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LEAD INDUSTRIES ASSOCIATION
O EAST 4Ih > STMCET N(W YOM 17. H.T.
September 30, 1957
ISXh HD DJig and sxrrrr B'jugria Ho. 126
To it* tieaber* of the Lead Industrie* Assoc latlonj S
tastnr or *iDri
Last referred to la Lead Hygiene And Safety Bulletin leaved on June-20, 1956, the drug *Eri* (Edethanll, Bullapcn, Sequestrene, Yereene) continue* the outstanding choice of the aedlcal profession In the treatment of lead poisoning. Erl dene t that the drug was being claused led the Aeerlean Uedlcal Association to is sue, In 1955, * earning on this acore prepared by Esr, Robert A. Kehoe. 3uch alause appear* to continue In son* quarter*, and we hare accordingly reprinted this warning report, by permission of the A.U.A., and a copy 1* herewith. Particular attention Is called to the closing sentences of the report.
resiru ECAiaxATiats
Wide variations In policy In the natter of pre-caploynent and periodic nodical exaslr.rtlcna arerg cur ne-lar companies have led us to secure a supply of the current publication of the A.l'.l. on this subject, Rjuldlng Principles of Medi cal Lcanlna tiers In Indu atry, and a cojy of this la also herewith. *
o p i?cram t o w ir wane revests
The C. 5. Department of the Interior has recently issued, as Bureau of Rln*s Information Circular 776?, a 2li-page publication elth the title *3141* Regulatlors Pertaining to the Use of Interrwl-Coaatustlon Engine* Underground.* This Is erallabl# froa the Plications Section, U. 3. Bureau of tines, WOO Forbes 5t,4 Pittsburgh 13, Pa., without charge.
llaniYed Bowditob Director of Health and Safety
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i COUNCIL ON INDUSTRIAL UK ALT U
t.ND COUNCIL ON rilAKMACY AND CHEMISTRY
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GUIDING PRINCIPLES
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OF MEDICAL EXAMINATIONS
IN INDUSTRY
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CiAttKt D. Siur, M.D (Ol ), Nh Hmh , Mki
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Jfcuta P. Ba iu , M D,,-WW*# SulpW Ifvi^v Writ W
jonu, M D, Ku mm< !m*m
run funo, MD, ChriraU
KoBMrr J. Roum, MO, Nw York
Cu m R. Kowarrw, M-XX, lww
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GLIDING PRINCIPLES OP MEDICAL EXAMINATIONS IN 1NDUS1RY
/An#
Aar* l^yi o}p*ot*d for fS-
&!*;* ty ii/ CnuJ ra I*4*n*%sl HroUk. Tk* mala*
rial v a fuy/tc* of tkt Cownr%Tt /frivu ratulsd "SftJuol Srtvu4 ia
ftftm<aJ*#a"
Cu m D. Ramu
Arfuif Srcrotory,
Thr purpcar of ft health trtvfcft U induMr? te to pro*
vide ft pei^am o4 poutrv* health nufitriuaa (or thft
etijpL-ryrr*. An onpcMnant elrami of ouch ft program it
lb* MprtMMO of iKr health status c4 thr bdmduai
through mmauUon, ooun*rl*r* and iinairr m proper
job pU*ejjvr*_ Medial tummtioos of ctapkrjeea aw
deaifned to permit Mipimml cf wort cnrrpfttihk with
the pbruod and mretal fcirxM <4 individual* and to bdp
them muDUn thru health.
Proper pUmofnt o4 worlrn with due regard (or daft
variation* t phvwcal demands mfsmrd by dafferw* jobs,
and for thr saint and health bmitaUv* wrvoKrd to dift*
abilities, caa mult is knpnnvd job prrfoimuxr, feto
fcWmmim, d^rrurd likelihood of injury, Wit (uxvd
to thr health and safety o4 others, lessened chance of ag-
(Tnbc of diwxdrrv and, doubtlm, ft lortfff produc*
trvr ld
Eatrranarioo for and assistance n job
pUt ement art, therefore, prat Ural, udm*f ;a!urd appfi-
cation* of thr (rintipln o4 prmctnt ardrinr.
