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INDEX "ETHYL NEWS" 1952 AUTOMOTIVE AAAid for the Motorist (50th anniversary of AAA)................................................................ March Anything, Anytime, Anywhere (use of trucks)..................................................................................April Passports of the Highway (license plates)............................................................................ July-August Signs of the Times (highway markers)...................................................................... January-February Watchdogs of Safety (ATA animal show).................................................................................. October Wheels on Stamps (automotive vehicles on postage stamps)...............................................July-August AVIATION Signs to Fly By (air markers)............................................................................................................... April Twenty-five Years of Trans-Atlantic Flying (third cover)................................................................ June CORPORATION ACTIVITIES and PERSONNEL ITEMS Ask Me Another (Ethyl TV program)........................................................................................September At Your Service (Ethyl service program).............................................................................................. May Bergin, James J., superintendent of operations at Houston...........................................................June Changes in Ethyl Sales Organization (box)............................................................................ September Dateline: Seattle and Chicago (Ethyl engineer activities).....................................................September Desmond, Edwin A., named head of new diesel fuel section...............................................September Ethyl's New Attack on Insects (better insecticides)............................................................................ June Ethyl's New Plant Ready to Serve Oil Industry.................................................................................. May Ethyl's Texas Plant Takes Shape.................................................................................. January-February Flight Book (new Ethyl publication)..............................................................................................March Fluid Action (third cover)......................................................................................................... July-August Forbes, Stuart, named Central Region assistant manager...........................................................March Fuller, Jack D., named manager of Fuel Technology.......................................................................April Going to Extremes ("Ethyl" fluid shipments)......................................................................September Ignition Improver for Diesel Fuel........................................................................................................... April Knock Study: Progress Report (combustion study film)................................................................ April Moody, Robert J. (holder of badge No. 1 at Houston plant)...........................................................May Moseley, Herbert C., named account representative.................................................................. October Murdock, Malcolm P., named general sales manager............................................... January-February New Members of Ethyl's Board of Directors...........................................................January-February On a Sunday Afternoon (Two Equals Three show in California).....................................................May Pruitt, S. T., named Central Region manager...........................................................January-February Push-Button Weather for Knockrating......................................................................... January-February Symbols of Progress (third cover).......................................................................................................May FARM Autobiography of a Tractor........................................................................................... January-February Hoosier Mint Farm........................................................................................................................ September ETC 32540 Malcolm P. Murdock has been promoted to general sales manager of Ethyl Corporation. In his new position he will coordi nate and direct the sale of "Ethyl" antiknock compounds and a growing list of special-purpose chemicals. Mr. Murdock has held a number of responsible posi tions in the Sales department since he joined Ethyl in 1933 as a field representative. He has served as manager of the Tune-Up Clinic, assistant divi sion manager of the com pany's sales offices in Los An geles and Chicago, and on special assignment in New York. He was appointed assis tant general sales manager in 1947, and in September 1950 became manager of the Cen tral Region, the position he held at the time of his new appointment. A native of Massachusetts, Mr. Murdock was reared in Olean, N. Y. He was gradu ated from Cornell University in 1928 with a bachelor of arts degree in economics. S. T. Pruitt, heretofore as sistant mana ger of the Cen tral Region,has been promoted to manager, succeeding Mr. Murdock. Mr. Pruitt joined Ethyl in 1930 as a field repre sentative in Atlanta. He was named assistant manager of the Dayton division in 1941, and assistant manager of the Central Region in 1950. Mr. Pruitt is a native of Alabama. He was graduated from Georgia Institute of Tech nology in 1929 with a degree in civil engineering. Thom Yatos, Editor Richard F. Cook, Asiociato Editor Hal Wohanka, Art Director THE MAN BEHIND THE HAND 3 They used to be "filling stations," but no more. Today, they're service stations in every sense of the word. SIGNS OF THE TIMES 6 Highway markers of every shape, size and description guide the motorist on a safe and direct journey. M4 ETHYL'S TEXAS PLANT TAKES SHAPE 10 Construction of the company's new manufacturing facilities along the Houston Ship Channel is proceeding on schedule. AUTOBIOGRAPHY OF A TRACTOR 13 The first production model high compression gasoline tractor is still going strong. Here is its story. OIL GOES TO SCHOOL 17 To explain the full significance of oil to American youth is the aim of a new industry educational program. PUSH-BUTTON WEATHER FOR KNOCKRATING 21 Ethyl's new all-weather chassis dynamometer rooms allow tester, more convenient fuel tests. Opiiiou expressed io signed articles are the authors'. The editors of Ethyl Nows welcome articles of tiately laterest submitted from outside sources. Published by Ethyl Corporation, 100 Park Avenue, New York 17, N. Y., manufacturer of "Ethyl" antiknock compounds, used by oil com panies to improve the antiknock quality of aviation and motor gasoline. Edward L. Shea, President; Stanley T. Crossland, Vice President and Treasurer; Herbert A. Savage, Secretary \ ETC 32542 'sras sffiwi SBSSDMD You'll find him -- a willing friend of the motorist -- at any of our 200,000-plus service stations Opening up for the day -- and a job already waiting. Nates requesting "first thing" service are common hen- America went motoring customer wheels out of the bright Wa generation ago. it bought its ly-lighted drive late at night, the gasoline and oil at a filling statiodne.aler performs services for his cus Today, they're called service sta tomers that go far beyond the basic tions -- and rightly so. business of supplying the best in No makeshift facility as in days petroleum and automotive prod gone by, the typical modem station ucts and accessories. is a clean, attractive place of busi As a homespun article in a recent ness, and the staff which mans it is issue of This Week magazine so alert, courteous, and diligent. aptlv put it, service station custom One has only to spend even a few ers want "a drink of water, a fan hours at a station to understand the belt, a map, a trip to the rest room, significance of the word "service." exactly thirty-one pounds of free From the time he opens up early in air in the left rear. They want to the morning until the last satisfied borrow your pliers an' can they Service in action: One attendant inflates a tire, while an other checks a spark plug. By inspecting plugs, oil filters and other engine parts regularly, the service station helps to keep its customers' cars in tip-top running condition charge candy bars on their credit cards. How far is it to Crystal City, and is there any detours between San Diego and Appalachicola?" To remind America's motoring millions of the many extra services that service station men render. Ethyl Corporation, as an Oil Prog ress Week contribution last fall, sponsored an advertisement that ap peared in national magazines, trade journals, and oil company publica tions. Headed "You've probably never shaken this hand . . . but you should!," the ad featured the photo graph of a service station man's hand which is reproduced along 4! One of the most valued extras offered by service stations is the clean rest room. Plenty of "elbow grease" keeps them that way A business credo of the service station operator is "it's the little things that count." Two of these "little things" are brushing out the interior of a customer car (left) and directing driv ers who ere "lost" ETC 32544 Left, by noticing and fixing such as loose license plate bolts, service station person nel help speed the mo torist on a safe and uninterrupted journey w ith the title on the first page of this article. Countless Chambers of Commerce have used the ad as the basis for publiclv recognizing the service station man's contributions to the business life of his commu nin'. Newspaper stories and radio programs also have saluted him in this respect. provide a closer look at "the man behind the hand," here re Above, whether it is for charging a bat tery or greasing a chassis, the modern service station has all in the course of a day's operation. W bile the pictures were taken at stations of one specific oil company, the services they depict are typical of those performed every day at the more than 200,000 service stations to be found in America. As busy as he is, the service station oper ator always has time to help a young driver in distress. A squirt of oil, and this young lady's fire engine will run like new again DETOUR igns of the C RATIONAL ROAD ^ C SPRIH6FIELD SR Z. COLUMBUS 983 imes Take the high road or take the low, you'll find all kinds of highway markers to make your journey a safe and direct one By Frank L Remington faced by highway departments in placing and maintaining them. t the side of a Massachusetts Going back into history, one finds A. highway, a Back Bay dowager that traffic signs are as old as man's came upon a moss-covered mileurge to travel. No doubt they orig stone bearing the legend "1 M. inated in prehistoric times when the FROM BOSTON." caveman first roamed the jungle and "What a perfect epitaph!," the threw together a pile of stones for a lady exclaimed, reading the inscrip trail marker. When the wheel was tion and mistaking the marker for a invented, travel increased and traffic gravestone. "I'M FROM BOSTON. problems really began to plague It's so simple and yet so sufficient." mankind. Ancient Rome certainly Her mistake was excusable, for had her traffic headaches, as chariots, few milestones exist today, most hav bumping over the narrow congested ing been replaced by modem road streets, collided or ran into pedes signs and markers. But in the old trians. Finally, for the protection of days, they lined stagecoach routes all, the Caesars erected civilization's and gave comfort to passengers and first "One Way" signs. horseback riders by indicating the In America, before the coming of distance traveled and the miles yet the white man, there were only two to go. kinds of thoroughfares -- the Indian Most motorists take the present warning signs and route and direc tional markers that dot America's roads for granted, little appreciating their long history or the problems In the days before roadside signs became common, this "monument" in Iowa helped travelers of the Lin coln Highway keep their bearings paths and animal trails. The Indians seldom marked their trails; they fol lowed the sun and stars, and told di rection by the bend of the trees and the growth of moss. However, early settlers, in pushing through the wil derness, did mark their trails, by nicking trees with axes or by bend ing saplings over and fastening them in position with a tough vine or piece of cowhide. As far back as 1704, Maryland passed a regulation for the marking of roads. Along some of the state's highways today, notches hacked out centuries ago can still be seen on many of the older trees. 6 ETC 32546 f .i 5 i i ns 1id y i- y n r :S n > Overhead signs, such as this one in New Jersey, show routes clearly and are easily read from a distance To accommodate their wagons and carriages, the nation's pioneers cleared and widened many of the wilderness trails and erected road signs for the convenience of those who followed. Distances shown on these signs were seldom accurate, since the common method of com puting mileage then was to multiply the circumference of a wagon wheel h\' the number of times it revolved. In the pre-automobile days, there was little need for signposts. Local craftsmen created those in use and so the signs varied greatly in pattern. Painted boards served at one cross ing. while at another, a carved plaque with ornamental arrows pointed in the direction of the places named. By 1895, however, there were some 300 "horseless carriages" in operation in the United States, and it wasn't long before motorists began to organize into clubs and associa tions to promote their mutual wel fare. The Automobile Club of Southern California pioneered in the road-marking movement soon after the turn of the century by posting 120 miles of road with concrete mileposts. These indicated the dis tance from Los Angeles to impor tant outlying towns. The Southern California club also erected the famous mission bells along El Cantino Real, the oldest highway in the United States, along which the Spanish padres built a chain of missions. Later, the club mapped and posted the Lincoln Highway and its southern branches, the Midland and Arrowhead Trails, from various points in the country to Southern California. Travel over these roads, the club found, in creased 1,000% within two years after they had been marked. "Take the Rut.. " When there were few road signs, no road maps, and only a few miles of macadam highway, motorists found their way on a trial-and-error basis. One tourist out of Albuquer que received these instructions for getting to Los Angeles: "Follow this mountain range 80 miles south to a stick in the fork of a road, with a paper tied to the top. Take the rut that leads off to the right." In those early days most of the through routes had no numbers and were known only by name, such as Lincoln Highway and Boston Post Road. The Lincoln Highway was Right, a well-marked Texes inter section. Odd-numbered highways generally run north and south; those bearing even numbers, east andwest marked originally merely by red, white, and blue bands painted on poles, rocks, culverts, and other con venient objects. Later the Lincoln Highway Association furnished stencils of an official insignia along with instructions for its color scheme. Local automobile clubs and other interested groups painted these markers along the road in their own areas. As automobile travel increased, the states became seriously inter ested in signposting their roads. Wisconsin is generally recognized as the first state to number its state highways. It was back in 1908 when the Wisconsin Highway Commis sion marked the state's trunk high ways with route signs of standard design and supplemented these with directional signs on which distances were marked. At first the various state route numbers were painted conveniently on bams, telephone poles, bridge railings and other places along the road. Eventually, highway engineers ETC 32547 designed a metallic marker that could be mass produced and easily erected along the road. The numbered system of United States highways was adopted in 1925 upon the recommendation of a joint board composed of representatives of the various state highway depart ments and the Bureau of Public Roads. The state highway depart ments selected roads within their respective borders which could be integrated into a coordinated system of routes conveniently connecting at all state lines. The roads now known and marked as U.S. high ways are the principal interstate and transcontinental routes of the coun try. They form a network of about 158,000 miles. The numbers assigned to the U.S. routes have a significance which, when understood, adds to their gen eral usefulness in traveling. Even numbers, such as Route 66, always designate roads of general east-west direction. The more important eastwest highways -- those extending largely or completely across the continent, such as Route 30 and Route 40 -- are designated by multi ples of 10, from 10 to 90. Odd numbers, like Route 99, indi cate roads running generally north and south. The north-south roads of fcmwmjs] ^ety.____ r IAUMH--S4 no* Through the information they impart, modern highway signs contribute to safer driving. This California sign gives advance notice of a major cut off road. The use of reflector buttons helps cut down on highway glare greatest importance -- Route 25, for instance -- carry two-digit numbers ending in 1 or 5. Route 101, with three digits and extending the length of the Pacific Coast, is the only exception. Excepting Route 101, three-digit route numbers designate short routes tributary, or alternate, to main routes. For example, Route 211 is a feeder road for Route 11. The digit 2 indicates that Route 211 is the sec ond feeder road for Route 11. Simi larly, Route 330 is the third feeder road for Route 30. When different U.S. routes fol low the same roads, the shield mark ers of each route are displayed to gether, and points of divergence are clearly indicated. Similarly, some sections of road carry both U.S. and state route numbers. In this case, the U.S. number is easily dis tinguished by the standard shield marker, while the state number is shown on a marker of special design peculiar to the state. The Indian Maliciously mutilated signs are a big headache to highway departments. The annual replacement bill runs close to a million and half dollars head of North Dakota, the state out line of Ohio, and the keystone of Pennsylvania are a few examples. In addition to the route number system, the Joint Board on Inter state Highways also developed the standard system of warning, regulatory, and informational signs erected on all U.S. highways. Under this system, warning signs are dia mond-shaped, while regulatory and informational signs are rectangular. On regulatory signs, the longer di mension is usually vertical; on infor mational signs, horizontal. As excep tions, the regulatory "Stop" sign is octagonal, the advance warning sign for a railroad crossing is circular, and the warning sign immediately adjacent to the railroad tracks is a crossbuck. To protect the night driver, many signs have glass buttons which catch approaching headlights and flash a warning to the driver. Increased highway speeds now necessitate bigger signs with larger letters than those of years past. The first signs often contained letters only one or two inches in height. The minimum height of lettering ETC 32548 i ute to r cutglare e outne of les. imber Interoped ning, signs Jnder .