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HWBB-0012376 m c\o CO HHBH-nnT7T7Tf FOUNDATION FACTS ""I Foundation Facts is a monthly now-lettr iuud to industrial concern holding member*ft/fj in industrial Hygiene Foundation. The Foundation is a nor*proflt association of industries for the advancement of healthful working conditions. yrO-L^--9 April,. -19-1?. iio-.- 4 More--Companies Join.. Foundation Thirteen organizations have affiliated with the Foundation since the first of this year, including some of the nation's leading industrial concerns. These new Members are: American Can CompanyAnthracite Institute (32 firms) Atlas Powder Company Caterpillar Tractor Company Crucible Steel Company Ford Motor Company General Electric Co. Inland Steel Company National Association of Fan Manufacturers National Steel Corp, National Supply Co. Sun Oil Company Sun Sand Company Five States Enact.."!).D."--Laws: Analysis Being Preoared Five states have enacted occupational disease compensation laws at the 1947 sessions of the state legislatures. These are: Iowa, Nevada, South Dakota, Tennessee, and Texas. Meanwhile, two states, Vermont and Montana, named commissions to study such laws and to report to their respective legislatures. The Foundation* s Legal Committee has started a factual analysis of the new laws and this will be sent to Members in the near future. Occupational disease compensation laws have now been enacted in 38 states and the District of Columbia. ReprintS-^AvaiTable from Transactions The following reprints are now available to Members from the Transactions of the Eleventh Annual Meeting: r^--> si! S3 ; __; ,1 Production Comes from People...................................Admiral Ben Moreell Acute Respiratory Infections and Their Control in Industry........Dr. Anna M. Baetjer Trends in Industrial Health Administrative Practices................... Dr. C.O, Sappington Pulmonary Granulomatosis Occurring Among Workers Believed Exposed to iiim...............................*.Dr. L.U. Gardner Human Factor in the Design of Industrial Machines....................T.F. Hatch Findings from Foundation Plant and Laboratory Research.........T.F. Hatch, W.C.L. Hemeon and F.R. Holden A very heavy demand continues for the new information circular describing the Foundation, "Production Comes from People," which was issued at the annual meet ing last November. Members desiring these circulars jfor distribution wl t.hin their orgarrt^stion may secure limited quantities upon request. I --K--F 03118701 industrial hygiene foundation 'i'LAV *400 FIFTH AVfNUC PlTTSQUROH (j). PA. 'JjJi p--n -$Ln oa '-S'-J) CO! oc ^fl TABLE OF CONTENTS Essa Nevrs Items......... .......................................................... ................ 1 Occupational Disease Statistics................ 4 Legal Developments................. 5 Book Reviews and Notices..... ................................... 3 Industrial Medical Practice.................................................... 3 Industrial Health Hazards and Their Effects............. 13 Skin Diseases and Burns.......................... 20 Control Methods................................................................ 21 Methods of Detection and Determination*...................... 22 Laboratory Toxicological Studies............................................. 26 Industrial Relations, Personnel.......................... 23 Rehabilitation........................................................ 35 Public Health............. 36 Accident Prevention.................................................................. 37 Miscellaneous.................. 40 Index...................................................... 42 03118702 MWBB-0U12379 HMBB-001238 April, 1947 Vol. XI No. 4 Industrial Hygiene Foundation 4400 Fifth Avenue Pittsburgh 13, Pennsylvania INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE DIGEST Literature end News News Iteas 364 Monsanto Aiding. Disaster Victims. Officials of the Monsanto Chemical Company have announced plans for aiding employees and their families following disaster at the company's styrene plant in Texas City. Joseph R, Mares, General Manager of the Texas Division, said: 1. Monsanto will pay immediately $1,000 to the widows and other real dependents of each employee killed. This is in addition to workmen's com pensation, group insurance end life and accident plan benefits which they will receive. 2. Cases of special hardship will be taken up promptly with the local management which has full authority to act. 5. Until further notice, injured employees will receive workmen's compensation benefits plus a company contribution, to make their total compensation equal to their normal base wage. 4. Uninjured hourly employees, for whom work cannot be provided at present, will be paid through the payroll period ending April 27th. Thereafter, each individual case will be taken up by the local management. William U. Rand, Monsanto President, announced that the plant will be rebuilt on the same site. . 365 Machinery Orders Swamping Makers. Backlogs of orders for automatic machinery have reached new records, according to contract manufacturing executives, end some are refusing to accept further orders. One of seven main advantages given for changing to new machines is the removal of undesirable working conditions and risks for machine operators through superior design. In the leather tanning industry, for instance, a new machine for soaking and milling hides will eliminate the odor of decaying flesh and hair, obnoxious to workers in the past, in addition to other improvements and savings. -- N.Y. Times (Mar. 10, 1947) 03H8703 HWHIMHU2381 Industrial Hygiene. Digest -_2 Aprils 191Z 366 Assistance to States for General Public Health Work. This appropriation item is for assistance to the states in establishing end maintaining adequate puhlic health services through grants, consultative services, demonstrations, and industrial hygiene investigations and training. Last year. Congress enacted the National Mental Health Act, and this appro priation item now provides 13,000,000 for grants to the states to initiate this new program of developing community mental health services. The House approved sn appropriation of $15,682,300. The major portion of this appro priation (approximately $15,000,000) is for grants-in-aid for general public health work, industrial hygiene and mental health. Three million dollars is specifically earmarked for mental health work. The amount allowed for all these purposes is $1,406,000 less than the amount requested, but about - $2,716,000 above the previous year's appropriation for comparable items. -- Social Legisl. Inf. Service, Bull. (Mar. 31, 1947) --J SB? Health Plane in California. Hews items from California depict three factors in health measures in that state* (1) Governor Itsiren's plan for a compulsory health insurance plan is meeting strong opposition, especially from Republican leaders; (2) under a voluntary disability compensation act which went into effect December 1, about 685 plans have been filed (January, 1947) and at least 2S of the eligible employees will be covered. Private insurance companies are writing supplementary plans, (s) The Health Service System of San Francisco operating since 1937 is proving unsatisfactory to the doctors, and is considered a financial failure. -- Pub. Health Economics (Feb. ,194?) --^ 368 Department of Industrial Medicine. ~ Ui A department of industrial medicine and training course for medical graduates covering all phases of industrial medicine is to be established at Woodward General Hospital, Detroit. It is intended to train doctors for service with the medical divisions of both large and small industrial plants. More than $400,000 has been collected toward building the $2,500,000 hospital to be built at Thirteen Mile Road near Woodward Avenue. Wayne University is collaborating with the advisory board of Woodward General Hospital medical staff in setting up the department and training staff. -- J.A.M.A. (Mar. 15, 1947) fjffi] .34 369 - Qpuld Your Plant Go Underground? _ your plant may have to go underground. When? Some industrialists favor yesterday and consider tomorrow too late. Publicly the Army has gone only ee ter as appointing a. board to survey underground sites for. . "strategic defense" industries. But whether around-the-corner reality or beyond-the-clouds bugaboo, D (for Dig) Day brings these problems: (1) a place to go; end (2) living quarters, food, light and air. Suitable places are not as plentiful as in Europe. The best for large scale opera tions are probably the zinc and lead mines of Missouri. If a nearer loca tion is desired it should be constructed. Details of the provisions for the process and the workers are hidden parking space,' secret disposal of smoke, water storage, and power supply. However, maintenance costs are low, heating tills are negligible, landscaping costs are non-existent, and fire prevention is simple* A Swedish airplane-engine factory blasted 03118704 Industrial Hygiene Direst - 3 April, V=>4^ oo out of solid rock and used during the war. will be operated indefinitely. mzS\i Some Geman constructions are described. Many industrialists do not favor 2 any plans for underground plants. Others point out that when and if the V necessity is visibly demonstrated it will be too late. -- Modern Ind, (Mar., 1947} 2 370 Health Survey of Mine Fields Completed. The Federal Coal Mines Administration released its Medical Survey Re port of the Bituminous-Coal Industry on April.17, asserting that inferior health standards are not general in the coal industry, but that conditions in a few mining camps "are a disgrace to the country.1* "Provisions for health range from excellent, on a par with America* s most progressive com munities to very poor" the report declared. Five teams of naval offices of the Coal Mines Administration made the survey starting last summer, of health conditions in 260 mines in 22 major soft coal producing states. Rear Admiral Joel T. Boone headed the survey. Boone, in a foreward to the 300-page report said: "The present situation, which brought about the medical survey, would not have occurred had a sense of joint responsibility existed. Management has demonstrated in some instances a high degree of leader^iip in providing medical care. There is little evidence of corres ponding labor leadership in health matters." The report concluded with recommendations for the improvement of housing, sanitation and public health, industrial medicine and hygiene, general medical services, hos pitalization and recreation. -- Pittsburgh Post-Gazette (Apr. 18, 1947) 371 -National Science PmmHn-Mrm ftct of 1947 (Senate Bill 526, amended). The U.S. Senate now has before it the unanimous recommendation of its Committee on Labor and Public Welfare' that it pass Senate Bill 526, as amended. In its report, the committee stated that the need for enact ing this legislation is now "urgent* and that on the basis of extensive hearings and investigations it finds -- "that federal support of scien tific research, including provision for scholarships and fellowships for study in science, is essential to the preservation of the national health, prosperity, and security of the Nation and to the full development of our scientific resources.* -- Social Legisl. Inf. Service (Apr. 21, 1947) 372 Dr. Louis Schwartz Retires -from U.S.P.S.H. Dr. Louis Schwartz, Chief, Office of Dermatology, Industrial Hygiene Division, will retire from the U.S. Public Health Service on July 4, his 64th birthday. His period of active duty terminated March 1. For more than 41 years, Dr. Schwartz has been serving the public, first in immi gration inspection'and later in the field of industrial hygiene where he became one of the Nation* s leading dermatologists. He was a pioneer in the study of industrial dermatosis, devised the patch test for the reac tion of the skin to suspected materials, and is an authority on fungous infections. He discovered the desensitization that often takes place on continued exposure, and often prevented and shortened strikes due to dermatitis outbreaks by explaining this desensitization. -- Ind. Hyg. News Letter (Bar., 1947) 03118705 MW0B-MI12383 Industrial Hygiene Digest - A April. 1947 Occupational Disease Statistics & /Cl: 0 :cq\ |g ; -- *--1 i Jgo! 573 Occupational Disease Statistics Ohio1 ffis.2 Calif.5 Conn.2 Ind.2 Mich. ^ Jen. Fr ah. 4 Feb. Jan. Mar. Mar. Mar. Feb. Feb. Mar. 12&Z mi mi iaaz- 124Z I2ZX2jO Asbestos!s 1* 1 Carbon Monoxide 5 2 6 11 Carbon Tetrachloride 11 Chemical Poisoning (NQC) 59 12 5 54 Conjunctivitis Dermatitis Hernia 200 552 42 1 2 2 04 55 555 45 114 1559 67 Infections 14S Inflammatory Conditions 158 6 10 174 Lead Absorption 1 1 Lead Poisoning $ ID 1 2 19 Methyl Chloride 22 Miscellaneous 2 227 15 242 Nasal Septum Perforation 22 Noise 1 1 Pneumoconiosis 1 S 11 17 Pulmonary and Bronchial 9 4 15 Affections Silicosis 1 1 11 71 6** 2 92 Silico-tuberculosis Skin Diseases 14 n6 17 (other than dermatitis) Tenosynovitis 10 10 Tuberculosis (due to 15 15 (contact) Undulant Fever 11 Upper Respiratory 8 4 12 Affections. . Totals 977 46 14 81 905 97 142 2262 oo [=3 (1) Occupational Disease Claims filed frith the Industrial Commission* There irere 120,247 days lost, including 14 deaths from silicosis and tiro from pneumoconiosis* (2) Occupational Disease Cases filed with the Health Department. (3) Occupational Disease Cases filed with the Department of Industrial Relations and tabulated by the Department of Public Health. (4) Occupational Disease Claims filed with the State Department of Labor and Industries. + The one case of asbestoBis reported was fatal. **This figure represents silicosis and silico-tuberculosis cases reported by the State Department of Health, Seattle City Health Department, and three deaths reported by Public Health Statistics Section, State Depart ment of Health. 03118706 LT --^ Industrie! Hygiene Piyeat - 5 April, 374 Bureau of Industrial Hvcdene. Department .of Health. Commonwealth of Pennsylvania,,__STimmarv of Aet-fTitles for the Calendar Year. 1946. 