Thr objectives of industrial medical cuainitjow art
m foCowt:
I. To measure the medical fitness of fedhriduak to perform thru duties without hauud to thnmarKto or othrn.
2 To asikt tndh'idualt k> the jMimrnaocc or heft* prcnetrynl of their health.
jwrjwioawi -h v m.*
-. ON0-
4
J. To detect the e/TecU of harmful working cood^ lion* and advise cormirv* measure*.
4. To establish a record of live comLikm erf the indi vidual at ti-r tme trf each examination.
Medical funuruitot programs, property conducted, provide maximum benefit* to cm(r>lo-,cea, empb^yen. and the ccxT*munty. The nn^^ij should he o<i the pUoamerit erf Individuals arcord.rg to tbetr abll:tir* and not liinjJy r!eclM*n <rf the phvixallT prrfecl and rr/ffLao orf all other*. Vrijuft or questionable exclusion from wk, th/ojfh Improper apj*rf*i>oo erf the hnd-ng* upon ml*' knatioa, it agurat lise puhl welfare and contrary la sound industrial health principle*.
Functions of Physicians and Aakii>| hnnmd
Maintenance erf (he phevriaD-pslient relationship with fairnrs* lo fc*xh empiovr* and employer it essential to tht Sucre* of any industrial health program. Both dtould led that (heir mwrrxU a/r represented with integrity.
The ruminalj o c dvuld he conducted by the phy> ciaa hirntrlf ]t may be facilitated if a nurse or other adequately trained person can doelop bate data (real l)ie examinee, ouch ai hrigta, weight, and ip. Cuana require* that a itunt oe eder female anrodant hr pm> eat when woenrn arr being examined.
It h the dut erf the phyucian to interpret medical finding* and to male decmo** regarding thev work sig* nrficance. Health cntrfwriing require* special training and should be performed by the physician or under hit taperviwrn.
It it fundamental that the phydeian must have faithand bouletip from personal otarnttion of the \a/iout job* witliin h Ind^ctrr Information showing pbydcal demand*, work inf ronditxru, and accident and health hazards erf each job rUedritioe facilitate* irlfethv
placemen*.
Scope of the fuaiattio*
It is essential (hat each examination be thorough and suitable for it* pirposr. What may be tdecpjats ta on* caae may be quite insufhrimi la another. Many factors influence such decmom. For example, the physical da*
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i mand* on aa Ironworker engaged in fominjclion of a
i skyscraper arc quite different Incn thus* trf the trdrniary
I( might he economically unsound for an (nrntisDf oonhajardtr.it industry to include, r>utir*elv, extensive laboratory and x-ray lent of all a pp? Kants. On h< other hand, a brief and superfw sal rsarnmatton can Le false rrunoary and he misleading to employer and employee
aide.
The nature erf (he industry, its inherent hazard*. the variation In jobs, aDu physical demands and health ex posures are determinant* The values of different examieusimn procedures and tbor cost in lime and dollars roust be assayed The phrorian, after carefully studying the problems involved, slould achwe management <ootmy iog the scope erf the exartunjiir** to be made.
The best tvpe of examination program is sot (hat rmphasin'* flexibility according to need, rather than oe* that has a set and invariable routine. A flexible plan pro vide* foe a basic minimum examination but recognims the difference* between individual*, age group*, and This permits the mmiftug phrsirian to devote Iras time and procedure to the essdmtly >ara!thy yourg bdnidusl hi a nonhaeardou* yob The older wocier engaged is a more haxardoua joh rerrtve* more searching adrotioei, with clinical impmtKjcu gsoned from the history and eiimautym being supplemented bx appropeiat* laboratory lest* Frequency of examinatam should vary with age, wx, ocrupstion, and kndosdual
Optaiocts vary considerably M to what ocmstmites a minimum examinatma. The (oOnmnf mimmum has been suggevtcd: hisSory, s#e. height and weight, and general appearance; dun. on, earv Dose, smh and moj'h, deit (lunp and Ik -art , htnph nodes, peripheral blood vessels, abdomen including hrmia, anua, genitalia, and spine and extremities; bl<v>d pressure, puhr, and temperature, urinalrs*s; and visual and hesomg acuity. Ferscmaltfy. temperament, and ugru/icafil nerrout o* mental manifestations should be nosed.
la those case* la which an assistant takes the history, (he physician should review h and elaborate the history still further Meat pbrwoam fed that a carefully taken
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persona] health and occupation histort k of great value,
M it rruty suggest additional examination or warrant
trx attention.
