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1 Air Hygiene Foundation of America, Inc. 4400 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pa. March 23, 1930. REFERENCES TO RECENT LITERATURE ON INDUSTRIAL DISEASES (A) Nev/3 Items 165 OCCUPATION AND HEALTH, Supplement. International Labor Office, Geneva, 96 pp., (September, 1938). Obtainable from International Labor Office, 734 Jackson Place, Washington, D.C. Price $5.00 per 500 pages. Supplements to the two volumes "Occupation find Health" are issued biannually. The prosant work, the second supplement of 1933, contains eleven brochures on various subjects. Abstracts of nino of the important papers arc included in this Bulletin. 166 INCREASE IN NUMBER OF OCCUPATIONAL DISEASE CLAIMS IN OHIO DURING 1937. Anonymous. Ohio State Med. Journal, 35_, 329, (March, 1939). Tha number of claims increased from 1,583 in 1956 to 1,694 in 1937. As usual, skin diseases wore'responsible for a large percentage of the claims filed. There was an increase of 95 claims for lead poisoning, largely from 3 plants manufacturing automobile bodies, where ground lead was used to fill cracks and seams in the bodies. Six claims for silicosis (made compensable on July 31,' 1937) v/era considered as within the provisions of the lav/; an unstated number were classed as ncn-conpensablo I--' various reasons. (B) Papers on Dust, Dust Diseases and General Industrial Hygiene. 167 OCCUPATIONAL DISEASE SYMPOSIUM. Northwestern University Medical School, Department of Industrial Medicine, Chicago, 111., September 26-27, 1938. Proceedings published January, 1939, Price $3.00. The following items ere abstracts of the papers presented at the symposium which are published in one volume obtainable from the above address: THE PRESENT STATUS OF DDUSTRIAL MEDICAL EDUCATION. Carl M. Peterson. The number of industrial physicians has almost doubled in the past 10 years ana the number of graduates coning in contact with industrial phases of medicine is increasing annually. In reviewing the present status of occupational disease education in the medical schools, it is noted that this type of instruction is on tho increase. THE SCOPE OF THE OCCUPATIONAL DISEASE RESEARCH PROBLEM. Philip Drinker. Research is needed as a guide towards regularly obtaining better statis tics and better reporting of industrial disabilities of all kinds. Indus trial processes ore not eliminated because a process is in some way harm ful to the workmen; prevention, based on research, must bu practiced, cad this prevention always takes a little tino to catch up with toxicology. 004 References to Recent Literature - 2 TRAUMATIC NEUROSIS. Lewis J. Pollock. Traumatic neuroses are those forms of disability caused, not by any real injury, but by shocks or by certain repeated processes. It is a type of hysteria, not always Imaginary, which has significance in industrial hygiene practice. Diagnosis, treatment and compensation of cases of this type aro discussed. THE PLACE OF PHYSICAL EGSEGKTION IN INDUSTRY AND THE PLACEMENT OF . THE EMPLOYEE IN RELATION TO HIS PHYSICAL STATUS. C. D. Selby. Physical examinations, if worth doing at all, are worth doing completely. The industrial physician should be fentiroly familiar with all processes in his plant so that lie may be ablo to advise the employment department in placing men especially adapted, or particularly unfit, for certain positions. By doing his work well and completely the industrial physician can be of great benefit to his employer and. to the men in tho plant. INDUSTRIAL MEDICAL SURVEYS. J. G. Cunningham. A very good general description is given of the procedure and methods usually followed in these surveys. They are the first essential step in an efficient program of industrial health improvement. INDUSTRIAL HEALTH AND SAFETY AND THE PRACTICING PHYSICIAN. Stanley J. Seeger. The practicing physician should attempt to orient himself In the vast, com paratively new field of industrial medicine so that he understands the viewpoint of those more closely connected with it. The industrial physician must also admit his dependence upon tho practicing physician. PERIPHERAL VASCULAR DISEASE HI INDUSTRY. Edgar V. Allen. Peripheral vascular diseases ere defined as the diseases of the blood vessels other than those of tho heart itself. Most of the discussion is devoted to hypertension (high blood pressure) and its prominence as a major cause of death in this country. Very little has been done to study the particular causes or the significant incidence in the past and prosont. The discussion is more or less philosophical regarding its connect ion with industry end modern industrial life. CARDIAC DISEASE IN H-ffiUSTRY.' James G. Carr. The degrees of disability of those persons afflicted with heart disease is difficult, to define. This paper, together with tho discussion which fellows, discusses the employment of those persons in industry. In cer tain cases their work uay be so changed that they ore able to continue without serious effect, to the benefit of both employee and employer. 168 STUDIES ON THE SOLUBILITY 0? QUARTZ AND SILICATES. C.C. Lucas and H.E. Dolan. Can. Med. Assoc. Journal, 40, 126-34, (February, 1939) (Canadian). This paper deals only with the chemical side of the solubility problem of quartz and silicates. Y/ater, salt solutions, urine and blood serum all dis solve small amounts of silica from quartz. The "apparent solubility" of quartz is usually much greater than its real solubility, because of the pre sence in the native quartz minoral of impurities which arc either more soluble in themselves or render the quartz more soluble. This was t-he conclusion reached by resuspending some of the quartz dusts. Tho action of water, and aqueous solutions in general, upon silicates, is not one of simple solution but of differential loacning; removal of the base, leaving n residua richor in. silica is tho usual result. 0fUl$77 References to Recent Literature - 3. . 169 THE PREVENTION OF SILICOSIS BY METALLIC ALUMINUM. II. J.J. Denny, W.D. Robson and D.A. Ir?dn. Can. Med. Assoc. Journal, 40, 213-23, (March, 1939) (Canadian). The article will also be published in Industrial Medicine in April, 1939, issue. Reprints of the article are being obtained by Air Hygiene Foundation and will be enclosed with the Abstract Bulletin in the near future. In their first paper on the subject (see Abstract 390, 1937), the authors showed that tho addition of snail quantities of alrainun almost completely inhibited the solubility of siliceous material in a beaker and that animals dustod with quartz plus 1 per cent aluminum powder did not develop silicosis, while those dusted with the same quartz alone did develop silicosis. The present paper reports on the further progress of this investigation. It has been found that the aluminum, on being converted to hydrated alumina in solution, reduces the toxicity of quartz in three rays, (a) by flocculation; (b) by adsorbing silica from solution; but (c) chiefly by coating the quartz particle with on insoluble and impermeable coat ing. This coating is a gelatinous hydrated alumina and has been definitely identi fied as such. The amount of aluminum dust necessary to form this coating and to prevent fibrosis has been found to bo about 1 per cent of the total dust in sus pension. It may, in addition, be inhaled independently of the siliceous du3t. Investigations as to tho industrial application of aluminum dust in the prevent ion of silicosis are being'carried out. ' 170 EFFECT OF CERTAIN IMPINGEMENT DUST SAMPLING EISTRUKSITS ON THE DUST PARTICLES. E.L. Anderson. Journal Ind.' Hyg. & Tox., 21, 39-47, (February, 1939). It had been suggested in the past that the impingement of dust particles in cer tain dust counting methods fractured the larger particles giving higher counts than actually existed. Certain experiments had tended to prove that this was true. The author here reports on a series of carefully conducted tests wfcich-prove that thero is fracturing of particles by at least three common types of instruments -- the Greenburg-Smith impinger, the Bausch and Lomb sampler and the Owens jot counter. Simultaneous samples were taken of an artificially generated dust and particle size distribution graphs made for each of tho three in addition to the original dust and a settled sample. Median, sizes of tho three "counted" samples were significantly less than those of the dust or of tho settled sample. 