dr. Stokinger's Committee will consent to include physical agents, we would suggest noise for his consideration.
"We do not have supportive data to assist Dr. Stokinger's
Committee in the establishment of tentative levels for
the above materials; however, we are familiar with one
or more publications, which are standard references, that
describe toxicity and hazard of these materials. We
have had to make an evaluation of the problem associated
with exposure to these materials or conditions at some
time in our work."
-
3. November 25, 1953
"I gather that what you actually would like to have are new values or new data that can be considered for inclusion in the tables for this Group. We have no such data to contribute but are wondering if consideration should be given to attempting to get new values for sulfur trioxide. General Chemical Company is now marketing this under the trade name "Sulfan". Presumably it is going to find increased use in industry and could there fore become more of a problem than sulfur trioxide has been in the past.
"It would be logical to assume that its toxicity would approximate that of sulfuric acid mist which has a published threshold limit of 1 mg. per cu. meter or about 1 part per million. We somewhat question whether the threshold limit of sulfuric acid or sulfur trioxide should be set as low as chlorine, nitrobenzene, or phosgene (also published as 1 ppm.)"
--ooOoo--
If, as, and when additional suggestions are received they will be forwarded to you.
Sincerely,
DVS:js me: Members
Medical Advisory Committee
American Petroleum Institute
SO WEST SOTH STREET NEW YORK 20. N. Y.
department of technical services DAVID V. STROOP, DIRECTOR
November 20, 1953
To Members Medical Advisory Committee
Gentlemen;
For your information we attach a copy of the report which Mr. Bathbone presented to the Institute's Board of Directors at its meeting held in Chicago on November 11, 1953
The Board accepted the report and approved the recommendations stated therein.
Very truly yours,
DVS;js Attachment me: Members
Medical and Health Committee of Board
J. W. Frey W. T. Gunn _ J. I. Moss ' W. H. Strang
To the A.P.I. Board of Directors:
REPORT OF MEDICAL CCMMITTEE
This special Committee was appointed by the Executive Committee on September 16, 1953> to study the Medical Advisory Committee and directed to report to the Board at this meeting. The committee was appointed since it was believed that the Medical Advisory Committee was not properly organized or was not functioning effectively or possibly both.
A considerable number of individual conferences have been held by members of the special committee with various doctors and technical advisors of the Medical Advisory Committee and past records and correspondence have been reviewed. It appears that the Board's recent action in appointing this committee was both timely and justified, since it is apparent that the Medical Advisory Committee has not been functioning as effectively as it should.
The principal difficulties have been as follows:
1. There has not been a clear-cut understanding of the purpose, objectives, and scope of activity of the Medical Advisory Committee and its place in the American Petroleum Institute organization.
2. There has not been agreement on the proper method of selection of problems for the committee to work on.
3. There has not been understanding or agreement on the reporting, approval, or dissemination of information of the results of the committee's work.
4. These conditions have, somewhat naturally, led to a lack of interest in the Medical Advisory Committee's work by a number of the members and have also, on occasions, resulted in some conflict of opinion between the medical members and the technical advisors. The end result has been that the work of the Medical Advisory Committee has been less effective and less generally available to American Petroleum Institute membership than should be the case.
The organizational and functional problems of the Medical Advisory Committee are not simple and some are fairly controversial. Within the time available, your special committee has not been able to explore all aspects and reconcile all views. This report must then be viewed as a progress report. However, your committee does wish to make the following recommendations:
(Continued)
REPORT OF MEDICAL COMMITTEE
PAGE 2
1. That a Medical and Health Committee he constituted as a regular API committee and that it report directly to the Board and the Executive Committee. A majority of the committee should he Board members.
~2.
That the Medical Advisory Committee he continued in exist ence and that it report to the Medical and Health Committee. The membership of the Medical Advisory Committee should he entirely of medical men, hut the use of technical advisors to the Medical Advisory Committee should h_e continued.
3. That all medical and health problems arising in any API divisions he referred'to the Medical and Health Committee. That committee would then either -
a) undertake work on the problem through the Medical Advisory Committee, or
h) suggest that the referring division undertake work on the problem, using the advice and facilities of the Medical Advisory Committee to the extent it feels necessary, or
c) advise the referring division that it did not believe
that any work on the problem was appropriate, or
desirable.
-
In the first case (a), the Medical Advisory Committee would justify the expenditure involved in its budget. In the second' case (b), the referring division would justify the expenditure.
4. That the Medical and Health Committee study further the details of organization, objectives, functioning, and reporting of results of the Medical Advisory Committee, and report to the next meeting of the Board a specific plan of organization and functioning for that Committee.
'
5. That pending such report the requested budget of $75,000 for the Medical Advisory Committee's work for the coming fiscal year be approved. It is suggested that the Board may wish to refer the requests for funds for medical research now pending in other divisions to the Medical and Health Committee if it approves the establishment of such committee.
--000O000--
js November 13, 1953
Copy from D. ,V. Stroop for information of members and associates of Medical Advisory
Committee _________________________________________________________
11-17-53
ESSO' STANDARD OIL COMPANY 15 West 51st Street
New York 19, N. Y.
Leo Wade, M. D. Medical Director
November 11, 1953
Re: Dermatitis due to petroleum products
Mr. D. V. Stroop American Petroleum Institute 50 West 50th Street New York 20, New York
Dear Mr. Stroop:
Dr. Hine has sent me the attached resume of a report on occupational disease in the state of California. I think this report would be of unusual interest to members of the Medical Advisory Committee and also to members of the Lubrication Hygiene Panel. May I suggest that you have this duplicated for such distribution.
If for any reason you do not plan to have the material duplicated, please return the enclosed copy since it is the only one I have.
Yours very truly, /s/ Leo Wade LEO WADE, M. D.
LW:hh Enc
SUMMARY OF REPORTED OCCUPATIONAL DISEASES IN THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO PETROLEUM PRODUCTS
.Total No. of Total No. of
Occupational Dermatitis
Occupational Cases of Diseases Due to Oil, Grease,
Year Diseases
of the Skin
Solvents and Chemicals
1949
12,536
6,838
2,727
1950
12,245
6,615
. 2,723
1951 1952
14,777 20,482
7,945 10,388
3,619 4,803
Tot^l Occupational- Diseases
Occupational Disease
Encountered in the Manufacture
Due to Petroleum Products*
of Petroleum Products
Not reported in this way.
249
262 215
464 ` 170
694 243
* Exclusive of injuries classified under the headings: "Organic Solvents, Organic Chemicals, Oils, Fats and Waxes, Paints and Varnishes".
NUMBER OF CASES OF OCCUPATIONAL DERMATITIS DUE TO OILS, GREASES, SOLVENTS
AND CHEMICALS, ACCORDING TO MAJOR INDUSTRIES
Mining and
Transportation
Finance &
Not
Year Agriculture Quarrying Construction Manufacturing & Communication Trade Real Estate Service Govmnt. Stated
1949
265
12
180
1,211
80
286 9
295 95 294
1950
4o8
4 221
1,205
65
367 11
246 87 109
1951
4l4
15
282
1952
255
12
352
1,876 2,696
59
387 9
276 104 197
96
493 37
375 150 337
Summarized November 2, 1953 C. H. Hine, M. D.
Cory from D. V. Stroop
tmer-u nn !Vt ro l rum 1
lute
for your inform ion
Article From N. Y. Timas - May 14, 1953
TOBACCO SMOKE AND 'GAS' FUMES STUDIED AS POSSIBLE CANCER LINKS
Two of the day's leading health questions -- the relation between tobacco and cancer of the. lung and the role in cancer of exhaust fumes from gasoline, oil and coal engines -- are being investigated at the Institute of Industrial Medicine of the New York University-Bellevue Medical Center, it was reported yesterday.
' The institute, now only four years old, has accepted industrial research projects that will cost a total of $250,000 for the year beginning July 1, but an additional $75>COO of "unrestricted" research funds are needed if the group is to continue its pioneering cancer studies, it was explained by Chancellor Henry T. Heald of New York University.
i The institute, which conducts experiments in industrial medicine on contracts with leading industries, has already, theoretically at least, prevented the develop ment of cancer in many refinery workmen of the Standard Oil Company (N. J.), according to Dr. Norton Nelson, biochemist in charge of the research.
Oil Development Cited
Standard Oil Company chemists discovered a new catalytic cracking process that increased considerably the production of usable fuel from petroleum. But in one step of the process it involved treating raw crude oil at very high temperatures. This produced strange new chemical compounds, one of them suspected of being capable of causing cancer.
The suspected chemical was tested at the Industrial Medicine Institute in experiments subsidized by Standard Oil and, as predicted, was found to cause cancer in animals. With this knowledge, the Standard Oil Company redesigned its cracking process so the cancer-causing chemicals were used in a part of the" production unit in which workmen were not required.
There is a long history of chemical agents used in industry that are known to cause cancer. Dr. Nelson said. The latest suspect is tobacco smoke. Many statistical studies have suggested that a recent rise in the Incidence of lung cancers may be attributed to the increased use of tobacco. However, the type of lung cancer that now causes a fourth of all male hospital deaths from malignant disease has not been substantiated in animal tests, it was explained.
New tests are now being projected in which efforts will be made to induce a human-type cancerous lesion with smoke from cigarettes and other forms of tobacco. More important, however, are projected studies to determine the effects of gaseous combustion products inhaled on city streets.
--ooOoo--
American Petroleum Institute 50 WEST 50th STREET NEW YORK 20. N. Y.
DEPARTMENT OF TECHNICAL SERVICES DAVID V. STROOP, DIRECTOR
November 2, 1953
Memorandum to Members and Associates Medical Advisory Committee
For your information on a subject of possible interest, I am quoting from a draft report which has been prepared for presentation to the General Committee - Division of Refining on November 10, 1953 by the Chairman, Committee on Disposal of Refinery Wastes as follows:
"It is proposed to evaluate the available toxicity data
on certain chemicals in refinery effluents. Such evaluations will
be useful in providing a factual basis for the establishment of
water quality criteria. The data studied would be limited to that
concerned with man and land animals. The metal finishing and steel
industries are conducting similar projects and duplication with these
would be avoided. Compounds to be studied would include hydrocarbons,
fluorides, Inorganic acids, sulfonic acids, amino compounds and
organic sulfur compounds.
-
"The Kettering Laboratory is a leading authority on the evaluation work entailed in this project and this Institution probably would be retained for the job. A sum of $12,500 is desired for the first year's work. If satisfactory results are obtained, it is likely that recommendations for the renewal of the project will be made next year. An additional year's work probably could be done for $7,500."
Mr. W. T. Gunn, Director, Division of Refining, informs me that the Committee on Disposal of Refinery Wastes has in mind con sulting with the Medical Advisory Committee with respect to informa tion which may be available from Harvard University through Professor Philip Drinker, that may be useful in this compilation.