11 pp. mimeographed. (1947) The general form and contents is about the same as the previous year's report (Abst. 1D56, Oct., 1946). The number of plant inspections rose to 10,666, a higher figure than ever before, and apparently higher .. than that of any other state or organization. The number of employees in the plants inspected was 1,016,400. As usual, the great majority (91^) of inspections, were initiated by the Bureau itself. The hazards most frequently, investigated included vapors, especially of petroleum hydro carbons, welding fumes, dust (silica with the greatest number), and derma titis. As before, the recommendations included ventilation, changed processes, personal protective measures, sanitation, medical service, and miscellaneous, with good housekeeping running highest. Legal Developments 575 Five States Pass Occupational Disease Laws. ' Five states have enacted occupational disease compensation laws at the 1947 legislative sessions. They ares Nevada Tennessee Texas South Dakota Iowa Meanwhile, two states, Vermont and Montana, have appointed commis sions to study similar laws end to report back to their representative legislatures. (Memo to Members! The Foundation* s Legal Committee is preparing analyses of the laws enacted. This will be mailed to Member Companies upon completion.) _ _,, 576 Report of the Sneclal Commission to Study Need for Occupational Disease Law fVermontK In Vermont, one of the states which have no occupational disease law, a committee of five was appointed to study industrial conditions. Their report consists of: (l) an estimate of working conditions, based on brief surveys of several typical plants; (2) a summary of a study of occupational disease laws of other states; and (5) recommendations for the essentials of an-occupational disease law. The principal facts established in the survey are: (l) no official reporting of oc- . cupational diseases has ever been required in the state; (2) most em ployers have tried to correct the hazards brought to their attention by the Department of Health, but a few have failed to cooperate; (5) the records show that there has been considerable silicosis in some sections; (4) conditions varied greatly in the different plants, and several hazards were discovered; (5) a number of employers were ready to install safety equipment but were hampered by lack of mater ials; and (6) there were cases where proper equipment was at hand but ; 03118707 HHBB-IM123 MHBII-()()12385 Industrial Hygiene Digest - 6 April, 1947 workmen did not cooperate by using it. In the second part, the general types of occupational laws are discussed. The recommendations include the '="-\ appointment of a committee to make s fuller study of the laws, an appro priation for. plant surveys, and early enactment of such measures as will give the State Board of Health the following duties and powers: (l) main tenance of a complete occupational disease reporting system; (2) power to establish and enforce reasonable control and preventive regulations; (5) authority and duty to engage in research for causes of occupational dis eases; (4) maintenance of an adequate inspection service; (5) authority to approve proposed plans for control of appliances and equipment and to re quire the installation and maintenance thereof; end (6) power of entry to cC) the premises of any industrial establishment. When the studies of occupa tional diseases in the state and of existing legislation are completed the way will be paved for an adequate occupational disease law. u J 37? Thirteenth Mstlrmal Cfwferenne on Labor Legislation. Report of the Com- ' mittee on Safety^end Health, and Workmen* s Compensation. The estimated annual cost of accidents is 3-1/2 billion dollars, and frequency rates have been increasing since VJ-Day. Suggested remedies include increased personnel and appropriations for State labor depart- manta, uniform safety codes for industries not already covered, code-mak ing authority for more etatea, and improvement of industrial hygiene and sanitation services. After 30 years of workmen's compensation, 50^ of the workers are still unprotected. The Conference proposed broader coverage, higher maximum benefits, lifetime payments for permanent disability, pay ment of death benefits to dependents, other increased benefits, and cor relation of the functions of workmen*s compensation and rehabilitation y3^ agencies. -- Monthly Labor Rev., .g&, 269 (Feb., 1947) 378 Death Benefits--Fall `Aggravating Bright* a B1 eeafift--Medi cal Testimony,, Medical testimony was conclusive to show that the decedent* s death from Bright's Disease was hastened due to an acceleration of the disease by a fall in the course of employment; the claimant, son of the dece dent, was entitled to the full award under the statute* -- Hqjly v. Spar tan Grain and Mill Co. South Carolina Supreme Court. No. 15,921. March 3, 1947. (CCH) 579 Tuberculosta Contracted by Student^Nurae in State Heanitai--Liability of State ns "Employer.* li hi A student nurse who worked in a state-owned hospital as a part of her course at the University of Wisconsin, was not eligible to collect compensation from the State of Wisconsin as an "employee," inasmuch as the Civil Service Rules governing the asployment of state personnel had not been complied with. -- State of Wleconflln v,, Induatrlel Commission, Wisconsin Supreme Court. No. 52. February 25, 19470 (CCH) rl fc=(] u 380 Inhalation of Oas Fumes-Raj ectl on .of Evidence--Prejudicial Krror. The trial court committed prejudicial error in rejecting evidence as to the decedent's condition, inasmuch as the inhalation of gas fumes and subsequent effect cen be determined largely by symptoms and condition of the victim; the cause was remanded for consideration of the evidence. Strnigh v. Industrial Commission. Ohio Court of Appeals, Franklin County, No. $925. December 4, 1946. (CCH) 03118708 M Industrial Hygiene Divest - 7 April, 194S 581 Hevieff of Total-Disability Award for Industrial Blindnass-^Allowance of Travel Szgsafifig The plaintiff was found to be completely blind and still eligible fo compensation, even though he had accepted a temporary wartime job; plain tiff was Tiot entitled to ^an_-award under the statute to cover expenses incurred regarding the hearings --Maryland Casualty _Co. v. Industrial Commission pf Colorado, Colorado Supreme Court. No. 15,784. March 5, 1947. (cos; ' 382 Leg Aaputation-^re-eyisting HI abates and Art-arioscleroBl&-Medlcal Teati- monv. A leg amputation resulting from an ulcerous or gangrenous condition on the toes, allegedly the result of an accident in the course of claim ant1 s employment, was not compensable since the medical testimony con clusively showed that a pre-existing diabetes and arteriosclerosis, suf fered by claimant, would produce an ulcerous condition without injury of any kind. -- Haver v. Herman Dohrman Co.. Inc, St. Louis Court of Appeals. No. 27,101. February 18, 1947. (CCH) "585 Latent Disability--Final Receipt Exeaitad .Under Mistake of Fact. The recordclearly showed that claimant's deceased's latent heart condition was a result of the bums sustained in the course of employment, and the final receipt was set aside because the agreement which it ter minated did not cover all of the deceased's injuries nor did the deceased know the full extent thereof at the time he executed the final receipt. -- Harrison-V. Aldan Pennsylvania Superior Court. No. 121. March 11,-1947. (CCH) 584 Accident Activating Dormant Disease--'Time to File Claim. Medical evidence was sufficient to indicate that a blow on the head suffered in the course of employment was the agent which activated the decedent*8 pulmonary tuberculosis, causing death; the claim was not barred by the one-year statute of limitations, inasmuch as the statute requires that a claim be filed within a year after the advent of disa bility, not one year after the accident itself. -- Bryden _v. Omaha Steel Torkfl. Nebraska Supreme Court. No. 32,201. February 21, 1947. (CCH) f 385 ftemla--Causal Connection Between Operation and Coronary Thrombosis. The decedent's death from coronary thrombosis in the hospital some days after an operation to correct a hernia condition allegedly caused by an accident in the course of employment, was not causally related to the hernia operation, but was due to natural causes, a developing disease condition independent of the hernia. -- Aetna Casualty and Surety Co. v. Industrial Comalsalon of Colorado. Colorado Supreme Court. No. 15,757. March 17, 1947. (CCH) 03118709 586 Safe Place to lork^-Qil Tank Explosion. ,, The widow of a subcontractor* s employee who, while engaged in welding on an oil tank for the defendant company, met his death when the tank on which he was working exploded, was unable to recover against the contractor since it was the responsibility of the defen dant company to provide a safe place to work. -- Michelaon v. Cities Service Oil Co. , Wscon$ljh{Supreme Court. No. 80. Feb. 25,1947. (CCH) NWHfi ~UO1?387 Industrial Hygiene Digest - 3. -April, 19.47 Book Reviews and Notices 587 Human Factoxs In Air Transport.Design. R.A, McFarland. McGraw Hill Book Co., New Fork. 670 pp. Price $6.00. (1946) This volume is of general interest to industry not so much for the information presented in respect to aircraft design, hut rather, because it illustrates a system of approach to the problems of design of mechanical equipment which takes into consideration human factors as well as mechani cal requirements. This book reflects the author's attempt to meet the aeronautical engineers challenge for more specific information as to rzf\ -limits within which physical variables should be controlled to meet human > requirements. To gain this objective it was necessary to bridge the gap between the highly-specialised knowledge of the engineer, on the one hand, and of the physiologist and other specialists in biological fields, on the other. To illustrate, the author calls attention to the delay in pres surising airplane cabins to offset the effect of altitude upon the human organism cgmpared with progress in supercharging engines for the same reason. The physiologist predicted the need for one just as quickly as the engineer did the other, but because they were not working together, the human requirements were not met as quickly. The subjects covered in the separate chapters serve to indicate the nature of the problems en countered in airplane designs High-altitude, ventilation, temperature and humidity, control of insects, carbon monoxide, noise, vibration, accelera tion, motion and flight performance, passenger accommodations, prevention - yi of accidents. This volume demonstrates in a striking manner, how much can be accomplished in bringing the human factor to the attention of the de signing engineer, and more importantly, what a wealth of information is available from physiology and other biological fields in a form that lends itself to direct engineering use. When this is more generally recognised, engineers will demand the same sort of systematic treatment of the human factors for use in the design of other type of mechanical equipment. 588 The Guarantee of Work and TTages. J.L. Snider. Division of Research, Graduate School of Business Administration, Harvard University, Boston. 191 pp. Price $2,75. (194?) Part I of the book deals with the experience of industry with guaran tee plans. The conclusion is drawn that no one plan that has been or could be drawn up could be applied successfully throughout all American industry, but that plans which have been soundly formulated have proved beneficial to the company and workers. Part IX suggests some next steps .5) with principal emphasis on management's and labor's approach to the program, and includes a discussion of the means of attaining stability. Part III looks ahead to the long-range goal and the means of attaining it, and shows that a part of the responsibility must rest upon government and the public. 389 Health Insurance In the United.States. N. Sinai, O.W. Anderson and M.L. Dollar. The Commonwealth Fund, New York. 151 pp. Price $1.50. (1946) This book is one of a series sponsored by the Committee on Medicine and the Changing Order of the New York Academy of Medicine. The authors discuss the voluntary group health prepayment plans in this country. 03118710 Industrial Hygiene Digest--. 9 April. 19sc tracing the various phases of their growth. Current problems of organiza tion and administration are analyzed, and the significant evolutionary trends are pointed out. One chapter gives the history of the attitudes of various groups toward the plan, including the American Medical Association American Hospital Association, American Public Health Association, U.S. Public Health Service and others. In conclusion the authors say that the key to future progress lies in the degree of support given by the public, as well as by leaders of government and industry. 590 Industry. Tuberculosis^Sill cosl s and Cnninenaatlon. A Symposium, Prepared by Committee on Tuberculosis in Industry of the National Tuberculosis Association and American Trudeau Society. National Tuberculosis Assoc., New fork. 126 pp. (1945) The purpose of this volume is to cover the field of the former Saranac Symposium on Tuberculosis in Industry, which has not been held for four years due to the war. There are 12 papers, including four on tuberculosis in industry, five on the pneumoconioses, and three on compensation. Each is written by a well-known expert in the field. The papers on Review of Silicosis by L.E. Hamlin, Respiratory Hazards on Arc Welding by O.A. Sander, and Management of the Silicotic Patient by P.J. Bamberger are accompanied by a number of roentgenograms. Diagnosis and Prognosis in Pneumoconiosis is discussed by the late Dr. Gardner, and a brief paper on Aluminum Therapy by A.J. Lanza completes the discussion of silicosis. Industrial Medical Practice &=3 591 A Study of the Hazards _of Exposure _to Metallic Fumes and Dust in Brass Foundries. W.W. Stalker. J Ind. Hygo & Tox., jUfc, 96-112 (Mar., 1947) Two series of lead and zinc fume samples were collected from four different brass foundries ranging in population from three to 741 em ployees and in brass melted per day from 500 to 155,000 pounds. The first series of samples showed high average atmospheric lead concentra tions in only-one of the four foundries, 8 mg,/l0 cu. meters during melting and 2.28 mg./lO cu. meters during pouring, while the second series of samples showed no atmospheric lead or zinc concentrations even approaching threshold. Observations were made on the lead absorp tion of 98 foundrymen working in five different brass foundries. These observations included stippled cell counts on all 98 men and lead analyses on 94 urine and 24 whole blood samples. Of the men tested by each method the percentage showing excessive lead absorption was 11.2 as judged by stipple cell counts, 54 by urine analysis, and 79 by blood analysis. The mean urinary lead was 0.144 mg./l. and the mean blood lead was .12 mg./lOO cc. The findings and discussion presented warrant the conclusion that urine end blood analyses yield better evidence of total lead exposure and absorption in the brass foundry than do either examination of blood for stippled erythrocytes, which are unreliable, or periodic atmospheric analyses per se. Physical examinations were made on 75 brass foundrymen including only 25 of the group that showed high urinary lead concentrations. Symptoms and clinical histories ? 'p V- . *, f 1 03118711 HWUH-0H12389 Industrial Hygiene TH gest - -April, 1947 suggested that a mild alimentary type of lead intoxication might exist in many brass foundrymen. The control problem in brass foundries was ap proached by suggesting a two phase control program. One phase (Process Control) included general ventilation and production engineering methods of fume control.-. Another phase (General Hygienic Program) included a com prehensive medical and sanitation program such as outlined by the A.P.H.A. Committee on Lead Poisoning which requires the cooperation of foundry management, workmen, and industrial hygienist. -- Author* s summary. . 59- Danger...of Use of Cadmium Lined Containers for Foods and IVHnkn. R. Bonnet and F,, Sabon... -Press. Med., 677 (Oct. 19, 1946) Bonnet and Sabon report that SCO persons developed food poisoning after eating in a worker's canteen. The poisoning was caused by wine which had been kept for several hours in cadmium lined containers. The wine was found to contain from 100 to 180 mg. of cadmium per liter. After citing reports on many similar cases of poisoning caused by drinks or foods that had been kept in cadmium lined containers, the authors point 'out that from IS to 90 minutes after ingestion of such drinks or foods there appear signs of gastrointestinal intoxication with dryness of the mouth and throat, nausea, epigastric pains, gastric cramps, vomiting and severe diarrhea. The patients usually recover in less than a day or two, -because the decided emetic effect of cadmium causes rapid elimination. It should be called to the attention of industrialists, hygienists and physicians that cadmium lined containers should not be used in the handling of foods and drinks. -- J.A.X.A. 595 Thresher1 s Disease. W. Hoffmann. Schweiz, med. Wchnschr., 2.t 988-989 (Sept, 28, 1946) - (German) Hoffmann describes a disorder which developed in persons who had inhaled dust while working at threshing machines. The threshing had been done in rather confined sheds, and the grain in question had been harvested while damp and had become gray. The patients had fever for from one to five days, cough, severe sweating, headaches, a feeling of extreme weakness and unsteadiness when attempting to stand or walk. The examination of barley that had caused several cases of thresher* s disease revealed a-fungus that has been known to produce a condition characterised by a dizzy-swayingv It is assumed that thresher's disease is likewise caused by fungio Threshing in the open air or devices for the suctioning off of dust sight help to prevent attacks of thresher's disease. -- JAB.A According to Shorvon pyridoxine is a member of the vitamine B group occurring principally in liver and yeast. It can be obtained in tablets for oral use and in ampules for intravenous medication. The author employs the tablets, giving five 10 mg. tablets daily. Occadtonailyiie gives intravenous injections of two ampules (each con taining 50 mg.) a week. In addition to its value in the treatment of radiation sickness, it increases the leukocyte count. This is of im portance because of the tendency for x-rays to depress the white cell count. The author used pyridoxine in the treatment of 24 case8 of radiation sickness. Good results were obtained in 22 of these. -- J.A.B.A.' 03118712 Trtdrm-hrial HvtHpnft Digest - 11 An-HI, 13 595 Leslons-Qf Central Herraua System Produced^. Carbon Monoxide Poisoning. ,T. Lhermitte and De Ajuriaguerra. Semaine des Hop. de Paris., j, 1945 1947 (Nov. 14, 1946) According to Lhermitte and Ajuriaguerra the changes in the brain in carbon monoxide poisoning differ widely, depending on the time elapsed between the exposure and necropsy Hemorrhages, necrobiosis, necrosis and edema characterize-the anatomic picture in cases in which death oc curred rapidly. These changes may involve primarily the lenticular nuclei but also the subcortical white matter, the hippocampus* the substantia - nigra and the cerebellum. Changes in the vascular network with infiltra tion of the walls by neutral lipids and by a peculiar substance containing ferric salts, calcium and lipids may be observed in cases in which the poisoning continues for a prolonged period or in which death is delayed. A diffuse demyelinization of the entire white matter of the brain similar to Schilder* s diffuse cerebral sclerosis may be observed in cases in which death occurs after a long period of remission. It is suggested that in carbon monoxide poisoning a toxic factor in addition to the anoxic factor affects the neuroglia and the vascular network, with specific involvement of the basilar region and the white fibers of the centrum ovale. -- J.A.M.A. 596 Three Cases of Chronic Trichloroethylene Intoxication. E. Antonioil and A. Rigola. Med. lavoro., SL, 119-124 (1946) (Italian) Three cases are described. In two of these the symptoms were those of arthralgia, myalgia and neuralgia. The third case showed abdominal crises suggesting a gastric carcinoma. Recovery followed removal from the drug. C.A. 597 A Case of p-Syndrome of the flaimufl System Produced bv.Carbon Disulfide. F. Delor. Med. lavoro., .52, 147-151 (1946) (Italian) A case is described of polyneuritis, confusional psychosis, and Berous meningitis produced by carbon disulfide. -- C.A. 398 Tetra-ethv4--lead intoxication. A. Bruusgaard. Uordisk Med., .52}- 2644-26 56 (1946) (Norwegi an) A survey is given of tetra-ethyl-lead intoxication, history, symp toms, diagnosis and treatment. During cleaning of railway-tanks for gasoline, which had been used for ethyl-gasoline transport, three wor kers fell ill, two were hospitalized, one of these died. The main symptames were:. insomnia, unrest, weakness, irritation of skin and mucous membranes. The rules for handling ethyl-fluid and ethylgasoline are mentioned. -- Author1 s summary. 