Document nkwj55vqm4mp2BxOJ9Xz3Ovjm

FILE NAME: Shipbuilders Council of America (SHIP) DATE: 1972 Jan 18 DOC#: SHIP067 DOCUMENT DESCRIPTION: Draft Report, Mt. Sinai - Recommended Practices for Control of Asbestos Dust in Shipbuilding, Shiprepair & Shipbreaking 00882 RECOMMENDED PR ACTICES FOR CONTROL OF ASBE STO S DUST IN S H I P B U I L D I1N G , S' H I P R E P A I R ANDI SH IPBREAKING Duncan A. Holaday, Chairman Ad-Hoc Committee Environmental Sciences Laboratory Mount Sinai School o f Medicine o f The C i t y U n i v e r s i t y o f New Y o r k DRAFT January 18, 1972 PLAINTIFF'S E EXHIBIT | y SBCA 5106 1 - .. ..... x  *s I . Introduction * Much o f the equipment i n s t a l l e d in s h i p s r e q u i r e s thermal . i n s u l a t i o n . Because o f i t s d e s i r a b l e and, in some cases indispensable, properties, asbestos is widely used as a component o f i n s u l a t i n g m a t e r i a l s . A p p ly in g ,' remov ing or handling in su la tio n can produce airborne dust which contaminates the workroom a ir . In h a la tio n o f asbestos f i b e r s may c a u s e s e r i o u s d i s e a s e in t h o s e exposed. Many studies have found that cases of a sb e sto sis, lung cancer and pleural and peritoneal mesothelioma have occurred f o l lowing exposure to airborne asbestos fib e rs. These d i s e a s e s u s u a l l y do n o t become m a n i f e s t u n t i l many y e a r s a f t e r f ir s t exposure. ' C as e s o f a s b e s t o s d i s e a s e s have been r e p o r t e d in men who a r e n o t u s u a l l y c o n s i d e r e d to be a s b e s t o s w o r k e r s . P ip e f it t e r s , steamf i t t e r s , boilermakers, welders and shot b l a s t e r s , ' f o r example, may remove i n s u l a t i o n in the c o u r s e . of th e i r work. Members o f t h e s e and o t h e r t r a d e s who work in the a r e a s .where i n s u l a t i o n i s being a p p l i e d o r removed are p o t e n t ia lly exposed to a irborne asbestos dust. A l though t h e s e e x p o s u r e s a r e i n t e r m i t t e n t , th e y may be s i g ni f icant. D u s t s o t h e r than a s b e s t o s , such a s some forms o f diatom a c e o u s e a r t h , may a l s o be i m p o r t a n t in p r o d u c i n g pneumocon i o s e s . However, l e s s i s known o f . t h e h a z a r d which m ig ht 1 ` , ' * . - be created by such exposures as o c c u r in s h ip y a r d work. The general goal in a l l in s u la t io n work must be to con duct it in accordance with a control'program which min imizes exposures including those caused by b rie f peak episodes. Achievement of th is goal is p a r tic u la r ly necessary because o f the uncertainties inherent In the present T h r e s h o l d L i m i t V a l u e (TLV) f o r a s b e s t o s w hich was a d o p t ed p r i m a r i l y to prevent development o f a s b e s t o s i s . S t u d i e s o f the m o r t a l i t y e x p e rie n c e o f i n s u l a t o r s , how ever, have shown th a t v a r io u s forms o f cancer a re s i g - * n ifle a n t occupational diseases in th is trade. Therefore the o n ly prudent course is to reduce dust exposures by a l l f e a s ib l e means. Measurements o f atmospheric concen t r a t i o n s o f a s b e s t o s f i b e r s can be u s e d to i d e n t i f y sources of contamination and to p oin t out d e fic ie n c ie s in control methods. Primary reliance fo r control of ex p o su re s, however, must be p la ced on f a i t h f u l observance of procedural rules. Although areas of r e s p o n s i b i l i t i e s w ill d if f e r from yard to yard, one responsible person, perhaps the indus t r i a l h y g i e n i s t o r the s a f e t y p r o f e s s i o n a l , sho u ld meet . 1 with the work superintendent and the foreman to survey the j o b b e f o r e any work i s s t a r t e d . The o b j e c t o f t h i s s u r v e y would be: ,to d e te rm i n e what d u s t p ro b le m s m i g h t be c r e a t e d and to >lan methods to c o n t r o l them. The r e p o r t . > I t 11 - i` ;. 