Very truly yours.
DVS:js me: Members, Medical Committee of the Board
i
American Petroleum Institute 50 WEST BOTH STREET NEW YORK 20. N. Y.
DEPARTMENT OF TECHNICAL SERVICES DAVID V. 6TROOP. DIIWCTOK
November 2, 1953
Subject: ASA Uniform Industrial Hygiene Standards
To Members and Associates Medical Advisory Committee
Gentlemen:
Supplementing my letter of June 10 and Doctor Wa4fl's letter of June 25,
we enclose a copy of Dr. Newquist's letter of July 16 which should have been
sent to you previously.
Current developments.on the subject are set forth in the enclosed copies of communications as follows:
(1) ASA - CS 3U - October 9, 1953 (With letter ballot CS LB 135)
`
(2) API letter Pile 902.Z62 October 27, 1953 transmitting negative'vote on CS LB 135.
Very truly yours.
DVS:mr Enclosures
II
1
COPY
COPY
COPY
July 16, 1953
Mr. D. V. Stroop
American"Petroleum Institute
50 West 50th Street
New York 20, New York
__________
ASA '
Uniform Industrial Hygiene Code
Dear Mr. Stroop:
Mr. A. E. Dooley and I have reviewed your letter of June 10, 1953, on the above subject and we offer the following observations and comments:
1. The SCCC of ASA has already voted to go ahead with a project on Uniform Industrial Hygiene Standards.
2. The above project will cut across and duplicate the work of several existing ASA committees. This situa tion will not be very easy to reconcile; it may involve considerable misunderstanding and it might impede cer tain aspects of the work if the situation is not reconciled quickly and amicably.
3. The scope of the project seems to be too broad.. As presently worded and interpreted, the Z.62 project could include shift work, hours of work and even vacations. If this is not specifically limited in scope, the eventual discontinuance of the project by ASA would be a probability.
Clarification of the above seems to be more important than representation by API on the Sectional Committee providing, of course, that the committee consists of competent persons and is sufficiently balanced. There are valid reasons for API and other interested party representations on the committee but the committee could also become so large as to be unwieldy.
'
Very truly yours, /s/ M. N. Newquist
. M. N. Newquist, M. D.
MNN:DMH
l
copy
copy
COPY
AMERICAN STANDARDS ASSOCIATION, Inc. 70 East Forty-fifth Street New York 17, N. Y.
To the Membexs of the Safety Standards Board
'
CS 311 October 9, 1953
. Uniform Industrial Hygiene Standards, Z62
Gentlemen:
-
At its meeting on October 7, 19^9, the Safety Code Correlating Committee initiated an ASA project cn Uniform Industrial Hygiene Standards, Z62. It was agreed that this project should be under the sectional committee method with the American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists and the American Industrial Hygiene Association as co-sponsors. The SCCC also provided for a special committee to study and recommend a proposed scope for this project, and also to make recommendations on the personnel of this sectional committee.
This special committee reported to the SCCC on January 25, 1951 (CS 246). Letter
Ballot CS LB 106 was taken on the questions of scope and personnel. This letter
ballot was discussed at the meeting of the SCCC on May 7, 1951 (CS 259). This
whole situation was further discussed, at the meeting of the Safety Standards Board
' on March 27, 1953 (CS 303, Minute No. 725)* At that meeting it was voted that the
scope of the Z62 project should be:
.
Good practice standards for the prevention and control of those conditions in industry which may deleteriously affect the health or well-being of the employees.
At that meeting the SSB also voted that this project shall be considered of a technical or non-commercial character, and that the personnel Of the sectional com mittee shall be chosen primarily to obtain members competent in the field of in dustrial hygiene. It was also agreed that the above mentioned special subcommittee, with Dr. Yant as chairman, should new prepare a list of names for the personnel of the Z62 committee.
This special committee met in Pittsburgh on September 15, 1953, and submits the following report and recommendation concerning the organization of the z62 sectional committee:
The special committee believes that the intent and purpose of this project is as follows:
1. To provide in a single publication the technical information contemplated in the proposed scope. To a considerable extent this will be a compilation of the essential requirements taken from other appropriate available American Standards with the addition of information pertaining to industrial health and hygiene practices which are not as yet covered by existing standards.
CS 311 2 October 9, 1953
2. The Z62 committee should primarily be a planning, integrating, and steering committee with the understanding that if any part of the standard under development by this committee concerns other existing sectional committees, then subcommittees of %62 should be established for dealing with the respective areas of interest, upon which the sectional committees concerned would have proper representation. It would be the responsibility of such subcommittees to see that technical requirements were consistent with the sectional committee concerned and that the part prepared was consistent with other sections of Z62.
3* If new knowledge not now covered by the scopes of existing sectional committees is needed in the Z62 project, it shall be developed by (a) establishment of subcom mittees of Z62 which shall include representation of all parties interested in that area, or (b) such need will be referred to the SSB with a recommendation to ... establish new sectional committees for dealing with it. The selected procedure shall depend on the extent and importance of the problem. .
Keeping the above three principals in mind, and in line with the action taken at the meeting of the SSB on March 27, 1953, the special committee now makes the following recommendation with regard to the personnel of the sectional committee.
The special committee recommends that the American Conference of Governmental In dustrial Hygienists and the American Industrial Hygiene Association, as joint sponsors for this project, each be invited to designate one representative to the sectional committee.
The special committee further recommends that in addition to the 2 members represent ing the sponsor organizations, members-at-large on this sectional committee be invited from the following list:
R. H. Albisser, Safety Dept., Merck & Co, Inc.
-
E. C. Barnes, Mgr., Industrial Hygiene, Atomic Power Div.., Westinghouse Electric
Corporation
A. D. Brandt, Industrial Hygienist, Bethlehem Steel Corp.
W. A. Cook, Associate Professor, Industrial Health and Hygiene, University of
Michigan, School of Public Health
A. G. Cranch, M. D., Medical Consultant, Union Carbide & Carbon Corporation
Merril Eisenbud, Director, Health & Safety Div., New York Operations Office, U. S.
Atomic Energy Commission
J. H. Foulger, M. D., Director, Haskell Laboratory of Industrial Toxicology, E. I.
duPont de Nemours & Co., Inc.
Leonard Greenburg, M. D., Commissioner of Air Pollution of the City of New York
T. P. Hatch, Professor of Industrial Health Engj, University of Pittsburgh, School
of Public Health
Nathan Van Hendricks, Industrial Hygiene Engr., Standard Oil Development Company
D. D. Irish, Biochemical Research Lab, Dow Chemical Co.
R. A. Kehow, M. D., Director of Kettering Lab of Applied Physiology, University of
Cincinnati, College of Medicine
W. G. Marks, Chief, Safety Standards Division, U. S. Bureau of Labor Standards
L. C. McCabe, Chief, Fuels & Explosives Division, U. S. Bureau of Mines
E. G. Meiter, Employers Mutual Liability Insurance Co.
Lt. Col. A. F. Meyer, U. S. Air Force
Seward Miller, Industrial Hygiene Division, U. S. Public Health-Service
K. Z. Morgan, Oak Ridge National Laboratory
G. 0. Nelson, M. D., Union Carbide & Carbon Corporation
Norton Nelson, Associate Professor of Industrial Medicine, New York University,
College of Medicine
F. A. Patty, General Motors Research Laboratory
cs 311
3 October 9> 1953
L. M, Petrie, M. 0., Division of Industrial Hygiene, Georgia Health Department, W, M. Pierce, Employers' Group H, H. Schrenk, Director of Research, Industrial Hygiene Foundation of America Leslie Silberman, Dept, of Industrial Hygiene, Harvard School of Public Health H. F. Smyth, Jr., Mellon Inst, .of Industrial Research James Sterner,-M. D, Associate Medical Dir., Eastman Kodak Co. I. R. Tabershav, M, D., Dir., Division of Industrial Hygiene Ss Safety Standards,
New York State Dept, of Labor Arvid Tienson, Illiaois State Dept of Labor Norman White, Shell Chemical Co. C. R. Williams, Chief Industrial Hygienist, Liberty Mutual Ins. Co. C. D. Yaffe, Sr. Sanitary Ingr, U. S. Public Health Service W. P. Yant, Director of Research, Mine Safety Appliances Co.
Very truly yours,
HGL:NF Enel; CS LB 135
cc: alternates organizations
Henry G. Lamb, Secretary Safety Standards Board
COPY
COPY
COPY
American Standards Association, Inc. 70 East Forty-fifth Street, New York 17, New York
LETTER BALLOT
of the Safety Standards Board
CS LB 135 October 9, 1953
Approval of Organization of Sectional Committee on Uniform Industrial Hygiene Standards, Z62
This letter ballot is taken by authority of the chairman of the Safety Standards Board.
At its meeting on October 11, 19^9, the SCCC appointed a special committee to study and recommend a proposed scope and organization for the personnel Df this sectional committee. This subject was discussed at the meeting of the SCCC on May 7, 1951, and at the meeting of the SSB on March 27, 1953- The latter meeting requested this special committee to make a further recommendation concerning the organization of the personnel of this committee. The report of this special committee (CS 31l) is attached hereto and becomes a part of this letter ballot.
The following question is, therefore, before the Safety Standards Board for action:
Shall the SSB approve the recommenda
tion of the special committee on the
personnel of the z62 committee: that
the ACGIH and the AIHA each be invi-
. ted to have one representative on the
YES
Z62 sectional committee; and that
I VOTE '
members-at-large on this committee be
NO X
. invited from the list shown in CS 311?
HGL:NF
/s/ F. G. Wilson
COPY
COPY
AMERICAN PETROIEUM INSTITUTE 50 West 50th Street New York 20, N.Y.
Safety end Fire Protection Services
F. G. Wilson, Director
October 27, 1953 File: 902.z62
COPY
Mr. Henry G. iamb American Standards Association 70 East 45th Street New York 17, New York
Dear Mr. Lamb:
-
Returned herewith is CS LB 135 bearing my negative vote against the recommendation of the special committee limiting the membership of sectional com mittee Z62.
The reasons underlying my negative vote include the following:
1. Regardless of the name given to this project the standards contemplated will be equivalent to a safety code; therefore, the sectional committee membership should meet the requirements of Paragraph 210 of ASA procedure.
2. The appointment of a representative sectional committee would not preclude the organization of one or more small working groups of specialists to draft proposed standards.
3. In at least one instance a similar so-called technical or non-commercial sectional committee (Z37) includes in its 'membership a number of representatives chosen by interested member bodies.
4. The petroleum industry is keenly interested in the work to be initiated under Z62 and is adequately organized to name a competent member for the committee.
