Document nNNZVL4mG80x1eyYM31x5E51X

toe IATURE. VOL 220. DECEMBER 14. 1908 Polychlorinated Biphenyls system by R. W. RISEBROUGH P. RIECHE Institute of Morin* Resources. University of Californio, Berkeley 94720 D. B. PEAKALL Division of Ecolocy and Systomatlcs, Cornell University, Ithaca, Now York 14750 S. G. HERMAN Department of Zootojy, University of California, Davis 95616 M,, N. KIRVEN San Diego Natural History Museum, PO Box 1390, San Diego, California 921I2l Polychlorinated blphcnylsare widely dis persed In the global ecosystem, and are powerful Inducersofhepatlcenzymes which degrade ocstradlol. Together with other chlorinated biocides, such as DDT, they could account for a large part of the aberration in calcium meta bolism which has been observed In many species of birds since the Second World War. Dbcxjnino population* of raptorial and flsh-oating bird* in Groat Britain1 and North Amerioa* have produeod thin-ihollod eggs eincotho p"ri'pd nf>-nr Konmid War. A videspre&tr tlmngu In tiro ohomical environment whiah aflodUU 1110 ORTETtlm pnysiology of theso apocio* evidently uiuurrea"at that timo. Tho'ohlormfttoaTiyg'ro oaitiuui, selUQh oamo into gonoi'&l usu til tho UI"4Ua, may now M tlkJ limit nbundwnt eynthotio pollutants prwent in tiro global bflvfroninent*. Thill AggnhnUif Havu huun foahd only in epeoioe whioh oooumulato high eonoen- Ualions of thoio compounds: relatively uncontammatcd population! of thoso apooici continuo to produoo normal eggs1'*. Calcium motiibolism in birds is intimately related to reproduolivo motabolism and is to a largo extent regulotod by steroids such as oostrogen and vitamin D*. Tiro deposition of medullary bono, the eliiof source of oalaiura during egg and cggshoU formation, is ooutrolled by tiro steroid eex hormones4 *, and hons <luficiont in vitamin D lay eggs with lower eggshell weights*. Steroids aro hydroxylatud and theroby dogradod in vivo and m vitro by licpatio enaymes induood by exogenous, Iipid-solublo l substances, including tiio chlorinated hydrocarbons*'1'. } The relatively small amounts of chlorinated hj'dro- I carbons required to product) this offoct*-,,-,*-1\ and tiro Udiscovury that smull amounts of somo of tho DDT Ueontnoimils aro oestrogenic*'1*'*", havo mado irroluvnut Rmufth of tiro part* per million approach to pollutant /leoology based on toxicity data alono. Jt In both Grout Uri(.ain**-n and North Amoriea*1 it was ' tho doclino of tiro porogriuo falcon which initiated ooncom about tho extont of tho harmful offeots of environmental contamination. In tho United Stntos tho eastom popu lation was extinct beforo oompetont obsorvors wore aware of a gonorul, widosproad deolino**. Brooding peregrines porsist in apparently normal numbers in British Columbia'* and in tho Arotio*'>*'. In 1007 we aolleetod nn unhatohod, abondonod ogg of a pengrine falcon in south-wostorn North America, whoru a small remnant population remains (unpublished work or M. N. K,, It. W. It. and S. G. H.). Analysis of this egg (Tabto 1) showed that it contained almost 9 mg of p,;/-DDIQ (diol>loro-2,l-bro(p>ohloroplK>nyl) othylone). P* Unknown peaks present in tiro chromatogram* of tho I extract of Uro egg worn unidontifrod until polyohlonnatod I hiplwnyls i' fOpoim WlTUltlu**-11. PowiffVo cmmrmatJon of tiro identification was nccom- , pITkIku by mass sncctromuti v m-ffivedtm4'. Tho retontion 9flftU of tho unknown poaks in tho porogriuo oxtruots nroved to bo iduntioal with thoso of sovoral PCM oom- pWilfis on and Vi' -l columns* and oa a mixed *V/ir'-U0;(? A'-l cohiiiui. Otlmr spucit-s of birds and flvh wuru subsequent ly analysed for 1'CIi. Tho chtorino content. ofsovorul oxtmets and standards was dotoriniuod with a Dnimnan uucrocouloinotriu di.luotor and a method of quantification of tho l'Cli