Document nmkp14Y7MBLbQmYv8356GJ4e8

FILE NAME: BF Goodrich (BFG) DATE: 1938 DOC#: BFG069 DOCUMENT DESCRIPTION: Report from NSC Industrial Safety Series Compounding Materials Used in the Rubber Industry {^Compounding Materials Used in the Rubber Industry Pan II--Dry Inorganic Substances; Gums, Oils, Resinous Materials and Waxes; Liquids and Gases Industrial Safety Series No. 1UJ-3 Published by the National Safety Council 20 North Wacker Drive, Chicago 1 This pamphlet is the second n! a series of two on "Compounding Materials I'sed in the Rubber Induslt\ " The first pamphlet, Xo. RU-I, i- confined to the clarification of or* game accelerators, am -oxidants and ill i organic compounds. This pam phlet is confuted to (he following tluee groups of compounding mate i ial>. ['i ' imnu.um' -tili-l.uue' i mill', ml', lc-mmi- materials and wa m I n|iiids .iml eases . \n attempt has been made to Iwt herein alphabetically, in the three almve gioups, practically all of the ii- tial compounding ingredients used m the manmaclure ot rubber which ate not covered in Pamphlet Xo. KC-1, It should be realized, howe\ci, that new comjiounding ingredi ents ate constantly being developed and in some cases new and unusual uses ,ue being made of the present mgiedients. \ brief description of inch inmpmmdmg ingredient is givv en, together with its use in the ruhtiei mdustn, its relative health hazaids ami ieeommendations for ils -ate handling from a health view-oiiii .Many of the 'okents u-ed in (`impounding rubber me flammable, 'fit.mi ot the diy substances used re-cut ,i dust explosion hazard, and the n-e ol various oils involves the dangei of spontaneous ignition. llowr m , the fue hazards of the siib'.anee- listed are not discussed in de'a-i as tiiose hazards are fully covned in other publications. Iliis pamphlet is a uimpil.tlior of expericme in j u ideili prevcnlitm. It slimild not he .is-umcd, hovveoer, shai it iiuluiles e\crv ,Kie|itahle procedure in th liciti tovered. li must noi he confuseti 'vitti fetler.il, stale or murarne reipiiremi-nl-, or svilii Ameriian Standard safet}' totles. Dry Inorganic Compounds h Most of the compounds in this group are of a soft mineral powder type, of a particle size less than two hundred mesh, many of less than three hundred mesh, or liner. Few of them contain haul or abrasive par ticles such as silica or corundum. Only a few are toxic. On the whole they are comparatively free from health hazards, However, they are till more or less dusty when handled carelessly, and the ordinary dust haz ard is always present, (loot! storage bins, conveyors, hooded mills, and efficient exhaust systems will readily eliminate the dust hazards and in most cases pi event harm from the toxic or silica beating compounds. (Set' also National .safety Council Health Practices Pamphlet No. 4, " Hust," and Sale Practices Pamphleis No, .O. "Exhaust Systems," and No. M, "Respinttoiy I'toteclive Equipment." ) 4. There aie several compounds, however, that should receive special consideration, such as lead or silica hearing compounds. These am so designated in the following list of materials. Aluminum Flake .1. A fine cream-colon d powder, consisting primarily of aluminum sill cate, used as a filler in lubber r is noil-gritty and non-toxic but rathei dusty in handling. Ammonium Carbonate t> A white ery.stalinc htmpc powder having a pungent odor ni am monia. It readily decompose- am give- off an irritating oun. during mixing. It is u-ed in sponge ruobcilt .- slightly toxic, but them - lntn health hazard as it is ,, n , tt1 the rubber industry. Antimony Sulphides 7. There are two type.- die gold en and the red antimony sulphhkused for coloring rubber unities Some grades contain a eon.-nleraliie percentage of free sulphur and cal cium sulphate. 'I hey at.* -hghtiy toxic, irritating to the,-skin and lb. mucous membranes Caivin! handling is required. (See also Indu.-nial Data Sheet I M 'hcm. 11, "`Antimonc ana Its Compounds.'-) Axhcxunc X A hbroiis vaiiety of magne-im silicate used in rubber a- a fdiei especially m p.a kings anu ga-l-ets It is white powder. nnn-grilt\ u; lum-ioxic. It snould he borne m mold, however, that many of the-, silicates, when not ,ure, max contaii tiiwe.s of silica and dust .-hot,hi n> kept down. . n ii/'Yi'mltt, l'K'.S, . V i r i i d i l l i / S ' a / i '/ y i i n t u i t i , Ith III n i / t h i e n ' l . v t f I ' t n i l c d in II S ,! t XOVSTIUAL SAEETY SERIES NO. RU-3 ,H.H-.tr" u .V lifitmts magnedum silicate ink! m many type' of rubber goods, rspecia'lv the packing and gasket !>'. and where the rubber must \\ 'h-j md considerable heat. It may he bin-ncd m many lengths nf fiber, 11*'i an inth Inn" to almost a pow and i- usually ravish while in ' uMi anr e. Suiltible exhaust sysi . ','- or respiratory protective equip'teiit .are usually needed to prevent ih- inhalation of dust by the workers. !!,"itmi Dust it'. A ttade name for barium sidohate. Batumi Sulnhate ' < V heavy white powder used o.t icm ion-in rubber and also as a ,d!cr It is insoluble in most solscim It o non-absorbable and non>o' ; '1 here is no hazard in handling, dc 'rom that of dust. B.u vtes ' ' Commercial name for natural d f msii o: 'urium sulphate. 'd'kton White \ '',ide name for litho|xme. Bentonite ' I Bt toonite is a fine colloidal h \ oluameti irom natural deposits. ' (oiisis-s ,,t ;l fine gravish-whitc d.et. shnilar in many character -1i.--to o'he' clays. Bentonite, howMr. ha,- 'h(, peculiar property of 'e.id;'\ hydtolysin when brought in0. ron!ati with water and swelling o ioiin a ielly-like structure. Small .miotiws i.'iNe a tremendous thick'imi: oi u;tter solutions. On actiHint o| these ptoperties it is used a-, a ibickening agent and stabilizer oc water dispersions ol rubber." Hctau-e oi activity and absorptive ' aopcitie- when brought into ronM't with water, care should be taken o ptevent inhalation or swallowing 1a the dust. Blanc l i s t i s \ irade twine .for precipitated h.-'-u" .iic.aate. Blue Bead to \ giayish-bUie powder used a- a lin'd accelerator and for enm"(".mdiiie. A miNture of active lead ioi..i.nuiids, anti veiy u-xic. (See lead ...or..ind,s ' Cadmium Yellow 17. A fine light-yellow powder of cadmium sulphide, used for coloring rubber, It is slightly toxic. It ran cause irritation of mttrous mem branes and also gastritis. Careful handling is required; hands must be kept clean and dust at a minimum in the workplace. Calcined Magnesia IS. (See magnesium oxide.) Calcium Chloride lb. White to brownish deliques cent crystals or lumps which tie eas ily soluble in water. This material is not added to the rubber, hut is dissolved in water and used as a bath for vulcanizing rubber articles. It is irritating to the skin but non-toxic. Carbon Black 20. An exceedingly fine dusty black powder. It is used in quan tities for tires and many lines of rubber goods as a reinforcing ingredi ent. The dust is difficult to cope with but is non-toxic. Carbonate of Ammonia 21. (See ammonium carbonate.) Carbonate of Magnesia 22. (See magnesium carbonate.) Caustic Soda 22. Same as sodium hydroxide. It is a white moistuie-absorbent sub stance, usually in the form of sticks. Hakes or lumps, and easily soluble in water. It is used as a bath or wash for rubber articles to cleanse, remove bloom, and grease. It is vciy caustic, disintegrates organic tissue, and should be handled with great care to keep it from contact with the skin and eves. (See also National Safety Council Safe Practices Pam phlet No. 25, " Acids and Caustics," and Industrial Data Sheet IM'hcm. 2, "Handling Caustic Soda.") Chalk 24. (See whiling.) China