3 s h o u ld be made a v a i l a b l e to the c o s t e s t i m a t o r s a s w e l 1 as those concerned fo r the d ay-to-d a y work schedule. Con I t r o l s may i n c r e a s e c o s t s b u t c l e a n - u p e x p e n s e s may be r e duced, and c o n t r a c t o r s sh o u ld be aware o f the procedures which they w i l l be required to follow . Operations which generate large amounts o f dust include: 1. R i p - o u t o f o l d i n s u l a t i o n 2. M ix in g a sb e sto s mortar and dry cements ' 3. Cutting in s u la t io n m aterial e it h e r on s i t e or in fa b r ic a t io n shops by hand o r power tools 4. B lo c k in g o r hammering on b lo ck o r p ip e covering to seat material 5* Warehousing storage and tra n sp o rta tio n of material 6. Clean-up and waste h a n d lin g . P a r t i c u l a r e f f o r t s s h o u l d be made to c o n t r o l d u s t d i s p e rsio n during these op e rations both to reduce peak exposures and to prevent general contamination o f the atmosphere o f iI the work area. \i The fo llo w in g se c t io n s o f t h i s manual d is c u s s in d e ta il iii p r o c e d u r e s which have been fou nd u s e f u l in r e d u c i n g a t m o s j pheric contamination by in su la tio n dusts. Those procedures have been assembled from research o f our Laboratory and * from s e v e r a l o t h e r s o u r c e s , w i t h m a j o r c o n t r i b u t i o n s made by the programs developed a t the Puget Sound and Long Beach Naval Shipyards, A dditional Information is given in k NAVSHIP INST 5100.26: Asbestos Exposure Hazaras; Control o f , o f Feb. 9, 1971, which d e s c r i b e s the U .S . ' i tlves for working with asbestos, Navy d ire c - 11. C o n t r o l o f A s b e s t o s - C o n t a In fnq D u s t s by Use o f S u b s t i tute Materials ' S u b stitu tio n o f m ate rials containing reduced p ro p o r t i o n s o f a s b e s t o s o r no a s b e s t o s a t a l l , i s becoming more common in s h i p c o n s t r u c t i o n . B e f o r e a m a t e r i a ] i s . s u b s t i t u t e d f o r a s b e s t o s , c e r t a i n p o i n t s must be c a r e f u l l y consid ered . From a health p o in t o f view, one must guard a g a in st that which has happened in other environmenta1 s it - , uations -- where in the d e sire to minimize use of a sub s t a n c e w i t h some known h a z a rd , an u n t e s t e d s u b s t a n c e has been s u b s t i t u t e d which l a t e r t u r n s o u t to be o f the same or greater hazard. ' A second c o n s i d e r a t i o n must be: w i l l the new m a t e r i a l ` meet e n g in e e rin g s p e c i f i c a t i o n s and w i l l i t perform ade quately under conditions of use. i i M a te ria ls containing reduced amounts o f asbestos have been used in the fo llo w in g a p p l ic a t i o n s : t A . Fibrous g la s s for blanket and pad f i l l i n g Amosite blanket covered with asbestos cloth 1i is a standard material fo r making valve and flange ii 1 i i V/ I ! i1 i ' j ) S i ii pads. S u b stitu tio n o f the proper grade of fib ro u s g l a s s as a pad f i l l e r not o n ly reduces asbestos dust during fabrication and1in s ta lla tio n but also tends to, le sse n the problems d u rin g subsequent - '! r i p - o u . t V . A s b e s t o s c l o t h w hi c h ha s been t r e a t e d with a dust suppressant is a v a ila b le and it s use should a l s o be encouraged. B. Pipe coj/ering and b lo c k w ith reduced a s b e s t o s content ' ' Over the years the manufacturers of calcium ,si 1 ic a te 1m a t e r ia ls have been s t e a d i l y reducing the percentage o f asbestos fib e r in th e ir m aterial. Serious, c o n s i d e r a t i o n sh o u ld be g iv e n to those products containing lower amounts of asbestos fib e r. Several B r i t i s h firms have introduced asbestosf r e e c a lc iu m s i l i c a t e b lo c k and p ip e c o v e r i n g . To date, however, t h i s m a te r ia l has not been a d e q u a t e ly e v a l u a t e d in the U n i t e d S t a t e s to determine how i t w ill perform in use. Several groups are a c tiv e ly w o r k i n g to d e ve lo p s u b s t i t u t e m a t e r i a l s and new p r o d u c t s may be expected. 