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UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF LABOR FRANCES PERKINS, Secretary DIVISION OF LABOR STANDARDS VERNE A. ZIMMER, Director OCCUPATION HAZARDS AND DIAGNOSTIC SIGNS A Guide to Impairments To Be Looked for in Hazardous Occupations (Revision of Bureau of Labor Statistics Bulletin No. S82) By LOUIS I. DUBLIN Third Vice President and Statistician and ROBERT J. VANE Supervisor of Occupational Ratings Metropolitan-fed* Insurance Company PLAINTIFF'S EXHIBIT MET-838 United States Government Printing Office Washington: 1941 For sale by the Superintendent el Documents, Washington, D. C. Price 10 cents OCCUPATION HAZARDS AND DIAGNOSTIC SIGNS UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF LABOR FRANCES PERKINS, Secretary DIVISION OF LABOR STANDARDS VERNE A. ZIMMER, Director OCCUPATION HAZARDS AND DIAGNOSTIC SIGNS A Guide to Impairments To Be Looked for in Hazardous Occupations (Revision of Bureau of Labor Statistics Bulletin No. 582) By LOUIS I. DUBLIN Third Vice President and Statistician and ROBERT J. VANE Supervisor of Occupational Ratings Metropolitan Life Insurance Company United States Government Printing Office Washington: 1941 Tar tala by tha Suparintandant at Doeumanta, Woahington, D. C Pric* 10 centa 94/ , ura / Contents Preface............................................................................................ ............ Introduction------------------------------------------------------ --............... -......... Section I.--Alphabetical list of hazardous occupations--------- --------------Section II.--List of hazards, symptoms, occupations exposed, and methods of prevention------------------------------------------- ------- --------------A. Abnormalities of air pressure____________ _______-..................... 1. Compressed air (increased atmospheric pressure).................. 2. Altitude; rarefied air (decreased atmospheric pressure)-------B. Abnormalities of temperature and humidity----------------------------1. Heat........................................................................................ 2. Sudden variations of temperature.... ..................-.................. C. Dampness.......................... -........................................................... D. Defective illumination ..-------------------------------------------------------E. Dust................................................................................................. 1. Organic dust--....................................................... -........ 2. Inorganic dust containing free silica_________ 3. Inorganic dust (except asbestos) containing no free silica___ 4. Asbestos................................................................................... F. Infections--------------1. Anthrax-------------2. Fungus infections............:---------------------------------------------3. Septic infections...... ............ ..................-------- -----------------4. Undulant fever (brucellosis).-.............................................. G. Radiant energy................................................ 1. X-rays, radium, and other radioactive substances (radiothorium, mesothorium, etc.)................................................ 2. Ultraviolet and infrared rays................................................. H. Repeated motion, pressure, shock, etc------------------------------------J. Poisons____________________________________ l. Acetaldehyde......................................................................... / 2. Acetanilide.......................... ' 3. Acetone_________________________________________ ____ 4. Acridine_____________________________-........................... 5. Acrolein______________________ 6. Aluminum.. 32 7. Ammonia............ 8. Amyl acetate_________________________________________ 9. Amyl alcohol______________ 10. Aniline and other amino compounds of benzol and its homologues............... 11. Antimony and its compounds....... ....................................... 12. Arsenic and its compounds (except arseniuretted hydrogen). 13. Arseniuretted hydrogen (arsine)........................................... 14. Barium................................................................. 15. Benzine (naphtha-gasoline).............. 16. Benzol (benzene) and its homologues (toluol and xylol)___ 17. Beryllium............................... 18. Brass...................................................................................... 19. Bromine 37 20. Butanone (methyl ethyl ketone).............. 21. Butyl acetate........... .......... 22. Butyl alcohol____ ______ 23. Cadmium............................................................. 24. Caleium cyanamide (cyanamide).......................................... ' 25. Carbon dioxide 39 26. Carbon disulphide__ _ SX Plto vii 1 4 15 15 15 15 17 18 19 20 21 21 23 24 24 25 25 26 26 27 27 27 27 28 29 30 31 31 31 32 32 32 33 33 33 34 34 35 35 36 36 37 37 38 38 38 38 38 39 IT CONTEXTS Section II.--List of hazards, symptoms, occupations exposed, and methods of prevention--Continued. J. Poisons--Continued. 27. Carbon monoxide--------------------------------------------------------* ' 28. Carbon tetrachloride.......... .........---.................................... 29. Collosolve (mono-ethyl ether of ethylene Klvcoli.................. 30. Chloride of lime............ ........................................................ 31. Chlorinated diphenyls--------------------- ------- -....................... 32. Chlorinated hydrocarbons............... --.................................33. Chlorinated naphthalenes....................................................... 34. Chlorine............... -................ .................................... ........... 3.5. Chlorodmirrohenzol------------------------ --------------------- ------36. Chloronitrobenzol_________________________-.................... 37. Chloroprene (2- cliloro-butadiene) - -................... ....... ......... 38. Chromium compounds------------------------- ------- ----------------39. Cobalt 40. Copper.-------- --------------------------------------- ---------------------41. Cresol (cresvlic acid)------------------------ ---------------------------42. Cyanogen compounds------------------------------- --------------- -- 43. Dichlorethyiene____________________________ -.................. 44. Dichloroethyl ether------------------ ------------ -................ ......... 45. Dimethvl sulphate________________ ____________________ 46. DLnitrobenzol 47. D `nitrophenol (1-2-4)---------------------------------------------------48. D oxan (diethylene dioxide)........................................ .......... 49. Ethyl benzene 50. Ethyl bromide and ethyl chloride-----------------------------------51. Ethylene dibromide___________________ ________________ 52. Ethylene dichloride (dichlorethane)_____________________ 53. Ethylene oxide 54. Ethyl silicates___________________________________ ______ 55. Fluorine and its compounds 56. Formaldehyde.'____________________________________ ____ 57. Formic acid ' 58. Furfural______________________________________ ________ 59. Gasoline 60. Hexanone (methyl butyl ketone) 61. Hexone (methyl'isobutyl ketone)________________________ 62. Hydrochloric acid 63. Hydrocyanic acid 64. Hydrofluoric acid 65. Iron carbonyl...................... ........................ ........................... 66. Lead and its compounds______ _________________ _______ 67. Lead arsenate--------------------------------------------------------------68. Magnesium 69. Manganese 70. Mercury and its compounds 71. Metal fume fever 72. Methanol (methyl alcohol)....................... .......... ................. 73. Methyl bromide............................. ........................................ 74. Methyl cellosolve (ethylene glycol monomethyl ether)........ 75. Methyl chloride'.'I 78. Methylene chloride (dichloromethane) 77. Methyl formate........................ ........................................ . 78.- Naphtha.................................................................................... 79. Naphthols 80. Naphthylamines 81. Nickel 82. Nickel carbonyl________________________________________ 83. Nicotine_________________________________ _____________ 84. Nirraniline_________________ _______ ____________ _______ 85. Nitrobenzol and other nitro compounds of benzol and its homoiogues....................................................... ................... 86. Nitroglycerin................. .............................. ........... ................ 87. Nitronaphthalene___________ 88. Nitrous fumes and nitric acid_________ __________________ 89. Oxalic acid............................................................... ..... Pa* 3!) 40 4! 41 41 42 42 42 42 42 42 43 43 43 43 44 44 44 45 45 45 45 45 46 46 46 47 47 47 47 47 47 48 48 48 48 49 49 49 49 50 50 50 51 52 52 52 52 53 53 53 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 55 55 55 56 ir CONTEXTS Salbtdfc-II.--List of hazards, symptoms, occupations exposed, and methods of prevention--Continued. J. Poisons--Continued. . 27. Carbon monoxide.................................................-................ #** 28. Carbon tetraohloride....... .................................... -................ 29. Cellosolve (mono-ethyl ether of ethylene glycol).................. 30. Chloride of lime.......... ..................1...................................... 31. Chlorinated diphenyls.......... ................................................. 32. Chlorinated hydrocarbons..................................................... 33. Chlorinated naphthalenes.... ............... 34. Chlorine...... .......................................................................... 35. Chlorodinitrobenzol............................................................... 36. Chloronitrobenzol............................ ...................................... 37. Chloroprene (2- chloro-butadiene)....................................... 38. Chromium compounds.......................................... ............... 39. Cobalt_______________________ _______________________ 40. Copper........................ 41. CresoL (cresylic acid)............................................................. 42. Cyanogen compounds............................................................ 43. Dichlorethylene....... ............. 44. Dichloroethyl ether...................... 45. Dimethyl sulphate..................... ........................................... 46. DLnitrobenzol-......... ............... 47. D mitrophenol (1-2-4)....... 48. D oxan (diethylene dioxide).................................................. 49. Ethyl benzene----------------------------50. Ethyl bromide and ethyl chloride........................ 51. Ethylene dibromide---------------------------52. Ethylene dichloride (dichlorethane)................................. 53. Ethylene oxide................. 54. Ethyl silicates---------------- a.................................................. 55. Fluorine and its compounds.................................................. 56. Formaldehyde.......... ........................................................... 57. Formio acid.......... ................................................................. 58. Furfural_____________________________________ 59. Gasoline___________________________________-................ 60. Hexanone (methyl butyl ketone)......................................... 61. Hexone (methyl isobutyl ketone)----------------------- ------- -- 62. Hydrochloric acid............................. 63. Hydrocyanio acid............ 64. Hydrofluoric acid________________-.................................... 65. Iron carbonyl-------------------------| 66. Lead and its compounds....................................................... 67. Leadaraenate............................. 68. Magnesium_____________ 69. Manganese___________________________________________ 70. Mercury and its compounds................. 71. Metal fume fever_____________________________________ 72. Methanol (methyl aloohol) 52 73. Methyl bromide__ _________ 74. Methyl cellosolve (ethylene glycol monomethyl ether)_____ 75. Methyl chloride_______________________________ 76. Methylene chloride (dichloromethane)...... ........................... 77. Methyl formate______________________________________ 78. Naphtha_____________________________________________ 79. Naphthols____________________________________ 80. Naphthylamines................ 81. Nickel__________________ 82. Nickel carbonyl............... 83. Nicotine............................. 84. Nitraniline............................... 85. Nitrobenzol and other nitro compounds of benzol and its homologues........................................................................ 86. Nitroglycerin......................................... 87. Nitronaphthalene_____________ 88. Nitrous fumes and nitrio acid___________________________ 89. Oxalic acid............... p*re 39 40 41 41 41 42 42 42 42 42 42 43 43 43 43 44 44 44 45 45 45 45 43 46 46 46 47 47 47 47 47 47 48 48 48 48 49 49 49 49 50 50 50 51 52 52 52 53 53 53 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 55 55 55 56 CONTEXTS V Section II.--List of hazards, symptoms, occupations exposed, and uuiaods of prevention--Continued. J. Poisons--Continued. 90. Ozone...................................................................................... 91. Pentanone (methyl propyl ketone,...................... ............... 92. Petroleum..........I-........................................ --............... 93. Phenol..................... ......................-................................... . 94. Phenyl hydrazine................................................................ 95. Phosgene'.............. 96. Phosphorus............................................................................. 97. Phosphurctted hydrogen(phosphine)....................... 98. Picric acid (trinitrophenuli................................................... 99. Potassium hydroxide........ .................... 100. Pyridine.............................................. -................................. 101. Radium..........................................--...................... -.......... 102. Selenium compounds...........--....................................... -- 103. Silver......... .................. 104. Sodium hydroxide.............................. ......... ........................105. Sulphur chloride------------106. Sulphur dioxide............ ................ ...................................... 107. Sulphuretted hydrogeni hydrogen sulphide!---------------------108. Sulphuric acid________________ 109. Tar and pitch-------------------------------------------------------------110. Tellurium compounds-------------------------111. Tetrachlorethane (acetylene tetrachloride;................... 112. Tetrachlorethylene (perchlorethylcne)......................... 113. Tetraethyllead_______________________________________ 114. Thallium_____ _______ 115. Thorium......................... 116. Tin........................................................................................... 117. Titanium oxide............. 118. Toluol..................................................................................... 119. Tricnlorethylene....................... 120. Trinitrophe'nol_______________ 121. Trinitrotoluol___________ 122. Triorthocresyl phosphate 63 123. Turpentine.'__________ ________ ______________________ 124. Uranium__________ 125. Vanadium__________ 126. Vinvl chloride_____________ 127. Xylol............... 128. Zinc 65 Section III.--Dermatoses............................................. ............................... Section IV.--Selected sources of information on industrial hygiene_____ ,'56 56 56 57 57 57 57 58 58 58 58 59 59 59 59 59 59 60 60 61 61 62 62 .62 62 63 63 63 63 63 63 63 64 64 64 64 65 66 69 Preface Hie first edition of this gu>de to the hazards of occupations and to the symptoms of die diseases they cause was intended primarily to aid the medical examiners of the Metropolitan Life Insurance! Co. in the discovery of impairments among applicants for insurance. The pamphlet soon attracted the attention ot others not immediately interested in insurance medical examinations.. Industrial physicians, directors of compensation boards, factory inspectors, safety engi neers, industrial rehabilitation agents, faculties of medical colleges, and. most important of all, general practitioners of medicine, have made a call for this work ana have exnressed their approval of it. Sub sequent editions have been equally well received. It has been repro duced either in whole or in part in a number of works by authorities on the subject of industrial hvgiene. The present publication is a complete revision of Bulletin >fo. 582 of the United States Bureau of Labor Statistics, issued in 1933 under the same title. The authors are convinced by their experience with these earlier editions that this bulletin has served a useful purpose, and that there ;s a vital need for a compilation of this kind, which makes readily available the most recent findings on industrial hazards to those who have not the time for a thorough study. Obviously, the extension of the compensation laws of the several States to include all occupa tional diseases, or an increasing number of them, has made it neces sary for physicians to be familiar with at least their most common symptoms. Those who may wish to look further into the causes and effects of specific hazards will find detailed information in the sources referred to in the last section. The two decades which have passed since the first edition of this bulletin was prepared have been years of tremendous expansion in the field of industrial hygiene. It has come to be recognized as an important branch of industrial management in which industrialists, physicians, engineers, chemists, laboratory technicians, statisticians, labor law administrators, workmen's compensation officials, and factory inspectors cooperate in the discovery of hazards, the nature of the injuries they cause, and in working out measures for their preven tion. They have been yeaTs noteworthy for the large number of scientific investigations undertaken here and abroad to determine the causes of ill health among workmen and the effects of exposure to specifi'' hazards. As a result of newer findings, we have had to revise many f our views on the effects of specific industrial exposures. Our idea that dusts, for example. weTe injurious in proportion to the hardness and sharpness of their particles, has been shown to be erroneous. It is now held that dusts are injurious in proportion to the amount of free silica or the amount of asbestos they contain. Our knowledge of the effects of many other hazards, long recognized as injurious, has been enhanced, and in addition a wealth of informa- vu VIII PREFACE tion has been supplied on the effects of important new hazards, notably the volatile solvents and chemicals employed in the manu facture of synthetic resins, to mention onlv two. In preparing this, the fourth edition of the pamphlet, the authors have endeavored to present the most recent thought on occupational hazards expressed in this vast literature on industrial hygiene. They realize full well the inadequacy of existing knowledge of the effects of many industrial hazards, and the amount of scientific research necessary before these effects are definitely known. They have not presumed to attempt to settle controversial questions, nor have they attempted to set up standards for the guidance of those whose responsibility it is to pass upon claims for compensation or damages. The symptoms, conditions, or diseases cited are those which lire reported in the best works available on the several hazards. They have not been listed in the order of their importance, and many are perhaps of rather rare occurrence. Similarly, the occupations and industries listed are those in which the hazard may be present, and not necessarily those in which specific cases of injury' have occurred. It should be recognized that even where poisons or other hazards are present the chances of injury may be slight. Some industries today, due to the excellence of the preventive measures they have instituted, are manufacturing or handling extremely toxic materials with virtually no danger to the workmen. There is every reason to believe that most, if not all, plants could eliminate the hazard of poisoning if management and employees worked together toward that end and this may be said of many other hazards. A word of caution should be given to the layman against the use of the material presented here for self-diagnosis or for diagnosing the illness of others. That is a practice fraught with the gravest danger. The only people competent to make a diagnosis are physi cians. They should be consulted without delay whenever there are signs or symptoms of ill health. The hazards covered now include `aonormafities of air pressure;" "abnormalities of temperature;" "dampness;" "defective illumination;" "dust;" "infections;" "radiant energy;" "repeated motion, pressure, shock, etc.;" the "poisons:" and "dermatoses." The number of poisonous substances considered has been increased from 94 to 128. The number of hazardous occupations listed has been increased to approximately 1,100. The authors desire to acknowledge their indebtedness to the mem bers of the medical profession of the United States and Canada who have so graciously received the previous editions and who have so enthusiastically cooperated in extending its scope. It would be im practicable to make personal acknowledgment of all the assistance which has been, received in preparing this revision. Mention, how ever, should be made of the following authors and organizations from whose published works so large a part of the information used in the pamphlet was secured: Drs. Alice Hamilton, George M. Kober, Emery R. Havhurst, Yandell Henderson, Howard W. Haggard. R. R. Savers, W. F. Von Oettingen, L. Schwartz, L. Tulipan. W. D. McNally, H. F. Smyth, R. Prosser White, Carey P. McCord. Henry H. Kessler, Ethel Browning, and also the International Labor Office of the League of Nations, Harvard School of Public Health, United States Department PREFAti: IX of Labor, United States Public Health Service, United States Bureau of Mines, and the Division of Industrial Hygiene of the Xew lork State Department of Labor. / The authors are especially indebted to Dr. Anthony J. Lanza and Dr. William J. McConnell, assistant medical directors, and to Miss Eleanor Rantoul. all of the Metropolis.. Life Insurance Co., for re viewing the entire manuscript, for assistance in the preparation of the text, and for many valuable criticisms suggested by their broad ex perience in the field cf industrial medicine. The detailed work of this compilation was carried out by Sol Ungar, Jules V. Quint, and Robert S. Levin of the Statistical Bureau of the Metropolitan Life Insurance Co. Louis I. Dublin. Robert J. Vane. 270780*--il---- 2 OCCUPATION HAZARDS AND DIAGNOSTIC SIGNS A Guide To Impairments To Be Looked For In Hazardous Occupations Introduction Many occupations have injurious effects on the physical condition of those encaged in them. The health of those who work with the poisons, such as lead, arsenic, mercury, picric acid, and so forth, or those who are exposed for long periods to dust, heat, humidity, or to the infectious materials, may be impaired seriously as the result of their work. The occupation is now recognized as of the very first importance as a factor in the causation of disability and even of death. We see this reflected in the freouent revisions of compensa tion laws to include an increasing number of occupational diseases. It is now generally recognized that patients come to physicians with pains and complaints of an indefinite character, but which in many instances are the effects of their occupation. With their attention directed to occupation as a possible factor, physicians are able to diagnose a great many obscure cases which previously had puzzled even the most competent clinicians. In this wav they discover a freat many more cases of disease of occupational origin than had efore been thought possible. The medical examiner should therefore be very careful to see if any of the usual diagnostic signs of poisoning, dust, heat, or other hazards which are known to be inherent in occupations are in evi dence among his patients, where no other explanation of the case is readily available. In the case of those exposed to lead, such as paint mixers, painters, and so forth, the blue line on the gum, the pale, sallow appearance, and the trembling fingers, are significant as indi cations of chronic lead poisoning, and the physician should look for these signs. Physical symptoms and conditions which ordinarily might be passed by in this way become very important if they point to the possible effect of the occupation. This handbook has been prepared to aid physicians in general practice, industrial hygienists, safety engineers, and others who come into close professional contact with those who are engaged in indus trial processes. Nine major hazards of employment are listed: namely, "abnormalities of air pressure"; "abnormalities of tempera ture"; "dampness"; "defective illumination"; "dust"; "infections"; * radiant energy"; "repeated motion, pressure, or shock"; and the "poisons." A separate section of the bulletin is devoted to a dis cussion of the dermatoses. Long exposure to any of these will usually leave definite physical signs which the medical examiner can discover if he will look for them. To aid him in detecting the hazards and 1 2 OCCUPATION* HAZARDS AN'D DIAGNOSTIC SIGNS their effects oil the worker, two lists are presented. The first con sists of the more common hazardous occupations, arranged alpha betically; the second consists of hazards, together with their effects or symptoms, as well as the occupations affected. After each occu pation m the first list is a reference in code to the particular hazard in the second list. The capital letters after each occupation. A. B. C. and so forth, refer to the general hazard. The arabic numerals sig nify the particular hazard, as E 1, organic dust: E 2, inorganic dust containing free silica. The following example will show how this guide may be of value to the general practitioner: A man who works as a pre.-ser. suffering from continuous headaches, visits his physician. The latter can find no cause for the patient's illness. The patient show no signs of dis ease other than the subjective symptoms which lie describes. Per haps the physician will recommend an examination of the subject's eyes, ears, and sinuses, which will prove negative. A correct diag nosis in a puzzling case such as this is much easier to determine when the occupation is ascertained and this guide is utilized. Alongside of "pressers" in the Alphabetical List of Hazardous Occupations, the physician finds the symbols H. J -27. "H" represents the hazard "repeated motion, pressure, shock"; "J" the hazard "poisons": ana 27 the particular hazard "carbon monoxide." Upon looking up the symptoms of these hazards in the second list, he finds that carbon monoxide produces headache. In such a case an effort should be made to discover if this poison exists as a hazard in the plant where the patient is emploved. The remedy consists in the removal of the etiological factor--the specific poison. The following procedure is tlierefore recommended: The medical examiner or physician should ascertain the occupation of the person undergoing examination. He should then look for it in the Alphabeti cal List or Hazardous Occupations (p. 4). If found there, it is possible that the person has been exposed to, and possibly is suffering from the effects of, some hazard of his occupation. The numerals will indicate the particular hazards of the occupation. The physician should then make special effort to discover the symptoms or signs referred to in the second list. By this means he can readily deter mine whether the person examined probably is suffering from the effect of his occupation. His examination is in this way made more illumi nating. Physicians not specialists in occupational hygiene can thus learn to detect the effects or industry and, conversely, can eliminate the occupation as the cause when certain symptoms are observed which do not fit the usually observed effects of the occupation. Medical examiners should remember that- it is often necessary to keep in mind not only the present occupation but former ones as well. Per sons suffering from certain ailments may no longer be engaged in the industry which was responsible for their condition. But careful in quiry into their occupational history will sometimes result in the re cording of an occupation the effects of which are clearly those from which the patient is suffering. The medical profession must give occupational findings greater weight in forming their judgments re garding physical conditions and in diagnosing and treating disease. It is hoped in this way that the medical profession will become more and more acquainted with occupational diseases and help in the move IXTRODl'CTluX 3 ment to discover and eliminate case:- thereof. In our country it is still true that very large numbers of working people are constantly exposed to serious occupational hazards and Miner, often unnecessarily, y'ery seriously, from the effects of such exposure. Occupat ional disease haz ards can be brought under control if management and men work to gether. The greater interest of medical practitioners will help mate rially' in the campaign of prevention. Medical schools can aid greatly in bringing about this result by giving due weight to the subject in their courses of study. Already the form and content of this pamphlet have recommended it to several schools, which report its value. In the same way. plant executives and safety engineers must take cognizance of the existence of these occupational diseases and look carefully into their own establishments to see to what degree the processes of their shops are devoid of the dangers which are usually associated with in dustrial operations. Factory inspectors, labor officials, and workmen's compensation boards will find it helpful in inspecting and evaluating the hazards of numerous industries. Many hazards may be revealed which they have not known were associated with the processes of manufacture, and of whicli the employers themselves have been ignorant. Those concerned with industrial rehabilitation should find this bulletin an aid in selecting occupations for those with arrested cases of tuberculosis or other organic diseases. Section I.