599 Duodenal TTLcft-r Following P.ypawire to Carbon Tetrachloride.__Report q `fVo .Cases. Adelaide R. Smith. J. Ind. Hyg. & Tox., .&, 134-155 -(Mar., 1947) . . In the two cases of carbon tetrachloride poisoning reported, duo denal ulcer following exposure to toxic concentrations constituted the outstanding pathology, with no apparent serious liver or kidney involve ment. A study of the literature reveals that a similar effect has been produced in animals. 03118713 MHBB-0012391 Industrial Hygiene Digests 12 Aaill* 13A7 400 ^ur Work Load Dnder a Compulsory PH cFness Insurants System. Elizabeth W. Wilson. Med. Economics, g4f 129 (Dec., 1946) The author gives statistics and makes calculations that under a com pulsory insurance plan./the average physician would have to handle 21.5 visits a day, which is more than most physicians can endure regularly. -- From Pub. Health Economics 401. Clinical Use of Streptomycin in Tuherculoa-t a. K.H. Pfuetze and others. -Diseases of Chest,.J2,. 515r520 (Nov.-Dee., 1946) . This report,by Pfuetze and hie associates is concerned with 50 cases of pulmonary tuberculosis in which streptomycin was administered for from two to six months. With- few exceptions the patients had tuberculosis that m was progressive or did not respond to rest in bed. The daily dose varied from 1 to 4 Gnu It was divided into doses which were given every three to six hours by intramuscular or deep subcutaneous injection. It was found that streptomycin resembles other modern antibacterial agents in suppres sing the multiplication of sensitive organisms without complete eradication of the infection. As a result there is a tendency for the disease to recur following cessation of streptomycin treatment. The authors believe that streptomycin may help in conjunction with other forms of treatment but that it should not be regarded as a substitute for well established forms of treatment. -- J.A.U.A. 402 Streptomycin and Plannee trr the Treatment of Experimental Tuberculosis of fluinea Pips. F.T. Callomon, J.A. Kolmer, Anna M. Rule and A.J. Paul. Proc. Soc. Exptl. Biol. Med., , 237-240 (1946) Streptomycin and diasone are therapeutically effective in the treat ment of guinea pigs recently infected with virulent tubercle bacilli. The two compounds together are more effective than either alone. -- C.A. 405 Streptomycin in Pnlmnnnrv TnV^rctiloflls In Childhood.__RflgultS TOUT Children.. H.N. Sanford and D.E. O'Brien* J.A.M.A., 133. 691-695 (Mar. 8,-1947)Treatment of four children seven months to three years of age with pulmonary tuberculosis by the administration of 1,000,000 units of streptomycin a day for one month resulted in defervescence in all four, improvement in their general condition and a regression of the appearance of the pulmonary lesions in the roentgenograms. -- Authors' conclusion. "We should bear in mind that good medical--service has been and can be responsible for approximately one-third of the reduc tion in injury rates.* -- From "Medical Service in Industry and Workmen1s Compensation Laws" by American College of Surgeons. 03118714 -00123 Tndnst/Hftl Hv(rj*rw> Di - 15 AtvHT r log? 404 New Methods -In the Treatment of Tuheroulnai s. C.H. Gellenthien. Ind. Med., J, 117-122 (Mar., 1347) '' The next few years will show the value of B.C.G. vaccination In creatiS ing immunity and whether it is desirable to initiate a primary infection ig everyone. It would not seem desirable according to our present knowledge. Streptomycin has antibacterial properties against the tubercle bacilli in vitro and vivo. The two most important limiting factors are its toxicity and the ability of the tubercle bacillus to develop a resistance to the antibacterial effects of streptomycin. Chemotherapy apparently will have very definite limitations in the treatment of any chronic infection with the pathological and clinical peculiarities that tuberculosis has. There is as yet no "specific" treatment for tuberculosis, neither chemotherapeutic nor biological. There are more than 53 individual factors in our present armamentarium. They are of varying importance, and all exert a beneficial effect when properly used. The treatment of pulmonary tuberculosis is not, however, mainly the treatment of cavities; it is the management of a human individual. Rest remains the very foundation of all treatment of active pulmonary tuberculosis. Other medical and surgical methods are accessory to and not a substitute for rest. The aim of our modem treatment is not only to stop the progress of the lesion and restore the patient* s capacity to live and work but also to prevent him from infecting others, -- Author* s conclusion. 405 St 11cosis and Hematogenous Tuberculosis. R. Zollinger. Schweiz. Ztschr. f. Tuberk., j, 205 ff. (1946) Pathologic-anatomic studies on eight patients revealed to Zollinger that the association of silicosis with tuberculosis produces the anatomic conditions for increased passage of tubercle bacilli into the blood. The ~JA small pulmonary arteries and veins undergo some destructive inflammation and are thus deprived of their elastic tissue, an important defensive element against the tuberculous invasion. Silicosis produces many more contacts between tuberculous foci and the vessels than tuberculosis alone. In this way the tendency to hematogenous spread in the combination of tuberculosis and silicosis is explained. Furthermore, the destruction of lymph nodes by silicotic granulation tissue transfers tubercle bacilli into the blood directly as well as through the thoracic duct. The vascu lar damage due to silicosis plays a predominant part in the hematogenous dissemination. -- J.A.M.A. 406 Functional Repercussion in Silicosis. J.G. Cosio. Rev. clin. espan., 21. 467 (June 50, 1946) (Spanish) The stages of silicosis and their corresponding degrees of functional disability are described. 407 Goer!stent Pulmonary Asbestosis and Sarcoidosis. J.H. Skavlem and R.J. Ritterhoff. Am. J. Path., .22, 493-517 (May, 1946) This is a necropsy report of a 42-yesr old man who died a respiratory death after 11 months of increasing severe exertional dyspnea. Previously the patient had worked for 25 years in an asbestos plant. The pathologi cal study revealed a coexistent asbestosis and sarcoidosis of both lungs. -- J.I.H.&T. 03118715 } HHBB-H12393 .Industrial Hvgier..e_Digest - 14 April. .19.17 408 A Case of' Silirasis. E. Donzelet, A. Meyer, Calmich and Chartrain. Presse med., 148 (1946) The authors report a esse of a man with mitral, stenosis who, after two hundred and eighty hours of work in quart?, dust, showed serious silicosis clinically and roentgenologically. The congestion of the lungs apparently caused a susceptibility. -- Occ, Med. Editor1 _a_Nn.te: See Gardner (Proceedings, 10th Annual Meeting, Indus trial Hygiene Foundation, pg. 10). Mitral stenosis is known to produce x-ray findings which closely resemble those of silicosis. 409 Histology of Asbestosis. L, Noro. Acta Pathol. & Microbiol. Sccndinav., 53-59 (1946) (Danish) Two workers in an asbestos factory died under circumstances which in dicated that the cause of death was their trade. When the workers of this factory were examined roentgenologically asbestosis was found in 65 per cent of the 167 workers examined. The microscopic picture of asbestosis is characterized by a reaction caused by the needles in the tissue, which .be comes manifest in exudate cell infiltration, accompanied by numerous giant cells containing foreign particles and an increase of interstitial connec tive tissue and fibrosis. Noro is inclined to think that in the pathogenesis of asbestosis the mechanical factors are the most important, althou^i the chemical factors may have some significance in a later phase. -- J.A.M.A. 410 Pulmonary Suck and Blow as. a Respiratory Analeptic. J. Reicher. Arch. Surgery, 55. 77-85 (July, 1946) (1) While Coryllos and Thompson and Birnbeum have demonstrated the importance of combining cardiac massage with pulmonary ventilation in re suscitation, my experiments indicate that such a combination would fre quently be inadequate if the pulmonary measures consisted in either pres sure or suction used alone. The clinical implications are that suck and blow is the ventilation of choice when combined with cardiac massage. (2) In the appropriate circumstances, both cardiac and respiratory stimula tion should be used in asphyxia. Either alone is often ineffective. (3) Unlike pressure, suction exerts a stimulatory effect on respiration as indicated by the inspiratory gasp caused by a suction stroke. No such effect iE noted with manual artificial respiration. -- Author's summary. 411 Advising: the-Suspect Case. Editorial. H.E. Hilleboe. Pub. Health Repts., , 525-326 (Mar. 7, 1947) The tuberculosis suspect needs to be advised about his condition and guided toward sound health habits over a prolonged period. Crowded condi tions have favored treatment of the clinical end subclinical cases with neglect of the suspect, but he should not be forgotten. With the infor mation that he may have early tuberculosis, he should also know that there is no real cause for alarm. The "teachable moment" should be found at which re-education should begin, and the suspect Should be encouraged to return to the clinic or physician for advice. 412 South Caroline Tuberculosis Control ProgracL in.Industry. Minnie Fink. Ind. Nursing, 20-23 (Feb., 1947) The over-all program of the Tuberculosis Control Division has four major considerations: case finding; medical care and isolation; after 03118716 si! Industrial Hygiene Digest - 15 Aaril, care and rehabilitation; and protection of the tuberculosis family a gainst economic distress. The author discusses each of these factors with statemeats on the progress of the South Carolina survey in each respect, end th need for additional work. 413 A Study of Pneumonia in Shimrard Workers, M.F. Collen, J. Ind. Hyg; & Tox., j&, 115-122 (Bar,, 1947) An epidemiological study of 2,794 consecutive pneumonia cases in an average of 66,000 shipyard workers from September, 1942, to May, 1945 re vealed that: (1) the annual incidence rate of pneumococcic pneumonia was 12.4 per 1000 workers, with the usual range of ratios between specific types; (2) the average case fatality rate wbs 5.8^, or 72 per 100,000 wor kers. The mortality rate fell to 1.1{6 for the last year; (3) a signifi cantly higher incidence, without a higher fatality rate, occurred in wor kers employed under one year; (4) no significant difference was found be tween the incidence rates in male and female workers, but as usual, the death rate for males was higher; (5) the increasing incidence and death rates with advancing age were corroborated; (6) no significant differences were found between the annual incidence and death rates from pneumonia for the various shipyard occupational groups studied, including welders. Ho difference between pneumonia in welders and in other workers was found. --From Author* s summaryo . 414 Industrial First Aid in Chemical Injuries of the Eve. A. Gibson and J.H. Carlisle. Sight-Saving Rev., 220-228 (Winter, 1945) Immediately after a chemical injury, the patient* s eye should be : flushed with water at the plant Medical Department. The contents of - the conjunctival sac is then tested for its reaction with indicator paper* A local anesthetic is applied to the eyeball, the lids and con junctiva are thoroughly cleansed, the cornea is stained with fluorescein, so that these tissues may be examined for abrasions, foreign bodies, lacerations, and chemical burns. Treatment for bums consists of cold compresses, local anesthetics, liberal quantities of penicillin ointment, eye pads, and atropine when needed. For alkali bums, the irrigation should be continued until the secretion remains neutral in reaction. Adhesions should be looked for twice daily. -- Am. J. Ophth. 415 Chemical Burns of the Human Cornea. R.S. McLaughlin. Am. J. Ophth., .2&, 1355-1362 (Nov., 1946) From the study of 500 consecutive cases, the following conclusions are drown: (1) Immediate first aid, followed by long flushing with water is of the utmost importance. No attempt at neutralization is recommended. (2) Specialized treatment by an ophthalmologist should be given within two hours after the injury. Further delay threatens re covery of full vision. (5) Denudation is the treatment of choice. (4) It is lasted that the majority of cases, 456, or 91.2 per cent,, healed in 48 hours with no loss of vision; 37, or 7.4 per cent healed slowly, tut without loss of vision; seven cases, or 1.4 per cent healed with a residual loss of vision. The loss of vision in all seven cases was the result of inadequate preliminary care or health conditions present be fore the eyes were burned. (5) There is no mention made of conjunctival adhesions in this discussion, and it is notable that with the technique described the author had no such complication in any of these 5D0 con secutive cases. -- Author* s summary. N#BB-fl0l2 Industrial Hygiene Divest- 1 April. 1947 416 srlv Transplantation of Mucous Membrane fma the Mouth and Conjunctiva in Bums of. the Eyq. 2. Pavisic. Ophthalmologies!f 108. 297-504 fPae.T 1344) The author advocates early transplantation of mucous membrane in severe cases of cauterization and burns of the conjunctiva and cornea. When both eyes are affected he uses mucous membrane from the mouth. When only one eye is damaged, conjunctival tissue from the upper fornix of the un damaged eye can be used if the burn is not too' extensive. In several pa tients early transplantation only prevented a more marked symblepharon and did not prevent corneal leucoma, but in several others normal vision was preserved. The latter was especially true after acid bums. -- Am. J. Ophth. 