111. Reduction o f Dust by Chances in Work Methoas --------------------- ---------------------------------------------------- " " . . _ In many o p e r a t i o n s , changes in work p r a c t i c e s w ill reduce dust d isp e rsio n very s ig n if ic a n t ly . A ll of the pro- 6 cedures d isc u sse d in t h is se ctio n have been u t i l i z e d and found to be e f f e c t iv e . . A. Mixing Asbestos Mortar ' T h is op e ra tion has u s u a l l y been done a t the job site . While the time spent in mixing is quite short, considerable dust is produced. A tested method o f control is to mix the mortar dockside in an exhaust ve n tilate d enclosure and package the mixed mortar in covered containers for tran sporta tion to the job site . Mortar is a vailab le packaged in several siz e s o f p la s t ic bags which have a spout through which water is introduced. S u ffic ie n t water is added to moisten the mortar; a f t e r premixing, the bag is opened and the remaining water added. The carton in which the bag is packaged serves as ' a mixing box and waste container. E ither o f these methods minimizes dust d isp e rsio n at the job site . One com mercially a v a i l a b l e package is i l l u s t r a t e d ' in F i g u r e 1. B, P r e - c u t t i n g p i p e c o v e r i n g and b l o c k in the f a b r i cation shop . Hand-cutting o f pipe covering and block should be kept to an a b s o l u t e minimum, Bend s e c t i o n s , p ip e co ve r le n g th s and b lo c k s s h o u ld be c u t in the 0 7 f a b r i c a t i o n shop on e x h a u s t -v e n t i late d equipment. The procedure used a t the Puget Sound Nava] S h i p y a r d i s shown in F i g u r e 2. Cut s e c t i o n s a r e dip ped in water in a 5 5 - g a l l o n drum and then packed in - p la s t ic bags which are labeled to id e n tify the lo c a t io n where they a re to be used. T h is procedure i n s u r e s t h a t the c u t s e c t i o n s a r e s t i l l damp and r e l a t i v e l y d u s t - f r e e when th e y a r e a p p l i e d . Gore breakage is reduced and a l l p a rts o f the bend are kept together. The p l a s t i c bags are a ls o a v a i l able at the job s it e s for use in c o lle c tin g wastes. A l l b lo c k s and p ip e s e c t i o n s s h o u ld a l s o be dipped before a p p lica tio n . Puget Sound Naval Shipyard has found that th is procedure reduces dust d isp e r sio n by 50-60 per cent. C. P r e - s c o r i n g b l o c k s I n s u l a t i o n b lo ck s shou ld not be scored a t the jo b s i t e . Blocks which have been pre-scored by the m a n u fa ct u re r can be p urchased, o r sta nd ard b lo c k s can be scored in the f a b r i c a t i o n shop u sin g an ex h a u s t - v e n t i l a t e d gang saw. P r e - s c o r i n g In the shops Insures good q u a lity control of scoring depth. . D, I n s u l a t i n g p i p e a s s e m b l i e s in the shop Some p i p e a s s e m b l i e s a r e q u i t e i n t r i c a t e and are troublesome to lag w hile In place. A s a t is -  8 fa c to ry method of doing these jo b s, p a r t i c u l a r l y during ship repair, which is employed by the Puget Sound Naval Sh ip y a rd , is to remove the a ssem bly in c o n v e n i e n t l y s i z e d s e c t i o n s and t r a n s p o r t them to' the shop. The work is enclosed in an exhaustventilated p la s t ic tent, the old insulation re moved, any n e c e ssa ry r e p a ir o f the p ip e s performed and the assembled section re-lagged. Not o n ly is d u s t d i s p e r s i o n reduced, but i t i s much more co n ' venient to re-la g the se ction in the shop than when i t i s p l a c e s h i p b o a r d . Any i n s u l a t i o n which i s damaged d u r i n g t r a n s p o r t and f i t t i n g is r e p a ir e d a f t e r the se c tio n s are in place. Pipe se ction s too la rg e to b rin g into the shop can be covered witn temporary exhaust-ventilated p l a s t i c enclosures and worked on outside. H and-cutting at job s i t e s , Some h a n d - c u t t i n g a t j o b s i t e s i s u n a v o i d a b l e . However, d isp e rsio n of dusts by these operations can be minimized. F ig u re 3 i l l u s t r a t e s a p o rt a b le down-draft table which is used by the Puget Sound Nava] Shipyard. T his table has fo ld in g legs so i t ' can be c a r r i e d down companlonways and s e t up c o n v e n i e n t l y to the work, A small i n d u s t r ia l vacuum cleaner is the source of exhaust. Scrap is dropped In t o a p l a s t i c bag and a d is p o s a b le p l a s t i c drop- 3 c lo t h is placed on the deck under the equipment. Six mil polyvinyl chloride sheet is sa tisfa cto ry. E l e c t r o s t a t ic charge on the sheet causes the dust to adhere to it. A t the end o f the s h i f t , the s h e e t I;s' f o l d e d up to c o n t a i n the w ast e and p l a