compounds was dm'isod based on peak Ijr-itflttH produc'd jit tho eleolroivcapturo detector related to standard 7,7M)D12*. Tin* DDT compounds uni d*'Mtroy'U by nitration" uud p,7/-DDT (1,1,1-trichltm)- 2,2-6w(p.chlorophonyl)ethone), DDD (l,i-dichloro-2,2-6t# (P'ohlorcphonyl)othaue) and toxaphono aro dohydroohlorinntud by saponification with alcoholic KOH. PCD is not dograded by eitlror procedure. Baja CMirotnle (wet) t. leoottd yet 1 migrant from Arctic Breast muscle (wat) Breast inuioie (dry) Brain (wet) Caruaw(wet) Caren(tiplft) 2. Immature. California! Breast rau*cl* (wet) Liver (wot) Brain (wot) Brail (lipid) Carer.** (wet) Carcase (lipid) 4, Adult, California!! Breast nm*cl*<et) Llvur(wct) Utaln(wct) Drain (tlphl) Carcass (wet) . CareussOlpId) 5. Imnritnrol migrant from Arctic Breast museto (wet) ]lroaatmiiw:lc(tlry) Mver(WFt) llmln (wet) Duty f*t (wot) Cnrc:iM (wet) CnnM<ltr<il) 8. iDiinaturu Arctic migrant** Drc:inmiue(e(woU BrwuttnuaoMdxy) 0-11 ITU KM 0 87 92-S KM MM 0-04 050 0)1 1-9 KM KM 031 2-7 1-7 50 KM KM KM KM 0-07 0-44 KM 102 S7 99 XD0 93 70 9,000 14-4 7-7 2-S jfl xo-t 900 127 77 49-8 909 95 2,900 94 99 99 m 92 99 92 97 80 90 87 2-S 7-S 10 U-4S 90'3 0-3 93-7 8t 99 89 92 92 10 99 9-0 10-C 2S 94 21 19-7 1,420 *.* 4-9 1-& 19.9 ]0'S iso 99 97 3*4 419 99 1,980 0-tS 0-54 0-lft 0-097 3>2 0-AO ft-3 0-9 1-9 19 S-ft 4.7 9< ti w i# 1-Q |-| 1-4 M j.j 14 10 13 tS 12 $-4 Concentration* In part* per minion r*t weight, dry walght or ttpld walght. POT re*ldue Include: n.y'-DDT, o.p'.BOJ!, p.p'-DDD (p.n'-TDE). y.p'-l)OMU, o,p'-DPT and o,p'-Df)E. KM, Kot mea*uro<), t Clilorlnntoil hydrocarbon eontenta of (lie g were: 4,700 p,p''DT>R: 40 eg C.P -DDK: 29 #ig P.p'-Dllf: 7-4 v* S.P'-DOD: 37 ig P.fl' DDMU; 5 nt dwldrls; IS /.g hoptoohlor epoxide. Concentration* were mlnulAtrd C7 auumln* a volumo of 47 3 ml., the avernge vnlnn obtained bv mnniurln* eleven dutches of pemrine cgtfs from Californio In the Mueum of Vutlv taato Koology, University of Cnllfomlo, Uerkeli-y, end by mwimlng a drnsllv of) 0. J Hcnond year fcmnle, ciiii'.'ir.-d In Oetobrr on the Texas coast dnrlag mlgMUoii, Pl.'il In raiitlvlty ihorlly afli-rwanls, no iu<par.-nt raiun f Kn body fnt. Tola I body content of cltlorlnatcd livdrocarlirm*: S-'i mg UD't', 10 mg I'CD, 0-44 mg didtlrln, 0-19 mg licplucltlor i-|toxMe. Total body lipid. 7 g. ! I'lnmago clinmcterlstlrs of both 3 and 4 wero Intcrmodlntc brtu-ern those of tnilrally tont California Mr-N and the Arrtio rare y.\>. Uuntrint, ni described by Willin'', Ko. 3 was an Immnluro frmala of the year tranm-d In the southern San Fntnclnco Day area In the winter of HIM, Oha-rvcU i.-c.lt.tir in th* area fur a week before capture. l>l>-<( suddenly after eating * di-.id full. Moderate body fat. Total body ehlorinaled hydrocarbon content: 3 iag DDT, 0-9 mg l'CD, 0-07 mg dicldrln, 0-UO mg lu-ptaehlor i-imixMc, Total body flptat, 43 g. II Adult fetimlv. Tru|.pcd In thn southern San Francisco Day area In the wilder of lOtft). Obsrrvcd feeding in the area for a month ti-fore cntduii-. I)|e.l shortly nfli rwurds with no upnarunt catiw of death amt no Wlv r.d. Tobil IkhIv chlurhiiitril hydrocarbon coutviit: !>'i mg DDT, 40 mg I'Cll, 1-U tug til.rf.4rln, 1-0 m~ hi-|daelilor eiv>xi,lr. Total tioilv |[|.ld, 20 a. 1 First year funuk- tranix'd on the Tc.xns co:ist In Oetolnr- l.o.l at |'t Mugii, C.dlforola, the foltmvluc Jummry and u.is shot by a ("-ri.min 3 week:. tiu,.r. Ahundnnt Itody fat. Tntjd Iwnly funlcnt: 7 im- DM T. 0 n m t-l'M.Oh', mg dicldrln, 0-17 >ng hr|dacldur epoxide. Total tmdy Hold, lint * First y.vxr fcui.In tr.uipi'd on the Texas const lu October. Died shurilv afterwards of Iwal prostration. tn Tnblo 1 aro pi-osontucl tho rouultg of analyst-* of porr^rino falcons which died from a variotv of eansm HONS 082560 NAI UKt, VUL. shortly flr-r bring trnjj>ri| fo- falconry. Significant which contain low coner-titnitioiiH of chluriu il'd hydro* nrnmmb of PCB won* present . 