T)* trend Ia ixaminatxio* k to make them snort thrxou^h, including chm x-r*v, Laboratory stud***, eW*
trwaniingrxrT*, special inr.i^ to the cor/imno site* c4
Catver, u wf II at mental or m*4it>r*A] Kate*.
Tl employ** should br examined in pnmy oak
should be d**n.ed. TJje men! of the examiaatioa of
female jTnjtaia ta A moor point, depending upon whether
dir mfttnilii ii (<r employment purport onlf or it
part cd a regular health maintenance pUn, upon the Aft
of the wOfMn, and upon otfwr factor*. The higher ksev
dnxr of tlitiriniul
Km brought iKout die more
general haciuwoo cd laboratory text* la exammaliae cd
persons otn 45 yean od Aft.
IWaur cd the importance cd vision with mpect to
job Hfxjrofr and afrty, it a advisable to perform rather
drtailed vkiro eumiratiom mraiunn^ viauaJ acuity for
near and distance, visual held*, color ducnmiftitinw. and
depth pfittpUa, tnttruinrnu for m&lisg three too are
in general use. DrtaiJrd too and records cd the worker**
bearing acuity before rmpiovromt and periodically there*
after are odtra cd value. particularly where there it Oft
exposure to cwmht aoka.
Laboratory too are indopmaable where there la aa
txpntute to toxic mhuatti Dm x-ray* before niiphij
dent azxi periodically thereafter may be Indicated for
wwirn engaged m duty trade*, particularly the mineral
Typo* od Fiialoiiio**
The various Kindi cd nammatwru may be dialM a* original, periodic, and i|oaL
O'lgma* td*u*aJ**xj.--Original exanuaatxou (*ko often called pfrexnploynsmt or preplacemmt exaouno* tioeu) are made for the expert* purpose od determining and recording the phyxkal condition cd the pcoapectri* worker and aa^gnmrnt to a suitable job in which hi* din* ahdittftt if any. wdl not affect hi* prrwrud efficiency, idm, and health nor the aafety cd other*. The applicant (or ha perwmal pbyucian. on the applicant*! approval) a advnrd cd condition* needing attention.
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--Ptncxk examination* ai cm* plo>re may U m i voluntary or required Uot. j If voluntary, it U uejaDy cuiv.irvary tn make the e*j amiiution oti or near the birthday cd each individual. | Thu tieualU results in a reastnahlr spread od ctamina* 4 tioru cner tlr calendar year and eliminate* peak load*. i U the ojer*t.c4 brvol.ed are relatively ooeluiardoua, mtm-ak letween o a u u a iu o can be a* much a* two or three ytirt at tie djc/rtin od iK* piryurian. How* e**r, it b 6rufaiae tl^il pervru pa*t 45 yean od age be examined annually inasmuch a* degrnrratiw disorder* become botuir*)T mar.ifcat around thi* period.
A mandatory bask cd periodic examination k uautly *ppl*d to workers who are erposrd to procatq or mato* rials Oat are definite health hazards or whoac work In* xnhr* rcxponahility for tie safety cd other*. Substance* like lead or carbon totncKkridr, capable of causing c* cupjtmal diseaw, are usually subjected to procem COO* tmli to keep tie worken reasonably aafe from poisoning; hi'yyrrsTf, caution dictate* (he a^htaabdrty of penodic medial cxammatkio to be certain that the engineering cootrok are eftretne. This ako enable* early detection of the hv)*rxucrp<jbkr individual and the worker whose personal unsafe practices drfral the control measure*.
Frequency ed the examination wiQ vary la accordance with the quality od the erqpnrenag control, (he severity of the exposure and (he sndmdual hading* on each t> aminatinn. Thus, wvnr exposum might justify eumk* tKXU or laboratory test* od die worker* on a monthly Of quarterly bask. >iu j c is other casr* annually or blexmaaSy mas br adrquatr.
In a-cnr cawx, scrrcfung Ubncalory trU al regular m> ten ri wJl suffice a* the major portion of a periodic examinatan prvgrxn* with complete rxaminatiooi bring madr lees frequently*
Fxaminationa of rxrcuthex may be regarded a* a Spacial t>pr of perwdic examination od a particular class of employee*. VYHde not entirely new, they are becoming more prevalent, and are justified, by their advocates, on the prrrokr that business executive* carry heavy and nexT-ending rvspnm*Mit>ex, Included kt which may b* (he wrlfar* of large number* cd employee*.