* diav and gular. .*r dinforxcepign is : sign cular, :atelv > is a nanv ;atch ash a now arger The -'tters -ight. ering todav is usually four inches, but some are as high as twelve inches. The sign area has been proportion ately increased -- in several instances to almost billboard size. Highway signs today are a mam moth operation, requiring thousands of workers in each state. Many states operate their own sign manu facturing shops and perform their own construction and erection ser vices. Other states purchase their signs from manufacturers. The cost of maintaining highway signs and marking devices is sur prisingly high. Recently, the Texas Highway Department appropriated $600,000 for the single purpose of center-line markings and striping, or what is known as horizontal control. And this sum provided for only 9.000 miles of a total of approxi mately 38,000 miles of roads under the Texas department's jurisdiction. One of the biggest headaches in maintaining highway signs is the vandal who maliciously mutilates them. In 1950, an estimated 350,000 signs thus damaged had to be re placed -- at an expenditure of J1.4 million and 250,000 man-hours of labor. The signs are shot at by hunt ers, defaced by teen-agers, and de liberately bent and crushed by peo ple with perverted senses of humor. Who Knows Why? Sometimes the mutilation takes a form that defies explanation. Who can understand, for instance, why a Minnesota couple spent an entire night driving along a 20-mile stretch of highway, removing all the warn ing signs and stacking them behind a schoolhouse? New Mexico has found it necessary to discontinue the use of reflector buttons on its warning signs. They disappeared al most as quickly as they could be re placed. Investigation showed that the glass buttons turned up as decor ations on Indian belts, saddles, brace lets and the like. In spite of these numerous diffi culties, the United States has the best marked highway network in the world. With 50 years of notable achievement behind them in provid ing milestones for the millions, traf fic engineers, highway departments, and other interested groups fully in tend to continue their progress in this field. That assures motorists that highway signs of the future will add even more to their convenience, comfort, and safety' on the road. NEW MEMBERS OF ETHYL'S BOARD OF DIRECTORS Joseph A. Costello B. Bynum Turner Sanford M. Wagner Three vice presidents of Ethyl -- Joseph A. Costello, B. Bynum Turner, and Sanford M. Wagner -- have been elected to the Board of Directors of the Corporation. All three men are in charge of operating functions within the company. Mr. Costello is responsible for the coordination and planning of the Corporation's activi ties. Mr. Turner heads Research and Engineering. Mr. Wagner is vice president in charge of Sales. Mr. Costello has been associated with Ethyl since 1928. He served in various management capacities in both the Sales and Manufacturing departments for most of this period, and was elected a vice president of Ethyl in De cember 1949. A native of Pennsylvania, Mr. Costello was graduated from Pennsylvania State College in 1925 with a B. S. degree in engineering. During World War II, he served with the Petroleum Administration for War. Mr. Turner joined Ethyl Corporation in 1946. He has held several key positions in the manufacturing depart ment, including an assignment as coordinator of the ex pansion of Ethyl's manufacturing facilities. That expan sion program today exceeds 8100 million. Mr. Turner was named general manager of Manufacturing in 1950, and was elected a vice president last year. During World War II, he served with the Rubber Reserve Co. as head of its butadiene-from-petroleum section. He is a native of Angleton, Texas, and was graduated from Rice Insti tute in 1933 with a B. S. degree in chemistry. Mr. Wagner joined the Corporation in 1926. His early assignments were in the East and Canada, where he as sisted oil companies in the installation of their first blending plants for "Ethyl" fluid. He was also largely responsible for the introduction of "Ethyl" gasoline on the West Coast, where he had his headquarters for many years. He came to New York in 1950 upon his election as a vice president. Mr. Wagner is a native of Pennsylvania and a graduate of Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute. 9 ETC 32549 I i ;s[ BEFORE: Less than a year ago, when this aerial photo was taken, the vast plant site was punctuated only by contractors' sheds and stacks of building supplies AFTER: A unique water tower which is fast becoming symbolic of Ethyl in the Gulf Coast area towers over the nearly-completed plant 1 Texas PlaiW 1 s. ! \ * fc* The steel framework and towers of the ethyl chloride plant are remi niscent of the similarly lofty equip ment of neighboring oil refineries Already the world's largest producer of sodium. Ethyl will produce even more of the metallic element in the long build ing nearing completion beyond the plant's steam boilers Below, in these cylindrical burners, hydrogen and chlorine will be combined to form hydrogen chloride, used in ethyl chloride manufacture Three of the blenders in which ingredients of 10 "Ethyl" antiknock compounds will be mixed ETC 32550 Largest of the many structures that go to make up the plant is the newly re-engineered build (St ing in which tetraethyl lead will be manu JSt factured. One wing of it is shown here nt nt Takes Shape rew members of freighters and ities. So concentrated is this activity C tankers steaming in and out along one stretch of the Ship Chan the Houston Ship Channel are witnel, in fact, that the area is often re nessing one of the greatest industrial ferred to locally as "refinery row." expansions in the history of the It is in this general area, in the country. The banks of the fabulous town of Pasadena, Texas, just out inland waterway, as well as the side the Houston citv limits, that whole area throughout the Gulf Ethyl Corporation's new manufac Coast around Houston, are throb turing plant is rapidly taking shape. bing with activity as existing plants A newcomer to the Houston re are enlarged and new ones rise from gion, except for a sales office in that the low-lying coastal plain. Particu city, Ethyl is moving into an indus larly outstanding in this booming at trial neighborhood where it will be mosphere is the continuing growth no stranger. Representatives of the of petroleum and petro-chemical oil and chemical industries in the manufacturing and processing facil general vicinity of. the Ethyl lo- Left, going up be hind reinforced concrete safety walls are these tanks for tetraethyl lead and ethyl chloride storage... Right, thisTELbuild ing interior shows a hopper in which lead sodium alloy will be handled before it is re acted with ethyl chloride to form raw tetraethyl lead iE O O -wS*****' The steam that is required in the various Ethyl manu facturing processes will be supplied by these boilers. This view is of the burner side of the installation cation include such companies as Shell Oil and Shell Chemical, Sin clair Refining, Crown Central Pe troleum, Diamond Alkali, Phillips Chemical, and Southern Acid & Sulphur. Ethyl's 400-acre plant site was nothing but a broad expanse of scrub-covered fiatlands in Decem ber, 1950, when construction crews moved in. Since that time, con struction men and machines have transformed the area into what is fast becoming a modem chemicals manufacturing plant. The seem ingly endless stream of materials and equipment that pour into the area by truck, rail, and ship are as suming recognizable proportions. Looming up and spreading out over the acreage are a number of build ings, storage tanks, steel towers, and supply pipelines. Under present construction sched ules, the plant, now about 85% completed, is due to go on stream late in the spring of this year. From these buildings will come the so dium, chlorine, ethyl chloride, eth ylene dichloride, tetraethyl lead, and other ingredients needed for the manufacture of "Ethyl" antiknock compounds. The pictures on these pages give an idea of the plant's state of com pletion at the start of this year. Above, some of the tanks that will be used for the storage of caustic, hydropolymer, and sulphuric acid Above, something of the complexity of the Ethyl chemical plant is pic tured in this photograph, taken along a line of tetraethyl lead stills Right, oft to one side of the plant area are this polymer disposal unit and Rare stack Among the many maintenance "tools" that will help keep equipment at the new plant in top operating condition is this large sandblaster with attached dust collector 12 ETC 32552 -*v- It's 17 years old now, but the first high compression gasoline tractor ever pro duced commercially is still going strong on an Ohio farm will istie, oeid the world, even though he has far fewer hired hands than ever before. A< Ed. note -- Seventeen years ago, in Iamtary of 1935, an Ohio farmer s tractors go. I'm getting old (Working with hand tools and a k now. Even so, I still turn in an team of oxen or horses, the fanner xity pie- named Elmer Niebel made agricul honest day's work, and, if I say soof three generations ago was luckv ture history when he purchased the myself, I've been pretty much of an to produce sufficient food for him iken world's first production model high indispensable item to those who self and three other persons. Today, .tills compression gasoline tractor. In the have owned me through the years. farmers grow enough for them comparatively brief time since then, We gasoline tractors -- the older selves and 13 other people -- and the swing from low compression ones like myself and the shiny new they do it easier and in lots less time. spark-ignition tractors burning ker ones that keep pouring off the as As the number of high compression l-.r osene. distillates and other heavy sembly lines vear after year -- have tractors on American farms in fuel oils to those powered by the done our part in both peace and creases, so does food production modern team of gasoline and the war. You all know how economical rise. Right now, for instance, pro high compression engine has be we are to operate and maintain, duction is 40% higher than it was come almost complete. More than how much easier we start and han ten years ago.) So*0 of the four million-odd trac dle, and how much more power we Well, getting back to myself. I'm tors now in use on America's farms produce than our "old fashioned" what the Oliver Corporation farm are gasoline-powered. brothers. Well, that's why we've equipment manufacturing people Farmer Niebel's historic tractor been patted resoundingly on our called their Model 70.1 was dubbed has enjoyed a full and useful life. metal backs for the tremendous part the "70" because I was specially de Here, in what might be the tractor's we played in World War II's record signed to operate on 70-octane gas own words, along with certain par production of food, and why we're oline, which, you'll recall, was enthetical comments, is the story now receiving new plaudits for en pretty good fuel in the mid-3o's. of that life to date.) abling the American farmer to feed The man who bought me was a 13 ETC 32553 kindly farmer named Elmer Niebel. He had a place just outside Napo leon, in northwestern Ohio. It was only coincidence, I guess, but Na poleon is in Henry county, which was (and still is) Ohio's top-ranking agricultural county". Mr. Niebel had purchased me sight-unseen. I was just a blueprint. In fact. I hadn't even gotten off the drawing boards yet when he put his money down in January of 1935. He was pretty sure I would serve him well, I guess, because Mr. Niebel and his younger son, Merril, had run a series of tests for the Oliver people during the previous summer. With Oliver and Ethvl Corporation engineers as in terested observers, the Niebels worked over a 400-acre tract, using an Oliver model that had an experi mental high compression power plant. What a difference that pep pier, more powerful engine made! It left no doubt that gasoline trac tors could do a far better job than my low compression predecessors. (Ethyl Corporation pioneered and sparked the development of the high compression gasoline tractor. On permanent display at the Uni versity of Illinois Museum is a high compression tractor which Ethyl engineers converted from low com pression and publicly demonstrated in the summer of 1934. This event, plus the Oliver tests, were the final demonstrations needed to convince most farm machinery" manufactur ers of the extra benefits of high compression farming.) Something Special From the time I left the Oliver plant in Charles City, Iowa, I knew I was something special. I had heard men in the plant talking about me while I was being built. "First trac tor really designed for gasoline -- bet it revolutionizes farming," and other things like that. With such complimentary re marks still ringing in my" ears, I was expecting quite a reception when the railroad flat car on which I was transported pulled into Napo leon. I wasn't disappointed. There were many excited people on hand to greet me. That was rather flatter ing because this was November (1935), and November gets pretty cold in northern Ohio. As soon as I arrived at the Von Deylen-Wlemken agency showroom, George Vbn Deylen telephoned my new owner. Elmer Niebel was in for his first look almost before Mr. Von Deylen hung up. I didn't go right home with Mr. Niebel. He and Mr. \on Deylen had an arrangement for me to stay in town as a demonstrator dur ing the winter months. How they showed me off! Farmers from all over came in to give me a look-see. (Seventeen years ago, this was the only production model gasoline high compression tractor to be found in all of the United States. Now the nation's farm tractor pop ulation is in excess of four million, about four times what it was when Elmer Niebel made agriculture his tory. Eight of every ten tractors M-N Left, George Von Deylen, who sold the historic first tractor, with Paul Niebel...Below,Carl Knipp, second owner . . . Right, Law rence Sherman, present owner, at the wheel of the tractor i. eJ 14 ETC 32554 } I tty in use are gasoline-powered, and ting back to work by having to 1 as they help provide the American wait for it to warm up. jm- farmer with 178 million horsepower When the summer chores u-ere von in mechanical energy -- the world's through, I spent the fall months ler. greatest power plant.) pulling a combine around doing irst Spring arrived at last, and, on a "custom work" in the area after the len bright April morning in 1936, a wheat was in. very proud Elmer Niebel and I (The combine -- both the towed \ir. len to urley all ^ee. vas ine be ces. jpon, ten lisors started out to prepare his fields for corn, oat, and wheat plantings. My red wheels glistened, and it was a wonderful feeling to dig my steel toes into that rich, black sandy loam. All tractors were factoryequipped with steel wheels in those days, but it wasn't long before they began outfitting us in comfortable, serviceable tires to help us perform that much better. It was a busy summer for me, because 1 had to work 103 acres on .Mr. Niebel's farm and about the same acreage for a neighbor. I took care of all the plowing, cultivating. and self-propelled models -- is but one example of the many laborsaving improvements in farm ma chinery that have been encouraged and made practical by the develop ment of the high compression gaso line tractor. There are almost 600,000 grain combines in use now, against less than 200,000 in 1940. With a new tractor-drawn combine cutting a six-foot swath, the farmer can cut and thresh two acres of wheat, yielding 40 bushels, in less than an hour. Today's farmer thus harvests wheat almost jo times faster than his prototype of 1850.) You can imagine my dismay one morning early in 1941 when Mr. The Henry county courthouse in Napoleon (above), stands on a site which Elmer Niebel's grandfather cleared of trees with a team of oxen Mr. Knipp, who once had been a mechanic at Von Deylen's agency, fixed me up with a set of high speed transmission gears. This gave me six forward speeds. Big War Job Niebel came out of the bam intently I worked hard on the Knipp farm reading an advertising folder he -- used to make six rounds of a field must have picked up in town. There while an older tractor was doing were pictures of shiny new7 tractor only five. Then came Pearl Harbor, models, and they were the last word and I remember Mr. Knipp saving in modernity, what with their rub "Well, this means we farmers will ber tires and improved engines. have to do an even bigger job now." That was the beginning of the end How right he was! Starting with the of mv association with the Niebel 1941 harvest and right on through family. I heard Mr. Niebel tell his 1944, I pulled a combine through sons that as much as he hated to 600 acres of grain each year. And all part with me, he just couldn't resist the while Mr. Knipp and I were those 1941 models. So it was that I maintaining this pace on the home was sent back, as a trade-in, to the front, his two boys were serving Von Deylen-Wiemken agency, to their country in uniform. ( await some new owner. (Year after year, during World and harvesting -- and "like it had He turned out to be Earl Knipp, War II and ever since then, the never been done before," Paul Nie- who farmed a nice place out on American farmer has met the peak bel, the elder son, said. One feature River Road about five miles west of production goals set for him. A that particularly pleased the Nie- Mr. Niebel's farm. The Von Dey return to the lower pre-Pearl Har bels, 1 remember, was mv easy start len-Wiemken workmen had given bor production levels, which many ing ability. They had had to keep me a new coat of green paint and thought would be the case at war's my low compression cousin run cut down my heavy old steel wheels end, never materialized. Production ning all through the dinner hour, and put on a set of rubber tires, just has remained about one-third above so they wouldn't be delayed in get like the newer tractors had. Then, that of the Thirties, and has in- 15 ETC 32555 creased 40% in the past ten years alone. All this has the farmer been able to do, despite a sizeable reduc tion in the farm labor force. Many developments -- such as better im plements, modem methods of soil management, and improved seed, fertilizers and insecticides -- have helped make this outstanding record of accomplishment possible. But the biggest single contributing factor has been farm mechanization.) In 1944, Mr. Knipp decided that the big farm was too much for him to handle without his sons, even with me and the other tractor on hand to help. Along with the other farm equipment, I was disposed of at public