171 DUST INVESTIGATIONS HI TEE CERAMIC INDUSTRY. PART I, EARTKEILVARE POTTERS' SHOPS. W.A. Bloor, K.L. Goodall and Webb. Trans. Brit. Cer. Soo., 33, 1-25, (January, 1939) (British). This paper describes a series of dust counts made in three earthenware pottery shops selected to represent those in which the cleanliness, ventilation, lay-out, etc., were respectively good, moderate, and poor. The method selected for count ing was the thermal precipitator, which is briefly described. The concentrations found by this method are expressed In particles per cc., and because of this, together with other differences, it is impossible to correlate the results with those of the Grcenburg-Smith impinger counts used almost exclusively in America. In the present survey the counts taken are those of tho general room air and not those in the Immediate vicinity of the workers. The values found were: a maxi mum of 70 particles per cc. in the good shop; 90 particles por cc. in the aver age shop and about 2C0 per cc, in the poor shop. Particlo size distribution was studied closely and was found to vary from 0.3 to 1.6 microns. During intervals for rest periods the median particlo size tended to be less a3 the larger parti cles settled cut more rapiuly. It v/as found that the value of ventilation lies in reducing the concentrations, not in merely reducing the concentration of those particles below the dangerous size (5 to 10 microns). It is thought that a threshold limit of 100 particles per cc. con be reasonably attained in this type of shop, but it is not known whother or not this concentration is safe from a health point of view. A A // a ri O , Refdrences to Recent Literature - 4 172.DUST INVESTIGATIONS HI THE CERAMIC INDUSTRY. PART II, ZARTHENIYARS 7.THT2 TILS MAKING SHOPS AND DUST PREPARATION. K.L. Goodall, and V/.A. Bloor. Trans. Brit. Cor. Soc., 38, 26-65, (January, 1939) (British). The earthenware white tile shops present a greater dust problem than the shops where general earthenware pottory is made. (Soe preceding abstract). In tho latter, tho ware is made from a plastic body while in the white tile shops tho ware is made directly from a finely ground dust. Tho survey described in Port II is similar to that in Part I in that throo plants were studied, representing good,"moderate, and poor dust control. The method of counting was the same. In this survey, however, the concontrations shown aro those near the operators them selves, not those of the general room air. In the one shop which was classed as being good, the prcs3ors and fettlers worked under well designed exhaust hoods and the concentrations in their vicinity, and even in the general room air, were comparatively low (51 to 77 particles per cc.). Similar concentrations in the other two shops were much higher and emphasized the necessity of working in pro perly designed hoods. Low general atmosphere concentrations in the "good" shop emphasize the value of good housekeeping, adequate space and general arrangement. All processes in the storage bins and crushing room areas were extremely dusty in all the plants visited. - 173 DUST INVESTIGATIONS IN TEE CERAMIC INDUSTRY. PART III, SOME CIELUCAL AND PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF CERTAIN CERAMIC DUSTS. VI.A. Bloor and K.VI. V/ebb. Trans. Brit. Cer. Soc., 39 , 66-74, (January, 1939) (British). Some dust from one of the plants described in Part II (preceding abstract) was collected on a filter bed -of finely crystallized salicylic <j,cid for chemical and petrogrqphic analyses. Chemically, the composition of the total dust was found to be approximately the same as that of the body of tho tile from which the dust arises, indicating that thero was no preferential air flotation of silical In ah arrangement of two filters in series, tho first caught the larger particles plus a few of the smallor ones and the second caught only those below 2 microns in sizo, Chemical analyses of tho two samples disclosed less silica (free and combined) on the second filter, suggesting that a large part of the silica, probably the flint or quartz, is coarser than the other constituents (clays and feldspar). It was impossible, petrographically, to determine between free and combined silica in those particles less than. 5 microns in size. The results suggest than the most dangerous dusts are those between 2 and 5 microns, and it is significant that some 70-80 per cent, by number, of the particles in the total dust, are below 2 microns. 174 PROGRESS IN DUST CONTROL IN ONTARIO MINES. Clifford S. Gibson. Trans. Can. Inst. Min. & Metal., 42, 18-28, (1939) (Canadian). This paper reports on the progress of the work being done by the Technical Sili cosis Research Committee of the Ontario Mining Association (see Abstract 205, 1938). There is no doubt that the mining industry as a whole is becoming mere con scious of the necessity for controlling dust dispersal. Harked progress is evi dent at both old and new nines, and the early consideration of the problem by tho latter will undoubtedly, play an important part in future reductions in the inci dence of silicosis. Many of the improvements which havo been effected are simple in nature end have entailed .littlo expenditure, and companies are beginning to got away from the idea that they cannot afford to control tho dust. Briof des criptions are given of the methods in uso and those being investigated. Most notable are: increase of v;et drilling methods, restriction of all blasting until the end of an 8-hour shift, and the increase in tho use of ortifical ventilation fans. Anotiar major activity of nine management is in thorough education of em ployees regarding significance of dust and its control. 004379  References to Recent Literature - 5 175 AMTERAC0-SILIC05IS OF -ANTHRACITE MINERS.'lURl layers." Occupation.'ini. Health, Supplement No. 2, 12 pp.. International Labor Office, (September, 1938). This brochure contains most of the data published in U.S. Public Health Bulletin No. 221, of which Dr. Sayers is senior author. It describes the survey made among anthracite miners in Pennsylvania several years ago. The study included complete physical examinations, concentration and composition of the dust expos* ure and- arnorrcl'ation between exposure and pulmonary changes. Definite and distinc pulmonary changes were found among the various classes of anthracite miners. Pre vention is best accomplished by reduction of dust concentrations, the degree of reduction depending upon the percentage' of freo silica in tho dust. ..176 SIILCO-TUBERCULOSIS. H.C. Sweeny. 111. Med. Kouraal, 74, 520-5 (December, 1933). Silico-tuberculosis i3 treated in this paper not as a disease entity but as a ' ''blend" of the two diseases, (fhe author discusses tho development of tuberculos is in silicotic individuals. Two types of cases, with case historios, are des cribed: one in which tuberculosis is contracted after exposure to silica, the other in which silicosis i3 superimposed upon tuberculosis. Clinically the former case was diagnosed as tuberculosis, pathologically it was found to be silicotuberculosis. A history of sufficient exposure to silica was questionable. In -the other cases, tuberculosis was- supposedly present before the patient was ex-posed to silica. - -- 177 REPORT ON TUBERCULOSIS SURVEY OF 430' TEACHERS AND CAFETERIA WORKERS IN ROANOKE -.-CITY PUBLIC SCHOOLS. K.D. Graves. Virginia Med, Monthly, 65, 738-9 (December 1933). Tuberculin tests were positive in 51.7 per cent of the white workers and in .69.5 per cent of the colored. Three active tuberculosis cases wore found. An earlier test in 1937 of the school children showed 23 per cent as positive.. 178 INFLUENCE OF BODILY WORK ON TEE MINUTE VOLUME IN HEALTHY PERSONS AND IN SILICOTICS A. Bchme. Arch. f. Gewerbepath. u. Gewerbehyg., 9_, 22-42, (1938) (German). Healthy and silicotic persons performing certain standard types of work (kneebending, stair climbing, bicycle riding) show differences in the volume of air inspired per minute during and after work. Severe silicoti-cs show a higher minute volume during and after 1-2 minutes' knee-bonding, but still higher values are obtained from normal excited subjects with tachypnea, voluntary or otherwise. The differences between the normal and silicotic subjects arc variable and the number of subjects used is too 1 to warrant employment of means and deviations Severe silicotics sometimes require twice the volume of air while doing the same work as a normal individual; mild cases of silicotics sometimes show no differ ences. The important source of error is the voluntary or involuntary tachypnea (extremely rapid breathing). 179 SLATS. E. Streignart. Occupation and Health, Supplement No. 2. International Labor Office, Q pp., (September, 1938). Slate is a sedimentary rock formed of clay which has undergone considerable change duo to extreme heat and pressure. It is largely aluminum silicate. Underground mining is more conaon than open mining, now abandoned in most countries. ' The free silica content of slate varies greatly, most results being from 5 to 20 per cent, with an occasional value nearly 40 per cent. Clinical and x-ray examina tions have shown a high incidence of tuberculosis and silicosis, not as high, howover, as in certain other trades. The tuberculosis of slate workers is of a silicotic typo tending to occur at more advancod ages. It is pointed out that all 3late has some freo silica content and that du3t control in slaxe industries is essential. 0D138Q References to Recent Literature - 6 180 SILICOSIS FROM DIAT0L1AC20US EARTH. SCNHARY OF THE LITERATURE. 77. Estler. Arbeitsschutz, pp. 229-31 (193S) (German). Tho author gives a survey of the use of diatonaccoua earth In industry. Research shows' that this du3t has nany particles under 10 microns and some under 5' microns Some authors report that they do not find silicosis in exposed workers, but Adler-Herzmork, Legge and Rosencrantz haTo found serious casos of silicosis. 1Q1 INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE PROGRAIi IN A STATS HEALTH DEPARmNT. Ccrl A. Nau. Journal Amer. Public Health Assoc., 29, 151-7, (February, 1939). Tho author discusses tho general aspects of a program for on Industrial Hygiene Division of a Stato Health Department. He considers it not only from tho aspect of the prevention of the well-known occupational diseases, but also with the idea in mind of improving the health of industrial' workers generally. Ho favors regu lar medical examinations and use of the collected data in outlining a broad pub lic health program. 