5. Speaking as it does for 172 oil company members of the American Standards Association, the American Petroleum Institute is the best qualified organization to name the industrial hygienist to represent the interests of the petroleum industry.
6. To deny the Institute the right to name a repre sentative on a sectional committee engaged in standard ization work of importance to the petroleum industry is to deny the fundamental concept that the American Standards Association is a federation of national associations engaged in the development of American Standards.
FGW:kn Attachment cc: F. M. Porter
D. V. Stroop
E. 0. Mattocks
Sincerely yours, /s/ F. G. Wilson
Copy From D. V, Stroop for Information of Members and Associates of Medical
Advisory Committee
June 30. 1953
ESSO STANDARD OIL CCMPANY 15 West 51st Street Hew York 19, N. Y.
June 25, 1953
Re: Uniform Industrial Hygiene Standard
Mr. D, V. Stroop, Director Department of Technical Services American Petroleum Institute 50 West 50th Street New York 20, New York
Dear Mr. Stroop;
In response to your mimeographed letter of June tenth concerning the Uniform Industrial Hygiene Standard program, I am enclosing a copy of a memorandum which I had asked Dr. Clyde M. Berry to prepare.
I think it might be wise to have this distributed to other members of the Medical Advisory Committee but shall leave this to the Judgment of Dr. Prank and yourself.
Sincerely yours, /s/ Leo Wade
LEO WADE, M, D.
LW:HH Enclosure
COPY June 1?, 1953
MEMORANDUM To: Dr. L. Wade Re? Position of API re ASA Project on Uniform Industrial Hygiene Standards..
. _ I have had an' opportunity to review the material sent out by Mr. Stroop to the members and associates of the Medical Advisory Committee under date of June 10* 1953 relative to the current status of an ASA project on Uniform Industrial Hygiene Standards. I have the feeling that the prepara tion of a uniform industrial hygiene standard as an activity of the Z-62 Com mittee has been viewed with some concern by the API. It is my personal feeling that such an attitude, if it exists, may not be the most desirable one. The following observations may be apropos and are offered to you on a personal basis but may be transmitted at your discretion to the API Medical Advisory Committee.
1. The American Standards Association has a reputa
tion for Impeccable honesty, and any final standards
represent the consensus of all those legitimately
concerned with the factual aspects. Pressuring and
lobbying is viewed dimly by the ASA. It would seem,
therefore, that ASA sponsored standards would be
-
less likely to be arbitrary and capricious than
would be standards emanating from groups having
special interests.
2. In an organized society, controls are inevitable. It would be far better to have uniform reasonable criteria for workroom exposures than to have a multi- ' plicity of standards, especially by those companies or industries operating in many areas.
3. ASA standards receive periodic revision. Regulations
having legal standing can usually be changed only
after protracted and cumbersome hearings, etc. The
ASA standards would thus more nearly reflect the
current knowledge and experience relating to the
handling of potentially toxic materials.
4. It would be unwise to assume that standards promulgated under auspices other than the ASA will not receive legal recognition in some form or another. It is my understanding that the maximum allowable concentrations promulgated by the American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists and revised annually were made the legal basis for industrial exposure criteria in one of the provinces of Canada a few years ago. I would suspect that such a legal code will not have been paralleled and industry in this province is probably operating under regulations which are not in keeping with current knowledge in the field of toxicology.
(Continued)
-2 -
5. It has been amply demonstrated that Industry can successfully employ any toxic material, irre spective of degree of toxicity if suitably engineered. The fact that a material Is poisonous will not he a deterrent to its use and hygienic standards provide a criterion of performance which are most.helpful in industrial design end operation.
6. A negative attitude can sometimes he Interpreted as an attempt to hide something or to confuse an issue. It might he better for the API to have industrial hygiene consultation available to their membership and to use an open cooperative approach. This avenue is already "being followed by certain organizations such as the Association of Lead Industries and the American Foundrymen's Association.
7. Most of the industrial hygienists in the petroleum industry have had experience in governmental work at various levels and are technically competent. Attached is a list of industrial hygiene personnel in petroleum refining in related areas, with a listing of my understanding of what their past experience has been. It will be noted that all of the members of the American Industrial Hygiene Association have had governmental experience. The three individuals listed as having come from industry have been recently trained at Harvard and would probably not be considered for membership in the American Industrial Hygiene Association until
. they have had additional experience. Perhaps the thinking of the group listed might be solicited as to the attitude which the API might best take toward the proposed ASA project on Uniform Industrial Hygiene Standards.
I should like to endorse a cooperative approach on such an ASA project. I would concur that the committee should be made up of technically competent personnel. Whether the API has specific representa tion would be of reduced importance since liaison could be maintained (perhaps as an assigned duty) by individuals in the field of industrial hygiene currently employed in the petroleum industry and who are well acquainted with their professional counterparts in the governmental health areas as well as the over-all industrial hygiene field. I think the project is to the best interests of petroleum industry, and endorsement of and participation in such an activity are in keeping with the established policies of most companies engaged in petroleum refining.
CLYDE M. BEERY Industrial Hygienist Medical Department
CMB:ev Att.
Name * Lucian Benes
* J. W. Hammond Felix Pretsch
* N. V. Hendricks G. Wilkening
* Frank Church G. CveJanovich Allen Jones Arthur Psibst
* Fred Venable Geo. Boylen
* C. M. Berry * Allan Dooley
Experience Areas of Industrial Hygiene Personnel in Petroleum Companies
Company Phillips
Humble Humble SOD SOD SOD SOD SOD Socony Esso Esso Esso Texas Co.
CitZ Baltimore
State
Federal
Illinois, Utah, Arkansas
P.H.S.
S.C., Mass.
P.H.S.
Tenn., Georgia Virginia
Texas Mass. N.C. Pa.
P.H.S. Army Ind. Hyg.
Industry
Lago SOD Socony
Other Univ, of Colorado
Member, American Industrial Hygiene Association
American Petroleum Institute SO WEST BOTH STREET NEW YORK 20. N. Y. '
DEPARTMENT OF TECHNICAL SERVICES DAVID V. 6TROOP. DIRECTOR
June 12, 1953
To Members and Associates Medical Advisory Committee
Gentlemen:
Under separate cover we are sending each of you a complimentary set of the third series of Toxicological Reviews.
About a year ago, many of you submitted estimates on the number of copies of each of these reviews that you planned to purchase.
It will be appreciated if each of you will confirm your previous estimate by mailing an appropriate purchase order or by instructing me to send the number of copies called for in your previous communication.
You will note that the cost of the individual Reviews and each set are given in the Preface of the Introductory Bulletin.
Very truly yours.
DVS:js
AMERICAN PETROLEUM INSTITUTE
80 WEST BOTH STREET NEW YORK 20. N. Y.
ordepartment
TECHNICAL services
DAVID V. STROOP. DIRECTOR
To Members and Associates Medical Advisory Committee
June 10, 1953
Gentlemen:
Because of your interest in the proposal of the American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists to establish an American Standards Association "Uniform Industrial Hygiene Standard", I am quoting for your information and future reference three items . from ASA Safety Standards Board Minutes as follows:
October 11, 19^9. "699. Uniform Industrial Hygiene Code. The Secretary reported
that the American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists had written to the ASA on June 11, 1949, requesting the initiation of a project on Uniform Industrial Hygiene Code. They had presented their 'A Guide for Uniform Industrial Hygiene Codes or Regulations' as a basis for such a project. They also offered to serve as sponsor. This request had been circulated to all members of the SCCC as MC 2822. This meeting had been called to discuss the advisability of initiating such a project and, if so recommended, to further consider the scope for the project, who should be invited to serve as sponsor, and what organiza tions should be invited to have representation on such a sectional committee.
"At the request of the chairman, Mr. Yaffe outlined the history
of the development of 'A Guide for Uniform Industrial Hygiene Codes or
Regulations* which had been issued by the ACGIH in April 1949. Mr. Yaffe
explained that at the 1946 meeting of the ACGIH it had been decided that
there was a need for uniformity of industrial hygiene codes and that
organization had appointed a committee of 5 to develop a draft. After
two years of work a preliminary draft had been sent out for comment to
members of the ACGIH and to other outside groups. In this circulation
for comments, copies had been sent to the American Standards Association
and many helpful comments had been received. Their committee had
.
considered the comments and had prepared a revised draft, which had been
officially adopted by the ACGIH last April and was the code which was
now being offered as the basis for ASA consideration.
"Mr. Dickinson reported that he had reviewed the draft by the ACGIH and had come to the conclusion that it cut across the scope of some 17 present American Standard safety projects. He believed it was the function of the ASA to prevent overlapping, and he believed that the draft in question should only refer to other standards rather than to try to copy out their technical requirements. Mr. Bloomfield explained that the ACGIH, in making their request to the ASA, had simply contributed their code as a basis for discussion in the ASA project and that it would be entirely up to the representatives on the sectional committee, if such a project were initiated, to decide such details as suggested by Mr. Dickinson.
i
"Mr. Blanchard stated that he received the Impression from the word 'code' that this referred to a legal document. He believed that there vas a considerable use for industrial hygiene standards other than simply as the basis for a legal code. Mr. Bloomfield remarked that at the ACGIH meeting in April 1949, it had been agreed that this should be considered as hygienic standards, rather than as a code.
. "Jdr. Davis asked what this project vould cost. Mr. Ainsworth remarked that the first thing was to be sure that there was agreement that this project could be done and done promptly. In this particular case it was fortunate that a draft was available, to be used as the basis for the work of this project. The ASA would not be in a position to provide secre tarial services for this project, due to lack of staff.. If the project was initiated and a sponsor chosen, it was hoped that the sponsor, by itself or through its relations with other groups, would be able to take a strong administrative lead and carry the job through to a successful conclusion without any burden on ASA.
"Dr. Greenburg believed that the decision on initiation of such a project required mature consideration because he believed that the develop ment of hygienic standards was a very large undertaking. He believed that this was somewhat different from the regular American Safety Standards and that the problem should be given additional study. He suggested that a committee of three be appointed to study the problem and report to this group.
"Mr. Haller stated that he did not believe there was-a need for a uniform industrial hygiene standard at this time. Mr. Yant remarked that through his normal contacts, he had received copies of many state codes on hygienic standards and had been impressed by the variety and lack of uni formity from state to state. He believed there was a real need for some national leadership, in order to obtain more uniformity among the require ments of the various states. He believed that the question to be considered was whether or not this meeting wished to recommend that the ASA should exert such a leadership. He believed that if a document could be developed Tinder ASA procedure, it would be a guide to good practice which would be of value to industry.
"Mr. Higgins agreed with Dr. Greenburg, but suggested that member ship on the study committee be increased to five.