--Alphabetical List of Hazardous Occupations Abrasives workers. B l, E 1. 2, 3. Art-glass workers. J 8. 15. 34. 60, 72. 123. Acetaldehyde workers. J 1. 70. Artificial-amber makers. J 56. Acetanilide workers, J 10. Artificial-flower makers, H. J 12, .'18, 66. Acetic add makers. J 62. 70. 70. 72. Acetone workers. J 3, 70. Artificial-gem makers. J 114. Acetylene workers, E 3, J 3, 7. 13. 28. 27, Artificial-Ice makers. B 2. C. J 7. 106. 30, 38, 97. See alto Carbide makers Artificial-leather workers. B 1, J 3. 8. 10, and Welders. 12, 16, 20. 22. 72, S8, 10$. Add dippers, C. J 13. 42. 62. R8. 108. ''iflclal-manure makers. See Ferti Add finishers (glass). J 62. 66. 108. lizer makers. Acid makers. See particular acid. Artificial-pearl makers. .1 3, 8, 66. 88. 111. Acridine workers, J 4. Artificial-rubber makers. See Rubber Acrolein workers. J 5. (synthetic) makers. Actors. J 66. Artificial-silk makers. See Rayon. Agricultural workers. See Farmers. Artificial-stone makers, J 109. Air-hammer operators, H. Asbestos miners. E. 4. See alto Miners. Airplane-dope makers, J 3 8. 16. 28, 67, Asbestos products workers. B 1, E 4, 74. 111. J 16, 56, 109. Airplane-hangar employees, J 15, 16, 2S. Ashmen, E 1, 3. Airplane pilots, A Z J 27. Asphalt workers, B 1. J 109. Airplane pilots--crop dusting, A 2, .112. Automobile mechanics. See Garage 27. 66 workers. Airplane wing varnlshers. See Var- Automobile painters, C, J 16 72. See nishers. alto Painters. Alcohol-distlUery workers, J 8. 9. 16, 57, Automobile radiator cleaners, J 89. 70, 72. Aviation personnel (flying), A 2. Bee Aldehyde pumpmen. J 1, 72. alto Airplane pilots. Alkali salt makers. C, J 25, 34, 62. 106. Aviators. See Airplane pilots. 107. Alloy makers. B 1. J 17. 27. 39. 68. 69, 81, Babbitt metal workers, J 11, 66 102, 125. Babbitters, J 11, 66 Aluminum extractors, J 64, 69. Bacteriologists, F, F 1. Alum workers, J 108. Bakers, B 2. E 1, G 2. J 25, 27. Amalgam makers. J 70. Baking-powder makers. J 25. Amber workers. J 66 Balloon (hydrogen) workers, J 13. Ammonia workers, J 7. 24. 27. Balloon inflators, J 27. Ammonium salt makers. B J 7, 26, 42, Barbers, F, H. 62. 108. Barium carbonate makers. J 14. 107. Ammonium snlpbate makers. J 108. Bar-mill workers (iron and steel), B 1. Amyl-acetate workers, J 8, 9. Barometer makers, J 70. Amyl alcohol workers, J 9. Basic slag (artificial manure) workers, Amyl-nitrite makers, J 9. E3. Aniline dye makers. See Dye makers. Batch makers (glass works). See Glass An8i8li.ne workers, J 10, 13, 16, 38. 62, 85. mixers. Batch makers (rubber works). See Animal hair dressers. Bee Hair work Compounders (rubber). ers. Baters (tannery), F 1. Animal handlers, F 1, 2, 3. Bathhouse attendants, F. Annealers. B 1. j 7. Battery (dry) makers, E 1, 3, J 8, 16, Antifreeze makers, J 72. 38. 62. 66 69. 70. 109. Antimony extractors (refiners), B 1, Battery (storage) makers. See Storage J 11. battery makers. Antimony fluoride extractors, J 64. Beamers (textiles), E 1. Antipyrine makers, J 94. Beamhouse workers (tannery), C, F 1. Arsenic roasters, B 1, J 12. Beatermen (paper and pulp). C, J 34. 4 ALPHABETICAL LIST <>F HAZARDOUS OCCUPATION'S 0 Beauty parlor operatives, F. J Hi. 1 Broom makers, E 1. F 1. J 34. 56. 106. Bed rubbers (stone), E 2, 3. Browners (gun barrels). J 42. 6ft 70. 92. Bench molders. See Holders (foundry). Brushers (felt hats >. E 1, J 70. / Benzene workers. See Benzol workers. Brush makers. E 1. F 1, J 5U. 66, 72, 109. Benzine workers, J 15. Ruffers, D. E 1. 2. 3. Benzol purifiers, J 16. ins. Buffers (rubber). J 8, 15, 66. Benzoi-stlllmen, B 1. J 16. Bulb (mercuryi makers, J 70. Benzol workers, J 16. Buoy makers. J 97. Beryllium alloy workers, J 17. Burners (enameling). B 1. J 66. Beryllium extractors. J 64. Burnishers (metals). D, J 11, 13. 28, 103. Bessemer-con verfor workers (iron and 119. steel). B 1, J 27. Burrers (needles). E 2, 3. Beta-still operators (beta naphthol), Burr filers. E 2. ft B 1, J 106. Butchers, B 2. F. F 1. 3. 4. Bevelers, E 3. Button makers, E 1, 3, F, J 3, 30, 5ft Bicyclists, H. Butyl acetate makers, J 22. Billet mill workers (Iron and steel). B 1. Butyl alcohol makers, J 22 Bisque-kiln workers, B 1. E 2, 3, J 27. Butyl cellosolve makers, J 53. Blacksmiths. B 1. G 2. H. J 25. 27, 42, 66. Blanket makers, F 1. Cable makers, J 6ft Blasters, E 2. 3. J 27, 88.107. Cable splicers. C. J 27, 6ft 107, 123. Blast-furnace workers, B 1. J 25. 27, 42. Cadmium alloy makers, J 23. 97, 106, 107. Cadmium and cadmium-compound mnk- Bleachers. B 1. 2. J 30. 34. 38, 62. 64. 88, ers, J 13, 2ft 89, 90. 95, 99, 104, 1061 Cadmium platers, J 23. See a/so Elec Bleachery driers. B 1. troplaters. Bleaching) powder makers, J 13, 30, 34, Cndmium vapor lamp makers. J 23. 69. Caisson workers. A 1, B 2, C, D. J 25. BleDders (motor fuel). See Gasoline 27. 107. blenders. Calcium carbide makers. See Carbide Blockers (felt hats). B 1. J 27. makers. Blooders (tannery), J 66. Calcium cyanamide makers, B 1, E 3. Blooming-mill workers (iron and steel), J 24. B 1. Calenderers (rubber). B 2. E ft Blowers (felt hats), E 1, J 70. Calico printers. See Textile printers. Blowers (glass manufacturing). See Camphor makers, J 8, 10. 62 123. Glass blowers. Candle makers. J 5. 10, 12, 38, 108. Blowers-out (zinc smelting), B 1. J 128. Candy makers. B 1. 2. Blue print makers, J. 38. Canners, B 1, 2, C, F ft J 12. 25, 68. Blue print paper makers, J 10. 89. Can sealers, J 16. Bluets (revolvers). B 1. Cap loaders, J 70. Boiler cleaners and washers. C. J 27. Cappers (window glass), B L Boiler-room workers, B 1. J 2.", 27. Carbanllide makers, J 26. Boneblack makers, J 7, 96. Carbide makers, B 1, E 1, 3, J 7. 27. Bone Tenderers, extractors, etc.. E 1. F1, Carbolic-acid makers. J 16, 93. 10ft 108. J 5. 42. 10ft Carbonated-water makers. J 25. Biookbluders. J 5. 8. 12, 6ft 72. 89. Carbon-black workers, B 1, E 1. Bottle-cap makers, J 66. Carbon-brush makers, E 1, E 3. Bottlers (mineral waters), J 25, 107. Brake-lining makers. E 4. J 1ft Carbon-dioxide ice workers. J 25. Carbon-dioxide makers. J 25. Brass founders, B 1, J 1L 12, 25, 27. 40, Carbon-disulphide makers. J 26, 107. 6ft 96. 106, 128. Curbonic-acld makers. J 25. Brass polishers, J 6ft See alio Polish Carboulzers (shoddy), E 1. J 13. 62, 108. ers and cleaners (metal). Carbon-paper makers. E 1. Braziers. B 1. G 2. J 06. 128. Carbon printers (photography), J 38. Brewers, B 1, 2, C, F 2, J 9, 25, 27, 5ft Carbon-tetrachloride workers, J 2ft 28. 64. 9ft 108. 95, 105. Brick burners, B 1, J 25, 27, 66. Carders (asbestos). E 4. Bricklayers. E 3. Carders (textiles), E 1. Brick makers, B 1, C. E 2, ft J 64, 6ft 68, Card grinders (textiles), E 1, ft 69, 10ft Carpenters, H. Briquet makers, J 12. 109. Carpet cleaners, E 1. F 1. Bromine makers, J 10,19, 34. Carpet makers, E L F1, J 12. Bronze powder makers. J 3, 128. Carroters (felt hats). J 12. 70, 88. Bronzers. E ft J 7, 8. 12. 13, 15, 1ft 42, Cartridge cup washers. C. 62, 66, 69, 70, 72, 107, 128. Cartridge dippers, J 62, 88, 108. 6 OCCUPATION* HAZARDS AND DIAGNOSTIC SIGNS Cartridge felt ancl wad makers, C. Goal carbi>nl7.rr<. .1 107. Cartridge makers. J 06. 70. Coal miners. Sir Miners. Cartridge shot Bhell paraffin dippers. Cnal passers. E 1. 3. B 2. C. Coal-tnr workers. B 1. J in. irt. 27. 41. Case hardeners, B 1. J 42. 42. 93. 100. See 'll*" C<'ke-oven Casters (metal). Sec Foundry nnd also workers. particular metaL Cobbers iasbestos), E 4. Casting cleaners (foundry), E 2, 3. Sec Cobblers. E 1. F I. H. J 16. 23. alto Acid dippers. Coin makers. J .Ml. 103. Cast scrubbers ielectroplaters). J 15, 10. Coke-oven workers. B 1. .T 7. 10. 27. 106. Catchers < Iron and steel), B 1. 107, 100. Srr alto Coal-tar workers. Cattle salesmen. F 1. 4. Cold-storage-plant workers. See Re- Cellulose formate makers. J 37. frigeratlne-plant workers. Cellulose makers. C. J 104. 106. 107. 108. Collar (fusedi makers, J 3, 72. 74. Cellulose-products makers, see rayon, Collodion makers. J S3. pyroxylin-plastics, lacquers. Colored paper workers, J 12. Cementers (rubber). J 13, 13, 22. 23, 23, Colorers (marbleI. J. 38. 43. 72, 111. 119. 123. Colorers (whtret of shoes. .T 06. Cement (Portland) workers, B 1. E 2, Color makers. B 1. E 3. J 7. 10. 11. 12. 3. J 12, 27. 102. 15. 10. 10. 23. 34. 38. 30. 45. 60. 60, 70. Cement (rubber, plastic, etc.) mixers. 73. 75. 79. 102. 108. Ill, 114. J 3. 7. 8. 15. 16, 26, 28, 48, 86. 100. 105. Comb makers. E 1. J 3. 100. 111. Compositors, D, E 3, H. J 10. U. 15. 06, Ceramic workers. See Pottery workers. 123. Chambermaids, F. Compounders (rubber), E 3. -T 10, 11..12. Chambermen (sulphuric acid), J 100. 15. 10. 38. 60. 108. Compressed air (caisson) workers. Srr Charcoal burners. J 25. 27. Caisson workers. Charcoal workers. E 1. J 27. Compressed air (pneumatic tool) work Charcoal workers (sugar refining), B ers. Sec Pneumarlc-tool workers. 1. 2. Concentrating mill workers, C, E 2. 3. .1 Chargers (furnace), B 1. E 3, J 27. flfi. 69. 102. See alto Oil flotation See alto particular metal. plant workers. Chargers (smelting and refining). B l, Coners (felt hats), E 1. J 70. E 3, J 27. See alto particular metal. Confectioners. Srr Candy makers. Chasers (steel). E 3. Construction workers. C, E 2, 3. Chauffeurs. B 2. C. H, J 15. 27. Cooks. B 2. F. G 2. J 27. Chemists (radium research), G 1. Copper founders, J 12. 40. Chimney masons. J 27. Copper miners. Sre Miners. Chimney sweepers. E 3, J 12, 27, 109. Copper refiners and smelters. B 1. J 11, Chippers, E 2 3. J 00. 12, 27. 40. 64. 06, 60, 102, 106, 110. Chloride-of-lime makers, J 30. 34. Coppersmiths, J 12, 40. Chlorinated diphenyl makers. J 31. Copper (strip) roller-mill workers. J 5. Chlorinated naphthalene workers, J 33. Cordage factory workers. F 1. J 109. Chlorinated rubber makers, J 28. Core makers. B 1. E 2, 3, J 27, 28, 128. Chlorine compound makers. J 62. Cork workers, E 1. Chlorine makers. J 34. 02, 09, 70. Corn-products workers. B 1. 2. C. Chlorodiphenyl makers. J 16. Cosmetic workers. J 12. 70, 74. 85. Chloroform makers, J 3, 28, 30, 73. Cotton-mill workers. B 1. C, E 1, 3. Chrome workers, J 38. Cottonseed-oil workers. B 1. Chromium platers, J 38. See alto Elec Cotton twisters. E 1. H. troplaters. Cranemen (glass Industryi. B 1. Cigar makers, E 1, F 2, J 68, 83. Cranemen (iron and steel). B 1. Clay and bisque makers (pottery), B 2, Crayon (colored) makers, J 38, 60. C. E 2, 3. Creosoting-plant workers. C, J 109. Clay-plug makers (pottery), C. E 3. Cresol-soup makers, J 41. Clay-products workers. See Pottery Cresyllc-aeld makers. J 41. workers. Crucible mixers. E 1. 3. Cleaners (metal). See Polishers and Crucible - steel - department emplorces. cleaners (metal). B 1. Clerks, D. H. Crushermen (clay and stone), E 2, 3. Clothes pressers, J 25. Crashers (asbestos). E 4. Cloth preparers, B 1, C. See alto Cupola men (foundries). B 1. J 25. 27. Bleachers. Curers. vapor (rubber). Sre Vulcan- Cloth singers, J 27. l7.er>. Clutch disk impregnators, J 16. Curriers (tannery), E 1, F 1, J 12,15. alphabetical list of hazardous occupations Cut-glass workers, E 3, J 12, 66. Dye makers. B 1. 2. J 1. 3. 4, 7, 10, 11. Cutlery makers, E 2, 3, J 8, J 66. 12. 13. 14. 16. 19. 22. 2.". 28, 30, 34, 38, Cutters (oxyacetylene and other gases 1. 41, 42. 4.-. 47, 48. 50. 56. .77. 5S/ 62. See Welders. 66, 69, 70, 72. 73. 74. 7-'), 76. 79. sti. 88, Cyanamlde makers, B 1, E 3, J 24. 69, 93. 94. 95. OS, lnO. lo4. 106 107, Cyanide workers, J 7, 42. 108. 114. 119. 123. 124. 123. Cyanogen makers, J 42, 70, 107. Dyers. B 2. J 3. 7. 8 10. 11. 12. 15. 38. 52. 56. 62. 04. 66. 69. 72, 88. 89. 93. 98. 100. Dairy workers, F 1. 4. 105. 117, 124, 125. Sec also Mordan- Damascening workers, J 88. ters, and other preparatory process Dancers. H. workers. Dead animal handlers, F. De-brassers, J 88. Electrical condenser makers. J 31, 33. Decorators (pottery), J 12, 15, 16. 66, Electrical transformer makers, J 31. 33. 70, 123, Electricians, G 2. J 90. Degreasers. J 15, 18 26, 2S, 33, 44, 48, Electric Induction furnace workers. J 70. 52, 76, 111, 112, 119. Electric linemen, C, G 2. See alto Cable Denatured-alcohol workers. See par splicers. ticular denaturant Electrode makers. E 1, J 109. Dental workers. J 66, 70. Electrolytic process (copper) workers, Dentists, G 1, J 70. J. 18 Depilatory makers, J 14. 114. Electroplaters, C, J 11, 12, 13, 15. 16 23, Detlnnlng workers, J 34. 26, 28, 33. 38 42. 57, 62, 64, 66, 70, 81, Detonator cleaners. J 70. 88. 99. 108 111. 119. Detonator fillers, J 70. Electrotypers, B 2. E 1. 3, J 7, 11, 66. Detonator packers, J 70. See alto Electruplaters. Devil operators (felt hats). E 1, J 70. Elevator runners, H. Diamond cutters, E1.3. E Embalmers, J 58 70. Diamond polishers, J 66. Embalming fluid makers. J 70. Dlatomaceous earth workers. E 2. Embossers. J 70. Dlchlorethylene workers, J 43. Embroidery workers, D, J 66. Digester-house workers (paper and Emery wheel makers, E 3, J 66. pulp), B 1. 2, J 106, 107. Enamelers, B 1, C, E 2. H, J 8 11, 12, 15, Dimethyl-sulphate makers, J 13. 45, 72, 16 28 27. 38 68 69. 81. Ill, 123. 88, 108 Enamel makers, J 8.11.12, 14. 15, 16 26, Dtnitrobenzol workers, J 8.". 27, 38 62, 64, 66. 69. 74. 88. 111. 123. Dinltrophenol workers. J 47. Engineers (stationary), B 1. 2, E 3, J 27. Dloxan makers, J 48. Dippers (gun cotton) I 88. Engravers. D, E 8 H, J 16, 40. 62, 66, 70, QQ on IfLl ins Dippers (rubber), J 15. 16. 28. Etchers,'J 13. 62, 64. 88, 93, 106. Dippers. See alto Acid dippers. Ether makers, J 108 Dish-washers, F 2. Ethyl-benzene makers, J 49. Disinfectant makers. J l. 10. 12. 16. ID, Ethyl-bromide makers, J 50. 25, 30, 34, 41, 42, 56, 70. 90. 93. 98. 106, Ethyl-chloride makers. J 50. 114, 119. See also insecticide makers. Ethylene-dlbromtde makers. J 19, 51. Divers, A 1, J 25. 27. Ethylene dichloride makers. J 52. Doffers (textile). B 1, C, E 1. Ethylene oxide makers. J 53. Dog-pound workers. F. Examiners using fiuoroscope or X-ray, Dope workers. See Airplane dope G 1. makers. Excavation workers, F 2. Dressers (glass), B 1. Explosives workers, C. J t, 3, 7, 8. 9. 10, Dresser tenders (textile), B 1, 2, C. 11, 16, 19, 25, 26. 38, 41, 47. 56. 66, 70, Driers, B 2, J 25, 27. 72, 85. 86, 88 93. 96, 98, 100, 108 See Driers (felt h^ts), B 2, J 72. alto particular occupation. Driers (lacquer), G 2. Exterminators and fumigators. See Driers (rubber), J 15, 16. 28 Insecticide makers. Drier workers (foundries), J 27. Extractor operators (soap), B 2. C. Drillers (rock), E 2. 3. Extractors (gold and silver). See Gold Drivers. See Chauffeurs. and silver refiners and extractors. Drop forgers, B 1. Extractors (oils and fats), J 3. 15, 16. Dry-battery workers. See B at t e r y 26, 52, 111, 119. (dry) makers. Dry cleaners. B 2. J 8. 15, 16, 26, 28, 43, Farmers. F. F 1. 2. 4. J 12 24. 66, 83. 52, 72. 89. Ill, 112, 119. 123. Fat Tenderers, B 2. F 1, J 5, 68. 90. 107, Drying room workers (miscellaneous), 108. B 2, J 25. 27. ' Feather curers. E 1. J 12. 270760*, 8 occupation hazards and diagnostic signs Feather workers. E 1, F 3. J 10. 12. 15, Fumigators and exterminators. See In 16. 72, 106, 123. secticide milkers. Felt-hat makers. B 1. 2. E 1. J 27. 70. 72, Fur carders, E 1. F 1. , 88, 108. See also particular nccu- Fur clippers. E 1. F l. ' pa tion. Felt makers, B 1. F 1, J 107. Fur cutters. E 1. F 1. Fur handlers, E 1, F 1. .T 70, 107. Ferroslllcon workers, J 12. 13, 07. Furnace workers. B 1. H 3, G 2. J 2.", Fertilizer makers, C. E 1. 2. 3. I` 1. 3. 2" See alto particular metal. J 5. 7. 12. 13. 16. 24. 2-'>. 42. 62. 04. 68, Furniture polishers, E 1. H. J m. 13. 38, 69. S3. 88. 100. 107. KiS. S<c alto 72. 92, 123. Phosphate mill employees. Fur preparers. E 1. F 1. J 56, 70. 88. Flberlzers (usbesros). E 4. Fur pullers, E 1, F 1. Fiber workers. E 1. Fusel-oil workers, J 9. Filament makers and finishers f Incan Fused-quartz workers. E 2. descent lamps), J 8, 27. 72, 114. File cutters. E 3. J 66. Galvanizers, B 1. C. J 5. 7. 12, 13. 15, 62. Filers. E 3. J 11, 8& 66, 8S, 106, 108, 119, 128. Filling station workers, J 1,". 27. 66, 113. Garage workers. J 5, 15, 27, 66, 113. Film makers. See Photographic film Garbage workers, F 3. makers. Gardeners, F 4. J 12. 24. 66. 83. Filter press workers, C. Gas (Illuminating) workers, B 1. 2. .1 7, Finishers (leather), E 1. 13. 16. 27. 42, 64. 93, 107, 100. 119. Fire-erringuisber makers, J 25, 28. 50, Gasoline blenders, J 10,15,16. 4!i. 51. 66. 51. 73. 85. 113. Firemen (city). B 1. 2, C. J 27. 95, 106. Gasoline engine workers, J 5, 15, 27. Firemen (stationary), B 1, 2, E 3, G 2, Gas purifiers, J 7, 42, 93. 107. J 27. Gassers (textile), J 27. Fireworks makers, J 11. 12. 14. 69. 70, Gatherers (glass), B 1. 96. 98.114. See also Explosives work Gelatine makers, F 1, J 5, 106. ers. Germicide makers. See Disinfectant Fishermen. B 2. C. F 3. J 109. makers. Fish market workers. F. Gliders. J 8,15,16, 42, 70, 72, 58, 100. Flangers (felt hats). B 2. .1 27. Glass blowers, B 1, E 3, G 2. Flateners (glass), B 1. Glass colorers, J 23. 38, 39,102,110. Flavoring extract makers. J 8. 9. 16. 22, Glass cutters. C. E 3. 85. Glass etchers. J 56. 64. Flax-rettery workers. J 107. Glass finishers. C, E 3, J 62, 64, 66. 108. Flax spinners. B 1. E 1. Glass-furnace workers, B 1. E 2. 3. G 2, Flint workers, E 2. 3. J 27. See alto Glass mixers. Floor niolders. See Holders (foundry). Glass mixers. E 2. 3. J 11. 12. 14. 62. 66. Floor polish makers. See Polish mak 68, 69. 102. 104. 114, 124, 125. ers. Glass polishers. J 66. Flour mill workers. E 1, F 2. Glass (safety) makers. J 22. 72. ill. Flue cleaners. E 3. J 27. 10(1. 109. Glaze dippers (pottery), C. J 11. 12, 38. Flue dust recoverers (sulphuric ncld 62, 66. 69. mfr.), J 114. Glaze mixers (pottery), E 2, 3, J 11, 12, Flush tenders (aluminum). C. 62. 66. 69. Fly paper makers, J 12. Glost-kiln workers, B 2, J 27, 66. Food irradiators. G 2. Glove makers (leather preparers), C, Forestry workers, F. E 1. See alto Tannery workers. Forgemen. B 1. Glue workers. B 2. C. E 1. F 1. 3. J 5. 7. Formaldehyde workers, J 56. 15. 16. 25. 26, 28, 41. 62. 85. 106. 107. Formers (felt hats), E 1. J 70. 108. 119. Formic acid workers, J 57. 89. Glycerine refiners, J 89. Foundry workers, B 1, E 2. 3. G 2. J 25, Gold beaters. E 3, EL 27. See alto particular metaL Gold and silver refiners and extractors, Freight handlers, F 1. E 3. J 12. 13. 19, 34, 42. 56. 64. Oil. 70. Frosters (glass und pottery), J 38, 105. Fruit-essence makers. Sec Flavoring Grain-elevator workers. E 1. F 2. J 25. extract makers. Granite workers. See Stonecutters. Fruit preservers. J 106. Graphite workers. B 1, E 1. 3. Fullers (textiles). J 16. 28. 44, 111. Grinders (colors). Bee Color makers. Fulminate mixers, J 42. 70. Grinders (metals), C. E 2. 3. H. J 11. 66. Fumigant makers. See Insecticide Grinders (rubber), E 1. J 11, 66. makers. Grinding wheel makers, E 2, 3. ALPHABETICAL LIST OF HAZARDOUS OCCUPATIONS 9 Grooms. F 2. Japan maker.-. B 2. J 12. I". 00, 72, 123. Guncotton dippers, J 88, 108. Japanner*. J 12. 15. 66. 72. 123. Guncotton pickers, E L Jewelers, D. E 3. H. J 8. 13. 42, 02. .-On. Guncotton washers, C. 70. 8S. ir>S. Gypsum workers, B 2, E 3, J 107. Jitnk (metal) refiners. B 1. E 3. J no. 128. Hair workers, C, E 1. F 1. 3. J 70. Jute workers. E 1. 2. 3. Hammermen, H. Handlers of putrid or decomposing ani Kiln tenders. B 1, J 27. mal products. F 3 . Knitters. H. Hardeners (felt hats), J 70. 72. Knitting-mill workers, E 1. Hardeners. Srr Temperers. Harness makers. E 1. Laltelers (paint cans). J Oij. Hat makers (felt). See Felt-hut mak Laboratory workers, J 27. 70. ers. Laboratory workers ( radium research i. Heel makers fshoe),E1. G 1. Hemp workers, E 1. Lace makers, E 1. Hide workers, F 2. Lacquerers, J 3. 8, 0, 12. 15. 16, 28. 49, Horn workers, E 1. 52. 37. 66. 72. 76. 100. 111. 110. 122. 123. Horse handlers. F. Lacquer makers, J 1, 3. 7, 8. 9. 12. 14, Hospital attendants, G 1. 13. 16, 20. 22, 28. 20. 31. 33. 48. 12. 50. Hothouse workers, B 2. See also 57, 60. 61. 66. 72, 74, 78, 88, 01. 100. Gardeners. 111. 119. 122. 123. Hot-rod rollers (Iron and steel). B 1. Lampblack mukers, E 1. J 92. 93. Housemaids. H. Lamps (electric). See Incandescent House wreckers, E 2, 3. lampmnkerx. Hunters. F. Lapidaries. E 3. Hydraulic construction workers. C. Lard mukers. J 3. Hydraulic miners. C. Lasters (shoes). B 2, C, E 1. J 72. Hydrochloric-acid makers. J 13, 62. 107, Lathe turners. H. 108. Laundry workers, B 1, 2. C, J 27, 30, 34. Hydrocyanic-acid makers. J 42, 108. 36. 90. Hydrofluoric-acid makers, J 64. Lead arsenate makers. J 12. 66. Lead burners. J 13. 66. Ice (artificial) makers. Sec Artificial- Leadfoi! makers. B 1. J 66. ice makers. Lead miners, J. 66. See also Miners. Ice-cream makers. B 2. C, J 7, 25. Lead-pipe makers. J 66. Imitation. See Artificial. Leud platers (on iron). J 70. Incandescent-lamp makers. J 8, 27, 66, Lead-salts makers. J 66. 70. 72. 114. See also particular occu Lead smelters, B 1, J 11. 12, 23, 27, 66. pation. 102. 106. 110. Incandescent mantle hardeners, G 1, 2, Leather workers, E 1. F 1. J 8, 14, 28. J 94. 100. 62. 72, 119. See also Tannery work Ink makers. J 7. 12.14. 15, 16, 1!), 27. 28, ers. 34, 38. 41. 56. 62. 66, 70, 72, 74, 85, 89, Lehr tenders (glass), B 1. 99. 103, 123. 125. Letter sorters. D. H. Insecticide makers, F. J 12. 14. 15. 19, Levermen (Iron and steel). B 1. 25. 26. 27, 28. 41. 42, 43, 48, 52, 53. 56, Lifters-orer (glass), B 1. 68, 70.- 73, 77, 83. 88. 96, 106, 108. Ill, Lime burners. B 1. E 3. J13.25. 27, 102. 114. 119, 123. See also Disinfectant Lime-kiln chargers. E 3. J 25. 27. makers. Lime pullers (tannery), C, F 1. Inspectors using fluoroscope or X-ray, Lime workers, E 3. G 1. Linen workers. E 1. Instrument-dial (luminous) painters, Linoleum makers. B 1. 2. C. E 1. 3. J G 1. 8. 12, 14, 15, 16, 28, 38, 66, 60, 72. 108. Insulation (sound, heat) workers, E 2,3 123. Insulators (wire), J 11,12,16,28, 31, 33, Llnotypers, J 11. 27. 66. 52. 109. Ltnseed-oil boilers, J 5. 25, 66. Iodine makers. J 34. Litharge workers, J 66. Iron and steel workers (all depart Lithographers. E 3. H. J 10. 12. 15, 16. ments), B 1. E 3, G 2, J 12. 27, 117. 38. 62. 68. 70. 72. 88. 8ft. 108, 111, 123. See also particular occupation and Llthopone makers J 14. 23. Alloy makers. Llthotransfer workers. J 60. Ironers. B 2. H. J 27. Locksmiths. H. Irradiators (food), G 2. Longshoremen, F 1, J 69. 10 OCCUPATION HAZARDS AND DIAGNOSTIC SIGNS Lumbermen. B 2. Misers i fclr huts). E 1. J 70. Lumiunus dial factory workers. O 1. Misers (rubberi. B 2. E 3. J 10. 11, 12. Liners (zinc smelting). B 1, J 123. 15. 16. 23. 38. 66- / Lye milkers, J 09. Mising-rooui workers (miscellaneous l. E 1. 3. Machinists. H. J 92. Mold breakers (foundry i. K 2. II 3. Mnenc'ium alloy makers. J 0S. Mold breakers (pottery), J 27. Mail curriers. C. P. Mulders (asbestos). E 4. Mail sorters, P. H. Mold breakers (foundry), E 2. 3. Manganese-dioxide workers. J 60. Munotvpers. J 11, 27, 66. Manganese grinders. J SO. Mordanters. J 9, 11. 12, 15. 16. 30. 38, 42. Manganese-ore separators. J 09. 57. 38. 125. Manganese-steel makers. J ill). Motion-picture dim workers. J 3. 22. 27, Manometer makers. J 70. 111. See also Pyroxylin plastics Manure handlers. F 4. workers. Marble cutters. E 3. Motlon-picture-macbine operators. G 2. Marblers (glass). B I. J 70. 83. Masons. C. E 2, 3. H. Morlon-plcture-studlo workers and ac Masseurs, F. tors, D, G 2. Match-factory workers. C. E 1, 3, J 11, Motormen. B 2. 26. 38. 66. 69, 06. 99. 107. Mottiers (leather), 3 8. 72. Mattress makers. E 1. F 1. Muffle tenders, B 1. Meat inspectors, F. F 1, F 4. Mule handlers. F. Meat packing employees. Srp Packing Muriatic-acid makers. See Hydro house employees and slaughterhouse. chloric-add makers. Mechanics (gas engines). J 27, 92. Muriatic-acid mixers. See Acid mixers. Melrers (foundry, glass). B 1. Musical-Instrument makers, J 66. Mercerizers, 3 62. 104. 108. Musicians. H. Mercury-nlloy makers, 3 70. Mercury-boiler workers. J 70. Merettry-bronzers, J 70. Mercury-miners. J 70. S> also Miners. Mercury-pump workers. J 70. Mercury-salt workers. J 70. Mercury smelters. B 1. J 27. 70. 106. Mercury-solder workers. J 70. Mprcury-stlll cleaners, 3 70. Mercury-switch makers. J 70. Mercury-vapor-lnmp makers. J 70. Metallizers. J 23. 66.102. 128. Metal polishers and cleaners. See Pol ishers and cleaners (metal). Metal-pollsh makers. See Polish makers. Metal turners, E 3. Metal workers. See particular occu pation. Metal washers. J 15. Methane (synthetic) makers. J 27. Methyl-alcohol workers, J 3. 27, 72. Xaphthylamlne workers, J 10. Neon lights lettermakers. J 27 Nickel extractors. J 81. Nickel platers, C. See alio Electro platers. Nickel-purification workers (Mond process), J 81. 82. Nltranllfne workers. .1 10. NItrators. J 85. 88,108. Nitric-acid workers. 3 7j 66. 88. 108. Nitrobenzene workers. Sec Nitrobenzol workers. Nitrobenzol workers. J 16. 85. 88. 103. Nitrocellulose workers. J 3, 8. 9, 13. 16. 74. 88, 108. See alto Pyroxylin plas tics workers. Nitroglycerin makers. J 13. 66. S6, 8S, 108. Nitrous-oxide workers. J 88. Nurses. G 1. Methyl-bromide makers, J 19. 72. 73. Methyl-chloride makers. J 62.72.75. Methyl-compound makers. J 72. Methylene chloride workers, J 76. Oilcloth makers. See Linoleum mak ers. Oilers. J 92 Mica strippers hr splitters, E 3. Mica workers. E 3. Oil extractors. See Extractors (oils and fats). Microseoplsts. H. Oll-flotation-plant workers. J 92 106, Milkers. F 2. H. 107. See also Concentrating mill Milk inspectors, F 4. workers. Millers. F 2. Oil purifiers. J 108. Millinery workers. J 10, 15, 16. 72. 128. Oil refiners. See Petroleum refiners. Mineral earth workers, E 3. Oil-well workers. J 92 107. Miners. B 1. 2. C. D. E 2, 3, 4. H. J 25, Open-hearth-department workers (iron 27. 60, S8. 103. 107. and steel). B 1. J 27. Minkery workers. F 1. Ore concentrating mill workers. See, Mirror silverers. B 2: C. J 1, 7. 16, 42. 58, Concentrating mill workers. 57. 66, 70, 103. Oxalic-acid makers, J 42. 88. 89, 99. alphabetical list of hazardous occupations 11 Oxy-acetylene cutters. Nee Welders. Pbotogrnpbicfllm makers. D. J S. 19. 22. Ozonators. J 90. 88, 103. Sec alxo Pyroxylin-plasties workers. / Packing-house employee*. B I. 2. C. F. Photographic-material workPis. J 1. 3. F 3. 4. J 10T. See alxo Slaughterhouse 7. 10. 14. 16. 34. 38. 41. 42. 5U. <52. 70, !(3. workers. US. 108. 110. 119. 12.'!. 124. 12.9. s,, Palnrerw. H. J 8. S. 9. 10. II. 12. 1.'. 16, 20. aleo Photographic-dim makers. 2s, 3S. 66. 60. 70. 72. 38. 119, 123. Photograph retouchers. J 68. Painters (luminous watch and instru Photogravure workers, J 3S. SS. ment dials 1. G 1. Physicians. G 1. J 25. 70. Painters I tar), J 100. Picklers. B 1. C. J 13. 42. 62, M. ", 10*. Paint makers. C, J 3. 8. 9. 10, 11. 12 14. Picric -acid maker-. J Id, 88. 93. US, lu^. 15. 16. 23. 26. 2S. 31. 33. 38. 62 66. 68. Pigeon fatteuers. F 2. (19, 70. 72. 93. 100, 102. 104. 10s, 109. Pigment makers, e'er Color makers. 117. 119, 123, 124. Pile drivers. H. Paint-remover makers. J 15. 10. 20, 28. Pilots (airplane). Airplane pilots 41, 44, 48 .78. 72. 78. 93. 111. 119. Pipe fitters. J 60. See alxo particular Paint removers, E 3. J 3, 8. 15. 16. 28. 44, liquid piped. 66. 76. 93. 111. 119. Pitch workers. B 1. J 12. 