182 A REVIEW OF THE MEDICAL SUPERVISION OF INDUSTRY BY THE STATE. J.C. Bridge. Journal Royal Inst. Public Health c Eyg., 1_, 911-22, (December, 1938) (British). In thi3 short interesting paper the author tells the story of factory legislation in Great Britain. Starting with the first Factory Act of 1833 he traces the de velopment of State supervision of working conditions and concludes by giving a short summary of the Factories Act of 1937. The paper cannot be adequately ab stracted; those interested in tho history of industrial" hygiene should read the original; -- -- '- 183 REHABILITATION OF THE PHYSICALLY HANDICAPPED. H.H. Kessler.. Arch. Phys.Therap., 19, 753-6, (December, 1938). Crippled and handicapped persons cm be made useful and happy by intelligent treatment. Whore surgery is necessary, the ultimate object must alv/ays be kept in mind -- restoration of employability. Y/herever it is possible, every effort should be made to return a wan to his usual trade; new work usually involves a lowor economic status and in every way puts a severe strain on the worker' z morale. . '< * 184 CONSTITUTIONAL FACTOR AND OCCUPATION. G. Pieraocini. Occupation and Health, Supplement Ho. 2. International Labor Office, 9 pp., (September, 1928). The paper i3 a theoretical discussion of vocational selection of workers on the basis of morphological, humoral, physiological, and mental criteria, that would direct them to work in trades which would not be harmful to their health. Tho author has in mind an extensive application of the theory but admits that It is impossible under present conditions. It may be applied, however, in certain special cases that are more prominent in industrial hygiene work. An evidence of this is the increasing application of physical examinations in industry. 185 TO 7,HAT EXTENT IS THE HEALTH OF INDUSTRIAL YORKERS DEPENDENT ON OCCUPATION? H.H. Vernon. Occupational Physcology, 13, 10-24, (January, 1939) (3ritish). The recently published Registrar General's Occupational Mortality Supplement for England and Wales shows that the mortality rate3 of men employed in different occupations differ widely. While the figures suggest that occupation has much in fluence on health, tlio Registrar General considers that this may be more indirect than direct, that it is ''influenced more by the conditions of life implied by various occupations than by tho direct occupational risks ontailed". Taking into account -^11 cases of silicosis, asbestosis, lead poisoning, accidents, and other occupational hazards, ho attempts to evaluate tho relative importance of heredity, direct occupational effects, and the social environment (including nutrition) as 0043S1 References to Recent Literature - 7. regards their effect on health. `Assuming that everyone possesses one average degree of intelligence he puts the inportance of heredity at 10$, occupation at 20# to 30^5, and social environment et 60# to 70#; while when he takes into ac count the indirect effects of intelligence he puts heredity at 40#, occupation at 10# to 20#, and social environment at 40# to 50#. 186 S7ALUATI0IT OP THE INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE PROBLEM IN THE STATE OF TEXAS. Division of Industrial Hygiene, Texa3 State Department of Health, Austin, 46 pp., (1939). This Bulletin presents the results of a preliminary investigation, similar to those made in other states, to determine v;hat hazards, if any, exist in indus trial plants in the Stato of Texas. The survey included the study of 1700 plants selected at random from a list of 12,000 companies employing 5 or more persons. It was found that largo numbers of employees were exposed to organic dusts, silica dust, lead, acids and alkalies and other potentially dangerous substances. ^ The results indicate that compensation for occupational diseases is anticipated. Although most of the largo companies had full tine or part tins medical service, the physicians treat only cases of traumatic surgery and do not practice indus trial hygiene in a broad senso. 187 PHYSICIANS DUTIES AND RELATIONSHIPS IN INDUSTRY. A.J. Tronstein. Ohio State Medical Journal, 35^, 281-7, (March, 1939). The physicians duties and relationships in industry are discussed under the fol lowing headings: pre-employment examinations, ambulatory illness, accidents, sanitation and hygiene, group insurance, and patients common to private and indus trial practice. The major problems of the doctor are pointed out. These doctors should not allow their medical Judgment to be subjugated by economic, political, social or legal pressure, nor should they attempt to extend their fields of ac tivity to such a point that they conpeto with private practice. 188 MAN AND LAEOR. P. Gorens. Ztschr. d. Ver. deutsch. Ingen., 82, 1037-42, (1938) (German). The author writes of the interactions between work and. workers, stresses the necessity of adapting the work to the man, also, the man to the work. He em phasizes tha inportance of the right vocation and good professional instruction, which can be best given in the workshop. 189 INFLUENCE OF DUST ON THE TEETH OF GEi POLISHERS. H. Schmittner. Arch, f. Gewerbepath. u. Gev/erbehyg., 9., 123-40, (1938) (German). The study covered 243 men engaged in the grinding of precious and semi-precious stones, and 250 men of the same age groups, not engaged in this work, all living in the sene community. The grinders showed a greater rearing down of the front teeth but fewer paradental changes in that region; also less wearing dorm of the side teeth and fewer paradental changes in that region. The same incidence of dental caries was seen in both groups. 190 MEASUREMENT OF QUARTZ BY DIFFERENTIAL THERMAL ANALYSIS. F.M. Trcmbe. Conpte. rend, do l'Acad. des Sci., 207, 1111-3 (December 5, 1939) (French). A method is described for determining percentages of quartz in mixtures of quartz and vitreous silica by measuring the temperature differentials when the mixture is heated to the conversion temperature for quartz (573C). 191 SOME BASIC ASPECTS IN THE RECOGNITION 0? FLOY/ ALT! DEPOSIT OF DUSTS. 0, Brandt. Kolloid Ztsch., 85, 24-32, (October, 1939) ,(Gei-nan). It is claimed that dust particles do not have an adherent air layer and that this fact is demonstrated by actual experiment. The author sets up tho conditions gov erning the suspension, settling, and flow of dust. The behavior of dust is repro-_ duccd by simple experiments, and gas pressure is shown not to affect its charac- 004332. References to Recent Literature - 8 teristics. The article is highly theoretical. The real relationship of particle sine to the bcliavior of the particles in a gas is not mentioned. 192 COLLECTING AND SX/SOHES DANGEROUS DUST KITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO SILICOSIS. J.W. Matthews. Oster. Chea.-Ztg., 41, 174-9, (1938) (Gennan). Two instruments for collecting dust are described: in one, salicylic acid is used as tho filtering medium, the other is the labyrinth. Both are probably less suitable than either tho Owens jet counter or the impinger. Methods for chemi cal analysis are then described. Tho author concludes that "dust is dangerous when it liberates silicic acid and tint tho simultaneous presence of alkali intensifies tho damage done to the lung." 193 NET/ REGISTERING KORMEIER FOP. CONTINUOUS COLLECTION OF SMALL AMOUNTS OF INDUS TRIAL DUST. F. Lowo. Chem.-Ztg., J52, 537, (1938) (German). The author describes very briefly t new apparatus which withdraws dust continu ously from tho intake air and precipitates it on the ordinary Konimeter disc. It -can be usod in any position and is independent of a source of electricity or conprcssod air. 194 DRAGER FINE DUST RESPIRATOR K23 AND THE QUESTION OF RESISTANCE TO AIRFLOW. E. Ncujoks and E. Thiol. Dragerheft, 197, 3892-5, (1938) (Gennan). A recently improved German respirator is described, the filtering efficiency of which is stated to be 99 per cent for dust below 3 microns. Its resistance to 150 l.p.m. is les3 than 50 mm of water and resistance to expiration is loss. The mask con be fitted closely to tho face. The authors point out that resistance to expiration must be less than resistance to inhalation and should, of course,-be . as low as possible. (Note: tho maximum resistance as allowed by the U.S. Bureau of Mines for 85 l.p.m. i3 50 mm. .water on inspiration, 25 mm. on expiration). 195 THE FL0V,r OF AIR AND ITS DISTRIBUTION THROUGH DUCTS. Part 1. Frictionless Flo?/ and Telocity Head. J.R. Svdckl. Heating & Ventilating, 56, 15-17, (February 1929;The first of a series of six articles by the author which are to appecr in Keat ing and Ventilating. In the first paper the equation of flow is developed and certain elements of it discussed. Then the thoory and development of required air horsepower is followed through. The equations discussed are basic in the hydraulics of air and c. thor ough knowledge of them is essential in understanding the theory of pipe design. 196 MAIN FAN INSTALLATIONS A? COAL MINES. Mine Safety Eoard Recommendations. U.S. Bureau of Mines, Inf. Circ. No. 7050 , 2 pp., (January, 1933). It is recommended that all active underground coal mines, 'whether working or idle, have one or more fans in continuous operation. The capacity and the in stallation should be such that the entire mine workings are adequately ventilate at all times. They should be located at the surface in fireproof buildings offse - from the lino of the main opening. For rd.no3 that liberate gas, the fan should * have two independent sources of power immediately applicable. In the absence of continuous attendanco, automatic warning devices that operate v:hen tho air flow is reduced should be installed. In general, it is preferable to operate the fan exhausting, although reversing fans are recommended. 