"Dr. Greenburg remarked that he believed it might take 5 years to develop an ASA standard on this subject and he was not sure that even then the results would be successful. Mr. Ainsworth commented that the time required to complete a project depended very largely on how fast the members of the committee desired to work. He believed that in general it was much more economical to devote a considerable amount of time to a project and get a job done fast, rather than to hold one or two meetings of a committee a year, in which case it might take a long time to develop a standard.
"Mr. Yaffe explained that the members of his committee that had prepared the ACGIH document had definitely had the intent of preparing a useful guide for industry rather than a legal code.
i
i
-3-
"After further discussion, upon motion by Mr. Weber, seconded by Mr. Yant, it was
that an ASA project on Uniform Industrial Hygiene Standards be initiated under the sectional committee . - - method.
"The Chairman asked what arrangements should be made for developing a scope for this new project.
"Upon motion by Mr. Dickinson, seconded by Mr. Luce, it was
VOTED
- ' that a representative committee of 7 be appointed to prepare a suggested scope.
"After further discussion, it was agreed that this committee of 7 should be considered as a conference committee and would be permitted to consult with other interested groups or organizations. It was agreed that the following 7 organizations should have representa tion on this special committee:
American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists
American Industrial Hygiene Association
.
American Association of Industrial Physicians and Surgeons
American Society of Safety Engineers
International Association of Governmental Labor Officials
Manufacturing Chemists Association
. . National Safety Council
"The Chairman asked for suggestions concerning sponsorship. After discussion, upon motion by Mr. Weber, seconded by Mr. Blanchard, it was
VOTED
that the American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists and the American Industrial Hygiene Association be invited to serve as co sponsors for this project.
"The Chairman asked for suggestions as to what organizations should have representation on this sectional committee. After a brief discussion, it was agreed that the special committee which had been established to prepare a scope for this new project should also be asked to make suggestions as to what organizations should be invited to participate in this project."
I
-k -
May 7, 1951. "709. Organization of Sectional Committee on Uniform Industrial
Hygiene Standards, Z62 (Min. 699) The secretary recalled that at its last meeting the SCCC had Initiated a project on Uniform Industrial Hygiene Standards with the American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists and the American Industrial Hygiene Association, as co-sponsors. The SCCC had also established a small subcommittee to prepare a scope for this project and to recommend the organization of the personnel for this committee.' This special committee had reported to the SCCC on January 25, 1951 (CS 246), recommending a scope and organization of the personnel. These recommendations had been submitted to letter ballot of the SCCC (CS IB 106), which had resulted in negative ballots from the Congress of Industrial Organizations and the American Petroleum Institute, on the basis that these two organizations wished to have representation on the sectional committee. Mr. Arthur S. Johnson, representing the National Association of Mutual Casualty Companies wrote in, raising the question as to whether. .. the recommendation of this special committee conformed with ASA procedure. ' The Bureau of Labor Standards had also requested representation on this sectional committee. All of the negative votes and comments had been referred back to the special committee and had been considered by them in meeting on April 3> 1951. After careful consideration of the comments, the special committee still believed that the scope and method of organization which they had recommended were sound and proper for this project.
"In accordance with ASA By-Laws questions of scope and sponsorship require a two-thirds affirmative vote of the correlating committee. The necessary two-thirds affirmative votes had now been received but because of the question of conformance with ASA procedure, this matter-was being placed before the meeting of the SCCC.
"Dr. Yant, as chairman of the special committee which had been
appointed by the SCCC, explained that the special committee had studied
the question from many different angles before making their recommendation
to the SCCC. The Committee believed that work of this project would be
largely bringing together the work of other sectional committees. There
was apparently a need, for technical information concerning the work of other
sectional committees, in order to determine if there were any conflicts
between sectional committees or if there were important gaps or omissions
of important information which was needed. The special committee therefore
believed that the Z62 Committee should be kept small and that the members
should be technically competent in the field of Industrial Hygiene. He
discussed each of the negative ballots and letters in detail. He suggested
that certain members at large had been recommended by the special committee,
who were considered competent to recognize the point of view of the petroleum
industry. He believed that if the CIO or any other labor group had someone
familiar with this field in mind, such an individual would certainly be
welcome on the Z62 Committee. Mr. Read asked if the special committee Vmd
agreed upon a definition of 'industrial hygiene'. He stated that the U. S.
Public Health Service had a definition but he did not agree with it.
Mr. Yant suggested that probably the Z62 Committee, as soon as it was
organized, would want to study this question and possibly develop its own
definition of industrial hygiene. Mr. Read stated that the CIO had a very
important interest in this project and he believed that they should have
representation on this committee. He proposed a motion that the CIO be
accorded representation on the Z62 committee. Mr. Stroop stated that the API wished to have representation on this sectional committee and proposed a motion to that effect. He believed that this sectional committee should "be made up of representatives of all of the national organizations which had an interest in this problem and that the general classifications of interest should be balanced in accordance with paragraph 210 of the ASA procedure. Mr. Yaffe remarked that in the work of the special committee they had considered that z62 would probably be concerned with some of the work of at least 10 sectional committees, which were already organized in the ASA. These 10 sectional committees included in their membership representatives of over' 60 national organizations and if each of these organizations should be represented on Z62, he believed that the z62 Committee would be very unwieldy.
"Mr. Johnson, speaking as an individual member of the SCCC, stated
that he understood that there were already some sectional committees of
the ASA which included 70 or 80 representatives. These sectional committees,
through the use of a steering committee and various subcommittees, were able
to work effectively and he believed this system could also be used in Z62.
He was also a member of the Board of Review. He realized that the Board of
Review had been faced with a very important problem in several cases, which
was to find out what action a correlating committee had taken to be sure
that a standard represented a consensus of those substantially concerned
with the problem, and he believed that this was a paramount question.
Mr. Marks stated that the Bureau of Labor Standards wanted representation
on this sectional committee. He believed that although the special
committee had recommended several experts as members at large that each of
those men actually represented some particular group or interest and he
believed that the Bureau of Labor Standards was an equally important
group which should have representation on this committee. .Mr. Yant
recalled that he had been a member of certain other committees of a
technical nature, where the personnel of the committee had included both
technical and non-technical members and where it had been very difficult
to make any definite accomplishments because of the organization of the
committee.
"After further discussion, upon motion by Mr. Stroop, seconded by Mr. Read, it was
VOTED
that it was the sense of this meeting that the personnel of Z62 Sectional Committee should include representatives of all of the national organizations substantially concerned with this project and that the personnel should be balanced among the general classifications of interest in accordance with paragraph 210 of the ASA procedure.
Mr. Stroop stated that the API had also objected to the scope of this project in that the last clause, 'supplemental measures designed to further promote the health or well-being of the employees' included too big a field for this sectional committee. Mr. Yaffe stated that the standard prepared by the ACG2H had included many items which were not strictly industrial health, in order to provide a useful guide to industry on some of these items. He believed that this was an important service to industry and should be continued in the Z62 project.
-6 -
I
"After further considerable discussion,. upon notion by Mr. Stroop,
seconded by Mr. Read, it was
VOTED
that it vas the sense of this meeting that the scope of the z62 project should be:
Good practice standards for the prevention and con` ~' trol of those conditions in industry which may
deleteriously affect the health or well-being of the employees.
, The SCCC then discussed what procedural steps to take ip view of the previous letter ballot, CS IB 106.
[ Upon motion by Mr. Stroop, seconded by Mr. Read, it was
I
VOTED
that the SCCC reconsider the actions on scope and personnel of the Z62 Committee, as included in CS IB 106, that the discussion at this meeting be prepared, and that a further letter ballot of the SCCC be taken on these two questions.
\
} Mr. Yant expressed his opposition to this motion and asked if these two questions should now be referred back to the special committee for further recommendations. The chairman ruled that because of the complete dis cussion at this meeting, he did not believe it was necessary to refer this question back to the special committee but he agreed that those in disa greement with the thoughts at this meeting should have an opportunity to prepare a minority report to be circulated to the SCCC in connection with the forthcoming letter ballot."
March 27, 1953. "725. "Uniform Industrial Hygiene Standard. Z62 (Min. 709). The
Chairman recalled that at the meeting of the SCCC on October 11, 19^9 a project had been initiated on Uniform Industrial Hygiene Standards with the American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists and the American Industrial Hygiene Association as co-sponsors. At that meeting a small subcommittee had been appointed to prepare a scope for this project, and to recommend the organization of the personnel for this sectional committee. The report and recommendations of this subcommittee had been sent to letter ballot of the SCCC (CS IB 106). This ballot included a definite wording of the scope and a list of personnel, composed largely on the basis of members-at-large rather than as representatives of all of the national organizations that might be considered to have an interest in this project. More than the necessary 2/3 affirmative votes had been received on both the scope and the personnel. There had been one negative vote with regard to the scope and two with regard to the personnel. In addition, a letter had been received raising a question as to whether this project could be considered of a scientific and non-commercial character.
1
-7-
This subject was discussed in some detail at the May 7/ 1951 meeting, and three motions were passed, indicating the wish of those present that this subject be reconsidered. That meeting had also agreed that the small committee which had studied this subject should be granted an opportunity to prepare a minority report.
"Mr. Yant reported that when his small committee had been con sidering the organization of the Z(?2 sectional committee, they had realized that there were many national organizations interested in this project. If each o?'these organizations designated a representative, they believed that the committee would be entirely too large and unwieldy. Since the May 7 meeting of the SCCC his small committee had met again, but the members were still of the opinion that this project should be considered of a scientific and non-commercial character, and that the members of the sectional committee should be selected primarily because of their competence on the subject. The members of his subcommittee had been willing to accept the modification in the scope which had been voted on at the May 7, 1951 . meeting.
"Mr. Read stated that because Mr. Yant had voted in the negative on the motions at the May 7 meeting, he was not in a position to move their reconsideration. Mr. Read, on the other hand, had been one of the pro ponents of the three motions at the May ^ meeting. Since that time the CIO had been very much impressed by the work now being done in regard to industrial hygiene standards, and he, therefore, believed that these motions should be reconsidered.
"Upon motion by Mr. Read, seconded by Mr. Krueger, it was
VOTED
that the three votes taken at the May 7 meeting concerning the Z62 project should be reconsidered.'
"Upon motion by Mr. Read, seconded by Mr. Duffus, it was
VOTED
that it was the sense of this meeting that the scope of the z62 project should be:
Good practice standards for the prevention and control of those conditions in industry which may deleteriously affect the health or well being of the employees,
that this project shall be considered of a technical or non-commerical character, and that the personnel of this sectional committee shall be chosen primarily to obtain members with competence in the field of industrial hygiene.
Mr. Wilson voted in the negative.
8- -
"Mr. Krueger asked, for a clarification of the meaning of 'well-being' in the scope. It was agreed that in this scope the words 'well-being' meant direct physiological response.