41. 109. Pair heaters (tin plate), B 1. Paper-box makers. H. Paper glazers. .T 12. Planer men (stone). E 2. 3. Plasterers. C. E 3. F 1. Plaster of Purls workers. E 3. Paperhangers E 3, J 12. 38, 66. Platers. Sec Electroplaters and Metal- Paper makers. B 1. 2. C. F 2. J 7. 8. 13. lizers. 34. 88. 56. 62. 64. 68. 68. 99. 104. 100. Platinum extractors. J 19. 107, 108, 117. See also particular oc Plumbers. J 18, 27. 66. Sec alxo particu cupation. Paper-money makers. J 38. lar substance piped. Pneumatic tool workers, E 3. II. Paraffin workers. J 3. 16. 26. 28. 52, 92. Policemen. C. J 27. Parakeet handlers, F. Polishers and cleaners (metali, D, E 1. Paris-green workers. J 12. Parrot handlers, F. Patent leather makers. B 2. J 8, 27, 68. 72, 89, 90, 108. 123. Parers, B 1, E. J 109. Pencil makers, J 3. 10. 12, 16. 38. 100 Perfume makers. J 3. 7. S. 10, 15, 16. 22, 28. 41. 43. 45. 50. 57, 62. 72, 75, 76, 79. 85, 93, 99, 108, 119. Petroleum refiners. B 1. C. J 3. 5. 7, 10, 15. 16. 27. 44. 62. 66, 76,85,92,104, 106. 107.108. 119. 123. Pewter makers, J 11. Pharmaceutical workers. E 1. J 3. 5. 10. II, 12. 16, 19, 24. 25. 28. 30, 47, 48, 50. 51, 52, 57. 68, 69, 70. 73. 75, 78, 79, 88. 88. 93. 94. 9.', 96. 98. 99. 104, 108. 110, III. 112. 119. 123. 124. Phenol makers. J 16. 93.108. Phenyl-hydrazine workers, J 94. Phosgene makers, J 27,34. 95. Phosphate extractors. J 62. Pbospbare-miU workers, B 2, C, E 3, J 94. 96. See alto Fertiliser makers. Phosphine workers, J 27. 97. Phosphor-bronze workers, J 96. Phospboretted-hydrogen workers, J 97. Phosphoric-acid makers. J 42, 88.108. 2, 3. H. J 15. 16, 42, 62. 66, 72. 80, 100. 103. 119. 123. Polish maker*. E 3. J 8. 10.15, Id. 28. 42. 48, 72. 85. 89. 119. 123. Porcelain makers. Sec Pottery workers. Porters, H. Potassium-hydroxide makers. J 09. Fot fillers (glass). B 1. Potlifters (Iron and steel 1, B 1. Pot pullers (foundry). B 1. Pot-room workers 4 aluminum foundry : carbide plant), B 1, Pot setters, B 1. Pottery workers, B 1. C. E 2. 3. J 12. 2.1. 27. 38. 39. 62. 64. 66. 69. 70. 102. p)6. See also particular occupation. Pouncers (felt bats), E 1, 2, 3. Pourers (foundry). B 1. Powder makers. See Smokeless powder makers. Preparers (tannery), C. F 1. 3. Preservative makers and handlers. J 56. Pressers. H. J 27. Pressmen (oil refining). C. J 92. Pressmen (printers l. See Printers. Pressroom workers (rubber), B 2, J 10, 11. 12. 15. 16. Primers (explosives). J 70. Printers. E 3. J 10. 11. 12, 15, 16, 27, 28. Phosphorus-compound makers, J 96.107. 42, 66. 70. 72. 112. 123. Phosphorus evaporating machine oper ators, B 2, C. J 96, 108. Printers textile. See Textile printers. Puddlers (iron and steel). B 1. J 27, 69. Phosphorus extractors, J 64. 96, 97. Pullers-out (felt hats), B 1. Phosphorus (red) makers. J 96. 97. Pulp mill workers, B 1, C. See alxo Photoengravers, J 7, 8. 16. 38. 72, 88, 99. Paper makers. Photographers, D, G 2. J 72. See also Putty makers. E 3. J 15, 26. 06. Photographic-material workers. Putty pull*bers (glass), E 3. J 66. 12 OCCUPATION' HAZARDS AN'D DIAGNOSTIC SIGNS Pyridine makers, J 100. Sand (.utters. E 2. Pyrites burners, B 1, E .1, J 12. 102. 106, Sauders. E 2. 3. , 107. Sanding machine operators, E 2. 3. / Pyroxylin plastics workers. E 1. J 1. 3, Sundpaperers (enameling and painting 5. S. 0. 10. 13. 15. 16. 22, 27. 23. 42. 43, auto bodies, etc.). E 3. J 63. 43, 31, 66, 72, 74. S3. 107, 103. 111. 122. Sandpaper makers. E 2, 3. Sand pulverizers, E 2. Quarrymen. E 2. 3, H. Saw filers, E 3. Quartz workers, E 2. Sawmill workers. E 1. Sawyers, H. Radioactive paint makers. Q 1. Sawyers (stone). E 2. 3. Radioactive water makers, G 1. Scissors sharpeners. E 3, H. Radiologists. G 1. Scourers (belts), J 16. Radio tube makers. J 70. Scourers (metals), J 15. 28. 88, 108. 119. Radium miners, G 1. Scourers, wood lasts (shoes), E 1. Kudium ore reduction workers, G 1. Scouring powder makers. E 2. 3. Radium specialists. G 1. Scrapers (foundry), E 2, 3 Rag workers, E 1, F 1, 3. Screen tenders (pulp mill). C. Rayon makers. B 1. C. J 7, 8. 13. 22. 26, Screen workers (lead and zinc smelt 31. 34. 42, 43. 48. 30, 62, 72, 76, 88. 89, ing ), E 3, J 66 104. 107, 108. 111. Scrubwomen. H. Reclaimers (rubber), J 10,16, 28, 62, 66, Sealers (Incandescent lamps). J 27. 03. 108. Sealing-wax makers, J 12. 123. Red lead workers. J 66. Seamstresses, EL Refiners (metals). B 1. J 12, 13. 27. 62, Selenium refiners, J 102. 66, 70. 88. 106, 108. See also particu Sewage purification workers. J 34. lar occupation. Sewer workers. C. J 7, 15, 25. 27, 107. Refiners (sugar). See Sugar refiners. Sewing machine operators. H. Refrigerating-plant workers, B 2, C, J 7, Shade cloth makers, J 15. 16. 25. 75. 00. Shale oil workers. See Petroleum re Refrigerator (mechanical) makers and finers. repair-men. J 5, 50, 73, 75. 77. 106. Shavers (felt hats; fur; tannery), C, Resins (synthetic) makers, E . J 1. 3, E 1. F 1. S. 31. 33. 41. 44, 56, 58, 72, 74, 89, 93, 102, Shearers, F, F 4. 119, 126 Sheep dip makers. J 12. Riveters. H. J 66 Sheet metal workers. J 66. Road repairers. B 1. E 2, 3, J 109. Shellackers. J 8, 15.16. 22. 66, 72, 123. Roentgenologists, G 1. Shellac makers, J 7. 8. 15. 16 22, 66 72, Roller coverers (cotton mill), B 1, E 1. 123. Rollers (metals), B 1. Shell fillers. J 47, 85. 88, 96 Roll setters (iron and steel), B 1. Shepherds, F, F 1. Roll wrenchers (iron and steel),B1 Sberardizers, J 126 Roofers. B a J 66. 100. Shingle stalners, J 15. Roofing material workers, B 1, E 3, 4, Shipyard workers, J 109. J 109. Shoddy workers, E 1, F 1, 3. J 13,34. 62. Rope makers. E 1, J 109. 106 Rotogravure workers, J 16 Shoe dyers, J 66, 85. Roughers (Iron and steel), B L Shoe factory operatives. E 1, F 1, J 3, S. Rubber-cement makers. See Cement 15, 16. 28, 72. 111. 119, 123. See also mixers (rubber). particular occupation. Rubber glove makers, J 15. Shoe finishers, B 2, J 7. 8. 9,15, 16 72. Rubberized asbestos board makers, J15. Shoe-heel (wood) coverers, J 3. 8, 10. Rubber (synthetic) makers, J 1,9, 10, 16, 72. 34. 37. 41. 86 106. Shoemakers. See Cobblers. Rubber tire builders, J 15,16 Shooting gallery workers. J 70. Rubber workers, B 2, E 1, 2, 3, J 3, 10, Shot makers. J 11. 12, 66. 11. 12. 14. 15. 16 26 28. 38, 52, 56 57, Shove-ln boys (glass), B 1. 66. 68. 72, 88. 83, 100. 104, HO. Ill, Shifters, El, 1 119, 123. See also particular occupa Silicon alloy makers. E 2. tion. Silk welgbters. J 66. 116 Silk workers, E 1. F 6 Sagger makers, C, E 3, J G6 Silo workers, J 25. Sailors, B 2. H. J 27. SUverers (mirror). See Mirror silver- Salt extractors (coke-oven byproducts), ers. J 7. 108. Salt preparers, B 1. 2. E 3. Silver-foil makers. J 103. Silver melrers. B 2. J 27. 42. 103. Sand blasters, E 2, 3. Silver miners, J 12. ALPHABETICAL LIST OF HAZARDOCi UCO/PATlONS i:3 Sllrer nitrate makers. J 103. Stone masons. E 2. 3. Silver platers, J 103. Bee also Electro- Stone workers, E 2. 3. platers. Silversmiths, J 103. .Storage-buttery makers. J 8 n. 13.-23. 27. 66 70. 81. 106. 108 1 Singers (cloth), J 27. Straw cutters. F 2. Sintering plant workers. E 3. Straw-hat makers, B 2, E 1. J 5. 8 30. sizers (felt bats), B 1. J 70. 56, 72. 111. Skimmers (glass 1, B 1. G 2. Street cleaners, E 1. 3. F 3 Slag workers. B 1. E 3. Street repairers. B 1, E 2. 3, J lu9. Slate workers. E 2. 3. Submarine workers. J 13. 25. 34. Slaughter-house worker . F. F 1. F 3. Subway construction workers. E 2. F 4. Sec also Packing-house workers. Sugar refiners. B 1. 2, C. E 1. 3. J 7, 14. Slip makers (pottery). C. E 3, J 66. 25. 34, 62, 100. 107, 108. Slushers (porcelain enameling), J 66. Sulphates makers, J 108 Smelters. B 1, E 2, 3, J 106. Bee alio Sulphides makers. J 107. particular metaL Sulphite cooks (pulp mill), B 1. 2. J 1U6. Smokeless-powder makers, J 3, S, 9, 16, Sulphur burners, B 1. E 3, J 12. lurt. 26, 85, 86, 88, 93, 98. Sulphur chloride makers, J -'<4. 62, 105. Smoothers (glass), C. E 3. 107. Soap (abrasive) workers, E 2, 3. Sulphur dioxide makers. J 27. 100. Soap makers, B 2. C, E 1. F 3, J 5, 8 Sulphurers (malt and hops 1, J 106. 12. 15. 16, 28, 44. 52, 56. 57, 62. 69. Sulphur extractors. J 26. 72. 85, 99, 191, 107, 108, 109, 111, 112. Sulphuric acid workers. J 7. 12. 13, 66. 119. 88 102, 106. 107, 108. 125. Soda makers, C, J 7, 13, 25, 27, 34, 88. Sulphur miuers, J 106, 107. 107. 108 Sumnckers (tannery). C, F 1. Sodium hydroxide makers, C, J 34, 104. Surgical dressing makers, J 93. Sodium silicate makers. E 2. Sodium sulphide makers. J 107. Tablehands (tannery), C, F 1. Softeners (tannery). E 1. Table operatives (Iron and steel), B 1. Solderers, G 2. J 13. 23, 27. 42, 62, 66. Table turners (enameling). B 2, E 3, Solder makers, J 11. 23, 66. J 68 Sole stitchers (Blake machine), J 70. Tailors, H. J 27. Soot packers, E 1, J 12. Takers-down (glass), B 1. Spice makers. E L Tale workers, E 3. Spinners (asbestos), E 4. Tallow refiners, F 3, J 5, 26, 108 Spinners (textiles), El, E Tank cleaners. J 13. 15, 16. 64. 109. 11.7. Spongers, B 1, C. See also particular chemical. Sprayers (metals). See Metallizers. Tank men, B 1,C. Sprayers (paint). See Painters. Tannery workers. C, F1. 3. J 7. 8. 10, 12. Sprayers (trees), J 12. 42. 68. 15. 25, 30. 38, 42. 56. 57, 62, 66. 70. 69. Spreaders (rubber works), B 2, J 28 98, 194. 106. 107. 108. Stablemen, F 1. 2, 4 J 7. Tapers (airplanes), J 111. Stamp-mill workers, B 1. C, E 2, 3. Tappers (smelting), B L See also par Starch makers. E 1, J 25, 107. ticular metal. Starters (felt hats). B 1. J 70. Tar (distillery) workers, B l. J 12. 41. Statuary workers, E 2. 3. 109. See also Coal tar workers. Steam fitters. Sec Pipe fitters. Taxidermists. E 1, F 1, 3. J 12. 70. Stearic acid makers, B 2. J 5. Tear gas makers. Sec War gas makers. Steel alloy makers. Bee Alloy makers. Teasers (glass). B 1, J 27. Steel (chrome) makers. 3 38. Telegraphers, H. Steel engravers. Bee Engravers. Telephone linemen (trench workt. C. Steeple jacks, J 27. J 27. See also Cable splicers. Stereotypers, B 2. J 11, 68 Temperers, B 1, J 24, 27, 42, 66, 70, 92. Stiffeners (felt hats), J 70, 72. 108 Still (coal tar) cleaners, B 1. J 18 109. Tetraethyl lead makers. J 19. 60, 113. Srlllmen (carbolic acid), B 1. J 98 Textile (asbestos) workers, E 4. St [Ilmen, operating, B 1. See alto par Textile comb makers. E 8 ticular chemical. Textile finishers. See particular occu Stitchers (shoes), J 72. pation. Stockmen, F 4. Textile printers, B 1. 2. J 8. 10. 11. 12. 23. Stockyard workers. See Slaughter 27, 34. 38, 42, 56, 82, 6ft 69. 70. 72, 88. house workers. 98 108. 123, 128 Stokers. B 1. 2, E 3. G 2, J 27. Textile workers. B 1. B 2. ('.El. See Stone (artificial) mukers, E 2, 8 also particular occupation. Stone cleaners. J 64, 89. Thallium workers. J 114. Stonecutters, C, E 2, 3. E Thermometer makers, J 70. 75, 114. 14 OCCUPATION' HAZARDS .AND D[AGNOSTIC SIGNS Thread giazers. B 1, 2. Vintners. J 21. Tile makers. B I. 2. C. E 2. 3. J 6a 124. Vinyl chloride makers. J 128. , See also Pottery workers. Vulcanizers, B 2. J 7. 10. 11. 1.1. .16, 21. Tin-foil makers. B 1, J 60. 26. 28. OS, 72. 102. loi. 106. 107. Tinners. B 1. C. J 1. 7. 12. 13. 62. 66. Vuleanizers (steam). B 1. <'. Tin plate mill workers. See I run and steel workers. Tin recovery workers, J 34. Wallpaper printers. P, 1. 2. J 12. OS, 66. Warehouse workers. F 1. Tire builders. See Rubber rire builders. War gas makers. J 13. 10. 10, 04. 42. 45, Tobacco denlcotlnizers. J 12. 11!). 05. OS. 101. Tobacco moi'teners. < . J 25. Warming-house employees i guncotton), Tobacco seedling treaters. J 16. B 2. Tobacco workers. E 1. J S3. Washers, C. Tongsmen (Iron and steel). B 1. Washers (metal). .T 11. See atno De- Toolmakers. E 3. greasers. Top fillers (foundry), B 1. E 3. J 27. Washwomen, C. H. Towermen (sulphuric acid). J 13. S8. Watch dial (luminous) painters, (1 l. 106. 103. See also Sulphuric acid Watchmakers, D. H. workers. Water gilders, J 70. Toy makers, J 12, 66. Waterproofers i paper and textile i. J 15. Train dispatchers. D. 16. 28. 38. 16. 100. Transfer workers (pottery), J 6a 123. Water purifiers. J 14. 30. 34. 00. Transparent wrapping materials work Wax makers. J 16. 31. 33. 00. 108. Ill, ers, B 2, J 3. 26. 62. 104,107, 108, 123. See also Petroleum. Trappers, F. Wax-ornament makers, ./ 5, 12. 38. Treaders (rubber), J IS. 16. "Weavers. E 1. H. Tree sprayers. See Sprayers (trees). Trichlorethylene workers, J 110. Trinitrotoluol makers. J 16. 85. Weavers (asbestos), E 4. Weighers. E 1. 3. Welders, B 1, < 2. .T 12, 16. 23. 27. 38. 40. Tube makers (glass). B 1. 64, 66, 69, 70. 88. 90. 96. 97. 102, 128. Tubularors (Incandescent lamps). J 27. Well workers. J 25. Tumbling-barrel workers. E 2. 3. White lead workers. J 21. 66. -Tuunel workers. A 1. D, E 2, 3. J 25, 88, Window-shade makers. J 15, 16. 107. Wire drawers. J 12, 62. 108. Turners-out (glass). B 1. Wirers (Incandescent lamps ), J 8. Turpentine extractors. B 1. J 123. Wood-alcohol distillers, J 3, 27, 72. Type cleaners. J 15. 72. Wooden heel workers. F 1. Type founders. J 11. 66. Wood-last scourers (shoes). E 1. Type melters, .T 5. 06. Wood polishers. See Furniture pol Typesetters. See Compositors. ishers. Typists, H. Wood preservers, J 12, 47, 70, 93, 108, 109. Ultramarine blue makers. J 106. Upholsterers. E 1. F 1. J 72. Uranium miners. O 1. J 124. Uranium workers, G 1, J 124. Wood Stainers. J 38. 66. Woodworkers, E 1, .1 15. 72 Wool carders. E 1. F l. Wool scourers, B 2 C. F 1, J 3. 7. Wool spinners, E 1. F 1. Vanadium steel workers. R 1, J 125. Wool workers. E 1. F 1. See also Par Vapor curers. See Vuleanizers. ticular occupation. Varnishers. J 1. 3. 8. 0. 10. 15. 16. 22. 28. Wringers (guncotton). J 88. 43, 52, 7.7. 66, 6!). 72, 111, 110, 123. Varnish makers, B 2, J 1. 3, 5. 7. 8. 9. 10. X-ray machine makers. G 1. 12, 14, 15. 16. 22, 26. 28. 31, 33. 48. 32. X-ray photographers, G 1. 57, 58, 01. 66. 69, 72, 74, 90, 93, 104. X-ray technicians. G 1. 10.". Ill, 119, 123. X-ray tube makers, G 1. Varnish remover makers, J 15,16, 44, 60. 91. 111. Yeast makers, J 1, 25, 04, 108. Va1r1n1i.sh removers, J 15, 16, 44, 60, 91. Zinc chloride makers. J 13. 34, 02. Vatmen. B 1, C. J 2." Zinc electrode makers, J 70. Vat vamlshers. Sen Varnishers. Vault workers. J 25. Velvet makers. B 1. J 12. Veterinarians, F. F 1, 3, 4. Vignetters, J 62. * Vinegar workers, J 1, 25. Ztncers. J 42 Zinc miners, J 12. 66, 69. See alio Miners. Zinc smelters and refiners. B 1. E 2. 3. J 11. 12. 23. 27. 66. 6!). 102. 106. 110. 128. Zoolugical technicians. F 4. Section'll.--List of Hazards, Symptoms, Occu pations Exposed, and Methods of Prevention A. Abnormalities of Air Pressure 1. Compressed Air (Increased Atmospheric Pressure) In building tunnels, laying deep foundations for large buildings, and so forth, it is often necessary for the work to be carried on under increased air pressure in order to prevent the entrance of water into the excavations. After the workers enter the compression chamber or ``lock" the pressure of the air in the compartment is increased gradually and at short intervals. The first sensation of compression is felt on the eardrums, which may be relieved by the act of swallow ing. If the air is too quickly compressed, hemorrhage may occur. The greater part of the danger of working in compressed air lies in hasty decompression. While under compression the blood and tissue juices dissolve an increased amount of air, the gases of which, are re leased when the pressure is suddenly decreased. The bubbles of ni trogen thus formed cut off the blood supply from various parts of the body by blocking up the capillaries. The symptoms of com pressed-air illness, the so-called "bends," are the result. Workers in compressed air must follow strictly the rules governing gradual compression and decompression. State regulations regard ing work in compressed air cover limits of pressure, hours of Tai <r under varying pressures, time of compression and of decompression, physical requirements, and other safety measures; see. for example, Industrial Code: Rules Relating to Work in Compressed Air, Bulle tin No. 22. of the New York State Department of Labor, 1922, and flie amendment to these rules reported in Special Bulletin No. 135 of the New York State Department of Labor, 1925, page 24. SYMPTOM, CONDITION. OR DISEASE TO LOOK FOR Pruritis and rash; excruciating pain In abdomen and extremities, joints and muscles: painful pressure In chest: aphasia and asphyxia: monoplegia and puraplegla; dyspnea; vertigo; Meniere's syndrome. OCCUPATIONS WHICH OFFER SUCH EXPOSURE Caisson workers Divers Tunnel workers 2. Altitude; Rarefied Air (Decreased Atmospheric Pressure) In contrast to working under compressed air, rising to an altitude of 10,000 feet as in aviation is accompanied by a reduction in the barometric pressure from 760 mm. at sea level, to 520 mm., and at 18.000 feet, the normal pressure is approximately halved. Exposure to decreased atmospheric pressure has a profound effect on health. 270760"--4*1----- 1 15 16 OCCUPATION' HAZARDS AN'D DIAGNOSTIC SIGNS The physiological changes which occur are chiefly due to oxygen want (anoxia), ana the term used for the resulting condition is "altitude sickness. It may be acute, due to rapid ascent or prolonged stay at high altitude, or chronic, due to the cumulative effect of repeated prolonged exposures to minor degrees of oxygen want. Furthermore, as the external air pressure on the body decreases, the internal pressure must decrease correspondingly if the body is not to burst; so, given sufficiently extreme conditions of decreased pressure and rapicTascent, the internal gases of the body will expand and eventually, at altitudes of 30,000 feet or over, dissolved air bubbles will form in the blood vessels and tissues as in compressed air illness ("the bends'1). "Aeroembolism" is the term given to this condition in aviation medicine, and normal individuals vary greatly in suscep tibility, so that it may occur at lower altitudes. Disturbances of the middle ear are common among flying personnel due to rapid changes in altitude and pressure. A rapid dive with negative pressure on the eustachian tube prohibiting its ODening may cause the drum to rupture. The lowered partial pressure of oxygen in the inhaled air at high altitudes has also a dangerous indirect effect in that it renders the individual more susceptible to carbon-monoxide gas should this be present in the pilot or passenger compartment. Low concentrations which would be considered safe at normal atmospheric pressure are capable of causing anoxemia and asphyxia at high altitudes due to the progressively decreasing oxygen saturation of the blood under these conditions. The discussion in this section is based upon the exhaustive treatment of the subject given in the work by Capt. Harry G. Armstrong entitled "Principles and Practice of Aviation Medicine." Williams & Wilkins, 1939. Anvone interested in any phase of this increasingly important subject will find this work indispensable. SYMPTOM, CONDITION'. OR DISEASE TO LOOK FOR Acute altitude sicktiess {anoxia).--Sleepiness, headache, alrered respiration, fatigue, psychological impairments, unconsciousness, and respiratory failure. Warning symptoms preceding unconsciousness are not always present. There may be even a feeling of freedom from care because of the dulling effect on the sensory nervous system. The effects of anoxia after a flight may be more severe than the subjective symptoms noticed while flying. There may be persistent fatigue, severe head ache, nausea, vomiting, dizziness, abnormal behavior, mental confusion, and muscular weakness. Chronic altitude sicKttess.--Repeated exposure to anoxia (even without symp toms of acute altitude sickness) results In bodily and mental fatigue, irritability, insomnia, marked deterioration in efficiency, and disregard for danger in the air. Aeroembolism.--The symptoms depend on the location and volume of the air bubbles, and may manifest themselves a* Joint pnins. Itching, formication, pul monary pain and edema, neuritis, paralysis, convulsions, and coma. Middle-car disturbances. OCCUPATIONS WHICH OFFER SUCH EXPOSURE Airplane pilots Aviation personnel (flying) Pilots (airplane) LIST OF HAZARDS, SYMPTOMS, ETC. 17 B. Abnormalities of Temperature and Humidity Exposure to environmental temperature beyond the actioi/of the body's thermostatic control primarily results in disturbances of the circulatory system. The cutaneous circulation responds to heat stimu lation in the skin by increasing the blooH flow through the capillaries. The capillaries, responding to a reflex action of the nerves in the skin, dilate and induce the flow of a greater volume of blood through the cutaneous c:rculation. Cold, on the other hand, constricts the blood vessels of the skm, causing a diminished blood supply through the cutaneous circulation and not infrequently a serious congestion of the internal organs. Abrupt changes of temperatures, from extreme heat to cooler temperatures or vice versa, are of frequent occurrence, and are a contributory cause of respiratory diseases. Extremes of tem perature may produce acute symptoms in the body directly attributable to the temperature. Thus, exposure to excessively high temperatures results in neat exhaustion, heat stroke, or in heat cramps; to exces sively low temperatures in frostbite or gangrene and death. The relative humidity is an important factor to consider in connec tion with temperature. It is contended that a low relative humidity tends to dry up the mucous membranes of the nose and throat, thus lowering the resistance of these organs to infection. An excessively high relative humidity, on the other hand, is undesirable because of its interference with tne normal evaporation of moisture from the skin. Under extreme conditions of high temperatures and high relative hu midities there occurs a marked increase in the pulse rate, systolic blood pressure, and in the body temperature. Low temperatures and high relative humidities have the effect of undermining the general vitality of the organism, weakening its resistance to diseases of the respiratory passages, and to neuralgia and rheumatic affections. With the above data in mind, abnormalities of temperature have been classified under two headings, namely, "Sudden variations of temperature," and "Heat." "Extreme cold" has not been listed as a distinct hazard, because the factor of occupational exposure is readily recognized and the effects well known. It is evident that the occupations listed in the division "Heat" are exposed not only to the danger of the direct action of the high temperatures but also to the hazard, "Sudden variations of tem perature." The prevention of diseases due to exposure to extremes of tempera ture consists in the avoidance or mitigation of such exposure as far as practicable. In recent years, ventilation, refrigeration, and air-con ditioning have received much attention, and installations of machinery to control atmospheric conditions are becoming more and more com mon. Protective clothing and insulating methods can mitigate haz ards of abnormal temperatures. The use of salt as a preventive of heat cramps has become a standardized procedure. Those who have a need for technical data on these subjects will find much of value in the chapter on "Lighting and Atmospheric Control" by Dr. William J. McConnell, in Industrial Hygiene. Lanza and Goldberg, Oxford Medi cal Publications, 1939; in the article by C. P. Yaglou entitled "Ab normal Air Conditions in Industry; Their Effects on Workers and Methods of Control," in the Journal of Industrial Hygiene, January 18 OCCUPATION' HAZARDS .AND DLAGNOSTIC SIGNS 1937, pace 12. and in reports of cooperative studies conducted by the United States Public Health Service, United States Bureau of Slin.es and the Research Laboratory of the American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers. 1. Heat SYMPTOM. CONDITION, OR DISEASE TO LOOK FOR Common acute effects. Heat stroke.--Dizziness, nausea, acute pain in the head, skin dry and hot. face red nr purple, breathing difficult, high temperature, unconsciousness. Bent cxhauxtiOH.--Pallor, cold moist skin, rapid shallow breathing, weak pulse, body temperature subnormal or slightly elevated. Heat cramps.--Spasms of muscles of the extremities or of the ubdomlnal wall. Other effects of exposure. Anemia, general debility, respiratory and rheumatic affections, skin eruptions. OCCUPATIONS WHICH OFFER SUCH EXPOSURE Abrasives (artificial) Catchers (Iron and steel) Glass-furnace workers makers Cement (Portland) work Graphite workers Alloy makers ers Hi>t-rod rollers (iron and Ammonium-salts makers Charcoal workers (sugar steel) Annealers refinery) Iron and steel workers Antimony extractors (re Cloth preparers (all departments) finers) Arsenic roasters Coal-tar workers Coke-oven workers Junk <metal) refiners Kiln tenders Artificial-leather workers Color makers Laundry workers Asbestos-rooting makers Copper smelters Lead-foil makers Asphalt workers Core makers Lead smelters Bar-mill workers < iron Corn-products workers Lehr tenders (glass) and steel) Cotton-ml11 workers Levermen (Iron and steel) Benzol-still men Cottonseed-oil workers Llfters-over (glass) Bessemer converter work Cranemen (glass Indus Lime burners ers (iron and steel) try) Linoleum makers Beta-still operators (Iron Cranemen (Iron and Luters (zinc smelting) and steel > Billet-mill workers steel) (iron Crucible - steel-department Marblers (glass) Melters (foundry; glass) and steel i employees Mercury smelters Bisque-kiln workers Cupola men (foundries) Miners Blacksmiths Cyanamid makers Molders (foundry) Blast-furnace workers Digester bouse workers Muffle tenders Bleachers (paper and pulp) Open - hearth - department Bleachery driers Doffers (textile) workers (iron and steel I Blockers (felt hats) Dressers (glass) Packing-house employees Blooming-mill workers Dresser tenders (textile) Pair heaters (tin place) (iron and steel) Drop forgers Paper makers Blowers-out (zinc smelt Dye makers Pavers ing) Enamelers Petroleum refiners Bluers (revolvers) Engineers (stationary) Picklers Boiler-room workers Felt-hat makers Pitch workers Brass founders' Felt makers Pot fillers (glass) Braziers Firemen (city) Pot lifters (iron and Brewers Firemen (stationary) steel) Brick burners Flatteners (glass) Pot pullers (foundry) Brick makers Flax spinners Pot-room workers (alu Burners I enameling) Forgemen minum foundry; carbide Candy makers Foundry workers plant) Canners Furnace workers Pot setters Cappers (window glass) Galvanizers Pottery workers Carbide makers Gas (illuminating) work Pourers (foundry) Carbon-black workers ers Puddlers (Iron and steel) Case hardeners Gatherers (gUss) Pullers-out (felt hats) Casters (Iron and steel i Glass blowers Pulp-mill workers LIST OF HAZARDS. SVMPTuils. ETC. IU Pyrites burners Spongers Textile workers Rayon makers Stamp-mill workers Thread giazers Refiners (metals j Starters (felr hats) Tile makers / Road repairers Still (coni run cleaners Tin-foil makers / Roller covgrers (cotton Stlllmen (carbolic acltl) Tinners mill) Rollers (metals) Stlllmen (operatingi Stokers Tongs men (Iron and steel i Roll setters (Iron and Street repairers Top tillers [foundry i steel) Sugar refiners Tithe makers i glass i Roll wrenchers < Iron and Sulphite cooks (pulp mill) Tumers-out (glass) steel) Sulphur burners Turpentine extractors Rooting-macertal workers Table operators (iron and Vanudtutii-sceel workers Rougbers (irou and steel) steel) Vatmen Salt preparers Takers-down (glass) Velvet makers Shove-ln hoys (glass i Tank men Vulcuntzers (steum) Sizers (felt hats) Tappers (smelting) Wall-paper printers Skimmers (glass) Tur-dlstillecy workers Welders Slag-macblne rentiers Teazers (glass; Zinc smelters (Iron and steel) Temperers Smelters Textile printers 2. Sudden Variations of Temperature SYMPTOM. CONDITION, OR DISEASE TO LOOK FOR Respiratory Infections, neuralgic und rheumatic affections. OCCUPATIONS WHICH OFFER SUCH EXPOSURE Artlflcial-ice makers Felt-hat makers Roofers Bakers Firemen icity) Rublier workers Bleachers Firemen (station:)ry) Sailors Brewers Fishermen Salt preparers Butchers Flangers (felt bntsi Shoe finishers Caisson workers Gas (Illuminatingi work Silver inelters Calenderers (rubber) ers Soap makers Candy makers Glost-kiln workers Spreaders (rubber works) (banners Glue workers Stearic-acid makers Cartridge shot sheU par- Gypsum workers Stereotypers affln dippers Hothouse workers Stokers Churcoal workers (sugar Ice-cream makers Straw-hat makers refining) Ironers Sugar refiners Chauffeurs Japan makers Sulphite cooks (pulp mill) Clay and bisque makers Lasters (shoes) Table turners (enamel (pottery) Laundry workers ing) Cooks Linoleum makers Textile printers Corn-products workers Lumbermen Textile workers Digester - house workers Miners (paper and pulp) Mirror sllrerers Thread Blazers Tile makers Dresser tenders (textile) Mixers (rubber) Transparent - wrapping- Driers (felt hats) Motormen Dry cleaners Packing-house Drying-room workers Paper makers material couters employees driers