c e d in a p l a s t i c bag fo r d is p o s a l. A small down-draft ta b le f o r use in cramped q u a r t e r s can be c o n stru c te d t / from a j>five-gal Ion can. A screen is f it t e d over the oped top and a tube soldered to the sid e near the botjVtom. A sm al l i n d u s t r i a l vacuum c l e a n e r i s attached to the tube. These procedures r e s t r ic t hand-cutting work to r e la t iv e ly small areas, reduce d u s t d i s p e r s i o n and f a c i l i t a t e c i e a 'n-up. Fab rication of Pads and Blankets . Pads f o r v a l v e s and m a c h i n e r y s h o u l d be f a b r i c a t e d in the shop whenever t h i s i s p o s s i b l e . Amos i t e has been la r g e ly replaced by fib ro u s g l a s s f i l l i n g with covers of asbestos clo th which has been treated with dust sup pressants. Figure A i l l u s t r a t e s an e f f e c t i v e means f o r su p p r e s s in g dust d isp e rsio n . The fib ro u s g l a s s blanket is u n ro lle d , dampened and r e - r o l l e d . T h i s procedure i n s u r e s ' t h a t a l l the b la n k e t w i l l be dampened. The b la n k e t and asbestos cloth shapes are cut in the lateral d raft booth. Figure 5 illu s t r a t e s another system J } * 1 , 1 i t . 10 f o r dampens-ing pad m a t e r i a l b e f o r e c u t t i n g . A s . . t h e r e is no la t e r a l d r a f t booth in t h i s shop,' a l l | . the operators wear re s p ira to rs . G*. H o u s e k e e p i n g nnd C le a n - u p Essential parts of a dust control program are housekeeping and clean-up procedures. M eticu lous a t t e n t i o n must be g iv e n to measures f o r re s t r i c t i n g spread o f dust and la rg e r wastes. Fig u re 6 again shows use o f a p l a s t i c dropcloth u n d e r a!%,wi ork are a and v i v i d l y i l l u s t r a t e s how much w aste would be d i s t r i b u t e d o v e r the general area i ; . o r to lower d e c k s "if one were not used. Fig u re 7 shows use o f an i n d u s t r ia l vacuum 'cleaner to c o lI . l e c t dust and small scrap. Areas should be cleaned .up a t the lunch break and the end of each s h i f t . * In a l l p o s s i b l e i n s t a n c e s , workmen sh o u ld c le a n 1 up t h e i r own a r e a s . Where work r u l e s p r o h i b i t t h i s , . the c le a n -u p crew s h o u ld be under the d i r e c t i o n and ' ' su p e rv isio n o f the in su la tio n foreman to insure that proper a tte n tio n is given to t h is important subject. ' 1 i V . Reduction of Ousts by Use o f Local Exhaust Venti l-stion A. V e n t ila t io n o f large power to o ls Band Saws * , Extensive use o f band saws both in dockside fa b r ic a t io n shops and, on la rg e r sh ip s such as a i r c r a f t c a r r i e r s , in the v e s s e l i t s e l f , make e m is s i o n s from band saws a major source o f asbestos dust. Figure 8 shows the dust cloud which i s p ro d uc e d by u s e o f an u n - c o n t r o l 1ed band saw. Con t r o l d e v i c e s f o r such saws have been known f o r y ea rs anc a r e r e la t iv e ly simple. Conventional low v e lo c it y , high volume systems u s in g a n e g a t iv e p re s s u r e bag house for a i r c le a n in g are u s u a l l y more p r a c t ic a l in a fix e d o r p o rta b le f a b r ic a t io n shop. A c o l l a p s i b l e umbrella type hood attached to a A" or 5" f l e x i b l e hood can be p o s i t i o n e d c l o s e to the work to I n crease effe ctive n e ss o f the col lection system. Figure 9 shows use of a simple device which is very e ffe ctive In colle cting dust produced during cutting of large diameter pipes. Because some degree o f p o r t a b i l i t y i s r e q u i r e d in a tem porary shipboard fa b ric a tio n area, a high v e lo c it y , low v o l ume d u s t c o l l e c t i o n u n i t i s d e s i r a b l e f o r su ch use. In F i g u r e 10, a bond saw equipped w ith t h i s system i s shown in use. In F i g u r e 11, the ta b le top has been removed to show ' the pick-up hood and duct. The a i r mover is an in d u stria l vacuum cle an e r which p u l l s a i r p ast the saw blade at a v e l o c it y of over 10,000 feet per minute. This system is a very e f f i c i e n t d u st c o l l e c t o r . U n i t s such as t h i s can a l s o be de signed to control dusts produced by table saws. "*rr*r- 12 8* V e n t i l a t i o n o