'retie peregrine* only carbons. A pair v f fledged (lire.- young in IMS n few months old (Non. 5 nml u/> but Jupiter residues fed chiefly on pa/ww. i and cnlumbifonneH during the were present in n second year Arctic bin! (No, 2) and" brooding season. Both prey giuup* are relatively un exceptionally high residur* woro present m mi adult contaminated (M. N\ K., 11. W. H. nml S. G. If., in 1 nipped in Ciililornin (So. 4). In bird* 2 aiul 4 the total preparation). A clutch of egg* collected in tlm i-,-i>i,,n lipid reserve* wero very low, and in both tho brain weighed as much as tho eggs obtained m pm-wnr yearn, concent mt inn* of Dl)15 mid 1*0*13 were high, perhaps nt whereas other peregrine eggs from California collected i toxic level*. Fat mnbilixation during reproduction or in since tho Second World War have been thin-shelled time* of starvation or *lre*s could b<* expected to civuno (n f. 2, and I). \V. Anderson. 1J Hickey and R. 1'*. Chrision - significant changes in tho interim! distribution of chlori sen, in preparation). De*pite oflirml protection the nated hydronirtioiiH. Steroid hydroxylnso activity in tho surviving birds mo still subjected to shout ing by sportsmeu liver might fucivasn at this time. Dieldrin concmit rations and to harassment nt the eyrjc*. If these could bo >verv low.-r than in tho peregrines analysed itt Britain, effectively reduced the population might yet survivo. but J)l)12 concentrations wore approximately com In Table 3 are presented the results of no,dynes of parable**, ' murine and terrestrial birds and of three species of fresh- Tablo 2 presents tho rosults of analyses of peregrine wator fishes for PCD and DDT content and concentration. ! ry species, rvinnins of which wore collected at oyrics in < From tho ratio of total DDT to PCB, it is apparent that Snjn California, Mexico. With tho exception of the regional fallout pattorns oxist. In iuimI of tho birds remains of ono mourning dove (Zanatdura rnacroura) fTOUT" Suji unejUb Bay wnich havo been analysed, f ami of threo fish bats (I'uony* viveai), prey material including peregriuo falcons (Tablo 1) and eggs of the found at fottr oyrios oonsisted of soa birds. Of these, the western gull, tho Caspian tern and tho block-crowned t eared grebe (Podtce/is caapicua) and tho black petrel night boron (Tablo 3), tho ratio was between ono and two. (Loomeumia mrfnm'c) constituted 32 and 25 per oent, Another black-crowned night heron egg had a typically respectively, of tho remains. ' "ooonn" profile, suggesting that tho adult female had Black potrols, like other petrols and shearwaters wintered along tho coast. In most of tho birds from tho (Tablo 3), oontainod especially high concentrations of Furollon Islands, which aro 27 miles west of tho Golden both DDT and PCB- Reproductive success in this Cato Bridgo, this ratio was between 2 and 5. In the ilntion of poregrines seems to bo subnormal. In Gulf of Panama, whoro PCB contamination might como W no pairs wore observed to hatoh or flodgo moro than from tho Canal Zone and industrial areas in Panama a singlo young. In tho past, two to four young, thCo ity, tho ratio is botween 1 and 2 (Tablo 3). number normally produced by healthy pcregrmc8,,*,\ In tho Gulf of California, a region relatively remoto woro raised by each pair (L. W. Walkor, personal comfrom tho sources of either DDT or PCB contamination, munication)- The tliickuess of fragments of a poregrino tho ratio was in most cases approximately 9 or 10. This eggshell, with its membrane, oolloetcd in 1008 below an was truo in tho ogg of tho perogrino falcon (Table I), *yrin whoro ono young hatched, was 0 