Clays 25. (Sec clays.) Chrome Crcen 20. A giecn mineral powder used for coloring rubber. The most satis factory gtcen for lubber work is the oxide ('r.jOn xvhith is inett and non toxic. There are, however, so-called "chrome greens," which are not pure chromium oxide but are mixtures of blue and yellow pigments made up of compounds other than chromium. Such pigments might have toxic prop erties, especially if they contain lead stills. Such greens are usually un satisfactory for heat vulcanization of rubber, since they lose their color under high temperatures. Neverthe less, the purity of chrome green should be determined before giving it a clean "bill of health." Chrome Yellow 27, A deep-yellow powder used for coloring rubber, This is a ('Ino rnate of lead, although there are also chromates of zinc and barium. The lead salt is the one usually used for rubber and is quite toxic because ot the lead it contains. It should be handled with the same precautions as other lead compounds. (See lead comixninds.) Clays 2<S. There are innumerable clays, varying in colors and ranging from white to black. Those used for rub ber compounding are usually the white variety, ranging from white to cream or buff. Must of the daytire fine smooth powders, varying greatly in both chemical and physical properties. 'They are of natural origin and chemically a hydrous aluminum silicate. 'Tlu-y are used as fillers and for reinforcing. The days are usual ly non-gritty and non-toxic. A suit able exhaust system or respirator is usually required to protect the res piratory organs. Crimson Antimony 29. Another nante for red anti mony sulphide. 1 Diatomaceous Barth (Celite) 20. A soft earthy rock composed of the siliceous skeletons of small aquatic plants called diatoms. It grinds to a fine powder, extremely light and lluffv, used for filler in rubber com|Kiunds, It is non-toxic, but tare should be taken to keep down excessive dust. A suitable ex haust system or respirator may be needed. luneiy 21. A fine abrasive powder used with rubber for milking eiusers and COMl 'Or.XDlXG MATERLII. S I X H I E l U'IWEK I X D L m a )1r^ wheel-. Basically. il is an miiiiium oxide. it iV non-toxic but .(nip ami dangerous lo inhale*. In n- u-c the '-inn* precautions as for silica an* inquired. (Also called fui undum.j Fossil Flour 32. (See dialomaceous earth.) French Chalk 3 5. (See talc.) Fuller's liarth VI. A clay relatively high in magne-ia. U is used a- a filler in rubber good.- and is non-grit ty and non-toxic. (Sec also days.) Golden Antimony 3.3. ^See antimony sulphides.) Gi.tphite ,3o A grayish-black soft greasy powder. I'sed for lubricating rubber moulds and as a filling material for such compounds as gaskets, pack ing-, etc 1 t is an impute form of native carbon and is also produced aihlicially. It is non-toxic, but respiiatory pmlection is usually neccssaiy in its use, Ciiounil Glass 37. A line powdeied glass used lot compounding rubber lo make eiascrs and other rubber abrasive utensils. The same pieeautions should he observed as lor silica. It is nontouc but should not be handled with bare hands because it may cause minute skin lacerations that may bcuune infected. Gypsum 38. \ grayish-white powder used for compounding rubber. It consists of a pulverized natural hydrous cal cium sulphate. It is non-griitv and non-toxic, but respiratory protection is necessary in its use. Haul Rubber Dusi .30. A line ground hard rubber, grayish to black in color, very light and Huffy, and sticks to whatever it louche-. Ordinaliiv it con-i-ts most ly of vulcanized haul rubber, which i- rubber and sulphur, but il may al-o contain other mineral or organic -nb-tancc- used in compounding rubbei Oust should be kept down, but the material is not toxic. Finely ground lubber dust is explosive when mixed with air. Heavy Magnesia 40. Heavy calcined magnesia, or magnesium oxide. (See magnesium oxide.) I lypo 41. Lead hypo*'ulphitc. (See lead compounds.) Iron Oxide 42. The red oxide of iron. (See red oxide.) Infusorial Larch 4.3. (Sec diatomaccous earth.) Kaolin 44. A white china clay. (Sec clays.) Kiesclguhr 45. (See diatomaccous caith.) Light Magnesia Oxide 46. The light calcined magnesium oxide. (See magnesium oxide.) Xotc: Magnesium carbonate is often spoken of incoriectly as light magnesia. Lamp Black 47. A black carbon pigment ob tained by burning oils and oily resi dues. Carbon blark is often mis called "lamp-black." Its character istics are similar to carbon black (see carbon black). It is not used lo any great extent. It is not toxic. Lead Compounds 48. Before the advent of organic accelerators, the lead compound- were the most widely u-cd accelerators of vulcanization. Some are still u-ed in large quantities. The usual lead compounds u-cd in rubber compound ing are: Blue lead, lead thiosulphate, hyposulphite or hypo, lead nleate, lead oxide or litharge, sublimed white lead, and basic white lead. Blue lead, lead thiosulphate, and hypo me no longer u-erl to any great extent. There are active compound- of lend which react readily with sulphur at vulcanizing (empetnUiie- to -peed up vulcanization. 'I hey are mote or less active compounds and arc readily as similated if taken into the system, either through breathing or through food contaminated by contact with dirty hands or clothing. 4b. Laid olailc is still used lo t considerable extent both as an a*, iclerator and for extruded and moulded goods. It gives a good fin ish and eliminate- bloom in certain types of stocks. It is an active poi son and should be treated with care. It is a soft, waxy tybstance, and so there is no danger of dust, the real changer being from sticking lo hands and clothing. It can be handled with satety if cleanliness is carefully ob served. 50. Laid nxidr nr litharge i- ptob ably the most extensively used lead compound and the one most to be icared. It is an orange-lo-biowncolored powder. The dust is vnv fine, but being heavy, settles quickly. Those handling this material should wear suitable rc.-piratory protective equipment if there L the -ligliie-t danger of inhaling any dust or get ting dust in the mouth or -aliva. It is dangerous to handle tobacco, gum, fruit or any food until after the hand.and face have been thoroughlv wa-hed. Mixing mills should be hooded and every precaution taken to keep down dust. Lead oxide is toxic, hut there is no need lo enkuge here on lead poisoning Litharge can be safely handled if reasonable c ,ie i- exercised in its use. The wanker should be instructed as to its serious toxic properties, and pains should be taken to show him how to handle il safely. 51. Sublimed ixhilt: laid is largely lead sulphate with about 15 per cent of active lead oxide pre.-ent. Il is the fiee lead oxide which i.- the active accelerating ingredient and also the teal toxic substance. While imuii less toxic than the,litharge, it sluuml he handled with the same care as the latter sub: lance. 52. Binic :vhitv laid is a while powder consisting of a basic car bonate of lead, (t is not u-cd nuv to any great extent for rubber coin pounding; but it i- a very a< live an toxic substance and if u-ed should i handled with as much cate a- liiInn1 5.3. All persons using Vail o pounds to any extent -hmilil inti/ thein-elvrs nr, the symptoms of i poi-oning, it- tieatment. and av< anct ot trouble from poi-onmg. i al-o .National Satety ( ounul lb Practices Pamphlet Xo. .3, " i t . INDUSTRIAL SM'h.TY SERIFS NO. RU-3 Lime 54 A fine dry while powder used extensively in rubber compounding as a '-eumdary accelerator and drying ingredient. This compound is the H>-cnlled hydrated calcium oxide or slaked lime. It is slightly caustic and irritating to mucous membranes, and suitable protection against its caustic action is required. (See lnduslnal Data Sheet D-Chetn. 