"Mr. Ainsworth raised the question as to what was the next step with regard to z62. It was agreed that Mr. Yant and the small subcommittee previously established should now prepare a list of names for the personnel of the Z62 committee."
--00O00--
NOTE: Mr. Wilson represented the American Petroleum Institute. ---00O00--
We have no assurance that the American Petroleum Institute will he invited to designate a member to serve on the sectional committee; however, we shall endeavor to secure such representation before the formulation of the standard is undertaken.
Your comments and suggestion on any or all phases of this matter will be helpful.
Very truly yours,
DVS:Js
Copy From D. V. Stroop for Information of Members and Associates of Medical Advisory Committee with Mimeographed copy of Photostated Article 8-24-53
ESSO LABORATORIES Standard Oil Development Company . 'P. 0. Box 51
Linden, N. J.
'
August 14, 1953
Mr. David Stroop American Petroleum Institute 50 West 50th Street New York, New York
Dear Mr. Stroop:
I am enclosing a photostatic copy of an article entitled "Air Pollution and Community Health" by Clarence A. Mills, which recently came to my attention. This article is published in the same journal that published Professor Drinker's review of the literature which was distributed to the members of the Medical Advisory Committee about a year ago. Because Dr. Mills is at variance with some of the conclusions presented by Professor Drinker, I believe that this article should be distributed to all the members of the Medical Advisory Committee of the API. I would appreciate it if you could return this copy of this article to me when it has served your purpose, since it is the only copy which we have.
In addition, in the March 1953 issue of the Public Health Reports, volume 68, on page 286, there is an article entitled "Occupational Factors in Lung Cancer", a preliminary report by Lester Breslow. I believe that this article should be brought to the attention of all members of the Medical Advisory Committee.
Very truly yours,
/s/ R. E. Eckardt
R. E. ECKARDT, M.D.
REErev Enc.
American Petroleum Institute SO WEST SOTH STREET NEW YORK 20. N. Y.
DEPARTMENT OP TECHNICAL SERVICES DAVID V. STROOP, DIRECTOR
October 21, 1953
To Members and Associates Medical Advisory Committee
Gentlemen:
For your consideration ve attach a copy of a letter dated October lh, 1953 from Professor Philip Drinker with a copy of a letter dated October 9, 1953 from Dr. H. E. Stokinger.
Please send your suggestions to me for con solidation and transmittal to Professor Drinker.
Very truly yours.
DVS:js Attachments (2)
tf
c
0 p Y
HARVARD UNIVERSITY School of Public Health
__ ' Department of Industrial Hygiene
55 Shattuck Street Boston 15, Massachusetts
October l4, 1953
Mr. D. V. Stroop Department of Technical Services American Petroleum Institute 50 West 50th Street New York 20, New York
,,
Dear Dave:
On my return from Houston I received the enclosed dated October 9th from Dr. Stokinger whose name is probably well-known to all of our Medical Advisory Committee. You will remember I reported to the group that Stokinger makes these appeals annually and the submission of such data as he requests is the best possible way for our members to get action on things they may think need action. You may remember I cited that he helped us out on the old limits for acetone and that as a result the limits were raised to about where they ought to be. I think that this matter is of considerable importance to our committee and if any of them wish to write Stokinger direct, I hope they will do so. If not, I am thoroughly ready to act as intermediary.
Sincerely yours, /s/ Philip Drinker
Philip Drinker
FD:ms Enel.
)
Y DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH, EDUCATION AND WELFARE PUBLIC HEALTH SERVICE
OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH FIELD HEADQUARTERS 1014- Broadway, Cincinnati 2, Ohio
October 9, 1953
Professor Philip Drinker Harvard School of public Health 55 Shattuck Street Boston 15, Massachusetts
*
Dear Professor Drinker:
As a member of the Committee on Threshold Limits, I would like to solicit your suggestions for new compounds that you think are desirable additions to the present list. If possible, I would like also suggestions as to the specific value with whatever supportive data for this value you may have, or references to such information.
The committee is also going to giveconsidera tion to including in the present list, tentative levels. These would be inserted parenthetically. By tentative level-, we would include new substances that are finding increased use and consequently need for some sort of "bench mark." These tentative values presumably would be those on which either only animal data are available or very limited industrial exposure information is available and would be subject to revision at such time that new informa tion is obtained. This line of thinking is similar to that under consideration by the Toxicology Committee of the National Research Council for use by the Armed Forces. The Committee would, accordingly, welcome the opinion of members on this point also, as.a means of keeping abreast better of the rapidly growing number of hazardous agents.
Kindest regards.
Sincerely yours,
/s/ Herb
Herbert E. Stokinger, Ph.D. Chief Toxicologist
American Petroleum Institute 50 WEST 50th STREET NEW YORK 20, N, Y.
DEPARTMENT OF TECHNICAL SERVICE* DAVID V. STROOP, DIRECTOR
September 9, 1953
To Members and. Associates Medical Advisory Committee
Gentlemen: You will find enclosed for your personal informa
tion prior to the Houston meeting, one copy for each of you of API Research Project MC-1 "Tabular Summary of Current and Completed Biological Experiments" dated September 1, 1953* Tills Summary was prepared at The Kettering Laboratory, University of Concinnati. Addi tional copies will be made available on request following the meeting.
Very truly yours.
WE: js Enclosure
Copy From D. V. Stroop for Information of Members and Asaociates of Medical
Advisory Committee
April 3 1953
ESSO LABORATORIES Standard Oil Development Company
P. 0. Box 51, Linden, N. J. March 18, 1953
Mr. D. V. Stroop American Petroleum Institute 50 West 50th Street Hew York 20, Hew York
Dear Mr. Stroop:
The enclosed apparently represents a publication of the data which members of the Subcommittee on Carcinogenicity of the A.P.I. have had an opportunity to review in connection with the exchange of information between the British and our own Subcommittees on Carcinogenicity.
I thought you might wish to have this article reproduced and distributed to the members of the Medical Advisory Committee of the American Petroleum Institute.
Very truly yours, /s/ R. E. Eckardt
R. E. ECKARDT, M.D.
REE/hml
Enel. (The Value of the Rabbit For Carcinogenicity Tests
on Petroleum Fractions, by Hiefer and Woodhouse Repr. from ffiE BRITISH JHL. CF CANCER, 1952, Vol. VI, Pg. 293.)
Mortality in the London Fog Incident, 1952 W. P. D. Logan
4*
SUMMARY
The dense four-day fog in Greater London in December,
1952, was responsible for some 4000 deaths during the two
following weeks.
The increased mortality affected persons of all ages, but particularly those aged 45 and over.
Deaths assigned to bronchitis and pneumonia increased eight times and three times respectively in one seek.
A considerable Increase in numbers of deaths occurred
even on the first day of the fog.
-
Four previous London fogs resulting in a sudden increase in deaths have been noted; but the 1952 incident caused by far the largest increase.
Copy From Philip Drinker for Information of Members and Associates Medical Advisory Committee March 20, 1953
American Petroleum Institute Nev York, N. Y.
)
Copy From D. V. Stroop for Information of Members and Associates of
Medical Advisory Committee
March 17. 1953
TEXACO DEVELOPMENT CORPORATION 135 East 42nd Street New York, New York
March 10, 1953
Mr. D. V. Stroop American Petroleum Institute 50 West 50th Street New York 19, New York
Dear Sir:
In the accumulated mail, as a result of my European trip, I find American Standards Association communication MC 3142* of December 30, 1952, dealing with the proposed American Standard Specification for an Octave-Band Filter Set for the Analysis of Noise and Other Sounds.
Since the Medical Advisory Committee is contemplating work on the effect of noise, this matter might he brought to the attention of those interested at the proper time.
Very truly yours,
/s/ K. G. Mackenzie
K. G. Mackenzie
KGM'.FKL cc: Dr. T. M. Frank * Copy is attached
AMERICAN STANDARDS ASSOCIATION Incorporated
70 East Forty-Fifth Street New York 17, N. Y.
Duplicated for use of Standards Council, Officers of Correlating Committees and the Electrical Standards Committee.______
MC 3142 December 30, 1952
ACCXJSTICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA Office of the Secretary, 57 East 55th Street, New York 22, N. Y.
December 2, 1952
American Standards Association 70 East 45th Street New York 17, New York
Attention: Mr. H. E. Farrer
Gentlemen:
On "behalf of the Acoustical Society of America, sponsor for the ASA Sectional Committee on Acoustical Measurements and Terminology, Z24, we are pleased to submit to the American Standards Association for approval as an American Standard the proposed American Standard Specification for an Octave-Band Filter Set for the Analysis of Noise and Other Sounds, Z24.10/272.
This Standard was approved by the Council of the Society at its meeting on November 12, 1952.
Very truly yours,
/s/ Wallace Waterfall Secretary
cc Dr. Harry F. Olson Dr. Leo L. Beranek
ASA Note: This submittal is being referred to the Electrical Standards Committee for its recommendation. The standard referred to" is on file at the ASA offices.
/s/ S. David Hoffman Staff Engineer
4*
Copy Prom D. V. Stroop for Information of Mesfcers and Associatea of Mediotil
Advisory Committee
February 27. 1953
HARVARD UNIVERSITY ' School of Public Health
Department of Industrial Hygiene
55 Shattuck Street Boston 15, Massachusetts
February 26,.1953
Mr. B. V. Stroop Department of Safety American Petroleum Institute 50 West 50th Street New fork 20, New York
Dear Dave:
I. enclose copy of an editorial I have Just written for the AMA Archives of Industrial Hygiene and Occupational Medicine on the London fog disaster, Beceafcer 5*9, 1952.
I think that this will interest the members of our Medical Advisory Committee and if you agree I would ask that you have it multigraphed and send it out in your next letter.
Sincerely yours,
fa/ Philip Drinker
Philip Drinker
PD:ms Enc.
Deaths during the Severe Fog in London and Environs
December 5-9, 1952
In THE LANCET, February 7, 1953# pages 288-9 la the following report: "More details about the effects of the thick fog which covered many parts of the country from Decenber 5 to 9 are given by Dr. J. A. Scott, medical officer of health to the London County Council, in a report to the council's public-health committee. In the week ended December 13* 1952, 2484 deaths were registered in the administrative county of London; the
figures for the preceding three weeks were 753, 853, and 945, and for the following three weeks 1523, 1029, and 1372 (the apparent drop to 1029 was due to the usual delay in registration at Christmas). Dr. Scott compares the nu&er of deaths in the week of the fog with the figures for other weeks during the cholera epidemic of 1866, the great fog of 1673, and the influenza epidemic of 1918.