Varnish makers and (miscellaneous) Patent-leather makers Vulcanizers Dye makers Phosphate-mill workers Wall-paper printers Dyers Electrotypers Engineers (stationary) Extractor operators (soap) Fat Tenderers Phosphorus evaluating Warming-house employees machine operators (guncotton I Pressroom workers (rub Wool scourers ber) See also occupations ex Refrlgemtlng-plant work posed to beat ers 20 OCCUPATION HAZARDS A_\'D DIAGNOSTIC SIGNa C. Dampness Aside from high atmospheric humidities which have been dealt with under "Abnormalities of temperature'' there remains to be considered exposure to constant wetting. Tankmen, vatmen, and washers, for example, may be required to carry on their duties constantly in wet clothes. Such exposures are brought together under the heading "Dampness.1' Rheumatic and neuralgic affections may result from exposure to dampness, which also may be a contributing factor to respiratory infections. When dampness is a feature of any industrial process, work places should be supplied with drain channels to prevent the accumulation of water, or use should be made of duck boarding. Adequate waterproof clothes, such as rubber boots, rubberized aprons, and so forth, should be supplied. SYMPTOM, CONDITION. OR DISEASE TO LOOK FOB Respiratory, neuralgic, and rheumatic affections. OCCUPATIONS WHICH OFFER SUCH EXPOSURE Acid dippers Fertilizer makers Policemen Alkali-salt makers Filter-press workers Pottery workers Artiticlal-iee makers Firemen (city) Preparers (tannery I Auto painters Fishermen Pressmen (oil refining) Behmhouse workers tan Flush tenders (alumi Pulp-mill employees nery ) num) Rayon makers Beacermen (paper and Galvanizers Refrlgeratlng-plant work pulp) Glass cutters ers Boiler washers Gloss finishers Sagger makers Brewers Glaze dippers (pottery) Screen tenders (pulpmill) Brickmnkers Glove makers (leather Sewer workers Cable splicers preparers) Shavers (felt hats; fur; Caisson workers Glue workers tannery) Canners Grinders (metals) Slaughterhouse workers Cartridge-cup washers Guncotton washers Slip makers i pottery) Cartridge felt and wad Hair workers Smoothers I glass) makers Hydraulic construction Soap makers Cartridge shot shell paraf workers Soda makers fin dippers Hydraulic miners Sodium hydroxide makers Cellulose makers Ice-cream makers Spongers Chauffeurs Lasters (shoes) Stamp-mill workers Clay and bisque makers Laundry workers Stonecutters (wet proc (pottery) Lime pullers (tannery) ess) Clay-plug makers (pot Linoleum makers Sugar refiners tery) Mall carriers Sumackers (tannery) Cloth preparers Masons Tablehnnds (tannery) Concent rating-mill work Match-factory workers Tank men ers Miners Tannery workers Construction workers Corn prod acta .workers Cotton-mill workers Mirror sllverers Telephone linemen (trench Nickel platers work) Packing-house employees Textile workers Creosotlng-plant workers Paint makers Tile makers Hollers (textile) Paper makers Dresser tenders (textile) Petroleum refiners Electroplaters Phosphate-mill workers Tinners Tobacco molsteners Vatmen Enamelers Phosphorus evaporating Vulcanlzers (steam) Explosives workers machine operators Extractor operators PIcklers (soap) Plasterers Washers Wool scourers LIST OF HAZARDS. SYMPTOMS, ETC. 21 D. Defective Illumination Defective illumination, characterized by insufficient quantity/of light, glare (light out of place), unsuitability of color, and improper diffusion ana distribution of light. i> the cause of eye fatigue, head ache, dizziness, and errors of refraction. Miners' nystagmus, a con dition in which the eyeball acquires a peculiar involuntary oscillatory movement, is attributed to the effects of insufficient illumination. This disease is very common among British miners, but apparently is not found to any extent among American miners. The explanation for the favorable situation of the American miner probably lies in the better illumination of the American mines. Not only is defective illumina tion the cause of these serious impairments of vision but it is an im portant factor in reduced working efficiency in industry generally, and it is a very frequent cause of industrial accidents. The hazard of defective illumination is nor limited to any single industry or group of industries. It may be present in any plant. Men engaged in occupations requiring close, fine work, such as jewelers, en gravers. clerks, and mail sorters, are especially likely to suffer from exposure to this hazard. It is a comparatively simple matter to provide for all the require ments for properly illuminating workplaces in some industries, while in others the advice of illuminating engineers is required. The Ameri can Standard Code of Lighting for Factories, Mills, and Other Work Places, prepared by the Illuminating Engineering Society. New York City, is an excellent reference work for those who have need of technical knowledge on this subject. SYMPTOM. CONDITION. OR DISEASE TO LOOK FOR Nystagmus, eyestrain, deficient vision due rn astigmatism or hyperopia, head ache. giddiness. Eyestrain contributes to neurasthenia. OCCUPATIONS WHICH OFFER SUCH EXPOSURE Virtually all occupations. The following and similar occupations are especially subject to this hazard: Buffers Burnishers (iron steel) Caisson workers Clerks Compositors Embroidery workers Jewelers and Letter sorters Mail sorters Miners Motion-picture workers Photographers Photographic film makers Polishers (metal) Steel engravers Train dispatchers studio Tunnel workers Watchmakers E. Dust Dust arising from industrial processes is produced by mechanical action, such as grinding, crushing, cutting, drilling, and so forth. Its composition is similar to the substance or substances from, which it is derived, and in this respect it differs from fume, which is the result of chemical action and which does differ from the substance of its origin. The size of dust particles is important because this influences their ability to be inhaled into the finer air passages and reach the pulmonary parenchyma. 22 OCCUPATION' HAZARDS A_VD DIAOXOSTIC SIGNS Poisonous dusts are not considered in this section but under their appropriate headings relating io their composition. For practical purposes industrial dusts are divided into two classes, organic and inorganic. ORGANIC DUST Organic dusts contain carbon and are largely derived from sub stances of animal and plant origin. Examples of these are textile dusts, flour. sugar, wood, leather, and feathers. Organic dusts may irritate tile skin, causing an occupational dermatitis or may irritate the conjunctiva. Many, if not most, organic dusts may 'cause an allergic reaction in some persons. When present in very large quan tity, any organic dust may cause irritation of the upper air passages. Some woods may also cause skin irritation, notably Brazil wood, satinwood. teak, some mahoganies, cocobolo, California redwood. Organic dusts do not cause pneumoconiosis or pulmonary fibrosis of a specific disabling nature. The particle- of many types of organic dusts are not of the size or shape to permit them to penetrate to the lung tissue and those which do gain entrance into the bod}' are ab sorbed. Coal is an organic dust, but on account of its origin is some times classed with the mineral dusts. Coal dust does get into the lungs, causes pigmentation, and may stimulate the production of fibrous tissue but will not produce a disabling pneumoconiosis. The "miners' asthma" of anthracite miners has been shown to be in fact a silicosis, modified by the presence of coal dust along with the silica, and is properly termed anthraco-silicosis. INORGANIC DUST Inorganic industrial dusts are mostly metallic and mineral. Of all the various types of such dusts, only those containing "free" or v-ncom bined silica will produce the specific pneumoconiosis known as silicosis. Other inorganic dusts may cause some pulmonary fibrosis of a benign or nondisabling character. The action of silica dust upon the lungs is probably chemical, and the dust particles producing th-> reaction are mostly those from one-half to three microns in diameter. The reaction of silica is the production of nodules, distributed throughout both lung-, producing a characteristic appearance on the X-ray film. Another effect of silica is to stimulate tubercle infection and severe cases of silicosis frequently die with tuberculosis. Dusts containing silica in combined form do not cause silicosis. However, one such dust, asbestos, a magnesium silicate, will produce a characteristic fibrosis. This is quite different in its pathology from silicosis, and has a characteristic "ground glass" appearance on'X-ray film. Animal experimentation, indicutes that the action of asbestos is probably mechanical, since it cannot be produced in other than the pulmonary tissue. Asbestosis may cause disability, and a few fatal cases have been recorded, but. in those cases showing marked disability, other organic disease is usuall}" also present. The control and prevention of silicosis and asbestosis depends on both medical and engineering supervision. Periodic X-ray examina tion of workmen exposed to these dusts is essential. Engineering methods for the control of dust comprise: LIST OF HAZARDS. aYMPTOilS, ETC. (1) The ase of exhaust systems or suction devices which entrap the dust ar its point of origin. (2) The use of water, and nccusiounlly nil. to lay the dust and keep it mir >'f the atmosphere. Both these methods may be combined. (3) The use of enclosed systems for ilust-cmi'-iiig procedures, properly exhausted. M) Increased ventilation, thus diluting the amount of dust in the air and deceasing its concentration. .It The use of helmets or respirators, of :i type approved by the Faired Stares Bureau of Mines, where intermittent exposures, not otherwise controllable, are involved. 1. Organic Dust SYMPTOM, CONDITION, OR DISEASE TO LOOK FOR Irritation of the skin and upper air passages, allergic effects, asthma. OCCUPATIONS WHICH OFFER SUCH EXPOSURE Abrasives makers Fertilizer makers Pouncers ( felt hats i Ashmen Fiber workers Pyroxylin - plastics work Bakers Finishers (leather) ers Battery (dry) makers Flax spinners Bag workers Beamers (textiles) Flour-mill workers Keslns (synthetic ) Blowers (felt hats) Formers (felt bats) makers Boneworkers Fur carders Roller coverers (cotton Broom makers Fur clippers mills) Brushers ( felt hats) Fur cutters Rope makers Brush makers Fur handlers Rubber workers Buffers Fur preparers Sawmill workers Button makers Fur pullers Scourers, wood last.- Carbide makers Furniture polishers (shoes) Carbon-black workers Glove makers (leather Shavers (felt hats: fur; Carbon-brush makers preparers) tannery) Carbonizers (shoddy) Glue workers Shoddy workers Carbon-paper makers Grain-elevator workers Shoe-factory operatives Carder t textiles) Graphite workers Sifters Card grinders (textiles) Grinders (rubber) Silk workers Carpet cleaners Guncotton pickers Soap makers Carpet makers Hair workers Softeners (tannery) Charcoal workers Harness-makers Soot packers Clear makers Heel makprs (shoe) Spice makers Coal passers Hemp workers Spinners (textiles) Cobblers Horn workers Starch makers Comb makers Jute workers Straw-hat makers Coaers (felthats) Knitting-mill workers Street cleaners Cork workers Lace makers Supar refiners Cotton-mill workers Lampblack makers Taxidermists Cotton twisters Lasters (shoes) Textile workers Crucible mixers Leather workers Tobacco workers Curriers (tannery) Linen workers Upholsterers Devil operators {felt Linoleum makers Weavers hats) Match-factory workers Weighers Diamond cutters Mattress makers Wood-1 ast scourers Doffers (textiles) Mixers (felt hats) (shoes) Electrode makers Mixing-room workers Woodworkers Electrotypers (miscellaneous) Wool carders Feather curers Pharmaceutical workers Wool spinners Feather workers Polishers (metal) Wool workers Felt-hat makers 270700*41 5 24 OrCL'PATIOX HAZARDS -AND DUG.NOSTIC SIGXo 2. Inorganic Dust Containing Free Silica SYMPTOM. CONDITION". OR DISEASE TO LOOK FOR t Cough, dyspnea, pieuriric [wins. cl**fi-ii-nr vlii-sr expansion. rtullnt*s>. diminished resonance. colds, pleurisy, rubenulosi-. heimipry.-ls. OCCUPATIONS WHICH OFFER SUCH EXPOSURE Abrasives makers Fertilizer maker Sand cutters Abrasives workers Flint workers Sanders Bedrubhers (sronei Foundry workers Sanding - machine opera Bisque-kiln workers Fused-quartz workers tors Blasters < I lass furnace workers Sandpaper makers Brickmakers (silica Glass mixers Sand pulverizers brick) Glaze mixers (pottery) Sawyers (stone i Buffers Grinders (metals I Scouringpowder makers Burrers (needles) Grinding wheel makers Scrapers (foundry) Burr filers House wreckers Silicon tiling.- makers Casting cleaners (found Insulation (sound, beat) Slate workers ries) workers Smelter workers Cement (porthmil) work Jute workers Soap ("abrasive) workers ers Masons Sodium silicate makers Chlppers .Miners Stamp mill workers Clay and bisque makers Mulders (foundry) Statuary workers (pottery) Ore- concentra tine mill Smne (artificial) makers Concentrating-mill work workers Stonecutters ers Planer men (stone) Stonemasons Construction workers Polishers (metal) Stone workers Core makers Pottery workers Street repairers Crushennen (clay and Pouncers (felt hats) Subway construction stone) Quarrymen workers Cutlery makers Quartz workers Tile makers Diatomaceous-earth work Road repairers Tumbling-barrel workers ers Rubber workers (filling) Tunnel construction work Drillers (rock) Sand blasters ers Enamelers (ritreous enam els) 3. Inorganic Dust (except Asbestos) Containing no Free Silica SYMPTOM, CONDITION, OR DISEASE TO LOOK FOR Exposure to Inorganic dusts containing m- free silica has been found in some Instances to be associated with simple linear fibrosis luonspecific l)enign flbmsisGarriner) nor associated with disability. The exact relationship of various dusts to this type of flbrotlc -enction Is not entirely clear. OCCUPATIONS WHICH OFFER SUCH EXPOSURE Abrasives makers Calenderers (rubber) Compounders (rubber) Abrasives workers Carbide makers Concentrating-miU work Acetylene makers Carbon-brush makers ers Ashmen Card grinders (textiles) Construction workers Basic slag (artificial ma Casting cleaners Core makers nure) workers (foundry) Cotton-mill openers Battery (dryI makers Cement (Portland) work Crucible mixers Bed rubbers (stone) Revelers ers Chasers (steel) Cnishermeu (clay and stone) Bisque-kiln workers Chimney sweepers Cut-glass workers Blasters Chlppers < 'utlery makers Rricklayers Clay and bisque makers Cynnamid znnkers Brickmakers (pottery) Diamond cutters Bronzers Clay-plug makers (pot Drillers (rock) Buffers (needles) Ritrrers tery) Coal passers Electrotypers Emery-wheel makers Burr fliers Button makers Color makers Compositors Engineers (stationary i Engravers LIST OF HAZARDS. SYMPTOMS. ETC. 25 Fertilizer makers Mica strippers or >plitters Sandpaper makers File cutters Mica workers Saw filers Filers Mineral-earth workers Sawyer* (stone) Fi remen (stationary) Miners Scissors shar[>ener* ' Film workers Mixers (rubber) Scourlng-tKiwiier makers Fine cleaners Mixing-room w n r k o r - Scrapers .(foundry) Foundry workers (miscellaneous) Screen worker* (lead and Furnace workers Glass blowers Mold breakers i foundry i zinc smelting) Molders (foundry i Sifters Glass cutters Paint removers Sintering-plant workers Glass flni'hers Paper hangers Slag workers Glass-furnace workers Phosphate-mill workers Slate workers Glass mixers PInnermen (stone: Slip makers (pottery) Glaze mixers (pottery) metal) Smelter workers Gold beaters Plasterers Smoothers (glusst Gold refiners Plaster of Paris workers Soap (abrasive) workers Graphite workers Pneumatic-tool wurkers Stamp-mill workers Grinders (metals) Polishers (metal) Statuary workers Grinding wheel makers Polish makers Stokers Gypsum workers Horn workers Pottery workers Pouncers (felt hats) Stone (artificial) makers Stonecutters Insulation (sound, heat) Printers Stonemasons workers Putty makers Stone workers Iron and steel mill work Putty polishers (glass) Streer cleaners ers Pyrites burners Street repairers Jewelers Junk (metnl) refiners Quarrymen Road repairers Sugnr refiners Sulphur burners Jute workers Roofing-material worker* Tnble turners (enamel Lapidaries Rubber workers ing) Lime burners Sagger makers Talc workers Lime-kiln chargers Salt preparers Textile comb makers Lime workers Sand blasters Tile makers Linoleum makers Sanders Toolmakers Lithographers Sandlng-machlne opera Top fillers (foundry) Marble cutters tors Tumbling-barrel workers Masons Snndpnperers (enameling Tunnel workers Match-factory workers and painting auto bod Weighers Metal turners ies, etc.) 4. Asbestos SYMPTOM. CONDITION, OR DISEASE TO LOOK FOR Cough, dyspnea, pallor, clubbing of finger*, diminished chest expansion. OCCUPATIONS WHICH OFFER SUCH EXPOSURE Asbestos miners Crushers (nshestosi Spinners (ashestos) Asbestos-products work Flberizers (asbestos) Textile (asbestos) work ers Miners (asbestos) ers Brake-lining makers Molders (asbestos) Weavers (asbestos) ('urders (asbestos) Roofing-material (asbes Cobbers (asbestos) tos) workers F. Infections Infections, both localized and systemic, are frequently of occupa tional origin. Anthrax, fungus infections, undulnnt fever, and '`septic infections" are typical examples. A brief summary of the svmptoms of these diseases and the principal occupations in which infection is likely to occur are given in this section. Other infectious diseases especially worthy of mention are listed below: Butcher's pemphigusButchers, dead-animal handlers. Erysipeloid. Butchers, button makers, cooks, fish handlers, meat inspectors. 26 OCCUPATION HAZARDS -AND DIAGNOSTIC SIGNS Glanders Horse and mule handlers. Psittacosis___________________________ Bacteriologists, parrot, and parakeet handlers. / Rabies Dog-pound workers, mail carriers, vet erinarians. Ringworm Barbers, bathhouse attendants. lienury. parlor operatives, chambermaids, masseurs. Rocky Mountain spotted fever___________ Foresters, hunters, sheep herders, trap pers. Tetanus--------------------------------------------- Farmers, slaughterhouse and packing house workers. Tularemin Bacteriologists, butchers, cooks, form ers. forestry workers. hunters, shearers. Well's disease_______________________ Dog-p<mnd workers. Insecticide makers, fisbmarket workers, veterinarians. Cases have also been found among British butchers, canal workers, coal miners, farmers, gardeners, street cleaners. 1. Anthrax SYMPTOM. CONDITION. OR DISEASE TO LOOK FOR Anthrax (external).--Begins as small red spot or papule In the skin, with no pain but an itching, burning sensation. This Inter has a blister indented la the center and Is surrounded by severe swelling. Next, the center becomes black and the blister may break and discharge a bloody fluid. The black depressed area has an elevated border of small vesicles. Regional lymph nodes become enlarged and tender and often suppurate. High fever, headache, restlessness. Insomnia, have also been noted. Anthrax (internal).--Pulmonary anthrax, of which there has been almost none In America, has no external lesions and Is always rapidly fatal. Intestinal anthrax Is not an Industrial hazard. OCCUPATIONS WHICH OFFER SUCH EXPOSURE Animal handlers Bacteriologists Baters (tannery) Beambouse workers (tannery) Blanket makers Bonemeal workers Broom makers Brush makers Butchers Carpet cleaners Carpet makers Cattle salesmen Cobblers Cordage-factory workers Curriers Dairy workers Farmers Fat Tenderers Felt makers Fertilizer makers Freight handlers Fur carders Fur clippers Fur cutters Fur handlers Fur preparers Fur pullers Gelatine makers Glue makers Hair workers Leather workers Line pullers (tannery) Longshoremen Mattress makers Meat Inspectors Minkery workers Plasterers Preparers (tannery) Rag workers Shavers (felt hats, fur, tannery) Shepherds Shoddy workers Shoe-factory workers Slaughterhouse workers Stablemen Sumackers (tannery) Table hands (tannery) Tannery workers Taxidermists Upholsterers Veterinarians Warehouse workers Wooden-heel workers Wool carders Wool scourers Wool spinners Wool workers 2. Fungus Infections SYMPTOM, CONDITION. OR DISEASE TO LOOK FOR Fungus infections may be due to a wide variety of fungi. They may be local or systemic. Many of them are of mild clinical Importance, others may produce marked disability and death LIST OF HAZARDS, SYMPTOMS, ETC. 27 Skin diseases are caused by monilia. yeasts, dermatophytes, sporotrlchuru, blastomycetes. as well as a great many other fungi. FPngus disease of the lungs may be due to blastomycetes, actlnomyces, monilla/ coccldioldes Immltis, cryptococcus, and aspergillus. The symptoms are largely those of tuberculosis, from which it Is often most difficult to differentiate. The X-ray film may also closely resemble tuberculosis. The sputum usually reveals large numbers of fungi of predominantly one type. OCCUPATIONS WHICH OFFER SUCH EXPOSURE Animal handlers Brewery workers Cigar makers Dishwashers Excavation workers Farmers Flour- and grain-mill workers Grooms Hide workers Milkers Millers Paper makers Pigeon fatteners Stablemen Straw cutters 3. Septic Infections SYMPTOM. CONDITION, OR DISEASE TO LOOS FOR Bolls, carbuncles, folliculitis, cellulitis, localized lymphangitis, erysipelas. OCCUPATIONS WHICH OFFER SUCH EXPOSURE Animal handlers Butchers fanners Feather workers Fertilizer makers Fishermen Garbage workers Glue makers Hair workers Handlers of putrid or de Silk workers composing animal prod Slaughterhouse workers ucts Sonp makers Packing-house workers Street cleaners Preparers (tannery) Tallow refiners Rag workers Tannery workers Shavers (felt hats; fur; Taxidermists tannery) Veterinarians Shoddy makers 4. Undulant Fever (Brucellosis) SYMPTOM. CONDITION. OR DISEASE TO LOOK FOR Weakness, profuse sweating, chills, fever, headache, usually bilateral and frontal, constipation, loss of weight, backing nonproductive cough, general aching. Reddish, widely separated skin lesions accompanied by intense Itching and burn ing among veterinarians have been attributed to Brucella infection. Butchers Cuttle salesmen Dairy workers Farmers Gardeners OCCUPATIONS WHICH OFFER SUCH EXPOSURE Manure handlers Meat inspectors Milk inspectors Packing-house workers Shearers Slaughterhouse workers Stablemen Stockmen Veterinarians Zoological technicians G. Radiant Energy L X-rays, Radium, and Other Radioactive Substances (radiothorium, mesothorium, etc.) The increasing use of X-rays and of radium in the detection and treatment of disease and the more extended use of X-rays in industry as an aid in detecting hidden defects in metals have greatly added to their importance as potential sources of occupational disease. Radio active substances (radium, radiothorium, mesothorium) have been added to the list of occupational hazards found in various manufac turing industries. The hazard is now known to be present also in -everal other industries. 28 OCCUPATION' HAZARDS) AND DIAGNOSTIC SIGNS Exposure to X-rays and emanations from radium and other radio active substances may produce serious burns and cancer, while the blood and blood-forming organs are profoundly affected. Anemia and leukopenia are frequently associated with exposure to radiations. Much has been learned concerning adequate measures for the pro tection of workers exposed to X-rays and radioactive substances since the early daj's of their discovery, when many pioneers in medical treatment with these new agencies suffered severe mutilating disabili ties because of their unmitigated exposure. Protective measures today have been worked out in considerable detail for the variety of condi tions met with. See, for example, United States Department of Com merce, National Bureau of Standards Handbook H23. "Radium Pro tection and Recommendations of The British X-ray and Radium Pro tection Committee," fifth revised edition (.January* 1938). SYMPTOM, CONDITION. OK DISEASE TO tuOK FOR Severe dermatitis usually on hands and arms, loss of nails, hunts, destruction of skin, injury tu Joints, necrosis of bones, cancer, anemia, leukemia, leukopenia, sterility. OCCUPATIONS WHICH OFFER SUCH EXPOSURE Chemists and laboratory ers of instrument dial*, Radium ore reduction workers (radium re and other workers la workers search) plants manufacturing Radium specialists Dentists luminous dials. Roentcenolojrists Incandescent mantle Physicians, nurses, and Uranium miners makers hospital attendants Uranium workers Inspectors and examiners Radioactive-paint makers X-rny machine makers using fluoroseope or X- Radioactive-water makers X-rny technicians and ray Radiologists photographers Painters of luminous Radium miners X-ray tube makers watch dials and paint 2. Ultraviolet and Infrared Rays Ultraviolet and infrared rays are an industrial hazard in a number of occupations where there is exposure to excessive radiance. Welders and cutters especially are exposed to ultraviolet rays: furnacemen and other workers around molten metal and glass, to infrared rays. Al though we cannot see ultraviolet and infrared rays, they are very active and powerful, and are usually coexistent with excessive radiance. Ultraviolet rays are chemical in their action, and cause intense irritation of the eves and burns of the skin, similar to sunburn. Snow blindness, desert "blindness, and the "eye flashes" of welders are one and the same condition, all due to the action of ultraviolet rays upon the eve; their effects can be verv painful and cause disability "for sev eral days, though usually they do not cause permanent damage. Infrared rays act upon the eves simply as heat, but may cause per manent damage (cataract). There is little definite evidence that weld ing has caused cataract, similar to glassblower's cataract, but it is probable that prolonged exposure to infrared rays may cause haziness of the cornea. The injurious effects resulting from excessive light due to defective illumination are not considered here, but treated as a separate hazard. See Hazard D. * LIST OF HAZARDS SYMPTOMS, ETC. 2y Goggles, helmets, shields, and masks, equipped with colored lenses especially designed to exclude the kinds and intensities of rays met with, afford protection to the eye. Booths should be provided for welders working indoors to protect others working nearby. Clothing which covers the body completely protects the skin from irritation aused by the rays. Protective measures are covered in detail in United States Department of Commerce. National Bureau of Stand ards Handbook Hd-l, ``American Standard Safety Code for the Pro tection of Heads. Eyes, and Respiratory Organs." (November 103S). SYMPTOM. CONDITION. OR DISEASE TO LOOK FOR Burns, conjunctivitis, electrical ophthalmia, photophobia, -Lei tis. cataract. dermatitis. OCCUPATIONS WHICH OFFER SUCH EXPOSURE Bakers Blacksmiths Braziers Cooks Driers (lacquer) Electricians Electric linemen Flretneu (stationary) Food Irradiators Foundry workers Motion-plcture-ma chine Furnace workers operators (Hass blowers Motion - picture -studio ( rlitSS*furnace workers workers and uctors Incandescent-mantle hard Photographers eners Skimmers (glass) Iron and steel mill Tit S<ilderer% ers Stokers Irradiators (food) Welders H. Repeated Motion, Pressure, Shock, etc. Under this heading are included those conditions which are caused by continuous repetition of movements, pressure, or blows peculiar to many occupations. This section is not concerned with the neurasthenic phenomena following accidental injuries, commonly referred to as traumatic neurosis. Everyone is familiar with the muscular strain experienced in per forming for the first time some exercise, such as rowing, long walking, and so forth. Men newly introduced into a process requiring sucli repeated action are affected similarly but often much more severely, so as to disable them temporarily for the particular job. When the body is -ubjected to constant pressure or repeated shocks such as are encountered in working with pneumatic tools or when muscles are used for a long period under conditions of severe strain, there may result tenosynovitis or bursitis. In the use of pneumatic tools, due to the repeated shocks or vibration, there may occur also marked, vasomotor changes with a characteristic condition known as "dead fingers." Ex posure to vibrations may also cause changes in bone structure. After long-continued repetitive motion in which small groups of muscles are used excessively, the muscles involved may not function when called upon to perform the accustomed task, although their func tion is unimpaired for other activities. This condition, of which a typical example is writers' cramp, is referred to as occupational or professional neurosis. Where continuous pressure or shock is the cause, pads or cushions are often beneficial. Workers who have to grasp tools tightly would do well frequently to change their n 'hod of holding the instrument, if this is possible. Occasional rest | . nods will do much toward the prevention of muscular pains and cramps. 