sale. And who should claim me but George Von Devlen. Third Owner He took me out to his old family farm on the other side of Napoleon, where I continued my war produc tion work and stayed until the sum mer of 1946. I was in the shop for a reconditioning when Lawrence Sherman, who had been working in Von Devlen's service department, took a fancy to me. He had just de cided to return to full-time farming, and thought I still had enough in me to do a creditable job. So, I was loaded onto a truck and driven to the new 140-acre place Air. Sher man had acquired near Liberty Cen ter, a few miles from Napoleon. It was in August of 1946 that I went to the Sherman farm, and that's where I've been ever since. If I do say so myself, I'm still going strong, doing all the jobs anv farmer has a right to expect of a sturdy high compression gasoline tractor. Sure, I feel a little older than I did that morning in 1936 when Elmer Niebel and I first went to work to gether, but that's only natural what with 15,000 hours of service under my belt. Or, should I say "hood"? Desk and Derrick Clnb 1L2? Hibernia Building New Orleans, Louisiana December lh, 1951 The Editor Ethyl News 100 Park Avenue New York 17, Hew York Dear Sir: On December 1 and 2, the first meeting of the Board of Direc tors of the Association of Desk and Derrick Clubs of North America was held in Mew Orleans* At this meeting, which was attended by all national offi cers, plans were made for the Association and member clubs for the year 1952. At present there are twelve affiliated clubs, with more than that number com pleting plans for affiliation early in the New Year. Some of the highlights of this meeting included plans for a national bulletin, a Desk and Derrick eablen, and a convention in the Fall of 1952. As you will recall, the feature article in the June-July issue of Ethyl News, entitled the "Queen of Clubs", told the story of Desk and Derrick and was the first release on the national Association. Since July 1 we have had more than fifty reovests regarding Desk and Derrick, a large majority of which resulted from some woman in the oil industry having read this article. In telling women in the oil and affiliated conpanies about Desk and Derrick, we feel that Ethyl Corporation has done a great service not only to the women in the oil industry but to their employers as well. It has pow become a foregone conclusion that members of Desk and Derrick are definitely better informed for having heard lectures by key oil men and having made field trips to drilling locations, refineries, and other phaees of operation. In behalf of the national officers, the approximately fifteen hundred women in affiliated clubs, anc.the hradreds of others to be affil iated early in 1952, I would like to egress to Ethyl News our grateful appreciation for the wholehearted support given Desk and Derrick, and the splendid assistance given in helping us tell the sen and women of the in dustry of the opportunities offered by our organization. Sir.cerely yours, Leo Wilson Hoover, President Association of Desk and Derrick Clubs of North America i Inflation, but of a pleasant variety and not the kind associated with economics, has come to the Associa tion of Desk and Derrick Clubs of North America. Less than three years ago. Desk and Derrick existed only as an idea. Now, its member ship has inflated to the point where Clubs are found in many of the major cities throughout the United States and Canada. Ethyl Corporation, through pub lication of an article in Ethyl News, is naturally proud to have played a part in this phenomenal growth of the Desk and Derrick or ganization, and to have performed, as Mrs. Hoover points out in her letter, "a great service not only to the women in the oil industry but to their employers as well.** The main purpose of the or ganization of women oil industry employees is contained in Mrs. Hoover's statement that "it has now become a foregone conclusion that members of Desk and Derrick are definitely better informed for hav ing heard lectures by key oil men and having made field trips to drill ing locations, refineries, and other phases of operation." Demand for the June-July 19S1 issue of Ethyl News, which con tained the article about Desk and Derrick, was so heavy that our sup ply long ago became exhausted. However, for those who wish to read or re-read it, reprints of the article are now available and may be had by writing The Editor, Ethyl News, 100 Park Avenue, New York City 17. 16 TC 32556 I A broader understanding of petroleum and its social sig nificance is being gained by American youth as . . . n most respects, if not geo schools throughout the 72 "pilot" I graphically, the counties of counties by the Oil Industry Infor Middlesex in Connecticut, Cheymation Committee, public relations enne in Nebraska, and Sacra arm of the American Petroleum In mento in California are poles apart. stitute. Or, more specifically, it is Middlesex, home of some 67,000 under the auspices of the OUC's thrifty New Englanders, straddles subcommittee on Youth and Educa the Connecticut River and nestles tion. If the program proves as suc cozily in that stream's picturesque cessful finally as now indicated, it valley. Cheyenne sprawls across the will be introduced, in time, to thou wind-blown Cornhusker state's sands of other schools. western plains and can claim no more than about 12,000 inhabitants. Twofold Purpose Sacramento county, in sharp con Actually, the program works as trast to the others, takes in some of a two-way street. It provides schools the mountains of north-central Cal with a modem and novel approach ifornia, and with that state's capital to the old problem of how to get city as its heart, boasts some 277,000 across to students the story of an citizens. American free enterprise in simple, But, putting these factors aside, direct fashion. And, because all con Middlesex, Cheyenne and Sacra tacts with the schools are conducted mento, along with 69 other "typi at the local oilman level, it brings cal" counties spread across and up those men closer to the problems of and down the United States, do education, "with the expectation have one very definite thing in com that they will be stimulated to take mon. All are serving as proving greater personal interest in educa grounds for an intensive educational tion and more effectively lend their program designed to instill in Amer support and cooperation to the ica's young people a fuller apprecia schools." That, then, is the twofold tion of the vital role that oil -- and objective of this comparatively new the oil industry -- play in making industry-wide project. ours the greatest nation eyer. The basic working tools of the The vast undertaking, still in its school program are special booklets experimental stages, is being spon for student use, guidebooks and a sored in junior and senior high handbook for teachers, wall charts, and film strips. All have been writ ten or prepared to drive home the petroleum industry's message in highly-dramatic style. None of the industry's teaching aid materials, however, is intended to replace ap proved textbooks. Rather, the entire program is of a supplementary na ture, designed to present the very latest information and to present it in a manner in keeping with the stepped-up tempo of the times. Students at schools in each of the OIIC test counties receive 16- page, easy-to-read booklets, all of them liberally illustrated with up- The OIIC program is introduced to schools by local oilmen. Lett, Carle M. King, of Gulf Oil (standing), discusses the program with Springfield, Mass., school leaders . . . Above, R. B. Baldwin, president of C. P. Smith Petroleum Corp., and a Burlington, Vt., high school principal review one of the industry's study booklets to-date photographs and charts. Each of the booklets supplements the normal classroom instruction in one of six different subjects -- gen eral science, social science, econom ics, physics, chemistry, and con servation. Each pamphlet spells out -- far more than can textbooks which must deal with not just one but many industries -- a different phase of the industry. Together, they form a veritable biography of oil, from its formation under the earth's surface eons ago through a sound discussion of the socio-eco nomic implications of petroleum in the Twentieth Century. To guide the classroom instructor in helping students make best use of the booklets and receive the full ad vantage of them, a teacher's hand book is provided. Using this, teach ers can carefully plan instruction about petroleum and the petroleum industry, and so make maximum use of the wall charts, film strips, and other teaching aids provided under the OIIC program. Now in its second full school year, the petroleum industry educa tional project is no hit-or-miss affair. It was studiously conceived and planned, and is being carried out with the OIIC's finger on the pulse of the test schools to keep abreast of any improvements that educators think can be incorporated to make the program even more acceptable than it already is. The project was originally launched by the OIIC Youth and Education subcommittee under the chairmanship of Franklyn Waltman, of Sun Oil. The present chairman is Upshur Evans, of Standard of Ohio. Other members are Ralph E Carey, of Shell Oil; Clarel B. Mapes, of Mid-Continent Oil and Gas Asso ciation; Daniel Pierce, of Sinclair Oil; Richard Rollins, of Atlantic Refining; and Charles E. Simons, of Texas Mid-Continent Oil and Gas Association. When the oil industry school program was first conceived, no one could question its real need. Public opinion surveys had shown that, although oil is one of the country's largest and most dynamic indus tries, the public was all too little aware of oil's significance in the modem world. Overlooked or taken for granted, the polls demonstrated, was the petroleum industry's role in developing America's high stand ard of living and in promoting the welfare and security of the nation. The public did not appreciate the Below, one of the teaching aids is a wall chart which follows the flow of oil from the time it is pro duced until it reaches the consumer ,sj(* - - ' . 18 ETC 32558 i Left, with Iwin, Vt,, kiefs hool > one ublic that, t try's lduslittle i the raken ated, role tandg the ition. e the ids is s the : proiumer highly competitive, progressive na ture of the industry; did not know that the industry provided direct gainful employment for two million men and women in the United States; did not know of the indus try's ceaseless effort to find new oil and to conserve and protect existing supplies; did not know a million and one other important facts. In telling the rich, full story of petroleum to America, then, a logi cal starting place was with the teen agers of today, who will be the adult citizens of tomorrow. But to win a race, vou have to do more than merely toe the starting line. So. to make certain that its proposed program would find acceptance among the junior and senior high schools, the OIIC conducted a sur vey of its own. It wanted to estab lish. first of all, that educators, teachers, and students alike would welcome business-sponsored teach ing aids. Secondly, if so, what types of material would best serve the purpose- City and county school superintendents, teachers, and school principals were interviewed. Other key educators were consulted. Ad vice also was obtained from the Xational Education Association and the U. S. Office of Education. The answer rang clear: Educa tion circles not only appreciate and use the right kind of business-spon sored teaching aids, but consider them absolutely essential to modernday classroom instruction. In turn, American industry as a whole, an other survey determined, considers that one of its most valuable con tributions to education is in making classroom instruction more realistic, more vibrant, more interesting. So it was. on such a firm founda tion, that the OIIC project was built. Even though now only in its second year, the program has al ready tripled in size so far as num ber of cooperating schools is con cerned. When originally introduced, it encompassed only 24 counties -- two in each of the 12 OIIC districts throughout the nation. This year, 48 more counties have been added. Schools in hundreds of additional counties are anxious to join in, but 72 is the most the OIIC feels it can properly service at the present time. A series of unique surveys this school year w'ill tell the OIIC how wxll its program on behalf of the petroleum industry is being re ceived. One survey, for instance, will be made among students both before and after they have used the petroleum booklets and other class room material. Another question naire will go to students only after use of the material. By skipping the "before" test with this group, it is hoped, more frank answers will be obtained than if the students knew they were going to be queried and thus perhaps pay closer attention to the petroleum material than they might ordinarily. All the while students are becom ing better acquainted with the pe troleum industry through the use of the special material, the OIIC expects that local oilmen partici pating in the program will, in turn, become more familiar with the edu cational structure in their respective communities. For, to stimulate this greater interest in education on the part of oilmen is also a very definite objective of the industry program. Just how does this work in the case of a local oilman? Joel E. Thames, Cities Service distributor in Macon, Georgia, is a typical ex ample. When the oil industry school program got under way in the fall of 1950, he was serving as OIIC area chairman. Bibb county, in which Macon is situated, had been 19 ETC 32559 \ Wherever you live, you can enjoy a great variety of foods shipped from tar away... selected as one of the original 24 "pilot" counties, and it was chosen because it is considered an "aver age" state subdivision. None of the OllC experimental counties contain exceptionally large cities, but all do have both urban and rural sections and industrial and suburban fami lies. Some of the counties can boast of refineries, pumping stations, or some other type of oil industry' in stallation; others have none. As one of the thousands of local oilmen who are voluntarily devot- Film strips are another type of teaching aid employed in the OllC program. The scenes at left are from the film strip entitled "Petroleum in Today's Living" ing hours of their time and ability to acquaint the people of their areas with the oil industry, it was music to Joel Thames' ears when Bibb was named as one of the two counties in the Southeastern 01IC district to participate in the school program. Here was an opportunity for him to help tell oil's story to a new group in his area, and at the same time, as a public-spirited individual citizen, to learn more of the problems facing local educators. Special Course To acquaint Mr. Thames and other area chairmen with the full concept and scope of the thenbrand new school program, the OllC conducted a two-day indoc trination course in Chicago. Like the others, Mr. Thames became wholeheartedly enthusiastic about the project. Back in his home county of Bibb, he lost no time in setting the wheels in motion. Without pressuring or forcing the program in any way, Mr. Thames carefully explained it, first to county school superintendents, then to local educational adminis trators and finally to the teachers themselves. He told them why the petroleum industry had embarked upon the educational program, and what materials it could place at the disposal of students and teachers to instruct not only in the chemistry and physics of petroleum and pe troleum refining, but also to show the position that petroleum occu pies in the modem world and what careers in oil would be open to the boys and girls when they reached working age. The program, Mr. Thames pointed out, could be sup plemented by motion pictures, per sonal talks by oilmen, tours of oil installations in the area, essay con tests on the subject of oil, and so on. After studying the sample student booklets and teacher handbooks left with them, all educators contacted were readv to advise Mr. Thames, on his return visit, that they would enthusiastically participate in the program. In fact, one school in Macon had already scored a beat by building, on its own, an intricate table model of an oil field and a surrounding village -- an unusual degree of interest in things petro leum considering that Georgia is not an oil-producing state. The ex hibit was constructed by more than 150 boys of the general science classes at Lanier junior high school. It is to keep alive and intensify such interest in petroleum, and to introduce the industry to students who may not be as acquainted with it as were the Lanier school boys, that the OIIC program was insti tuted. As it continues to accomplish that purpose, the result should be a more universal understanding on the part of the general public of the petroleum industry's immeasurable contributions to the well-being, se curity, and improved standards of living for all Americans. OUR COVER: A lone skier pauses to admire the beauty of a winter won derland in the timberline section of Mount Hood, Oregon. Kodachrome by Rav Atkeson from A. Devaney, Inc. OUR PICTURES: Pages 6 (bottom) and 7 (top). Bureau of Public Roads; page 7 (bottom), Texas State Highway Department; page 8 (top), California State Highway Department, and (bottom), Auto mobile Club of Southern California; page 13, art work by Bill Nevinger; pages 14 and 1$, photos by Jean Vincent; page 17, A. Devaney, Inc.; pages 18 and 19, courtesy New England District, Oil Industry In formation Committee. 