24 mm, a decrease in all of the block potrols and least potrols analysed, of 34 per oent from tho mean thioknuss of 0 34 mm 0-013 in the Craven's munolots (Table 2), in five of six osprey mm (05 per cent eonfidcnco level) in twenty-three eggs eggs and in six of sovon western gull eggs (Tablo 3). collected ui tjio area before 1947. Tho regiun is wildorncwi, Among tho exceptions tho fish bat. with low concentrations with littlo or no human interforonce, and is romote from of both DDT and PCB, was tho most divorgent, with a sourees of pollution. ratio of 43 (Tablo 2). It is not clear whether this reflects In California, numbers of breeding peregrines have differences between avian and mammalian physiology or been reduced by at least 80 por oent in recent years. a fundamental difforenco in feeding habits. The other Tho remaining fow pairs, however, seem to be reproducing exooptions include species which aro prosont in the area normally and roar, when undisturbed, botwoon two and only during the brooding season (Table 2). four young oaoh yenr. Thoy are found, liko most of tho In soa birds from the Pacific tho ratio was usually surviving pairs in Great Britain11*'**, in a relatively betwcon 5 and 10 (Table 3). PCB was not found in oggs unoontaminatod region and eoom to bo foeding on birds of tho Ad,clio ponguin from C&po Crosier, Antarctica. Table ft. so* <un> dm tn ra*r irsetn or rssfioRUtt falcons is thi quit or oauromnA Speslee* DOT If <h> DDT (p.p.m.) Sereentay* DDE PCD (P(> PCB (p.p.ra.) Sand snhe (1 Wlnle body Sleek petrel (!) Whole body Laaet petrel (0) Whole body fine Fleh hat (6) Wiiole body Crawrl'e nnirrrVet (t) fine (one eltttch) Whole body, adwlt \Vlio) body, adult S '- s 10 (6*6-1,644) sW s 0 ftS-IT) 7 *6 (1&-1D 2 not 1 (2S637--61M) 1 2M O'tB.Otd, 181 (W) -- 0-71 (W) 10 (L) 0-91 (W) *-4(W) 7 1 89 14 48 40 IS 86 KM) 1 (1-8-6-0) 068 (0-45-1-04) -- 1-0 (W) (0*0-114) 0-85 (W) " 002 (W) 4-9 (L) 00(W) 094 (W) t os 10 s 8-7 T a Slrfsnt tara (1) fin* Hrennnar.'i full U) Ell* . I 16 5 (94-S4-1) i-oa) s 1C5 46 ID (0t-27) SO 85 " 1-6 (L) (0-8-8-4) 81 (L) HUH) >- at : the numbrr of trm.iim of treat petrol*, elrgnst tern* end Steriuitnn'e *nll were from (tliferont clutchra. Eared srrbe: Podictpi carpieu*; Merit prtrrl: Leernrtama melama; Triiat Slrel: ftalocvpltt** mUratoma; Ath bat: i'uewt nr/n; Craved# nurrclet: Endampthuta ereim; ilrjnni icrn: rweiiru* nu Arrrmannt. . Ueermann'e gull: !>'ot inmund. Itilrtfi-rlns Mil l on chromatoprnme. Iloth epp alao eonlalr.ed 0 06 p.p.n. dleldrfn (lipid weight) and 0 17 p.p.m. endtln (lipid welfiit). ' MQNS 062561 NATURE. < 220. OECEMSER U. I Jog peelea White eiappien) Black rrn|i|(t) Jlltirelll <3) Adelle penguin (4) ' K|(> Wein-rn grebe (&) Urwiit niiueU S C Plnk'flnolrd ihenrweter <7) Sooty ahiwrwater (0) B C lluilit'Ullnl altcar* water (0) Aehy petrol (10) If 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 B Em*, Baja California frlgate-Mril (13) cat*, rauninn Bl^wa lookyriDmi, Brawl t'e cormorant(14) t|ti rtleiioooimorenUU) tor Cinnamon lent (10) White-tailed kite (17) Egg* dutch A Vntialakeil m B I'ulintehed eu C Clutrti n saw CooMr'e hawk (IB) Oolden eagle (10) m Otitrey (3W), Baja `'allfonila Whole hotly, adult Kgg*. twochilHu-* MnrWntwnud night h>*nn (`.'3) xKKnB Bay.thioeoltiUliee Kill, Fnollon It., ten I'lHtehm Ebk*. lift)* Cutlf., aaven elolelwa t S 4 17 t 1 4 1 12 0 4 1 i 1 01 1 1 4 10 T Tabla 3. wh tax* out ire ti:b owb.u KOOSYfTXV Total DDT O0) (p.p.m.) Pereenlage DDK /0<>, -- 1*03 (W) 0 -- i-to tw) e -- ft-0 (W) 0 pen 0-70 (O-60-1-04) 0-158 (L) 74 <0 044 >>g/egg " 10,474 5,000 LOOS 1,100 (1,044-2,000) 00 (1B>)SS) (47-60) 0-6.0 7, 00 0 tog (10-4-S4-6) ISO 130 (100-100) 4.340 11-4 (0-10-0) i-l 0-0 4/rgg 100/rgg Bl-0/fgf 0.600 140 127 (10-204) 430 0-1 . 