19, "Lime," tor details.) Lithnigc 5 5 Lead oxide. pounds.) (See lead com Lithopone 50. A fine white powder consist ing of barium sulphate and zinc sulphide of high coloring power. It is a widely used pigment for pro ducing white rubber goods. Being rather inert, there is no hazard con nected with its use other than the general dust hazard. The zinc pres ent in the material might be dis solved if considerable quantities of dust were taken into the system, but zinc in such small quantities would not be considered as a toxic matci ial. Magnesium Carbonate 57. Also called magnesia carbo nate and light carbonate. This is a ilull'y white powder; next to carbon black it is one of the lightest powders used, and it thereluie causes consideiable dust. It is very soluble if taken internally, but it has no poi sonous effects. It is an ingredient otten used for baby and toilet pow ders and also used in many medical pieparalions as an anti-acid and mild laxative. There is no health hazard connected with its use other than that of dust. Magnesium Oxide 58 AKo called magnesia oxide and calcined magnesia It is obtained In heating the magnesium carbonate. "1 wo giades are used extensively in the lubber industis. one called hea\v calcined magnesia and the other light calcined magnesia. The heavy prod uct is more dense and slightly darker m color than the light calcined ma terial. Both are used as auxiliary accelerators tend to neutralize acid ieactions. The percentage used is lelativeh small in most cases. The dust is slightly irritating to mucous membranes but non-toxic. Suitable respiratory protection is required in its use. Magnesia U.sta 59. Same as magnesium oxide. Mica 60. A form of aluminum silicate which, when finely ground, is a soft glistening powder. The tint particles slide over each other, giving the slip pery properties noted in graphite. The color runs from a cream white to gray. It is used for dusting law rubber to keep the skills from stick ing together, also for dusting finished goods to give a smooth, glistening finish. Mica is also used in packings and mechanical goods as a filler where goods are to resist heal and acid. The material is non-to.xic, and there is no hazard other than the dust hazard. Cheap grades, however, may contain traces of silica. Suitable respira tory protection is neccssaiy. Mica in needle-like form is likely to be more irritating to the skin and nasal passages than mica in plate form. Oxide of Magnesia 61. (See magnesium oxide.) Oxide of Iron 62. (See red oxide.) Paris White 65. (Sec whiting.) Plaster of Paris 64. (See gypsum.) Plumbago 65. (Sec graphite.) Pumice 66. A grayish powder consisting of ground lava. It is a complex sili cate of aluminum, potassium and sodium. It is used as a soil abrasive for producing a smooth polished sur face on rubber goods such is me chanicals and tolls. Also it L used as a filler in acid and heat-iesisling rub ber goods. It is non toxic, but care should be exercised in keeping down dust. Prussian Blue 67. There are a number of so- called prussian blues with varying shades and solubilities, all belonging to the non blues They aie ferroferri-cyanitle compositions and arc non-toxic. 1'lie blues Used lor rub ber ;irc the insoluble type and pie- pared to withstand the temperatures of vulcanization. They are used in comparatively small quantities, and _ there is no health hazard connected with their handling, aside from that of dust. * Red Oxide 68. A fine rod pigment, very dense and heavy, and consisting of the red oxide of iron; also called iron red. It is one of the most wide ly used red pigments for coloring rub ber. It is non-toxic, and no serious health danger is involved in it-, ban dling. However, it i.s advisable to keep dust down, as the oxide flies readily. Red Ochre 69. A dull brownish-red powder u-ed for coloring rubber goods. It consists of a ground natural impure form of iron oxide, more gritty as a rule than the regular red oxide. It is non-toxic, but it may contain silica, and so care should be exercised in keeping down dust. Rotten Stone 70. (See tripoli.) Sand 71. (See silicon dioxide ) Selenium 72. Metallic selenium in the lorm of a fine heavy grayish-black powder i.s used to a limited extent in several branches of the rubber industry, no tably in the insulated wire industry and where a very low percentage of sulphur must be used. Information concerning its toxic properties is rather meagre It is claimed to be non-toxic, and We have no records to indicate that there are any health hazards in connection with its use in the rubber industry. It is ad visable to protect workers again-i in halation or swallowing of the dust. Silica 7.5. pSee 'silicon dioxide.) Silicon Dioxide 7 t. Also called silka and quartz, sand, etc. A hard abrasive powder, varying in particle size from a very fine powder to large sharp paifclcs known as sand. The color ma;. .ar\ from almost pure white to yellow or ircun or gia\ish. This is the maiifial which lias been so widely distus-rd in cases of silicosis. It oc elli'- a- an impurity in many dusts and powders and h usually present m common road dust. In rubber compounding, its use is confined to siuli special rubber articles as erasers and abrasive wheels. A very fine guide is al-o used as a filler lor cer tain lubber goods. Wherever it is mod, the workers weighing and mix ing should be protected by exhaust svstems, nr they should wear suitable lespiratoiy protective e q u ip m e n t. There is an abundance of data avail able on silicosis which should be studied by anyone using or contem platin': use of silicon dioxide. (See also National Safety Council Health Practices Pamphlet No. 20, "Sili cosis.") Slate Flour 75. \ fine bluish-gray powder consisting of "round slate. In compo sition it is a sedimentary rock. It is used as a cheap filler and for cer tain heat-resisting and acid-resisting rubber goods. It is non-toxic, but it may contain silica; therefore precau tions should be taken to prevent in halation of the dust. Soapstone 7o (See talc.) Sulphur 77 \ pute natuial deposit ground to an exceedingly fine powder. It is light yellow in color and is the prinupal vulcanizing ingredient used in rubber manufacture. With few ex ceptions, all rubber goods are cured or vulcanized with sulphur or -with sidphui compounds. Sulphur dust is mutating to the exes, respiratory or gans and skin, ('.loves and shirts with sleeves may be necessary to pro led the hands and arms. Goggles and H'spirators should be used if lucre is muih sulphur dust. \dequalr ventilation and exhaust equip ment should be provided to keep the dust at a minimum. There are sev eral varieties of sulphur, such as flinv- of sulphur and precipitated sulidim, but chemically they are the simc as the natural product. laic 7S \ fine while-to-grav powder that Ieels extremely soft and peculiar ly greasy or soapy. It is used through ble silicate oi sodium and aluminum out the rubber industry as a lubiicant or dusting powder. It is a hvdruus magnesium silicate, very in and sodium sulphide. It is a tlaikblue powder, fast to heat and -tnphur. It is non-toxic, but dust should be ert. It is non-toxic, and then; is no kept to a minimum. 1 health danger in its handling other than that of dust. Umber . 