20 1 i ETC 32560 i per- *f oil con- ) on. dent ; left i cted mes, ould the 1 in t by cate id a sual tro ll is ex4 han nee ool. sify . to jnts .ith New "indoor highway" facili under conditions typical of actual The control panel for the all-weather >ys, sti lish e a ties at the Ethyl Laboratories overcome the inconveniences of fuel-testing on the open road car use. To help refiners make such eval uations with greater convenience and at a saving of time, the Ethyl rooms is shown above. The engineer at the panel and those conducting tests in the dynamometer rooms keep in touch via an inter-com system Ithe the 1 n its lffort to provide the very Corporation Research Laboratories ing stationary'. The rear wheels of best in products at all times, the in Detroit have developed "all- the car are placed on rollers which ble petroleum industry long ago learned weather" chassis dynamometer fa drive power-absorption equipment. se- that what is good gasoline today cilities which represent a new mile The two chassis dynamometers at of may be outdated bv tomorrow. stone in this particular field of the Ethyl Laboratories truly are Continuing progress in automo fuel research. "indoor highways" that are ever tive engine development places be fore oil companies the constant Precise Control free of traffic, adverse weather and all the other inconveniences of an need to "tailor" gasolines to meet The use of chassis dynamometers antiknock evaluation program con ever-changing car requirements, if in knockrating work is not new, ducted on the open road. their particular fuels are to con of course. But those at the Ethyl Gasoline knockrating on the tinue to find favor in the highlv- Laboratories are novel in that they Ethyl indoor highways is offered competitive motorist marketplace. permit the indoor operation of ve in addition to, and not in place Refiners must regularly evaluate hicles under precisely-controlled at of, laboratory' and road evaluations. the antiknock quality of many mospheric and highway conditions Of the three methods of rating -- vombinations of gasoline stocks in which simulate those to be found in a laboratory test engine, on the order to select fuels which are the wherever cars are driven in the highway, and on the chassis dyna most satisfactory' in car service United States. mometer--the last has been used and. at the same time, the most The chassis dynamometer mav the least, chiefly because, lacking economical to produce. The really not be familiar to everyone. It is a proper control of simulated climat significant measurement of anti device which permits an automo ic and other variables, the results knock quality, then, is one obtained bile to develop power while remain- have not always matched those 21 ETC 32561 produced on the road or in the laboratory. Experience has proved that exact duplication on the chassis dynamometer of fuel knockratings obtained on the road re quires extremely reliable repro duction of temperature, humidity-, and wind velocity-. The necessity for carefully con trolling air temperature, humidity, and wind velocity is demonstrated by the fact that -- depending upon the type of fuel and the design of the car engine -- these variables can alter knockratings by as much as 4.5 octane numbers at the 90octane level. wait of several months for the de sired weather, or without a long trip to some other geographical region. This flexibility also makes it much easier to obtain new data under the same conditions months and years later, if necessary. N'o detail has been overlooked in designing the two chassis dyna mometer rooms at the Ethyl Re search Laboratories to give faster. the speed of the rear wheels of the car, cause underhood tempera tures virtually equal to those which would exist if the car were being operated on the open road. In ad dition, the all-weather rooms are fitted out so that simulated road grades and acceleration of rear wheels on the road are accurately Regardless of the season of the year, weather can be tailor-made -- and controlled -- on the Ethyl Laboratories indoor highways. The new facilities create, in minutes, test conditions which might not be available for outdoor road tests for many months Of almost equal importance is the accurate reproduction of vehicle speed patterns employed during road fuel tests. Now, with chassis dynamome ters equipped to provide the nec essary range and control of these weather and speed variables, the Ethyl Laboratories provide an op portunity for study of the beha vior of gasolines in automobiles with excellent reproducibility as sured. In a matter of minutes, test conditions can be created which are sometimes not available for outdoor road testing without a more convenient gasoline antiknock quality evaluations. Specially-designed refrigeration, heating and water spray units have been installed, and these are coor dinated to cool, heat, humidify, or dehumidify as required to attain the desired atmospheric condition. Electrical brains actuate cooling air blowers which are powerful and flexible enough to generate winds ranging from a gentle breeze to a gale. Satisfactory correlation of road and chassis dynamometer knockratings would be impossible without these winds which, varied automatically in accordance with duplicated on the chassis dyna mometer. (A more comprehensive descrip tion of the facilities is contained in a brochure entitled "Road Knock rating Indoors with Ethyl's NewAll-Weather Rooms." Copies of the brochure mav be obtained from the Ethyl Corporation regional offices in New York, Chicago. Tulsa, and Los Angeles.) As one of the pioneers in devel opments concerned with the broad field of antiknock evaluation. Ethyl Corporation offers its new allweather facilities as still another tool available to aid refiners in their ceaseless effort to provide the ut most in gasoline quality. 22 ETC 32562 a e d ir i IV 1 i i s it >s vna- -ripA in ockNew .f the n the ffices . and ievelbroad Ethvl . ail,,T tool their he ut- TO KEEP 'EM ROLLING In weight, cost and almost every other consideration, tires represent a small part of any motor vehicle* But try run* ning an automobile or a truck or a bus without them! During World War II, and even more recently, the motor* ing public had a taste of what it means not to have sufficient rubber to shoe adequately the nation's 50 million passenger and commercial vehicles. That onr entire system of auto motive transportation did not collapse during World War II ran be credited to an industry which was non-existent when the Japanese threw their Sunday pnnch at Pearl Harbor. That industry, the synthetic rubber, is the child of three of the country's great industries -- the petroleum, the rubber, and the chemical. As Nippon's hordes swept over those countries from which we imported most of our natural rubber, the call went out to those best equipped to do the job to establish a synthetic program. Nourished by the ver satility and flexibility of American free enterprise, such an industry blossomed forth almost overnight. Progress was so rapid, in fact, that by late 1943 Chemical Engineering maga zine could bestow jointly upon 67 petroleum, rubber, and chemical companies its coveted Achievement Award for their "meritorious contribution to the design, construction, and operation of the American synthetic rubber industry." (Ethyl Corporation, incidentally, was among those com panies which shared the award.) Now again. Chemical Engineering has seen fit to pay tribute to work done in the synthetic robber field. This time, one company is singled out for honors. The Achievement Award for 1951 has gone to Phillips Petroleum for "its valiant role in meeting the continuing challenge of the syn thetic rubber industry." Specifically, the honor is twofold: for Phillips' development of high abrasion furnace black and for its other major contributions to the development of cold rubber. Just one result of these gains is that thousands of miles of safe and nseful life now are added to the tread of an antomobile tire. Together, the accomplishments for which Phillips was honored have, as K. S. Adams (left in above photo), com pany board chairman, told guests at the Achievement Award dinner in New York City, "tipped the balance from natural to synthetic rubber for tire treads, thus making the United States more nearly self-sufficient in rubber, contributing to the nation's defense, and insuring low-cost transportation for our millions of motorists." Presentation of the Award was by Alfred H. White (right in photo), professor emeritus of chemical engineering at the University of Michigan and chairman of the committee of 70 senior professors of chemical engineering which se lected the Award recipient. It was, Prof. White remarked in paying tribute to the entire petroleum industry, "noteworthy and cheering that the 1951 Award should go to a representative of an industry which has in a generation changed its mode of operation from rule-of-thumb distillation of various kinds of fuel oil from crude petroleum, to one which has assembled great scientific and technical staffs and which synthesizes large quantities of new chemicals to be converted into new prod ucts of great benefit to the whole human race." ETC 32563 i f - V 1 The seed that grew a crop of new customers It was the seed of an idea -- an Ethyl idea that over the past sixteen vears has helped seil millions of dollars' worth of petroleum products to farmers. Like most good ideas, this idea was simple. In 1935 prac tically all farm tractors were designed for kerosene, dis tillate and other heavy tractor fuels. However, more and more farmers were using gasoline because of its conve nience, cleanliness and ease of starting. Ethvl engineers had the idea that farmers should also get all the extra power gasoline could give. So, in cooperation with tractor manufacturers, they ex perimented with and developed the high compression tractor. When manufacturers started producing this tvpe of tractor, it made a hit with their dealers and farmers. Today eight out of ten tractors made are high compres sion models. These convenient, economical tractors have increased the use of power on the farm. More farms have tractors. Tractors work more hours. More work is done by en gines, less by animal or manual power. And the natural result is an increase in the sale of petroleum products to farmers. Today Ethyl engineers are still actively working with tractor manufacturers. Ethyl field men are out demon strating how to get the best service from high compression engines and the improved gasolines offered by America's oil refiners. And day by day they are helping to produce a bigger crop of farm customers for the petroleum industry. ETC 32564 Stuart Forbes, a member of the Ethyl Corporation Sales department for the last 14 years, has been named assis tant manager of the Central Region, with headquarters in Chicago. Mr. Forbes joined Ethyl in 1938 as a junior engineer. He served successively as senior engineer and field representa tive in Georgia, Florida, and New York. In 1946, he was appointed assistant manager of the former Philadelphia di vision. From 1947 until his re cent promotion, he was resi dent manager in charge of Ethyl's Philadelphia office. Mr. Forbes was born in Flint, Michigan, and was grad uated from the University of Michigan in 1937 with a bach elor of science degree in me chanical engineering. During World War II, he served as Navy Bureau of Aeronautics resident representative in charge of the Toledo office, with the rank of lieutenant. Robert W. Richardson has been named Ethyl Corpora tion sales representative for the Philadelphia area, replac ing Mr. Forbes. Mr. Richard son was born in Boston and was graduated from Massa chusetts Institute of Technol ogy with a bachelor of science degree in 1926. He joined Ethyl Corporation in 1933. His 19 years of service have been as a field engineer in vari ous locations throughout New England and in Pennsylvania. From 1942 to 1945, he served in the Navy at various posts in the United States. MARCH 1952 Them Yates, Editor Richard F. Cook, Associate Editor Hal Wohanka, Art Director NEW ORLEANS: NEW OIL CAPITAL 3 More than a mecca for tourists, tho Louisiana metropolis is also a booming industrial center. Petroleum is setting the pace. TABLE-TOP REFINERY 9 For Frank McCurry the assembling and exhibiting of a miniature petroleum processing plant has been a lifelong hobby. FILL 'ER UP 12 American motorists touring Western Europe will find gasoline available at a wide variety of service stations. STANDARDS TO LIVE BY 14 The Bureau of Standards provides us with uniform measurement standards, better products, and advanced scientific data. FLIGHT BOOK 18 An up-to-the-minute revision of Ethyl Corporation's World War II book on aviation fuels has been published. AAAID FOR THE MOTORIST 20 Service, and more of it, is the credo of the American Automobile Association in its Golden Jubilee year. Opinion* expressed in signed articles are the aethers'. The editors of Ithyl News welcome articles of timely Interest submitted from outside sources. Published by Ethyl Corporation, 100 Park Avenue, New York 17, N. Y., manufacturer of "Ethyl" antiknock compounds, used by oil com panies to improve the antiknock quality of aviation and motor gasoline. Edward L. Shea, President; Stanley T. Cresslend. Vice President and Treasurer; Herbert A. Savage, Secretary etc 32566 1  i \v Orleans means manv things to manv people. The fun, glit ter and gavetv of the Mardi Gras hub around which the vast petro . . . the French Quarter, preserved leum operations in Louisiana and ad pr.icrieallv intact from its turbulent jacent territory revolve. Its refiner 4 and romantic past... the .Mississippi ies are expanding, its shipments of if u ith its busv traffic of ships from all crude and petroleum products in the New Orleans area, about 8, joo corners of the earth . . . fine food. mounting steadily. Almost without in its Baton Rouge refinery and Dixieland jazz, the Sugar Bowl, Lake the knowledge of its citizens -- for. others scattered about the state, 8 Ponrchartrain. New Orleans has so many other which makes the company Louisi Hut the New Orleans that's famed facets to hold their attention -- the ana's largest single employer. n in m mg and storv is not the complete cirv has catapulted itself into the In October 1950, The California cirv. New Orleans todav is really ranks of America's great oil cities. Company moved into its new home two cities. On one side of 171-foot v ide Canal Street, the French Quar New Office Buildings office -- an eight-story, two million dollar building at the corner of Tu- ter pursues the fascinating tenor of The evidence of New Orleans' lane and Elks Place. The company, its centuries-old tradition. But across growth is to be seen everywhere. which has about 350 employees in Canal and around most of the city's Take the matter of office buildings, New Orleans, occupies three floors. broad rim. the skyline is changing for instance. Five oil companies have From this location, exploration and rapidly. Old New Orleans, still moved into new headquarters in the production activities stretching over ' America's .Most Interesting City" city in the past two years, or are a large portion of the United States to tourists, is also a fast-growing in awaiting completion of buildings. are directed. dustrial center, with oil setting the Esso Standard started the current Two other companies, Pan-Am pace. construction parade rolling by open Southern and Humble Oil & Re In the past few years. New Or ing a new marketing division head fining, occupied new office build leans has become the unrivalled Oil quarters along Canal Street in June ings in New Orleans last fall. Pan- Capital of the Mid-South. It is the 1950. Esso has some 270 employees Am is headquartered in the former 3 TC 32567 Bourbon Street fleftl and the modern petroleum processing plant above are symbolic of the two sides of New Orleans. A major tourist attraction, it also is one of the country's leading industrial cities Bienville Hotel, which was practi cally gutted in being converted to a modem office building. Space-wise, Pan-Am is literally bustin' out of its britches. The company extensively remodeled its former home office building in New Orleans in 1949, thinking it would serve as an ade quate headquarters for years to come. Now, it has had to move into the larger building. The new Humble Building covers an entire block, with parking area included, on South Jefferson Davis Parkway, about ten minutes from dow ntown New Orleans. Made of yellow brick, it is five stories high and houses about 400 Humble em ployees. On its roof is a landing base for helicopters, which serve as officeto-oil field taxis, traveling from city to bayou country in a matter of minutes. The New Orleans office is headquarters for all Humble explo ration and production in Louisiana, .Mississippi, Alabama and Florida. A 16-story glass and brick build ing now under construction by The Texas Company on Canal Street is expected to be ready for occupancy early next year. It will house the sales, legal and production depart ments of the company's Louisiana Division, some 450 employees in all. The area covered by these depart ments includes the entire southeast ern portion of the United States and a number of Atlantic Seaboard states farther north. Major offices of many other oil companies are also located in New Orleans. In the Richards Building, one of the downtown skyscrapers, some 300 Shell employees staff the company's area exploration and pro duction office. A few blocks away, in the Maison Blanche Building on' Canal Street, is Gulf's headquarters for a six-state marketing area. Others Also Active Many independent oil companies, too numerous to mention, are also active in the area, playing a highly important role in the healthy growth of the industry. Evidence of oil's increasing im portance in New Orleans can also be found in the growth of the city's Petroleum Club. Founded in 1947, it now has about 525 members, and re cently was forced to move to larger quarters on St. Charles Avenue. J. B. Storey, district manager for United Gas Pipe Line, is club president. Although the city is surpassed in importance as a Louisiana refining center by both Baton Rouge and Lake Charles, New Orleans refiner ies are growing rapidly. Shell Oil recently announced a $30 million expansion program for its Norco refineiy, on the Mississippi a few miles outside the city. This will boost the plant's throughput capac ity from 50,000 to 75.000 barrels of crude daily. Nearby, Pan-Am is en larging its Destrehan refinery to 30,000-barrel-a-dav capacity. Bay Petroleum recently completed im provements to its refinery in the New Orleans area. A similar growth is evident in shipments of crude oil and petro leum products through the Port of New Orleans. In 1950. the latest fig ures available, such shipments to taled almost 21 million tons. This was an increase of 135% over 1940 and represented 59% of the port's total 1950 waterborne trade. The Port of New Orleans -- sec ond only to New York in dollar, volume of foreign commerce -- is a tremendous factor in attracting oil companies and other industrial firms to the city. Old Man River, 2,200 feet wide where it sweeps past the foot of Canal Street, provides one of the finest ports in the country. Across the river, along the Har vey Canal, which is part of the In- 4 EfC 32568 troleum the two iction, it ial cities refinerhell Oil million Norco >i a few his will ir capaciarrels of \.m is eninery to ity. Bay eted imv in the idem in id petro- Port of latest fignents to ons. This >ver 1940 :he port's de. ms -- secin dollar rce -- is a acting oil trial firms ver, 2.:oo s past the vides one country, the Harof the In tracoastal Canal system, some 50 or 60 oil supply firms have mush roomed up in recent years. Many of them are shipbuilding and repair firms, handling all types of marine equipment, from tugs to LST's it hich have been converted into floating drilling rigs. Here, too, are firms handling cement, drilling mud, steel. ri?s. pipe, tools, lumber, chem icals and the countless other items oil companies need to find and wrest oil from deep within the earth. Bulk plants and operating bases of manv o,l companies -- Gulf, Texas, The California Company, and Superior, to name a few -- are also located along the Harvey Canal. All cold, the oil industry now em ploys about 25,000 people in the sprawling New Orleans metropoli This stands as the greatest industrial expansion in a single year in the city's history. Strangely enough, Orleans Parish, which embraces New Orleans, is one of the five of Louisiana's 64 parishes (counties) with no oil pro duction. Within a 100-mile radius of the city, however, are more than 90 oil fields and over 3,000 oil and gas wells. Bustling Activity Take a trip outside the city in al most any