417 Influents Vsccine and Mass Imimmination. J.J. Sievers. What's New in Ind. Hyg. (111.), .5, 4,5 (July-Sept., 1946) " <-f\ The mass immunization practiced in the Army in September, 1945 showed '' J 2.2% of clinical influenza for the vaccinated group and 7.2$ for the control group. No effect on common colds has been discovered. The vaccine occa sionally causes local and systemic reactions, and care should be observed especially with patients allergic to egg or chicken protein. Considering the absences due to influenza and the success achieved with the vaccine, a vaccination program by industries seems desirable. 418 Effect of Vaccination on Incidence of Tnfliienga B. G.K. Hirst, A. Vllches, 0. Rogers and C.L. Robbins. Am. J. Hyg., 45. 96 (Jan., 1947) Hirst and his colleagues have studied the value of influenza vaccina tion in an epidemic of influenza B. They compared a group of 550 men attending Tale University as part of their Army Special Training Program who had received mixed A and R influenza vaccine with a group of 1,050 unvaccinated naval students- studying at the same institution under similar circumstances. In the early part of November, 1945 an epidemic of influ enza caused almost entirely by the B virus developed. The number of cases reached a peak in about four weeks and was rapidly subsiding by the middle of December. Three cases of influenza appeared in the vaccinated group and.152 cases in the unvaccinated group, giving attack rates of 0.5 and 12.5 per cent respectively,--The investigators believe it highly probable that the difference in attack rate could be attributed to the vaccination of the army group with influenza virus treated with formaldehyde. This report presents additional evidence of the value of vaccination against influenza and suggests that it may be more effective gainst influenza B than against influenza A. -- J.A.M.A. wr.fl Vaccination in Hnapitala and Sanatoria of Saskatchewan. R.G. Ferguson. Am. Rev* Tuberc., 525-559 (Oct.-Nov., 1946) The rate of infection among nurses negative to tuberculin on entrance to a General Hospital was approximately 12? per annum. In Sanatoria em ployees in Saskatchewan the rate was 60% per annua. The rates among those vaccinated with BCG were 1/4 and 1/5 of those figures respectively. Thus, BCG is not 100% effective, although its protection is very consider able. When tuberculosis developed in the vaccinated persons, the lesions were less extensive than in the unvaccinated groups. 03118718 i Industrie! Hygiene Digest ---12............................................... ............................... ..... April, 1 3ff?; CNJ 420- Rare Cafi.e__of Laryngeal Bum Dueto Inhalation of Vapor from Bolling Wet.Pr- == . G. Novella, Minerva chir., i, 222 (Sept,, 1946) c= A turn of the larynx due to inhalation of steam from boiling water is a" rare industrial accident. The subject of this report was a worker in a saltF mine who sucked on an obstructed outlet of the tube through which superheated salt water was conducted to the evaporation tubs. The burn rapidly produced edema of the glottis and pharynx, dysphagia, painful respiration, acute trismus and pseudo-membranous lesions of the diphtheritic type. The treat ment consisted of tracheotomy followed by proper treatment of the burn, -- Occ, Med, 421 The Hemogenic Syndrome of Welders; Acute Hemorrhagic Purpura, Relapsing and Curable. P. Harvier, R. Deul, H. Griffen and P. Lebreton. Paris oed., J., 101 (1946) (French) A welder, 55 years of age, with ei#it years* experience, had to weld copper tubes inside a tank for 45 minutes with an oxyacetylene torch. He wore a badly fitting mask without pressure. When he came out of the tank he complained of headache, vertigo and sweating. He stayed in bed for two days, with pains in the back and vomiting. On the third day he had bleed ing of the. gingiva. On October 24 he came to the hospital with bleeding gingiva, small ecchymoses in the oral cavity, petechiae over the whole body, serious hematuria, bloody stools, a red blood cell count of 5,000,000 and a white blood cell count of 11,800. The reaction to the tourniquet test was positive. The patient showed slight improvement but had relapses on November 11 and 28. His recovery was slow. This is a hemorrhagic pur pura of toxic origin but without any anemia. It. Pierquin, R. Herber and E. Zappel described the following hemopathies of welders: polyglobulism ' ^p. anemia, fatal aplastic anemia and leukemia. The authors tried to find the cause by experiments, because direct investigation of the work place was not possible. They got no results. -- Occ. Med. \/^ 422 Disturbance of Pigmentation in Flu Acta Med. Scsnd., 126- 65-84 (IS Changes due to chronic ingesl&on of small amounts of fluorine are produced through the vegetative nervous system. The hypoparathyroidism with reduction of calcium content is also attributed to gland involvement through its autonomic nerve supply. Another chronic symptom is melano derma, which suggests lhat the chromaffin system may be principally impli cated in the changes associated with chronic fluorosis. An examination of nearly 5000 apparently healthy young people revealed the existence of brown patches with ectodermal dystrophies in about 1056 (10.5 in males, 9$ in females). Melanoderma, especially in conjunction with hypoparathy roidism, should be regarded as a sign of fluorosis. Apart from hypopara thyroidism, mild degrees of Addison* s and Recklinghausen*s disease are encountered in chronic fluorine poisoning (fluorosis)j this is also due to the action on the adrenals. Fluorosis, furthermore, is very similar clinically to the picture produced by arsenic poisoning. In both in stances the effect on the vegetative nervous system is primary, the involvement of the endocrine system being a secondary effect. -- C.A. 03118719 HMUB-OU12397 Industrial Hygiene--Digest - 18 April. IQd7 423 Preliminary Reports on the Effect, on Dental Carl.es of the Use of Sodium Fluoride in Prophylactic .CleflTvbnp Mi-rtaire-^d In a Mouthwash. B.G. Bibby, H.A. Zander, Mary McKelleget and Bertha Labunsky. J. Dental Res., 25. 307 211 (1946) A 1% sodium fluoride-pumice-hydrogen peroxide mixture was applied in three dental prophylaxes to the teeth on one side of the mouths of 47 chil dren in an orphanage, and a mixture without the sodium flouriie applied on the other side. Mirror and explorer mouth examinations for caries were made. Re-examinations were made after one year, and 4536 less new caries was found on the- fluoride treated sides than on the others. A similar study on 95 children in another orphanage showed a 25% reduction in caries on the fluoride treated side. A group of 51 dental students used a 0.1% fluoride mouth-wash (pH 4.0) three times weekly for a year and 15 other students used a similar dentifrice without fluoride. Dental examinations including Hte-wing x-rays showed no decrease in new caries in the fluoride group as compared with the controls. -- B.A. a Industrial Health Hazards and Their Effects 424 Sillcoals as It Affects the Brj delayer. L.M. Merritt. O.I.C. Monitor, 21, 23 (Feb., 1947) Since silicosis became compensable in Ohio in 1937, 42 claims or 4% of the total allowed for silicosis,.have been awarded to bricklayers. These bricklayers are specialists who reconstruct furnaces in steel mills and glass plants. Silica brick, which is over 90% free silica, is one of the types used, and the free silica content of the other types increases with use. Most of the work is done inside the furnaces, so proper exhaust ventilation is necessary. Constant check should be made to determine air flow in all parts of the space. The air change rate should be higher when old bricks are being torn out. If mechanical cutting is provided, thorough -exhaust ventilation is necessary, especially with dry cutting. Wet saws reduce the hazard but do not entirely eliminate it as the mlBt thrown off will carry fine particles which will dry later. Wet saws should be located either outside the furnace structure or in the direct path of the exhaust. 425 Pneumoconiosis In South Wales Anthracite Miners. C.G. Gooding. Lancet, Z 891-896 (Dec. 21, 1946) This report by Gooding is based partly on clinical experience pro vided by examination of many hundreds of anthracite miners during the last 20 years and partly on the necropsy findings in 592 deaths among patients with silicosis. Associated tuberculosis was present in nearly a fourth of 592 certified miners who died and in 28 per cent of 516 sili cotic deaths. Tuberculosis which accompanies pneumoconiosis often lacks its usual features, and it is probable that more detailed investigation would reveal tuberculosis in a much greater proportion of silicotic miners. Qnphysema was another common accompaniment of advanced silicosis, and it is responsibla_or much of the disablement in these men. About half of the silicotic deaths were due to cardiac failure and half to infection, chiefly tuberculosis. Signs of embarrassment of the right side of the 03118720 Industrial Hygiene Digest. - 15 April r 194^ r-> CM heart were often found In the men with more advanced pulmonary lesions. ~ This series of cases offers no evidence that there is an increased incidence, of primary lung cancer in pneumonoconiotic anthracite miners. Men with as clinically recognizable tuberculosis have a particularly poor prognosis, bu^ many of those certified in the early stage survive for many years. -- J.A.M.A. 426 Miner1 ^iTvstaemus in the- Mines of Sardinia. C. Scagliono. ' Rassegna Ital. d'Ottsl., .12, 20 (1946) In an examination of 33,000 miners in Sardinia the author could not find a single case of miner* s nystagmus. He attributes :this fact to the conditions under which the laborers work, that is in the erect position, in excellent illumination and good ventilation, and without explosives. All of these factors lessen the psychopathic tendencies which tend to pro duce miner's nystagmus. -- Am. J. Ophth. 427 Fluorine Hazards, with Special Reference tn Some Social. Conaeouences of Industrial Processes. Margaret M. Murray and D.C. Wilson. Lancet, , 821^324 (Dec. 7, 1946) Murray and Wilson point out that an outbreak of fluorosis in cattle has drawn attention to the large amount of fluorine and fluorine compounds being set free by some industrial processes. Haturally occurring or endemic fluorosis attributable to water supplies, and "man-made'* fluorosis due to industrial processes should be separately considered, though some of their effects may be the same. Fluorine should be extracted from fumes before allowing them to pass into the atmosphere. In an example mentioned the substitution of closed kilns in the burning of ironstone would make the amount of fluorine present in the ore and coal immaterial from the public health point of view, but methods for such fluorine control are at present - - too rarely applied, because fluorine hazards are not sufficiently appre ciated. -- J.A.M.A. 428 poes a "Disease.of Welders'* F.riat? A. Fell. Presse Med., 598 ff. (1946) (French) In spite of the many writings by distinguished but not practically experienced scientists the author doubts that such a thing as "welders* disease" exists. Diseases of the eyes, ranging in seriousness up to keratoconjunctivitis, are caused by ultraviolet and infra-red rays. Only 10 per cent escape slight injury, a slight weakness of vision, especially in the evening after work. The lungs show a little more fibrosis than usual, perhaps the beginning of a sclerosis caused by iron oxide. The dust contains 51 per cent iron oxide and only 1.5 per cent silica. Autopsies showed that the nodules visible roentgenologi cally correspond to the inhaled iron oxide and that they are not sili cotic nodules. -Disturbances of the nervous system are no more frequent ' than among other persons. Under bad circumstances there may be an effect of carbon monoxide, and, if the welded material contains lead, arsenic or zinc, poisoning by these substances may occur. -- Occ. Med. There is no old-age limit at Thompson Products, Inc. Ability to do the job, and physical and mental fitness are the things that count. Elderly employees are assigned duties where their experience and knowledge will be most advantageous to themselves and the com pany. -- Employees Handbook,^^pmpson Products, Inc, (1947) HWB0~fllJ12399 Industrial Hygiene Digest .--31 .. April> 1H7. 429 The Problem .of _C.arhnn Monoxide Poisoning. S. Moeschlin. Schweiz, ned. Woch., J2L, 508-510 (June 8, 1946} In Switzerland the carbon monoxide content of lighting gas has been greatly increased in recent years, largely owing to war conditions. As a consequence there has been an increase in the number of cases of poisoning in Switzerland due to lighting gas. In the six years 1954-59, fatal gas sings due to accident averaged 10 per year, but during the war years the ' numbers progressively increased, reaching 82 in 1944. The author discusses the literature on carbon monoxide poisoning. He concludes from his survey that besides producing anoxemia, carbon monoxide also causes specific toxic effects. If the possibility of the occurrence of these specific toxic ef fects is accepted, it follows that one must also accept the possibility of the occurrence of a chronic carbon monoxide poisoning -- a point which has been hotly disputed in the past, -- From Bull. Hyg. u--\J 493 Powder Metallurgy and Industrial Hygiene. J.D. Shaw and ff.V. Knopp. Am. Ind. Hyg. Assoc. Quart., _Z 26-29 (Dec., 1946) Powder metallurgy involves the preparation of metal powders and their utilization in malting 3olid articles. Twelve processes for preparing powders are described. The most frequent hazards are "chills" from inha lation of copper and zinc fumes, and cadmium poisoning, which causes nausea 'when the dust is in very minute concentration. No cases of lead poisoning have been, experienced, because respirators were always worn, and the powder was not extremely fine. The industrial hygiene problems probahly vary among the individual plants. Gi3 m y 451 Nerurop3vchiatrlc Conditions in Rail-mad Employees. F.G. Norbury, Ind. Hed.., 122-125 (Mar.., 1947) In a previously screened group of railroad employees seen on a con sultation basis all types of neuropsychiatric conditions were observed. Even though one connotation of disability among railroad employees is that of trauma as a factor it was..such in only 65 of 452 patients who had various nervous and mental symptoms and disorders. Psychoneuroses and medical conditions with neurological or mental components made up almost half the total. The importance of a study of the individual pa tient* s reaction to disability both from the standpoint of care and treat ment and that of his or her relation to emotional, environmental and ad ministrative factors is stressed, -- Author's summary. Shin Diseases and Burns & !--.1 Occupational Skin Diseases in the Steel Industry. W.H. Bice. Kentucky Med. J., 342 (Oct., 1946) This is a general paper, listing causes of dermatitis in the steel industry, and giving suggestions to industrial physicians for dealing with the problem of cutaneous disease. Employment of women and changes in manufacturing processes are some of the factors responsible for the increase in cutaneous disease. 