84. An iron oxide with carving Tellurium amounts of day and silicon com 79. Tellurium is used to a limited pounds. rl here are two common va extent as a vulcanizing agent and especially wheic very low-sulpluir rieties. The raw umber is the nat ural deposit ground and made smooth, stocks are desired. It is a grayish- whereas the. burnt umber is calcined black amorphous powder, Definite at low heal. The former is a yellow records as to its toxicity arc lacking, ish-huff to brown color, and the latter but some workers appear to be very sensitive to the odor given off when a reddish-brown color. They are lowcost colors, used extensive!v in iiihbor they come into intimate conltut with rubber stocks containing this chem ical. Aside from the disagreeable floorings and mechanical goods. There is no health hazard in their handling other than that of the dust. odor, there appear to he no i centals of cases where it has presented a serious health hazard when used in Venetian Red 85. (Sec red oxide.) rubber. It is advisable to protect workers from direct contact with the material as much as possible. Vermilion S6. A fine brilliant scailct-loorangc-colored powder consisting of Titanium Dioxide 80. Titanium dioxide, either as the oxide or in combination with bari um or calcium sulphate, is used as a white coloring pigment for tom pounding rubber, ll is one of the rnerruric sulphide. It is used in a limited way for coloring certain types of rubber but is too costly for gen eral use. It is a very inert com pound, and no health hazard i> in volved in its Use except that of dust. whitest and most stable of the fewwhite pigments suitable for rubber. These titanium whites are exceeding ly fine white powders, and the usual precautions for pigment dusts should be observed. There appear to be no records of their having caused any toxic hazards as used for rubber com pounding. Whiting 87. A soft white or gray powder ' consisting of more than 0,8 per cent calcium carbonate. It is one of the most widely used filling compounds for rubber manufacture. The poorer grades m iy contain sonic traces of silica, ft is non-toxic, and there is no health hazard connected with its Tripoli 81. Also called rotten stone, ll is a porous, siliceous rock resulting usc unless it contains free silica, which can be determined by labora tory analysis. from the natural decomposition of White Lead sandstone. It is used as an inert filler and as a mild polishing com pound for rubber. It is non-toxic, 88. (See lead compounds.) Yellow Ochre but care should be exercised to pre 89. A mineral deposit wl.iUi, vent excessive dust, and especially in when ground, produces a cheap pig halation of dust, since it may contain ment used in coloring rubbci goods. a small amount of silica as an im Used principally for Hooting and purity. mechanical goods. It consists ot hy Tripolite 82. (See diatomaceous earth.) drated ferric oxide mixed with clay and other silk emu materials in voic ing amounts There is no health U l t r a m a r i n e Blue- hazard in its use except lhai of dust. 85. A powder used for coloiing Zinc Oxide rubber goods. Its composition is van 90. Next to .sulphur, thi- is p.mi able but consists essentially of a dou ably the must widely used ruobcr INDUSTRIAL SAhLTV SLRILS NO. KU-3 ingredient ll n used ])oth as an acnvalor of acceleration in vulcanizing the lubber and as a white reinforcing mgicdient. 11 is a fine while amor phous powder. Taken internally, it Is slightly toxic, but with proper pre filler, especially for extruding and covering stocks. The color of the natural materials is brown or biownish black. Many treated or blown asphaltic compounds arc also used in rubber compounding, and the lat ber batih. Uaiiniuba wax is ob tained as an exudation from leaveol the Iha/ilian wax palm Us u-e does not present anv special ha/auls Castor Oil cautions for keeping down the dust ter may be obtained in almost any 105. A thpk vellowish oil ob ihere is no serious health hazard in degree of hardness. They are usually tained fiom the castor bean. Used its handling. However, many grades black and have 1 bright frail lire as a softener in rubber and in the ol zinc oxide contain lead salts which when broken. Asphalt handlers may production of certain rubbe: substi increase their loxicitv. he troubled with initation of the skin tutes or facticc. Zinc Sulphide because of the mineral oil in the asphalt. Therefore handling of as Ceresin 91. A fine white powder with yel phalt with the bare hands should be 10b. A pmilied mineral earth wax lowish tinge used lor coloring rubber, ll has gieat coloting power but is not as good a reinfoicing ingredient as avoided where possible. Balsam having a melting point of approxi mately 74 degrees Centigiade. ll comes in white cakes, Used in rub zinc oxide. There is no especial haz 97. (See Canada balsam.) ber to render it more impel vious to ard involved in its use. (Sec also zinc oxide.) Beeswax water and air. as a softener, and <0. extruded articles and-coverings, elei- f,K. A yellowish-to-while coloied tiical insulations and for acid-resist Gums, Oils, Resinous Materials and Waxes l>2. The substances in this group wax obtained from the honey comb of bees. It is tough and has a failly high melting point. It is u-.ee! to render rubber impervious, as well as ing rubbers. Xo hazaid is involved in its use. Coal-Tar Pitch ' are largely used as softeners and plasticizers. a softener in extruding, and as a mild piescrvative against the idion of 107. A brown-to-black aniorphoubody consisting of the residue u- This group contains materials which me either liquids or semi solids, and therefore there is no dust hazard. Also, all members of this group are practically non-volatile at temperatures encountered in rubber processing. None of the substances mentioned is known to be toxic with the possible exception of some of the tais or pitches. They are not haz ardous as used in the rubber industry because of the relatively small amounts used and because they are neither in line particles nor sufficient ly hot to give off fumes. light. Bitumen 99. (See asphalt.) Brown Substitute 100. (See fadice, brown.) Black Substitute 101. (See facticc, black.) Burgundy Pitch 102. An opaque yellowish to reddish-brown resin obtained from Norway spruce. Softens under heat and is used in conjunction with other maining after the coal-tar ha- been distilled. It vaiies from a soft stick) to a hard brittle mass according to the degree to which distillation has been carried out. Coal-tar pitui is u-ed as a softener and tack producer, anti for extruded goods. It may con tain residues of coal-tar ptuducts which arc toxic, but the high temper atures of distillation should lernou most of these, and the si.u.li amountUsed for most mhber work pus hair any serious health hazard in its u.-e. provided a high standard of personal hygiene is maintained. 