direction and evidence of the bustling activity that has made New Orleans a leading oil center is sure to catch your eye. Along the highway to Baton Rouge, oil company signs point to drilling operations in the thick- clumps of cylindrical storage tanks. If you fly out from New Orleans totvard the Gulf of Mexico, you'll note still more drilling rigs, mounted on barges, in the crazv-quilt pattern of M inding bayous and marshlands. Out in the Gulf are mammoth instal lations, strange things that look like ships at first, or maybe lighthouses, but which are platforms, high out of the reach of waves, holding tanks, compressor houses and other oil equipment servicing wells off shore. It's oil country, for sure, on every side of New Orleans. Petroleum is now one of the most important fac tors, if not the most important, in the economic life of both New Or leans and Louisiana as a whole. A few statistics make the point emphatic. Levies on the petroleum Oil is found on all sides of New Orleans. Drilling rigs on barges are at work in the bayous and marshlands (left), while out in the Gulf of Mexico are great instal lations of tanks, compressors, and equipment (below) tan area and has a monthly payroll nf more than six million dollars. Besides being important for its iiu n sake, the petroleum industry sen es the city as a magnet, drawing other business there. New Orleans is aggressively trying to attract more plants to the area, and one of its most effective talking points is Louisiana's abundant supply of low-cost natural gas. During the past year, approx imately S:2t million has been in' esred in new manufacturing facil ities of all kinds in New Orleans. tangled woods and swampland lin ing the road. Travel west along Highway 90, the old Spanish Trail that winds through the Evangeline country, or down Highway 31 through Plaquemines Parish, below the city, and you encounter more drilling rigs, set amidst moss-draped live oaks and cypress trees. Here and there you see the silvery columns of natural gasoline plants and note industry and its products amount to more than half of all taxes collected by the Pelican State. The petroleum industry employs approximately 62,000 -- that's more than any other industry' -- and provides jobs for thousands more in related businesses. It pays annual wages and salaries of over $217 million and puts more than a million dollars a day in circu lation throughout the state. L ETC 32569 IJJJh- 1 ir:l Left, Pan-Am Southern is headquartered in the for mer Bienville Hotel which has been converted into a modern office building Right, a drawing of The Texas Company's building now under con struction. When com pleted it will house some 450 Texaco employees Below, the headquarters for Gulf's marketing activities in a six-state area are located in the Maison Blanche Building \ Below, the Richards Building, one of the Crescent City's sky scrapers, houses Shell's area ex ploration and production staffs Above, the recently-com pleted Humble Building is on South Jefferson Davis Parkway, convenient to downtown New Orleans *01 Esso Standa . BLt ' Oil Company Below, The California Company's home office is in this new building at the corner of Tulane and Elks Place r B n Esso Standard's marketing division for the area is housed in this modern structure on Canal Street B ETC 32570 Building, City's sky!'s area exction staffs s in this s Place OUR COVER The colorful and unueual illustration on the front cover of this issue of ETHYL NEWS is a Kodachrome of a mural in the lobby of New Orleans* Lee Circle Building, in which the main offices of Pan-Am Southern Corporation are located. Painted by Conrad A. Albrizio, of the Louisiana State University art staff, the mural is a symbolic representation of the various phases of oil pro duction, refining, and transportation, all of which are playing an increasingly important part in the life of both Louisiana and .New Orleans. At the left, a derrick is erected, a well penetrates the earth's strata, a "Christmas tree" is installed, and the oil is vaporized. In the center, the vapors are catalytically cracked. Farther to the right, cracked stocks appear in fractionating towers. Finally, fin ished products move through pipelines. Colors in the mural graduate from light to dark, representing light-to-heavy petro leum fractions. The mural is done in fresco (wet lime), one of the oldest and most permanent forms of painting. With age, the colors will become more brilliant, and the surface, chemically speaking, will become like marble. Only Texas and California among the 48 states top Louisiana in crude oil production and refinery throughput. In natural gas produc tion. Louisiana is the No. 2 state behind Texas. Until the Tidelands issue became so well publicized, however, the average American rarely thought of Louisiana as an oil state. It was known more for sugar cane, cotton, rice, timber, salt, sea foods, and furs. Louisiana's oil industry was bom in 1901 when W Scott Heywood brought in the state's first well in a rice field owned by a man named Jules Clement. This was near the town of Jennings. When the well came in, the story goes, Heywood and his drilling crew grabbed Clemenr. who had been skeptical of suc cess. and ducked him in the stream of oil spewing from the well. Present-dav Louisiana oilmen, let it be noted, are just as enthusiastic about the business today as Hey wood was a half-century ago. And with good reason. Last year, the scate produced 232,439,000 barrels of oil--almost double its production at the end of World War II. The oil industry has made phe nomenal progress in the state since it learned 15 or 20 years ago how to operate in what was once considered the inaccessible watery areas of southern Louisiana. Drill ing rigs and other heavy equip ment were mounted on barges and floated in to the remote loca tions. Men went to work in boats. By converting a dry land business into a marine business, the indus try turned up prolific producing horizons in areas once known only to trappers and fishermen. The Tidelands The costs proved tremendous, largely because some of the deepest drilling operations in the country were undertaken. During the past year, more than 100 wells below 12,500 feet (some below 15,000 feet) were drilled in southern Lou isiana. According to the Mid-Con tinent Oil and Gas Association, it is not unusual for one of these deep wildcats to cost $750,000. After licking problems on the swampy mainland, the search for oil was carried out to sea, into the area now known as the Tidelands. There were no textbooks available on how to do this job either, and costs were triple those of oil operations on land. But again, the industry proved equal to the challenge. The first Tidelands producer was completed in November of 1947. When the U. S. Supreme Court en joined all Tidelands operations un der state lease in December 1950, some 15,000 barrels daily were be ing produced from offshore wells. The oil industry had invested more than $230 million in the area -- and had recovered only about $6 million worth of oil from that investment. Whether any one producer in the Gulf has penetrated a small salt dome or the heart of a vast pool is not clear, and probably won't be until the question of Tidelands own ership is settled once and for all. Practically all oilmen agree, how ever, that the Tidelands is one of the most important remaining oil fron tiers, with limitless possibilities that have barely been tapped -- if such factors as cost and weather can be overcome. The risks are tremen dous, but the oil industry has always been willing to pioneer. Even without Tidelands develop 32571 ment, Louisiana oil production is climbing annually. Not as rapidly as it did some years back, true, but still at a faster rate than the national average. Louisiana now needs only ten days to produce oil worth $ 15 million, the same amount of money the United States paid Napoleon for the entire Louisiana Territory. Louisiana's oilmen talk confi dently about the industry's future in the state. Their enthusiasm is shared bv Mayor de Lesseps S. Morrison. Says he: "The people of New Or leans are extremely optimistic about the great future of the oil industry in our metropolitan area. I can think of no industry which is more impor tant to our nation's future and which has a more beneficial effect upon the city's economy." The quickening tempo of oil in dustry activity in the state is re flected in the growth of the city under "Chep" Morrison's energetic administration. Besides the new oil buildings and industrial plants, a J50 million civic improvement program is under wav, featuring the construc tion of a new railroad passenger terminal and overpasses and under passes to eliminate 28 grade cross ings. Streets are being widened and resurfaced. In one 12-month period two years ago, 13 new recreation centers were opened. A new City Hall is being talked about. Civic-Minded Oilmen Many oilmen are active partici pants in these and other civic enter prises. For instance, C. J. Guzzo, Gulf Refining division general man ager, is president of the Rotary7 Club and is a Chamber of Com merce board member. Among the other oilmen engaged in civic ac tivities are Roy J. Diwokv, ex ecutive vice president of Pan-Am Southern, who is also on the Cham ber of Commerce board; R. E. Elliott, head of New Orleans Pe troleum Corporation, who is pres ident of International House, the unique institution which serves as a meeting place for businessmen from all countries; Harold Teasdel, presi dent of The California Company, who is on the board of International House and who just finished a term as a board member of the Chamber of Commerce; and W H. Saunders, Jr., president of International Lubri cant Corp., who is a member of the important, non-salaried Board of Commissioners for the Port of New Orleans, the group which guides the over-all activities of the Port. Literally a fair-sized army of oil men is helping to fuse a new element into the old New Orleans traditions. As a result, added to the pride in the city's past, inbred in all New Orleanians, is a new pride in the city's future. Come to New Orleans, the Cham ber of Commerce beckons. Sure, come to see the sights and be enter tained. But come to stay, too. Don't just look at the gav mask the city wears and be fascinated by the mys tery of the Vieux Carre. Strip away that mask and see what we've really got to offer -- one of the world's fin est ports, a plentiful labor supply, more oil and gas per square mile in the outlying sections than you'll find anywhere else in the country. The oil industry has answered that call, amid assurances that New Orleans, in years to come, will prove an even more important oil center than it is today. The Port of New Orleans is second only to New York in dollar volume of foreign commerce. Crude oil and petroleum products account for more than half of the port's annual tonnage ETC 325 72 IB nber ders, jbrif the i of New s the t oilmem rions. Je in New 1 the '.hamSure, .nterDon't : city mysawav really ,'s finipplv, tile in vou'll jntry. wered New prove center to New imeree. unt for onnage TOP Assembling and displaying a miniature petroleum process ing plant has long been the hobby of oilman Frank McCurry shot in. The derrick, stretching up to the heavens and blanketed in sticky oil, presented a formidable challenge to boys of climbing age. One of his playmates put the matter to voung Frank McCurry: climb the iople get interested in hobbies greasv derrick and he would win as Pin a number of different ways. a reward a long-coveted shotgun A foreign stamp on a postcard fromshell the challenger owned. vacationing Aunt Minnie has been The dare was accepted. It wasn't the beginning of a stamp collection easy scaling the rig, and getting down for many a boy, just as a well-stocked again was even more of a problem. tool chest under the Christmas tree But McCurry finally made it -- has launched more than one male and he took prompt possession of on a woodworking hobby. But for the red gun shell with its shiny brass Frank McCurry, the start of it all base. With that hazardous climb up was a bit more irregular. the oil derrick near his home, Mr. Now vice president in charge of McCurry now realizes, he gained manufacturing for Derby Oil Com pany in Wichita, Kansas, Mr. McCurrv had his first real introduction to oil --and his eventual lifelong hobby--when he was a boy of 12. Throughout that part of Kansas in which he lived at the time, oil der ricks had become almost as common as trees. One morning, the neighbor hood group of boys set out to "in spect" a new well that had just been The miniature refin ery has been seen by hundreds of au diences. Here, Mr. McCurry explains his hobby to some of the 20,000 spec tators who saw it in action at the Rocky Mountain Empire's industrial exhibi tion held last year something else, too. That was an interest in petroleum and the petro leum industry -- an interest that he was never to lose. Although he had to wait almost another ten years before he had the means to start developing it (even though he built his first drilling rig at the age of 12), the idea for Mr. McCurry's lifelong hobby had its genesis in that scramble up and down the Kansas derrick. Today, the hobby -- a unique scale-model of a representative modem refinery, to gether with drilling and flowing oil wells -- stands as a monument to a man's work and interest in the petroleum industry. The model is not a replica of a refinery as such, but rather is an elongated arrangement of novel, in dividual models of the major struc tures and pieces of equipment to be found in most refineries. When completely assembled, the entire unit stretches 30 feet in length. In addition to the drilling and flowing oil wells, the display includes simu lated pipelines for both crude oil and petroleum products, a Univer sal Oil Products fluid-type cracking unit, a fractionating tower, a crude heater, a gas absorption tower, a Soconv-Vacuum TCC unit, and a synthetic tower. All are operated by electrically-driven pumps, com pressors, and blowers. Although it was created as, and still remains, an oilman's hobby, the model has been employed exten sively over the years as an industry public relations device for demon strating and explaining the story of modem refining to both technical and lay audiences. Because it makes use of glass wherever possible, the unit is of special value in that it permits the flow of oil from one refinery unit to the next to be understood more readily. Hundreds of Audiences In the years since Mr. McCurry started piecing it together, the model refinery' has been seen by hundreds of audiences, ranging in size from that of a small town civic club to the 20,000 who viewed it at the Rocky Mountain Empire's industrial exhibition held in the University of Denver field house during Colorado's 75th anniversary of statehood last year. Twice, the United States Air Force has flown the exhibit to Wright Field for dis play there, once before the WorldWide Fuel Conference in 1949 and the second time in connection with Armed Forces Day the following year. The Air Force also showed it in its Oil Reclamation program at Tinker Field. The annual West Coast meeting of the American So ciety for Testing Materials saw the model refinery in action at its San Francisco session in October 1950, and it has been presented before the American Chemical Society at meetings at the Universities of Kan sas and Nebraska. That it never loses its appeal is attested bv the fact that presenta tions have been given before the Wichita Rotary Club and at Kansas State College on four different oc casions each. In addition, of course, Mr. McCurry has exhibited his hobby at virtually every high school and col lege in Kansas, and before most civic clubs in the state. Following most of the educational meetings, science teachers were presented a set of charts that showed, in simpli fied form, the flow of oil from the well through the refinery. In exhibiting his hobby to an au dience, particularly a group of lay men, Mr. McCurry begins his lec ture with a discussion of several of the theories relating to how crude oil originated. After that, he sketches verbally the means and methods by which geologists determine what areas might bear crude. Then, the model itself goes into action, with the drilling well the first unit in the spotlight. As Mr. McCurry unfolds the fas cinating story of oil exploration and production, the drilling well replica hums into activity. He explains that it is necessary to keep careful check on the rock cuttings that are bailed from the well hole, so that drillers will know whether they are reach ing an oil-bearing formation and when they hit the cap rock. Well Blows In "Our tests show that we are now in the cap rock," the audience is in formed, "and since our formation is running high, we should hit oil or gas at any minute." Wth that, the well blows in, spewing oil (black coffee, in this case) high into the air. So complete is the operation of the model that miniature bits, casing and other drilling paraphernalia also gush our of the hole. Moving to the opposite end of his display, Mr. McCurry explains the operation of a producing well and paints a word picture of the vast petroleum pipeline system to be found in the United States. Through the use of glass tubing and pipes. 