30 OCCUPATION' HAZARDS A.VD DIAGNOSTIC SIGNS SYMPTOM, CONDITION. OR DISEASE TO LOOK FOR Pain of muscle used. set up l>y a myositis, imr-dris. synovitis. nr other/local changes of a chronic Inflammatory nature: rreintilinjr, cramp. Among pneufuacictool worker* also vasomotor disturbances : local anemia of baud followed by hyperemia, cyanosis, and burning sensation. OCCUPATIONS WHICH OFFF.R SUCH EXPOSURE Air-hnnimrr operator- Artificial-flower makers Barbers Bicyclists Blacksmiths Carpenters Chauffeurs Clerks Cobblers Compositors Cocron-twisters Dancers Diamond cutters Elevator operators Enamelers Engravers Furniture polishers Gold-beaters Grinders (metals) Hammermen Housemaids Ironers J ewelers Knitters Lathe turners Letter sorters Lithographers Locksmiths Machinists Mail sorters Mitsons Microscopic* Milkers Miners Musicians Painters Paper-box makers Pnvers Pile-drivers Pneumntic-rool workers Polishers Porters Pressers Qimrrymen Riveters Sailors Sawyers Scissors sharpeners Scrubwomen Seamstresses Sewing-machine operator-. Spinners (textiles) Stonecutters Tailors Telegraphers Typists Washwomen Watchmakers Weavers J. Poisons Industry today produces or employs a far Greater number of poi sonous compounds than ever before* Extensive chemical research, particularly in the field of the volatile solvents, is adding to the number every year. The production of new synthetic materials find ing industrial uses as substitutes for wood, textile, and other natural products, has also added to the list. It would be impracticable to cover all or even the greater number of these industrial poisons in a work of this kind. Only the more important ones concerning which we know something of the toxicity have been included. Some poi sons. long used in industry, on the other hand, are being displaced. Since it is extremely difficult to determine whether their use has been entirely discontinued, and we cannot foretell when a new use will be found for them, their inclusion in our list has been thought desirable. The revised List of Industrial Poisons, compiled by Sommerfeld and Fischer for the International Association of Labor Legislation1 formed the basis for the data presented in the section on poisons in the first edition of this bulletin. The material in that list has been revised and amplified in subsequent editions, and new poisons have been added. The symptoms cited are those which are reported in the best works available. In order to avoid swelling the list of poisons to unwarranted proportions, substances whose effects are similar have been grouped. Thus all nitro compounds of benzol and its homologues have been included under one heading, and the same procedure has been followed with amino compounds. The next section is devoted to the substances occurring in industry which pro duce typical occupational dermatoses. Because of the very large 1 See L*. S. Bureau of Labor Statistics Bull. No. ton. Washington, lOUi. LIST OF HAZARDS, SYMPTOMS. ETC. 31 number of substances in the latter class, it has not been possible to treat them as fully as the other poisons. The occupations and industries listed under the various prisons are those in which the hazard may be present. They are not neces sarily those where actual cases of poisoning have been reported. Adequate preventive measures, vigilantly carried out, may make the chance of poisoning from even an extremely toxic compound vir tually impossible. That fact has been fully established by the splendid record of many American companies which have manu factured some of the most toxic compounds for years without having a single case of poisoning develop in their plants. To prevent industrial poisoning the following precautions should be taken: Workers must be instructed as to the toxicity of the substance handled. Frequent medical examinations of workers must be made to detect early symptoms of disease. Before new substances are employed in industrial processes, their toxicity should be determined. Personal cleanliness must be maintained, and proper washroom facilities, therefore, should be provided. Men should not l)e allowed to eat in workrooms where poisonous substances are handled. Work clothes should receive special attention and should be removed at the end of the days work. The use of gloves and boots is often necessary. Mechanical devices for confining the poisons are of prime impor tance. Reference should be made in this connection to the preventive measures discussed under "Dust." Fumes and gases should be taken care of by proper ventilation, the use of exhaust systems, fans, and blowers. If complete removal of the poison is not possible, men who are required to work in an atmosphere polluted by poisonous fumes and gases should wear respiratorv protective devices constructed for the specific poison with which they work, and approved by the United States Bureau of Mines for the conditions of exposure' likely to be encountered. 1. Acetaldehyde SYMPTOM. CONDITION. OR DISEASE TO LuOK FOR Irritation of mucous membranes of eyes and respiratory tract, dyspnea and cough, acceleration of heart, profuse night sweats. OCCUPATIONS WHICH OFFER SUCH EXPOSURE Acetaldehyde workers Aldehyde pumpmen Disinfectant makers Dye makers Explosives workers Lacquer workers Mirror sllverers Rubber (syntberlc) mak Photographic workers ers Pyroxylin-plastics work Varnlsbers ers Varnish makers Reslu (synthetic) makers Vinegar workers Yeast makers 2. Acetanilide. See Aniline 3. Acetone SYMPTOM. CONDITION. OR DISEASE TO LOOK FOR Irritation of skin and mucous membranes of eyes and respiratory tract. OCCUPATIONS WHICH OFFER SUCH EXPOSURE Acetone worker* Acetylene workers Airplane-do|>e makers Artificial-leather makers Artlflclal-pearl makers Arriflcial-sllk workers Bronze-powder makers Burton makers Cement (rubber, plastic etc.) mixers Chloroform makers Collar (fused) makers 32 OCCUPATION- HAZARDS AND DIAoXUsTIC SIGNS Comb makers Oye makers Dyers Explosives workers Extractors (oils and fa ts) Lucquerers Lacquer makers -Methyl-alcohol makers Nitrocellulose workers Painters Paint makers Paint removers Rubber workers Puratfln workers Shoe-factory operatives Pencil makers Shoe-heel (wood) ^over- Perfume makers ers ' Petroleum rvfluers Smokeless-powder makers Pharmaceutical workers Transparent - wrapping - Photographic workers material workers Pyroxylin-plastics ' work Varnisbers ers Varnish makers Rayon workers Wood-alcobol distillers Resin makers Wool scourers 4. Acridine SYMPTOM. CONDITION. OR DISEASE TO LOOK FOR Irritation of skin and mucous membranes of eyes and respiratory tract, violent sneezing. OCCUPATIONS WHICH OFFER SUCH EXPOSURE Acridine workers Dye makers 5. Acrolein SYMPTOM. CONDITION. OR DISEASE TO LOOK FOR Irritation of skin and mucous membranes of eyes and respiratory tract, dyspnea, bronchitis. OCCUPATIONS WHICH OFFER SUCH EXPOSURE Acrolein is formed whenever fatty substances are heated to dryness nnd decom posed. Acrolein workers Gasoline engine workers Bone renderers Gelatine makers Bookbinders Glue makers Candle makers Lard makers Copper (strip) roller mill Linoleum makers workers Linseed-oil boilers Fat renderers Petroleum refiners Fertilizer makers Pharmaceutical workers Galvanlzers Pyroxylin-plastics work Garage workers ers Refrigerator (m e c b u n leal) makers and repair men Soap makers Stearic-add makers Straw-bat makers Tallow refiners Tinners Type melters Varnish makers Wax ornament makers 6. Aluminum Nut generally regarded as an industrial poison. 7. Ammonia SYMPTOM. CONDITION, OR DISEASE TO LOOK FOR Inrense Irritation of upper respiratory passages, cough and dyspnea, pulmonary edema, bronchitis, severe Irritation of eyes, caustic action on skin. OCCUPATIONS WHICH OFFER SUCH EXPOSURE A- ntylene workers Ammonia workers Ammonium-salts makers Annealers Arttficial-lce makers Bonehlnck makers Bronzers Calcium carbide rankers Cement (rubber plastic. etc.) mixers Coke-oven workers Color makers Cyanide makers Dye makers Dyers Electrotypers Explosives workers Fertilizer makers Galvanlzers Gas (Illuminating) work ers LIST OF HAZARDS, SYMPTOMS, ETC. 33 Gas purifiers Glue makers Ice-cream makers Ink makers Lacquer makers Mirror sllverers Nitric-acid makers Paper makers Perfume makers Petroleum n-fluers Photoengravers Photographic materials workers Rii.rnn makers Itefrlgerating-plaat work ers Salt extractors (coke-oven byproducts) Sewer workers Shellac makers Slioe finishers Soda iSolvayi makers Stablemen / Sugar refiners Sulphuric-acid workers Tannery workers Tinners Varnish makers Vulcanize rs Wool scourers 8. Amyl Acetate SYMPTOM, CONDITION, OR DISEASE TO LOOK FOR Irritation of mucous membranes of eyes, nose, throat; headache and vertigo, fullness of the head, drowsiness, oppression in chest, cough, nausea. OCCUPATIONS WHICH OFFER SUCH EXPOSURE Airplane-dope makers Furniture polishers Polish makers Alcohol-distillery workers Gliders Pyroxylin-plastics work- Amyl acetate workers. Incandescent lamp makers ers Art-glass workers Jewelers Rayon makers Artificial-leather workers. Lacquerers iShelluckers Artificial-pearl makers Lacquer makers Shellac mnkers Battery (dry) makers Leather workers Shoe-factory workers Bookbinders Linoleum makers Shoe finishers lironzers Motion-picture film work Shoe-heel (wood) cuverers Buffers (rubber) ers Smokeless-powder makers Camphor makers Mottlers (leather) Soap mukers Cement (rubber, plastic, Nitrocellulose workers Storage-battery makers etc.) mixers Painters Straw hat makers Cutlery makers Paint makers Tannery workers Dry cleaners Paint removers Textile printers Dyers Paper (coated) makers Toy makers Enamelers Patent-leather makers Varnlshers Enamel makers Perfume makers Varnish makers Explosives workers Photoengravers W l r e r s (Incandescent Fruit-essence makers Photographlc-fllm mukers lumps) 9. Amyl Alcohol OCCUPATIONS WHICH OFFER SUCH EXPOSURE Irritation of eyes and respiratory tract, headache and vertigo, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea. OCCUPATIONS WHICH OFFER SUCH EXPOSURE Alcohol-distillery workers Lacquerers Amyl-acetate makers Lacquer makers Amyl alcohol workers Mordanters Amyl-nitrite makers Nitrocellulose workers Brewers Painters Explosives workers Paint makers Fruit-essence makers Pyroxylin-plastics w o Fusel-oil workers ers Rubber (synthetic) mak ers Shoe finishers Smokeless-powder makers Varnish makers Varnishers 10. Aniline and Other Amino Compounds of Benzol and Its Homologues SYMPTOM, CONDITION, OR DISEASE TO LOOK FOR Pallor followed by cyanosis, especially of Ups and finger tips, somnolence, irritability, mental confusion, headache and vertigo, nausea and vomiting, un steady gait, weakness, muscular tremor and convulsions, anemia, weak pulse, visual disturbances, brownish discoloration of the bluud and urine, disorders (tumors, etc.) of the bladder, eczematous eruptions. 34 OCCUPATION' HAZARDS AND DIAGNOSTIC SIGNS OCCUPATIONS WHICH OFFER SUCH EXPOSURE Acetanilide workers Aniline workers Artiflcial-teather makers Blueprint paper makers Bromine makers Camphor makers Candle (coloredI makers Coal-tar workers Color makers Compositors Compounders (rubber) Disinfectant makers Dye makers Dyers Explosives workers I Feather workers Polish makers - Gasoline blenders Pressroom worker* (rub | Lithographers ber) I Millinery workers Printers | Mixers (rubber) I*yroxylin-plastIcs work ; Saphtliylamlne workers ers NItranlline workers Reclaimers (rubber i Painters Rubber (synthetic) mak Paint makers ers Pencil (colored) makers Rubber workers Perfume makers Tannery workers Petroleum refiners Textile printers Pharmaceutical workers Varnlshers Photographic materials Varnish makers workers Vulcanlzers 11. Antimony and Its Compounds SYMPTOM. CONDITION. OR DISEASE TO LOOK FOR Irritation and eczematous eruptions of the skin, inflammation of mucous membranes of nose, mouth, and throat, sores In mouth, metallic taste, gastro intestinal disorders with vomiting, diarrhea, colic. A clear picture of symptomatology of ii.dustrtal antimony poisoning is diffi cult to obtain. Autimouy utilized in industry almost always contains arsenic and. furthermore, it is associated with lead compounds In most of its industrial uses. Both of these substances are poisons which produce many of the symp toms ascribed to antimony poisoning. Metal fume fever. (See Zinc.) OCCUPATIONS WHICH OFFER SUCH EXPOSURE Antimony extractors (re Enamel makers finers) Explosives makers Babbitt-metal workers Filers Babbltters Fireworks makers Brass founders Glass mixers Burnishers (Iron and Glaze dippers (pottery) steel) Glaze mixers (pottery) Color makers Grinders (metals) Compositors Grinders (rubber) Compounders (rubber) Insulators (wire) Copper refiners Lead smelters Dye makers Linotypes Dyers Match-factory workers Electroplaters Mixers (rubber) Electrotypers Monotypers Enamelers Mordantero Paint makers Painters Pewter makers Pharmaceutical workers Pressroom workers (rub ber) Printers Rubber (red) workers Shot makers Solder makers Stereotypers Storage-battery workers Textile printers Typefounders V ulcanlzers Zinc refiners 12. Arsenic and Its Compounds (Except Arseniuretted Hydrogen) SYMPTOM, CONDITION, OR DISEASE TO LOOK FOR Eruptions and bronzing of skin, loss of nails and hair, keratosis, epithelioma, inflammation of eye. nose, mouth, and respiratory tract, perforation of nasal septum, headache, gastro-lntestinal disturbances with nausea, vomiting, and severe diarrhea and abdominal pains, peripheral polyneuritis, muscular weakness, and paralysis. Metal fume fever (see Zinc). OCCUPATIONS WHICH OFFER SUCH EXPOSURE Arsenic roasters Arsenic workers Artificial-flower makers Artificial-leather makers Aviators--crop dusting Bookbinders Brass founders Briquet makers Brousers Candle (colored) makers Canners Carpet makers Carroters (felt hats) Cement (Portland) makers Chimney sweepers LIST OF HAZARDS, SYMPTOMS. ETC. 3o Colored-paper workers Color makers Compounders (rubber) Copper founders Copper smelters Coppersmiths Cosmetic workers Curriers i tannery) Cut-glass workers Decorators (pottery) Disinfectant makers Dye makers Dyers Electroplaters Enamelers Enamel makers Exterminators Farmers Feather curers Feather workers Ferrosillcon workers Fertiliser makers Fireworks makers Fly-paper makers Galvnnizers Gardeners Glass mixers Glaze dippers (pottery) Glaze mixers i pottery) Pyrites burners Gold refiners Refiners i metals) Ink makers Rubber workers Insecticide makers Sealing-wax makers / Insulators iwire) Sheep-dip makers Iron and steel makers Shot makers Japan makers Sliver miners Japanners Soap makers Lacquerers Soot packers Lacquer makers Sprayers i trees) Lead-arsenate makers Sulphur burners Lead smelters Sulphuric-acid workers Linoleum colorers Tannery workers Lithographers Tar workers Mixers (rubber) Taxidermists Mordanters Textile printers Painters Tinners Paint makers Toy makers Paper glazers Varnish makers Paperhangers Velvet makers Paris-green workers Wallpaper printers Pencil (colored) makers Wax-omament makers Pharmaceutical workers Welders Pitch workers Wire drawers Pottery workers Wood preservers Pressroom workers (rub Zinc miners ber) Zinc refiners Printers 13. Arseniuretted Hydrogen (arsine) SYMPTOM, CONDITION, OB DISEASE TO LOOK FOR Feeling of faintness and weakness. Intense headache, nausea and vomiting. Jaundice, abdominal pains, hemoglobinuria, anemia, suppression of urine, shiver ing and chills, gastric disorders. OCCUPATIONS WHICH OFFER SUCH EXPOSURE Note.--Arsine Is formed when a metal and an acid react to produce nascent hydrogen which unites with arsenic present In either the acid or metal, to give the toxic gas. Acetylene workers Ferrosillcon workers Pyroxylin-plastics work Acid dippers Fertilizer makers ers Aniline workers Galvanizere Rayon makers Balloon (hydrogen) work Gas (Illuminating) work Refiners (metals) ers ers Shoddy workers Bleachlng-powder makers Hydrochloric add work Soda makers Bronzers ers Solderers Cadmium workers Jewelers Storage-battery makers Carbonizers (shoddy) Lead burners Submarine workers Dimethyl-sulphate maker* Lime burners Sulphuric-acid workers Dye makers Nitrocellulose makers Tank cleaners Elect rolytic-process (cop Nitroglycerine makers Tinners per) workers Paper makers Towermen (sulphuric Electroplaters Plcklers acid) Etchers Plumbers War-gas makers Extractors (gold) Zlnc-chlorlde makers 14. Barium The soluble salts of barium are poisonous when ingested. Few cases of indus trial poisoning, however, have been reported. The symptoms reported in indus trial poisoning include dermatitis, whitening and loss of hair, paralysis, accelera tion of the heart, cyanosis of the skin, gastric pain, and vomiting. 36 OCCUPATION* HAZARDS AN*D DIAGNOSTIC SIGNS OCCUPATIONS WHICH OFFER SUCH EXPOSURE Barium carbonate makers Ink i printing) makers Depilatory makers Insecticide makers Dye makers Lacquer akers Enamel makers Leather 'rkers Fireworks makers Linoleum makers Glass mixers Lithopone makers Paint makers Photographic wnrkefs Rubber workers ' Sugar retitiers Varnish makers Water purifiers 15. Benzine (naphtha-gasoline) SYMPTOM. CONDITION. OR DISEASE TO LOOK FOR Headache and vertigo, nausea and vomiting, abdominal pain, irregular respira tion. pneumonia, drowsiness, irritation of skin and mucous membranes, naphtha Jag" (a condition resembling mild alcoholic intoxication), visual disturbances, twitching of the muscles. OCCUPATIONS WHICH OFFER SUCH EXPOSURE Airplane hangar em Galvanizers ployees Art-glass workers Garage workers Gasoline blenders Benzine workers Gasoline-engine workers Bronzers Gilders Buffers (rubber) Burnishers (metals) Glue workers Ink makers Cast scrubbers (electro- Insecticide makers platers) Japan makers Cementers (rubber shoes) Jnpanners Cement mixers (rubber) Lncquerers Chauffeurs Lacquer makers Color makers Linoleum makers Compositors Lithographers Compounders (rubber) Metal-polish makers Curriers (tannery) Metal washers Decorators (pottery) Millinery workers Degreasers (fertilizer; Mixers (rubber) leather: metals; textile) Mordanters Dippers (rubber) Painters Driers (rubber) Paint makers Dry cleaners Paint-remover makers Dyers Paint removers Electroplaters Perfume makers Enamelers Petroleum refiners Enamel makers Polishers Extractors (oils and fats) Polish makers Feather workers Pressroom workers (rub' Filling station workers ber) Furniture polishers Printers Putty makers Pyroxylin-plastics workers Rubber-glove makers Rubberized asbestos board makers Rubber-tire builders Rubber workers Scourers (metals) Sewer workers Shade-cloth makers Shellackers Shellac makers Shingle Stainers Shoe-factory workers Shoe finishers Shoe-heel (wood) coverers Soap makers Tank cleaners Tannery workers Type cleaners Varnlshers Varnish mnkers Varnish-remover makers Varnish removers Vulcanizers Washers (metal) Waterproof-cloth makers Window-shade milkers Woodworkers 16. Benzol (benzene) and Its Homologries (toluol and xylol) SYMPTOM. CONDITION, OR DISEASE TO LOOK FOR Headache "and vertigo, gastrointestinal disturbances, hemorrhages, purpura, injury to blood-forming organs' with marked but varied changes in the blood picture--slight polycythemia followed by leukopenia, erythropenla, anemia, and so forth. Injury to blood vessels, heart, liver, kidneys, and nervous system, marked susceptibility to infection, local irritation (bronchitis, conjunctivitis, gingivitis, and so forth). In acute poisoning; inebriation, staggering gait, twitchlngs, convulsions, and loss of consciousness. Note.--The effects of toluol and xylol differ from those of benzol particularly as regards their effects on the blood and blood-forming organs. Neither of these compounds produces the changes In the blood characteristic of benzol. It is Important to note however that the toluol and xylol used iu industry are frequently mixed'with benzol LIST OF HAZARDS, SYMPTOMS, ETC. 37 OCCUPATIONS WHXH OFFER SUCH EXPOSURE Airplane-dope workers Enamel makers ricrie-ndd makers Airplane hangar em Engravers 1`ollsb makers / ployees Expl">ivp> workers Polishers ' Alcohol (denatured) Extractors (oils and farsi Pressroom workers (rub workers Feather workers ber) Aniline workers Fertilizer makers Printers Artificial-leather makers Flavoring-extract makers I'yrovyl In-plasr les Asbestos-products impreg- Fullers (textiles) workers nators Gas (illuminating) work Reclaimers (rubber) Auto painters ers Rotogravure worker- Battery (dry) makers Gasoline blenders Rubber-tire builders Beauty-parlor operatives Gilders Rubber workers Benzol purifiers Glue workers Scourers (belts i Benzol-stillmen Ink makers Shade-cloth makers Benzol workers Insulators (wire) Sbellackers Brake-lining makers Lacquerers Shellac makers Bronzers Lacquer makers Shoe-factory workers Can sealers Linoleum workers Shoe finishers Carbolic-acid makers Lithographers Shoe-heel (wood) cover- Cast scrubbers (electro- Millinery workers ers platers ) Mirror silverers Smokeless powder Cementers (rubber) Mixers (rubber) makers Cement mixers (rubber) Mordanters Soap makers Chlorodlphenyl makers Nltrobenzol makers Still (coal tar) cleuners Clutch-disk impregnators Nitrocellulose workers Tank cleaners Coal-tar workers Painters Tobacco seedling tren ters Cobblers Paint makers Treaders (rubberI Coke-oven workers Paint-remover makers Trinitrotoluol makers Color makers Paint removers Varnishers Compounders (rubber) Parafiln makers Varnish makers Decorators (pottery) Pencil makers Varnish-remover makers Degreasers Perfume makers Varnish removers Dippers (rubber) Petroleum refiners Vulcanixers Blslnfectant makers riers (rubber) Dry cleaners Pharmaceutical workers War gas makers Phenol makers Waterproof-fabric makers Photoengrnvers Wax makers Dye makers Photographic materials Welders Electroplaters workers Window-shade makers Enamelers 17. Beryllium SYMPTOM. CONDITION, OR DISEASE TO LOOK FOR Metal fume fever (see zinc). Severe lung injury has been reported from the extraction of beryllium, but this is thought to be due to the fluorine compounds used in the process of extraction. OCCUPATIONS WHICH OFFER SUCH EXPOSURE Beryllium alloy workers 18. Brass. .See Zinc 19. Bromine SYMPTOM, CONDITION. OR DISEASE TO LOOK FOR Violent Irritation of air passages, bronchitis, and conjunctivitis, sensation of suffocation, cough, skin eruptions, brownish stain on skin und mucous mem branes. OCCUPATIONS WHICH OFFER SUCH EXPOSURE Bromine extractors Explosives workers Bromine-salts makers Extractors (gold) Color makers Ink makers Disinfectant makers Insecticide makers Dye makers Methyl bromide makers Ethylene dibromfde mak ers Pharmaceutical workers Phntographlc-fllm makers Platinum extractors Tetraethyl-lead makers War-gas makers 38 OCCUPATION HAZARDS AND DIAGNOSTIC SIGNS 20. Butanone (Methyl Ethyl Ketone) / Butanone Is at present employed In the manufacture of pyroxylin solutions. Chiefly in the artificial leather and lacquer industries, uiul Is also used in paint removers. Although at present limited largely ro these uses, burunone bu< possi bilities as a solvent in other fields. The ITiired States Bureau of Mines studied the acute response of guinea pigs to a single exposure to vapors uf butanone. According to this Bureau the symproms are principally those of eye and nose irritation, and narcosis, tinlatter being apparently the most significant. Animals that did not die during exposure recovered. The principal gross pathological findings immediately after exposure were congestion, edema, and hemorrhage of vital organs, death being due to a narcosis terminating in death. Butanone. according to the same authority, has a distinct odor and is markedly irritating to the nose and eyes of man in concentrations found to be harmful to guinea pigs. It also has moderate warning properties (odor, and eye and nose irritation) In concentrations apparently harmless to guinea pigs after several hours' exposure. 21. Butyl Acetate. See Amyl Acetate 22. Butyl Alcohol No case of industrial poisoning bus been reported, but it has been considered a contributing cause in a number of cases of poisoning. Animal experimenta tion showed marked dermatitis, early liver degeneration, a definite decrease in red-blood cells, with an absolute and relative lymphocytosis. OCCUPATIONS WHICH OFFER SUCH EXPOSURE Artificial-leather workers Butyl acetate makers Butyl alcohol makers Cementers (rubber) Dye makers Fruit-essence makers Glass (safety) makers Lacquer makers Motlon-plcture-fllm work ers Perfume makers Photographic-film makers Pyroxylin-plastics work ers Rayon makers Shellackers Shellac makers Varnishers Varnish makers 23. Cadmium SYMPTOM. CONDITION. OR DISEASE TO LOOS FOR Dryness of throat, coughing, tightness, and soreness In chest, dyspnea, severe Inflammation of lungs, weakness, loss of appetite, diarrhea, nausea, vomiting, headache, shivering, rapid pulse, brown urine, inflammation of kidneys, fatty degeneration of kidneys and liver. Metal fume fever (See Zinc). OCCUPATIONS WHICH OFFER SUCH EXPOSURE Cadmium-alloy makers Cadmium and cadmium- compound makers Cadmium platen Cadmium vapor - lamp makers Color makers Electroplaters Glass colorers Lead smelters Llthopone makers Metallisers Paint makers Solderers Solder makers Storage-buttery makers Textile printers Welders Zinc smelters and refiners 24. Calcium Cyanamide (Cyanamide) SYMPTOM, CONDITION. OR DISEASE TO LOOK FOR Severe Irritation of nose, throat, and skin. Flushing of skin, headache, short ness of brearh. rapid pulse, vasodilation with lowered blood pressure have been reported araoug workers who have consumed alcohol. LIST OF HAZARDS, SYMPTOMS, ETC. 39 OCCUPATIONS WHICH OFFER SUCH EXPOSURE Ammonia workers Calcium cyanamide makers Cyannmlde makers Farmers Fertiliser makers I Gardeners Pharmaceutical workers I Temperers / 25. Carbon D:'r.ide SYMPTOM, CONDITION. OR DISEASE TO LOOK FOR Carbon dioxide is now generally regarded as simple asphyxiant. Tbe symp toms preceding asphyxia are: Headache and vertigo. rapid breathing, dyspnea, drowsiness, muscular weakness, flushing of face, ringing In ears. OCCUPATIONS WHICH OFFER SUCH EXPOSURE Alkali-salt makers Bakers Baking-powder makers Blacksmiths Blast-furnace workers Boiler-room workers Bottlers < mineral waters 1 Brass founders Brewers Brick burners Caisson workers Canners Carbonated - water makers Carbon-dloxide-ice work ers Carbon-dioxide makers < 'arbonlc-ac-ld makers Charcoal burners Clothes pressers Cupola men (foundries) Disinfectant makers DlTers Drying-room workers Dye makers Explosires (safety! makers Fertiliser workers Fire-extinguisher mak ers Foundry workers Furnace workers Glue makers Grain-elevator workers Ice-cream makers Insecticide makers Lime burners Lime-kiln workers Linseed-oil boilers Miners Pharmaceutical workers Physicians Pottery workers Refrigerating - plant workers Sewer workers Silo workers Soda makers starch makers Submarine workers Sugar refiners Tannery pit men Tobacco molsreners (storehouse) Tunnel workers Vatmen Vault workers Vinegar makers Vintners Vulcanizers Well workers White-lead makers Teast makers 26. Carbon Disulphide SYMPTOM. CONDITION. OR DISEASE TO LOOK FOR Headache, vertigo, weakness, psychical effects (hilarity, agitation, irritability, hallucinations, mania), disturbances of sensation, particularly of sight, poly neuritis, digestive disturbances. Irritation of the skin. OCCUPATIONS WHICH OFFER SUCH EXPOSURE Acetylene workers Electroplaters ammonium-salts makers Enamelers Carbanilide makers Enamel makers ('arbon-disulphide makers Explosives workers Carbon tetrachloride work Extractors (oils & fats) ers Glue workers Cementers (rubber shoes) Insecticide makers Cement mixers (rubber) Match-factory workers Degreasers Painters Driers (rubber) Paint makers Dry cleaners Paraffin workers Putty makers Rayon makers Reclaimers (rubber) Rubber workers Smokeless-powder makers Sulphur extractors Tallow refiners Transp arent-wrapplng- material workers Varnish makers Vulcanizers 27. Carbon Monoxide SYMPTOM. CONDITION, OR DISEASE TO LOOK FOR Tightness across forehead, painfulness of the eyeball, dilatation of cutaneous vessels, headache (frontal and basal), throbbing in temples, weariness, weakness, 40 OCCUPATION HAZARD? A.N'D DIAGNOSTIC SIGNS dizziness, nausea and vomiting, loss of strength and muscular control, increased respiration and pulse, collapse, anemia, polycythemia, presence of carbon monox ide. hemoglobin. Note.