f Hand Power T o o l s High v e lo c ity , low volume c o lle c tio n systems control dust em issions from most small power tools adequate ly. Saber saws f o r c u t t in g p ip e c o v e rin g and r o t a r y saws f o r c u t t in g a sb e sto s cement board are well c o n t r o lle d with t h e s e s y s t e m s . F i g u r e 12 shows a s a b e r saw e q u ip p e d w i t h this system in use. It is apparent that l i t t l e dust is e s caping. Small in d u s t r ia l vacuum c le a n e rs can be used a s the source of exhaust. V- R e d u c t i o n o f D u s t by General E x h a u s t V e n t i l a t i o n In add ition to use of dust suppression procedures, compartments and other enclosed areas w ill require general ex haust v e n t ila t io n to prevent the gradual build-up o f asbestos d u st in the workroom atmosphere. The exhaust must be d i s charged to the o u tsid e a i r through an a i r cleaner. I A. General Exhaust V e n t ila t io n o f Ship Compartments Large a i r movers (10,000 cfm o r more) can be placed on the deck and large diameter trunk lin e s threa ded th rough h a tch e s. S m a l l e r f l e x i b l e d ucts can be led from the trunk lin e s to the areas re q u irin g v e n t i l a t i o n . P r o v i s i o n s must be made f o r a d m i t t i n g make-up a i r to the ve n tila te d space in such a manner that a i r flow sweeps the compartment. The Manual o f Recommended P r a c tices for V e n tila tio n of Coating and Surface Preparation Op e r a t i o n s w hi c h was p r e p a r e d by the S h i p b u i l d i n g D e p a r t - i H men s u p p l i e d w i t h p r o p e r p r o t e c t i v e equipment s h o u l d ' alw ays be used f o r r i p - o u t work and i t s h o u ld be i scheduled for rapid completion. VI 1. P e r s o n a l P r o t e c t i v e E q u i p m e n t ' In a d d itio n to dust suppression and dust control procedures, personal protective equipment is often necessary to reduce exposure and lim it the spread o f contamination. The equipment described below is used in c o ntrol programs. A. P ro te c tiv e Clothing - Protective c lo th in g is required to prevent s p re a d o f c o n t a m in a t i o n beyond work a r e a s . One method i s to i s s u e d i s p o s a b l e c o v e r a l l s which can be removed when l e a v i n g the work a re a o r some time p r i o r to e n t e r ing the l o c k e r room and p la c e d In p l a s t i c bags f o r d i s posal, A sa tisfa c to ry type of protective clothing con s i s t s of resin impregnated paper coveralls. These are inexpensive, readily disposable, prevent spreading con tamination to laundries and elim inate p i l f e r a g e . They a re worn f o r one s h i f t , then removed and placed in p l a s tic bags for disposal with other asbestos-containing . wastes. These cove ralls provide s u f fic ie n t protection for a ll but extreme conditions. B. R e s p i r a t o r y p r o t e c t i v e equipment Even i f dust su p p re ssio n and dust control p r o c e d u r e s a r e u s e d , some o p e r a t i o n s g e n e r a t e so much ' 1 15 dust that it ts impractical to maintain sa tisfa c t o ry a t mospheric concentrations of asbestos fib e rs and 're sp ir a t o r y p r o t e c t io n must be p ro vid e d to the workers. A va rie ty of respirators are availab le which are suitable fo r v a r io u s s i t u a t i o n s in v o lv in g exposure to a s b e s t o s . ' i t is emphasized that u n s a t is fa c t o r y amounts o f r e s p ir a b le dust can be p resent in the a i r even though c o n d i tions are not v i s i b l y dusty. The fin e p a r t ic le s which can be inha ied s e t t l e s lo w ly and w i l l remain in the a i r f o r some time a f t e r d u s t - d i s p e r s i n g work has ceased and the a i r is apparently clear. C la r it y of v is io n is not a good In d icato r of the absence of respirable p a rtic le s. 1. A i r - s u p p l i e d R e s p i r a t o r s Extremely dusty jobs, such as rip-out of ' o ld in su la tio n where dust, concentrations are very high, require use of a ir-su p p lie d respirators which w i l l d e l i v e r c l e a n , d u s t - 'f r e e a i r to a f a c e p i e c e o r hood. Two g e n e r a l types, a r e a v a i l a b l e ; a i r - l i n e and self-powered. a. A i r - l i n e r e s p ira t o rs in which a i r is sup plied