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YVUe nw erf Am proftmcM an on a NfM bake, (MMidoible mota| iccruei wbn they an tehataiy, aided by a thorough promotional campaign Inaamuch aa MMduab toting examination an non weptrain and appreciative <rf tha eervfc*. Practice* vary tegarding me erf m-pUai nodical department* If the io-plant Met leal facility k Haded and equipped to perform any extra *td lwived, eaaay (ad k la preferable is do thoaoa> . tenintiJona eddua tha department. Othetvriar, It la beet o (tad eaacutrm to ovtddc (adlitiea qualdled to per(oam tha required mivice*
((end feeatiaafi'eai.--Spada] caarabiaifoct may fca Indicated at daa orf trader (ram one job to another. The coned erf tnmemitilraHi ifnrava by exatajoaran erf* thoae arfao handle food k aaoch-T example orf facial pnpeaa examination la away Jaikdittioat three an required by late.
Many organhadoeu find h eraethtehae to make 'rehaa to irarh* raiaamatlran erf eeaplnyeea who have been abeam more than a pedted awnhra orf daya due to Ih eat oe injury. Tkb k dooe to txaetrol menetaatlrahlc diaeaw w wdl aa to dtmnaiae aukabOity lea return m trail. Upon return to tad Moving andt arfarnre. a acea avahwdoa erf pbytfcal capacatita may be ttareMiy. A*, hahaitjticn paocadaita any be aectawry to wdute daability aad Improve Aa range orf amptoyab&ey.
Upon letliiinrai, foalgnadra. or Ontiaatloa of aa ptoymtat. aoena ceganhationa have found it deniable to mde eaamJetatioaa and a ratsrd erf the Cadagi aa that baa. Thk la partiedady true ia epetatioaa iaveleltw drftnile eapoauee to health hawrt~
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No angle eiiaiiaitUi report Iona haabeen A eked to adt aO irqubentMe or the taetltai erf detail dtnaed by varioue phytidanipiHn are aeport foem by tha ame.
Same report. la cterrem uaa me ao detailed they rw into ecvteai pagto and indede two payee erf mlmne dctnS devoted to perxoael biwory. Tfaeae, k a tneeedrruUe Avergtato erf eplaioa ae toahe actual vniua of web abbenir bhaoey dttal cvea U eoenpletciy hooeet aad
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KcunM twww ca b obubed far wry qucnk'W Other cxAouAAt&QB forms b u m crc so brief they am b k w valueless m ndequat* itcccdi or m aa the dcufl <4 lb* csjumnariost,
Matty physicians prefer that the form Include apace t* maVs aarrati** Doles of any significant history, fadings and tha ndvfea given o the bdMAnl
Ouc pnpslar fyp* of fan it that ia whkb the Wv of famine fan nr arranged b a vertical column with four ao tight blank cabanas abngadc. Tbt results of the first wafttftiiioa an tamtil b the fine bUok -rTimei and dated. Subsequent cumination data are tatanj In the adjacent blank enfaara, thereby promoting and fa cSimtbg wapatba with aulict
The denied drtad and mranganeat erf (he foem le a awocr (or deeveaoa by the doctor after rnmnhatiea xrkh
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3 fiaaarvaelnei and Ueo erf Kacocdt The re*mining rfrftytirian may properly put tafoema
tioa derived (ram laduanial health reeaanetina to tha (ofimriag meat
twltr with gxeetrftaaenti al daoetioek Good judg* Mtm ehould be uaed to prevent the taking orf uaBoceemry (can, while tinfhtiiring the haportaaea orf obtaining adequate ptreonal aeeefical ate. S. A tnwacript or pertinent data may be aupptied to another plryeeriea or to beahh agenda, eranqtrfrtd (or Ineuraneo purpcoa on requat or oonietH erfaapioym. S. The employer thmald be ghua a tieatdlretina ( fitnxe to facilitate ydatemeat, A form may be da vited foe thk peyoia 4. The employer Aould be nobbed erf poteaddy hermftd mt wtefmeanent dttoctol Araugh taiaadta. 5. Goecramcatal agenda each at team, eodxom*l erunpreuaiinei crenmieaion*. or beahh authoritia Andd bo aayphtd wkh lorfonaatioa Oil c&dtl order of trben teqtdied by latr.
la al other upeta Ao rrafi dratkl chonttM erf
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hfalO aamlu'`N tocordt ibnU bo rlgUly ebmrvod and term ohould be granted only on written mnoent d tht worker, preferably elver ptelfadaafy docmnon whh the rtemanrnf pbyiiclaa.