197 MINE VENTILATION. D, Harrington. U.S. 3ureau of Mines, Information Circular No. 7047, 16 pp. (January, 1939). Obtninnblo free from Supt. of Documents,Washington. Ventilation in nines is tho most important factor in fire protection and prevent ion, health, safety, and efficiency. Fifteen to twenty years ago much wr.s learn ed about mine ventilation, but tendencies in tho recent past have indicated that' some of tho lessons lcamod have been forgotten. One dangerous trend is tho plac ing of tho main fans underground in coal mines, or in placing' thc-m on the surface HqTeroace3 to Recent Literature - 9. in direct line with the opening. They should be placed on the surface, but off set at least 25 feet in a fireproof housing, to prevent damage in case of cn ex plosion. Anothor trend is to use the working shafts as the return air shafts, a practice that would be extremely hazardous in caso of a fire or explosion. 198 DEAD ENDS. Robert B. Northrup. Ind. Bull., 18, 16-7, (January, 1939). Indus trial Bulletin is a monthly publication of the Hew York State Department of Labor, Albany, Price $1.00 per year. In designing an exhaust system for dust control, it is not good practice to connect two branches at the end of a system into a main pipo of uniform diameter. A balanced system, with changes in the size of tho main for every brand;connect ion, on the other hand, insures a uniform high .velocity with a minimum of eddies and turbulence. This means less danger of clogging, less friction, lower power - cost and better operating efficiency generally. (C)- Papers on Industrial Poisons. Cancer, Dermatitis, etc. 199 FLUORINE COMPOUNDS. K. Roholm. Occupation and Health, Supplement Ho. 2. International Labor Office, 7 pp. (September, 1933). Free fluorine seldom plays a part in toxicology, because the element immediately reacts with water forming hydrogen fluoride. From a practical toxicological point of view fluorine compounds are divided into four groups: (1) gaseous fl uorinc compounds, very toxic; (2) solutions of hydrofluoric acid and bydiofluosltlcic acid, extremely toxic; (3) relatively easily soluble fluorides and flucsiiicates, fairly toxic; and (4) almost insoluble fluorine compounds, as cryolite and cal cium fluoride which aro only moderately toxic'. Thero are throe forms of poison ing: (a) local corrosion of the skin or mucous membranes; (b) acute poisoning through ingestion of the easily soluble compounds: and (c) chronic poisoning as demonstrated by degenerative changes in teeth and bones. Fluorine compounds occur quite extensively in industry: in the raining of fluorspar and cryolite; in the manufacture of aluminum and copper; in tho iron and steel industries, as a flux; . in certain brick works, in glass end enemel works; and in certain chemical plants. Fluorine compounds are used extensively in the preservation of food. Damage to vegetation in the vicinity of certain industrial plants has been reported. Extreme care should be exercised in the use of any of the cox.poundr, of fluorine. 200 SELENIUM. A. Stassens. Occupation and Health, Supplement No. 2. International Labor Office, 6 pp. (September, 1938). The author presents a good review of the properties and pathology of selenium and its compounds. The degree of toxicity is one of controversy. Certain of ^ts campounds, particularly those of organic origin, are highly toxic. Most cases <>f death from selenium or selenium compounds are probably accidental. Its presence has been detected in urine (where it is normally absent) in workers with no ex treme symptoms. The use of any of the compounds, however, requires extreme care. 201 NICKEL CARBONYL. A.J. Amor. Occupation and Health, Supplement Ho. 2. Inter national Labor Office, 5 pp., (September, 1938). Nickel carbonyl is formed by.passing cold carbon monoxide over tin finely divided metal in the process of its extraction from ores. Investigations as to its tox icity are rendered difficult because of its tendency to be decomposed readily into tho metal and carbon monoxide and under conditions of its manufacture carbon monoxide is always present. Nickel carbonyl has been shown to bo five times as toxic as carbon monoxide. Pathologically, nickel carbonyl when inhaled as a gas. passes into the blood stream unchanged, with little or no dissociation in the lungs. Microscopic examination of tho lungs in fatal casos discloses an acute vascular congestion ?dth narked capillary engorgement. In non-fatal eases the Ifeferonces to Recent Literature - 10 symptoms are divided into two groups -- immediate and reaote, separated b7 a period of 12-18 hours when recovery seems complete. Symptoms are dyspuoea, cyanosis, and severs soreness in the cheat. Complete recovery is possible in all but the most severe exposures. 202 PNEUMATIC TOOLS. L.. Tclcky.. Occupation and Health, Supplencnt No. 2. International Labor Office, 12 pp., (Septcmbor, 1938). The author presents a review of the literaturo on the hazards in the uso of pneu matic tools. Tho most noticeable symptom is a vascular disturbance in the blood vessels where tiie tool is held, causing a restriction of the blood flow at that point. Injuries to the bone joints ore common and are demonstrable by x-ray. - ..Other more minor injuries havo been demonstrated. In cortain Europoan countries - injuries from the use of compressed air tools are compensable. 0 203' TOXIC GAS: INDIVIDUAL PROTECTION 'AGAINST. L. Dautrebaude. Occupation and Health, Supplement No. 2. International Labor Office, 12 pp., (September, 1938). This article is devoted to an account- of the principles which should be observed in the construction of gas masks. Most masks are efficient neutralizers of any gas that nay bo encountered, but their characteristics from a respiration and physiological aspect ure generally inadequate. The three main elements of the disadvantages to overcome are: discomfort, doad apace within the mask where carbon dioxide may accumulate, and resistance to respiration. Most manufacturers of masks have standardized on methods for removing each gas. Tho difficult problem is to procure efficient chemical removal and still maintain low resistance to breathing. 204 INDUSTRIAL NOISE. R. Causse. Occupation and Eeulth, Supplement No. 2. International Labor Office, 10 pp., (September, 1938). Tho influence of noise on tho system is discussed. It has been shown that effi ciency of employees has been increased greatly by noise reduction. The incidence of occupational deafness in certain industries is extremely hich, and is com pensable in some countries. The simplest type of prophylaxis is the use of vaselinod cotton wool or some plastic substance <n the ears. Other elements of noise reduction, most of them recent developments, are discussed. 205 ACTION 0? INDUSTRIAL POISONS ON THE ENDOCRINE GLANDS. E. Gonzalez. Rev. del Trabajo, 3., 55-70, (September, 1338) (Mexico) (Spanish). This is a review article, dealing chiefly with the detoxifying ability of the suprarenals. Effects of fatigue and of various poisons such as lead, arsenic, mer cury, phosphorus, etc., are described. Much of the work already done gives such contradictory results that the author pleads' that basic experiments be mace to clarify the complex problems involved. 206 DERMATITIS -- A GUIDE IN REPORTING. Occupational Disease Prevention Division, Dept, of Labor and Industry, Pennsylvania, Safe Practice Bulletin No. 12, 12 pp., (January, 1939). This bulletin comprises the text of an address before one of the "Safe Practices" conferences held for safety engineers of Pennsylvania industries. Dermatitis cases comprise a very large percentage of all occupational diseases and it is im portant that an accurate knowledge be obtained of their incidence. Much of the reporting of casos is done by safety engineers or other non-medical persons and this bulletin was devised to aid them in providing more accurate descriptions. A brief discussion is given of tho various agents causing dermatitis and the princi pal items used in diagnosis. A standard form for uso in reporting is suggested. 004385" Reforeaces to Rocoat Literature - 11. 207 FUNGUS INFECTION OF LUNGS SIMULATES TUBERCULOSIS CLOSELY* Adelaide H. Smith. Iadustrial Bulletin, IB, 15-6, (January, 1939). Tho molds, including fungi and yeasts, are simple filamentous plants of simple structuro, which, having ao chlorophyl, cannot synthesize food from carbon diox ide, must obtain it from other organisms, living or dead. They have wide dis tribution and are found largely in decayed or slightly decayed vegetable matter and in the dust from such material; certain susceptible individuals working in these dusts may become infected with them in various ports of the body. A des cription is given of a few cases of proved pulmonary infection fron fungus, which in this fora produces changes much the sane as those in tuberculosis, detectable only by cultural methods. The inference is drawn that infections of this type nay be much more common than is generally suspected. 208 REPORT OF TEE USE 0? BIOPEDTOMETER AND VITAMIN A THERAPY ITT INDUSTRY. O.H. Schettlcr, R.F. Bisbco and'B.H. Goodenough. Jounal Industrial Hygiene & Toxicology, 21_, 53-5, (February, 1939). For many years ?rarkers matching whiteness of porcelain wore unable to do so with reasonable accuracy. After many experiments to improve results had failed it was found possible by the use of a biophoteneter to measure the patient's ability to see light and his response to dark adaptation. Therapy with vitamin A, known to be essential for good vision, was begun and the result has been a doorcase of 75 per cent in number of rejections of matched white porcelain over a period of a few months. 209* THE FEET OF THE INDUSTRIAL WORKER. SYMPOSIUM. E.P. Cat heart, C. Lambrinudi, W.S. Creer, W. Blood end E. Bradley. Lancet, pp. 1480-6, (Dec.24,1933) (British) Flat-foot is one of the troubles that most concern industrial workers. Footwear worn at work is much more important than that worn in leisure hours. Some of the defects of modern shoos are pointed out by the authors and remedies to correct them arc suggested. It is true that the shoo manufacturers are becoming more alert to tho problem and are beginning to give more cooperation to industrial medical officers. 