Document nkZD3O2wwreRvzJRRVdEvRYZa

PAIKT. VABHI3H AKD LACwPER MV MATERIAL White Lead is one of the cost opaque White pignunta in eoamon uso whert- aver White pigment of dense covering quality is required. Oseichiefly for Outside House Paints. It is indispensable in beat quality pninte used for this purpose. ' . Basic White Lead Carbonate was used by the ancients) was called Cerueoa, a natural mineral carbonate of lead found in small quantities in Europe. . White Lead is marketed for House Fainting, ground in Oil 91$ LcoJ - 0;i Oiij or 87$ lead, 11$ Oil and 2$ Turpentine ss s soft paste. Much of such Lead in Oil is mads by passing the met pulp lead directly frotr. the sashing tuba into a pulper and mixing with oil by a.process which forces the water out, thus avoiding drying and grinding expense. ' Old Dutch Process discovered by Stratlngh about 1600 A.C. Patented in England, in 1622. Made first by Sherwin-Williams Co. at Chicago in 1C10. Hctullic Lead in shape of discs or buckles 6" in diameter placed in pots containing weak acetic sold in recessed'bottom, piled up in tscka1,j pots covered with tanbarki remain in "stack"-120 days) carbonic acid generated from tsnbsrk end add vapors corrode the metal into basic lead carbonate with chemical gain of about 25$. Corroded pigment is washed, purified to separate uncorroded Iced particles) dried end ground into a dry pawdeur .for use by paint manufacturers. - Quick Process Lead first developed as chamber procsss by Sir James Creed, England in 1849. Carter process patented in 1839. S-W began manufacture of Carter process at Chicago ia'W lead melted, atomised, placed in large . cylinder treated with diluted^acetic mold and carbonic acid gas. Process requires sight days and cheaicalgaihis 25$. ' Generally whiter end lighter specific gravity than Old Dutch.:.} r- ' " - . i Electrolytic^Process "Anaconda" -- patented in 1919 - load plates sa anodes suspended in solution of sodium acctcte-cathodea iron p.'atea suapencied in solution of sodius carbonate. . Precipitated Euston Lead is made by treating a basic lead acetate solu tion with carbon dioxide gas. The process is readily controlled at all stages and results in carbonate of-greater uniformity, fineness, and generally whiter then other methods. . Lead Sulphate, hasic or sublimed lead, was patented by Lewis in 1379. Lead ore mixed with powdered anthracite coal reduced end volatilised in a closed furnace) fumes ere condensed and collected in fabric bags. Very similar in general quail- ties and uss to lead carbonate except that it is less poisonous and more resiatznt to blackening action from sulphurous gases. Bublimed Blue Laafl produced in much the same wey ss lead sulphate; la . practically inert 1a linseed oil) not effected by sulphuric gases; occupies a place among rust inhibitors. `- 0007-SWP-000007368 / '/ . -2- / Zinc Oxide discovered by Curtois is Franco in 1782. LeClair in. 1845 found method / to use it for oil painta. French process - vapors given off from burning *inc tetal in current of nir; fuma* condaneed and powders collected in closed chanters. Userlean process - Wetburill patent in 1856. Zinc ore burned with powdered anthracite re duced and volatilized in closed furnace; funes condensed end powder collected in kis. Zino oxide very white color; french process generally whiter than inertcan. Degrees of whiteness expressed as Bed Seal, Green Seal, flhite Seel, or DSP - the whitest grade. Both American and French process sine oxides not affected by ataocpheric gases. Zinc oxide used in house paints in combination with white lead to counteract the chalking tendency of lead. Used largely in enanels and in the rubber industry as an oxidising agent. . Leaded Zincs first Manufactured at Sherrin-Williana Company et Coffeyvillo in 1204. Produced Iron ores of zinc and lead sulphide. They nre mixed with powdered enthro oite and reduced and volatilised in closed furnace; fumes pass through condenser; powders collected in bags. Proportions of lead sulphate range from 5$, 101, 20%, 88$ and 50%, balance of sine oxide. Whiteness of color generally inferior to zinc oxide. Chief use as ingredient for exterior house paints. Zinc Sulphide made -by passing hydrogen sulphide gas through solution of zinc sul- pbide. Has good opacity; very fine, color; used commonly in enamels, lacquers and - similar products, requiring dents covering capacity. - . . 