10 ETC 32574 Field cases .n, the i, with in the he fason and replica ns that check bailed drillers reachn and e now e is inition is oil or ws in, in this rnplete el that other ish out 1 of his ins the ell and ie vast to be irough pipes. actual oil can be seen flowing from the well into field storage tanks and then to refinery tanks for storage before processing. On through the several units of the representative modern refinery, the oil is channeled. As it goes, the audience is able to see such action as the crude being heated, to sepa rate the natural components bv dis tillation; the oil being separated into gasoline, jet fuel and other products in the fractionating tower; the re covery of gases in the absorption tower; and the operation of the cracking units which provide base stocks of high-octane gasoline. Each of the miniature refinery's units has been skillfully planned and constructed to show operations ex actly as they take place in an actual refinery. The two cracking units in Air. AlcCurry's set-up, for instance, are equipped with air lifts that cir culate the catalyst the same as it is circulated in full-scale units. The heater, or pipe still, is equipped with 3,000-watt heating units, and boils the crude in the same fashion as does an actual refinery heater. To supplement the operation of his hobby refinery, Air. AlcCurry employs molecular models to ex plain how straight-chain hydrocar bons are broken down to help form the desired petroleum products. He also makes use of a wooden model of a one-cylinder automobile en gine. Operated by an electric motor and designed to permit various com pression ratios up to 8 to 1, the en gine model helps give audiences an understanding of what Mr. McCurry calls "the octane story." He shows, with the help of glass cylin ders containing iso-octane and nor mal heptane mixtures, how the octane number of any given fuel is arrived at, and then, in actual engine operation, demonstrates the added power better fuels make possible. Mr. AlcCurry never realized, when he first started building it while still a student in college, that his table-top refinery would reach the size and importance it now enjoys. From small beginnings, it has grown to a unit which weighs three-quar ters of a ton and requires ten special cases to house it properly. The crea tor and possessor of what has been called "the world's greatest working oil hobby" has rebuilt and modern ized the miniature refinery many times, to keep it abreast of the con tinuous improvement in refinery technology and equipment. Other Uses Beyond its use as an educational feature, the hobby refinery proved of value on more than one occasion last year and early this as Derby Oil rushed completion' of a three-million-dollar expansion of its refinery on the northern rim of Wichita. "By carefully noting the opera tion of certain units in the model refinery," Air. AlcCurry says, "those of us in charge of the Derby refin ery expansion program were able to suggest improvements or modifica tions in the actual equipment." Below, Mr. MeCurry discusses a refinery operation with Derby Oil board members. The model was used in planning expansion of the company's Wichita refinery (right) The Derby expansion, which is to be completed this month, includes a Socony-Vacuum Thermoform cata lytic cracking unit, a Universal Oil Products catalytic polymerization unit, a gas concentration plant, sev eral new crude and products storage tanks, and a new crude still. The latter will raise Derby capacity to the neighborhood of 15,000 barrels a day, and this can be modified later to 20,000-barrel capacity. Bringing his hobby to its present state of completeness has repre sented thousands of hours of spare time work, of blueprinting units as carefully as they would be drawn for actual refinery use, of sweating out shortages of materials, of arranging and re-arranging the layout far into the night. But it's all been fun for Frank AlcCurry-, and he never once has rued the boyhood climb up that Kansas oil derrick. ^^^^^^^^^T^Jutotoahn oUt f53. 11 tM ;^t .t^^SSr- ' sV! * -^t; :>'''if ^erican tourists find it "-- frislne, "" "Isthoant , moaunytsEinf*rt oJ lSSUtar'tl0"S' ^!!!i "" **rS"i."1i,.. The display of Allied pennants at this Austrian "gasolin" stop is a motorist attraction. HU.'-0* X>a By OIivl be Wolf i ith the Olympic Games in Helsinki an standards. . Wceremonies leading up to the coronatioi in western of Queen Elizabeth II as added attractions, i attendant, is likely that the number of Americans tour customer t ing Europe this year will reach a new higl literally "p Some 15,000 of those Americans will do thei Gasoline sightseeing by automobile. gallons, anc As I did during a recent 10,000-mile moto to country, trip covering all nations on this side of the Iroi average, ret Curtain, the motoring American will find - for the equ perhaps to his surprise -- that almost even mium gasol where he can buy petroleum products unde taxes accoui several different brand names quite familia The servi to him. In addition, of course, a number 0 were taken European brands are available. abroad. Mar Outlets vary all the way from single road serve the tlv side pumps in small out-of-the-way village enjoy their to super service stations in the metropolita American fa areas. As a rule, service is not up to America wherever the Adjacent to the famous Palais C-- des Nations, this modern station ^ occupies a busy corner in Geneva. ETC 32576 JT^i. *.<' 33708 Mrtiten-4**Jer*j 1 i. iium 1 $ M if Mn | Mu Ibis sign of tbe C is a resmlf ound m Penmar^Tjrr^ By OlivOf. De Wolf Helsinki am standards. In some places, in fact, particularly -' coronation n western Austria, it is not unusual for the ttractions, i attendant, frequently a woman, to ask the ricans tour- customer to hold the hose nozzle while she i new high literally "pumps" the gasoline, vill do theii Gasoline is measured in liters rather than * gallons, and prices, which vary from country -mile motoi to country, are comparatively high. On the : of the Iroc average, regular grade gasoline is selling now will find - l or the equivalent of 6o cents a gallon. Prenost every- mium gasoline is not always available. Excise Jucts under taxes account for half of the retail price, ite familial The service stations shown on these pages number ot "ere taken at random during my motor trip * abroad. Many of them, no doubt, will this year ingle road- serve the thousands of U. S. tourists who will ay village enjoy their European vacations in typical letropolitat American fashion -- by driving whenever and > Americai wherever they want to go. orde^ "----- .s* ,,?rcr f * i Jsk!^i3Tloe 1 T Aer<""- of ^ Veden> *75* e*nf %*6.'Oe, ETC 32577 Left, the waves of light emitted by mercury 198, measurable to within one-billionth of an inch, probably will become the new universal standard of length We rely upon the National Bureau of Standards for our uniform "yardsticks"of time, length and the many other physical constants ounting to 6o slowly to esti trial and scientific undertakings, the C mate a minute or figuring the need for precise standards is appar distance from the knuckle to the tiepnt. Thanks-to the National Bureau of the thumb as an inch are ready of Standards, we have them. ways of judging time and distance An agency of the Department of when no clock and ruler are handy. Commerce, the Bureau has three But the confusion and chaos that main missions in life, the first and would prevail in industry7 and com foremost of which is fixing the phys merce, and in our own everyday ical standards of the nation. In ad lives, if these were the best types of dition, the Bureau is charged with standards we had to go by is fright carrying on basic research that en ening to contemplate. compasses everything from atomic There would be no nation-wide unity in time, length, weight, tem perature and all the other physical constants. A bushel of wheat in New York might (as it one time ac tually did) contain 68 cubic inches less than a bushel in South Carolina. The weight, and hence financial value, of a gem would vary even among jewelers doing business in the same city block. When it was six o'clock in Boston, it might be only 5:59 V2 in Pittsburgh. What was ten degrees below zero in St. Paul might be recorded as eight below in Minneapolis. And so on. In this modem day and age when infinitesimal measurements in such as milliseconds and millionths of an inch are so vital in so many indus energy and guided missiles to how best to preserve the Declaration of Independence and our other price less national documents; and with testing the quality and performance of literally thousands of kinds of products purchased for use by the Federal government. In a special vault at its Washing ton, D. C., headquarters, the Bureau maintains under lock and key two treasured pieces of platinum-irid ium. One is a cylinder that is one and one-half inches in both height and diameter and which has a mass of exactly one kilogram. The other is a long, slender piece of the metal, on which is marked off a true meter. These -- the kilogram and the meter --are the universal standards of mass (weight) and length, and are also our national standards by Presiden tial executive order. Every precaution is taken to as sure that the length of the meter bar and the weight of the kilogram never vary by even so much as the proverbial hair. For instance, when the kilogram is removed from its special vault, to have other weights checked against it, the operator works by remote control ten feet away so the heat of his body will not affect the test being conducted. This atomic clock, developed by the Bureau, promises greater accu racy in the measurement of time 14 ETC 32578 Right, our present national (and universal) standards of weight and length are the platinumiridium kilogram and meter bar. Both are kept in a special vault Is to Live )W of ceirh \ce of che ig^au wo idjne ght lass her tal, cer. .'ter lass also len- asbar ram rhe h1 IpCnli 1 its ghts ator feet will :ted. 1 r * * , time As faultless as it is in providing minutely exact measurements, the meter bar may be on its way out, a victim of the atomic age. For, in their research into peaceful uses of atomic energy, Bureau scientists have hit upon new atomic standards of length -- and time -- and plans are already under way to have these adopted as the world's new criteria. Even the highly-regarded kilogram threatens to become outmoded as NBS researchers probe into possible atomic standards of weight, or mass. The wave length of green light emitted bv atoms of man-made mercurv 198 provide the new' atomic standard of length. The light is of such uniform wave length that its waves can be used to measure an object to within one-billionth of an inch. The Bureau of Standards re cently made mercury 198 lamps available to laboratories which re quire the precise measurement their light waves provide. of cesium, which vibrate within themselves at the astounding rate of 9.2 billion times a second. Adoption of the atomic clock would provide a new and more accurate means of measuring the "standard second" which the Bureau broadcasts, night and day, in the form of continuous "ticks" from its own transmitter in Maryland. A sec ond is the time interval between two ticks. Measurement of the standard second currently is based on the time of the earth's rotation as deter mined by the Naval Observatory. The earth's rotation is slowing down, however, and over the centuries the length of a second is changing. Scientists believe that characteristics of atoms are unvarying and that clocks regulated by atomic vibra tions will provide constantly accu rate time measurements. If the National Bureau of Stand ards ever decided to go on a self advertising spree, its list of accom plishments, beyond the super-mod em atomic developments, would The Declaration of Independence and the nation's other cherished docu ments are preserved according to the Bureau's standards and techniques Atomic Clocks Another atomic age specialty that has emerged from the NBS re search center is a series of atomic clocks. These timepieces, which are not expected to vary more than one second in 300 vears, are regulated by vibrating atoms. The most ac curate of the clocks developed by the Bureau is the one run by atoms 15 32579 m f "r On these testing racks, the Bureau checks samples of electric light bulbs set standards for. That applies to everything from metal alloys to the gloss of paper, paints, and plastics. purchased by the "Name it, and undoubtedly we've Federal government. Since most manufac turers make their bulbs to meet gov tested and set standards for it," could well be the Bureau's motto. That applies, to cite an extreme, ernment standards, such tests also are of value and signifi cance to the public even to baseballs. Whenever the argument crops up that batters to day are hitting more home runs be cause the ball is "livelier" NBS calls I both amaze and bewilder the general carried on by the Bureau. NBS its baseball batting machine into I public. It can boast of developing tests, for instance, have established action. This is a device which hits I an automatic electronic computer that a good suitcase can be picked every ball pitched to it with exactly i that can add or subtract figures in up 25,000 times without it suf the same force. The argument prob 50 one-millionths of a second, of fering a broken handle and that ably will never be settled conclu studying radio "broadcasts" from a fluorescent lamp should glow sively in the minds of sports fans, the sun, and of such more down-to- approximately 7,500 hours before but every test made by the Bureau earth achievements as perfecting a burning out. All such findings are hints that the baseball doesn't get technique to make tooth fillings last of interest and importance to the in livelier each year. It's just that the much longer and also eliminate dustries and publics concerned, but batters are clouting it harder. most of the filling "after-pain" suf they do not begin to indicate the fered by many people. vast scope of the Bureau's activities. Standard Threads Varied Activities No research assignment is too big More on the significant side per or too small, too Buck Rogers-ish or haps is the Bureau's efforts to help Any survey would probably show too basic, for the Bureau's staff of the United States, Canada, and Great that the average taxpayer's idea of close to 2,000 physicists, chemists, Britain standardize on the threads the National Bureau of Standards is mathematicians, and engineers to of nuts and bolts. It took World that it's "a bunch of men in Wash tackle. The Bureau is Uncle Sam's War II to show just how costly and ington who test men's shirts to see principal laboratory for delving into tragic it can be when the screw how much laundering they can the mysteries of the physical sci threads used by one nation do not stand, or how many miles a shoe can ences, and there is virtually nothing fit the bolts of another. The over be walked before the sole wears in the world today which the giant all loss during the war because of out." Much of that type of work is research center has not tested and this condition has been estimated at $100 million. Now that the three This giant radio telescope, which follows the sun across the sky, enables nations have agreed on one uniform the Bureau to gain advance date on sunspots and other solar "weather" standard of threading, those costly delays should not be repeated in the future. An important facet of the Bu reau's testing and standard-setting program is its work in calibrating the machines and equipment used bv American industry and business. NBS was established by Congress in 1 1901 in answer to demands of sci entists and businessmen for a central agency in this country to fix stand ards for all kinds of things and to calibrate precise scientific apparatus. Prior to that time, it was necessary 1ETC 32580 es to 0 the istics. ve've ' it," lOttO. erne, the s to;s becalls into 1 hits ictly >robnclufans, ireau t get t the perhelp ireat reads v'brld and crew > not >verse of ed at chree form ostly 1 the Bu tting ating used i ness, ass in ' scintral andid to atus. ssary Largest of its kind in the world is this high voltage X-ray instal lation at the Bureau of Standards. It is used in a broad program of X-ray research and development Given the proper coded instruc tions and numerical data, this Bu reau of Standards computer can add or subtract a pair of 11 -digit numbers 1,100 times in one second to send instruments and other me chanical devices to Germany to be calibrated for complete accuracy. The Bureau is called upon to cali brate, according to its standards, countless pieces of machinery and equipment used by industry and professional people. One item, for instance, is the pipette on the blood sampling apparatus used by doctors. The pipette must contain an amount of blood known to be accurate if the physician is to make a true blood count. All of the nation's radio and television stations calibrate them selves to the standards of frequency broadcast around the world 24 hours every day bv the Bureau. Without this assurance of wave length ac curacy, broadcasting stations might interfere with each other. These are but a couple of fandom examples. Actually, there are almost no bounds to the Bureau's standard-setting and calibration effort. Proximity Fuse In its basic research in the field of the phvsical sciences, the National Bureau of Standards has delved far and wide. Chemists of the Bureau were the first to produce pure ura nium and graphite, both essential in the production of the atomic bomb, and made other notable contribu tions to the development of the super-modem weapon. It was NBS scientists who plaved a major role in perfecting a proximity fuse, which detonates bombs, rockets and mor tar shells as they near, rather than as they hit, their target. The fuse, which basically is a pint-sized radio set, was one of the outstanding weapon developments of World War II and has, scientists agree, speeded the day of individual radio sets that fit in a man's pocket or lady's handbag. Outstanding among the Bureau's more recent developments is the au- OUR COVER: Courtesy Pan-Am Southern Corporation (see page 7). OUR PICTURES: Page 3, copyright 1947 by Air Photos & Advertising, Inc.; page 4 (left), courtesy New Orleans Chamber of Commerce, and (right), courtesy Humble Oil & Refining Company; page 5, cour tesy Gulf Oil Corporation; page 6, Leon Trice, C. J. Laughlin, and courtesy The Texas Company, PanAm Southern Corporation, Gulf Oil Corporation. Parkway Building, Inc., and Esso Standard Oil Com pany; page 8, courtesy Port of New Orleans; pages 9, 10, and n (bot tom left), courtesy Frank McCurry; page 11 (bottom right), courtesy Derby Oil Company; pages 14, 15, 16, and 17, courtesy National Bu reau of Standards; page 19, cour tesy American Airlines; pages 20, 21 and 22. courtesy American Au tomobile Association. tomatic electronic computer, which can work out in 30 minutes mathe matical problems that a human oper ating a desk calculator could not figure in less than two months. The machines -- there are mo, one at the Bureau's headquarters in Washing ton and the other at the NBS Insti tute for Numerical Analysis on the campus of the University' of Cali fornia at Los Angeles -- were devel oped under sponsorship of the De partment of the Air Force, to aid that branch in applying scientific principles to the large-scale prob lems of military management and ad ministration. The machines, which mav eventually be adapted for such civilian uses as billing, inventory control, merchandising, bank trans actions, etc., can add or subtract figures in the billions at the unbe lievable rate of 1,100 times a second, and multiply and divide them in only slightly more time. Through its development of such as the automatic computer, its con stant checking of products for qual ity and performance, and its prime work in setting the nation's stan dards, the NBS is truly providing standards to live bv. 17 ETC 32581 echanics and pilots who ser ated. Clearly, there was an urgent M viced and flew the Spads and need for a general, yet authoritative, De Havillands of World War I hbaodok that would give personnel little, if any, special knowledge of charged with flying and maintaining aviation fuels and their relationship our military planes understandable to engine performance. Gasoline information about aviation fuels was "just gasoline," and airplanes and engines. then were on pretty much the same At the request of the Army Air fuel diet as military trucks and auto Forces and the Navy Bureau of mobiles. Aeronautics, such a book, entitled But when World War II struck, it was a different story. Aviation, a mere infant in 1917, was full-grown bv Pearl Harbor time. Tremen dous, almost unbelievable, strides had been made in aircraft engine design, and the petroleum industry had kept pace by producing avia tion fuels that were to rate so high in antiknock quality they would "run off" the octane scale. During this period of rapid de velopment, a number of mistaken impressions concerning the relation ship of fuels to engines had been cre "Aviation Fuels and Their Effects on Engine Performance," wras pro duced by Ethyl