210 OCCUPATIONAL CANCER. L. Teleky. Acta d. intern. Ver.f.Krebs., 3_ 253-75, (1938) (German). The author discusses the main industries in which lung cancer is found or expect ed. The silicosis literature points to tho fact that lung cancer is seldom found among silicotics. Tho high incidence of lung cancer among Schnee'oerg miners (radioactive rainos) is no basis for assuming that other miners are similarly en dangered. Among metal grinders carcinoma is two and one half tines as great as in the general population. Exposure to asbestos, perhaps because it irritates the lungs, may be conducive to lung cancer -- at leqst tho incidence is fairly high. Exposure to chromate dust soems to favor lung, cancer as well as coneor in other organs. There arc isolated cases of lung cancer among generator workers, among workers exposed to coal dust, tar and tar distillates, nickel workers, but the numbers are not large. Exposure to radium emanations and radioactive substances is very dangerous. 211 DOES '.TORE WITH COMPRESSED ACER TOOLS RESULT ITT ENDANGITIS OBLITERANS? A. Fikertsch- er. Arch.f .Gewerbepath. u. Gewerbehyg., 9_, 65-79 (1933) (German.) The study described covered 250 workers in the iron industry who had used pneu matic tools from 2 to 40 years. The chief signs end symptoms of endangitis ob literans (threatened or actual gangrene, absent pulses, intermittent claudication, trophic disturbances, alarming pains, pigmentation of limbs) could not be demon strated in any of the subjects. Tho circulatory disturbances so often observed in workors with compressed air riveters, hammers, otc., are therefore of other origin than an endangitis obliterans. f\n /it* vc References to Recent Litcraturo - 12 212 JAUNDICE IN THE TIN WORKS OF WILHSIIISSURG, AN EPIDEMIC HEPATITIS. K. Holm. Arbeitsschutz., pp. 257-0, (1938) (Goman). Seventy-four coses of jaundice were found among 512 employees of a certain plant during the summer of 1937. Further investigations to determine tha occupational origin shov/ed that 20 per cent of a group of school children were affected and that in certain other schools about 10 per cent were afflicted. The disease occurred in all groups at about the same tine, and it was concluded that the causo of the jaundice was not occupational. 213 INFECTION. M.R. Mayers. Industrial Bulletin, 17, 577-8 (December, 1938). The author points out tho possible oxtremo danger of snail cuts, abrasives or puncture wounds and cites a few cases of workers who suffered partial incapacity because of snail cuts. Workers should be taught the value of prompt treatment. for even tho no3t. minor wounds. m 214 A NEK SURGICAL MASK: A BACTERIOLOGIC AIR FILTER. L. Arnold. Arch, of Surg.,'37, 1008-16,'(December, 1938). . - Tho study of bactorial respirators has attracted tho attention of many investiga tors but is still in an undeveloped stato. Tho author has tested with the Wells centrifuge various materials and thicknesses of material for the transmission of bacteria. It was found that a suitable mash must contain the proper filtering material and must fit tightly against the faco, since bacteria escape above the mesh on each side of tho nose. The material suggested is cellucotton. It was also stated that a moist matorial i3 loss efficiont than o dry one, which seems erron eous because a moi3t material generally has greater resistance. This article is the first of a series on bacterial masks. -. 215 MASON'S ECZEMA. W. Burckhardt. Arch. f. Demat. u. Sypkil., 178, 1-44, (1938) (German). This i3 c very complete work based on numerous cases, experiments, and clinical experiences. Patients suffering from mason's eczema sho?;ed a diminished skin re sistance to lye which paralleled the Lypersensivity to the alkaline substances. Calcium oxide is considered as tha chief toxic agent in ordinary line, and it acts also in cement whore the calcium and aluminum oxides offer most damage to tho skin The diminished resistance to tho alkalies seemed to bo the predisposing factor in all coses, based on the retarded neutralization of these substoncos. The disease arises usually after contact ?ith large quantities of the.materials and after re peated exposures a chronic eczema sometimes prevails. 216 OBSERVATIONS ON WEIL'S DISEASE IN SAAR MINES. E. Kraus3. Dtsch. Arch. f. klin. Med., 183, 39-53, (1938) (German). Wail's disease is an acute infectious disease characterized by jaundice, fever, muscular pain and enlargement of the liver and spleen. It is usually of 10 days to two weeks duration, although fatal cases are quite common. It is well known that miners in Scotland, Japan and elsewhere have bocono infected. Description is given hero of tho contraction of oight cases of the di3caso in the Saar nines in Germany whore the disease is recognized as a compensable accident. No other mines in Germany wore effected during this period except the Saar nines. The method of contraction is not known. 217 THE DEVELOPMENT OF INDUSTRIAL SPRAY BOOTHS. Carleton Cleveland. Metal Industry, 37, 63-7, (February, 1939). The author presents an interesting account of the development cf spray booths from tho small wooden cabinets to the efficient water wash booths of the present day. The now spray booths are highly efficient, reduce fire hazards, permit reclaiming of pigments, and remove objcctionablo and somotimes poisonous fumes. 004-387 References to Recent Literature - 13 218 KEANUiG OF BLOOD CHANCES Hi SPRAT PAINTERS. G. Lind. Arch. f. Gev/erbepath. u. Gewerbehyg., 9_, 141-66, (1938) (German). In a surroy to study the blood changes in paint sprayers, blood samples from 230 paint sprayers and 200 controls from other industries were taken. In both groups the seme incidence of relatively low hemoglobin levels, leucopenia, lcucocytosis, eosiaophilia, lymphocytosis and shift to tho left was seen. More than 35 per cent lymphocytes were present in 48 per cent of the control group. The substances to which the sprayers were exposed, according to the supply firms, are ethyl, butyl, and caryl acetates; ethyl and butyl alcohols; ethylene glycol; acetone; toluene; xylene; benzine; solvent naphtha and mineral turpentine. Benzene i3 no longer uscc 219 INFLUENCE ON BLOOD ALCCH3L CONTENT OF INHALING VOLATILE SUBSTANCES IN SPRAY PAIHT-^ - ING. B. Siegnund. Doutsch. z^schr. f. d. ges. ger. Med., 30, 151-5 (i938) German) After an automobile accident, tho driver's blood showed 1.79 per cont alcohol. Ee was a spray painter by trade and said he had taken no alcohol, but blamed the blood change on tho volatilo substances he inhaled during work. Tests were made at his place of work find at other spray painting establishments (without ventila tion) , but no increase of reducing substances could be detected in the blood by Widmark's method. 220 INDUSTRIAL ARSENIC POISONING IN VINEYARD WORKERS. W. Frohn. Much. med. Wchnschr., -95, 1630T5,(1938) (German). Some cases of arsenic dermatosis in a clinic gave rise to an inquiry in certain villages near tho vineyards and 23 cases of poisoning were found. Uranium green, silesia green and arsenic carbonate are the most commonly used arsenic compounds.. The greatest danger comes in May and Juno and in the autumn, when the vines are sprayed. Absorption through tho respiratory tract seems the most important mothod of entry. The first symptoms are nausea, throat pains, smarting of the eyes, melanosis. The leucdfcychia arsenicalis on fingers and toes is important for diagnosis. Prevention consists in substitution of n non-toxic spray, instruction of tho workers and good medical supervision. 221 ARSENIC PARALYSIS OF ARMS AND LEGS WITH A RARE LATE SYMPTOM. Duncker. Ztschr. f. Orthop. u. Grenzgeb., 68, 300-8, (1938) (German). In a suicide attempt with 5 g. of arsenious oxide the following symptoms were noted; flaccid paralysis with shrinkage of tho muscles of legs and aims, hyper algesia of soles and polm3, and gastrointestinal symptoms (which soon disappeared). Symmetrical whitish stripes on all fingernails were striking. 222 A CASS OF FATAL GAS POISONING IN ?JELDING IN A CLOSED TANK. R.J. Wright-Smith. Journal Industrial Hygiene & Toxicology, 21, 24-26, (January. 1939). Description is given of a cn3c of fatal poisoning which occurred following 'weld ing in a closed tank. After one day's work in tho tank the man complained of sickness, about an hour later he began to cough, vomit and gasp for breath. He was taken to the hospital and died tho next morning. Postmortem showed death by a poisonous gas, tho nature of which was not exactly determined, although tho symptoms indicated that it was most likely nitrous fumes. The tack had formerly contained salt water and the decomposition of the sodium chloride together v/ith any carbon monoxide present night cause the formation of phosgene and the possi bility of death from this substance cannot be excluded. 004328 References to Rocent Literature - 14. 223 SliOKZ, FOIES, AND CASES WHICH OCCUR IN ELECTRIC WELDING, ESPECIALLY I? MANTLED ELECTRODES ARE USED. H.J, V.'eber end G. Jende. Arbeitsschutz, pp. 224-9, (1933) (Cermnn). Tiia German government has instituted investigations into the problen of gases, fumes, and smoke from electric welding processes, and this is the first report. Plain and mantled cloctrodes were analyzed, wire and mantle separately.. 'while electrodes wore v/elded, the ensuing fumes wore caught and analyzed by especially developed methods. The Greater p?irt of the fumo was iron oxide (69-75/i), and most of the rest was freo silica (13-21>5). Thero were also small amounts of maneancse end calcium oxides. Statements in the literature that oxides of nitrogen are not formed were found to be false. Further research will follow. 