to a hood, helmet o r facepiece g iv e the g re a t e s t de gree o f protection. A i r i s fed to the facepiece from a compressed a i r - l i n e . The q u a lit y of the sup p l i e d a i r must meet a p p l i c a b l e s t a t e o r federal r e g '\ ulations. if the source is not s p e c if ic a lly designed -> for breathing purposes, a temperature sensing alarm I o A must be i n s t a l l e d on the compressor o r a carbon < i monoxide m o n ito rin g device must be i n s t a l l e d in the a i r - l i n e . , ' A n t i - f r e e z e compounds sh o u ld not be i * -used in tip c o m p r e s s o r sys tem ; w a t e r v a p o r must - be removecT by d e s s i c a n t s and o i l m i s t s be removed by a f i I t e r . ^ ' F i g u r e 13 shows an i n e x p e n s i v e p i a s - f ^ ' . t ic , d isp o sa b le hood developed by the Puget Sound * l> 1 Naval Shipyard for s it u a t io n s where a very high d e g r e e o f il p r o t e c t i o n/ i s r e q u i r e d . T h i s hood i s a v a i l a b l e < c o m m e r c i a l 1y. The a i r - l i n e s h o u l d be fastened to the hood with a q uick-d isco nne ct f i t . ting. b. A i r - l i n e r e s p i r a t o r s co nn e c t e d to a com. . p r e s s e d a i r s u p p ly impose l i m i t a t i o n s on movement, ' and t h i s lim it a t io n can be troublesome. Self-pow - . ered r e s p i r a t o r s do n o t impose su ch l i m i t a t i o n s , b u t do add to the equipment w hi c h the workman must c a rry and a ls o require careful maintenance. Bat t e r ie s must be recharged d a i l y , f i l t e r s replaced and o t h e r m a i n t e n a n c e done r o u t i n e l y . Workmen u s u a l l y prefer these devices to a i r - l i n e r e s p ira to r s. ' 2. P a r t i c u l a t e - f i I t e r i n a respi r o to rs . There a r e s e v e r a l t y p e s o f pa r t i c u l a t e - f i 1t a r ing respirators. Those equipped with a half-mask face p i e c e a r e cons i de red -su i tab] e f o r u s e by i n s u l a t o r s . O n l y those approved fo r pro te ctio n a g a in s t pneumoconiosis and 17 f ib r o s is - p r o d u c in g dusts by the U.S, Bureau o f Hines s h o u ld be used. These d e vic e s a re Recommended f o r p r o tection in those s it u a t io n s where the atmospheric con c e n t r a t io n o f a s b e s to s f i b e r s i s a t r e l a t i v e l y low le v e ls. 'Workmen w ill not wear r e s p ir a t o r s a l l of the time during which they are exposed and th is fact must be taken i n t o a c c o u n t when r e s p i r a t o r s a r e u s e d to r e duce exposures. A ll the recommendations for r e s p ? r a t o r - f it t in g , tra in in g o f VADrkmen and m a i n t e n a n c e , d e t a i l e d in Z 88 . 2- 19 7 1 -? should be followed. l ci ' J ' a . Reusable p a r t ic u la t e - f? 1terir.a respirators A variety of reusable particulate-f i jtar ing r e s p i r a t o r s a re a v a i l a b l e . To in s u r e proper f i t t i n g , se v e ra l d i f f e r e n t makes s h o u ld be a v a i l a b l e from w hi c h the workman can s e l e c t one. No one model r e s p i r a t o r f a c e p i e c e wi 11' f i t a l 1 f a c e s . R o u t i n e maintenance is absolutely necessary to replace clogged f i l t e r s and leaking in h a latio n or exhalation valves. Poorly maintained respirators produce a false sense of security. ' b. S i n g l e - u s e p a r t i c u l a t e - f ? 1t e r i n o r e s p i r a t o r s | Operation of an adequate re sp ira to r main- j tenance program can.be troublesome and, i f o n ly a few 18 men a r e i n v o l v e d , i m p r a c t i c a l . S i n g l e - u s e r e s p i r a t o r s a r e a v a i l a b l e which a re d e s ig n e d to be worn f o r no longe r than one s h i f t and then discarded, inherently, these devices are not as rugged as a r e u s a b l e r e s p i r a t o r and no a tte m p t s h o u l d be made to u s e them l o n g e r than one s h i f t . A s v/i th any re sp ira to r, a training'program is required to in sure that they are properly f it t e d and used. V I I I . Education and T ra inin g . No d u s t c o n t r o l program can be e f f e c t i v e u n l e s s workmen and s u p e r v i s o r s u n d e r s t a n d the h a z a r d s a s s o c i a t e d with the jobs, the sources of the hazards and the reasons f o r f o l l o w i n g recommended