94 The oils are usually added directly to the rubber on the mills and worked in. The solid resins and waxes are either melted or ground to coarse llakes before they are added m the rubber; with icasonable care and cleanliness there is no health luzaid in their use. OS OiK and resins known as or ganic accelerators ate not included with this gtoup but are discussed in X. S. C. pamphlet Xo. RU-1. oils, to give tatk to rubber, especial ly unvulcanized frictions, tape-,, etc. ll is also used in taikv cements. Pitch is a skin irritant to many per sons, especially when a high standard of personal hygiene is not maintained. Canada Balsam 10.1. A icsinous exudation fiom spruce, Used to give tack in rubber frictions and cements. (See also bur gundy pitch.) Carnauba Wax Colophony 10S. Common pine resin which X obtained as a residue alter the dis tillation ot turpentine oil from ciude turpentine. Varies in color Horn llghl-amber to dark rcddish-biown. it s u-ed in rubber compounds 101 producing tack and in r u h h c i cements, ll usually comes in lumps and is leadilv pulverized or melts down when uoded to the rubbe: batch on the mill. There is no known hazard in its u-e 104. Used quite extensively in Asphalt rubber compounding to produie a Corn Oil 0(> Mso called bitumen and min dense, impervious product for lubber 109. A pale yellow oil obtained 1<T." eral pitch. It is a natural deposit of coatings, flooring, etc. tt is a very fiom the germ of corn. It X u-ed m bituminous mixtuie. either solid or hard, yellow ish-lo-buff-coloied wax rubber as a softener, in reilaii: 1 s( mi-solid, readily softened by heat, of high melting point; it usually is old rubber, ar.d in the mdiuif.,1 , ci and is used as a softener and cheap melted before it is added to the rub of facticc or rubber substitute. // , '(.iiitonsfcd Oil ( UM t' Ul 'A i Ji A U fl / < I J / > / W . 1 / a ) / . V J i i i 4 / \ ( . I >i f I i l \ l I 4 f \ i tini with sulphur chloride. Rapeseed in Gum Tr.igae.uuli 111) \ p;ilc yellow - Id - rcddisliluoun oil obtained from seeds of lho imum plant. It is used in rubber ;i Miliener, for reclaiming old rub ber, and in conjunction with resins to pioduce tack. soya bean oils aie oflut iced for making while factice. The factiec is added direilly to the rubber hatch on the mill. It is used in druggists' sundries, (tilting, extruded articles, rolls, parts and moulded arti cles. It gives a smooth, velvety 121. Ilull wbite irutisliH cut tltib>or yellowish powder. It is a vegeta ble goni used for cements and a- a thickener for lulex solutions. It inon-toxic. Gotta Pcrcha " * Gumar finish and facilitates calcndeiing, 172. The coagulated milk juice of 111. A synthetic resin consisting tubing and other processing opera various tropical trees. It comes in of polymers of coumarone, indene. and homologous compounds. It can tions. There is no hazard aside from that of dust, yellowish or grayish hard leathery sticks. It is u-etl with rubber to be obtained in several states, varying mini a liquid to hard, high-melting ie-ms. The color varies from lighthuff to brown. It is used quite ex tensively in various rubber com pounds such as those for soles, floormu. friction tapes and cements. ( umar is also used in acid-resisting and alkali-resisting stocks. It is nonlo\ic. Dcgrns I 12. \lso known as sod oil and unol pease. It is a dark-brown crease obtained from the washings of -beep's wool. It is used as a softener and lor aiding in the processing of ia\\ rubber, such as in calendering and eMiuding, It is non-toxic, Gil.sonite 1lb. A very pure natural bitumen found in the United States only. It is a black mass breaking with conchoidal fracture and showing bright lustre. It is used in floorings, me chanical goods, coatings, varnishes, insulation, gaskets and cements. Glucose 117. A thick, viscous, syrupy li quid made Irom corn. It is used in a few rubber compounds a n d cements, and for latex compounding. Glue and Gelatin IBS. A nitrogenous colloidal sub stance of the protein class w'hich is derived f i o m animal connective impart certain leathery properties and in golf bail manufacture and cements, (me large use has been in the coaling and impregnation of fabric for driving belts, clutch linings and wire coverings, It is non-toxic. I birdwood Pitch 12.5. A brown bituminoU' mate rial consisting of the residue from the distillation of hard wood. It is used as an accelerator activator, and for giving tackiness to rubber stock's It is added direilly to the rubimi on tile mill. Only comparatively small percentages are used, and no health hazard is involved except that of pos sible skin irritations. I [ydrolenc r.ictke, Black I B A black gummy cake re sembling rubber but easily disinte grated by crushing. It is made by \ulcani/,ing vegetable oils with sul1>hut and adding mineral rubber, black lactice is added directly to the lubber on the mill and is used as a soft tiller. It has the property of absorbing other tillers and thus bulk ing up the rubber. It is also used for producing a smooth finish on calendered and extruded goods. There is no health hazard in the use of lactice tissues and hones obtained from slaughter house and tannery waste. It comes in sheets, chips or ground granules, usually of a light-timber color, and always contains some water. It is added directly to the rubber on the mill or dispersed in water. Glue is used in rubber is a reinforcing ingredient of low gravity. It gives strength, stiffness and good processing qualities. It is used in tubing, rollers, coalings and latex compounding, Guayule 119. A resinous rubber native to 121. A black bituminous mil's resembling asphalt, obtained from the residue remaining after the de structive distillation of petroleum Used as a filler and softener in mina the same manner as asphalt. (See asphalt.) linseed Oil 125. An amber-colored drving oil obtained from the seeds of the lax plant. It is used in rollers and cements in preparing rubber subsl.lulcs in the form of factice b\ vul canizing the oil with sulphur i dor ide. It is non-toxic l\u.lice, Brown Mexico and southern United Slates, having about twenty-five per cent of Mineral Oils !M Also called brown substitute. resin. It is used hugely for soil 126. j\ umcrotis grades of mmu.il It is a vulcanized oil usually made rubbers such as friction stocks. Be oil, ranging from the light paraffin 111111 , mu nr similar oil b\ healing ing of a soil icsi inms nature it doe ml lo | k 11 n,',it am , a.c e -i d a," : - ; i I' i 11 t .a- 'utia-'i't. t" tlie propel 'tace It ' a bark-brown cake, easily crumbled. . ... , cd. \ lo the rubber on dne mu'i It I- ii'Otl as a sou tilling m ateual in moulded goods, druggists sundries, proofing and tubing. l'actice, White 115. A white granular powder pie- pared by vulcanizing vegetable oils i < i i - ' 1 U' stuokid 'heel-, and small amount are often added to the harder rub bers to 'petcl up the breaking down time. Gumkaraya 120. Gumkaraya is a bassora type of gum similar lo gum tiagacanth. It is used for thickening latex solutions and is non-toxic. p, .in, a ci .i ' a i :-, c , ... a 1 the.'t' are the light paraffin oh' "ini iul- are dridi o r ciU on ere , . >. mill and are rapide, an.-orbe i j, ; w rubber. There is no health hi/.ard. except possibh that of skin nrtwnion Min'',al Rubber 127. A term applied to mu . .d asphaltic deposito such as gdsiante INDUSTRIAL SANITY SERIES NO, RU-3 and also to blown asphalt.-, lilown asphalts may be obtained in varying degrees of hardness and are fold ac* eoiding to their respective melting points. They are often called " M. R." by rubber compounders. Mineral rubber is used in many lines of rubber manufacture both as a chc..p bulking filler and to aid in processing raw rubber. It is used in frictions, spread goods, cements and many types of mechanical rubber goods. Mineral rubber comes as a solid mass in sheet metal drums or it may be obtained in a granular lorm. It is adiied directly to the rubber on the nil'll There is no health hazard - ...... -.