224 PENUUOUITIS CAUSED BY GASEOUS KHROGIH OXIDES. G. Cramer. Arch, f. Gewerbepeth. u. Gev;erbehyg., 9^, 1-2, (1938) (German). The breathing of"*nitrogen oxides results in a pneumonitis which in severe cases goes on 4 to pulmonary edema end death. In othors, a miliary broncho-pneumonia develops, characterized by varying quantities of fibrin, red and white cells in the alveoli, as well as by large syncytial cells which are regeneration forms of the alveolar epithelium. This miliary pneumonitis nay, but not always, end fatal ly. It is detoctablo b7 x-ray at any stage. The author considers it possible that these gases may give rise to lobar pneumonia as well. The pneumonitis is due chiefly to nitrogen dioxide. 225 INJURY TO THE LIVER AND THYROID FJNCTIOII AS A SIGN OF WELDERS* DISEASE. E. Wanick. Arch. f. Gewerbepath. u. Gewerbehyg., 113-22, (1933) (German). The materiel studied includes the observation of 80 subjects, examined for the first time in 1936, again in 1937-3, with tho addition of 23 now subjects. The men vrere engaged in autogenous or electro welding or both. The examinations were on tho basis of urinary excretion of galactose o7cr a 4 hour period following galac- toso ingestion. Cn the basis of the results, no significant relation berween "welders'* diseas'.a'hnd liver and thyroid function exists. 226 THE SYST2HC EFFECTS RESULTING FROM ECPOSURS TO CERTAIN CHLGRI21ATZD 2SE0CAF.20NS. L. Greenburg, U.R. Hayers, end A.R. Smith. Journal Industrial Hygiene t Toxicology, 21, 29-38, (February, 1939). Chlorinated naphthalenes find diphenyls, because of their electrical,heat and moisturo-resisting properties, and because they nro non-inflammable, aro used ex tensively for insulating v;ire and in tho manufacture of electrical ccndansers. Or. the whole their toxicity increases tho higher the chlorination. Tho action of tho materials is usually on the liver, with skin eruptions usually preceding ser ious involvement. Throe fatal case's aro doscribod and it is hoped that they will help acquaint physicians with the symptoms so that proper diagnosis and handling of the cases may be accomplished. 227 METAL DEGREASING BY SOLVENT PROCESSES. A.L. Brooks. National Safety News, 39, 34-6, (February, 1939). The author discusses the hazards in connection with xhe extensive use of degreasers in industry. Extreme care should be practiced in their use and the properties of each should bo known. In recent years tho use of more powerful dogreesers as benzol, carbon tetrachloride and other chlorinated hydrocarbons has increased the dangers in connection with these processes. 004389 hforenca3 to Recent Literature - 15 228 FATAL POISONING FROM TPJCELGRETHYLENE. A.M. Marx and E. Langecker. Sana. v. Vergift., , 49-56, (1928) (German). A worker was employed nnkirg a point with rubber dissolved in trichlorethylene in a cylindrical tank. Ho was found dead after having been clone in the tank for between 30 and 60 minutes. The autopsy excluded illness of any othor kind. Although chcrtic::! analysis of lungs and blood did not dotoct trichlorethylene,the export nevertheless assumes death from that substance. He regrets that tho brain was not sent for analysis since trichlorethylene would bo more likely to bo found in the brain than in the lungs or blood. 229 A MODIFIED METHOD FOR THE DETERMINATION OF BENZOL III AIR. J. Siegel end T.ta. J. Burke. Industrial Bulletin 18, 17, (January, 1939). Industrial Bulletin is a monthly publication of the New York State Department of Labor, Albany. Price $1.00 per year. A modification is described of the microcolorimotric method of benzol determina tion devolopcd at tho Bureau of Mines by Schrenk, Pearce and Yant. The modifica tion was found necessary in permitting larger numbers of samples to be taken in one day and experience with it has proved satisfactory. Instead of bubbling the Semple through nitrating mixtures at tho point of sampling or in the laboratory, the samples ore collected in separatory funnels of varying sizes depending on the expected concentration, then token to tho laboratory for analyses. All subsequent operations with each sample are conducted in the funnel and the chance for errors is then rcducod. The nitrating mixturo ia introduced into tho funnel, mixed well, left overnight, and analyzed the following morning by the seme method as that followed by Schrenk and his colleagues. By this improvement it was possible to analyze simultaneously 15 to 20 samples. 230 DIAGNOSIS AMD PATHOLOGY OF EARLY STAGES OF CHRONIC INDUSTRIAL BENZINE POISONING. K. Fellinger. Arch. f. Gewerbepath. u. Gewerbehyg., 9_, 88-96, (1938) (German). Early detection of chronic mild benzene poisoning is best accomplished by depend ing upon the granulopenia which has regularly been found to appear as the first sign. Bone narrow biopsies on 5 patients with benzene poisoning showed a decrease in total white cells, a great increase in early forms of tho ayelcytic series, a decrease in the mature granulocytes, no change in mono- and lymphocytes, no or alight changes in the erythropoietic series. Cells of the myelocytic series often showed degenerative changes, the "toxic granulations", as well as vaculization of the protoplasm and disproportions between the stages of development of the nucleus and the cytoplasm. 231 CLINICAL EVALUATION OF MARROW AND BLOOD CONDITIONS. IV. THE HARROW AND BLOOD PICTURE IN CHRONIC OCCUPATIONAL BENZENE POISONING. R. Stodtncister. Deutsch. Arch. f. klin. Med., 182. 459-66, (1938) (German). A man, now 38 years old, contracted chronic benzone poisoning in 1935 when work ing ia benzene-containing dyes. The blood changes are still serious at the pres ent time and in 1937 there was a relapse. The blood shows: 25 per cent hemoglobin, erythrocytes 760,000, leucocytes 2600, bleeding time 7 minutes. The patient is not supposed to have worked with benzene 3ince 1935, but the relapse might have been duo to minor exposures -from othor processes near him. 232 BENZINE AND GONADS. I. Eett and K. Maak. Elia. Y/chnschr. 17, 1376, (1938) (German In mice to which the authors have given injections and inhalations of benzene in relatively large amounts, they have seen degeneration of the germinal epithelium in the testicle and greatly augmented atresia, especially of the larger follicles of the ovary* These changes were seen bofore any alteration in body weight or general well-being wore noticed. 004390 j References to Recant literature - 16 233 ACUTE 2ENZEHE POISONING AMD ITS PREVENTION.- H. Synanski. Med. Welt., 12, 12-18-9, (1938) (German). The author describee 3 cases of benzene poisoning which occurred in cleaning out boilers in an iron works. Ho emphasizes tho fact that the drunkenness and euphoria can delude tho endangered person and that vapors can escape from the falling crusts for several days after a boiler has boen blown out by compressed air. Abundant fresh air, must bo introduced during, the work and other precaution ary measures takon. 234 THE OCCURRENCE OF All EPITHELIOMA IN MAN AFTER EXPEREEfTAL WORE WITH BENZPYRENE. E. ELor. din. Wchnachr. 17, 1279-80 (1938) (German). .On the dorsal side of the left forearm of the author,' there developed an epithel ioma 3 months after he performed animal experiments with benzpyrene. Although this experience may be accidental, it should'serve as a warning to others. 235 CRIMINAL THALLIUM POISONING. K. Bohmcr. Deutach. Ztschr. f. d. gcs. gcr. Med., 30, 146-50, (1938) (Geiman). A man died after having boon given (homicide) small amounts of thallium (1.241 g. altogether) in his food over a period of 4 weeks.. Arsenic poisoning was sus pected but arsenic v/aa not found in the tests and the final diagnosis was brain tumor. His early symptoms were vomiting, severe stomach aches and pain in the legs. Joint pains and toothache developed, along rath numb fingers, loss of hair and dull kidney pains. The fatal course as it developed in 4 weeks' hospitaliza tion, is described. 236 THE EFFECT OF SODIUM FLUORIDE 01! ZCPEEIEHJTAL OSTEODISTROPHT AMD ATROPHY FROM' IKACTTYITT. I. Marx. Bruns. Beitrage z. klin. Chir., 168, 261-6,(1938) (German). The author, as a result of experience with cryolite workers, attempted to find out if skeletal changes could be produced by administering sodium fluoride and if development of atrophy from inactivity could be prevented. The rosults were en tirely negative and produced only serious ulcerative gastritis. 237 AH UNUSUAL CASS OF CYANIDE POISONING DURING FUMIGATION. C.L. Williams. U.S. Public Health Reports, 5!3, 2094-5, (November 25, 1938), In most cases of cyanide poisoning by inhalation, the individual dies promptly or recovers rapidly and completely. The case described is unusual because of its prolonged duration and treatment. The fumigator was overcome in the visual manner and given artificial respiration and oxygen. At the hospital, the antidotes ad vised by Chen were administered: 20 cc. of solution containing 0.6 g. sodium nitrite, followed immediately by 100 cc. of solution containing 50 g. sodium thio sulfate. Tho patient remained unconscious for 3 days and over this period oxygen vras administered. During treatment tho patient was irrational and sometimes violent. - He was reported 25 days after the accident as much improved but still showing mental symptoms. A still more recent report tells that he is now fully re covered and has resumed his full-timo duties. 