71taninn Pigments; First attempt to nse it as pigment was credited to 3, W. Byland in England I860. . Rot developed definitely as wklto pigment until by Dr. Rossi-of Titanium Alloy Company, Riegers Tails, in 1808. For a time materiel was made-from /Florida sands, bat now primary source.is JJLlmenlts, mineral found in India,chlefly 47$Iron,68$Titanium Dioxide. Chemical treatment removes iron and pure Ti02 re . mains. Titanium Dioxide has very dense covering - very opaque. Shows soma tendency to chalk. - This is being overcome through treatment with phthalia anhydride. /Reduced grades are marketed under.nans ofTitanoxB, 28$ TiO# 75$ Barium Sulphate, and Titanox C; 5$, Ti02;/75$; Calcium Sulphate. Titanium pigments are all extremely 'fine; brilliantly white,"'inert all paint, varnish and lacquer ingredients. Chief use for outside house paint, wnaaela, lacquers, rubber, and coated paper. . War con- editions making it difficult to import ore from India, a deposit in the Adirondack Mountains has been developed, asking the 0. S. practically independent from imports ' tions. . . ' .' ' '; Lithooons patented in England in 1874 as Orr's Whits. First manufactured ly Sherwin-Williams.Co. Chicago 1917, and Coffeywills plant established In 1851. Zinc Sulphide precipitated with Bwriua Sulphate; chanic&l changes result in composition about 80$ Zinc Sulphate and 70$ Beriun Sulphide. There arc other forms - Calcium Llthopons, Titanium Lithopons, and high strength Lithopono. Consumption now ex seeds all other white pigments. Chief use is for interior flat well paints; is largely used for shade cloth, linoleum, white rubber, paper coating, and printing inks. . :* ' * Inert or Reinforcing Pigments of many varieties are used in paint Industry, most important of which are Barium Sulphate (Berytes); Magnesium Silicate (Asbestine); . Silica (Silex); Alumina (Chins Cloy) and Celclum Carbonate (Whiting). . ,, Barytes is made by grinding ore (found chiefly in Missouri, Arkansas, Tennessee, Rest Virginia and Kortb Carolina); then removing impurities in en sold bath, washing and bolting the powder. It is chemically stable; use chiefly to dilute high colored or expensive pigments. . .' 0007-SWP-000007369 A / Asbestine - Magnesiun Silicate rock is ground, purified, end bolted or air-floated. Used in aodersto proportion. It Is fluffy end this keeps it in suspension paints. . . Silica Hock is crushed, ground, purified end bolted or nir-floeted. Used largely in fillers end is s flattening agent in wall costings and traffic line palnte. Chins Cler Alumina Rock ie crushed, ground, washed, and fleeted. Very inexpensive, used in freight car paints and other low-priced paints. Whiting - Calciua Carbonate froa the chalk cliffs of the east coast of England la the bast source. Ground, washed, floated in vatsr, and dried. Chief use is in putty and aa an extender for expensive pigments. . Earth Colors coma down to us from ancient timet. Are colored minerals or natural deposits utilised aa pigments after grinding and purifying. ' Iron Oxide. Bed, Brown or Purple used chiefly for freight car paints, roof paints, barn and house paints, eta. Very in color from Light Venetian Red to Gark Brown or Beep Maroon. Ochres are lellow Iron Oxide used chiefly in yellow freight car and barn -paints*a * *# <'* - Sienna used chiefly for tinting paints and enssols. Barn ligut neutral yellow producing ivory and ten tints* Burnt rich regsh brown color used for tint* ing and stains* ' * Ember chiefly used as tinting pigment, rewf s dark brown with tinge, of green or olive* Burnt, wsrm, dark brown tint. Red Lead and Orange Mineral era lead oxides formed by oxidising lead exposed to low heat .in a gas furnace} need chiefly as coating for metal surfaces. - Bleek in the fora of soot from fires is perhaps the earliest pigment known. temp Black made by Chinese froa time imasorial by burning oil in lanpa with insufficient air supply. - Carbon Black made from gas first in this country in 1361. . Ivorr. Bone or Vine Blacks made from burning cuttings in closed retorts, grinding end refining the chirred residue. Lamp end Carbon Blacks ere practically purs carbonj have a very low specific gravity) oil.absorption and tinting strength very high) chiefly used for paints, enamels, lacquers, printing inks, and rubber. Cry Colors first mads by Sherwin-ffllllsmx Company at Cleveland in 1096. Moved to Cnlcago for much larger plant in 1903. Prussian. Chinee# or Iron Blue first discovered by Oieabach in Berlin in 1710. Sher*in-Willieas first connection with dry colors through Lewis Barger & Sons, Ltd. who began manufacture of Prussian Blue in London in 1760. Prussian Blub 1*. made 0007-SWP-000007370 ,/ by a precipitating of a solution of soluble Iron salt with a solution of pot&ssiua or sodiua farrocysnide