-m , .v ceresin which is prepared from ozok erite.) There is no health hazard. Palm Oil 132. An orange-yellow fatty oil or grease of butter consistency, It is obtained from the fruit of a tropical palm. It consists chiefly of palmitic acid and the glycerides of palmitic, oleic and stearic acids. It is used in rubber to aid processing, cspeda'ly for producing a smooth finish on calendered and extruded goods. Also used to reduce the tack in very sticky compounds. There is no health hazard in its use. Paraffin O ik is usually added directly to the rub ber batch on the mill Pine Tar Oil 137. A reddish-brown oily sub stance obtained from the destructive distillation of pine wood, ft is a lighter distillate than pine tar. It has a strong tarry odor and taste, The material is somewhat toxic and should be handled carefully. It is used for the same purposes as pine tar in rubber, but the lighter oil is preferable for certain compounds. Rapeseed Oil 13S. \ dark-brown-lo-nale-xellow A' ' t crushing, and the liberation ot hulrogen sulphide which should be re moved by adequate ventilation. P.uallm Wav 134. A while, translucent, waxy, tasteless and odorless solid obtained from petroleum, It consists of a U Hh 'i tm.'i > '* 1 making lattice or so-cailed luubu substitute. (See factice.) Rosin Montan Wax 12S. A mineral was extracted Irom lignites. In the crude state it is dark brown. When refined, it is a white semi-solt wax. I he crude wax is used for soling, flooring, special storks, insulating compounds and ex truded stocks. This wax imparts ext client processing qualities without the soliciting effect resulting from the use of softer waxes such as paraflin. No hazard in its use. Naphthalene 12T White crystalline flaky com pound, used to a limited extent in certain rubber goods as an odorant and processing aid. 1he material has a camphor odor characteristic of moth balls. It may contain, as im purities, coal-tar products which arc slightly toxic. However, such small quantities are used in rubber com pounding that the health hazard is slight. mixture of hydrocarbons chiefly of the methane series. It varies in color from the light-yellow crude to a hard while refined wax. Wax is used in rubber is a softener, as an aid to processing, as an anti-scorch mate rial, and as an anti-oxidant and light resistor. It is also used foi rendering rubber less permeable to watei solu tions. Petrolatum 135, Also called vaseline and mineral fat. A light-yellow-to-ambu colored, oily, semi-solid material con sisting chiefly of hydrocarbons ol the methane and olefine series. It is ob tained by distillation of the still resi dues obtained in steam distillation ol paraffin base petroleum. It is Used in rubber as a softener, in reclaiming old rubber, as an antiscorch material for active accelerators, and to aid in smooth calendering and extruding operations. There is no h c a l l h hazard. 139. (See colophony.) Rosin Oil 140. An amber-colored oily liq uid, with a pleasant odor bui a strong, peculiar taste. It is obtained by fractional distillation of rosin. ^ It is used for producing tack in ruhoer adhesives, tapes, mechanicals, and in reclaiming rubber, lucre is no health hazard. Shellac 141. A resinous exudation in mi the twigs of a species of East Inman tree; it is caused to exude by the bile of an insect. It is obtained as orangc-to-lighl-buff brittle flakes, or as a ground powder. It is used to a limited extent in rubber as a sillf> ner and in bard rubber to give fumaess and finish. It is non-toxic. Sod Oil 1 \l. (See degras.) Oil Substitutes 1.10. (See facticc.) O/okciite 1 .1 1 . A mineral fossil wax occur ring native, and yellowish-brown-to1)1,wU or groow in color. Used as a rubber filler and softener, especially in such goods as electrical insulations, frictions, extrudeil and mechanical Stocks. Usually added directly to the rubber on the mill, either as broken lumps or in molten stale. (See also Pine Tar 136. A very viscid, black i-hbrown liquid with a chaiacteiwlic odor and taste. It is obi,lined from the destructive distillation ol pine wood. H is used in rubber goods w a softener, tack producer, dispersing agent, and accelerator for scnthetic rubber. It finds a large use in tread stocks, frictions, tape, led,liming ol rubber and cements. It contains phenolic bodies, but as used in lub ber it should not be hazardous. It Stearic Acid 141. A colorless, odorlcs- wax like material handled in block oi flakes. It is obtained lmm lngngrnde beef tallows by saponification or dislillat.on and pres-tne and al-n by hydrogenation ol oleic acid b Is used in most type- ol 1'llhbel gooda\ a stabilizer of vulcanization, as.an activator ol certain acceleratin', and as i dispersing agent and soi'eniIt is used up to several per < n ".i the rubber and added micctl;, m .I.>1 COMro il XDIXG MATERIALS IX TIIE KHMER IXDUSTR]'- TART II 9 mhlxi. in which 1 teadily disperses. |i d non-toxic, Liquids and Gases 144. In this gioup are included the usual liquid solvents and gases iiM'd in rubber manufacture with the i-Mcption of the liquid accelerators, Imh are listed under organic ac celerators in X.S.C. pamphlet No. HU-1. and softening oils, which are listed above. Ids. This group contains some of the most hazardous chemicals used in the industry and should be given ciueiul study by the safety engineer to see that they are properly handled. Liquids Acetic Acid 1 to Acetic acid is not used gen erally throughout the rubber indusuv. only in special parts of it. It is, however, used in large quantities lot certain purposes. It is used lor coagulating rubber latex, in certain latex preparations, and in sponge mbber production. In coagulating and latex work, the temperatures are low or normal, comparatively small proportions on the batch are used, and handling is simple. When used :or sponge rubber, the temperatures aie higher, and disagreeable fumes ,n e given off which should be con ducted away by proper ventilation and exhaust equipment. 147 Acetic acid is a clear, coloric-s liquid at ordinaly temperatures. It comes in a number of different si lengths, varying Itom the pure con centrated acid, known as glacial ace tic acid, down to dilutions as low as 2' per cent. It has a strong, pungent odor characteristic of vinegar and is x m eouosive, especially in the high er emu durations. It is very irritating io hands anil nasal passages In small quantities it is not toxic, but t.oo should be taken to keep it away ii.on the bare skin, and any fumes should be conducted away from the Will kl'r' Alcohol 1*IS \leohol is usually used in the denatured stale. Its use is not extensive m the rubber industry, be ing conlined to certain types of , emails. ,is a means of introducing i e i tain tosinous compounds into rubbei. and as a cleaning solution for raw and finished rubber where it is white liquid of cliaratletistic odor, necessary to avoid solvent action on derived from the destructive distil the rubber. The charactdsties of lation of coal. It is very volatile at alcohol are well known; it is not room temperatures and should never necessary to dwell here upon its re be allowed to stand in open contain lative toxicity. Various types of ers. The vapors are very flammable denatured alcohol are available, and and very toxic, benzol is used largely all arc toxic if taken internally; but for making cements and adhesives for as used for rubber work there should assembling rubber parts during proc be no hazard if not actually taken ess of manufacture. It wa formeily internally. All grades of alcohol are used in large quantities as a wash for flammable. raw rubber, being applied by hand Ammonia swabs, It was here that many of the most severe poisoning cases were c.x- 149. Ammonia is a colorless gas, piei cured. The vapors spread rapid hut as usually used it is dissolved in ly and should he removed by exhaust water and known as ammonia water or ammonium hydroxide. It is sold on its ammonia content designated by degrees baume. The usual grade used is 20 Hauine, or a saturated solution. It is a clear, water-like liquid with a strong, irritating odor, in the concentrated form it is strongly caus tic and should be kept away Itom the skin. Rubber gloves and non-ventilated goggles should he used in handling it. It give's off powerful, systems to decrease both the fire hazard and the health hazard. The workers should not be allowed to breathe any considerable quantity of benzol vapors, nor should they be permit leal to get the solvent on their clothing, hands, or other parts of their bodies. The solvent can be absorbed through the skin as well as through inhalation, producing lasting serious complications. (See X S.C. pamphlet Xo. ILL*. 