--Poisoning may proceed in some persons to the stage of collapse without causing any subjective symptoms. Exposure to high concentrations of carbon monoxide for short periods, may. through the effect of oxygen deprivation, cause d generative chances in various tissues of the body. Chronic exposure to low concentrations for long periods of time according to some investigators, may produce permanent injury. OCCUPATIONS WHICH OFFER SUCH EXPOSURE Acetylene workers Felt-hat makers Neon-lights letter makers Airplane pilots Filament makers and fin Parent-leather makers Alloy makers ishers f incandescent Petroleum refinery Ammonia makers lamps) workers Bakers Filling-station workers Phosgene makers Balloon infiaters Firemen (city) Phosphine workers Bisque-kiln workers Firemen (stationary) Pilots (airplane) Blacksmiths Flangers (felt hats) Plumbers Blasters Fine cleaners Policemen Blast-furnace workers Foundry workers Pottery I kiln) workers Blockers (felt hats) Furnace workers Pressers Boiler cleaners Boiler-room workers Garage workers Printers Gns c illuminating > work Puddlers (foundries) Brass founders er Pyroxylin-plastics Brewery workers Gasoline-engine workers workers Brick burners Gassers (textiles) Refiners (metals) Cable splicers Glass-furnace workers Sailors Carbide makers Glost-kiln workers Sealers (incandescent Cement (Portland) Incandescent-lamp makers lamps) makers Ink (printer's i makers Sewer workers Charcoal- burners Insecticide makers Stiver melters Chargers (furnaces) Iron and steel workers Singers (cloth) Chauffeurs Ironers Soda makers (Leblanc) Chimney masons Kiln tenders Solderers Chimney sweepers Laboratory workers Steeple jacks Cloth singers Laundry workers Stokers Coal-tar workers Lead smelters Storage-battery makers Coke-oven workers Lime burners Snlphur-dloxlde makers Compressed air (caisson) Lime-kiln chargers Tailors workers Llnotypers Tensers (glass) Cooks Mechanics (gas engines) Telephone linemen (trench Copper smelters Mercury smelters work) Core makers Methane (synthetic) Temperers Cupola men (foundries) makers Textile printers Divers Methyl-alcohol (synthetic) Top fillers (foundry) Drier workers (foundries) makers Tubnlators (incandescent Drying-room workers Miners lamps) (miscellaneous) Mold breakers (pottery) Welders Enamelers Monotypers Wood-alcohol distillers Enamel makers Motlon-picture-film work Zinc smelters Engineers (stationary) ers 28. Carbon Tetrachloride SYMPTOM, CONDITION. OR DISEASE TO LOOK FOR Irritation of nose, eyes, and throat, headache, visual disturbances, vertigo, nausea and vomiting, diarrhea, loss of appetite, mental dullness, confusion and excitement, nervousness. Injury to liver, jaundice, nephritis, dermatitis, narcosis. OCCUPATIONS WHICH OFFER SUCH EXPOSURE Airplane-dope workers Airplane-hangar ,, employees Burnishers (metals) Carbon-tetrachloride workers Cementers (rubber) Cement mixers (rubber) Chlorinated rubber makers Chloroform makers Cobblers LIST OF HAZARDS, SYMPTOMS, ETC. 41 Core makers Degreasers <metals) Degreaser* (textiles) Dippers i rubber) Dry cleaner* Dye makers Eleccrnplurers Fire-extinguisher makers Fullers (textiles) Olne workers Bik makers Insecticide makers Insulators (wire) Lacquerers Lacquer makers Leather workers Linoleum makers Metal-polish makers .Mixers (rubber) Painters Paint makers Paint-remover makers Paint removers Paraffin workers Perfume makers Pharmaceutical workers Polish makers Printers Pyroxylin-plastics pork ers Rubbers workers Scourer* < metals I Shoe-factory workers Sonpmakers Spreaders (rubber) Varnishers Varnish makers Vulcantzers Waterproof-fabric makers 29. Cellosolve (mono-ethyl ether of ethylene glycol) This compound is used as a solvent for nitrocellulose and resins In the manu facture of lacquers. The United States Bureau of Mines studied the acute response of guinea pigs to a single exposure to vapors of cellosolve. According to this Bureau, the animals showed inactivity, weakness, dyspnea, and death following exposure for 18 to 24 hours to air saturated with cellosolve vapor (0.6 percent by volume). The principal gross pathological findings were congestion and edema of the lungs; distention of the stomach, with numerous reddish-brown petechiae scattered over the mucous membrane: and congestion of the kidney. The contents of the stomach were also discolored reddish brown. All these occurred in the animals that died during or soon after exposure. The congestion and edema were the principal findings in the animals that died 24 hours following exposure and broncho pneumonia in the animals that died 3 days following. They also determined that men exposed to 0.6 percent for a few seconds reported the atmosphere to be irritating to the eyes and to have a very disagreeable odor. They thought that the odor and the Irritation were sufficiently disagreeable to make one desire to nvoid a like exposure. Actual examinations of workers In lacquer and paint manufacture by the British Factory Department in 1834 revealed very little evidence of any injury to health from the use of cellosolve. 30. Chloride of Lime SYMPTOM. CONDITION. OR DISEASE TO LOOK FOR Irritating cough, inflammation of upper air passage, difficulty in breathing, asthma, bronchitis, conjunctivitis, lachrymatlon, hyperhldrosls, burning eruptions on the skin. OCCUPATIONS WHICH OFFER SUCH EXPOSURE Acetylene workers Chloride-of-lime makers Bleachers Chloroform makers Blenchlng-powder makers Disinfectant makers Button (shell,pearl) mak Dye makers ers Laundry workers Mordanters Pharmaceutical workers Straw-hat-makers Tannery workers Water purifiers 31. Chlorinated Diphenyls SYMPTOM. CONDITION. OR DISEASE TO LOOK FOR Acneform skin eruptions. Jaundice, and atrophy of Uver. OCCUPATIONS WHICH OFFER SUCH EXPOSURE Chlorinated-diphenyl muk- Insulators (wire) ers Lacquer makers Electrical-condenser mak Paint makers ers Rayon makers Electrical-transformer makers Resin (synthetic) ers Varnish makers Wax makers work 42 OCCUPATION HAZARDS AXU DIAGNOSTIC SIGNS 32. Chlorinated Hydrocarbons See the following: Carbon tetrachloride, chlorinated diphenyl, chlorinated naphthalenes, chloroprene, dlchloriThylene. ethyl chloride, ethylene dichHjrlde, methyl chloride, methylene chloride, tetrachlornrhaue. tetrachlorethylene, trichloretbylene, and vinyl chloride. 33. Chlorinated Naphthalenes SYMPTOM. CONDITION. OB DISEASE TO LOOK FOR Acneform skin eruptions, jaundice, and atrophy of liver. OCCUPATIONS WHICH OFFER SUCH EXPOSURE Chlorinated naphthalene Electrical-transformer workers makers Degreasers (metals) Electroplaters Electrical-condenser mak Insulators (wire) ers Lacquer makers Paint makers Resin (synthetic) workers Varnish makers Wax makers 34. Chlorine SYMPTOM. CONDITION, OB DISEASE TO LOOS FOR Irritation uf mucous membranes nf eyes and respiratory tract, feeling of suffocation, bronchitis, cough, pulmonary edema, dyspnea, pallid countenance and emaciation, gastric disturbances, decayed teeth, Irritation of skin. OCCUPATIONS WHICH OFFER SUCH EXPOSURE Alkali-salt makers Extractors (gold and Soda makers Beatermen (paper and silver) Sodium-hydroxide maker* pulp) Ink makers Submarine workers Bleachers Iodine makers Sugar refiners Bleachlng-powder makers laundry workers Sulphur-cblortde makers Bromine makers Paper makers Textile printers Broom makers Phosgene makers Tin-recovery workers Chloride of lime makers Photographic workers War-gas makers Chlorine makers Rayon makers Water purifiers Color makers Rubber-substitute makers Zinc-chloride makers Detlnnlng workers Sewnge-purlficatlon work Disinfectant makers ers Dye makers Shoddy makers 35. Chlorodinitrobenzol. See Nitrobenzol 36. ChloronitrobenzoL See Nitrobenzol 37. Chloroprene (2-Chloro-Butadiene) SYMPTOM. CONDITION. OR DISEASE TO LOOK FOR This compound Is the srartlng material for the manufacture of a synthetic rubber. According to Von Oettlngen and Sayers, It has narcotic properties but is mainly characterized by Its Injurious effect on the liver and In addition It has also a toxic effect on the kidneys and the circulation. Von Oettlngen and others have shown that vapors of chloroprene mixed with air cause a primary Irritation of the respiratory tract. OCCUPATIONS WHICH OFFER SUCH EXPOSURE Rubber (synthetic) makers V LIST OF HAZARDS. SYMPTOMS, ETC'. 43 38. Chromium Compounds SYMPTOM, CONDITION, OR DISEASE TO LOOK FOR Pitlike ulcers, or so-called chrome holes, very difficult to heal, occurring on the skin, most frequently on the hands, and on the mucous membranes; inflam mation and perforation of the nasal septum at the cartilaginous portion; eczematous eruptions. Irritation of the conjunctiva and of the respiratory passages. OCCUPATIONS WHICH OFFER SUCH EXPOSURE Acerylene workers Enamel makers Pencil (colored) makers Aniline workers Explosives (ammonal and Photoengravers Artiflcial-flower makers pyroxylin) workers Photographic workers Battery (dry) makers Frosters (glass and pot Photogravure workers Bleachers tery) Pottery workers Blueprint makers Furniture polishers Rubber workers Candle (colored) makers Glass colorers Steel (chrome) makers Carbon printers i photog Glue workers (pottery) Tannery (chrome) work raphy) Ink makers ers Chrome workers Linoleum workers Textile printers Chromium platers Lithographers Vuicanlzers Colorers (marble) Match-factory workers Wallpaper printers Color makers Mixers (rubber) Waterproofers (paper and Compounders (rubber) Mordanters textile) Crayon (colored) makers Painters Wax-ornament workers Dye makers Paint makers Welders Dyers Paperhangers Wood Stainers Electroplaters Paper makers Enamelers Paper-money makers 39. Cobalt There is little information available on the effects of cobalt. A case of poison ing with severe damage to the liver and kidneys was reported from a French tile factory. Animal experimentation reveals polycythemia. Metal-fume fever (see Zinc) has been reported. Alloy makers Odor makers OCCUPATIONS WHICH OFFER SUCH EXPOSURE I Glass colorers | Pottery workers I Steel-alloy makers | 40. Copper Metal fume fever (see Zinc). Chronic poisoning from Inhaling or Ingesting copper dust has been reported to cause hemochromatosis or bronzed diabetes. Other authorities doubt the existence of a chronic form of copper poisoning of industrial origin. Few cases have been reported upon. OCCUPATIONS WHICH OFFER SUCH EXPOSURE Brass founders Copper founders Copper refiners and smelt- Engravers era Welders Coppersmiths 4L Cresol (cresylic add) SYMPTOM. CONDITION. OR DISEASE TO LOOK FOR Toxic effects resemble those of phenol but are less severe. The chief symp toms are irritation and erosion of skin and mucous membranes, and nephritis. OCCUPATIONS WHICH OFFER SUCH EXPOSURE Coal-tar workers Cresol-soap makers Cresyllc-acld makers Disinfectant makers Dye makers Explosives workers Glue workers Photographic workers Ink makers Pitch workers Insecticide makers Resin (synthetic) makers Paint-remover makers Rubber (artificial) work Perfume (syntheric) mak ers ers Tur-dlstillery workers 44 OCCUPATION" HAZARDS AND DIAGNOSTIC SIGNS 42. Cyanogen Compounds SYMPTOM, CONDITION, OR DISEASE TO LOOK FOR / Acute poltoning.--Exposure to large amounts of hydrogen cyanide causes death from asphyxia almost Immediately. Exposure to lesser amounts causes Irritation of eyes and mucous membranes, headache, dizziness, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, shortness of breath, palpitation of the heart, trembling, muscle cramps, shallow breathing, convulsions, unconsciousness. Hydrogen cyanide and cyanide solutions also cause skin eruptions. Chronic poison lug. --Exposure to small amounts of cyanide compounds over u long period of time is reported to cause loss of appetite, weakness, nuuseu. muscle cramps, unsteady gait, paralysis of arms and legs, psychoses. OCCUPATIONS WHICH OFFER SUCH EXPOSURE Acid dippers Fertilizer makers- Photographic workers Ammonium-salts makers Fulminate mixers Picklers Art-printing workers Fumigators Polishers (metals) Blacksmiths Gas (Illuminating) work Polish makers Blast-furnace workers ers Pyroxylin-plastics work Bone distillers Gee purifiers ers Bronzers Gilders Rayon makers Browners (gun barrels) Gold refiners Silver refiners Case hardeners Hydrocyanic-acid makers Solderers Coal-tar-distillery workers Insecticide makers Sprayers (trees) Cyanide workers Jewelers Tannery workers Cyanogen makers Mirror silverers Temperers Disinfectant makers Mordanters Textile printers Dye makers Oxalic-acid rankers War-gas makers "iectroplaters Phosphoric-acid rankers Zlncers Extractors (gold and sil ver) 43. Dichlorethylene SYMPTOM, CONDITION, OR DISEASE TO LOOK FOR This substance has Irritant and narcotic properties. Post mortem findings of men overcome by the vapors of dichlorethylene show an excess of fat in the blood suggesting death from embolism rather than asphyxiation. OCCUPATIONS WHICH OFFER SUCH EXPOSURE Cementers (rubber) Dichlorethylene workers Dry cleaners Insecticide makers Perfume makers Pyroxylin (plastics) workers Rayon makers Varnlshers 44. Dichloroethyl Ether Dichloroethyl ether la an active solvent for fats, tars, waxes, resins, and similar materials. v SYMPTOM, CONDITION. OR DISEASE TO LOOK FOR The United States Bureau of Mines studied the acute response of guinea pigs to a single exposure to vapors of dichloroethyl ether. According to this Bureau, the physiological action among these animals Is primarily irritation of the respiratory passages and the lungs. Iu order of their appearance the symptoms produced were: nasal Irritation, eye irritation, lacrlmation, dis turbances in respiration, dyspnea, gasping, and death. All of these appeared in concentrations of 0.026 to 0.10 percent vapor in air by volume^ All except lacrlmation were attained with 0.01 percent, while an exposure of 810 minutes to 0.0035 percent caused no symptoms other than signs of slight nasal irritation. The principal gross pathological findings were congestion, emphysema, edema, and hemorrhage of the lungs. These occurred in all animals that died during LIST OF HAZARDS, SYMPTOMS, ETC. 45 or after exposure, the severity increasing with length of exposure, and also during 1 to 4 days after exposure. / The same Bureau found that concentrations of 0.055 and 0.10 percent dichloroethyl ether vapor in air on brief exposure of men, were very irritating to the eyes and nasal passages. OCCUPATIONS WHICH OFFER SUCH EXPOSURE Degreasers Fullers i textiles) Paint-remover makers Paint removers Soap makers Petroleum refiners Varnish-remover makers Resin (synthetic) makers Varnish removers 45. Dimethyl Sulphate SYMPTOM. CONDITION. OR DISEASE TO LOOK FOR StroDgly corrosive effect on the skin and mucous membranes, hoarseness, lncrtmution. conjunctivitis, bronchitis, pulmonary edema with hemorrhages, photophobia. OCCUPATIONS WHICH OFFER SUCH EXPOSURE Color makers I Dyemakers. Dimethyl-sulphate makers I Perfume makers I War gas makers I 46. Dinitrobenzol. See Nitrobenzol 47. Dinitrophenol (1-2-4) SYMPTOM, CONDITION, OR DISEASE TO LOOK FOR Burning thirst, sweating, panting, excitement, high fever, patchy yellow akin, and convulsions. After ingestion, evidence of liver and blood damage have been observed. Bilateral cataracts have also occurred as a sequella. OCCUPATIONS WHICH OFFER SUCH EXPOSURE Dinitrophenol workers I Explosives workers I Shell fillers Dye makers | Pharmaceutical workers | Wood preservers 48. Dioxan (Diethylene Dioxide) SYMPTOM. CONDITION. OR DISEASE TO LOOK FOR Headache, vertigo, drowsiness, irritation of eyes, nose, throat, and lungs, gnstrie disturbances, Injury to liver and kidneys. OCCUPATIONS WHICH OFFER SUCH EXPOSURE ('ement < rubber, plastic, Insecticide makers etc.) mixers Lacquer makers Degreasers Paint-remover makers Dioxan makers Pharmaceutical workers Dye makers Polish makers Pyroxylin-plastics ers Rayon makers Varnish makers work 49. Ethyl Benzene This compound Is used as an "antiknock," us a lacquer diluent, general solvent, and so forth. The United States Bureau of Mines studied the acute response of guinea pigs to a single exposure to vapors of ethyl benzene. According to this Bureau these animals showed in the order of occurrence, eye and nose irritation, and apparent vertigo, static and motor ataxia, apparent unconsciousness, tremor of extremi ties, rapid jerky respiration, then shallow respiration, and finally slow, gasping respiration, followed by death. Exposure to 1 percent caused all these symptums and death In from 2. to 3 hours; 0.5 percent caused all the symptoms up to and including tremor of extremities, but not respiratory disturbances and death 46 OCCUPATION' HAZARDS AND DIAGNOSTIC SIGNS during or after exposure of S hours; 0.2 percent caused nil the symptoms ur ;o and Including ataxia In 8 hours: 0.1 percent did not cause symptoms other than eye Irritation during 8 hours. The gross pathological findings were congestion of the brain and congestion and edema of the lungs. These were most'severe for the exposures to 1 percent concentration of vapor until death ensued. Men exposed, according to the same authority, were of the opinion that a 0.2 percent concentration of vapor would give ample warning and would not be tolerated; and that 0.5 percent would have sufficient irritating properties to render working In this atmosphere impossible. 50. Ethyl Bromide and Ethyl Chloride SYMPTOM. CONDITION, OR DISEASE TO LOOK FOR See note under Methyl Chloride. OCCUPATIONS WHICH OFFER SUCH EXPOSURE Dye makers Ethyl-bromide makers Ethyl-chloride makers Ftre-extingulsher makers Refrigerator (mechanicu! i Perfume makers makers and repair men Pharmaceutical workers 5L Ethylene Dibromide SYMPTOM. CONDITION. OR DISEASE TO LOOK FOR Irritation of eyes and respiratory tract, vomiting, headache, anorexia, pallor, weakness, vertigo. OCCUPATIONS WHICH OFFER SUCH EXPOSURE Ethylene dibromlde makers) Gasoline blenders I Pyroxylin - plastics work- Fire-extinguisher makers | Phurmaceuticul workers | ers 52. Ethylene Dichloride (Dichlorethane) This compound Is used os a solvent, particularly in the extraction of oil and fats. SYMPTOM, CONDITION, OR DISEASE TO LOOK FOR Acute poisonings In industry hnve been reported with the following symptoms: Dizziness, nausea, aud vomiting followed by weakness, trembling and epigastric cramps. Evidence of liver damage was shown by presence of extremely lowblood sugar levels. Leukocytosis and dermatitis also appeared. The United States Bureau of Mines studied the acute response of guinea pigs to a single exposure to vapors of ethylene dlchloride. According to this Bureau, these animals showed irritation of eyes and nose, vertigo, static and motor ataxia, retching movements, semiconsciousness, and unconsciousness, accompanied by uncoordinated movements of the extremities, and death if exposure is continued. Exposure to 6 percent vapors caused all these symptoms, excepting death, to occur in less than 10 minutes, and death In about 30 minutes. Exposure to 1 percent caused all the symptoms to appear in 25 minutes with the possibility of death occur ring a day or more following an exposure of about 15 to 20 minutes. The gross puthological_flndlngs were hyperemia, congestion, and edema of the lungs with sec ondary degenerative changes in the kidneys. The severity of the pathology in creased with the concentration of vapor and duration of exposure. The lung lesion was the most prominent and probably the greatest causative factor in death. OCCUPATIONS WHICH OFFER SUCH EXPOSURE Degreasers (textile) Extractors (ollsund fats) Dry cleaners Insecticide makers Dyers Insulators (wire) Ethylene-dichlorlde mak Lncquerers ers Lacquer makers Exterminators . Paraffin workers Pharmaceutical workers Rubber workers Soap makers Tobacco denlcotinizers Vurnishera Varnish makers LIST OF HAZARDS, SYMPTOMS, ETC. 47 53. Ethylene Oxide SYMPTOM, CONDITION, OR DISEASE TO LOOK FOR / Headache. vomiting. dyspnea, diarrhea, irrltutiou of mucous membranes of nose and eyes, vertigo, nausea, lymphocytosis, dullness, disturbances of r.-piratlon and of heart action, pulmonary edema. OCCUPATIONS WHICH OFFER SUCH EXPOSURE Butyl cellosolve makers I Exterminators Ethylene oxide makers I I Insecticide makers | 54. Ethyl Silicates. Tetraethyl-ortho-silicate; Tetramethylortho-silicate Animal experimentation shows these compounds to be toxic, hut no cases have been reported from Industrial exposure. 55. Fluorine and Its Compounds. See Hydrofluoric Acid 56. Formaldehyde SYMPTOM. CONDITION. OR DISEASE TO LOOK FOR Irrltntlon of eyes and respiratory tract, cough, bronchitis, dyspnea, severe dermatitis, destruction of finger nails. OCCUPATIONS WHICH OFFER SUCH EXPOSURE Artificial-amber makers Asbestos (goods) makers Brewery workers Broom-makers Brush makers Button makers Disinfectant makers Dye makers Dyers Emhalraers Explosives workers Formaldehyde workers Fur preparers Glass etchers Ink makers Insecticide makers Lacquer makers Laundry workers Mirror silverers Paper makers Photographic workers Preservative makers and handlers Rayon makers Recoverers (gold and sil ver) Resin (synthetic; makers Rubber workers Soap makers Straw-hat makers Tannery workers Textile printers Waterproofers (paper and textile) 57. Formic Acid. See also Formaldehyde SYMPTOM. CONDITION, OR DISEASE TO LOOK FOR Dermatitis (blisters, ulcerations, necrosis), irritation of mucous membranes of eyes, nose, and throat. OCCUPATIONS WHICH OFFER SUCH EXPOSURE Airplane-dope makers Alcohol fermenters Cellulose-formate makers Dye makers Electroplaters Formic-acid workers Lacquerers Lacquer makers Mirror silverers Mordanters Perfume makers Pharmaceutical workers Rubber workers Soap makers Tannery workers Varnlshers Tarnish makers 58. Furfural SYMPTOM. CONDITION, OR DISEASE TO LOOK FOR Vapors are Irritating and may be dangerous to eyesight. OCCUPATIONS WHICH OFFER SUCH EXPOSURE Dye makers Paint-remover makers Resin makers Tarnish makers 48 OCCUPATION' HAZARDS AND DIAGNOSTIC SIGNS 59. Gasoline. See Benzine 60. Hexanone (Methyl Butyl Ketone) / Hexanone la an organic solvent. It is reported to be a good solvent for nitro cellulose and has possibilities of use in making lacquer.- and also varnish and lacquer removers. The United States Bureau of Mines studied the acute response of guinea pigs to a single exposure to vapors of hexanone. According to this Bureau, hexanone produces in these animals narcosis, terminating in death In the higher concen trations. Symptoms are principally eye and nasal irrirarlon. followed by nar cosis. Animals that did not die during exposure recovered. The principal gross pathological findings were congestion and hemorrhage of the lungs, slight congestion of the brain, and moderate congestion of the liver and kidneys, as observed in the autopsies performed immediately ufrer exposure. Men exposed to 0.23, <>.6o, and 2.0 percent vapor In nlr. according to this same authority, pronounced the atmosphere extremely disagreeable even for a short time (one-fourth to 1 minute) because of strong odor and irritation to eyes and nasal passages. One-tenth of I percent was found to have a strong odor and moderate eye and nasal irritation. Concentrations producing no marked symp toms and apparently harmless to guinea pigs after one exposure of several hours have distinct warning properties of both odor and irritation that are very disagreeable to human beings. 61. Hexone (Methyl Isobutyl Ketone) Methyl isobutyl ketone, commercially known as hexone, has been proposed as a diluent and denaturant of ethyl alcohol for external use, and is used indus trially in making varnishes and lacquers. The United Stares Public Health Service studied the acute response of guinea pigs to inhalation of methyl isobutyl ketone. They found that: "Methyl lsobutyl ketone vapor Inhalation causes irritation of conjunctival and nasal mucosa la man at concentrations below 0.1 volume percent, although this concentration is well tolerated by guinea pigs. This indicates good warning qualities. At higher concentrations marked irritation is exhibited by guinea pigs as evidenced by lacrimation and salivation. A progressive narcosis occurs, causing lowering of body temperature, respiratory rate, and heart rate. A loss of static control, consciousness, and the deeper reflexes follows. Death finally ensues at 1.0 volume percent in about 4 hours and in progressively shorter periods at higher concentrations. Complete recovery can be effected by removal at any but the terminal stages. Gross and microscopic pathology is slight and resembles that of most acute reactions to solvent exposures." 62. Hydrochloric Acid SYMPTOM, CONDITION, OR DISEASE TO LOOK FOR Irritation and ulceration of skin and mucous membranes, conjunctivitis, corysa, pharyngitis and bronchitis, dental caries, pulmonary hemorrhages. OCCUPATIONS WHICH OFFER SUCH EXPOSURE Acetlc-acld makers Acid dippers Acid finishers (glass) Alkali-salt makers Ammonium-salts makers Aniline workers Battery (dry) makers Bleachers Bronzers Camphor makers Carbon Izers (shoddy) Cartridge dippers Chi orine-compound - mak ers Chlorine makers Dye makers Dyers Electropluters Enamel makers Engravers Etchers Fertilizer makers Galvanizers Glass finishers Glass mixers Glaze mixers (pottery) Glazers (pottery) Glue makers Hydroehlorlc-acld makers Ink makers Jewelers Leather workers Lithographers Mercerlzers Methyl chloride makers Paint makers Paper-mill workers Perfume (synthetic) mak ers Petroleum refiners Phosphate extractors Photographic workers LIST OF HAZARDS. SYMPTOMS. ETC. 49 Plcklers (metals i Polishers and cleaners (metals) Pottery workers Rayon makers Reclaimers (rubber) Refiners (metals) Shoddy worker-.' Soap makers Solderers Sugar refiners Sulphur-chluride makers Tannery workers Textile printers Tinners Trausparen t-wrappiog material workers / Vlgnetters > Wire makers Zinc-cblorlde makers 63. Hydrocyanic Acid. See Cyanogen Compounds 64. Hydrofluoric Acid SYMPTOM, CONDITION, OR DISEASE TO LOOK FOR Redness and burning of skin, intense irritation of eyelids and conjunctiva, coryza, bronchitis with spasmodic cough, ulceration of the nostrils, gums, and oral mucous membranes, puinfui ulcers of the cuticle, eroslou, and formation of vesicles, suppuration under the finger nails. Chronic poisoning (fluorosis) Is characterized by gaafro-intestinal disturb ances. cachexia, stillness of limbs, disturbances of calcium metabolism, nervous symptoms. OCCUPATIONS WHICH OFFER SUCH EXPOSURE Aluminum extractors Electroplaters Incandescent-mantle hard Antimony-fluoride extrac Ennmel makers eners tors Etchers Paper (filter) makers Art-glass workers Fertilizer makers Phosphate-mill workers Beryllium extractors Gas (illuminating) work Phosphorus extractors Bleachers ers Pickiera (metals) Brewers Glass etchers Pottery workers Brick makers Glass finishers Stone cleaners Copper refiners and smelt- Gold refiners Tank cleaners (brewery) era Hydrofluoric-acid makers Welders Dyers Yeast makers 63. Iron Carbonyl. See Nickel Carbonyl 66. Lead and Its Compounds SYMPTOM, CONDITION, OR DISEASE 35. LOOK FOR Ashen pallor, jaundice, metallic taste, gastrointestinal disturbances, constipa tion, abdominal pains, lead line on gums, asthenia, lassitude, irritability, headace, backache, pain about joints, weakness of grip, tremors of fingers and tongue, lead paralysis, especially of muscles used most, stippling of red-blood cells, anemia, ocular disturbances, mental symptoms (lead encephalopathy). Abnor mal amount of lead In urine or feces. Lead in blood stream and spinal fluid. Metal-fume fever (see Zinc). OCCUPATIONS WHICH OFFER SUCH EXPOSURE Acid finishers (glass) Brass polishers Colorera (white) of shoes Actors Braziers Color makers Airplane pilots -- crop Brick burners Compositors dusting Brickmakers Compounders (rubber) Amber workers Bronzers Concentrating-mill work Art-glass workers Browsers (gun barrels) ers (lead and zinc) Artificial-flower makers Brush makers Copper refiners Artificial-pearl mnkera Buffers (rubber) Crayon (colored) makers Babbitt-metal workers Burners (enameling) Cut-glass workers Babblttera Cable makers Cutlery makers Battery (dry) makers Cable splicers Decorators (pottery) Blacksmiths Cannera Dental workers Blooders (tannery) Cartridge makers Diamond polishers Bookbinders Cement workers (ceramic) Dye makers Bottle-cap makers. Cblppers Dyers Brass founders Cigar makers Electroplaters 50 OCCUPATION' HAZARDS A.VD DIAGNOSTIC SIGN'S Electrotypers Linseed-oll boilers Screen workers i lead and Embroidery workers Litharge workers zinc smelting) Emery-wheel makers Lithographers Sheet-metal workers - Enamelers Llthotransfer workers Shellackers Ena me! maker* Match-factory workers Shellac makers Engravers (steel) Metallize rs Shot makers Explosives workers Mirror silverers Silk weighters Farmers Mixers (rubber) Slip makers (pottery i File cutters Mulders (foundry) Slushers (porcelain enam Filers Filling-station workers Galvanlzers Garage workers i hirdeners Gasoline blenders Glass finishers Glass mixers Glass polishers Glaze dippers (pottery) Glaze mixers (pottery i Glost-klln workers Gold refiners Grinders (metals) Grinders (rubber) Incandescent-lamp makers Tnk makers Insecticide makers Japan makers Japanners Jewelers Junk-metal refiners Labelers (paint cans) Mnnorypers Musical-Instrument mak ers Nitric-acid workers Nitroglycerin makers Painters Paint makers Paint removers Paperhangers Paper makers Patent-leather makers Petroleum refiners Photograph retouchers Pipe fitters Plumbers Polishers Pottery workers Printers Putty makers Putty polishers (glass) Pyroxyllu - plustlcs work ers eling) Solderers Solder makers Sprayers (trees i Stainers (shoes) Stereotypers Storage-battery makers Sulphuric-add workers Table turners (enameling i Tannery workers Temperers Tetraethyl lend makers Textile printers Tile