Week ending
Deaths registered (per million population)
Aug.4, 1866 (cholera)
Dec.20,
Nov.9,
1873
1918
(fog). (influenza)
876 713 IO85
Dec.13 1952 (fog)
745
Normal nunber of deaths for period and season (per million population) 450 470 300
300
Excess of deaths over
normal
426 243 785
445
Though the death-rates in the two fogs were much the same, the increase in 1952 was considerably greater because of the fall in the normal winter deathrate since 1873. The increase is greater than that in the-worst week of the cholera epidemic.
An analysis of all the deaths registered in the County of London between November 15 and December 27 shows that the increase was more pronounced among babies and old people, but all ages were affected. The causes of the increase were almost entirely deaths due to circulatory or respiratory diseases: in the week ended December 13 there were 10 times as many deaths from bronchitis as would have been expected from the preceding three weeks' figure; and on this basis deaths from influenza increased sevenfold, from pneumonia nearly fivefold, and from pulmonary tuberculosis over fourfold.
Daily Atmospheric Smoke and Sulphur Dioxide Averages at County Hall, London, S.E.l
Smoke
Sulphur Dioxide
Day
(mg. per c.m.)
(parts per million
by volume)
Dec. "
"
" n
* " "
3 4
5 6
7 8
9 10 11
0.6l 0.49
2.64
3.^5 4.46 4.46 . 1.22 1.22 O.32
0.220 0.144
0.751 0.855 1.339 1.339 0.472 0.472 0.224
Smoke is expressed as mg. of black suspended matter per cubic metre of air. The figures for Dec. 7 and 8 and Dec. 9 and 10 are averages for the 48 hours._________ ______________ _____________
-2 -
The chemical branch of the L.C.C. public health department make daily measurements of the amount of smoke and sulphur dioxide in the atmosphere at County Ball and elsewhere. Some of the results obtained at the time of the fog are shown in the accompanying table. The maximum averages were reached over the week-end ending at 10 A.M. on Monday* Decenber 8. These figures were higher than any that, have been traced in the L.C.C. records, which, for sulphur dioxide, date back to 1932
Zn a report to the borough's public-health committee, Dr. E. E. R. Smithard, medical officer of health for Lewisham, says that 228 deaths were registered in Lewisham in the fortnight ended December 20, compared with 76 and 95 deaths in the corresponding fortnights, of 1951 and 1950 respectively. Of those who died in this fortnight, 130 were men and 98 women; 104 were over the age of 75, and all but 8 were over 45. A striking feature of the Lewisham figures was the abnormally large number of deaths in the Sydenham registration district, as compared with the other two districts in the borough. Dr. Smithard suggests three possible explanations:
(1) An older population in the Sydenham area. (2) A denser fog caused by geographical configuration. (3) A more poisonous fog due to greater atmospheric ' pollution in that part of the borough.
Further inquiries are being made. Dr. Smithard mentions the new and popular type of slow-burning fire, which is commonly stoked up to keep it going all night, as a likely cause of increased atmospheric pollution.1.1
In neither the Meuse Valley (Belgium) fog disaster of Decenber 1-5, 1930 nor in our own at Donora, Pennsylvania of October 27-November 1, 1948, were concentrations of fpseous or particulate pollutants measured. Competent men went to the sites each time but arrived too late to get samples. These, then, are the first figures which we have seen published.
. It is to be noted that there is no attempt to fix the blame upon either
the suspended solidB (smoke) or upon the sulfur dioxide gas but it is
significant that both increased Bteadily up to the 9th of Decenber when the
weather changed. Also, concentrations by the last day were far above those
normally occurring.
.
Philip Drinker
Copy Prom D. V. Stroop for Information of Members and Associates of
Medical Advisory Committee
March 17, 1953
ESSO LABORATORIES Standard Oil Development Company
P. 0. Box 53Linden, New Jersey
March 12, 1953
Mr. David V. Stroop American Petroleum Institute 50 West 50th Street New York 20, New York
_ *
Dear Mr. Stroop:
It has recently come to my attention that the Massachusetts Institute of Technology is offering a series of summer courses. One such course is entitled."Management Responsibility for Occupational Health" and will be held during the period June 22nd through June 26th inclusive. A special descriptive folder and application blanks for attendance at this course may be obtained at the following address:
Summer Session Office
Room 33-07
. Massachusetts Institute of Technology
Cambridge 39, Massachusetts
I would appreciate it if you would bring this course to the attention of all of the Medical Directors and Associates of the Medical Advisory Committee of the API in the event that any company may wish to have a representative in attendance at this course.
Very truly yours,
/s/ R. E. Eckardt
R. E. ECKARDT, M. D.
REE:ilk
t
Copy Prom D. V. Stroop for Information of Members and Associates of Medical
Advisory Committee
February 16, 1953
HARVARD UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF PUBLIC HEALTH . _ '55 Shattuck Street Boston 15, Massachusetts
Department of Industrial Hygiene
February $, 1953
Mr. D. V. Stroop Department of Safety American Petroleum Institute 50 West 50th Street New York 20, New York
Dear Mr. Stroop:
The attached review of the Stanford Research Institute's sound film on the Los Angeles Smog problem might interest members of the Medical Advisory Committee. If you agree with me, perhaps you will send them copies. It will appear presently in the Archives of Industrial Hygiene and Occupational Medicine.
Sincerely yours, /s/ Phil
Philip Drinker
PD: ibs Enc.
I
THE CITY THAT DISAPPEARS
A Bound film, 35
produced "by Graphic Films,
l6l8 I, Las Palmas Avenue, Hollywood 28, California.
Running time, 28 minutes.
This film was made under the technical direction of the Stanford Research Institute and was financed by the Western Oil and Gas Association, Los Angeles. The technical details were taken freely from the Third interim Report of the Institute, "She Smog Problem in Los Angeles County."
There is a nice mixture of animated cartoons, good photography, and technical talks. The Institute's several reports and their symposiums are well known. We borrowed their film on the recommendation of one of our staff who had seen it and then used it ourselves instead of giving a somewhat dull lecture on atmospheric pollution, inversions, and control measures. The lucid and concise account of micrometerological conditions, with very clear animation, was a welcome substitute for the lecturer's efforts.
Anyone interested in seeing the film should write to;
Mr. Paul Magill Stanford Research Institute . Stanford, California
Philip Drinker
Copy Proa D. V. Stroop for Information of Members and Associates of Medical
Advisory Committee
February 16, 1953
SOCOHY-VACUUM OIL CCMPANY Incorporated
. 26 Broadwayj New York k, 5. Y.
February 9, 1953
Mr, David V, Stroop, Director Department of technical Services American Petroleum Institute 50 Vest 50th Street New York 20, New York
Be? FIUOBIDB PROJECT
Dear Mr. Stroop:
Attached is a communication from Doctor Kehoe on the above subject. If you feel that this is worth distri buting to the Medical Advisory Committee members, I would appreciate it if you would have it sent out and return the correspondence to me.
Sincerely yours,
/a/ George M. Saunders
George M- Saunders, M.D, Medical Director
GMS:ar Attchs.
UNIVERSITY F CINCINNATI
Department of Preventive Medicine and Industrial Health
She Kettering Laboratory College of Medicine-Iden Avenue Cincinnati 19, Ohio
February 4, 1953
So the Sponsors of the Fluoride Project
Aluminum Company of America Dr. D. A. Irwin Dr. Francis C. Frary
American Petroleum Institute Dr. George M. Saunders
Kaiser Aluminum and Chemical Corp. Mr. J. R. Thorns Mr. D. 1. Smith Mr. Paul P. Zeigler
Minnesota Mining and Mfg. Co. Mr. W. H. Pearlson
Tennessee Valley Authority Dr. G. H. Collings, Jr.
Universal Oil Products Co. Dr. A. J. Carlson Mr. E. M, Matson
Reynolds Metals CoBS>any Mr, Harold Zeh
Pennsylvania Salt Mfg, Co, Mr, William . Lee
Gentlemen:
I send herewith a memorandum on proposed work on the fluorides, together with
the probable cost of carrying out the work that can be done in 1953* It
will be observed, that, at the present rate of conducting the work, the
problems ahead will consume time well beyond 1953. The memorandum does not
include work to be done under a grant of funds by the U. S. Public Health
Service, which, as you will remember, no doubt, relates to the study of
Individuals who use water supplies in which somewhat elevated concentrations
of fluoride are found naturally or are introduced deliberately for the
prophylactic purposes related to dental caries.
'
A draft of the minutes of the November meeting of the sponsors is in prepara tion (delayed because of my frequent absences from the Laboratory since November, and the priority of other matters at other times), and the state ment of. the receipts and expenditures for 1952 will be forwarded as soon as the accounts for the year can be checked and summarized.
It is to be reported, regretfully, that Harshaw Chemical Company have felt it necessary to discontinue their contribution in support of the work. Aluminium Laboratories Limited of Kingston, Ontario will contribute $2,000.00 on a year-to-year basis. Other attempts to gain additional sponsors of the program have not, as yet, borne fruit. It is believed that they will do so in the future, and that there is every practical justification for the continuation of the work at the present modest rate.
Cordially yours,
/&/ Robert A. Kehoe
RAK ef Enc.
Robert A. Kehoe, M. D.
MEMORANDUM OH THE PROPOSED FUTORE INVESTIGATIONS OF THE BEHAVIOR OF FLUORIDES IN MAN AND ON THE COSTS OF SUCH INVESTIGATION
A, Information relating to the effects of the inhalation of fluorides by " human experimental subjects, and to the fate of such inhaled fluorides
in the body, represents the most pressing need at present. 35m materials that should be dispersed in an inhalation checker for experiments on human subjects are listed in the order of their importance:
.1. HF, 3 to 6 ppm
2 Cryolite dust, 2.5 to 5 mg per M'3
3. Fluorapatite (rock phosphate) dust, 2.5 to
5 mg per
B. Intratracheal injection of measured amounts of particulate fluorides in " suspension in saline would yield useful data regarding the rates of
absorption of particulate fluoride by the lungs. Dogs would be the most suitable animals for such experiments. Initially, fluorapatite dust, and, at some later time, cryolite, should be used in a series of experiments.
C. The potential effectiveness of various liquid hydrocarbons and/or amines for relief of HF burns of the skin suggests the advisability of conducting a series of experiments in which aqueous HF would be applied to the shorn skin of rabbits. Such applications of IF should be followed (l) by removal of the HF from one part of the treated area with water or an aqueous solution (salts of magnesium or calcium), and (2) by removal of HF from the remaining area of treated skin with one or another organic solvent. The purpose would be to discover how much more effectively organic compounds my remove HF from the skin than is the case when water is used.