2-4/rgf 20-4 (\V> 0*4! (W) 1-4 (W) 17 0(W) 0-0 (W) 15-3 (W) 10-3 (W> 0-3 (W) 00-3 (W) 11-B (L) 10 0 (L) Bt(L) 10B(W) , 0-70 (W) ' 0-34 (W) 0-86 (\V) -0O) 05-2 OT) *01W) ftB(L) so rw) 0-044 0-20 (W) 6 70 60 00 03 04 00 05 92 06 01 (47-70) 01 Sft 0 1 00 70 77 82 8733 67 00 - 00 M 05 04 30 03 .- 3,000 277 Kit . 300 (200-482) 03-1 (10-80) 10-4 (0-0-11-7) 0-4, 5-7, 04-0 12-5 (0-5-100) MS .' 62 (40-73) . 6-4 (6-0-7-I) , 0'84 3-0 4-3/egg 4-0/egg 1-0/egg 17-0 (7-3,0-0,103) (34, 7-0.10) 064 1*7 1-0/OgB 604010 00 (030-1.123) i not 1061210 ~ " 60 00 93t0 39 306 (000-1,010) II 190163 07 46100 (p.p.m.) 0 004 (W) 0-003 0-005 0 008 (W) 0 00 (W) 0-94 (W) 0-5 (W) 0-42 (W> 1-2 (W) 00 (W) 2-1 (W) -0 <W) ~ 4-0 (L) 0-91 0-I-' 0-23 <W) 0-39 (W) 0-001 0 00 (W) = - - Fonter'i tem(3S)etia Coaptan teraJSS) E|ll% Ben rranelaeo Ena, 8a*Diego Bey Conol*** anklet (30) Anelenimurch-ictO) lOdnnenroa eukM(3l) Sfmimlni (Into <3!t) Baru owl (33) Ttgga, am hitch E*f4,me)teh MtailuwlarkOl) 2 S 0 1 0 1 1 1 2 066 (008-732) 1,500 (l,X10-!,822) 1.400 (001-2.430) 1.040 (035-8.021) 12-o73*1 t7-7fcf* 143/om tl*t, 410 " O-TB(W) 101 (L) 0-0 (W> 0-70 0-7 0-10 (W) 1-2S(W) O-0(W) 010,0-0 (W) 10 * 09 00 7000 0000 07 77,03 ts m 77,00 ronieit In xgand ooneentrattooa la p.p.m. wet weight (W) or llphl weight (LI. ' 114 (01-137) 006 (000-050) 1,010 (650-1.000) 663 (804-1.010) Vet detected lQ-4fs| 14-4/cgg 5 5, 30') lum,i "" r *hl- bodl K"1"" *< M-MW on Ih, tal. 1. f'taoli aunuferfa. 2*4 g, Clear lake. Lake Co.. Calif. May leae. 2. reaw/M ntyroMeeitfolaa, 012 g. Clear Lake, Lake Co., Cnllf., May 1000. 0. I>lm>mnrrnrhir>i*, 220 g. Clear Lake. Lnko Co.. Calif., May )60B. 4. /*#*/! mltlia*, Cape Ornalur. Anl.ircllm. October 1007. 0. Afthwtuphutui rrtfrafalir, Our Lake, Lake (:., Cullf.. May 1000. . 7. . wat.*.!"' Urwlh! In>*!h?ehSaKieh4h?afii?rSw.*I^rtlJ*T<Su!rocralilSSfiJ1***"* Deccmb<r lM7- - 0-10 45(1.) 0-10 0-15 0-30 on Fu|mare 0-1.10'5,V. 12-3. !9- 10 T. 10-i 04.151 ,,d oc.m In Al.-1'ka. A 0, tratnVb.lru. flrt-rda In Aualrnlln. Mwidrrey liny, December 1000 10, OeeHNAt/etn AhNineArea. Kiimtlmi tnlitdifa, Cnlll',, Muy lima. ' *"< 1. 1.01. C: Oulf of Clllbrnl.. Ml,)- 10M. XM. M *srs IS. Frfj'Hu >fivn<flrtni. Iain Vaclu-cn. ranunin, l-Vl.mnry |0ilf> W wnulntd 0 _i l*-l*nt. dh-tdrfn end 1*13 p.p.m. endrlti lllplj weight). " j,w r^- * -" *-i > ***.m,m,, ... 14. Phtiarrurorur i<ruinl(alm, tnrntluft Inluml* >(Jty 1007 15. rh'il'irtmnrnr p./,,,,,,,,, Srui Mateo (t'allf - M>fu rju. a<uiu tnvw. AlMinliHieil. ('tintrn {Wn Cn.. May 'mltkiV7. 11^A.-Au,ild^>V:<MeDie. Miroy,cB.il'*ne.Uc, 'C*nolRnt*raCCo*atuCCn.n,.M. MaayrclohaaIV.tltHw. o and Hirer youunngg rraailaaocad,. rreeitppcreelwltrmlv. uD.: MQNS Q6Z56Z NATURE, VUL. X4U. Utv,twotn IN. I00 r' Table J (<eJtiMd) TTT7- Arrifiltt mnfirrii, .rw\ Pnrk, l>tfQo. Vclitu/ify IWW. >lrt yfnr femrtl\ tiled of trlclmnib JH,i rl,iim h,. Snu Lnl* 01>I|k Co., Calif., April lOGtf. Uhhfttclird est In nnl whrro one y-.>ins u reliril. Kgc alio contained 4-7 <IU Mtin 10 >< nf liciitadilor nporldn, mil no emlrin. /nxitMn >irr(i'rina. UuK <>f CnUfornln. Mnrch lOOi*. One egg auo eonUlntd 0 10 p.p.m. dleldrla and 025 p.p.m. emlrin (L), /gUucJuutltnriiit. |iiini.ilmt, i:th, Ucn uilirr 1007. rnt,'n iparrrnnt. Arttill klllrri mi roiitl. Menoociim Co., Calif,, Dccemlior 1007. Egga from Dnvla, Callfornin, 1000. Wlirwnx nv'-lirw/. K2S from dinvrrnt elulelne, San Prnnclftco Bay, May 1007. Slniwlnrri error*. Oft percent confidence limit*. MttHA (utttni. Onn le_RO Bor. May 1007. U*4t*i>thint r*pit, 100". _ ,, ,. Miroriut. Monlrfrv flay, November 1.1900. r.'/iaaelirr. YunUImt lln'K Mny 1007. ... f1>rAnraMpAM *Utir>`e. r*rnlloi Illftmli, April 1000............ .sValAfiAerompAHr aalifkaw. Monterey Jlay. November 1.10M. Orntkinrti momrmta. Monlrrey Bay, November 1,1000. IrMiil'i'i titneroMfg. San Ulcgo. J nly 1000. Tfl" //* Clnlrli A from Contra Gostn Co., Calif.. March 1908. Clulch D from Yolo Co., Calif., April 1908. Mi.fMU* nrflrrla. DnvJi, Calif., December 1907. of In ilwao, however, Iho amount of DDT won yory low; spocioa of raptors do not accumulate high ainnuuLs of with n DDT; TCB ratio of 18, no PCB would havo boon tho organo-ohlorino compounds (Tablo 3), a result of the il. h i-lfHl. A larger amount of fat material from Antaretio vory low rotiduo lovols usunlly found in th^ir prev. rk'iiiim, which would contain moro DDT, would Amorican kostrols and bam owls are common tenklouts of i!n'rvf*rc linvo to be analysed before concluding that PCB California citios. TTio whito-tnilcd kito, which w lm not vet reached lho Antarctic. near extinction 40 yoara ago in California, is now abundant Individuals of spceic* resident in industrial areas liavc, in areas whore insooticide use is intenso, yet because it a I'Xpectcd, higher PCB luwla than individuals of the prey* prinmrily upon tho ahort-Jivod and herbivorous mime t*|*ccicH from more roinoto regions. Analysis of vole, Microlua, tho species accumulates very littlo DDT ini from ten elutches of the woatom gull from the or PCB (Tabis 3). Ktirallou Islands showed sn average PCB content of Previous work11 has shown that both DDT sad dicldrin i:M*i 53 |*g (95 per cent confidence lovel). PCB contort induoe hnpatia enzymes in the pigeon which, in an in ,,f futir eggs from three clutches from an island in San , vilro preparation, inoroase tho metabolism of progostorone Francisco Bay averaged SOS pg with a range from S80 and testosterone. This work has now boon oxtonded to in I,.110 (Tuhlo 3). Seven eggs from seven dutches in study tho metabolism of oostradio! by onsymos induced Ilh>' Gulf of Californio contained 46 30 pg of PCB, by p,p'-DDE, tochnical DDT (Dupont) and PCB ('Arcelor Tlx* DDT content of the eggs from tho Fsrnllons was not. 1262'). The experiments! procedure previously described1* wi'iiiftcimUy different from that of the Baja California was followod except thAt the chlorinated hydrocarbons rii fgu. were injected intramuscularly rather titan given orally, Birds from tho Gulf of California also contain dicldrin and in tho separation of oostradiol and its motaboliies i*d vndrin (Tables 2 and 3), but tho numbor of analyse tho solvent ystoin usod was the upper layer of a mixture w ii* yet insufficient to comparo thoir rolativo abundance . of bcnzono;hoptno:mothanol!wator 7:3:8:2. Tho strips with that of DDT and PCB. Despite the inability of tho were monitored with an autographic strip scanner. The Klii'li Cheinionl Company to find any chlorinated hydrocar* profiles obtained for tho various inducing agents are lm* in tho Gulf of California and at tho mouth of tho shown in Fig. 1. It will he noted that the profiles of the 1 olnnulrt l<iwr*\ wliich drains into tho Gulf, it is likely motaboUtes obtained after onxyrno induction tumg DDl dim some do enter from the Cotorndo River and from auriciihural areas in western Moxico. A significant and DDT are idontical, but that a different metabolite is produoed by the onr.yino inducod by PCB. Tho amount IK**. Craft ion, howovor, must oomo from tlte atmosphere**, of motabolitos formod was caloulatod from tho radio* and air transport boat explains the prosoneo of PCB in n'lnntn arcus. In extracts from tho Gulf of California <mc VCN oomponnd was present in relatively small ootivity of the peaks. The results obtained are given in Table 4. rr coiimiimtions. This compound is readily dogroded by TaMS 4. IKCREASR Ol' ORSTRAtHOL METAROLIS*) SV riOCDS LIVES ItOMO* idtriivinlrt light irradiation in laboratory experiments, OBifATSS ntOM BIROS TREATED tTN VARIOCI CHLOSIXaTRW RYDROCARBOMS mill may therefore bo solcetively