14, " benzol.'') pungent fumes when exposed to the air, causing bronchial disorders if in haled in considerable quantities. The fumes are toxic, but usually do not leave any serious lasting effects. Where used, a good ventilating or Benzene 152. Same as benzol. Must not be confused with benzine, which L a petroleum product and not a coal-tar product. exhaust system should be installed. Benzine In the more dilute forms of ammonia liquid, the water retains (he gas in solution, and only slight fumes ate given off. Under certain conditions ammonia mixed with air is explosive. 155. A distillation product from petroleum, being a clear solvent simi lar in properties to ordinary cleanc ' naphtha but very light and volatile. Also called petroleum ether. It i- 150. Dilute ammonia is used very generally to preserve raw latex, in manufacturing latex compounds, and throughout the liquid latex industry. The concentrations here seldom run higher than a few per cent, and there is practically no hazard other than where the ammonia solutions are ptepared. Ammonia is also used in the Used as a cleaning solvent for -waobing raw rubber and is much safer to use than benzene, from the toxicity standpoint. However, it is very flammable. It should be u-ed in safety dispenser.- to eliminate the fire hazard, breathing benzine vapors will cause dizzin1 Carbon Bisulphide spread-goods industry as a neutral 154. \ dear, colorle--, very flam izer for acid idca'-cd during the vul mable liquid. When pure i* i- al- canization operation w-heiv sulphur mo-t odoiie--, but the eommeiuai chloride cures are Used. The hazard grade usually u-ed ha - a strong, ui-- here is also small since mu-1 of the rold Cluing ehambeis me of not es- agieeable odor. il i- excteduigl) volatile at room temperatures, having xitv equipped with adequate \enting a Hash point at minus 2s degrees systems. (See also pamphlet Centigrade. It may ignite Irom a No. 25, "Acids and Caustics.'') spark, or flame many feel away. It is benzol very poisonous to breathe. (kor further details ,ts to it-- to.xuity, -ee 151. benzol, or benzine, as it is X.lx.C. Indu-tnal Data' Sheet i)chemically defined, is a clear, water- Chem. 1, "Caibon bisulphide''; IX D rSTiilM . SM-TI'Y Sl'.lilhS NO. RU-J Carbon bisulphide is used not ignite readily. It is an excellent 161. Gasoline is u-ed us a clean icinoving sulphur bloom on rub- solvent for rubber and is ti-ed for ing and swabbing solution in the lu'i goods in rubber adhesives, and cements and cleansing solvent How manufacture of many rubber articles, a- a diluent for sulphur chloride in ever, it hits been almost entitely ic- in all types of rubber cements, in c cold vulcanization and vapor cure. placed by carbon tetrachloride which preparing coating a n d spreading Departments using t h i s solvent has properties very similar to chloio- doughs, and as a diluent for other should be adequately equipped with form where used in rubber manufac solvents. . foe extinguishers and exhaust sys tems. Keep solvent off the hands. 15b. Within recent years the use turing. It should be handled with the same care as carbon tetrachloride. Coal-Tar Naphtha Glycerine 164. Also called glycerol, it D a clear, colorle.-. or pale-yellow, heavy, of carbon bisulphide has been very limited as, in the majority of cases, le--s dangerous materials have been substituted. There are. however, a lew places where it finds a use in tubbev manufacture, and the safety engineer should study each situation and see that the material is handled in a safe manner. 160. Refuted coal-tar naphtha is a clear, water-while liquid having a heavy, gassy odor. It is llammable and should be kept in approved dis pensers. There is also a mule mate rial which is straw coloied, but this grade is not Used to the same extent as the refined giade, Coal-tai naph tha consists of a mixture of benzene, syrupy and odorle-s liquid having a sweet taste. It is non-flammable and non-toxic and presents no hazaul from the health standpoint. It is used in rubber manufacturing as a preservative coating or dressing on finished rubber goods, to prevent nibIxt from slicking together while in the law stale and in liquid latex Cat bon Dioxide toluene, xylene anti other higher homologs. It is toxic, but less vola preparations When used as a di\ssing, it is either swabbed, spiayco or 157 Carbon dioxide is an inert tile than benzol. It .s used to a con painted on. gas u-ed in the rubber industry for inflat in air bags and tubes and for vulcanizing purposes. It is non-toxic, but i- highly suffocating since it is devoid of active oxygen and does not --upport life. Us danger lies in the fact that it is a heavy as and likely to collect in "dead pockets" where ventilation Is pool. Considerable quantities may he liberated through leak--. or discharge from bags or vulcanizers at the conclusion of vulcan ization operations. Adequate ventil ation will remove any danger. Carbon Tetrachloride 158. A light, colorless liquid with a pecullai characteristic odor. It has .i low boiling point and is very vola tile at room teinpeiature, giving off heavy vapors. The vapors are not llammable but are toxic. They are heavy and sink to low parts of the loom, often collecting in corners and pnmh ventilated places, making a real ha/.aid to workers unless re moved by proper ventilation or ex siderable extent for rubber cements, rubber doughs, and as a cleaning solvent. The same precautions should be taken as for benzol. Ethylene Dichlotiile 161. A (oloiless liquid having a strong chlorolorm-likc odor. It is an excellent solvent for lubber and is used for i ubber cements and doughs on account of its low fire hazard. It is toxic and in many respects acts like carbon tetrachloride. It should be handled in a similar manner to cat bon tetiaehloride. Its vapors are very heavy. Gasoline 162. The name given to a series of solvent distillates derived from petroleum and having a range in giavity horn 50 degices to 60 degiees lktunte. The range from 5o degiees to 70 degrees is the usual range of rubber solvents. They are clear, water-white, oily liquids of charac teristic not unpleasant odor. The Kerosene 165. A clear, water - while to straw-colored, oily liquid ll is ob tained as a distillate from pen oleum and refined to remove iow flush i,mstituenls. It is comparative!) ,,ie to use, although the skin ol some workers is sensitive to kerosene oi1 It is used to a limited extent in mbber manufacture, but very extensiu)v as a wash for rubber machine ry, rubber rolls, etc. In rubber m.inu factoring it is used for softening and blowing sponge goods Kcio-eno presents a fire hazard, but ii is not as hazardous as gasoline Napluha 166. A n.'ine given lo both pctioleum and coal-tar -olvents. The Up of naphtha should be spcuiii,, othei wise it it very mi'leading. (1 or petroleum naphtha, see benzine petroleum ether, and gasoline. 