Corporation. Prior to its publication, the military had only their various Technical Orders, which consisted mostly of fuel rec ommendations for specific engines. "Aviation Fuels" supplemented the existing manuals by explaining the relationship of gasoline properties to engine performance, and, con versely, the influence of engine de sign and operating conditions on fuel behavior. The necessity for selecting the proper grade of gaso line for each type of engine was thus emphasized. Once the book was removed from the "restricted" list after the war, it became assigned reading for many college engineering students and also gained widespread use in The revised edition of "Aviation Fuels" contains 145 pages, almost twice as many as the first version 18 ETC 32582 training programs conducted by the commercial airlines and aircraft en gine manufacturers. Military and civilian requests were still coming in a year ago when the initial sup ply of 40,000 copies ran out. Because of the continuing de mand, and to bring the book abreast of the very latest engine and fuel developments. Ethyl has prepared and is now issuing a revised edition of "Aviation Fuels and Their Ef fects on Engine Performance." New Jet Section Aviation's progress in the years between the two world conflicts was rapid, but what has happened within the past seven years is per haps even more significant. In or der to bring the current edition of "Aviation Fuels" up to date, for example, it has been necessary to include an entire new section on turbine (jet) fuels, to take into account the rapid development of turbo-jet and turbo-propeller type engines since 1945. In the new section on jets, it is observed, "combustion problems would seem relatively simple in a turbine engine, where there are none of the complications of fuel distribution and ignition timing. However, this apparent simplicity is deceiving." The principal diffi culty with combustion in turbine engines, the book explains, stems from the fact that extremely lean fuel-air mixtures must be used. The low fuel-air ratio in jet engines is necessary to keep the temperatures of the gases down to a level which the turbine blades can tolerate. The turbine fuels chapter dis cusses the advantages and disadvan tages of the three common military grades of jet fuel, which are JP-t (kerosene-tvpe), JP-3 (blend of unleaded motor-type gasoline and kerosene) and JP-4 (essentially a low vapor pressure JP-3). Besides containing as much heat energy as possible per gallon and per pound, turbine fuels must have low freez ing points and good re-starting abil ity at high altitude. Avoidance of vapor lock is as desirable as in piston engines, the book points out, and for an airplane's fuel system to handle jet fuels satisfactorily, the fuels must be non-corrosive and must flow freely even at extremely low temperatures. Changes in gasolines and refinery economics since World Mar II also have necessitated a number of modi fications in the aviation gasoline sec tion of the new book. In the paragraphs concerning aromatic hydrocarbons, for in stance, it is pointed out that cumene -- an aromatic which was of great importance in relieving the critical shortage of alkylates and other high-performance-number blending agents during the war -- is no longer available in quantity for this purpose. This is due to the tremendous growth in other uses for benzene, from which cu mene is derived. Discusses Hydrocarbons The section on "The Piston En gine and Its Fuel" includes a dis cussion of the desirable and undesirable qualities of the four types of hydrocarbons -- paraffins, naphthenes, aromatics and olefins -- which make up aviation gasoline. Covered in some detail, too, are the physical and chemical char acteristics which must be consid ered in establishing specifications for the various military grades. Among these are volatility, anti knock quality (and the use of the performance number scale as a means of expressing this), vapor locking tendency, and storage sta bility. A supplement to the gaso line section discusses the factors which control fuel economy at cruising speeds, and concludes with a description of laboratory methods for knockrating aviation gasolines. "Aviation Fuels and Their Ef fects on Engine Performance" has been written for those concerned with engine operation, design and development, and not for those con The book is designed to be of value to civilians concerned with aircraft fuels and engines, as well as to Air Force end Navy personnel cerned with other phases of the aviation fuel problem. It is assumed that the reader is familiar with con struction of aircraft engines. A limited number of copies of the revised edition are being made available to civilian personnel con cerned with aircraft fuels and en gines. Ethyl Corporation hopes that they, as well as the armed services for whom the book was specif ically prepared, will find the new "Aviation Fuels" even more useful than its wartime predecessor. 19 I for the Motorist On its Golden Jubilee, the American Automobile Association re dedicates itself to "promoting travel and use of the automobile" hen new york livery stable Chicago, on (March 4, 190:. Forma Wkeepers of the late 1890's tion of the AAA resulted from a closed their doors to the first horsmee rger of a group of independent less carriages in that citv, thev were automobile clubs that had been in effect opening the doors for the started, among other things, to con founding of an organization that this vince livery stable proprietors that year is celebrating "fifty years of gasoline buggies had to have parking service to the motorist and the na space even if they didn't eat oats. tion." The American Automobile Provision of sufficient parking Association, whose familiar Triple-A space is still one of the organization's oval emblem has become a guide goals. But through the last five dec and comfort to highway travelers ades, in which our automotive ve throughout the United States and in hicle population has jumped from Hawaii, Panama, Puerto Rico, and 23,000 to 52 million, the AAA has the Philippines, was established in added a variety of other important services. Triple-A services are in use every minute of the day and night, and the organization is credited with pioneering many of the advances that have helped bring automo tive transportation to its present high state of development. Service was not always the pur pose of automobile clubs, however. The nine individual groups that banded together to form the AAA in 1902 were then primarily social organizations. Members entertained each other by relating "hilarious" automobiling adventures and organ ized week-end runs to picnic areas and nearby communities. ETC 32584 I St ion reobile" ! night, .d with '.vances jtomooresent \e puri\vever. is that . AAA social rtained .irious" organc areas Above, the AAA cooperates with police depart ments and schools in training and equipping safety patrol members . . . Right, a "Safety Town" demonstrates traffic problems to children above, to proice for delay stantly ing on 's they ers are I clubs After their consolidation, and as more clubs became affiliated, the AAA undertook more important projects. It repaired roads, erected signposts, went to the rescue of stranded motorists and brokendown cars, campaigned for better roads, and fought for automotive reciprocity between states and for fair motor vehicle laws. It organized competitions and tours and eventu ally came to supervise virtually all legitimate automobile races. Today, there are 18,000 garages under contract to render emergency road service to AAA members, and they respond to calls on an average of one every ten seconds. .Many of the sendee vehicles are equipped with two-way radios to speed them to disabled vehicles without delay. Distribution of informative liter ature is another AAA service. Its National Touring Bureau produces and distributes over two million tour books, accommodations directories, and lists of emergency service gar ages, five million state, regional, and special maps, and 30 million strip maps every year. Road Reports Twelve AAA field reporters sup ply up-to-the-minute reports on road, highway, and bridge condi tions. Qualified examiners check on hotels, motor courts and wayside inns, permitting such establishments to display the AAA emblem of ap proval if they measure up to the Association's standards. Many of the individual AAA affiliated clubs provide their mem bers with bail bonds, personal acci dent and car insurance, auto financ ing, travel literature, and lock and key services for absent-minded mo torists who lock themselves out of their cars. Working through the individual clubs, the national AAA organiza tion sponsors a number of highway and street safety programs. In co operation with schools and munici pal police departments, it has trained and equipped some half million boys and girls as traffic safety patrolmen. It sponsors a national traffic safety poster contest for school-age young sters and has been a pioneer in fos tering driver-training courses in thousands of high schools. Almost two thousand towns and all of the 21 * ETC 32585 Handy AAA "Tripkits" packaged in compact folders are supplied to mem bers to guide them on their travels Through its Contest Board, the AAA supervises and sanc tions virtually all of the country's legitimate auto races states participate in the Associa tion's national pedestrian protection contest. Launched in 1937, when deaths in this category were at an alltime high level, the contest helped bring about 8-44 per cent reduction in pedestrian fatalities during a period when non-pedestrian traffic deaths increased bv five per cent. In addition to these continuing projects, the AAA performs a num ber of special services each year. During 1951, for example, it made a study of the drunken-driving prob lem, issued a special report of the "jack-knifing" of semi-trailer and trader trucks, and reported to Con gress on the breakdown in the na tion's highway building program caused by a lack of steel. As the American Automobile As sociation marks the mid-wav point in its first century, it can look back on fifty years in which services have been expanded and improved. But, more important, it can look ahead to a bigger job in an era of unprece dented automobile popularity. The AAA-sponsored pedestrian protection contest is credited with helping reduce pedestrian fatalities by 44% in 15 years Left, the three-A sign on a tourist accommodation denotes clean, modern facilities and good service . . . Above, the AAA's International Travel department arranges for shipping cars for vacation travel overseas ETC 32586 : AMERICAN AUTOMOBILE ASSOCIATION c- 3S of the r and 1 Conhe naogram ile Aspoint k back js have .1. But, lead to prece- 2 ation merit rseas STAMP OF APPROVAL A parade of special events, led off by the issuance this month of a rommemorative U. S. postage stamp in its honor, will highlight and dramatize the many contributions the Amer ican Automobile Association has made in the field of motor ing during the 50 years of its existence. The first day of sale of the stamp in Chicago on March 4 coincided not only with the founding date of the AAA, but a No took place in the city which gave birth to the national motorists* organization. It was on March 4, 1902, that dele gates of nine small independent motor clubs from various sections of the country gathered in the old Chicago Coliseum to create a nation-wide organization "to promote travel and the use of the automobile/* The postage stamp pays tribute to the AAA by picturing tn automobiles, one of 1902 vintage and one of the modern era. to point up the tremendous strides that have been made in automotive progress during the 50-year lifetime of the Association. In addition, the school safety patrol, one of sev eral activities sponsored by the AAA, is honored. On the stamp is to be found a sketch of a patrol boy on duty. Throughout the United States, upwards of half a million bo>s and girls serve on AAA school safety patrols. On duty at street crossings near schools in all kinds of weather, theirs is the assignment of safeguarding the more than nine million Mudents who attend schools that have safety patrols. Many and varied observances will be held across the na tion during the year as the Golden Jubilee celebration gains momentum. The emphasis will be on local and state-wide events, in which many of the AAA*s 3.5 million members will take active parts. Climax of the 50th anniversary fes tivities will come on September 23, 24 and 25, when the Association gathers in Washington, D. C, for its Golden Jubilee convention. This meeting will feature nationally, known speakers and a cavalcade of antique automobiles, driven to the capital from all parts of the country. As it enters upon its second half-century of "service to the motorist and the nation,** which is the theme of this year's anniversary, the American Automobile Association has ac cepted the challenges of the future. "A great deal of water has gone under the toll bridges since the days when motor vehicle owners were exercised over the problem of finding stables to house their vehicles,** says a Golden Jubilee review issued by the AAA. "By bring ing about improved motoring conditions and by influencing design of more dependable vehicles, the motor club move ment was in large measure responsible for the increased ownership and use of passenger cars. This augmented use of individual transportation in turn brought about new problems of congestion, of safety, of parking and other modem motoring dilemmas. "To solve these and related problems, both here and abroad, is a major objective of the more than 750 motor clubs and branches working together under the banner of the AAA oval emblem.** ETC 32587 i You had something there, Mark Twain We doubt if the beloved Mark Twain had gasoline refiners in mind when he was reported to have said: "Everybody talks about the weather, but nobody does anything about it!" But he certainly was hitting close to the problem which has for many years vexed refiners who wanted to obtain reliable road knockratings. There are hardly two days in a year when the same weather conditions are to be found . . . not to mention traffic variables. As a consequence, a dav-to-dav variation of four octane numbers was possible in the rating of a single fuel in a particular automobile. Fuel ratings obtained indoors on chassis dynamometers often were subject to considerable variation, and sometimes bore little relation to performance on the road. This is not surprising, because of differences in atmos pheric temperature and humidity, and failure of the equip ment in the chassis dynamometer room to provide "wind" equivalent to that encountered in normal car operation. So Ethyl research people did something about it. They built two unusual chassis-dynamometer rooms in which atmospheric temperature and humidity can be closely con trolled. Furthermore, air velocity against the front of the car can be automatically controlled relative to the speed of the rear tires. These two rooms constitute a flexible combination which can accommodate a wide range of automotive vehicles operated under substantially any combination of tempera ture, humidity and wind encountered in service. Simulation of vehicle operation on the road is further assured by equipment which causes the acceleration and speed of the rear wheels to be the same as those on the road resulting from any movement of the foot throttle. The next time you are in Detroit we shall be glad to show you these rooms. In the meanwhile, our descriptive brochure entitled "Road Knockratings Indoors with Ethyl's New All-Weather Rooms" is yours for the asking. etc 32588 >*( 4 Jack D. Fuller, who joined Ethyl Corporation in 1941, has been named to the newlycreated position of Manager of Fuel Technology. As fuel technologist in the company's Central Region for the last four years, he has been as sisting refiners in the solution of special blending problems, with emphasis on methods for obtaining maximum benefit from the addition of "Ethyl" antiknock compounds. In his new capacity, Mr. Fuller will coordinate this phase of the Sales department's activities in all four regions. His head quarters will be at the Ethyl Corporation Research Labora tories in Detroit. Mr. Fuller was born in Ma son City, Iowa. He attended Los Angeles Junior College for three years and received his bachelor of arts degree from the University of Cali fornia at Los Angeles in 1940. Before joining Ethyl, he was employed as a chemist by the Caminol Oil Co., Ltd., at Santa Fe Springs, Calif. His first assignment at Ethyl was as a safety engineer for the Sales department at Hutchinson, Kan. From 1942 until 1948, he served in the Refinery division of the com pany's Research Laboratories. There, during World War II, he was active in a number of cooperative fuel and engine projects conducted in behalf of the Army Ordnance de partment. In 1948, he re joined the Sales department to handle fuel technology in the Central Region. APRIL 1952 Thom Yates, Editor Richard F. Cook, Associate Editor Hal Wohanka, Art Director 1 ? if * SIGNS TO FLY BY 3 Town names on building roofs are more than expressions of civic pride -- they're valuable guideposts for small plane pilots. IGNITION IMPROVE FOR DIESEL FUEL 6 Ethyl is making samples of a new additive available to refiners and diesel engine manufacturers. MEET THE CHAMPS 10 Here in words and pictures is the story of the service station Brand Name Retailers of the Year. if t* ii , PIGEONS IN KHAKI 14 Even in this day of super-communications, homing pigeons play a big part in the plans of the military. KNOCK STUDY: PROGRESS REPORT 18 An Ethyl Corporation motion picture reports the findings of a knock research project being conducted at M.l.T. *! ANYTHING. ANYTIME. ANYWHERE 19 Everything that America eats, wears, and uses -- in peace or war -- moves at least part of the way by truck. Opinions expressed in signed articles are the authors'. The editors of Ethyl Nows welcome articles of timely interest submitted from outside sources. Published by Ethyl Corporation, 100 Park Avenue, New York 17, N. Y., manufacturer of "Ethyl" antiknock compounds, used by oil com panies to improve the antiknock quality of aviation and motor gasoline. Edward L. Shea, President; Stanley T. Crossland, Vice President and Treasurer; Herbert A. Savage, Secretary ETC 32590 SIGNS 1952 TO FLY BY>4rector 3 :/vic 6 iers 10 fion 14 slay 18 if a Directional ground markers, gasoline tank, he had no^choice readable from the air, are but to keep on flying. * veritable life savers for those who fly small private planes Finally, as he approached a small town, the letters, of a wafd loomed up on the broad roof of a building. By Henry F. Unger They spelled "Gettysburg." Ori lying across southern Penn ented at last, the pilot breathed a Fsylvania one summer afternoon, sigh of relief, checked his maps, the pilot of a small airplane ranand made for the nearest airport. into a sudden thunderstorm. Dark Another name thus was added to clouds limited his vision and high the growing list of pilots who have winds soon blew him far off his been saved by air markers. course. When crackling static made There are some jo,ooo such air the radio useless, the private