makers Tin-foil makers Tinners Toy makers Transfer workers (pot tery ) Type founders Type melters Varnlshers Lacquerers Lacquer makers Lead burners Reclaimers (rubber) Red-lead workers Refiners (metals) Varnish makers Wall-paper printers Welders Lead-foil makers Riveters White-lead workers Lead miners Roofers Wood stainers Lead-pipe makers Rubber workers Zinc miners Lead -ialts makers Sagger makers Zinc smelters Lead smelters Sandpaperers (enameling Linoleum makers and painting auto bodies, Linotypers etc.) 67. Lead Arsenate. See Arsenic; Lead 68. Magnesium SYMPTOM. CONDITION. OR DISEASE TO LOOK FOR Metal-fume fever (see Zinc). Toxic effects have been suspected but have not been demonstrated as due to industrial exposure. OCCUPATIONS WHICH OFFER SUCH EXPOSURE Alloy makers Brick makerM Fat Tenderers Fertilizer workers Glass mixers Pharmaceutical workers Magnesium alloy makers Rubber workers Paint makers Paper makers 69. Manganese SYMPTOM. CONDITION. OR DISEASE TO LOOK FOR Languor and sleepiness, stolid mask-like fncial expression, low monotonous voice, muscular twitching, varying from u fine tremor of hands to gross ryth mical movements of arms, legs, trunk, and head, crumps and stiffness of LIST OF HAZARDS, SYMPTOMS. ETC. 51 muscles in legs, increase in tendon reflexes, ankle and patellar clonus, rerrn- pulsion and propluslon. slapping gait, uncontrollable luughter and cyylng. Metal-fume fever (aer Zinc). / OCCUPATIONS WHICH OFFER SUCH EXPOSURE Alloy makers Aluminum extractors Fertilizer makers Fireworks makers Open-hearth-department workers Battery (dryi makers Rleaching-powder makers Brick makers Bronzers Chlorine makers Color makers Concentrating-mill work Gluss mixers Glaze dippers fpottery) Glaze mixers (pottery) Linoleum makers Longshoremen Manganese-dioxide work ers Painters Palnr makers Pharmaceutical workers Pottery workers Puddlers (iron and steelj S<>n makers Kreet-nlloy makers ers Copper smelters Dye makers Dyers Enamelers Enamel makers Manganese gTlnders Manganese-ore separators Manganese-steel makers Match-factory workers Miners (manganese) Textile printers Varnishers Varnish makers Welders Zinc miners Zinc smelters 70. Mercury and Its Compounds SYMPTOM. CONDITION, OR DISEASE TO LOOK FOR Stomatitis and gingivitis, salivation, blue line on gums, gastro-lntestinal disorders, metallic or fetid breuth. fine intention tremor, exaggerated knee jerk, scanning speech, mercurial erethism, loss of memory, insomnia and depression, anxiety and Irritability, mercurial eczema. Metal-fume fever t *er Zinc). OCCUPATIONS WHICH OFFER SUCH EXPOSURE Acetaldehyde makers Electroplaters Mercury-solder workers Acetic-acid ( synthetic ) Embalmers Mercury-still cleaners makers Embalming fluid makers Mercury-switch makers Acetone (synthetic) mak Embossers Mercury-vapor-lamp mak ers Engravers (steel) ers Alcohol (synthetic) mak Explosives workers Mirror silverers ers Extractors (gold and sil Mixers (felt hats) Amalgam makers ver) Motion - picture machine Artificial-flower makers Felt-hat makers operators Barometer makers Fireworks makers Painters Battery (dry) makers Formers (felt hats) Pulnt makers Blowers (felt hats) Fulminate mixers Pharmaceutical workers Bronzers Fur (hatters) handlers Photographic workers Browners (gun barrels) Fur handlers Physicians Brushers (felt hats) Fur preparers Pottery workers Bulb (mercury) makers Gliders Primers (explosives) Cap loaders Gold refiners Printers Carroters (felt hats) Hair workers Radio-tube makers Cartridge makers Hardeners (felt hats) Refiners (metals) Chlorine makers Incandescent lamp mak Shooting-gallery workers Color makers ers Sizers (felt hats) Coners (felt hats) Ink (vermlUlon) makers Sole stitchers (Blake ma Cosmetic workers Insecticide makers chine ) Cyanogen gas makers Jewelers Starters (felt hats) Decorators (pottery) Laboratory workers Stiffeners (felt hats) Dental workers Lead platers (on Iron) Storage-battery makers Dentists Lithogruphers Tannery workers Detonator cleaners Detonator Alters Manometer makers Taxidermists Mercury boiler workers Temperers Detonator packers Mercury-alloy makers Textile printers Devil operators (felt Mercury bronzers Thermometer makers hats) Mercury miners Water gilders Disinfectant makers Mercury-pump workers Welders Dye makers Mercury-salt workers Electric induction fur Mercury smelters Wood preservers Zinc-electrode makers nace workers 52 OCCUPATION- HAZARDS AND DIAGNOSTIC SIGN.' 7L Metal Fume Fever. See Zinc 72. Methanol (Methyl Alcohol) SYMPTOM. CONDITION. OR DISEASE TO LOOK FOR Burning and Irritation of eyes, respiratory tract, and skin : headache, nausea and vomiting, Tertlgo, severe colic, convulsions, chilliness and cold sweats, cya nosis, loss of reflexes and of sensation, irregular and intermittent heart action, rapid breathing followed by retardation, rapid and marked drop in tempera ture. Has a specific effect on the ODtic nerve and may cause optic atrophy and blindness. OCCUPATIONS WHICH OFFER SUCH EXPOSURE Alcohol (denatured) Hardeners (felt hats) Polish makers workers Incandescent-lamp makers Printers Aldehyde pumpmen Ink makers Pyroxylin-plastics work Antifreeze makers Japan makers ers Art-glass workers Japanners Rayon makers Artificial-flower makers Lacquerers Resin makers Artificial-leather workers Lacquer makers Rubber workers Automobile painters Lasters (shoes) Shellackers Bookbinders Leather workers Shellac makers Bronzers Linoleum makers Shoe-factory operatives Brush makers Lithographers Shoe finishers Cementers (rubber shoes) Methyl-alcohol workers Shoe-heel (wood) cover- Collar (fused) makers Methyl-bromide makers ers Dimethyl-sulphate makers Methyl-chloride makers Soap makers Driers (felt hats) Methyl-compound makers Stiffeners (felt hats) Dry cleaners Millinery workers Stitchers (shoes) Dye makers Mottlers (leather) Straw-bat makers Dyers Painters Textile printers Explosives workers Paint makers Type cleaners Featherworkers Paint-remover makers Upholsterers Felt-hat makers Patent-leather makers Varnlshers Filament makers (incan Perfume makers Varnish makers descent lamps) Photoengrarers Vulcanizers Furniture polishers Photographers Wood-alcohol distillers Gilders Polishers (metals) Woodworkers Glass (safety) makers 73. Methyl Bromide SYMPTOM, CONDITION. OR DISEASE TO LOOK FOR Irritation of respiratory passages, muscular twltchlngs, cramps, convulsions, disturbance of sight, fever, delirium, coma. Nervous symptoms--unsure gait, heightened reflexes, loss of visual acuity, loss of memory, Irritable temper--may persist for a long time. See note under Methyl chloride. OCCUPATIONS WHICH OFFER SUCH EXPOSURE Color makers Insecticide makers Dye makers Methyl-bromide makers Exterminators Pharmaceutical workers Fire extinguisher makers Refrigerator (mechani cal) makers and repair men 74. Methyl Cellosolve (Ethylene Glycol Monomethyl Ether) SYMPTOM. CONDITION, OR DISEASE TO LOOK FOR While it is not positively established, recent studies suggest that methyl cello solve may affect the blood and blood-forming organs and the nervous system. OCCUPATIONS WHICH OFFER SUCH EXPOSURE Airplane dope makers Collar (fused) makers Cosmetic workers Dye makers Enamel makers Ink (printing) makers Lacquer makers Nitrocellulose workers Pyroxy1 in-plastics ers Resin makers Varnish makers work- LIST OF HAZARDS. SYMPTOMS, ETC. 53 75. Methyl Chloride SYMPTOM. CONDITION. OR DISEASE TO LOOK FOR / Progressive drowsiness. Insomnia, headache, vertigo. nausea, anorexia, apathy, staggering gait, mental confusion, weakness, visual disturbances, tremors, pres ence of formates and acetone in urine. Note.--The United States Bureau of Mines studied the acute response of guinea pigs to a single exposure to vapors of methyl chloride, methyl bromide, ethyl bromide, and ethyl chloride. According to this Bureau all four produced similar symptoms, Including excitement, loss of equilibrium, inability to walk, rapid pulse, convulsive rapid respiration with rales, frothy (often blood-tinged) exudate from nostrils. The signs of lung irritation were not as pronounced for exposure to ethyl chloride as for the other compounds. The gross pathology was quite similar for all four of these alkyl halides and was characterised by con gestion, hemorrhage, and edema of the lungs, and by injury to the vascular system, as shown by the tendency toward hemorrhage. Congestion was present in the organs of all groups, but parenchymal degeneration was most marked in those exposed to methyl-bromide vapors. A distinct delayed effect of exposure was noted with methyl bromide and methyl chloride, to a lesser extent with ethyl bromide, but was not observed with ethyl chloride. OCCUPATIONS WHICH OFFER SUCH EXPOSURE Air-conditioning workers Chloroform makers Color makers Dye makers Methyl-chloride makers Perfume makers Pharmaceutical workers Refrigerator (mechani cal) makers and repair men Thermometer makers 76. Methylene Chloride (Dichloromethane) SYMPTOM. CONDITION, OR DISEASE TO LOOK FOR Generally considered practically harmless If free from other products and under conditions of good ventilation. But one authority reports the effects from Industrial exposure to be headache, giddiness, stupor-lrritablllty, numbness and tingling in the limbs, and possibly some degree of chronic anemia. OCCUPATIONS WHICH OFFER SUCH EXPOSURE Degreasers Dye makers Lacquerers Lacquer makers Methylene-chloride work Perfume makers ers Petroleum refiners Perfume makers Pharmaceutical workers Paint removers Rayon makers 77. Methyl Formate Methyl formate Is used In fumigants. It has also been considered for use as a high boiling refrigerant for household appliances. The United States Bureau of Mines studied the acute responses of guinea pigs to a single exposure to vapors of methyl formate. According to this Bureau, the animals showed, in their order of occurrence, nose and eye irritation, retching movement, uncoordination, narcosis accompanied by uncoordinated movements of the extremities, and death. Methyl formate vapor was found to be irritating to the lungs. Congestion and edema were the most constant and prominent findings after exposure which resulted la death. A hyperemia of the liver and kidneys and congestion of the surface vessels of the brain and adrenals usually accom panied the lung changes. Lung Irritation was frequently found Immediately after exposure which did not cause death, but wus absent in animals examined 4 to 10 (lays following exposure. Men exposed for 1 minute to 0.15 percent vapor In air, according to the same authority, noticed the plensant ethereal odor of methyl formate, but experienced no nasal or eye Irritation or other signs or symptoms. While the odor of methyl formate is distinct and noticeable in concentrations which are relatively safe from the standpoint of producing acute poisoning, owing to its pleasant nature and the occurrence of olfactory fatigue it is doubtful wherher the odor of methyl formate will serve as an effective warning of harmful conditions of exposure. 54 OCCUPATION HAZARDS AND DIAGNOSTIC SIGNS 78. Naphtha. See Benzine 79. Naphthols SYMPTOM. CONDITION, OR DISEASE TO LOOK FOR Irritation of skin and kidneys. Injury to cornea and lens. Color makers Dye mHkers OCCUPATIONS WHICH OFFER SUCH EXPOSURE I Perfume makers I ] Pharmuceutical workers f 80. Naphthylamines. See Aniline and Other Amino Compounds of Benzol and Its Homologues 8L Nickel SYMPTOM. CONDITION. OR DISEASE TO LOOK FOR The only lesion reported to be caused by nickel, apart from the toxic effects of nickel carbonyl. Is nickel eczema. This condition is reported mostly among nickel platers who are exposed to many dermutitis-produclng substances. Some authorities question whether nickel is the responsible agent. OCCUPATIONS WHICH OFFER SUCH EXPOSURE Alloy makers Coin makers (nickel) Electroplaters Enumelers Nickel extractors Steel-alloy makers Nickel-purification worker? Storage-battery makers (Mond process! 82. Nickel Carbonyl SYMPTOM. CONDITION. OR DISEASE TO LOOK FOR Giddiness, headache, nausea, constipation, dyspnea, cough, retrosternal sore ness and epigastric pain, sleeplessness, cyanosis, edema of lungs, pain In the loins, hemorrhages--especially In the brain and the adrenals. Metal-fume fever {tee ZinL ' OCCUPATIONS WHICH OFFER SUCH EXPOSURE Nickel-purlflcatlon workers (Mond process) 83. Nicotine SYMPTOM. CONDITION, OR DISEASE TO LOOK FOR Industrial poisoning usually occurs through skin absorption. Acute cases may be fatal. In less severe cases there may be severe prostration, gastric upsets, cardin-vascular collapse, precordial distress, dyspnea. Toxic amblyopia has been reported by some authorities to be a chronic effect of nicotine poisoning. OCCUPATIONS WBICH OFFER SUCH EXPOSURE Cigar makers " Farmers I Fertilizer makers I Gardeners I Insecticide makers | Tobacco workers 84. Nitraniline. See Aniline 85. Nitrobenzol and Other Nitro Compounds of Benzol and Its Homologues SYMPTOM. CONDITION. OR DISEASE TO LOOK FOR Cyanotic face and lips, somnolence, headache, vertigo, nausea and vomiting, odor of bitter almonds In breath, unsteady gait, tremors, muscular twitching, LIST OF HAZARDS. SYMPTOMS. ETC. 00 and other manifestations of nerve injury. anemia. visual disturbance*. m<`thnmo- globin formation, presence of hematoporpbyrin. albumin, and sometimes free poison lu urine, eczematous eruptions. / OCCUPATIONS which offer such exposure Aniline workers i "I'sraetlc workers Dlnirmbenzol workers Dye makers Explosives workers Flavoring-extract makers Floor-polish makers Gasoline blenders Glue workers Ink makers Xitrators Nitroberzol workers Perfume rankers Petroleum refiners Polish makers Shell tillers Shoe dyers Smokeless-powder makers Soap makers Trinitrotoluol makers 86. Nitroglycerin symptom, condition, or disease to look for Intense headache, nausea and vomiting, flushing of face, gastro-intestitial disturbances, tachycardia, skin eruptions (characterized by dryness and the formation <>f rhagadesj, marked vasodilation, and low blood pressure. occupations which offer such exposure Explosives workers Nitroglycerin workers I Pharmaceutical workers I Smokeless-powder makers | Shell fillers I 87. Nitronaphthalene. See Nitrobenzol 88. Nitrous Fumes and Nitric Acid SYMPTOM. CONDITION, OR DISEASE TO LOOK FOR Irritation of air passages, spasmodic cough, dyspnea, pulmonary edema, bron chitis. feeling of suffocation, pain in chest, digestive disturbances, peripheral vaso dilatation. methemoglobinemia and its sequelae, and depression of the central ner vous system, corrosion of teeth, severe burns on the skiu. Continued exposure to diluted fumes is said to cause chronic inflammation of the respiratory tract and a general disability characterized by headache, sleepless ness, anorexia, gradual loss of strength, dyspepsia, constipation, and ulcers ou the lips and mucous membranes of the mouth and pharynx. OCCUPATIONS WHICH OFFER SUCH EXPOSURE Nitrous fumes may be present whenever nitric acid comes In contact with a metal, an organic materinl or with air. They are also present when nitrated materials such as photographic film are burned, when explosives are incompletely detonated and when an electric arc or an explosion causes extreme heat in the air. Acid dippers Aniline workers Artificial-leather makers Artlflclul-pearl makers Blasters Bleachers Cnrroters (felt hats) Cartridge dippers Collodion makers Damascening workers Dv-brassers Dimethyl-sulphate makers Dippers (guncotton) Dye makers Dyers Electroplaters Enamel makers Engravers Etchers Explosives workers Felt-lmr makers Fertilizer makers Fur preparers Phoroengravers Galvunizers Gilders Guncotton workers Photographic film makers Photogruvure workers Ticklers (metals) Insecticide makers Ticric-ucid makers Jewelers Ijicquer nmkers lithographers Miners (blasting) Pyroxylin-plastics ers Rayon makers Refiners (metals) work Mordnnters Rubber-substitute makers Motion - picture machine Ruhber workers operators Scourers (metals) Xitrators Smokeless-powder makers Nitric-ncid workers Xltrobenzul workers Nitrocellulose makers Nttr- glycerin makers Xitr us-oxlde workers So<la makers Sulphuric-add makers Textile printers Towerraen (sulphuric acid) Oxalic-acid makers Painters Tunnel workers (blast ing) Pharmaceutical workers ! Welders Phosphoric-acid junkers Wringers (guncotton) 56 OCCUPATION' HAZARDS AND DIAGNOSTIC SIGNS 89. Oxalic Acid SYMPTOM. CONDITION. OR DISEASE TO LOOK FOR / Local caustic action on skin, bluish discoloration and brittleness of nails, irritation of mucous membranes including those of esophagus, stomach and In testines, peripheral circulatory trouble. curdlu<_ weakness, nervousness, convul sions. OCCUPATIONS WHICH OFFER SUCH EXPOSURE Auto-radiator cleaners Bleachers (straw! Blueprint-paper makers Bookbinders Dry cleaners Dye makers Dyers Engravers Formic-acid workers Glycerin refiners Ink makers Lithographers Metal-polish makers Oxalic-acid makers Patent-leather makers Polishers (metals) Itayon makers Resin makers Stone cleaners Tannery workers 90. Ozone SYMPTOM. CONDITION. OR DISEASE TO LOOK FOR Irritation of eyes and respiratory tract. OCCUPATIONS WHICH OFFER SUCH EXPOSURE Bleachers Disinfectant makers Electrical workers Fat Tenderers Laundry workers Ozonators Patent-leather makers Refrlgerating-plant work ers Varnish makers Water purifiers Wax refiners Welders 9L Pentanone (Methyl Propyl Ketone) Pentanone Is an organic solvent It is reported to be a good solvent for nitro cellulose and vinyl resin products and has possibilities of use in making lacquers and also varnish and lacquer removers. The United States Bureau of Mines studied the acute response of guinea pigs to a single exposure to vapors of pentanone. According to this Bureau, pentanone produces in these animals narcosis, terminating in death in the higher concen trations. Symptoms are principally eye and nasal Irritation, followed by nar cosis. Animals that did not die during exposure, recovered. The principal gross pathological findings were congestion, edema, and hemorrhage of lungs, liver, and kidneys, as observed In the autopsies performed immediately after exposure. Men momentarily exposed to IB and approximately 5.0 percent pentanone vapor, according to the same authority, pronounced the atmosphere extremely disagreeable because of irritation to the eyes and nasal passages. One-half percent was found to be very disagreeable, and 0.15 percent vapor was found to have a strong odor and to produce a moderate to marked sense of irritation to the eyes and nasal passages. 92. Petroleum. See also Benzine SYMPTOM, CONDITION. OR DISEASE TO LOOK FOB Petroleum and Its volatile products are Irritating to the skin and respiratory organs, and may cause acute inflammation of the lungs and headache, sensory disturbances, and so forth. (See Benzine.) Workers in petroleum refineries are subject to acne, keratosis, epithelioma, and melanosis from petroleum, paraffin, and petroleum residue. Workers exposed to petroleum oils and greases in a number of industries are subject to folli culitis, bolls, and papillomas. OCCUPATIONS WHICH OFFER SUCH EXPOSURE Browners (gun barrels) Furniture polishers Lampblack makers Machinists Mechanics Oilers Oil-flotation-plant ers OH-weil workers work Paraffin workers Petroleum refiners Pressmen (oil refinery) Temperers LIST OF HAZARDS, SYMPTOMS, ETC. 57 93. Phenol SYMPTOM, CONDITION. OR DISEASE TO LOOK FOR / Erosion of fho skin, eczema, gangrene, Irritation of the respiratory organs and eyes. Symptoms of acute poisoning following splashing with phenol or inhaling its vapors include: Headache, vertigo, nausea, tinnitus, faulting, dyspnea, ercitement, convulsions, respiratory paralysis. Symptoms of chronic exposure 'nclude: Emaciation, vomiting, diarrhea, ano rexia, beuduche, vertigo, nephritis, degeneration of liver, circulatory disturb ances. OCCUPATIONS WHICH OFFER SUCH EXPOSURE Brewers Carboilc-acid makers Coal-tar workers Disinfectant makers Dye makers Dyers Etchers Explosives workers Gas (Illuminating) work ers Gas purifiers Lampblack makers Paint makers Paint-remover makers Paint removers Perfume makers Pharmaceutical workers Phenol workers Photographic m a t e r iais workers Picric-acid makers Reclaimers (rubber) Resin (synthetic) mukers Rubber workers Smokeless-powder makers Stlllmen (carbolic acid i Surgical-dressing makers Textile printers Varnish makers Wood preservers 94. Phenyl Hydrazine SYMPTOM, CONDITION. OR DISEASE TO LOOK FOR Vesicular eruptions of the skin with itching and burning, diarrhea, anorexia, granular degeneration of blood corpuscles, formation of methemoglobln, a sense of general malaise. OCCUPATIONS WHICH OFFER SUCH EXPOSURE Aatipyrme makers Dye mukers I Pharmaceutical workers [ Pheynl-hydrazlne workers |I 95. Phosgene SYMPTOM, CONDITION, OR DISEASE TO LOOK FOR Irritation of eyes, violent lung Inflammation with edema, necrosis of lung tissue, emphysema, bronchitis, bronchiectasis, dysfunction of the heart, dyspneu. OCCUPATIONS WHICH OFFER SUCH EXPOSURE Phosgene is given off when certain chlorinated hydrocarbons come lu contact with hot metals or an open flame. Bleachers Carbon-tetrachloride workers Dye makers Firemen (city) Pharmaceutical workers Phosgene makers War-gas makers 96. Phosphorus SYMPTOM, CONDITION, OR DISEASE TO LOOK FOR Increasingly severe toothache, digestive disturbances, swelling and ulceration of the gums and buccal membrane, loosening and falling out of the teeth, sup puration and destruction of jawbone with fistulous channels burrowing through the cheek, meningeal inflammation, emaciation. Necrosis of the bones, other than the jawbone, has also been reported. A different type of poisoning marked by generalized systemic effects is also recognized. 58 OCCUPATION' HAZARDS AND DIAGNOSTIC SIGNS OCCUPATIONS WHICH OFFER SUCH EXPOSURE Bone-black makers Brass founders Explosives workers Exterminators Fireworks makers Insecticide makers Match-factory workers Pharmaceutical workers Phosphate - mill workers (phosphorous manufac ture) Phosphor-bronze workers I'hosphorus-c umpuuud makers Phosphorus extractors Welders 97. Phosphuretted Hydrogen (Phosphine) SVjIPTOM. CONDITION. OR DISEASE TO LOOK FOR Oppression in chest, headache and vertigo, gastro-Intestlnal irritation, dyspnea, general debility, tinnitus aurlura. tremors and convulsions, pain In the region of the diaphragm mid feeling of chill. Symptoms similar to those of phosphorous poisoning are said to have resulted from prolonged exposure to low concentration of phosphine. OCCUPATIONS WHICH OFFER SUCH EXPOSURE Acetylene workers Blust-fnrnaee workers Buoy makers FerroBilicon workers Phosphine workers Phosphuretted hydrogen Phosphorus extractors workers Phosphorus (red) makers Welders 98. Picric Acid (Trinitrophenol) SYMPTOM. CONDITION. OR DISEASE TO LOOK FOR Irritation and inflammation of tlie skin and mucous membranes, yellow color ing of skin and hair, headache, vertigo, digestive disorders, gastric pain, con vulsions, nephritis. OCCUPATIONS WHICH OFFER SUCH EXPOSURE Disinfectant makers Dye makers Dyers Explosives workers Fireworks makers Pharmaceutical workers Photographic workers Picric-add makers Shell fillers Smokeless-powder makers Tannery workers War-gas makers 99. Potassium Hydroxide SYMPTOM, CONDITION, OR DISEASE TO LOOK FOR Severe chemical burning of the skin, eye, and mucous membranes, formation of deep-seated and persistent ulcers, loss of uails. OCCUPATIONS WHICH OFFER SUCH EXPOSURE Bleachers Electroplaters Ink makers Lye makers Mutch-factory workers Oxalic-acid makers Paper makers Perfume makers Pharmuceutical workers Photo-engravers Potassium hydroxide mak ers Soap makers 100. Pyridine SYMPTOM. CONDITION, OR DISEASE TO LOOK FOR rrritarlnn of respiratory tract and of eyes, dyspnea, cough, dermatitis, head ache, vertlgu, gustro-intestiual and nervous disorders, trembling of extremities. OCCUPATIONS WHICH OFFER SUCH EXPOSURE Cement mixers (rubber) Dye makers Dyers Explosives workers Gilders Incandescent-mantle hard eners Lacqnerers Lacquer makers Paint makers Pencil makers Polishers Pyridine makers Rubber workers LIST OF HAZAHDS. SYMPTOM.'. ETC.. 59 101. Radium. See Radiant energy102. Selenium Compounds / ` SYMPTOM. CONDITION. OH DISEASE TO LOOK FOR The effects of Industrial exposure arc: Dermatitis, pallor, gastrointestinal disturbances, garlicky odor of breath and perspiration, irriration of nose and throat, coating of tongue, metallic taste in mouth, and nervousness. OCCUPATIONS WHICH OFFER SUCH EXPOSURE Alloy makers Cement (Portland) mak ers Color makers Concentrating-mill work ers Copper smelters Glass colorers Glass misers Lead smelters Lime burners Metaillzers Paint makers Pottery workers Pyrites burners 103. Silver Resin (synthetici makers Selenium refiners Steel-alloy makers Sulphuric-add workers Vulcanizers Welders Zinc smelters SYMPTOM, CONDITION, OR DISEASE TO LOOK FOR Argyrosis, a grayish-blue or black discoloration of the skin and mucous mem branes, Is the chief effect reported in industry. OCCUPATIONS WHICH OFFER SUCH EXPOSURE Coin makers (silver) Ink (Indelible) makers Miners (silver) Mirror silverers PhofocTaphlc-film makers Polishers (silver) Silver-foil makers Silver meiters and refiners Sliver-nitrate makers Silver platers Silversmiths 104. Sodium Hydroxide SYMPTOM. CONDITION, OR DISEASE TO LOOK FOR Severe chemical burning of the skin. eye. and mucous membranes. Formation uf deep-seated and persistent ulcers, loss of nails. OCCUPATIONS WHICH OFFER SUCH EXPOSUBE Bleachers Cellulose makers Dye makers Engravers Glass makers . Mercerizers Paint makers Paper makers Petroleum refiners Pharmaceutical workers Rayon makers Rubber workers Soap makers Sodium-hydroxide makers Tannery workers Transparent wrapping- material workers Varnish makers 105. Sulphur Chloride SYMPTOM. CONDITION. OR DISEASE TO LOOK FOR Irritation of mucous membranes of eye and respiratory tract. OCCUPATIONS WHICH OFFER SUCH EXPOSURE Carbon-tetrachloride mak Extractors (gold) ers Insecticide makers Cement mixers (rubber) Rubber-substitute makers Dyers Sulphur-chloride workers Varuish makers Vulcanizers War-gas makers 106. Sulphur Dioxide SYMPTOM, CONDITION, OR DISFASE TO LOOK FOR Irritation and Inflammation of mucous membranes of eyes and respiratory tract, spasmodic cough, bronchitis, digestive disturbances, blood-tinged mucous, inflammation of lungs. Physical examination <>f a group of workers with pro- 60 OCCUPATION HAZARDS AND DIAGNOSTIC SIGNS loosed exposure to sulphur dioxide and a control group from th same plant showed a higher Incidence among the exposed workers of naso-phar. ..jitls, altered sense of smell and sense of taste, increased sensitivtty to other irritants, abnopm&l urinary acidity, Increased fatigability, shortness of breath on exertion, abnormal reflexes. OCCUPATIONS WHICH OFFER SUCH EXPOSURE Alkali-salt makers Exterminators Artificial-ire makers Feather workers Blast-furnace workers Fertilizer makers Rleachers Firemen (city) Bone exrrac- ts Flue cleaners Brass founders Fruit preservers Brlckmakers Galvanizers Broommakers Gelatine makers Carbolic-acid makers Gluemnkers Cellulose makers Insecticide makers Chambermen (sulphuric Lead smelters acid) Mercury smelters Coke-oven workers Oll-flotatlon-plant worke Copper smelters Paper-mill workers Digester-h on s e workers Petroleum refiners (paper and pulp) Pottery workers Disinfectant makers Pyrites burners Dye makers Refiners (metals) Refrigerator (mechan ical) makers and re pairmen Smelters Storage-battery chargers Sugar refiners Sulphite cooks Sulphur burners Sulphur-dioxide workers Sulphurers (malt and hops) Sulphuric-acid workers Sulphur miners Tannery workers Towermen (sulphuric acid) Ultramarine-blue makers Vulcanizers (rubber) ?inc smelters 107. Sulphuretted Hydrogen (Hydrogen Sulphide) SYMPTOM. CONDITION. OR DISEASE TO LOOK FOR Irritation of mucous membranes of eyes and respiratory tract, conjunctivitis, keratitis, photophobia, bronchitis, rhinitis, pharyngitis and laryngitis, pulmonary edema, headache and vertigo, hyperpnea, gastro-lntestlnal disturbances, depres sion of the nervous system, bradycardia, psychic disorders. OCCUPATIONS WHICH OFFER SUCH EXPOSURE Alkali-salt makers Fertilizer makers Pyrites burners Barium-carbonate makers Flax-rettery workers Pyroxylin-plastics workers Blasters Fur handlers Rayon makers Blast-furnace workers Gas (Illuminating) work Sewer workers Bottlers (mineral water) ers Soap makers Bronzers Gas purifiers Soda (Leblanc) makers Cable splicers Glue workers Sodium-sulphide makers Caisson workers Gypsum workers Starch makers ('arbon-dlsulpblde makers Hydrochloric-acid makers Sugar refiners Cellulose makers Match-factory workers Sulphides makers Coal carbonlzers Miners Sulphur-chloride makers Toke-oven. workers Oll-flotatlon-plant workers Sulphuric-acid makers Cyanogen makers Oil-well workers Sulphur miners Dlgester-h o nse workers Packing-house workers Tannery workers (paperand pulp) Paper makers Transparent - wrapping - Dye makers " Petroleum refiners material workers Fat Tenderers Phosphorus-c o m p o u n d Tunnel workers Felt makers makers Vulcanizera 10S. Sulphuric Acid SYMPTOM, CONDITION, OR DISEASE TO LOOK FOR Corrosive action on the skin, severe Inflammation of the mucous membranes of the eyes and respiratory tract, injury to the teeth through softening of the dentine, chronic catarrh. LIST OF HAZARDS, SYMPTOMS, ETC. 61 OCCUPATIONS WHICH OFFER SUCH EXPOSURE Acid dippers Pelt-hat makers Picklers imetals) Acid finishers (glass) Fertilizer makers Picric-acid makers / Alum workers Galvanize rs i'yroxyiin-pluatics ' work Ammonium-salts makers Glass finishers ers Ammonium-sulphare mak Glue makers Rayon makers ers Guncotton dippers Reclaimers (rubber) Artificial-leather makers Hydrochloric-acid makers Refiners (metals) Benzol purifiers Hydrocyanic-acid makers Salt extractors (Coke- Beta-still operators (beta Jewelers oven byproducts) napbtho) > Linoleum makers Scourers (metals) Brewery workers Lithographers Shoddy workers Burnishers (Iron and Mercerizers Soap makers steel) Nitrators Soda (Leblanci makers Candle makers Nitric-acid makers Storage-battery workers Carbolic-acid makers Nitroglycerin makers Sugar refiners Carbonizers (shoddy) Nitrocellulose makers Sulphates makers Cartridge dippers Nitroglycerin makers Sulphuric-acid makers Cellulose makers Oil purifiers Taliow refiners Cbambermen (sulphuric Paint makers Tannery workers acid) Paper makers Temperers Color makers Patent-leather makers Textile printers Dimethyl-sulphate makers Perfume makers Towermen (sulphuric Dye makers Electroplaters Petroleum refiners acid) Pharmaceutical workers Transparen t-wra pplng- Engravers Phenol makers materlal workers Etchers Phosphoric-acid makers Wax refiners Ether makers Phoraphorus-evaporating- Wine drawers Explosives .workers machine workers Wood preservers Fat purifiers Photographic workers Yeast makers 109. Tar and Pitch SYMPTOM. CONDITION. OR DISEASE TO LOOK FOR Melanosis, tar itch, acne, eczema, or psoriasis, ulcers of the skin and cornea, warts, epltbeliomatous cancer, loss of appetite, nausea, diarrhea, headache, vertigo, irritation of the respiratory tract, conjunctivitis, albuminuria, edema, ischuria. OCCUPATIONS WHICH OFFER SUCH EXPOSURE Artlflcial-stone makers Asbestos goods workers Asphalt workers Battery (dry) makers Briquet makers Brush makers Cement workers (plastic) Chimney sweepers Coal-tar workers Coke-oven workers Cordage-factory workers Creosoting-plant workers Electrode makers Fishermen Fine cleaners Gas (Illuminating) workers Insulators Painters (tar) Paint makers Pavers Pitch workers Road repairers Roofers Roofing-paper workers Rope makers Shipyard workers Soap makers Still (coaltar) cleaners Street repairers Tank cleaners Tar workers Wuterproofers Wood preservers 110. Tellurium Compounds 8THPTOM, CONDITION. OR DISEASE TO LOOK FOR Garlic like odor of breath and of secretions and excretions, suppression of sweat, dryness of the mouth. Dry, Itching skin, metallic taste, anorexia, nausea, vomiting. Indigestion, con stipation, and somnolence. Copper refiners Glass colorers Lead refiners OCCUPATIONS WHICH OFFER SUCH EXPOSURE Pharmaceutical workers Photographic workers Rubber makers Zinc refiners 62 occupation* hazards axd diagnostic 'Io.n.