03118722 Industrie! H^nlene .Digasl^_21------------- ----------- ,---- ---- y-_________ . '.April f 194ar IOO-B0 HH '* 433 Chemical Burns of the-_Rabbih_Comeqr C.P. Carpenter and.H.F. Smyth, Jr. Am. J. Ophth., 23., 1365-1372 (Sot., 1946) ' Experiments have been . made upon corneal burns in the rabbit intended to assist in the therapy of human corneal burns in industry. The results of this work point to certain conclusions. (1) It is possible to grade the ability of fluid and dissolved chemicals to injure the cornea on the basis of application of a series of volumes and concentrations to the rabbit eye. The results correlate well with clinical experience in a plant handling a wide variety, of compounds. (2) Alkaline molecules reaching the cornea are bound in some fashion' to the Epithelial cells and are not removed by pro longed washing with saline or water. Alkali bound in this fashion will be liberated from excised epithelium to injure intact epithelium in contact with the former. Presumably alkali is slowly liberated from its original site of fixation in the living eye to injure neighboring cells and result in a progressive burn. (3) Attempts to neutralize alkali on the cornea by- prolonged flushing with dilute citric-acid solutions result in seriously aggravating the condition of the eye.' Similar attempts to neutralise acetic-anhydride burns with milk-of-magnesia applications are less )ecOS' tacularly harmful but they are not beneficial. (4) Alkali contacting the cornea penetrates it to a sufficient extent to raise the pH of the aqueous humor and threaten internal ocular structures. (5) The treatment of alkali burns upon rabbit cornea by denudation failed to demonstrate its effective ness owing apparently to species differences in the rate of epithelial re generation. -- Authors* conclusions. f^l Control Methods 434 'Dust Extraction Plant: Pwinotples. R, Poole. Textile Wkly., J2* 534-558, 564-590, 636-642 (1946) The subjects Included are the nature of dust particles, their effects on the respiratory passages, the principles of air-flow, and the effi ciency of various dust extraction of filtration systems. A demonstration of vortices behind obstacles in an air stream accompanied the lecture, and representatives of various fields of interest contributed to the dis cussion* ' 435 Hew Type of Filter for Dnet. WowV. J.H. Griffiths. Modern Power Eng., .52, 79 , 96 (1945) An effective air filter unit was constructed essentially of two rectangular metal cages (apparently of expanded metal), one fitting coaxially within the other. The inlet to the filter passed straight into the inner cage. A three-jet mist projector was fitted inside, near the end of the inlet tube, to blow a very fine water mist into the filter. The 5 in. gap between the two cages was packed with coarse filtering material-in this case l/B to 1 in. coal, though a variety of other ma terials. could be used. The effective filtering area was 12 sq. ft. and Buch a filter would be capable of dealing with about 3000 cu. ft. of air per min. with a back pressure of 2- to 3-in. water column. The efficiency of the filter when dealing with heavy dust clouds would be about 95%, and this increases as the back pressure increases. -- C.A. 03118723 Industrial Hv?iene Digest - 22 -Ascii,. J.317, 456 Fiber Glass Clothing. Queries and Minor Notes, , JL2, 900 {Mar. 22, 1947) A boy aged three years is unable to wear wool'garments because of an allergic skin reaction. Snow suits are available which are constructed of cotton exterior and lining and an interlining of spun glass instead of or dinary wool, so that the interlining does not come in contact with the skin. The question is whether skin irritation can occur from such garments and whether they are desirable and safe for a child with sensitive skin. The answer is that dermatitis from glass fabrics is in a large majority of cases . due to direct physical irritation, and hence cannot occur if the glass does not touch the skin. Dermatitis from the resins binding the fibers is rare. If the child'3 sensitivity is only to wool such a garment should not irri tate the skin. Methods of Detection and Determination 457 Photo-Electric Smoke Measurement. Anon. Gas Oil Power, 41, 35-255 (July, 1946) The new Petty smokemeter is described. The equipment consists essen tially of a tube through which exhaust gases are drawn, with a light source at one end and a photoelectric cell at the other. Sensitivity is adjusted by a shunt rheostat, and the output of the photocell is measured by a microammeter. Dimensions and methods of calculation are given. 433 Apparatus for the Rapid Assessment off Dustiness_o: Mine Alp. J.I. Graham and H.A. Stanley. B.C.O.R.A. Quart. Bull., No. S, 6-7 (Dec., 1945) The standard pump used in the D.S.I.B. method for the detection of noxious gases is modified by fitting a brass piste on the headpiece, with a circular hole corresponding in size to the-pump orifice. A strip of 'J filter paper passes under this plate and is held against it by a metal gauze surrounded by a rubber seating. The size and mechanical features are so adjusted that 20 tests may be recorded on one strip. The sample is usually about 0.3 cu. ft., requiring 100 strokes. A cellophane cover on the strip permits direct visual comparison. 459 3j Dusts and Smokes in JFlue Gases. G.A. Cave. B.C.B.R.J. Month. Bull., 12, 61-70 (Mar., 1946) A review of the literature on composition, method of formation, and chemical and physical properties of dusts in flue gases, and on behavior of dust in boiler installations. l--! 440 Method of Determining the Bize _of Droplets Dispersed In a Gas. R.L. Stoker. J. Appl. Phys., 12, 243-245 (Apr., 1946) A method of determination of droplet sizes in the interior of a fog or mist is described. The principle is that if droplets strike a suit- ably coated surface which they do not wet, a track of the contact area is formed. Theoretical and experimental considerations are used in ` 03118724 & n---- - C=3 industrial Hvviene Digest - 23 Anril. 19ff deriving the relation of droplet,diameter to track diameter. An apparatus using this principle is described briefly. 441 Detection of Poisoning Dus to Benzene Compounds. P. Lambin. Arch. Beiges Med. Soc. et Hyg., 25-38 (Mar., 1346) The detection of toxemia due to benzene compounds is difficult in its early stages. "When compared to a control group, those exposed to risk are found to experience an undue amount of fatigue, dryness of mucous mem branes, somnolence, vertigo, dyspnea, headache, irritability, skin erup tions, loss of wei^vt, and digestive trouhles. No one of these, and no grouping of them, is in itself significantly diagnostic. Blood examina tions are given first place for detecting incipient trouble; but the dif ficulty is in establishing a control standard. The author concludes that sickness of any sort in persons exposed to benzene compounds must be looked upon with suspicion, and should call for close medical supervision. Perio dical medical examinations, however, cannot be relied upon to detect early indications of toxemia; the only sound method of protection is reduction to a minimum of the possibility of exposure to risk, and, wherever possible, having recourse to less poisonous solvents. -- From Bull. Hyg. 442 A Rapid Method for t.he Dpt.pvmlnnt.lnn. Qf Chromic Acid Mist in Air. L. Silverman and J.F. Ege, Jr. J. Ind. Hyg. & Tox., 29. 136-159 (Mar. ,1947) . A rapid method for the determination of chromic acid mist in air con sists of a hand pump (600 ml. volume) and papers impregnated with a stable s-diphenylcarbazide reagent. The filter papers are 99 per cent efficient and can be analyzed on location by means of permament standards. The im pregnated filter papers are stable for long periods if kept free from light and air. The method is adapted to rapid analysis of plating room and other atmospheres for appraisal of health hazards and ventilating equipment. -- Authors' summary. Editor's Notes Equipment is commercially available. 443 Continuous, Instantaneous and Revl stered-Iiete-Hirtnation of Chlorine in the Air or Q,ther_Gas. A. Lamendin. Ind. chim., 33. 734 (1946) (French) A conductivity method for the determination of chlorine and other gases. For chlorine the air is passed through a solution of hydro chloric acid, of which the initial concentration depends upon the ap proximate chlorine content of the air, at the usual rate of 20 liters per hour. The concentration is calculated from the increase in conduc tivity. 444 Determination of Hydrogen .Sulfide- in Oases. E. Field and C.S. Oldach. Ind. & Eng. Chem., Anal. Ed., JJJ, 665-667 (Nov., 1946) Two colorimetric methods have been developed for the analysis of traces of hydrogen sulfide in gases. The hydrogen sulfide is first absorbed in a caustic solution, and in the more sensitive method is converted to bismuth sulfide. The concentration of the resulting sus pension is determined by means of a spectrophotometrie measurement. In the absence of a spectrophotometer the sulfide is made to react with a uranyl-cadmium reagent and analyzed by visual comparison in a chromometer. With the s pectrophotometric method as little as seven . ...... ; 03118725 HHBB-I.HU2 Industrial Hygiene Digest .- ..4 Aprils 1L947- micrograas of hydrogen sulfide may be determined with a precision of + 10#. For larger samples the precision improves to + 556.- The chromometer tech nique-requires five times as much sulfide for equal precision, but still is far more sensitive than titration. -- Authors' summary. 445 M-Dinltrobenzene; Th* Dfiterminatdon with Polaroerraphic Methods. J. F.oubal, K. Tuhy and F. Pokorny. Zvlastni otisk z Casopisu lekaru ceskych., 85. 1002 (1946) Schering-Kahlbeum analyses were carried out on m-dinitrobenzene fed to groups of dogs in the form of starch cakes. Blood for estimation was taken from, the heart and vena saphena. The polerographic wave was found before any signs of poisoning; the serum, plasma, and hemolyzed blood were pre pared for this analysis by precipitation of proteins with 20# sulfosalicylic acid, and reduction by addition of an alkaline reducing solution of sulfurous acid. After these preparations a. double wave was observed in most cases, followed by a slow change into a single wave. This is not the change caused by simple hydrogenation, but indicates a more complicated fermentative process in which B. coli may play a role. The douhle wave occurs chiefly in the plasma at first, but then undergoes a gradual shift In amplitude to the BBC's. Thus a change in dinitrobenzene takes place the RBC's which manifests it self by the reduction of a nitro group with a lower excretion potential, end a fermentative process is probably involved with which the binding of the product is related*--- J.I.H.&T. ( 446 Carbon Dioxide Production of-Humans at SeH Level and at Low Barometric Pressures. W.E. Berg and S.F. Cook. Am. J. Physiol., 147. 217-221 (Sept., 1946) The carbon dioxide elimination of humans, either under basal or non- basal conditions, is significantly decreased at a simulated altitude of 50,000 feet as compared with the sea level values* Two methods for measur ing the carbon dioxide elimination were used. One method involved collec tion of the expired gases in Douglas bags, the analyses being made at sea level with the Haldane gas analyzer. The second method employed a thermal conductivity analyzer for carbon dioxide in oxygen; the analyses and volume measurements were made directly at altitude. The average decrease of csrbon dioxide elimination of non-basal subjects at altitude as measured by these methods was 8.6 per cent. The average decrease for subjects under basal conditions was 6.4 per cent. -- Authors' summary. oo 447 j?tudv of the Structure of Foglby an Ionized Electric Field. M. Fauthenier '001 end E, Brun. Rev. Gen. Elect., Jjl,, 58-67 (Jan., 1942) (French) ---J A critical review of some earlier methods for determining the dis tribution of drops in clouds and fog according to size, is first given. l--Two methods, one by electrical precipitation, the other by photography, are described in detail. [ jj 448 Additional Note on the SLtudv of Fnp Structure bv an Ionized Electric J Fi eld. M. Pauthenier, E. Brun and L. Demon. Rev. Gen. Elect., .52., 200-201 (July, 1943) (French) Apparatus for continuous recording in the photographic method given . In the previous abstract is described. The ratio of drop diameter to size of imprint on the sensitive paper is constant to within 15# and is not appreciably affected by a 10# variation in potential. ' 03118726 11-0012110 Industrial Hygiene .Digest - 5-------------------- ;' - -...............................................-; Anri-1. 1947.. 449 Vi ffiial Thresholds as an Index of Physiological Imbalance During Anoxia. R.A. McFarland, M,H. Halperin and J.I. Niven, Am. ;J. .Physiol*, 149, 528 548 (Oct,, 1944). Visual Thresholds as an Index of`the: Modification of the Effect of Anoxia by Glucose. Same authors, Ibid.,144, 578-588 (Aug., 1945 Visual. Thresholds, as ah Index of'Phvsinlofri cal Imbalance During- Insulin = Hvnogl.vc.eaia. Same authors, ibid., 145, 299-315 (Jen., 1946) The results include: (l) discussion and demonstration of the visual thresholds method as a measure of anoxia and of hypoglycemia; .(2) use of the method to show the beneficial effect of glucose.in anoxia; both before and after; oxygen deprivation; and (5) demonstration that breathing 100% oxygen partly counteracts hypoglycemia. 450 Definitive Equations for, the Fluid Resistance nf Spheres. C.N. Davies. Proc. Phys. Soc., jjZ, 259 (1945) Correction factors are derived for normal equations of flow of spherical particles through fluids. They can also be applied to-sedimen tation of particles in air. 451 High Molecular Welcht. Pol vvlvcol a as Reagents in the Determination nf Inor ganic Phosphate. C.B. Shaffer. Proc. Soc. Exptl. Biol. & Med., _, 562 565 (1946) A method is described for the precipitation of phosphate phosphorus as a barium-polyglycol-phosphomolybdate complex which may be filtered and dried to constant weight at 100-llDo. Evidence is presented to show the applicability of this reaction to phosphate determinations on biological materials, and a comparison is made of this procedure with the strychnine phosphomolybdate (Embdeo-Feiter) method. -- Author's summary. 452 Mercury Vapor Hazards in. Certain Chemical Laboratories. L.E. Penes and H.E. Seifert. Am. Ind. Hyg. Assoc. Quart., 3% 21-25 (Dec., 1946) Investigation of many chemical laboratories, which employed metallic mercury in chemical apparatus used for analytical work, revealed mercury vapor concentrations in excess of the maximum allowable concentration of 0.1 milligram per cubic meter of air. Accidental spills and poor house keeping resulted in widespread and general contamination of floors and work benches. Treatment of contaminated surfaces with polysulfides was not found to be an adequate control measure. Thorough washing of the contaminated surfaces followed by waxing was most effective in reducing the exposure. Prevention of mercury dispersion was found to be essen tial and could be accomplished by means of trays placed underneath the apparatus to catch accidental mercury spills. Tables are presented showing the increase in mercury contamination revealed by consecutive investigations when appropriate control measures were not taken. The ef fective results obtained by various control measures are shown in tabu lated form. -- Authors* summary. About six million World War II veterans have taken advantage of education and training benefits under federal laws. Right now, about 2-1/2 million are enrolled, about. 750,000 of them in on-the-job training, the rest in schools and colleges. Altogether, two-thiyds of a million have applied for vocational rehabilitation for disabled veterans. -- The Foreman' s, better . April 9, 1947) --------------- -------------------------------------------"-OSUOTZy Industrial Hvriene Dlgeat_.=_2S Anril.. 1947 Laboratory Toxicological Studies 453 k. -Comparative Study of Lire and Killed Vaccines in Experimental Tuberculo sis. A Preliminary Rote. B.J. Olson, K. Habel and W.R. Piggott. Pub. Health Repts., , 293-296 (Feb. 28, 1947) A killed vaccine prepared by ultraviolet irradiation of a virulent tubercle bacilli (strain 199-RB) with the Oppenheimer-Levinson apparatus and administered in three doses was equal in effectiveness to a single dose of live BCG and was more effective than three doses of the latter against a massive dose of virulent tubercle bacilli (199-FB) in guinea pigs. The >--i ultraviolet-killed bacilli of the virulent strain made a more effective vaccine against this strain than the same virulent strain heat-killed or ultraviolet-killed BCG. Inasmuch as in this initial work the effectiveness u/ / of the ultraviolet-killed strain was demonstrated by challenge with Its homologous strain, further work is in progress to test its effectiveness against heterologous virulent strains. Thecomparative antigenicity of other virulent strains is also under study. -- Authors' conclusion. Antimony Compounds In Tuberculosis. Their Effects on Expert-mental Tuber culosis in Guinea Pips. H.M. Rose, A. Cellhorn and J.T. Culbertson. Am. Rev. Tuberc., 44. 299-304 (Sept., 1946) The relationship of exposure to toxic agents to the aggravation of tuberculosis is a matter of great importance. These authors have studied the effect of various antimony compounds on the corse of tuberculosis (strain H 37) in guinea pigs. Their experiments indicate that intensive treatment with the antimony compounds anthiomaline, fuadin, neostam and neostibosan did not exert any deleterious effect on the course of the tuberculous infection In these animals. -- J.I.H.&T. Is Percutaneous.Absorption ofTBer/zend Possible. A.N. Cesaro. Med. lnvoro, 57T 151-156 (194&) jCltallan? ' Benzene vapor and liquid benzene were applied to the thoracic skin of subjects so that vapors could not be inhaled. Since no detectable benzene was present in the expired air and the inorganic sulfate per total sulfate ratio was not changed It was concluded that benzene is not absorbed percutaneously. -- C.A. S3 456 Relation Between Alveolar Carbon Dioxide Tension .and SuscaptiblH t.v to Decompression Sickness. R. Hodes and M.G. Larrabee. Am, J. Physiol., 147. 