and subsequent oxidation.of the precipitate. The principle uses are for palate, enseals, lacquers, printing inks, and ooatsd papers. Belfast Blues era mads both tuagstatad and nonptangstatod types. Uas excellent tinting strength, brilliant color, permanence and fast to light. Bon-tungstated recently Introduced In Ingland aa Monastral Blua or Heliogon in Garoony, ie the host outstanding addition to color Manufacture in the past century. Alkali Blue used by printing manufacturers for toning np blacks and certain blue Inks. Victoria Blus tungststed blue dyo) exy brilliant and stable to alkali. Violet-Permanent Methyl Violet precipitated dyestuff with phospbo-tungstie acid} used for printing inkes . Ultramarine Blua first made by Christian Quealin at Paris in 1828. Made by taxing together alumina, sodiua sulphato, sodiua carbonate, sulphide, coal, etc. Used in paints, saaaels, lacquers, printing inks, costed papers, etc* Chrome Yellows - first developed about 1800. Made by precipitating solution of lead salt with soluble lead chromate. Ie vary permanent end rust inhlbitive. Chief use la for paint, enamels, lacquers, printing inks, paper coatings, end floor cover ings. Zinc iellow is made by using sine instead of a lead base. Very oleen and sharp oolor. * Chief use is for printing ink end metal primer for ships and airplanes. Pereassa Tallow made by coupling mete nitro para toluldine with aceto acetanilide. Superior to chrome or sine yellows in permanence and throe or four times its tinctorial strength, and very resistant to add and alkali; ; Cbrowe Creep first made in France in 1858 by a combination of specially prepared Prussian Blues with Chroma Iellow. Thera ere two general types} acetate made with aoetlc acid anid nitrate made with nitric acid in the yellows that they contain. Chief usa Is for house paints, enamels, laoquars, printing inks, floor coverings, etc. Ohrowe Oxide Creans are very permanent sad ussd where most permanent green color is required. Solfast Green Toners - basic dyestuff mads with pfaocpho-tungatic acid. Very brilliant in color with high tinctorial strength end good permanence. Organic Beds - Use aniline dye, discovered by Sir William H. Perkin, who, in England in 1885, sad# a mauve dye used to dy# silk for a dress for Quean Victoria. For this he was knighted. From this discovery has followed * very vide range of many colors made by most complicated chemical processes. Pare Reds are a precipitated solution of diaaotiaad pare nitranlllne by beta naphthol. The light pare la produced by coupling para nitranlllne with beta naphthol. The dark is produced by replacing 101 of tho bets naphthol with mono acid. These reds have good permanence to light and excellent covering power. Are used in moderate priced red enamels, etc., but the use is restricted in lacquers on account of the bleeding tendency* 0007-SWP-000007371 ,!.CX, -s- Toluldlne Red la produced by coupling nets niiro par* toluidine Kith beta nephthol. It la lighter end brighter than para) very fas to light and opaque. Does not bleed in paint vehicles but bleeds badly in lacquer solvents. Used in the best grade enamels end printing inks requiring permanence end bright rede. Qrsnhio Bed - Shermln-Villiam* trade nark for Lithol Rad - la the result of coupling Tobias acid and beta nephthol. Various shades are produced by forming different metallic salts. Color is bright and clean) fairly permanent. Ron-bla;dlng in oil. Chief use is in printing inks and also valuable for enamels. Lake Red C - color specially suitable for printing ink} clean and bright end fast to light) non-bleeding In oil and mater. . Permease Rad is made by coupling ortho-ehlor-para-nitraniline with beta naphtbol. Res excellent fastness to light. Does not bleed in paint vehicles but does bleed in synthetic vehicles containing coal tar solvents. Bnbanex Reds or Lithol Rubins have excellent fastness to light and are very bright in color. Used chiefly for printing inks) also for paint and enamels requiring perma nence and non-bleeding qualities. . Solfast Toners represent a new line of colors - brilliant, fast to light, and non- blssding. Comprise tso groups -- She Solfast Reds and Pinks and Tungsthted Rhodasine Rads. . Maroon Toners represent a group of CP organic pigments) non-bleeding, fairly resistant to llght) beeutiful rich tones suitable for laequora, end paints end snsmels. Permanent Prangs Toners represent orange organic colors msde by coupling ortho nitreniline with bute nephthol. Very permanent in color) quite opaque, bleed slightly in mater and oil. . i 0007-SWP-000007372