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TV REPORT COOO'otted 6 Points to Consider Before Putting TV to Work in Your Plant Become its eye Is unblinking, and special filters eon bo used to compensate for untovi lighting or glare conditions, you see more wit than you could by full-time personal observ{ But the equipment needed varies widely aeco'i to what it has to do. So let's look at six factors1 neers often ask about 1 Color Wide use ol color lor 1TV seems unlikely at present. Addlllonal expense, added complications of operation, and extra maintenance make currently available color equipment un desirable lor use In industry. In the medical field, however, where color is extremely Jmportaot, it is worth the added expense. Only intermittent service la required, and conditions are such that delicate TV adjustments will not be disturbed. Watching furnaee operk^on In color oppears attractive at first glance, but considerate development Is needed before color TV will serve continuously. Severe conditions at the camera locatioo, restricted space, additional cost and maintenance, plus need (or reliable, con tinuous service, Indicate more rugged black-and-white tele vision for industry. 2 Black and White As mentioned on the previous pages, there are three baaic camera types available for ITV: Image-dissector, vidleon image otthicon. Each has distinct features that make it adaptable to one or more applications in the industrial field. Some of the factors an engineer must Juggle In selecting a camera and its related system are first cost, life expectancy, picture quality, maintenance. Two tube types make up for lack of total sensitivity In tbs image-dissector camera. (1) Cesium-oxide silver (or red) tube is most sensitive to light waves in red and inira-red areas el the spectrum. U picks up a good Image of coal or oil flames, fs used for general observation. (2) Where subject being viewed gives oil blue light, as a natural-gas flame, a cesiumoxide-antimony (blue) tube provides good definition. Utis lube also transmits a good picture of smokestack, emissions. Is used lor viewing standby oil flames. Image-dissector cameras scan at 350 lines, picture resolu tion is 300 lines, not Interlaced. (With interlacing, image Is alternately scanned in two aets ol lines, one between the other.) Auxiliary lighting is usually required, and best re sults are obtained with 150 to 250 fool-candies illumination. Acceptable picture is ordinarily obtained with 100 ft-c. Beeauie the circuit is different from commercial equipment, home-type .receiver will not work with en imoge-dissector camera, without modification, Vidicon-tube system has sensitivity and spectral-response characteristics that allow use o! standard photographic lens filters. The camera uses any standard 16-mm motion-picture lens with a type C mount. This allows choice of any lens typo--telescopic, wide angle, etc, for specific applications at low cost Vldlcoa cameras scan at 525 lines. Picture resolution Is 400 lines, interlaced. Scons brightness of 100 ft-c is best, minimum brightness ii 50 to 60 ft-c. Stanford hi receiver* can be used (or auxiliary viewer*. lmage-orlhlcon cameras are used mainly in tn( sioDarlena. Picture quality may be as good as or b brosdesst TV. Image orthlcon is nsed largely lor precision operations sod picking up visual detail la b locations. 0 ^ a .. LOCfltfOS tllG GflDICTA Naturally, camera must be located so it sees what y< to see. This may require special mounting. For a nei ITV location Is figured in the origins! design, lb reduces the cost of installation. Angle of vision required to cover the scene mod tidered, end camera located to give best possible Auxiliary lighting arrangements have to bring scene I ness up to required levels. The lens type is another to consider in locating camera (or best picture. Remote-control Indexing mountings may be m keep camera at proper position. Where there is vibration you also need shock mountings. Ambient camera temperature should not exceed s 150 F. And if temperature Is too low, lens may lag. housing' may have to protect esmera against weather, corrosive or explosive atmospheres, heat, eald. Aircooled or watercooled windows keep temperature when camera is viewing furnaces. Outdoor InstaUetfea watches staeki in cold, wet weather may need electrie b< and windshield wipers. Explosionproof housings d< operating hazards in dangerous areas. 4 Locating the Receiver The place where an ITV receiver does most good u control room, on the eontrol panel. Operator notes in gage level, stack emission, or flime condition ! occur, snd lakes proper steps to keep boiler operating ciently. There is little time delay. Auxiliary viewers should be placed at emergency et points, or wherever they aro required for supervisionnew plant, designer should allow for the TV viewer original control panoL ITV manufacturers make u flush mountings. They build special receivers, loo- H pl. space is at a premium. But these increase the lostsu*^ cost because they roqolre extra engineering. Duplicate viewers can be the same type as tho viewer. Or, In vidleon systems, they can be standard type receivers. These receivers require no modificationconnect them to the eontrol viewer with coaxial cable. 93 ENOINIMINO AND MANAGEMENT SECTION era and Receiver Installations Should Be Tailored lor Each Job RiCEIVER shows boiter-wotcr level to control-roam operator ksiloas include lighting conditions, temperatures I equipment characteristics that limit distance ters snd viewing screen (or monitor). . *0 good picture, imsge-dissector earners requires l.illumiaotion--150 to 250 ft-c is best, 100 or less ceeptsble under special conditions. Vidicon camera > 100 ft-c lor good results. i must operate within limits of 0 to 150 F, ings, mentioned above under 3, may bo necessary. i between control monitor and camera, in vidleon I to maximum ol 500 It. But auxiliary viewers I the scene to 4000 It, or further with amplifiers. (| dissector, maximum separation between cam'dower is 1500 ft, without booster amplification. he up to 100 ft between this camera and its sepjar anil. mmpromUe* between several conflicting factors. 'hitJwi, high sensitivity, broad spectra) response and .Veit range of broadcast TV require complex, expenIpment. How much can be sacrificed and yet produce }>table picture depends on the application Bcr reading, checking furnaces, viewing smoke (norfa power plants today) any of the three systems con - fa selecting a system for your plant, give carelul t? the needs of your application. How precisely de} the picture be? Are there any auxiliary lighting problems? What distances are Involved? Oo you need auxil iary viewers or receivers? When you know what the needs are you can see which system does the best job lor you. 6 Maintenance ITV maintenance depends on the type ol installation and conditions surrounding the equipment. Where there Is little vibration, no excessive heal or cold, no voltage fluctuation, the only maintenance ordinarily required is cleaning. Ruggedness of equipment and total number ol lubes play a large pan in determining maintenance necessary. Simpler equipment generally requires (ess maintenance. Chief maintenance required alter initial adjustment is occasional defining. Based on equipment used up to the present, largely the imago-dissector typo, cost ol maintenance is believed to bo approximately comparable to upkeep costs of average control-panel instrument. Although plant instru ment personnel can correct ordinary difficulties, manufac turers recommend regular preventive maintenance to ovoid trouble before it starts. Where there is voltago fluctuation, they suggest voltage-regulating transformers to reduce mal adjustments and need for servicing. For the materiel on which this report is based, the editors of Powxr wish to thank these four companies: Diamond Power Specialty Corp, Radio Corp of America, Allen B Du Mont Laboratories, Inc, Doge Electronics Corp. ENGINEERING AND MANAOEMEN1 SECTION