603-615 (Dec., 1946) Hodes and Larrabee say that cyclic and diurnal changes suggest that susceptibility to decompression sickness is influenced by physiologic factors which vary in a similar fashion. They investigated the rela tion between alveolar carton dioxide tension and susceptibility to de compression sickness by comparing the carbon dioxide tension in alveolar sir collected shortly before decompression with the ability of the sub ject to remain for two hours in an altitude chamber at a pressure equi valent to 38,000 feet. They found that susceptibility increases with 03118728 .1 i'i-n L--] Industrial Hygiene Digest - 27 April, J-sag alveolar carbon dioxide tension. Subjects were forced.-to.descend whenever the alveolar carbon dioxide tension was more than 43 mm. of- mercury. In contrast, no subject.was forced to descend when his alveolar-carbon dioxide tension was less than 38 mm. of mercury; Each subject whose tolerance varied during the course of these experiments passed fewer tests when his alveolar carbon dioxide tension was higji than when it was low. -- J.A.M.A. 457 The Tr^a&tt. of iGgdmtmyintox^ cation in .Rabbits with g.3-Dlmereantnpwo- penoln BALy end. Q.ther^Merceptans. A. Gilman and others. J. Pharmacol. Supp*J''2r^5-l01 (Aug., 1946) ..... . . .. ..... The effect of BaL, BAL glucoside and the monothiols 1-thiosorbital and 1-thioxylitol on poisoning produced by the intravenous injection of lethal doses of cadmium chloride is reported in considerable detail. Both BAL and the .glucoside, administered before or after the cadmium chloride, prevented fatal poisoning and .ameliorated the symptoms. How ever, BAL administered prior to the injection of cadmium chloride caused fatal renal insufficiency, which was much less marked in the other cases. Thiosorbital and thioxylitol similarly used were relatively ineffective. - -- From J.I.H.&F. Editor's Hotel See Absts, 251, 252 for related papers. 458 Microscopic Detection of Cadmium Oxide Particlee in Lung Ti sane. K.E. Thiers, E.M.S. Arthur, J.R. Mills, D.R. Hamly and F.E. Beamish. J. Ind. Hyg. & Tox., Z2., 129-133 (Mar., 1947) ........................... A.method is described whereby minute solid particles of cadmium oxide can be made directly observable under the ultraviolet microscope. All particles of sizes down to the limit of resolution of the micro scope can be seen as -the green-fluorescent cadmium 8-hydroxyquinolinate dihydrate. Comparable photomicrographs con be made under ultraviolet and visible light. -- Authors* summary. . 459 Tha DatowtfVtng Pwtwpfple -fn T.-tvew. J.D. de Santitenez. Rev. facultad. cienc. quim. (La Plata), IS., 177-183 (1943, publ. 1945). (Spanish) A crystalline substance was obtained from liver and identified as the sodium salt of xanthine. It has a protective effect against poison ing with dinitrophenol and inhalation of chloroform and carbon tetra chloride, but is ineffectual against the intraperitoneal application of ammonium chloride at a 100/6 lethal dose. -- C.A. - 460 Phosgene Poisoning. . Effects of Plasma. Replacement.--Experiments with pri Goats. F.C. Courtice and G.L. Foss. Lancet, Zt 670-671 (Nov. 9, 1946) _ The effects of transfusions of four-times-concentre,ted serum and of normal plasma and serum have been investigated in dogs and goats with phosgene poisoning. The transfusions have no lasting effect in reliev ing the hemoconcentration and have a definite detrimental effect by in creasing the pulmonary edema. Transfusions are therefore contra-indi cated in the presence of gross pulmonary edema,. -- Authors* summary. 03118729 HH110-HO124U7 Industrial Hvgiene_Dlg&st - 28 April, 1347 461 Variations In Lead In the Blond and Urine Eoilowing the Injection of Small Doses of Soluble. Lead ..Salts. -E. Antonioli and F. Tulfigno. Med. lavoro, 52, 166-160 (1946) (Italian) . Administration of lead to human beings in amounts of 12 and of 37 mg. 11: caused a slight rise in blood-lead levels comparable to that following eating of a normal meal (which contains about 1 mg. of lead). Assimilation of 65- c: ~ 70 mg. of lead produced a doubling of the blood-lead level. In no case did ---1 ingestion of these amounts cause an increase in renal excretion of lead during ` the eight hours following the dose. -- C.A. 'r-', 4Q2 A Study of Lewisite Legions of the Eyes of Rabbits. Ida Mann, A. Pirie and B.D. Pullinger. Am. J. Ophth., 52, 1215-1227 (Oct., 1946) A number of experiments on the action of lewisite (gas and liquid) on the eyes of rabbits demonstrated severe effects, even with small doses. Perforation end loss of. an eye can he caused by 0.001 cc. Other effects are vacularization, dense fibrous scarring, and edema. " 1 Industrial Relations, Personnel . 463 Industrial Health Information far Employees. Allis-Chalmers Mfg. Co. The Health and Safety Department of Allis-Chalmers Manufacturing Com pany, West Allis, Wisconsin, prepares mimeographed bulletins on health and safety for distribution to their Allis-Chalmers employees. Information about them can be obtained from Mr. W.F. Scholtz, Supervisor, Industrial Health Section of the Department. The titles of the bulletins so far re ceived are: Methods of Sterilization of Protective Equipment at West Allis Worksj Preliminary Information on Rat Control; Sand Blast Helmet -- Prooedures; Safety Line Marking Machine, Goggle Cleaning Solutions; Safe Practice Bulletin for Radio Frequency Heating Equipment; and Toxicity of " Some Chlorinated Solvents. Editor's Hotel The Foundation welcomes information from other mem ,--. ^; bers describing any activities for industrial health education. 464 S3 ft, Guide for the Development of Medical Services.__ T. Thfl Refill Plfint Diftpensarv. L.A. Kagen. What's New in Ind. Hyg., 5, 6-9 (Jul.-Sept.,1946) Suggestions are made for the construction, equipment and operation for a dispensary in a plant with less than 500 employees. The most im portant include: location at a central point, lighted and ventilated, relative freedom from noise and vibration, a minimum floor area of 200 sq. ft., sound-proof partitions, light colors, kept clean and hot and cold water connections. A possible layout is illustrated. The equipment list of the Council on Industrial Health is given. A full-time nurse should be employed for 150 employees or over, otherwise a part-time nurse. The duties of the nurse and part-time physician are discussed. 03118730 Industrial Hygiene Digest - 29 April, 12, 465 -The Value of Pre-employment Phvsi cal F,xamination_in Our Safety Program. Svble Chaney. Ind. Nursing, .,-30-32' (Feb., 1947) From a plant with several'years-experience in pre-employment examina tions, a number of instances.are related in which examination would have prevented accidents and unjustified compensation, and others wherein the examinations have prevented accidents and-had other salutary results. In cluded in the cases told are an abdominal operation shortly before the examination, hemorrhage from tuberculosis, high blood pressure, infected extremities, and especially defects of vision. Many who needed glasses without'being aware of. it have expressed their appreciation for the com pany* s finding out the..defect, and the examinations have prevented many accidents-and have greatly increased efficiency. 466 Part-Time Nursing Services to Small Industrial Plants. Anna M. Fillmore. Pub. Health Nursing, 2, 453 (Sept., 1946) Two plans for providing nursing service to small plants are pro posed. The first is the employment of a full-time nurse who may be assigned other duties in addition -to nursing, such as personnel, safety or clerical work. The second is a plan in which a visiting nursing agency makes available a well prepared industrial nurse to serve two or more plants on a part time basis. Adequate facilities for a small medi cal department should be provided. -- From Occ. Med. 467 Occupational Disease Control.- A.G. Cranch. If. Ta. Med. J., (May, 1&46) In summary, the fundamentals of control may be stated as follows: (l) Knowledge of materials handled, what they are, what may be their physiological action, what additional products may be formed during their use and-the hazards of these resulting products. (2) Engineering methods to control all exposures, as far as possible, at the source. (.3) The use of properly designed and selected personal protective equip ment when indicated. Strict observance of good personal hygiene. (4) Physical examinations. These are mo3t essential for proper placement of men in such physical condition that the exposures of their work will not constitute an undue hazard and for early detection of any departure from the normal due to exposure. The object should be to remove the employee from exposure before any disease or disability is caused. (5) If, in spite of the above, because of failure of recognized control measures, accidental increase of exposure, the use of.material of undetermined hazard, or unusual individual susceptibility, occupational disease does occur, the patient should be placed promptly under properly directed medical treatment and a thorough study made to determine the source of the disease in order to prevent its occurrence in othersi' --* Author's summary. 463 Current Trends in Industrial Psychiatry. L.E. filmier. Am. J. Psychiat., 105. 149 (Nov., 1946) filmier shows that in his vjork as catalyst to all activities which havo to do with the handling-of people and the prevention of damaging interpersonal relations the industrial psychiatrist cannot work in iso lation. Some of the broader consulting and educational functions in which the industrial psychiatrist must play a leading part are: (1) correlation of technics for-improving the selection, placement and 03118731 NWH(MH)12W)9 Industrial Hygiene Digest - 53 Aprilt 1947 promotion of employees presenting some degree_of mental, emotional or intel lectual disorder; (2)' elucidation of technics for uncovering actual as well as potential "problem employees" and for the handling of such persons by supervisors and medical and personnel consultants, including the line of referral for those who require psychologic or psychiatric consultations; (3) participation in training programs for counselors and supervisors in respect to understanding and handling~the psychologic factors influencing the productivity of both normal and prohlem workers; (4) checking the ef fectiveness of, and developing technics for improving, all employment, medical and personnel functions involving interviewing and counseling; (5) provision of a consulting service open to both management and labor union officials, as well as1to others who voluntarily request interviews, and (6) organization of research projects which throw light on causes and remedies-of personality problems on both employee and supervisory levels. -- Occ. Med. ' 469 0 Personality and Psychosomatic Disturbances Among Industrial Personnel. A. Eeider and B. Mittelmann. Am. J. Orthopsychiat., .IS., 631 ff. (Oct.,1946) The psychologic and psychiatric procedures instituted at the Cater pillar Tractor Company are described. A testing and interviewing technic was introduced to assure better selection and placement of employees. A psychiatric interview was given soon after employment to prevent aggrava tion of existing disturbances and development of new ones. Foremen were trained to recognize and manage minor emotional problems. Psychiatric counseling and brief therapy were made available to those with personality disturbances. Psychologic and psychiatric technics for insuring the ad justment of the veteran to industrial situations were instituted. These procedures were found to be valuable both to the employee and to manage- ` nrent. -- From Occ, Med. Psychiatry in Industry. F.11. Dershimer. A*. J---Psychiat., 2Q4, 145-148 (Nov., 1946) The author presents a preliminary report on a full time psychiatric program.-in one industry based on its first two years of existence. He clears some misconceptions of industrial psychiatry and relates exper iences with new methods. They include regular meetings of a research group to discuss their own emotions and problems of managing themselves or thei-r-personnel; this is genuine preventive psychiatry. Emphasis -should not be placed on-psychiatric screening and placement examinations, but rather on the `study of problems as they arise. One unsolved problem is the habit of many physicians and some psychiatrists, of advising all "nervous" patients to take time off. This practice in the author1s opinion, tends to aggravate the condition. A psychotherapeutic procedure with interviews while the patient continues working gives better results. Vacations for Industrial Workers. Policyholders Service Bureau, Metropolitan Life Insurance Co., 1 Madison Ave., New York 10, N.I. 43 pp. (1946) Beginning with one company in 1883, the idea of paid vacations for industrial workers has gained greatly. Early in this century vacations became fairly common for salaried employees and during the war the privilege was extended to many hour and piece workers. Four out of five employees are now eligible for vacations. This booklet reports on the ^ 03118732 Industrial Hygiene Digest. - 51 Anri If 194VQ HHBB-H0124 practice of 122 American companies. In Canada vacations have been made a matter of legislation, but not in the United States. The practices of the various companies vary as to: (1) length of vacation, uniform or depending on length of service; (2) variation with length of service; (5) computation of vacation pay; (4) vacations for part-time workers and apprentices; (5) a shutdown; (6) splitting of vacations; (7) vacation privileges' when leav ing the company or being laid off; (8) leaving for the armed service and re turning therefrom; and a number of other details. These points are all dis cussed. Scheduling of vacations in the absence of a shutdown, informing foremen, and telling workers about the vacation plan are also points on which there are suggestions. o Symposium on 'Working Capacity. The following papers were presented at the Seventh Annual Congress on Industrial Health, .Boston, October 1, 1946. (CD) 472 Respiratory and Circulatory Capacities of Normal Men. D.B. Dill. Occ- Med,, JZf 551-555 (Dec., 1946) . Respiratory and circulatory capacities are defined and their inter relations are explained. It Is shown that the limiting respiratory capa city is greater than the amount of ventilation while undergoing severe types of work. The difficulties in measurement of cardiac function, and sometimes in distinguishing circulatory from respiratory capacity, are pointed out. Need of additional research is indicated. 475 Nutrition .and Capacity for Work. A. Keys. Occ. Med., 556-545 (Dec., 1946) Working capacity and actual on the job performance must be differen tiated, though nutrition can affect both. High working capacity and pro ductivity are impossible in really bad nutritional states. Different nu tritional defects do not affect the.several bodily functions in the same way. Since different jobs make different functional demands, generali zation is impossible. Real nutritional defects must be discovered and corrected. The characteristics of "subclinical" nutritional deficiencies are highly controversial and the major uncertainties must be resolved be fore practical "correction" is attempted. The potential benefits of vitamin supercharging have been the subject of unwarranted claims. Fur ther research on the long range effects is desirable. Little is known about special dietary needs for special jobs. Most claims are entirely unwarranted. The distribution of meals needs further study. Snacks between meals appear useful in industry but perhaps chiefly for psycho logic reasons. The substitution of enthusiasm for sober critical re search in human nutrition is deplorable. Animal experiments provide few data which have quantitative application to man. Industry, govern ment and labor all have responsibilities to advance knowledge on the relation between nutrition and working capacity and productivity. -- Author* s summary. . 