238 DANGERS El THE ELECTROLYTIC. PRODUCTION OF CHLORINE BY TEE AMALGAM PROCESS. I. Brachmann. Arbeitsschutz, pp. 255-7, (1938) (German). The electrolytic method cf producing chlorine is based on the decomposition of sodium chloride by means of an electric current. Mercury is usod for the cath ode, where it combines with tho sodium, liberating chlorine. The author investi gated two plants, and in one, in which every precaution against poisoning was taken, there were no signs of mercury poisoning or chlor acne. In the other plant nearly all workers showed signs of mercury poisoning as well as the skin trouble. . 004391 References to Recent Litoraturo - 17 239 RESPIRATORY PROTECTION AGAINET MERCURY. E. Grosskopf. Dragerheft, 197, 589D-6, (1933) (GeaaanJ. Ia testing different gas masks for their efficiency against mercury it was found that one gas filter which is U3ed on war gases, ammonia .and hydrogen sulfide, also gives complete protoction from mercury. 240 THE BASOPHILIC AGGREGATION TEST APPLIED TO CZLE23T WORKERS. F.E. Holden and C.E. Ralston. Journal Industrial Hygiene & Toxicology, 21, 5-6, {February, 1933). ' Claims have been made in the past by foreign authors that exposure to cement dust caused an increase in the stippled blood cell count, similar to tiiat produced in lend poisoning. Tho interpretation may bo made also that tha basophilic aggrega tion test of McCord, usod widoly in tho estimation of lead absorption, would be - similarly affected, thus reducing -he value Of those tests in the diagnosis of load poisoning. Tho authors hero report on a series of examinations of 63 men who were exposed for an average of 10 years to cement, limestone and shale dust. As controls they also examined 73 men who had had no record of dust exposures. Thoy found no evidence to indicate that the increased stippled cell counts obtained by the foreign authors is paralleled by a similar increasa in basophilic aggregation counts made on cement workers in. the United States. No cell pathology suggestive of-the picture obtained in lead poisoning was found; tho average basophilic ag gregation of the cement 7/orkcrs was the sano as that of tho workers in non-dusty area3. 241 THE METABOLISM AND RETENTION OF LEAD IN GROYJING AND ADULT RATS. J.B. Shields,. H.H. Mitchell, and W.A. Ruth. Journal Industrial Hyg. k Tox., 21, 7-23, (Jan. ,1939 An extensive series of experiments was conducted with albino rats to determine rates of absorption and retention of lead at different stages of maturity. During periods of rapid growth, lead is absorbed readily at very low levels of intake and increases about proportionally with increased intake. It is retained largely, in the skeleton. Mature animals v-ill not accumulate lead in the body until cer tain critical concentration of lead in tho food is reached (between 32 and 4S mg. per kg. of dry food). Tho concentration of lead in the body cf mature rats could not bo raised above 9.0 or 9.5 p.p.m., while that in young animals could be raised to two or three tines this value, and tho latter is in a much more stablo condi tion than that of the nature animals. Load is not absorbed from the stomach, but largely through the small intestines, cecum and colon. Excretion is 90 per cent through tho foces, 10 per cent through the urine. 242 CORRELATION STUDIES OF BASOPHILIC AGGREGATION AND RETICULOCYTES IN VARIOUS CLINI CAL CONDITIONS. M.D. Pearl nan and L.R. Linarni. Am. J. Clin. Path. 8., 608-17, (November, 1938). A study of the basophilic aggregation test (used in tho diagnosis of lead poison ing) resulted in the following conclusions: (l) the basophilic aggregation test is unreliable as a routine laboratory procedure); (2) it is apparently another method for staining reticulocytes and shows a strong correlation with counts made according to a "vital" staining method; (3) the basophilic aggregation test is not uniquely diagnostic of load absorption or intoxication. It is tho index of marrow response; and (4) tho basophilic aggregation test should be abandoned in favor of the "vital" method for staining reticulocytes. 243 THE LEAD HAZARD OF SOLDERING AND GRINDING IN AUTOMOBILE 2CDY PLANTS. K.Humperdinck Arch. f. Gewerbepath. u. Gev/erbehyg., 9_, 13-21,(1933) (Carman) . Of 400 employees in an automobile body plant who were engaged in soldering and grinding off solder, 20 were suspected of lead poisoning and were studied in de tail. Two had a typical subacute load poisoning, eight had a high blood load con tent and low hemoglobin and rod cell count. Lead fumes wero not a factor,ir.^ References to Recast Litoraturo - 17. 239 RESPIRATORY PROTZCTIOTI AGAINST MERCURY. E. Grosskopf. Dragerheft, 197, 3895-6, (1938) (German). Ia testing different gas masks for their efficiency against mercury it was found, that one gas filter which is used on v/ar gases, ammonia and hydrogen sulfide, also gives complete protoction from mercury. 240 THE BASOPHILIC AGGREGATION TEST APPLES TO CEMENT V/OREERD. F.E. Holden and C.E. Ralston. Journal Industrial Hygiene & Toxicology, 21, 5-6, {February,1933). Claims have been cade in the past by foreign authors that exposure to cement dust caused an increase in the stippled blood cell count, similar to tliat produced in lead poisoning. The interpretation may bo made also that tho basophilic aggrega tion tost of McCord, usod widoly in tho estimation of load absorption, would bo - similarly affected, thus reducing the value of those tests in the diagnosis of lead, poisoning. Tho authors hero report on a series of examinations of 63 men who were exposed for an average of 10 years to cement, limestone and shalo dust. As controls they also examined 73 men who had had no record of dust exposures. They found no evidence to indicate that the increased stippled cell counts obtained by the foreign authors is paralleled by a similar increase in basophilic aggregation counts made on cement workers in the United States. Wo cell pathology suggestive of- the picture- obtained in lead poisoning was found; tho average basophilic ag gregation of the cement 7/orkcrs was the same as that of tho workers in non-dusty areas. 241 THE METABOLISM AND RETENTION OF LEAD IN GROWING AND ADULT RATS. J.B. ShiTells,. H.H. Mitchell, and W.A. Ruth. Journal Industrial Hyg. k Tor., 21, 7-23, (Jan.,1935 An extensive series of experiments was conducted with albino rats to determine rates of absorption and retention of lead at different stages of maturity. During periods of rapid growth, lead is absorbed readily at very low levels of intake and increases about proportionally with increased intake. It is retained largely, in the skeleton. Mature animals will not accumulate lead in the body until cer- ' tain critical concentration of lead in tho food is reached (between 32 and 48 mg. per kg. of dry food). Tho concentration of lend in the body cf mature rats could not be raised above 9.0 or 9.5 p.p.m., while that in young animals could bo raised to two or three times this value, and tho latter is in a much more stable condi tion than that of the nature animals. Load is not absorbed from the stomach, but largely through the small intestines, cccun and colon. Excretion is 90 per cent through tho feces, 10 per cent through the urine. 242 CORRELATION STUDIES 0? BASOPHILIC AGGREGATION AND RETICULOCYTES IN VARIOUS CLINI CAL CONDITIONS. M.D. Pearl mar, and L.R. Limarsi. Am. J. Clin. Path. 8_, 608-17, (November, 1938). A study of tho basophilic aggregation test (used in tho diagnosis of lead poison ing) resulted in the following conclusions: (l) the basophilic aggregation test is unreliable ns a routine laboratory procedure; (2) it is apparently another method for staining reticulocytes and shows a strong correlation with counts made according to a "vital" staining method; (3) the basophilic aggregation tost is not uniquely diagnostic of load absorption or intoxication. It is tho index of marrow response; and (4) the basophilic aggregation test should be abandoned in favor of the "vital" method for staining reticulocytes. 243 THE LEAD HAZARD OP SOLDERING AND GRINDING IN AUTOMOBILE BODY PLANTS. K. Humperdinck Arch. f. Gewerbepath. u. Gewerbehyg., 9_, 13-21,(1933) (German). Of 400 employees in an automobile body plant who were engaged in soldering and grinding off solder, 20 were suspected of lead poisoning and were studied in de tail. Two had a typical subacute load poisoning, eight had a high blood load con tent and low hemoglobin and rod cell count. Load fumes v;ero not a factorfinA References to Recent Literature - 18. those poisonings sinco tho solder is never heated beyond tho consistency of dough Dust samples taken near tho work showed high lead contents, but theso were duo to coarse particles rather than fine lead du3t. Intnko of lead 'in thase cases ap peared, however, to bo chiefly through tho respirator:/- tract,' socondarily by in gestion from dirty hands. Cases were more numerous where sanitary arrangements wore poor. 244 LEAD HAZARDS AMONG AUTOMOBILE BODY WIKE3S /ID ITS PREVENTION:; E. Truby. Axbeitssclmts. pp. 253-4, (1938) (German). Tho solder used on sheet metal and joints in automobile bodies contains 75 per cent lead. After it hardens, it is polished by hand or by power driven v/heols. Hand filing produces coarse dust, tho machine grinding produces a dangerous fine dust. The solder should be heated only until it has a paste-liko consistency, not - >to -tho- point where it becomes volatile, and grinding wheels should not be used. The danger could bo avoided by replacing the solder by a coat cf ccncnt-like material,. 3 245 THE RELATION OF LEAD POISONING AND PARATHYROID. K. Reinhart. Arch. f. Gewerbcpath. u. Gewerbohyg., 9., 80-7, (1938) (German). The changes in the blood in chronic lead poisoning, as exhibited by 15 patients exposed to lead for from 2 months to 12 years, rosonble those resulting from adenomata of tJw parathyroid: the serum shows increased calcium and decreased inorganic phosphate levels. Tho nost severe case of lead poisoning did not show any alteration in mineral metabolisn. The author thinks that in this case the proseaco of a groat amount of lead checked the parathyroid's action. 