1oi coal-tar naphtha see coal-tar naph tha.) haust equipment. This solvent finds gasolines are the most universally Petroleum bitter an extensive use in rubber manulacturing on account of its freedom from lire hazard and its excellent solvent used solvents in mbbei manufac line, partly because of their low cost. They are all toxic and llammable and 167. (See benzine.; Solvent Naphtha pioperties tor rubber. It has re placed many other solvents. (See N.S.C. Industrial Data Sheet H- should be bandied with care Vapors should be removed. ('i.wline dis solves (he natural oils a n d fats of 168. (6ee coal-tar naphtha.) Sulphur C h lo rid e Chem. 25, " Carbon Tetrnchloiide." ) the skin, causing dry and Hupped 169. Th, subchhii kie ol -ulphur Chloroform skin. This ran be prevented to a It is an amhor-to-yoliowish-n d. od\. great extent by fils! coaling the fuming liquid with very pencil at mg . C- 15(> A clear, colorless, highly hands with a neutral giveciine soap odor, used in vulunizing rubbe , ) volatile liquid with a peculiar characleristic odor. It is toxic, but it will preparation, which tepels the gaso line. the so-called cold proce's, ant! '..emr process. It s n - o as -uch is cwiuinul r o M r o r x D i x a materia i s i x i i i i -: rvheer i x d i 'sery p art ii ugely Id sheet, spread and dipped good*. 11 s also used n the manul.uime ol rubber substitutes and oil l,nine When used for sheet and spiead roods, the sulphur chloride may be applied in liquid form by dis tributor roll, or the goods may be hum; in chambers where the sulphur ihluiide i< vapmi/ed by heat. The sulphur ihlonde is extremely active chemically and is usually diluted with some solvent such as carbon bisul phide or benzol. In vulcanizin'; dipped roods, the latter are usually immersed for a very short time in a diluted solution of the sulphur chlor ide. 170 Sulphur chloride is readily decomposed in a damp atmosphere and should be kept well bottled when not in use It is extremely conosive, ilue to liberation of hydrochloric acid m presence of moisture. It is extiemely in bating to the eyes, iunr;', a n d mucous membranes. Woikeis should be protected from its mines hr, adequate ventilation and warned to keep it away from their hands .Sulphuric Acid 171 A strongly corrosive, dense, oi!\ liquid, colorless to dark biown, depending upon its purity. I 'sccl for iamovin'; cotton fiber in reclaiming olil rubber. In a diluted form it is used as a coagulant for latex mixtu ie It is also used in attaching rubber to metals and in producing suiplionuted lubber resin pioducK It 1aus(`s \eiy sc\err burns and will (bar almo't any organic matter \\ takers using sulphuric acid should ho pmiecled from bavin" the maten.d liy into their eyes or onto their skin m even their clothing. The acid will i.ipidly eat its way through clothing to the flesh (See N.S.C. p.imphlet \ o . 25. "Acids and Caus tics." h,i details.) I ohiol oi Toluene 172 A colorless Hummable liquid obtained by fiactional distillation of toal I.ii oil It lesembles benzine in odm .mi many ol its pioperlies. alII,imirrh it is less volatile at room h nipeiatures It is an excellent ltibbei sobeiit, used lot iubber cements, domdis and as a cleansing solution It is tnxu and should be treated in the oiiue mannei as benzol. Poisoning ('Heels can be veiv seiious. Workers should be pioloeled from its vaiiors and should keep it from their hands. Its vapors are heavy and cling to the tioor and in pooilv ventilated cor ners. (Sec benzol for handling.) Turpentine 17T Also called spirits ot tur pentine. A clear, Hummable, color less liquid with a characteristic rosin like odor, obtained by distillation from tuipentino rosin. Turpentine is a powei ful solvent for rubber and was formerly used in making iubber cements. Hut its use in rubber work has become very limited, and it is no longer an important fartoi in rub ber manufacturing. It is toxic and irritating to the skin, eyes and iexpiratory organs. (See N.S.C, In dustrial Data Sheet D-Chern. 12, "Turpentine" for details.) Xylene or Xylol 174. Xylene is a clear, colorless, Hammable liquid with a characleiistic penetrating odor. It is one of the constituents of coal-tai naphtha and is obtained fiom the latter smitee by distillation. II i$; a good solvent lor rubber and is med in rubber cemenls, doughs foi the spieading tiade. and as a swabbing solution in the man ufacture of rubber goods, It s toxic, but not to so great an extent as ben zol and toluene, probably because it is less volatile. It is a fire hazard, and the same precautions should be taken both for fire and toxicity as those noted Im benzol. Gases 175. Compuni!ivrly few ga-es aie used in lubber manufaciuio, and in nearly eveiy case they arc used for vulcanization in some fmm Oases are handled in closed chambers. Con sequently, leakage or inadequate ex haust systems are the usual causes of trouble or discomfmt to the wmkers. Ammonia (as I7(i. A colorless gas with a powerful, penetiating and irritating odor. It aflccls the eyes and re-pua lory organs. It is used for neutraliz ing any arid after sulphur chloride vapor cutes. It is piocluced by heat ing concentiated liquid ammonia water in the curing chatnbei and finally is exhausted by suction or toned air (fo r full details see N.S.C. pamphlets No. 25, "Acids and f Hi-aics," and No. 95, "Sale Han dling of Compressed Gases ") Chlorine Gas 177. A heavy, greenish-yellow gas. highly irritating and toxic It iused only' in specialized industries, for instance, in producing clilorinab d lubber, It must be rigidly confined in suitable chambers and kept away Irom workers. It is extremely corro sive, therefore hazardous, ex; ecially in the presence of moisture. ( For fmther data on chlorine see N S C pamphlet No. 71, "Safe Handling ol Chlorine.") Hydrogen Chlonde 17<S. Also known as hydrochloric acid t;as; is colorless and exceedingly pun,gent It is highly irritating and toxic. It has a strong affinity lor water and should be kept in closed systems. It is used onlv in special-, ized industries where rubber is con verted into certain resinous products It requires special handling. Ilydiogen Sulphide 179. A colorless, ilammJik gas, with a very offensive (idol and a sweetish taste. It is used only to a limited extent for specialized work in vulcanization of sheet or spread goods in conjunction with oilier ie active gdxc- li is highly loxic and Hammable and must be handled with great care. The goods aie exposed in closed chamhcis and the gas blown in and later expelled. ( I'm detailon its health hazards see X S C In dustrial Data Sheet No 1o 'Hydro gen Sulphide.") Sulphur Chloride ISO. (See sulphur chloride uncli, liquids.) Where the gas is used it imcrely the liquid sulphur chloride vaporized by heal in the hot tilling chambers for vapor curing of sheet and spread goods [ sually ihe goodale lesbioned in huge room- ol chambers, and a quantity of liquid sulphur chlm ide is evaporated on a hot plate, circulation being accom plished by fan i: necessary Con centrations aie usually small and therefore serious hazard is a\n;ded with adequate ventilation Sulphur Dioxide 1,S1 A poisonous, uT'rie-s with a suffocating odor It is u ( >- '"'sfcllEi I NDUS TRI AL SA! ET V SURIP.S NO. RU- 3 ,uisjy in special industries lor produc ing special types of vulcanized prod ucts. The vulcanization must he i timed out in closed chumbeis, and workers should be adequately pro tected from the yus. .irA'\OII7./i/>Gbl/A';V7' This pamphlet i\ bated on a pupa presentai bejote the Rubini Sedimi i>l the National Safety Count d by A J . D. IJailv, consulting thrnnst, Milwaukee, Il scansili. The National Safcty Coitili d is indi bini io 1/ l l a d v and th l i r< m i r a ('min: un of th Rubbei Set tino, .mia u direction Ila pamphlet .inpublaim li)- --;M 1s i { 1 I