Suitable Sling equlpentnt and training of ptnonnel should be ptoviclrd fee the nfekoeping and confidential maintenance d ill wMiral raoordt Id the odabi PHtody and contra! of nwvhenl pantmoal
ritoan Chnlfirarina Kathode It It Dot tht function of tht pbydeha la Worm tht applicant whether be la to be employed. Tbit It tht ptrafathn and doty cl niuitaaal, at theta aia eehar (acton b addhha la phytical falMni that bear tepee tuttabHity lor employ mint. The irfetnl d completed rrtmhorina teponi ta lay penoca (or use be placement it pantculmfy nederinbia (or vrveral learont. Tbit practice violent the me phywcia-ptt>r reiatiocahip and It aa Inrodna d the cooMryitial nature d ouch ft porta, furthermore. trained Ur penuemd are eatieely unqnalihrd ta lattipeee aaedieal (teat into tenia d walk aignmeaner; tbit it the liqeendiility d the phyrirtat naceiarai lalenaatioa dioald be conveyed by a npn rate In. baaed ea aa agreed plan. Tbit plan or rataif method wiB enable the mwintng phyeirita la convert nwdieal bndmp lata meaaiaffel birl etrial mcmtarlngy. Tbe Uapoft d bdgeuy ward ta dr ntfiling the pbydeal actrritiro and work detaandi d )ebt hat nipydaimrd the ante (aenOiar beat vogue and fadrfnito mrdiral admoaidona. lor example, T|ta work." Many eyrteme d racing are now ta tna. Owe modal deprnda idely upon ctaanficttkai tala three catepfir| lot examples
a. Tk tat any work.
k fit (or Dyadic Jak
c. Rejocdooh
Another method mte dw (oHowieg ttanidcatlone: a. rbywcally fit Ice aery work,
k Meet that fata (true far week and taatet apfd> earn aUgbh far certain Jobe (the delect may af
i*ttjlitSS&
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II
may not be eormetibit bet may require medal nperehfan). c Delect that tequbtt medial attention, fa peeamil) handicapping, and dogutlifioi lor any type al ateplnyiaaM,
Soma mrtfedi are weB developed and tavolre a erne-
plete apprahal el pbydctl capodda cn a report identical
ta lortaae lo tbe tom wed ta analytic Jobe lor tha
pbytlcal demandi required of a worker to preform dm
jek Tbie method bae many virtura, aa it rwnniim dm
edoctirt matching of werktrv to Jobe .
-t .
Firea dm ptalk and hdintriol health wotdpohlt,dfa
edy ban to taetwrflne employment ta nemhatardmm
pccupmioen riioold be the foOoerfag fiafiagi:
*
I, CVemmmkafcla dhetm. It It obvluno that temw
ntaable dieeaem nerd to be brought wider prompt
cnotrol not only lor tbe bentdt of the tadividud
ban lor the public weffare ae wdL Tbia may fa
eohe the enmentt d public health odkhk
1 Incapacitating hjury at dormre, One d dm pant
eahna ef an examination program It the demrriim
of dhren ta In early acagra, when It It meat mm
able aa treatment. Appbceiam with taripltm bnt ,
** ----ar^-y j c .--<----------------1-- c-
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while they mane treatment hem their pmid pbywnana. : taiNur'Ty or <hhem can he referred in tehabStatlmt
Ice effective eminence fa Impratltq dmta
emyli.jebility and )eh oppotluajiha.
1 Mental Btaeaa ta which bnpalttd Jni%iinnl nr am hew previae cnoprraihe effort. It it sot |enmBy
appredamd by hymen that there b a tlpiBtaanl
percentateof penooa having mental fltaamertma*, .taooal dmwtmnce. Them ahenstiana can he of i mony drgrvea and liaqeendy can bo Importwl
"""Cb to act oa oboe to employment. The tiataod, pbnietaa can (tequendy delect three at the that
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