246 LEAD GOUT. L. Ramond. Presse med., pp. 1231-2, (1938) (French). An Italian, 37 years old, worked for 12 years at boiler cleaning. He has had 3 attacks similar to lead colic and for some years haa suffered from typical gout attacksrin tho joints of the big toes. He does nos show other signs of lead poisoning or lead absorption. The author states in a long but not convincing ex planation. that this is a ca30 of load gout. 247 MEDICO-LEGAL ASPECT OF CARSON MONOXIDE POISONING 7JITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO ITS EFFECT ON THE HEART. H.G. 3eck. An. Journal Med. Jurisprudence _1, 177-81, (November, 1938). The outhor maintains that there is such a condition as chronic carbon monoxide poisoning and that its non-recognition gives rise to many injustices. Vascular changes <are listed. Encephalitic symptoms are caused by brain lesions and fre quently develop into a chronic Parkinsonian type. Persons who survivo an acute poisoning develop secondary symptoms and eventually may die of cerebral or cardiac trouble. Litoraturo on chronic carbon monoxide poisoning, especially tho effoots on the heart, is discussed and a few cases are described. 248 VASCULAR REFLEXES III CARBON MONOXIDE POISONING. E.W. Kayser. Arch. f. exp. Path, u. Phams., 190, 219-20, (1933) (German) . _ By squadding tho carotids, pressure in tho sinuses falls and as a reflex the blood pressure and pulse rate rise. This reflex did not occur in cats poisoned with carbon monoxide. The author, supported by additional experiments, supposed that this lack of reflex is caused by an augmented irritability of tho vagus center, r Squeezing the carotid lessens tho blood supply to the brain and this loss can, in control animals, be compensated by rise of blood pressure and pulseincrease. 004333 ` Reforences to Recent Literature - 19* I 249' PAEEHCONISS FROM CARBON MONOXIDE POISONING. IEEASmENT KT5K HJSifORG 630. W. Plath. Deutsch. med. Y/chnschr., 64, 1543-4, (1938) (Geman). Description is given of a caso report of a fire brigade captain, aye 53, ?/ho was froouently exposed to carbon monoxide in tho course of his worlc. Slight symptoms began in 1920 with a pain on the ulnar sido of the forearm, sensations of anxiety, disturbances of sensitivity* Improvement took piece gradually except for short intervals when the symptoms increased slightly In 1937, after an acute exposure very severe disturbances of will, thinking, and speaking, and fever wore noticed. Treatment with Homburg 680 was successful. The author beliove3 the disease to be a "chronic carbon monoxide poisoning interrupted and aggravated by an acute accident". 250 SYMPTOMS OF POISONING IN BUS DRIVERS. G. Castrovilli. Med. del lav., 29, 235-46, 265-83, (1939) (Italian). Cases of the poisoning are quite frequent among workers in tho bus garages, but are rare among the men in other services. The general characteristics of the poisonings are: general indisposition, weakness, los3 of appetite, headache, pallor, light cyanosis, hyperacidity, slight irritation of the respiratory tract, slight increase of blood sugar and hyperglobulia. Carbon monoxide is the chief cause of these symptoms but carbon dioxide may also play a part. 251 MASS POISONING HITS CARBON MONOXIDE. H. Ottel. Scmn. v. Vergift., 9., 77-80, (1938) (German). ~~ Fourteen persons were poisoned by illuminating gas on entering a house. On their arrival at the hospital, four, of whom three were children, were dead. No red cclcr of the skin or mucous membranes was seen end diagnosis was made by blood analysis. Since the amount of oxygen available was insufficient, treatment con- * sisted chiefly in giving injections of cardiazol and lobeline. Speed of recovery varied widely and did not depend upon the blood carbon monoxide concentration. Two patients v.lth more than 20 per cent carbon monoxide hemoglobin could be dis missed, while others with 11--16 per cent lay in deep coma. The speed of recov ery seemed to depend chiefly on tho duration of the preceding anoxemia. 252 TEE EFFECT OF THE DEDUCTION OF CASES WITH A LOW OXYGEN AND AN INCREASED CARBON DIOXIDE TENSION ON THE PERIPHERAL BLOOD FLOW Ilf MAN. E. Gellhorn and I.E. Steck. Am. J. Physiol., 124, 735-41, (December 1, 1938). Tho authors studied the affects of inhaling exccssivo carbon dioxide or oxygenpoor air mixtures on tho central norvous system, by observing blood flow changes in tho human hand kept at constant tcaprature in a water bath. Rich carbon dioxide mixtures (4-'5.4fs) decreased the blood flow through tho hand by as much as 50 per cent in some instances and there was no compensatory increase of flow on reverting to air inhalation. With oxygen-poor mixtures the results wore variable and were usually followed by a compensatory phase on reverting to normal air. It is concluded that a study of peripheral blood flow under the influence of a high carbon dioxide tension in tho blood is a more suitable test for the presence or absence of sympathetic impulses, than studies involving oxygen lack. 253 TIE niSENSr/IlY OF DIVING ANIMALS TO CARBON DIOXIDE. L. Irving. American Jour. Physiol., 124, 729-34, (December 1, 1938). In contrast to mammals, tho respiration, heart action and peripheral blood circu lation in the beaver and muskrat are shewn to be relatively unaffected by inhala tion of air containing 10 per cent carbon dioxide. Yet tho respiratory adjust ments of these diving animals to sudden asphyxia are prompt and effective. On these premises, the role of carbon dioxide as tho most important stimulus of respiration is questioned, end the mechanism of action in response to sudden asphyxia is discussed by comparison of diving animals end land animals. 004.:? qA References to Recont Literature 2Q. 254 INCREASE OF RESISTANCE TO OXYGEN WANT IN ANIMALS ON CERTAIN DIETS. J.A. Campbell. Quart. J. Exp. Physiol., 29, 231-41, (193S). Conpared with the normal diet, a pure carrot diet gives definite protection agoins oxygen want, in the case of the animals tested (rats,nice). A synthetic nonprotein diet v/ith almost no fat and containing rice-starch. 70 per cent, yeast 3 per cent, salts 1*5 per cont, and cellulose 25 per cent, gives similar protection. If the cellulose is replaced by a similar percentage of kaolin-or agar no protect ion is gained. Proteins enhance the effects of oxygen want, opposing the action of carrots. It is possible that a detoxicating action in the intestine or else where nay play some port in the protection, and the anaerobic fermentation of cellulose may also be Indirectly concerned. 255 GAS EXCHANGE WHILE TRAVELING IN HIGH ALTITUDES, ff. Wilbrandt, R. Wilbrandt and - B. Steinaann. Pfluger's Arch. f. d. ges. Physiol., 240, 698-707,(1938)(German). The oxygen consumption and carbon dioxide production wero measured in several men find women while subjected to pressure changes in a chamber and during the rail journey up and down tho Jungfrau. In the chamber experiments little change in oxygen consumption was notod until tho pressure dropped to an equivalent of that at 4000 meters altitude. With further decrease oxygen consumption increased; the average at 5,000 to 7,250 m. was 21 per cent. On tho roil journey (from 2000 m. to 3450 m.) an avorage Increase of 18 per cent was noted and. this is thought to he extremely high for such moderate altitude. It is possible that tho method of analysis (interferometer) might not have been accurate. 256 TEE THERMAL INSULATION OF BUILDINGS. I; GENERAL PRINCIPLES. NOTE FROM THE IN FORMATION BUREAU OF THE BUILDING RESEARCH STATION. Journal Inst. Heat. & Vent." Engrs* Lond., j3_, 485-92 (November, 1938) (British). The thermal insulation value of a structure is measured by the amount of heat that will pass from tho air on one side to the air on tho other side of the struc ture. It is expressed in terms of B.t.u.*s of heat that will pass under steady conditions in one hour across an crea of 1 sq. ft. in a direction perpendicular to the aroa, when the difference between the air temperatures is 1F. This value is tho air-to-air thermal transmission coefficient. Adequate insulation reduces heating or cooling costs, but the increased cost of building entailed by providing additional insulation must bo weighed against the economies in fuel or power to be anticipated. Apart from the saving which results from insulation, condensation trouble nay be minimized, since good insulation lessens surface cooling. 257 THE CONTROL OF LABOR'ENVIRONMENT BY AIP. CONDITIONING WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO THE TROPICS. G.P. Crowden and T.C. Angus. Journal Inst. Heat. & Vent. Engrs. Lond., 6_, 442-68, (November, 1938) (British). The paper describes experimental work on nir-conditioned cubicles designed to furnish a comfortable indoor climate for residents in the tropics at an economic cost. In a discussion of tho physiology of the problem, stress is given to tho relative influence of radiation in tho dissipation of body heat and on the con sequent need for controlling wall temperatures 7;hen air-cooling is resorted to. Tosts wore conducted in a small cubicle 10 ft. z 7 ft. x 6 ft. 2 in., with walls of a double thickness of pressed wood and so constructed that the parts could be shipped and assembled without tools. It was assumed to reduce tho temperature from 100dry bulb, 90 wet bulb to 92 dry and 77 wet (50& relative humidity). Under these conditions the total heat to be removed i3 2900 b.t.u. per hour, ollov/ing, for two persons, a fresh air supply of 1200 cu. ft. per hour. 004395"