474 Industrial Pulmonary Diseases and Capacity for Work. G.W. Hright. Occ. Med., jj, 546-549 (Dec., 1946) The question of the effect of siderosis, anthracosis, asbestosis, and welding fume sickness, on working capacity has received little study, but the general evidence is that siderosis and anthracosis " 03118733 Industrial Hvgtene Dt ?est. - 32 April > .194? have no effeet on working capacity, and inhalation of welding- fume very rarely. The pulmonary disease due to beryllium generally lowers working capacity with dyspnea and loss of weight. The effect of silicosis and as- bestosis has been studied more extensively, but on account of great varia tions in normal working capacity, the presence of small changes cannot be determined. The silicotic person frequently retains a sound and usable capacity for physical effort, and even when emphysema is present, the loss in breathing power is frequently compensated by development of more power in muscles in breathing, and probably also by compensatory mechanisms in On the circulatory system. Silicotice should be encouraged to work that will require'the use of these compensatory mechanisms; idleness leads to a more ^0) rapid deterioration. Utilization of the skills and working capacity of silicotics is urged, not only because they can contribute to the economy, tut also because employment is the best therapy. 475 Heart Disease. and_Worklny Capacity in Industry. P.D. JJhite'. Occ. Med., j>, 550-557 (Dec., 1946) The author reviews a paper which he presented 25 years ago, and sum marizes the developments in the study of heart disease that have occurred since that time. Of the eight types of heart disease that he discusses, some have almost disappeared, and* most others need no longer be feared. The responsibility of industry is discussed briefly; it is usually diffi cult to determine. Special functional tests are not as reliable as actual observation during work. Most types of heart disease should not prevent the patient from doing a reasonable amount of work. Symposium on Fitness for Work. The following papers were presented at the Seventh Annual Congress m on Industrial Health, Boston, October 2, 1946. a 476 Essential, Factors for Health and Ft-hnean. . If. Fiahbein. Occ. Med., 566-571 (Dec., 1946) The records of rejections by the aimed service, incomplete and irre gular as they are, give a misleading picture of the fitness of Americans. Many who were rejected did excellent work in other fields. Contrary to the statements of some politicians, the actual disabilities of a large number of those could not have been prevented by medical treatment. The author proposes a long-range fitness program, beginning with the parents, giving prenatal care and close watch during the first six years, and in tensive health education in the elementary school, with frequent physical c c examinations. 477 ffeed o_a Campaign for -Physical -Fitness. R.H. Eanes. Occ. Med., j, 572-580 (Dec., 1946) Col. Eanes presents a more detailed analysis of some of the regis tration figures, and a program of health improvement, including imme diate and long-range plans. The latter follows the lines given by Dr. Fishbein, and the immediate plan includes convincing every American that physical fitness is necessary, and to enlist the support of industry and the schools, to aid in education and in discovery of defects that can easily be remedied. 03118734 - -IndustrtaLUvgiene- Digest - 53 ' eNr April.. 194^ 478 poes American Education.-Produce Physically Fit Workers? ^ D.F. Smiley. Occ. Bed., jj>, 581-586 (Dec., 1946) .. ~ The production record of American industrial workers in the recent war^c is evidence that American education does produce physically fit workers. However, all types of physical examinations show that students have defects that could be remedied. Obviously there is need for a practical plan in -each community for getting all remediable defects corrected as early as possible. Particularly, the average high school graduate does not have highly developed muscles or highly developed motor skills. For the occu pations in which those qualities are necessary, additional equipment and staff will be necessary for training. P-roduction losses in industry re sulting' from diminished efficiency due to faulty health habits are greater than losses resulting from absence due to illness or accident. Though it is in the preschool period that training in health habits bears its great est fruit and in the school that health education is most effective, there is still great need- for continuing health education in industry. 479 Evaluation of Fitness. Ruth E, Boynton. Occ. Med., , 587-593 (bee.,1946) Fitness can be evaluated only with reference to the particular job in question. Examinations should be undertaken with the aim of matching the worker's ability and the demands of the job, and emotional capacities are 3 important as physical ability. The insufficiency of the early rating methods led to the system and forms used by the U.S. Employment Service, and their use is described. . 480 Psychosomatic Elements. Then the Foreman is a "Pain in ..the Neck." C.C. Burlingame. Occ. lied., J2, 595-598 (Dec., 1946) . The expression "pain in the neck" is used figuratively, but a pain in the neck and other physical disturbances often arise from emotional causes. Moreover, the "will to do" depends very largely on emotional factors which leadership can easily arouse or destroy. IVhen the rela tionships between the employee and the foreman or the conditions of the job are such that the worker cannot meet the demands, one of three things will happen: (l) he will quit; (2) he will' project his sense of inadequacy and discontent in visible dissatisfaction and criticism of job conditions and fellow workers; or (5) he will get sick. The modern foreman must be a teacher, and must be an expert in understanding emo tional drives and the will to do. The foreman cannot be successful un less the higher officers of management have the same concept. Set pro grams for all workers must be avoided, and it is as serious a mistake to exaggerate the physical effect of emotions as to underestimate it. Psychomatic- disability is not peculiar to the workman at the bench; rather the highest executive is equally likely to be affected. The Office of Vocational Rehabilitation reports that more than 1,400 blind persons were trained and placed in employment under the State Federal-vocational rehabilitation program during the 1946 fis cal year. The placements were mainly in industrial work and in business and clerical occupations. The total yearly income of the group rose from $372,000 before rehabilitation to over a million and a half dollars after rehabilitation. ------ From Employment Ser. Rev. (D.S. Dept, of Labor), JL4, 2 (Feb., 1947) . m r? r* CD r-i rH n HWtlB-()Uim3 Industrial Hygiene Digest. - 34 April -l,34Z 481 Con serving., the Health of Management- _ E.F. Lutz. - Occ, Med., 2tt 599-605 (Dec., 1946) ` The main points necessary for the success of a plan for diagnostic health examinations are: (l) The plan must be on a voluntary basis. (2) Reports must be confidential and must be made only to the person examined or the physician whom he designates. (5) The examining clinic oust have a terminal interview with the person examined during which the physician in forms the person examined in layman's terms of any impairments which he has discovered. (4) A short written report in layman's language, as well as a more highly technical report for the study of a physician, is of paramount importance. (5) There should be some method for notifying- the executive when it is time for his repeat examination.. (6) The examinations given should be thorough and without too much delay. (7) Approval of all charges and diagnostic procedures is necessary, but charges for restorative or curative treatment should not be approved. For instance, refraction for glasses should be approved but the purchase of the glasses should not be approved. (8) Some form of material on health education, such as a letter-of two pages, could be distributed to this group each month-- From Author1 s summary. Civil Readjustment Lecture, O.S. Haw. Civil Readjustment Section, Civil Relations Division, Executive Office of the Secretary, Navy Department, Washington, D.C. 50 pp. (Feb. 1, 1947) This booklet is prepared for use by Civil Readjustment Officers at all activities performing the separation function, as a parting lecture to all separatees on their rights and benefits under the G.I. Bill of Rights and other veterans legislation. This lecture is designed to be used in connection with the Civil Readjustment charts. It explains in ^A simple language the provisions of the G.I. Bill of Rights and the proce dure to be followed in obtaining mustering out pay, terminal leave pay, obtaining loans, reclaiming the old job, using Navy skills and records, obtaining education and job training, and other privileges. Medical Treatments in Gulf Coast Shipyards. C.M. McGill and H.P. Grinton. Occ. Med., j>, 558-565 (Dec., 1946) The results of certain medical activities in 22 Gulf Coast ship yards during the war years are reported. The total treatment rate was approximately one visit per employee per month to the medical depart ment. Four fifths of these visits were on account of new injuries or redressings. The size of the shipyard did not greatly affect the treat ment rate. There were no important sex differences in the total rate, although women generally had more non--occupational treatments. Eye in juries represented almost one half of all new injuries reported, and cuts accounted for one fourth. Sex differences were noted in the type of new injuries. There were greater percentages of burns and scalds, and eye flash, among women and of cuts and other eye injuries among men. -- Authors' s' summary. 03118736 Tri^t.H wl Kygienp FH gost. ---55 ATrril, tQA.'fr HW fiiMW mi VH u-- J h4 E=a1 Rehabilitation 484 A Few .Remarks on Rehabilitation With the Presentation of, a Model Community Service and. Center. A.R. Shands, J-r. Nebraska State lied. J.., 7i\r. 480-484 (Dec., 1946) _ . .. The needs, principles,'and methods of rehabilitation are first dis cussed* with, emphasis on cooperation of many members- of a reconstruction team, consisting of the physician, the physical therapist, the occupational therapist,- the social worker, the vocational teacher, the director of voca tional guidance, the vocational placement worker, and sometimes other con sultants in special fields., _ The .author then outlines a plan adaptable to communities of various Sizes. There must first be a survey of the local facilities and availably trained personnel* The educational part of the team can often be found[in Jhe local schools, and the state agencies can help in locating the ne^ssary"members. Tfie idea of employing handicapped workers must then be sold to the small industries, the storekeeper, the garage manager, etc. . Suggestions are given for the general operation of the center (from the Sub. Committee* "~oh Civilian Rehabilitation Centers of the Baruch Committee), and,plans, for a satisfactory building are- presented. It-ha3. been estimated.that if. such a center has 253 .patients, per day end . .eacb: patient requires 60 days for rehabilitation the cost per patient should -be approximately $125.00.' The average annual wage of persons who received the benefits of vocational rehabilitation in State and Federal programs.in 1944 was $1,768. - * .. . 485 - Rehabilitation of the Tiiharmilous. Proceedings of. Conference, "Washington, . D.C., March, 1946. National Tuberculosis Assoc. 1S8 pp. Price $2.00. (1946). , . . - This conference was sponsored jointly by-the Office of Vocational Rehabilitation, Federal Security Agency, The Tuberculosis. Division of the UrSi' Public Health: Service, and The Nationsl Tuberculosis Association, and wafe held in Washington, March 4-6, 19|46. The papers presented are given nearly in full, and the subjects include .the functions, of the nurse, the social worker, the educational counselor, the occupational therapist, and the rehabilitation counselor in the rehabilitation of the tuberculous, the terminology of rehabilitation, and recommendations for the solution of some bf the, problems. Discussion, of each paper is'also reported. 486 Rehabilitation. The Report of the Medical. Advisory Committee. . Department of Health for Scotland, Edinburgh, 1946. (From Bull. Hyg.) This report stresses the social aspects of rehabilitation, from, pri mary medical treatment to complete occupational reinstatement. It is im portant that the patient's will to recover be stimulated, particularly in those of low intelligence whose thoughts ere centered upon, compensation. A scheme carried out by a motor company is mentioned where a workshop has been set aside for injured men to carry out selected work designed for exercising the injured part on a gainful basis. The 'almoner, who is in touch with the home conditions of the rehabilitee, and who plans his occupation when function, is restored es much as possible, is important in .., 03118797 MWBB-Ofl12*il5 .Industrial. Hygiene Digest -_56. IpxU,, 194? any scheme. This attitude of treatment may be adopted in cases of rheuma tism, heart and nervous diseases, and tuberculosis of bones, as well as pri marily surgical conditions. The. Disabled Persons Act, 1944, made permanent plans initiated to restore workers hack to war work. Officers are appoint ed to ensure that employers find work for a definite quote of disabled per sons; and certain occupations are being designated to disabled persons only. At a fitness centre in Gleneagles, two points became clear: (l) the advisa bility of eliminating as far as possible all psychological treatment in in dustrial rehabilitation; and (?.) the prospect of compensation is a strong deterrent factor in the return of many to. work. With preventive exercises ------J for out-patients all but the most serious cases returned to work. -- J.I.H.&T. Public Health 487 lining put Tuberculosis In Qnr Timp. Anon. Statist. Bull. Metropol, Life Ins. Co., 2, 1 (Nov., 1946) ' ' Since the turn of the century the death rate from tuberculosis in the United States has been reduced from 200 per 100,000 to about 40. In five states-it has fallen below 20 per'100*000. The campaign against tubercu- losis has been intensified greatly through increased funds and through the activity of the U.S. Public Health Service. The opinion is expressed that tuberculosis may cease to exist in our time. Among the favorable factors are decreased chances for infection, better food, better working conditions, and more adequate knowledge of personal hygiene. Facilities for detection in early stages have made great advances. However, tubercu losis still ranks high among the causes of death at most age periods. It remains first 'cause of deaths of white women from 20 to 34 years, end second only to accidents in white men from 20 to 59. In Negroes it re mains much the most frequent cause for'corresponding ages. The attack on the disease may well be concentrated in those areas end among those persons in our population where infection is most prevalent end death rates are highest. -- from The Evolution of Official Tuberculosis Control in the United. Statea. R.G. Paterson. Pub. Health Repts., 62. 556-541 (Mar. 7, 1947) This paper reviews the history of the development of the official tuberculosis control plan in the United States, beginning with the or ganization of The Pennsylvania Society for the Prevention of Tuberculosis in 1892 to the establishment of the official Tuberculosis Control Division of the U.S. Public Health Service, 52 years later. The question why the evolution took so long is discussed. It was largely on account of con flicting opinions, and especially on account of the difficulty in con vincing the public of the contagious nature of the disease. 489 Medical Social .Service in Tuberculosis Control. Medical Social Unit, Tuberculosis Control Division (Redaction of Misc. Publication No. 57, U.S. Public Health Service). Pub. Health Repts.,2., 527-536 (Mar. 7,1947) The functions of the medical social worker are elaborated, with special reference to tuberculosis. Briefly, they include case finding, 03118738 HWfi-UOmiS Industrial Hygiene Digest - 57 - v< -A-pr11; 19 serving as medical social consultant, participation in community planning for health and welfare, participation in and supervision of education of .medical students specializing in social1 work, and participation in researe 490 At lour.