p ro c e d u re s c a r e f u l l y . U n d e rsta n d ing is o n l y o b tain e d by education o f personnel and t r a i n i n g in correct operating procedures and changed work practices. For an education and t r a in in g program to be su c c e ssfu l,' both management and la b o r must be concerned and p a r t i c ip a t e . As with a ll safety programs, it is essential that f ir s t - lin e s u p e r v i s o r s be i n t e r e s t e d In and coop era te in the work. The program must be eval.uated o c c a s i o n a l l y and r e f r e s h e r t r a i n i n g g ivcn. *`; . pl . The harmful e ff e c ts o f neglect or improper procedures , f o r c o n t r o l l i n g asbqs.tos d u s t a r e not a p p a r e n t f o r many y e a r s . \ i 1 * . T h e re fo re , i t i s more d i f f i c u l t to c o n v i n c e workmen o f the * : i ynr r 19 n e c e s s i t y o f f o l l o w i n g r u l e s f o r w o r k i n g w i t h i n s u l a t i n g ma- \ t e r i a l s than i f p h y sic a l hazards were involved. However, those shipyards which conduct education' and tra in in g p ro grams report good success. % Education in hazards associated with use of insu la tin g m ate rials and in stru c tio n in co rre c t work p ractice s should be in cluded in a p p re n t ic e t r a i n i n g programs. For the time b e i n g , however, t r a i n i n g and e d u c a t i o n must be done a t the s h i p y a r d s . T h i s must be a c o n t i n u i n g program and should in c lu d e not o n l y i n s u l a t i o n workmen, but o t h e r s who may o c c a s i o n a l l y work w i t h i n s u l a t i o n m a t e r i a l s . < l l. r * i ' i 20 : IX, Medical Program V Medical su rv e illa n c e of the .shipyard workforce is an e s s e n t ia l part o f the hygiene program. However, be cause o f the long p eriod (years) between o n se t o f exposure and f i r s t evidence o f d ise a se , such s u r v e il l a n c e is an un r e lia b le guide to the e ffic a c y o f a control program. Ab n o r m a l i t i e s which m ight be found a re evid ence o f the o v e r s ig h t s and inadequacies o f the past, w hile the s u i t a b i l i t y o f c u rre n t p r a c t i c e would o n ly be r e f le c t e d in the c l i n i cal f i n d i n g s o f even decades hence. T h is c o n s t r a i n t makes a l l the more necessary c a re fu l, constant, and d ilig e n t a t tention to a ll engineering phases o f the hygiene problem. On the o t h e r hand, a m e d i c a l p ro g ra m can be o f v a l u e to the w orkforce. Should a b n o r m a lit ie s be found, a p p ro p ria t e treatment can be r a p id l y undertaken; in o t h e r in sta n c e s, m o d i f i c a t i o n o f work s t r e s s can be a rr a n g e d . The s p e c ia l h a z a r d o f c i g a r e t t e sm oking can be re v i e w e d w i t h t h o s e men who hav e t h i s h a b i t ( l u n g c a n c e r seems n o t to be g r e a t l y i n c r e a s e d among a s b e s t o s - e x p o s e d workmen e x c e p t w it h such smoking h i s t o r y ; they have a r i s k much g r e a t e r than th a t o f c i g a r e t t e smokers in g e n e r a l ) . A l s o , th e r e i s some e v i dence that lung sc a rrin g a ls o is exaggerated with smoking.. W h i l e the m e d i c a l program may v a r y w i t h c i r c u m s t a n c e s , it should at le a st include chest X-ray, blood count to elim inate anemia, pulmonary function estimation ( a simple v it a l ca p a city test, e a s il y 'a n d ra p id ly done, u s u a lly s u f fic e s), c lin ic a l examination of the lungs, and a careful i* t f V1 20a review o f p e rt in e n t symptoms. . E x a m i n a t i o n o n c e a y e a r s u f f i c e s - f o r t h e y o u n g e r men ( w i t h l e s s than 15 y e a r s in the t r a d e ) ; a f t e r t h i s p o i n t , examination every s i x months is p referab le, e sp e c ia lly fo r men w i t h a h i s t o r y o f c i g a r e t t e s m o k in g . 21 X. Waste C o n t r o l Wastes must be c o l l e c t e d and d i s p o s e d o f p ro m pt ly to p r e v e n t d i s p e r s i o n o f d u s t s t h r o u g h o u t th e w or k a r e a . Some recommendations fo r c o lle c tin g and containing wastes have been given in preceding s e c tio n s. A d d it io n a l measures fo r handling and d isp o sin g of wastes are li s t e d below. 