degraded in tho si nmspherc. Altliough PCB is not solublo in wator, it Itsa h low but finito vapour pressure**. Incineration of Control DDR (40 mi/kfl tfoss-ltilSj''lft mnicnnl* containing PCB would greatly increase tho DDT (40 mg/ks; PCD (SO ms/kg) 93-ttU-S ISO-0110'} of entry into tho slmosphero. PCB is used in the l Rath figure is the Bveiagg with ilnndmi devlMlon nf * croup of four inaimfactuni of many industrial produets, so the high birds. In sll ciue* 600 mamoles of orstrnillol*S.7*T CVOO mci/mmnlel * o ntvmnh fimml in San Francisco Bay, Pugot Sound1 mid Nun Diego Bay presumably result from diroot disohargo Diitaeat In tha tncahatton mlxturt. lnr.uhdon Un\e 30 min. wrtfhv n( mterosomn) fraction uteri 300 mg. All chlorinnlrri hvdrornrlmn* wire lafoeted lii(r(.rau*cululy Into Uh pectoral mutch 7 aay* before death. 100 if indiwtrial wastes into those waters and from local fullmil. Body concentrations of 40 p.p.m. of p.p'-DDE signifi The presence of PCB in tho few land birds and fresh* cantly increased the rate of oostradiol degradation by w-itter tUh analysed indicates that it is also distributed the induced enzymes in tho oxporimcntni conditions. NMinng continental eco}*stems in North America. Pere On a weight basis tho TCB preparation had an oostradiol grines could therefore acquire PCB, as well as tho other degrading potential approximately five time* that of .`ft clilorinnted hydrocarbons, over all their global rango. p.p' DDE or technical DDT. Both DD13 and PCB. Kii PCB residue data oro availablo for proy Rpocies from wliich aro apparently tho most abundant of tho ahlorinnt ed lit*' Atlantic, but compounds wliich soom to be PCB hydrocarbon pollutants in tho global ecosystem, have lfl Imvr Uen isolated from seals1*. A sooond year malo thorefore tho capacity to produce sublothal physiological iwrep-ino spent the winter of 1907-68 on Isla Pachcca, offact* in birdR. Piiiminn, where the pelican, booby and frignto*bird eggs of Studies on tho aotivity of induced enzymes in the mt Tiibln 3 were eollcoted. Tho Cooper's hawk which was at various times after a ainglo injootion of DDT or iniilysed, a "jx-cie* which also preys upon binls, contained dioldrin havo bocn mndo by Gliazal tt ol.**. He found high rexidues uf both DDT and PCB (Table 3). Cooper's that it took 70 days for tho activity to fall to half it* Dx iuiwks hnvo declined in eastern North America and in maximum vnlu* in the casn of DDT and 13 days in the w>ino regions havo producod thyin-ahnllod eggs**. Sovoral caso of dioldrin. Experiments with dicldun on pigeons MGNS 082563 1102 NATURE. ' 220. DECEMBER 14. )960 This work was supported by tho US National Foundatuyv-tho Uuroau of Sport Fishoridtmui Wildlife ftnd^thtTUS Public Health Sorvico. Puro suppliod by tho Fodcral Drug Administration, and sninnlci oC^Arodur' by tho Mogymto Chemical Company, i^T>"~"^<`,ltT|l|1 "*f~ reviled Movemher 1. loss.............. DD * RateJIfTe. 1>. A., Nature, 218, SOS (1007). * Hickey, J. J,, nttd Amlorsuii, D. \V.P Seitntt, 102,271 (1MB). MO ^ * H. W.. In CAttuieal Fallout. Pint lloehttltr CWrr. ,, Totieily (In tlie prou, 1008). * K-. CsJfiam Boprodueiirt PAynoloty (KttnholJ, Xcw York. PCB -A- DDT V/ Y 3lmklu, X., Biol. Rn,, SB. 32t (1001). * Clsvert, J-, and Benoit, J.. Cfl Soe. Biol.. Patio, 1SS. MB (1012). *Xm. P.. amt PotUr, T. 8., Anal. Jtoe., 00, 877 (1094). * H,.rt'R- Dv Siernboek. H., Leiikovakr, 8.. Xlatxlco, 8. W. F,, flatiilii, J. 0., and Johnson, O. N., J. Biol. CArtn., IS, 570 (10!5). Welch. R. M,, Levin, XT., and Conncy. A. M., CAmiral Fallout, Fin' BocMttr Cvnjtrtnu on Toiitily (In ilia preaa). Hart, L. 0,, Schwltlct, R. \V., and Tout*, J. R., Tetitel. Appt. pAarwaeot., B. 371 (1003). 