-Service. U.S. Public Health Service. Wise. Puhl. No, 53.. IB pp. (1946) Price 10 cents from Supt. of Documents, Washington, D.C. ' This pamphlet explains; in the simplest form end with illustrations the need of industrial hygiene and the availability of local, state and federal industrial health services for investigation arid assistance. Accident Prevention 491 .air Safety__Rec&rdi-Ts Being Steadily Improved. W.E. Kline. Dom. Commerce, 55. 6-10 (Apr., 1947) In assisting in the development of civil aeronautics and air commerce, the Civil Aeronautics Authority is concerned with air navigation aids and facilities. This article assures the businessman and others who are actual and prospective air -travelers that precautions are being taken for their safety. Special study is being given to traffic control in the vicinity of busy airports in bad weather and for the provision of instrument aids for bad-weather flying. -- Author* s summary. Ul 492 Health and Miscellaneous Standards in Metal Mines. Metal-Mine Accident- Prevention Course, Section 7. Miners* Circ. 57. D.S. Bureau of Mines. 70 pp. (1946) Price 20 cents from Supt. of Documents, Washington 25,D.C. Part I deals with health, and'is mostly devoted to a brief account of silicosis and its prevention, including wetting and dust collecting methods. The hazards of carbon monoxide and infections and sanitation methods are discussed briefly. In Part II miscellaneous hazards and safety measures are considered. The hazards include handling materials, inrush of water, and miscellaneous accidents, protective equipment and illumination as preventive measures for eye and other injuries are dis cussed. The third and final section takes up supervision, education and discipline. Extensive quotations from the Anaconda code and from earlier safety codes (Inf. Circ. No, 7061) are included. It is emphasized that safety does not depend upon general rules so much as on the thorough and patient instruction and training of supervisors and miners in all matters pertaining to safety. . 495 Explosives Aeci.dent.fi B-i-hminmis-Cosl Mines. Coal-Mine Accident-Pre vention Course, Section 5. Miners1 Circ. 58. U.S. Bureau of Mines. 82 pp. (1947) Price 20 cents from Supt. of Documents, U.S. Govt. Printing Office, Washington 25, D.C. (This circular is one of a series on accidents in coal mines. The others so far prepared are listed on the first page, and again, with dates, number of pages, and prices, on the last pages. Some have been reviewed in earlier, issues.of the Digest. Another series deals simi larly with metal mines.) - Statistics of explosives accidents are first 03118739 HWBB-nnmi/ .Industrial Hvrlene Digest - 53 Anrll. 1947 .presented; they show s decrease over recent years, largely due to the use of.the ouch safer permissible explosives. The characteristics of permissible and non-permissible explosives are described. Full directions for proper shot-firing and preparation for it are given. A considerable section of the Circular gives regulations and instructions for the safe storing, handling, end transportation of explosives. Causes of explosions are analyzed; and a number of specific accidents and methods by which they could have been . avoided are discussed. As in the other circulars, an appendix presents a number of suggested topics for class discussion, and numerous references. In conclusion: "Maximum safety in the transportation, handling, ana use of explosives has not been accomplished, but progress is being made. Edu cation, supervision, and adherence to recognised safe practices should be maintained to continue.the recent experience with explosives to the end that accidents from this source will be reduced, to the lowest possible number," 494 How to_ Raise Efficiency and Reduce Accidents In Industry. Jean Rakowski. Ind. Nursing, fL, 15-16 (Feb., 1947) The causes of accidents may be grouped under five heads: ignorance, . .predisposition, inattention, depression, and pre-occupation. The author gives practical examples of each of these causes, with suggestions for avoiding them. Accidents due to ignorance, especially of men new on the job, can be avoided by full directions and patient consideration at the . start. In cases of more general and persistent ignorance, the employee . should be transferred to a less dangerous job. Predisposition has several forms, but a general method of training is to standardize warning signals until the response is automatic. Inattention is often due to outside iJi causes that should be investigated. Psycho-motor retardation, sluggishness, or depression, may be caused by diseases and drugs, but plant conditions such as illumination, ventilation and noise ere sometimes responsible. The remedy for pre-occupation, usually having an emotional cause, comes under the heading of mental hygiene, and consists of tracing mental dis turbances back to their cause, and if possible removing the cause. Ulti mately it is hoped that mental hygiene will fipd its rightful place in industrial medicine, ' .^i Special Diets According to Jobs to. .be Studied Your doctor may some day in the future prescribe a diet for you according to your particular job. "Khether special diets could a protect workers from illness and what such diets should be, sre subjects of a long-range research project at Columbia University. Dr, Leonard J. Golawater is in charge of the research under a grant of $11,000 from the U.S. Public Health Service's National Institute of Health. -- Science News Letter (Apr. 19, 1947) 03118740 l Industrie! Hygiene Di-geet- - 39 ..Aprils W BH-nnm t 495 Benzene. (.Benzol).. Controlling Chemical Hazards, Series Ho. 6.>' U.S. Dept, of Labor, Div. of Labor Standards. 24 pp. (1946). Price ID cents from Supt. of Documents,. Washington 25, D.C. (A limited' number may be obtained free from above Division, Clara M. Beyer, Asst. Director, Washington 25,D.C First is a- chart pointing out fire hazards, storage requirements, fire*1 fighting phases,, and cautions for transporting and handling benzene. Pre cautions to be observed, in handling drums, bottles, and tank trucks, ground ing to prevent ignition of static electricity, specifications for explosionproof equipment, and safe operation of enclosed and partially enclosed sys tems are described. Personal protection includes respiratory protective equipment, protective,.clothing, .thorough cleaning and purging of tanks, ex haust ventilation, testing for vapor concentration, and other precautions. Symptoms of acute and -chronic poisoning and first aid measures are described. The American Standards Association recommends 100 ppm as the upper limit of .o=d] allowable concentration, and an operating mean of 50 ppm is advised. A bib liography cf source-material is included. SZ 496 Official Proceed^ng-a of the Sixteenth All OMo Safety Congress, Columbus, Ohio, April 16-18f 1946. Industrial Commission of Ohio. 580 pp, (1946) Numerous papers dealing with a wide range of safety subjects were presented at this.meeting. Industrial hygiene was the principal subject of the following: Methods and Equipment for Dust Control. H.O. Danz. pp. 56-41. A general paper covering the fundamentals of dust control. ' Personal Protective Equipment. G. Lascher. pp. 41-42. The movie ' "The Air We Breathe" was presented. Industrial Hygiene Developments Re lating to-Safety. T.F. Hatch, pp. 225-229. The objects of safety en gineering and of industrial hygiene are the same, namely, to provide that workers will be subjected to a very m-SrHmmn of hazard and of stress. The differences in their, fields are: (1) safety deals with physical for r=s ces while industrial hygiene is concerned with chemical forces; (2) causal relations are much clearer in the field of accidents; (5) a time factor is always involved in occupational diseases, which is not true in accidents; and (4) proof of occupational disease is more complicated, and often more._difficult, than proof of an accident. The four steps in 1 : ' n the attack upon occupational diseases are then outlined: (1) initial studies of environmental conditions and correlation with medical find ings; (2) assisting the plant engineer in development of control measures; (5)-routine surveys to check control; and (4) correlation of the findings of the check survey with periodic medical examinations. It is pointed out that toxic materials are to be distinguished from those that have only a nuisance effect. The final remedy, usually ventilation, is an engineering problem. There are some regions of overlapping, and many for cooperation, in the two fields^ Responsibility of Cleveland Industries Dndpr the New Ohio Industrial Hvp-iene Code. H.G. Dyktor. pp. 229-254. The Ohio industrial code is explained and suggestions are given for com pliance. The provisions are quite specific in regard to limits of toxic substances and use and care of respirators, but very general in matters of sanitation, etc. Therefore mere compliance with the letter of the -code will not be sufficient. Exhaust ventilation will have to be carefully designed to meet the toxic limit requirements, even though details of con struction are not specified. Competent specialists will be needed to carry out all the requirements of the code. Foundry Ventilation. J.M. Kane, pp. 346-553. Special exhaust equipment for various foundry operations are described, with explanation of the principles involved. 03118741 Industrial Hygiene .Digest,- 40 April, 12*1 497 Catalysis and Its Relation to Fire Extinot-fpq. A.S. Minton. Quart. Inst. Fire Engrs., 67-7? (1946) . A review. The combination of many inflammable vapors, including carbon monoxide with oxygen is promoted by the addition of small amounts of water. Traces of nitrous oxide materially assist in the spontaneous ignition of all inflammable air mixtures. Fireproofing paints and coatings probably owe their efficiencies to two effects, their action as diluents or inerts and as negative catalysts. -- C.A. 498 Processes. Hazards and Protection Involved in the Manufacture of Spirituous Liouors. Research Report No. 5, National Board of Fire Underwriters, Com mittee on Fire Prevention and Engineering Standards. 60 pp. (1947) Ob tainable on application to Nat. Board of Fire Underwriters, 85 John St., New York 7, N.I. The manufacture of the various distilled liquors is fully described, L--J with statistics on production and storage. Since alcohol vapor is inflam mable at the concentration in distilled liquors, that constitutes one source of fire. Another is the explosibility of the ground grain. Special pre cautions must be taken at thq mills to avoid flames and static discharges. Most liquors require a long period of storage in charred wooden barrels. The possible leakage of alcohol and the use of the wooden barrels constitute , a fire hazard, especially in "open rack" warehouses, where many tiers of barrels are in one open room, even though the frames are sometimes of steel. The .floored rack construction with concrete floors and steel frames is much safer. Detailed suggestions and regulations are given for all stages of manufacture. Miscellaneous 499 Preventive Medicine in Engineering Education. G.lf. Reid. Ind. Med., 51-52 (Feb., 1947) m i The author pleads for the Introduction of the fundamentals of-public health into all engineering courses, ~so as to remove the .burden often borne by the sanitary engineer in correcting conditions which a little knowledge of prevention on the part of civil engineers, architects, chemical engin eers or others could have prevented. All engineers should have a speaking knowledge of food and premise sanitation, water supply, sewage end waste disposal, and industrial hygiene. This material might be in the form of a descriptive course in the senior year, with a supplement of film strips and movies from the U.S. Public Health Service, or perhaps even a few lectures in one of the senior courses would be sufficient. SCx: A Bibliography on Protective Respiratory Devices and the Physiology, of Respiration Through Resistance and Masks. L. Silverman. Am..Ind. Hyg. Assoc. Quart., X 5-20 (Dec., 1946) This extensive bibliography comprises over 600 references on the subject, under the general headings of: (1) physiological measurements 03118742 Industrial Kvgmw.-Sl41 - April and data on respiration in gas masks, and on resistance to breathing; (2) related physiological material to .breathing in gas masks; (5) physical an chemical data on gas masks and respirators; and (4) patents on gas mask, respirators, and valves. The key to abbreviations lists 244 journals. 501 pescription of the Elckhoff-Sehramdler-LongTrall Coal-Cuttinp- and b<WHn Machine. E.M. Arentzen. U.S. Bur. Mines, Inf. Circ. No, 7590. 5 pp. (Dec,, 1946) ... This information.circular deals primarily with an engineering descrip tion of a type of- longwall cutting machine developed by Eickhoff Msschinen- v-k ftrbrik, Bochum., Germany. The only sources of information are -literature and. drawings. Aftei? a full description, the author says in conclusions "This type of machine could easily be manufactured in the United States if the coal-mining industry desires to experiment along this line, particu larly on longwall work. However, the writer believes that a combination of the cutting elements of this machine with some type of well-known mechanical loader already used in this country, such as a light-crawler- type loader, would make a better combination and be more flexible than the arrangement- of conveyors diown with -the machine described." 03118743 HWBB-H012421 (SI? w1 ^ C=fl ?vIn^3trlal-_H?glene Digest - 43 INDEX April,. 1947 > ~'-jA fv --n <SDI c>o jAss&sajft.... ....... industrial 494 Anoxia ... '. visual thresholds . 449 Agbegtpsjg 409 and sarcoidosis 407 Aziation : equipment design (Bko Rev.) 387 safety record 491 Benzene 495 poisoning 441 skin-absorption 455 Book reviews and qoti ces . 387-588-389-390 grass fouadrleg hazards 391 Bricklayers. silicosis in 424 gajaitm food contamination 392 tissue analysis treatment 458 457 Carbon dioxide alveolar tension 456 Carbon disulfide syndrome Carbon monoxide 397 nerve damage 595 poisoning 429 Carbon tetrachloride duodenal ulcer 599 Chlorine air analysis 445 Chromic acid- determination of 442 Civil readjustment 482 Clothing fiberglass 436 Cppl mines accident prevention 495 cutting and loading 501 pneumoconiosis 425 Compensation silicosis and tubercu- losis (Bko Rev.) 390 fteatalrioasUs . fluoride prophylaxis 423 Dermatitis - . 432 M-Dlnitrobeazenfi analysis 445 Droplets in a gas size of 440 Dust-control -- 434 filters 435 Engineering education 499 ' figs. .Injurias animals -' 433 chemical burns 415 first aid 414 treatment 416 Eire extinction Flue gases 497 439 Fluid resistance equations for Fluorine 450 hazards Fluorosis 427 pigmentation effects 422 Fog. structure_of 447-448 Guaranteed work and wages 388 U.So (Bk,, Rev.) 389 Hydrogen sulfide determination of in gases 444 InjQasnga vaccine effect 418 mass use 417 Labor legislation 377 Lnrvngeal him from steam 420 Lead determination in body 461 IiSslsUife eye damage animals 462 Diver and detoxification 459 Management health conservation of 481 Medical services small plant Mercury 464 vapor hazards 452 .' T' Metal mines . accident prevention 492 Mint? air dustiness of Miner* .a nystagmus Nursing 458 426' industrial small plants 466 Occupational disease control new laws Vermont Personnel problems Phosgene poisoning 467 375 576 469 animals 460 Phosphater Inorganic analysis = of 451 Physical examination value " Powder metallurgy Proceedings 465 430 Ohio Safety Congress 496 Psych istrv industrial 468-470 Radiation sickness pyridoxine therapy 594 Railheads neuropsychiatry 451 Rehabilitation committee report community center tuberculous 486 484 485 Respiration at low'pressures 446 Resuscitation 410 Respiratory protection bibliography 500 g&fjLUraPtice pamphlets 463 03118744 Industrial Hygiene Digest - 45 Aprils 1947 INDEX (Continued) T etra--ethyl H.S^_P-H.blic Health Service medical program 485 poisoning 398 490 pneumonia 415 Thresher's disease 595 Vacations A Sickness ^damnification Tri chlo roethvlene industrial 471 400 poisoning Welding Si-iicogis (3 cases) 596 acute purpura 421 and mitral stenosis 408 Tuberculosis effect on health 428 and tuberculosis 405 BCG vaccine 419 loss of working capa control 488 city 406 medical service 489 Smoke measurement program 412 Petty smoke meter 457 education Spirituous liquors of suspect 411 hazards in manufacture eradication 487 498 experimental vaccines RinnpnafrMm 455 fitness.for work streptomycin 401-403 476-477-478-479-480 treatment of 404 working capacity (animals) 4Q2 472-475-474-475 use of antimony 454 ,7=51 5j " `J 1 03118745