1. A l l u s e d f j l t c r . i from v e n t i l a t i n g , d u s t c o l l e c t i n g o r c le a n in g'e q u ip m e n t should be treated as a sb e sto s . 2. * wastes. r Wastes shou ld be conta ined in p l a s t i c bags o r o th e r i m p e r v i o u s 1 c o n t a i n e r s f o r h a n d l i n g , s t o c k p i. l i n g and/or transportation. . * y t ' ' 3. ' Wastes s h o u ld not be p e rm it te d to accumulate, but t ' i . s h o u ld be taken to the f i n a l d i s p o s a l s i t e as soon as p o s s i b l e . Fin a l d is p o s a l sh o u ld be in accordance j with applicable regulations. . . \I ' k. Exposures o f waste ha nd lers sh o u ld be evaluated and, ' i f indicated, they should wear resp ira to rs. X 1. P r o c e d u r e s f o r e v a l u a t i o n o f a t m o s p h e r i c c o n c e n t r a t i o n s o f asbestos dust - A i r sampling procedures and laboratory methods for evalu a t in g samples should conform to "those s p e c if ie d in U.S. Dept, of Labor regulations. C r3 I Shipyard Manual Figure 1 High temperature mortar, packed jin p l a s t i c bag. Water is added to bag through spout and mortar moistened before opening. The moistened mortar is removed as required and mixing completed in shipping container. A ll wastes are placed In container and sent to d isposal a t end o f s h if t . Photo courtesy Program. Insulation Industry Hygiene y i si ;t [ ! Figure 2 Shipyard Manual % Procedure used at Puget Sound Naval Shipyard f o r handling bend s e c t io n s . Se c tio n s a re cut in fa b ric a tio n shop, dipped in water and placed in p l a s t i c bag. The bag is then labelled with the j o b - s i t e description. A t Figure 3 Shipyard Manual l * XP o r t a b l e d o w n - d r a f t t a b l e d e ve lo p e d by Puget Sound Naval Shipyard fo r use shipboard, Ue(ht weight in d u s t ria l vacuum cleaner used a s 'a!lr mover. Note p l a s t i c bag f o r s c r a p and d rop e loth on deck. * . )I . ** Ii * i II 1 i Shipyard Manual Figure h Dampening f ib r o u s g l a s s b la n k e t f i l l e r before c uttin g. Note late ral d ra ft hood in which f a b r i c a t i o n i s done. T h i s p rocedure .is used a t ; Puget Sound Naval Shipyard. < i Shipyard Manual Figure 5 F a b ric a tio n o f pads a t Long Beach Naval S h ip y a r d . F i b r o u s g l a s s f i l l e r i s dampened .before c u tt in g . A s no la t e r a l d r a f t hood is a v a ila b le , a l l op erators wear re sp ira to rs. A i ; r. i ' Shipyard Manus? Figure 7 I Use o f small clean-up. industrial . vacuum cleaner fo r Photo courtesy o f Puget Sound Naval Shipyard. Shipyard Manual Figure 8 . ' . Dust produced by use o f an u n v e n tila te d band saw. W ith out the back l i g h t i n g used ' here, much o f the d u s t would n o t be visible. ... . Photo courtesy Insu lation Industry Hygiene . ' . Research Program. . . 1 tI i I ii * i ijt Shipyard Manual ! 1 Figure 9 t ! l 4l 1 1t i 11 iI i. i Ii I ii . i Dust colle ction system fo r cutting K r g e diameter pipe se c tio n s. A i r is exhs from the end o f th e p i p e f a r t h e s t fr - the. cut. ' Photo courtesy Insulation Res'ea rch P rog ram. ~> ` . . v. . ' '' * . Industry H * . i i i : i ti .1 \ Shipyard Manual ft*. F i g u r e 10' \ C u t t i n g p i p e wi th Band saw e q u i p p e d w i t h high -ve locity, low-volume exhaust system. Compare d u st produced w it h t h a t shown in .F i g u r e 8. . Photo courtesy Insulation Research Program. ' industry Hygiene . . I-- y . yr * *^r ^ 7 ? r Shipyard Manual t F ig u re 11 Dust c o l l e c t i o n p o rt and duct I n s t a l l e d on F o r r e s t band saw whose use i s shown In F i g u r e 10. Duct c o n n e c t s to HoFfman in d u s t r ia l vacuum clean er. . Photo courtesy Insu lation Research Program. industry Hygiene I c} 1 Shipyard Manual F ig u re 12 ,t v '" I S a b e r saw e q ui p p e d wi th h i g h - v e i o c i t y , low-volume exhaust system. 7* 1 i r Photo courtesy Insulation Industry : ` Hygiene Research Program. i f : prl 1 i ' . i>? * D Shipyard Manual ' \ Fjgure 13 A ir - s u p p lie d p la s t ic hood developed . Puget Sound Naval Shipyard. Coveral are pulled over inner bib which hold; the hood in place t ig h t ly . T h is, o r s im ila r equipment, is required for srcc o p e r a t i o n s a s r i p - o u t o f o l d i n s u l a t e :.r 1 tt \ J J}! 1