Item No. 1 under A above, the experimental inhalation of HF, would probably use up most of the available funds in about eight months. Prediction of the costs for each month in which the inhalation experiment is prosecuted is based (l) on the records of costs during the months (June through August, 1951) when Grant Ganguere inhaled HF, and (2) on present methods of accounting, with respect to the general overhead costs of the Laboratory. For example:
Direct salaries
Investigator, assistant and subject
$ 500-00
Analysts
385.00
Indirect salaries (cost of all work of other
personnel)
715.OO
Food for human experimental subject
65.00
Laboratory supplies Overhead
150.00 500.00
TOTAL
$2,315.00
In all likelihood funds will not be available during 1953 to carry out very much
of the remainder of the program listed above.
From the Kettering Laboratory In the Department of Preventive Medicine and
Industrial Health, College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati,
Ohio.
Prepared by Edward J. Largent
Approved: Robert A. Kehoe
Robert A. Kehoe, M, D.,
Director
February k, 1953
4*
1
!
J MEETING (API) OP TO3ST COAST (LOS ANGELES) COMPANIES, March 18, 1953
Points of Discussion:
"
1. Correlation between man and mouse, stressing non-carcinogenlcity to mouse of oils with which men have
, ,, had no trouble. Need more direct information on British experience with certain types of occupational carcinogens.
2. Analytical tool - definitely yes. Discouragement expressed by small percent of Research Project .Advisory Committee due to their own research which concentrated solely
on correlations with carcinogen (polycyclic hydrocarbon) concentration.
3. Refinery products presenting greatest potential problems: a. Cutting fluids
b. Diesel fuels with high end point (note high octane number of some accelerators)
c. High boiling aromatic solvents from catalytic cracking or reforming or thermal cracking of certain feed stocks
lj.. Propylene in petrochemical operations: EthJEmoid sinus involvement in isopropyl alcohol manufacture and nickel refining - common carcinogen? Technologic survey started domestically needs contin
uation at Clydach.
5. Los Angeles Atmospheric pollution - quantitative analysis of tars extracted from atmospheric dust for benzpyrene possible.
AMERICAN PETROLEUM INSTITUTE 50 WEST SOTH STREET NEW YORK 20. N. Y.
DEPARTMENT OF TECHNICAL SERVICES DAVID V. STROOP. DIRECTOR
January 9, 1953
To Members and Associates Medical Advisory Committee
*
Gentlemen:
At the suggestion of Allan E. Dooley, API representative on ASA
Sectional Committee on Safety Code for Industrial Sanitation, there are en
closed for your review and possible comment, two copies of First Draft,
^/30/52, of the Proposed Sanitation Standards for Temporary Labor Camps and
Construction Operations (Z4.4).
.
Your comments should be addressed to Mr. Dooley, c/o The Texas
Company, 135 East 42 Street, New York 17, Hew York. Please send carbon copy
to me.
\
Very truly yours.
DVS:pd Enc.
C
0
P Y
October 29, 1952
Activities Report ASA Sub-Committee Z4.4 Sanitation Standards for Tenporary labor Caaps
sad Construction Operations
In accordance with the action taken by the ASA Z4 Sectional Committee at the Noveniber 14, 1950/ Hew York meeting, work has been started in the preparation of the proposed standard for temporary labor camps and construction operations.
Work has progressed to the point where a preliminary first draft copy of the suggested standard has been prepared. The context of this draft cqpy has been based largely on Appendix C of Report and Recommenda tions Federal Inter-Agency Committee on Migrant Labor. This report was published in 1947 and represented the joint participation of the Department of Agriculture, Department of Labor, Federal Security Agency, Interstate Commerce Commission, National Housing Agency, and Railroad Retirement Board.
In addition to the above cited report,-, reference was made to certain State standards such as the following:
1. Minimum Standards for Wisconsin Industrial Camps - Wisconsin State Board of Health
2. Basic Sanitation Standards for Laborers' Boarding and Lodging Houses or Camps - Connecticut State Department of Health
3. Regulations Governing the Construction, Equipment, and Operation of Tenporary Bunk Houses 'and Tent Gasps - Oklahoma State Health Department
4. Desirable Practices in Locating, Constructing, Equipping and Operating Farm or Food Processing Plant Labor Camps in New York State - New York State Health Department
It is believed that the first draft of the proposed standard con stitutes a suitable starting point from which to proceed with further development. Further development win require activitation of a formal sub-committee in much the same manner as has been accomplished with the Z4.2 Sub-Comnittee,
The Chairman will be most grateful for suggestions' from the Sectional Committee concerning the proposed text and also suggestions con cerning interested individuals or associations that should he. invited to membership on the sub-committee.
Attached hereto is a copy of the first draft of Sanitation Standards for Tenporary Labor Camps and Construction Operations, ASA Z4.4,
Respectfully submitted,
/s/ Ralph J. Van Derwerker, Chairman ASA Z4.4 Sub-Committee
FIRST DRAFT: 4/30/52
Z4.fr SANITATION STANDARDS FOR TEMPORARY
LABOR CAMPS AHD CONSTRUCTION OPERATIONS
Section 1. Scope and Purpose
Article 1. Sccpe
These standards are applicable to all camps or temporary abode
established for the housing.and accommodation of working forces
engaged in any occupation or work which requires the maintenance of
a labor force in temporary quarters,
.
Article 2, Purpose The purpose of these standards are to prescribe minimum sanitary
requirements which will protect the health of the workers in these camps as well as to protect other such groups or residents from un healthful or dangerous conditions which might be created.
Section 2. Definitions The following words, terms, and phrases when used in these standards
shall, for the purposes thereof, be defined as follows: (a) The term "temporary labor camp" shall include one or more tents, vehicles, buildings, or structures, together with the tract of land appertaining thereto, established for the housing accommodation of working forces engaged in the construction, repair or alteration of any railway property, irrigation or drainage works, roads or highways, dams, or other structures, or engaged in preparing land for agricultural uses, or plant ing or harvesting crops, or engaged in logging or lumbering or engaged in any other occupation or work which requires the main tenance of a labor force in temporary quarters.
(b) The tern "camp" shall mean temporary labor can.
(c) The term "construction operations" shall mean the activity the
workers, being housed and accomodated in the teniporary labor
can, are engaged in.
(d) The term "shelter" shall mean any single or multiple building of
_ one or more rooms designated for sleeping or living purposes.
(e) The term "toilet room" shall mean any room with solid walls ex
tending from the floor to the ceiling, containing one or more
water closets or containing one or more water*closets and other
toilet fixtures.
(f) The term "water closet" shall man sanitary facilities for
defecation equipped with a hopper or tray and a device for
flushing the bowl by water located within the compartment.
(g) The term "privy" shall mean sanitary facilities for disposal of
body wastes in a pit located in an outhouse and apart from any
building.
.
(h) The term "urinal" shall mean a sanitary fixture installed for
the purpose of urination.
(i) The term "communicable disease" shall mean any of those diseases
listed in the rules and regulations of the State and/or local
health authorities concerned as coming within the scope of State
or local communicable disease laws, ordinances and regulations.
Section 3- Specifications Article 1. Site (a) All sites used for temporary labor camps shall he located upon high well-drained ground. They shall not he subject to periodic flooding, or located within 200 yards of swamps, pools, sink
-2-
holes or other surface collections of vater unless such quiescent vater surfaces can he subjected to mosquito control measures. The camp shall be located so the drainage from and through the camp shall not endanger any domestic vater supply. All sites shall be graded, ditched and rendered free from de, - pressions in which water may stand. (b) All sites shall be adequate in size to prevent overcrowding of necessary structures. Stables or corrals existing or pro vided for maintenance of large animals shall be located at the opposite end of the camp and on the leeward side of kitchen and mess hall facilities. (c) The grounds and open areas surrounding the shelters shall be maintained in a clean and sanitary condition free from rubbish, debris, waste paper, garbage, etc. (d) When any labor camp is to be abandoned, all garbage, rubbish, manure and other refuse shall be collected and so disposed of as to prevent nuisance. All privy pits shall be filled in and the grounds and buildings left in a clean and sanitary condition.
Article 2. Shelter (a) Every building, tent, barracks, or living quarters in the camp
shall be constructed in a substantial manner and shall provide shelter to the occupants against the elements and exclude damp ness in inclement weather. (b) In all shelters providing sleeping accommodations not less than 50 square feet of floor area with at least a 7-foot 6-inch ceil ing shall be provided for each person. (c) Beds, cots, or bunks shall be provided in every room used for
-3-
Bleeping purposes. Every such bed or bunk shall be raised at least 12 Inches from the floor. There shall be not less than 20 inches clear space extending from the floor to the ceiling between each bed, (d) The floors of each building used as living quarters shall be , _ constructed of wood, asphalt, concrete or other material accept able to the health authorities. Wooden floors shall be con structed of planed tongue-and-groove boards. The floor of all living quarters shall be kept in good repair and if any floor is broken or has such cracks or knot holes that it cannot be kept in a dry and sanitary condition it shall he repaired or replaced by a new floor. (e) All wooden floors shall be elevated not less than 1 foot above the ground level to permit free circulation of air beneath. (f) Nothing in these standards shall he construed to prohibit "bank ing" around the outside walls with earth, straw,.or other sanitary bank material in areas subject to low temperatures. (g) All living quarters shall be provided with windows equal to one-eighth of the floor area, one-half of which shall be so con structed that they may be open for purposes of ventilation. (h) All exterior openings shall he effectively screened with at least l6-mesh per square inch material. All screen doors shall he out ward-opening. (i) The interior of the shelters shall be maintained in a clean and sanitary manner and shall be neat in appearance. The floors shall be swept at least daily and scrubbed with hot water and soap as often as is necessary to maintain them in a clean and sanitary condition.
_h-
(j) In camps vhere workers are permitted or required to cook in their own shelters, a separate room in each shelter shall be provided for the purpose of storing, preparing and serving food and shall be equipped with facilities for storing, prepar ing and serving food.
(k)~ Tents may be used as living quarters when the camp is not occupied more than 30 days during any one year. Where tents are used, the above provisions, except b, g, and h, shall be applicable.
(l) In cas5>s where cooking facilities are used in common, stoves (in ratio of 1 to 10 persons or 1 stove to 2 families) shall be provided in an enclosed and screened shelter. Provision must be made for safe storage of food.
(m) In camps where food or meals are prepared or served by an owner, operator, or concessionaire, a central kitchen and dining room shall be provided separate from sleeping quarters'and toilets. The doors and windows of such kitchen and dining room or mess hall shall be adequately screened. The kitchen and dining room shall be adequately equipped for the sanitary storage, prepara tion and serving of food. Walls, floors, and ceilings of kitchens, dining rooms, or mess halls shall be so constructed as to permit them to be readily cleaned.