- 111. Tetrachlore thane (Acetylene Tetrachloride) SYMPTOM, CONDITION. OR DISEASE TO LOOK FOR / Abnormal fatigue, profuse perspiration. general discontent and nervousness, headache and vertigo. vomiting. insomnia, anorexia, gastro-intotitml disorder*, abdominal pains, Injury to l|vi*r. Jaundice. ,-ilhiimiuiiriii. Increase of inunanire large mononuclear cells In blood, rlt varion nf white-cell count, slight anemia, slight increase In number of platelets of blond, iietochiue, polyneuritis. OCCUPATIONS WHICH OFFER SUCH EXPOSURE Airplane-dope makers Artlflcial-pearl makers Omenters (rubber) Cement mixers (rubber) Color makers Degreasers (metals, tex tiles) Dry cleaners Electroplaters Enamelers Enamel makers Extractors (oils and fats i Fullers (textiles) Glass (safety) workers Insecticide makers Larquerers Lacquer makers Lithographers MotUin-plcture-fllm work ers Paint-remover makers Paint removers Pharmaceutical workers Pyroxylin-plastics work ers Rayon makers Rubber workers Nhne-facrory operatives Snap makers Straw-bat makers Tapers (ulrplanesi Varnlshers Varnish makers Varnish-remover makers Vnrnlsh removers Wax makers 112. Tetrachlorethylene (Perchlorethylene) SYMPTOM, CONDITION, OR DISEASE TO LOOK FOR Irritation of eyes, tightness in frontal sinuses, increased i>ersplratlon of hands nnd Increased secretion of mucous from nasal passages, nausea, elution, faint ness. dizziness, dyspnea, retarded mental activity, headache, and visual dis turbances. OCCUPATIONS WHICH OFFER SUCH EXPOSURE Degreasers (metals) Dry cleaners I I'hnrmaceutlcal workers I Soap makers I Printers | 113. Tetraethyl Lead. See also Lead and Its Compounds SYMPTOM, CONDITION. OR DISEASE TO LOOK FOR Insomnia, nausea and vomiting, anorexln. vertigo and hendnche. muscular weakness, pallor, subnormal blood pressure, subnormal temperature, loss of weight, abdominal cramps, tremors, excessive quantities of lead In feces and urine, lend encephalopathy. OCCUPATIONS WHICH OFFER SUCH EXPOSURE Filling-station workers I GRsoline blenders Garage workers I Tnnk cleaners 1 Tetmethyl-lead makers | 114. Thallium SYMPTOM. CONDITION. OR DISEASE TO LOOK FOR Loss of appetite, fatigue, reddish discoloration nnd fulling out of the hair, pains In the limbs, severe eye affections. Inflammation of the kidneys, albuminuria, iwlyueuritls. lymphocytosis, eosinophilia. OCCUPATIONS WHICH OFFER SUCH EXPOSURE Artlficlnl-gem makers Color makers Depilatory makers Disinfectant makers Dye makers Exterminators Filament makers (incan descent lamps) Fireworks makers Flue-dust recoverers (sul phuric acid mfr. I Glass mixers Insecticide makers Tim Ilium workers Thermometer makers LIST OF HAZARDS, SYMPTOMS, ETC. 63 115. Thorium. See Radiant Energy 116. Tin Nor generally regarded as an Industrial noison. Thpre 1* a ruse <m record which -niggCM- tli.-ir rin tetrachloride used in weight ing silk may have toxic effects. The s.vrnpr nms noted Included feeling of chilli ness in rhe chest, pain in rhe throat, and heaviness in rhe stomach, anemiu. und rr.ices of tin in urine and feces. OCCUPATION'S which offer such exposure Silk welgbters 117. Titanium Oxide This compound is used as a substitute for white lend in the manufacture of paint. No ill effects have been reported as a result of Its ase In industry. OCCUPATIONS WHICH OFFER SUCH EXPOSURE Dyers Iron and steel workers Paint makers Paper makers 118. Toluol. See Benzol 119. Trichlorethylene SYMPTOM. CONDITION, OR DISEASE TO LOOK FOR The effects of trichlorethylene are not fully established. Symptoms of acute poisoning Include excitement, drunkenness, dullness, nausea, vomiting, unconsciousnes-: sequelae Include headache, vertigo, anorexia, disturbed heart action. Severe irritation of the respiratory passages has also been reported, but this effect Is ascribed by some authorities to the action of Its decomposition products, phosgene, and hydrochloric acid. Chronic exposure Is snid to result in injury to the trigeminal and optic nerves. Impurities in trichlorethylene. It has been suggested, may be the cause of these injuries. Other effects are addiction and skin irritation. OCCUPATIONS WHICH OFFER SUCH EXPOSURE Burnishers i metnls) Oeinenrers (rubber) Degreasers Disinfectant makers Dry cleaners Dye makers Electroplaters Extractors i oils and fats) Gulvanizers (Jus tilluminating) work ers Glue workers Insecticide makers Laequerers Lacquer makers Leather workers Painters Taint makers Paint-remover mnkers Paint removers Perfume makers Petroleum refiners Pharmaceutical workers Photographic workers Polishers i metals) Polish makers Resin (synthetic) workers Rubber workers Scourers (metals i Shoe-factory operatives Soap mnkers Tobacco denlcotlnlsers Trichlorethylene workers Varntshers Varnish makers ` 120. Trinitrophenol. See Picric Acid 12L Trinitrotoluol. See Nitrobenzol 122. Triorthocresyl Phosphate SYMPTOM. CONDITION, OR DISEASE TO LOOK FOR No clear-cut cases have been reported from Industry. It Is not highlr volatile, hut if absorbed It may cause paralysis of extremities, Lacquerers OCCUPATIONS WHICH OFFER SUCH EXPOSURE Lacquer makers Pyroxylin plnstio workers 64 OCCUPATION- HAZARD.^ AND DtAl.Nu.'TU >H.Nr 123. Turpentine SYMPTOM. CONDITION. OR DISEASE TO LOOK FOR / Irritation of mucous membranes of eyes. nose, and upper air passages, bronchial inflammation, salivation, headache. vomiting, abdominal pain ami \ertigo. state of excitement resembling dr-nkenness. irritation of kidneys and bladder, strangury, odor of violets in urine, severe irritation of skin. OCCUPATIONS WHICH OFFER SUCH EXPOSURE Art-class workers Cable splicers Camphor makers Cementers (rubber) Compositors Decorators (pottery) Dry cleaners Dye makers Knamelers Enamel makers Feather workers Furniture polishers Ink (printing) makers Insecticide makers Japan makers Jnpanners Lacquerers Lacquer makers Linoleum makers Lithographers Millinery workers Painters Paint makers Patent-leather rankers retroleum-rednery work ers Pharmaceutical workers Photographic workers Polishers Polish makers Printers Ruhlier workers Sealing-wax makers Sheliackers Shellac makers Shoe factory operatives Textile printers Transfer workers (pot tery) Turpentine extractors Vurnishers Varnish makers Wax makers 124. Uranium Uranium, reported to be one of the most toxic of metals. Is a source of radiant energy. A high frequency of cancer of the lungs in Czechoslovakian miners of uranium is believed to be due to the radioactivity of the ore. Very little has been published on the effects on man of exposure to uranium salts. The con ditions reported Include purpura of the legs, reduction of leukocytes, as well as diminution of red corpuscles, a reduction in urinary elimination of nitrated salts, and an increase in the chlorides. Experiments on animals with uranium nitrate are reported to show nephritis, glycosuria, albuminuria, gastro-ln restInal disorders, degeneration of liver, affec tions of nervous system. Dye makers Dyers Glass mixers OCCUPATIONS WHICH OFFER SUCH EXPOSURE Paint makers , Tile makers Pharmaceutical workers I Uranium miners Photographic workers I Uranium workers 125. Vanadium SYMPTOM, CONDITION, OR DISEASE TO LOOK FOR Anemia, cachexia, irritation of respiratory tract, dry cough resulting in hemorrhages, diarrhea or constipation, emaciation, involvement of kidneys, hysterical manifestations, melancholia. Alloy makers Dye makers Dyers Glass mixers OCCUPATIONS WHICH OFFER SUCH EXPOSURE Ink (blue) makers Mordanters Photographic workers Sulphuric-acid workers Textile printers Vuuadium-steel workers 126.Vinyl Chloride This compound is used in the synthesis of organic compounds, principally resins. SYMPTOM, CONDITION, OR DISEASE TO LOOK FOR Tlie United Stares Bureau of Mines srudipd the acute response of guinen Itigs to a single exposure to the vapors of vinyl chloride. According to this Bureau, vinyl chloride produces in these animals unsteadiness and motor LIST UF HAZARDS, SYMPTOMS. ETC. G5 ataxia. Incomplete aud Anally complete narcosis. The principal <rr..s patho logical findings were congestion and edema of the luugs with hyperemia of the kidneys and liver. This same Bureau determined that men exposed rn 2.5 percent for approxi mately 3 minutes soon began to feel dizzy and ' - riomed as to space and size of surrounding objects and complained of ning sensation in the soles of the feet. They immediately recovered on . cing the chamber, and complained only of a slight headache which lasted about 30 minutes. 127. Xylol. See Benzol 128. Zinc SYMPTOM, CONDITION, OR DISEASE TO LOOK FOR Metal-fume fever characterized by: Irritation of respiratory tract, dryness of throat, dry cough, malaise, headache, nausea, severe chills with fever, pains in limits, shaking In limbs, sweating, leukocytosis. Metal-fume fever may also be caused by fumes of lead, mercury, manganese, cadmium, arsenic, antimony, and many other morals. Metal-fume fever resulting from metals which may cause systemic poisoning should he regarded us a warn ing that continued exposure tuny have more serious effects. OCCUPATIONS WHICH OFFER SUCH EXPOSURE Blowers-out i zinc smelt- lug) Brass founders Bruslers Hronze-powder makers Bronzers Core makers Galvan Izers Junk-metal retiners Luters (zinc .smelting i Metall Izers Mahlers (foundry) I'ourers i brass foundry i Sherardizer- Welders Zinc smelters / Section III.--Dermatoses Skin affections resulting front exposure to the hazards discussed in the foregoing section hare been recorded with the svmptoms. condi tions, or diseases to be looked for in men employed in occupations where such hazards are present. Because the dermatoses form so large a proportion of all disabling occupational diseases the more important occupations exposed to agencies producing skin affections have been listed separately. A complete enumeration of such occupations would be impracticable. Almost any foreign substance can become a skin irritant if it is in continuous contact with the skin. Thus soap and water, which ordinarily do not irritate the skin, may cause severe dermatitis in laundresses. Under the dermatoses are included the effects on the skin of such causative agencies as poisonous and irritating chemicals, heat and cold, dust,'radiant energy, friction, plants and wood, proteins, ami vegetable and animal parasites. Occupational dermatoses are frequently distinguished by their grouping, situation, mode of appearance, spread, and evolution. They are most often local and predominate on the right side of right-handed people. The onset and development are usually sudden. The associa tion between occupational exposure and the dermatoses produced by some substances, particularly those which are primary irritants, such as caustic soda, cnromic acid, and gasoline, is quite obvious. Many other substances, however, have no specific lesions or special pathology, and some are selective in the people in whom they cause injury, thus making it more difficult to associate the condition with occupational exposure. The excellent work bv Drs. Louis Schwartz and Louis Tulipan, entitled ``Occupational diseases of the Skin," fully treats of the dis eases of the skin and the agencies involved in their causation. It should be consulted by anyone who has a need for an extensive work on the subject. Dr. R. Prosser White's book entitled "The Dermatergoses: or Occupational Affections of the Skin" is another very fine work. The data presented in this section are based largely on these two volumes. The following is a list of the more common occupations exposed to agencies causing dermatoses. It is a partial list only. Reference should also be made to the specific hazards listed for the occupation under consideration in section I. DERMATOSES Occupations Exposed to Specified Skin Irritants Occupation espotcd Acetylene makers.................... Acid workers........................... Alkali-sale makers.................... ArtlScial-flower makers........... Auto washers and cleanen___ Skin irriianu Calcium carbide. Adds. Caustic ilkali. Caustic alkali, dyes, solvents. Solvents, potassium cyanide. Bakers.......................... Barbers. _........... Battery (dryj makers. 66 Dough, potassium persulphate, heat, dust. Soap, hair tonics. dyes. Adds, sine chloride, ammonium salts, charcoal. DERMATOSES G7 Occupations Exposed to Specified Skin Irritants--Continued Occupation exposed ` Skin irritants Beatermen (paper and pulp)................... Caustic alkali, dyes. Bleacben (cloth)._____________ ____ _ Acids, bleaching powder, r ustic alkah. bydrogeo sodium silicate. Blooden (tannery)..................... Dyes. Bricklayers......................... Lime. Brouters ______ _____ __________ _____ Dyes. Broom and brush makers......... .............. Dyes, vegetable dust, tar, bacteria, fungi, parasites. / deroxi'le. Calico printers................................... ........ Dyes. Candy makers.................................. ........ Sugar, tartaric acid. Cancers ....................................................Fruit acids, lacquer, fungi, parasites, dyes, bacteria. Cap loaders ............................................. Mercury compounds. Carbide makers ....... ................................ Calcium carbide Carbolic-acid makers______ ___________ Caustic alkali, phenol. Cardboard stickers................. ..................Sodium silicate. Carroters (felt bats)........................... Acids,mercurycompounds. Cartridge dippers...................................... Acids, soap. Cementers (rubber shoes)........................ Bentine, coal-tar products, naphtha, methyl alcohol Cement workers........................................ Lime, pitch, rosin. Chemical workers...____ _____________ See specific chemical in section IIJ. Chromium platers... Chromium compounds, sulphuric odd. Cloth preparers......... .............................-- Adds, caustic alkali, lime, soap, potassium salts, sodium salts, sodium silicate. Confectioners.................. ........................... Sugar. Cooks.......................................................... Fruit acids, glucose. Cotton suers...................... ........................ Acids, sine chloride, arsenic salts, phenol, aluminum salts, calcium salts, magnesium salts. Curriers (tannery)............................... . Paraffin, benzine. Degreasers---------------- -------------------------- Solvents. Dentists_______ _____ ___________ _____ Procaln. mercury, cocaine. Detonator cleaners...________ ____ ____ Mercury compounds. Detonator fillers______________________ Mercury compounds. Detonator packers_______ _____________ Mercury compounds. Dishwashers..................... ......... ................ Caustic soaps, grease, bacteria, fungi. Disinfectant makers___________ ____ __ Formaldehyde, cresol. Bleaching powder, soap. Iodoform, sodium salts, sugar. Dry cleaners____ _______ ______________ Dirt, Dentine, carbon tetrachloride. Dye maker*........................ --.................... Adds, benzine, causticalkall, coal-tar products, dye Intermediates, dyes, turpentine, antimony compounds, banum salts, calcium salts, cresol. dextrlnes. ferro-cyanides. formaldehyde, gums, hydro-quinone, lead salta, phenol, potassium chlorate. Dyers.......... --........ Dyes. Electroplaters_____ Embalmers............. Enamelers......... . Engravers............... Etchers .................. Explosives workers Acids, benzine, caustic alksll, lime, potassium cyanide, soap, nickel, sulphate, chromic acid. Formaldehyde, mercury. Alkalis, acids, arsenic, chromium. Adds, caustic alkali, lerrlc chloride, potassium cyanide. Adds, caustic aikalL Dye Intermediates, explosives (TXT, etc.), ammonium salts, bromine, mercury compounds. Farmers............................. Felt-hat makers________ Fertilizer makers.............. Fish dressers............ ........ Flax spinners.................... Flour-mill workers........... Furnaeemen.................. ... Furniture polishers______ For workers............._____ Ivy and other plants, fertilizers. Insecticides, bacteria, fungi parasites. Adds, mercuric nitrate, dyes. Calcium cyanamlde, fluorides. Brine. Lime, brine. Dust, fungi, parasites. Beat. Benzine, caustic alkali, naptbs, turpentine, methyl alcohol, pyridine, rosin. Dyes, lime, formaldehyde. Oalvanlzers____ _________ Oarage workers_________ Oardeners.......................... Oas-mantle impregnatoc*. Olass blowers___________ Glass mixers... Ammonium chloride. Oils, grease, solvents. Ivy and other plants, fertilizers, Insecttddes. Thorium compounds. Charcoal, pitch, rosin. Causticalkall. Hairdressers........................ .....................Cosmetics, dyes, tonics, perfumes, btcterls,fungi. Ink makers................................................ Dyes, turpentine, chromates. Insecticide makers____ _________ ____ Arsenic. Lampblack makers___ Laundry workers......... Lime burners................ Lime pullers (tannery) Linoleum makers_____ Soot. Caustic alkali, soap, bleaching powderLime. Lime. Dyes. 68 OCCUPATION' HAZARDS AND DIAGNOSTIC SIGNS Occupations Exposed to Specified Skin Irritants--Continued Occupation tzpoitd Skin irrittntt / Machinists____ _______ _____ _________ Cutting compounds, lubricants, oils. ' MasonsLime. Match-factory workers......................... ... Dyes, dextrin*, gums. ebromr salts. Mercerizers........................ --.................... Acids, caustic alkali. Mixers (rubber)Accelerator* (hexamethylenetetramine). Murdacters___________________________ Acids. cautic alkali, chromates, tine chloride, aluminum salts. aotimony compounds, arsenate*, copper salts, iron salts, lead salts, phosphates,silicates, tin salts. MottJersfleather)----- --------------------------Dyes. Nickel plater*___ ______ _____________ Zinc chloride, nickel sulphate. Nitroglycerin makers____ ______ I_____ Acids.explosives. Painters................................ Paint makers....................... Paper-box makers...... ........ . Paraffin workers ____ _____ Parchment makers............. . Pencil (color<J) makers___ Petroleum redners.............. Photographers..................... . Photoprsphle-plate cleaners Pitch workers................. ... Plasterers............................... Plumbers.............. ................ Polishers................................ Polishers (silver and brassi Printers................................ Pyroxylin-plastics makers.. ____ Acids, caustic alkali, paints, zinc chloride, benzine, chrome pizments. ....... Paints. ....... Glue. dyes. ....... Paraflln. ....... Zinc chlorides. ____ Dyes. ____Caustic alkali, paraflln. ....... Acids, caustic alkali, chromates, metol, pytoealllc arid, turpen tine. amidol, bronzing powder, bydroqulnone, rodinai. ___ Caustic alkali. ____Pitch, tar. ____ Lime. . ___ Caustic soaps, hydrochloric add. zinc chloride. ___ raustlc alkali, naphtha, acid, cyanogen compound*. ___ Potassium cyanide. ___ Ink. benzine, chromates, alkalis. ____ Dyes. Radium workers _____________________ Radiant energy. Rayon workers.......................................... Alkalis, carbon disulphide, acids, solvents, bleaches. Rock-salt workers...................................... Brine. Ropemakers......... ..... ................................ Oil. tar. dyes, potassiumhydroxide. Rubber workers....................... ............. -- Accelerators (hexamethylenetetramine), solvents. Fait preparers.......... .................................. Brine. Shell fillers___________________________ Explosives (TNT, etc.). Shoe finishers..............................................Bnrine. coal-tar products, naphtha, methyl alcohol. Silk workrs ............................................ Alkalis, adds. dyrs. Slters lootr-............................................ Zinc chloride, aluminum salts, calcium salts, magnesium salts, adds, phenol, arsenic salts. Slaughter an . packlnc-house workers... Bacteria, (ungl, parasites, brine. Smelters...................................................... Arsenic. Soap makers....... ................. .................... Caustic alkali, soap, vegetable oils, sodium silicate. Sodium-hydroxide makers....................... Caustic alkali. Solder*rs...................... ..................Acids, tine chloride. Stockyard workers . ....................... Bacteria, lungi, parasites. Sugar refiners.......................... .................Sugar. Tannery workers............................... ...... Acids, lime, sodium sulphide, arsenic salts, brine, calcium hydrosulphide, chromium salts. Tar workers................................................ Tar. pitch. Taxidermists.............................................. Arsenic, mercuric chloride, calcined alum, tannin. Tetnperers..................................... ............ Oil. brine, cyanide. Tinners...................................................... Zinc chloride. Tobacco rollers.................... ...................... Vegetable dust, vegetable nils. tluc. Typists____ _____________ _____________ Carbon paper, typewriter ribbons. Cpholsterers............................................... Lacquer, glue, bacteria, lungi. parasites. Veterinarians........-.................................... Bacteria, (unti. parasites. Vuicanizets........... .............. ..................... Accelerators (hexamethylenetetramine). Washers_______ _________ _____ _______ Caustic alkali, soap, bleaching powder. Washwomen.............................................. Caustic alkali, soap, bleaching powder. Watchmakers....... -T................................ Potassium cyanide, tricbloretbylene. Waterproofm (paper).............................. Paraffin. Wax^rnament makers.............................. Dye intermediates, potassium cyanide. Wood preservers....................................... Tar. tine chloride, bichloride of mercury. X-ray workers ........................................ Radiant energy. 7iuc-chloride makers................................. Adds, tine chloride. / Section IV.--Selected Sources of Information on Industrial Hygiene BOOKS Browning, Ethel. Toxicity of Industrial organic solvents: summaries of pub lished work. Great Britain Medical Research Council, industrial Health Re search Board. Report >'o. 80. His Majesty's Stationery Office. London, 1937. 396 pp. Chenowith, Lawrence B., and Willard Machle. Industrial hygiene; a handbook of hygiene and toxicology for engineers and plant managers. F. S. Crofts 4c Co. New York, 1938. 235 pp. Clark, W. Irving, and Philip Drinker. Industrial medicine. National Medical Book Co.. Inc. New York, 1935. 262 pp. Drinker, Philip, and Theodore Hatch. Industrial dust; hygienic significance, measurement, and control. McGraw-Hill Book Co., Inc. New York. 1936. 316 pp. Hamilton, Alice. Industrial poisons In the United States. Harper & Bros. New York, 1925. 590 pp. Industrial toxicology. Harper & Bros. New York. 1934. 332 pp. Henderson, Yandell, and Howard W. Haggard. Noxious gases and the princi ples of respiration influencing their action. Chemical Catalog Co. Inc. New York, 1927. 220 pp. Kessler, Henry H. Accidental injuries; the medico-legal aspects of workmen's compensation and public liability. Lea & Febiger. Philadelphia, 1931. 718 pp. Kober, George M, and Emery R. Hayhurst. Industrial health. P. Blnklston's Son & Co. Philadelphia, 1924. 1184 pp. Lanza, A. J. Silicosis and asbestosis, by various authors. Oxford University Press. New York, 1938. 439 pp. Lanza, A. J., and Jacob A. Goldberg. Industrial hygiene. Oxford University Press. New York, 1939. 661 pp. Legge, Sir Thomas. Industrial maladies. Oxford University Press. London. 1934. 225 pp. Leschke, Erich. Clinical toxicology; modem methods In the diagnosis and treatment of poisoning translated by C. P. Stewart and O. Dorrer. William Wood & Co. Baltimore, 1934. 346 pp. McCord, Corey P. Industrial hygiene for engineers and managers. Harper & Bros. New York, 1931. 336 pp. McNally, William D. Toxicology. Industrial medicine. Chicngo. 1937. 1.022 pp. Sappington, C. O. Medico-legal phases of occupational diseases; an outline of theory und practice. Industrial Health Book Co. Chicngo, 193!i. 45 pp. Schwartz, Louis, and Louis Tullpan. A text-book of occupational diseases of the skin. Lea A Febiger. Philadelphia. 1939. 755 pp. White, R. Prosser. The Dermatergoses; or occuputioual affections of the skin. H. K. Lewis A Co., Ltd. London, 1934. 716 pp. REPORTS AND MISCELLANEOUS PERIODICALS Industrial Medicine; the journal of occupational diseases and traumatic surgery. Industrial Medicine Publishing Co. Beloit, Wise. Published monthly. International Labor Office. Occupation and Health; Encyclopedia of Hygiene, Pathology, and Social Welfare, studied from the i>olnt of view of labor, in dustry, and trades. Brochure edition. Brochures Nos. 1-353. Genera. 1925-1934. Occupation and Health; Encyclopedia of Hygiene, Pathology, and Social Welfare, studied from the point of view of labor, industry, and trades. Sup plement. Geneva. 1938-1939. The Journal of Industrial Hygiene and Toxicology. Williams & Wilkins Co. Baltimore. Md. Published monthly. 70 OCCUPATION' HAZARDS' AND DIAGNOSTIC fjICXa UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT BUREAUS United States Detriment of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics. United StRtes Department of Labor. Division of Labor Standards. United States Bureau of Mines. United States Public Health Service. / STATE HEALTH AND LABOR DEPARTMENTS Connecticut State Department of Health. Bureau of Occupational Diseases. Massachusetts Department of Labor and Industries, Division of Occupational Hygiene. New York Stare Department of Labor, Division of Industrial Hygiene. Ohio Department of Heultb. Division of Hygiene. Bureau of Occupational Diseases. Pennsylvania Department of Health, Division of Industrial Hygiene. Pennsylvania Department of Labor and Industry, Occupational Disease Pre vention Division. o