14 Hart, L. O.. and Fouta, J. It., AfoNftyn*<&6mirdf6frf*a ArcA. Erp. Path. PhammI-oI.,24S, 480(10(15). Conney, A. II., Welch, R. M., Kuntmuin, R., and Durna, J. J., Clin PhormoroI. Thorap., 1,2 (1066). " Conney, A. H,, Phamatol. Boo.. IS. 817 (1007). " Xupfcr, D,, Httiiluo Rev., 10, II (1907). "Oorboth. O., and Behwabo, V.. Areh. Erp. Pathol. Phamatol., 140, S'* (1901), '* <3111*0, J, Xf., J, Affr(e. Food CAim.,10, MS <1008). " Behwabo, If., AnnoimiUthForoeh., 10,1206 (1004), " Paaknll, D. R., A'alur,tl0. 506 (1007). '* Welch, R. 3L, Levin, W., and Conney, A. H., Foafeof Appl. Pharmotol. (in tho preaa). ' Bitmap 3., Cecil. H. O.. Barrla. 8. J., and Frlrt, 0. 7., SHtntt, IBS, 371 show that only a quarter of maximum activity remain* after a month. Thus thcro it ovidcnoo that tho effect* of thcao induced enzyme* can persist ovor a long period of lima although moro studio* aro needed to dotonnine the storoid upgrading potentials of livors of those species contaminated with chlorinated hydrocarbons. The profile of the metabolite* should be somo imlicntion of tho history of oxposuio to ohloiimtUil hydrocarbons. Tho reductions in eggshell thickness and eggshell weight increase tho chances of egg breakage*1-*4, and wator retention, which affects hatching success4**41, might bo impaired. Tho environment in wiiioli birds now exist is thoroforo no longer tho samo m that in which thoy ovolvcd; it is unlikely that any specios has tho gonotie capacity to meet tho selection pressures resulting from tho abrupt environmental change which has produecd tho thin eggshells. Tho perogrino falcon is a species long highly rovored and respected. Q. H. Thnyor4* has drscribcd it as "tho embodiment of noble rapacity and lonoly freedom". An irony thoroforo exists in tho fact that tho perogrino may bo tho first spocios to bo extirpated by global contamination. " Rotollire, D. A., Bril. JHrrfi,r51, 29 (1098). HiteKIlt. D. A., Bird Study, 10, 60 (1903). " RatclKTa, D. A.. Bit* Study, It, M (1005). H RatcWTc, O. A.. Bird Study, 14. 230 (1907). ** Hickey, J. J., Pttnrim Faleon Population!: TArir IHolopy and DtHint (Unlvcrtty of Wfieonitn ?rna, la llie prria). " Reoba, P. I.., Condor, OS. 145 (1000), " Cad*. T. J..YVYhlte. C.'M.. and Hnugh.'J/B.XCondor.'70.T70 (1906). M ^nderaon, 3. IT., and Bcrgtr.fX>.lD..(Comfor,|70afll9 (lOUS). Jeoaen, S., Ft* Stii., SOlOlS (1900). " Wldinnrk, O., J. AttorJOff. Anal. t*Ann.XB0,r1009 0 007). MlIo)inra, D. C,, Slmmona, 3. H., aad Talton, 3. 0*0.. Xtlvrr. 210,17* (1007). ** Etro, F., Revenue,'A.. and Bcekinao. H,, Bull. Euoiron. Cont. Torital., 072(1007). Whlta, C. M,, Auk, IB. 170 (1008). M Jeflbrtea, D. 3., and rrealt, I., Brit. Blrdo, 90. 40 (1000). " Altlrln, Diehlrln, Bnitrin (A Slatut Report) (Tha Shell Chemical Compsnv. 1907). M ltlaebroush. R. W,, Hnotet, &. J., Orlffln, 3. J., and Ooklbcro, F..?D.. Sc(en:e.U9.1US (1000). " Tteh. Bull. rL-900 (Monaanto Clitmlcal Company). n lloldes. A. V., and Hamden. K,, Natun,810.1274 (1007). ' * Jonca. R. R.. and Leopold. A. 8.. J. JVildl. Alanaommt. 37, 721 OM7). MnylwwiW. W.p J, midi. Mantgrmenl. it, so (1050). Thayrr, Ufll.. Bird Fort, 0. 47 (1004). Tsunamis on the Moon ? W. G. VAN DORN Serlppi Institution of Oceanography, University of California. San Diego. California The spacing of the five annular mountain rings around Marc Orientate fits a dispersion curve for gravity waves on a 50 km "liquid" layer overlying s rigid basement. Tim question whether tho inultiplo ring-liko mountain struoturos surrounding most of tho lunar craters larger than 120 miles in diameter might bo "frozen tsunamis", act in motion by tho ahook wavos causod by impacting planctesimals, was first brought to my attention by H. D. Baldwin (personal communication). Unldunt points out that in aovcral canes (including the giant Slate Imbrium) two or more rings can bo mmlu out MONS 062564