Article 3 Water Supply (a) An adequate and convenient supply of water of quality approved
by the State board of health shall be provided in each camp for drinking, culinary, bathing, and laundry purposes. (b) A water supply shall be deemed adequate if and when it is capable of delivering 35 gallons per person per day to the camp site at
-5-
a rate two and one-half times the average hourly deuand. (c) The distribution lines shall be capable of supplying water at
normal operating pressures to all fixtures for simultaneous operation and water outlets shall be distributed throughout the camp in such a manner that no shelter is more than 100 feet from a yard hydrant or similar outlet. (d) In those areas where piped distribution of water is impracti cable, every well or spring shall be adequately protected against pollution by reason of surface drainage, drip, or dust. Every well and spring shall be tightly covered and the' water shall be removed and conveyed to the point of delivery in closed pipe lines. Water shall not be drawn from wells or springs by buckets or other containers. When it is necessary to haul water, the con tainers used in transit, at the camp and at the site of construc tion operations shall be kept clean and disinfected frequently and shall be kept tightly covered. When water is secured from tanks or containers, a spigot for withdrawal therefrom shall be provided and in no case should water be dipped from the tank or container. (e) Where water under pressure is available at least one drinking fountain shall be provided. The construction of drinking foun tains 6hall comply with A.S.A. Specification Zk.2 as revised 1942. At the site of construction operations, drinking water facilities shall be provided which usually will be of a portable type be cause of the unavailability of potable water under pressure. Portable pressure type drinking fountains or easily cleanable containers with spigots and individual drinking cups shall be used. Common drinking cups shall not be used. A receptacle
-6-
for the disposal of individual drinking cups shall be provided.
Article 4. Toilet Facilities
(a) Separate toilet rooms containing water closets or privies shall
be provided for each sex add shall be distinctly marked "for men"
and "for women" by signs printed in English and in the native
language of the persons occupying the can. Ho person shall be
allowed to use or frequent a toilet room or water closet assigned
to the opposite sex.
_
(b) Portable or permanent privies shall also be provided at the
site of construction operations in the ratio of 1 for every
20 workers and shall be readily accessible to all workers.
(c) In camps two linear feet of urinal trough shall be provided
for each 25 men. For a distance not less than 15 inches,
measured from the edge of the urinal, the floor in front of all
the urinals shall be constructed of materials Impervious to
moisture. All urinals shall be constructed of smooth material
impervious to moisture and where water under pressure is avail
able shall be provided with an adequate water flush unless the
water runs continuously over the walls. Urinal troughs in
privies shall drain freely into the pit or vault and the con
struction of this drain shall be such to exclude flies and
rodents from the pit.
(d) All toilet rooms and toilet room fixtures shall be constructed
and maintained in accordance with standards established by the
State board of health. Privies shall be constructed in accordance
with specifications for the Sanitary Privy - Zh.3 - 1935 or the
latest revision thereof, approved by the American Standards
- 7-
Association/ (Supplement 108 of the U. S. Public Health Service). (e) Water closets or privies in the camp shall be readily accessible
to the living quarters and shall in no case be more than 200 feet distant from any Bhelter they serve. Privies shall be not less than 100 feet from the nearest source of water supply* , _ kitchen or mess hall. (f) Each toilet room shall be lighted naturally* or artificially* by a safe type of lighting* at all hours of the day and night. Adequate screened ventilation openings shall be provided. (g) An adequate supply of toilet paper shall be provided in each privy or water closet compartment. (h) Privies and water closets shall be inspected and scrubbed daily.
Article 5. Sewage Disposal Facilities (a) In camps where public sewers are available* all sewer lines
and floor drains from buildings shall be connected thereto. (b) All excreta* sewage or liquid wastes from labor camps not dis
charged into public sewers shall be disposed of in compliance with the recommendations of the State board of health.
Article 6. Laundry* Handwashing* and Bathing Facilities (a) Laundry* handwashing* and bathing facilities shall be provided
in the following ratio: 1 wash basin for every 6 persons 1 shower head for every 10 persons 1 laundry tray or tub for every 40 persons 1 slop sink in each building
(b) All bath rooms or utility buildings shall be well lighted and ventilated. Floors shall be of smooth finish but not slippery
-8-
materials, shall be impervious to moisture, and sloped to drain. Floor drains shall be provided in all shower baths, shower rooms, or laundry rooms to remove waste water and facilitate cleaning. All Junctions of the curbing and the floor shall be rounded if possible. The walls and partitions of shower rooms shall be - - smooth and impervious to the height of splash, (c) An adequate supply of hot and cold running water shall be pro vided in all labor, cesses for bathing and laundry purposes unless otherwise authorized by the State board of health in which case facilities for beating water shall be provided. (d) Every central utility building shall be provided with equipment capable of maintaining a temperature of at least 70 F. during cold weather unless in the opinion of the State board of health such equipment is not necessary. (e) Facilities for drying clothes shall be provided. (f) All bath rooms and utility rooms shall be scrubbed daily.
Article 7. Refuse Disposal for Shelters (a) Ely-tight metal containers approved by the State department of
health shall he provided for the storage of garbage and rubbish. At least one such container shall be located within 100 feet of each shelter on a wooden or concrete stand. (b) Facilities for washing garbage cans shall be provided at every labor camp. (c) When garbage receptacles are full, and at least twice a week, these receptacles shall be emptied, (d) Garbage and rubbish shall be disposed of by incineration or by burial in a pit, or by transportation to a properly maintained
-9-
and operated sanitary fill approved by the State board of health or such other methods as they may approve.
Article 8. Construction and Operation of Kitchens* Mess Halls* and Feeding Facilities
The following standards shall be complied with in all camps where a central mess, or multiple family feeding operations are permitted or provided by the owner.
(a) A properly constructed kitchen and mess hall adequate in size* separate from the sleeping quarters of any of the workers* or
their families and as far as practicable from all carp toilets, stables and corrals shall be provided. Such facilities shall be adequately ventilated. Hand washing facilities shall be provided in connection with all food handling facilities.
(b) No person who is afflicted with any communicable disease shall be employed or permitted to work in the preparation* cooking* serving or other handling of food* foodstuffs* or materials used therein* in any kitchen or dining room operated in connection with a camp* or regularly used by persons living in a camp.
(c) No person shall be employed in or be permitted to work in the preparation, cooking* serving or handling of food* foodstuffs, or materials used therein in any kitchen or dining room operated in a camp or regularly used by persons in a camp until he has ob tained a certificate of health from a licensed physician or the State board of health:-'- Provided: A certificate of health iB re quired by the State board of health. This certificate shall be valid for a period of 6 months from the date of issue and shall
^ Such persons must meet the food handling requirements of the State board of health. - 10 -
be kept on file where such person is employed or vorking. All cooks and other persons enployed In or permitted to work in the preparation, cooking, serving or other handling of food, foodstuffs, or materials used therein, shall thoroughly wash and cleanse their hands after each visit to a toilet or urinal and shall keep their fingernails free from all filth-or foreign matter; (d) Insanitary personal practices including the use of tobacco, snuff,
in any form, promiscuous blowing of the nose, expectorating, wetting the fingers in the mouth, or similar practices shall be prohibited during the time food is being prepared or served, (e) Notices of the requirements of Article 8 (b), (c), atifl (d) shall be prepared in large characters and posted in a conspicuous place in each kitchen and mess hall. (f) The floors, walls, ceilings, tables, and shelves of all kitchens, dining rooms, refrigerators, and food-storage rooms shall be so constructed that they can always be maintained in' a clean and san-` itary condition. The exterior wall openings of all dining rooms, kitchens, and food-storage rooms shall be screened and rendered fly-tight at all times during the period that the camp is in operation. Screen doors must be self-closing and open outward.
In kitchens and dining rooms all tables, sinks, and shelves shall be scrubbed daily and aH floors shall be mopped or scrubbed daily with hot water and soap or its equivalent. All walls and ceilings shall be scrubbed or otherwise cleaned as often as may be necessary to maintain them in a sanitary condition. All refrigerators, ice boxes, or similar food preserving installa tions shall be thoroughly cleaned and scrubbed at least once each week and as often in addition thereto as may be necessary to maintain them in a
- 11 -
*
!;
V sanitary condition. (g) All dishes, glasses, tableware, cutlery, kitchen utensils and
1 equipment shall be cleansed after each meal with warm water
(temperature 110 F. to 120 F. and an effective soap or : detergent, rinsed and sterilized either by immersing in hot . - water (at least 170 F.) or in' chemical solutions approved by I
the State board of health. Broken or cracked utensils shall not ' be used,
(h) All garbage shall be kept in tight, non-absorbent, and easily washable receptacles which are covered with close-fitting lids while pending removal.
(i) All.garbage and other waste material shall be removed from the premises as frequently as may be necessary to prevent nuisance and unsightliness and are disposed of in a manner approved' by
the State board of health. (j) All garbage receptacles shall be washed after emptying and treated with a disinfectant, if necessary, to prevent nuisance. (k) All kitchens shall be provided with food storage, preparation, and serving equipment and utensils to maintain the food in a clean and wholesome condition. Perishable foods, in addition to being pro tected against insects and rodents, shall be properly refrigerated at a temperature not greater than 50 F. (l) All food purchased, sold, or offered for sale or served in a labor-supply center shall be from an approved source and of acceptable quality to the State board of health. (m) No kitchen or messroom shall be used for sleeping purposes.
Article $. Insect and Hodent Control (a) All effective measures shall be taken to control the breeding of
!
4*
rats, flies, mosquitoes, bedbugs, and other insect vectors or parasites. (b) Sprays, insecticides, fumigation, and trapping shall be under taken if necessary to eradicate insects and vermin.
Article 10. Safety The "State board of health or other appropriate State agency shall establish and require compliance with standards which will insure the safety of camp occupants. The responsibility for the safety of.all persons housed in a camp shall rest upon the owner and/or operator of such camp.
Article 11. First Aid (a) Adequate first-aid facilities approved by the State board of
health or other appropriate State agency shall be maintained and made available in every labor camp for the emergency treatment of injured persons. (b) Such facilities shall be in charge of a person trained to ad minister first aid and shall be readily accessible for use at all times.
Article 12. Reporting Communicable Diseases It shall be the duty of the person in charge of a camp to report immediately to the local health officer the name and address of any individual in the camp known to have or suspected of having a communicable disease. Until official action in such case has been taken, strict isolation shall be maintained.
Whenever there shall occur in any camp an outbreak of suspected food poisoning or an unusual prevalence of any illness in which fever, diarrhea, sore throat, vomiting, or jaundice is a prominent symptom, it shall be the duty of the person in charge of the camp to report iranediately the existence
- 13 -
J* !
of such an outbreak or disease prevalence to the county commissioner of health or the local health officer verbally, or by telegram or telephone; such officer shall report by telegram or telephone immediately the existence of such an outbreak to the State commissioner of health or to the district State health officer.
)
I