flier markers on towers, storage tanks, was forced to admit to himself that roofs, and on the ground through he was lost. To make matters worse, out the country. By definition, an his plane was running out of fuel. air marker is a sign, readable from At last, a small hole opened up the air, which tells the name of the in the clouds below and he dropped town in which it is located. Fre down to search the ground for quently, markers include, beside some identifying landmark. None the name-of the town, its longitude stood out. Despite an almost-empty and latitude, an arrow pointing to true north, and a symbol and num ber indicating the direction and distance to the nearest airport. Such an apparently rudimentary and unscientific means of naviga tion and communication may seem outdated in this day of flight pat terns, beams, ground controlled ap proaches and electronic equipment. While such elaborate systems are used by commercial airliners and the larger military planes, the aver age small plane is equipped with none of these expensive instru ments. Many cannot boast even a radio. Scores of private pilots have only limited training and experi ence in navigation. To flyers in these categories, air markers liter ally are life savers. Despite the popularity of private flying in this country, the installa tion of air markers has been rela tively limited. Agitation for them began in the middle Thirties. Be fore that time, there were almost no visual means by which pilots could orient themselves from the air. It was not uncommon for them to land on the streets of a town and inquire its name. Typical of the 50,000 air markers to be found throughout the country is this one atop a gas storage tank in Santa Monica, California Service clubs are responsible for many air markers. Here, a rooftop sign erected by Woodbridge, Va., Kiwanis gets o new coat of paint In the earlv stages, there were widely scattered efforts on the part of local pilots and airport operators to mark towns. However well in tended, these efforts resulted only in a hodge-podge of markings on roofs, towers, and other structures. More Markers Needed Air marking was given a muchneeded shot in the arm when Blanche Moves -- a former Bendix Trophy Race co-winner, holder of the women's east-west transconti nental airplane speed record, and one of the country's leading female pilots -- was named to head a con certed air marking program under the Civil Aeronautics Administra tion. With thousands . of flving hours to her credit, Mrs. Noyes appreciated the value of a nation wide system of air markers. By the time the United States be came involved in World War II, about 30,000 air markers had been installed from coast to coast. Fear that they would prove too helpful to an air-raiding enemy caused many of them to be obliterated. With the Axis beaten, Mrs. Noyes and the Air Route Marking Branch of the CAA launched a campaign to replace the erased markers and add at least 50,000 new ones. For maximum safety, it has been esti mated that the country should have at least 100,000. Under Mrs. Noyes' direction. CAA specification markers have proved so legible and successful in directing lost pilots they have been adopted as international standards. They are described in detail in the CAA's "Air Marking Guide." The booklet points out that markers should, if possible, be lo cated on the roofs of buildings adjacent to main highways or rail road tracks, or near road intersec tions. They should be visible from all angles and readable from an ele vation of at least 3,000 feet. They should not be installed where they will be exposed to excessive amounts of dirt or smoke, and should be away from firewalls, chimneys, and skylights that might crowd the lettering or reduce its legibility. Power lines and large concentra tions of machinery7 or other sizeable metal objects are to be avoided in the placing of markers because of m the effect they would have on the compasses of approaching airplanes. CAA specifications call for the use of chrome yellow letters on a black background where pos sible. Minimum height of characters should be ten feet and letter strokes should be at least 16 inches wide. Air markers are found in almost every conceivable type of place. In Bimev, Mont., a ranch house has one on its roof. The Minster, Ohio, marker is on the roof of a church. The Joliet, III., state prison has in stalled and maintains a large marker on its grounds just outside the prison yard. Help in the installation of markers comes from a wide variety of indi viduals, groups, and organizations. In several states, the aeronautics commission makes regular surveys and sends paid workers out to re paint faded markers and install new ones. Where there is no state organ ization, the Civil Air Patrol and other public-spirited groups have volunteered for the task. Throughout Missouri, for in stance, teen-agers teamed up to in stall markers on a number of high ETC 32592 sib/e for i rooftop Ige, Vo., of paint e on the lirplanes. for the tters on :re posmracters r strokes es wide, n almost place. In mse has -T, Ohio, church. 1 has in- marker 'ide the tor md to in school buildings. The CAA sup plied the paint, the State Aviation division promoted the program, and the youngsters did the work. Schools, incidentally, are consid ered especially good spots for air markers because they usually stand apart from other buildings. Zack Mosley, creator of the wellknown "Smilin' Jack" comic strip, spurred the people of Georgia to action with his plugs for the air marking program. His cartoons showed the strip's characters fol lowing the air markers in several episodes and pointed out their use fulness when the pilot was lost. In Mississippi, members of the Aero Club of Jackson and the Civil Air Patrol fly around the state on holidays and weekends, to paint air markers. During bad weather, they make prefabricated markers indoors. Then, when the skies clear, they carry them directly to pre determined locations. Besides civic groups and other organizations, many private com panies support the air marking pro gram. Outstanding among these are a number of oil companies through out the country which have in stalled markers on their buildings, storage tanks, and grounds. The Air Marking Branch of the Civil Aeronautics Administration encourages individual firms to in stall air markers, but discourages them from painting their corporate name or names of their products on the roofs of their buildings in largf letters. There are cases on record where such signs have confused pilots with disastrous consequences. On Air Maps In an effort to eliminate such con fusion, the CAA will draw up plans for any company desiring to install an air marker and at the same time exhibit its trade-mark or some other type of identification. Many com panies have taken advantage of this offer and have succeeded in adver tising themselves while building goodwill among airplane pilots. No matter where or by whom air markers are made, the Air Marking Branch of the CAA in Washington likes to be advised of their installa tion. The presence of a new marker can then be indicated on official air maps, thus enabling the pilot to orient himself readily by coordinat ing map and ground information. Private and civilian fliers, of course, aren't the only ones whose lives can be saved by air markers. Anyone who flies a plane may have occasion to use them at some time or other. In Mrs. Noyes' repertoire of stories about the value of air markers is one of a Navy jet pilot who was off his course and fast running low on fuel when he spot ted the Greenfield, Ohio, marker. Despite the fact that the local air port was a sod landing field with only a short runway, he managed to bring his plane down safely. When he climbed out of the cock pit, his first words were ones of thanks for the marker. There is also the story of two Indiana National Guard fighter pilots who were guided to a safe landing at Revere, Mass., by an accurate marker. Although great strides have been made in the installation of air markers, more are critically needed. States, towns, and organizations could well take a page from the highway marking book and make air markings just as complete, Mrs. Noyes and others connected with the program feel. The installation of air markers is inexpensive. But in times of distress they become priceless to the floundering pilot who is guided to a safe landing bv their big bright yellow letters. Air markers can be erected on any suit able rooftop -- or even on the ground it self, as has been done at the Illinois State Penitentiary at Joliet (above). Schools, like that at left, are considered especially good spots for air markers because they usually stand apart from other buildings. Factories (right) also ore used extensively for air marking 32593 I I ! jI !? i . i3 i A new additive, developed by Ethyl Corporation, is now be ing tested by the Navy, refin ers, and engine manufacturers ver since that dav in 1934 E when the first diesel-powered streamlined passenger train raced across the Western plains and into the pages of transportation history, the use of diesel engines has increased spectacularly. Although diesel power dates back bevond the turn of the centurv, it re power by these carriers and the mained for the now-famous Bur growing popularity of diesel-pow lington Zephvr to demonstrate ered boats, military vehicles, power dramatically the efficiency and po plants, earth-moving equipment, tentiality of this type of engine and industrial machinery have made and bring it forcefully to the pub "diesel" a part of America's every lic's attention. day vocabulary. In the 18 years since that his This spiraling growth in the use toric run between Denver and of diesel power has, naturally, been Chicago, diesel engines have con accompanied by a great increase tributed to the progress of land in demand for diesel fuels. and water transportation and have In the earlier years of diesel en found a number of important gine use, an ample supply of fuel military and industrial uses. usually was available through the Increased Demand straightrun distillation of selected crudes. In the six years following The greatest gains in the use of 1934, however, the demand doub this type of power have been on the led. From 1941 until the present, railroads, where diesel locomotives it has increased fourfold; and by have replaced thousands of steam i960, according to best estimates, engines in all types of sendee, and present consumption will double. on the highways, where over-the- To keep pace with the grow road diesel trucks and buses are ing diesel market, many petro carrying both freight and passen leum refiners are now including gers. The increased use of diesel in diesel fuels substantial quantities of straightrun distillates from naph thenic crudes and distillates from cracking operations, in addition to the straightrun distillates from se lected crudes. Meanwhile, how ever, demand for all middle distil lates has jumped tremendously. Diesel fuels thus must compete with the added call for heating oils and "charging stocks" for cat alytic cracking, and new demands for fuels for jet aircraft. nlmprover m\ Fuel r" taphfrom on to n sehowdistiliuslv. npete .ating r catnands The problems of diesel fuels are better understood when the char acteristics of diesel engines are considered. As is well known, die sel engines differ from gasoline engines in several fundamental re spects. In the latter, fuel and air are mixed in the carburetor before thev enter the cylinder. In diesel engines, the fuel is injected directly into the cylinder in the form of a sprav and is there mixed with the air. Where gasoline engines employ an electric spark to ignite the mixture, diesel engines rely on the heat of compression. A brief time lag, or "ignition delay," between fuel injection and ignition in a diesel cylinder is nec essary to allow the fuel and air to become thoroughly mixed. If there is a long delay, however, uneven or incomplete combustion follows. This can lead to knock ing or misfiring which may result in engine damage, smoke, and loss of power. Diesel fuels containing high per centages of straightrun distillates from naphthenic crudes or distil lates from cracked stocks generally have high heating values per gal lon and a low pour point -- both desirable characteristics -- but tend to have poor ignition quality. This prolongs the ignition delay period and causes improper engine per formance. Such fuels need only to have their ignition quality, or ce tane number, raised to make them acceptable diesel fuels. lb help improve the ignition quality of such fuels, Ethyl Cor poration has developed a diesel fuel additive. A number of thor ough tests indicate that the use of this agent will be able to make greater quantities of acceptable quality fuel available and also help standardize diesel fuel quality, which now varies widely from coast to coast. Many Advantages The additive, a special blend of primary amyl nitrates referred to as DB-36 Amyl Nitrate, converts middle distillates into acceptable diesel fuel bv raising their ignition quality, or cetane number. The availability of this additive, which could economically upgrade dis tillate fuels by from two to ten cetane numbers, would offer a number of advantages to many oil companies. By permitting the inclusion of greater quantities of cracked and low-cetane-number straightrun dis tillates, it would increase the quan tity of uniform quality diesel fuel that a refiner could produce. Refinery operations could be come more flexible through elim ination or reduction of the selec tive blending now required in many ETC 32595 The availability of fuel with more uniform ignition quality would re duce diesel engine manufacturers' problems associated with the use of the variety of fuels now marketed part of the country's oil refiners. Among the others who could benefit from the use of DB-36 are diesel engine users. The avail ability of fuels of low pour point and more uniform ignition quality would tend to reduce their cold weather operational problems, and in many cases reduce maintenance and operating costs. localities to produce diesel fuel of the necessary ignition quality. Al ternately, refiners might choose to blend selectively unfinished stocks for the desired pour point, flash point, and volatility, with less regard for cetane number. This would be especially valuable in the production of fuels designed to be used in the Arctic. Wherever the refiner has stocks that would be suitable as diesel fuel except for inadequate ignition quality, the availability of an igni tion improver could enable him to store or distribute these stocks as suitable for both heating and diesel fuel purposes. That portion to be sold as diesel fuel could be up graded as desired. This would be particularly valuable to refiners who rely heavily on pipeline dis tribution from refinery to bulk stations. Further, the use of an ignition improver would allow refiners to market diesel fuels of more uni form ignition quality. These advantages would add up to increased output of uniform quality diesel fuels through simpler, more economical refining, distrib uting and storing operations on the Long Research Eventually, too, the availability in all parts of the country of diesel fuel with a more uniform ignition quality would reduce the diesel en gine manufacturers' problems asso ciated with the use of the wide variety of fuels that is currently being marketed. While amyl nitrate in various forms has long been known in principle as a cetane improver, the Ethyl blend is the best from a combined cost-efficiency stand point. Its development is the result of years of search and study by Ethyl's research and development staff. During the course of this continuing research, hundreds of As can be seen in the accompa nying drawing, approximately one - fourth of each barrel of crude is used for the production of middle distil lates (kerosene, gas oil and dis tillates). An addi tive that permits the economical upgrading of diesel fuel offers many advan tages to refiners YIELDS FROM A BARREL OF CRUDE GASOLINE. KEROSENE. GAS OIL AND DISTILLATES. RESIDUAL FUEL OIL OTHER PRODUCTS AND LOSSES. 8 l ETC 32596 different compounds have been tested as cetane improvers. Of these, DB-36 Amyl Nitrate has proved most practical from a com mercial standpoint. This special blend economically creates diesel cetane numbers that are the equivalent of natural cetane numbers. In addition, it has a num ber of other desirable character istics. The added ignition quality which it imparts is retained even during prolonged storage of the fuel under normal conditions. The fact that it is relatively non-toxic enables it to be handled, stored and used without creating health hazards. Further, it does not cause maintenance problems by increas ing wear, deposits, or corrosion or clogging of fuel system parts. Cetane Number Gain All kinds of diesel fuel -- regard less of the type of crude from which they are obtained, the re fining method used, or the sulfur content -- may be improved with DB-36 Amvl Nitrate, tests show. On the average, five cetane num bers mav be gained from the addi tion of 0.13 volume percent; and 2.5 cetane numbers with 0.05 vol ume percent. Thorough testing is an essential As a large consumer of diesel fuel, the Navy, through its Bureau of Ships, currently is testing the effectiveness of Ethyl's special amyl nitrate blend The outcome of current tests with fuels containing DB-36 Amyl Ni trate should have, an important bearing on future Navy diesel fuel specifications. Plans for the manufacture of DB-36 Amyl Nitrate in commer cial quantities will be announced when all tests have been com pleted. While they are in progress, production is limited to pilot plant quantities. Meanwhile, however, as a ser vice to. the petroleum industry, Ethyl Corporation is making sam ple quantities of the ignition im prover available to refiners and diesel engine manufacturers. This sample distribution program will enable fuel and engine technolo gists to produce their own diesel fuel blends and test them under any laboratory or service condi tions they may care to create. Special electronic equipment, like that shown below, was used by the Ethyl Research laboratories in their preliminary testing of DB-36 Amyl Nitrate new product. The performance of Ethyl's ignition improver in over full-scale engines in the laboratory is being checked and rechecked. Too, the Bureau of Ships of the Navy is presently conducting ex tensive tests. The Navy is an important con sumer of diesel fuels and one of its current specifications calls for a fuel containing no cracked ma terial. This, of course, reduces the amount of fuel that can be obtained from a given quantity of crude. /tfeef theSafe s&Z-r m CHAMPS Left, the top award winners -- "Cieve" Wilborn and "Buster" Henderson, of the Hali fax (Va.) Esso Station -- Bash wide grins upon receiving notice of their selection ms: Service station winners of the coveted Brand Name Re tailer of the Year awards have just been announced Two service station partners in the Virginia tobacco belt ham let of Halifax are beginning to get the idea that the month of March holds some sort of special signifi cance for them. First of all, they established their partnership in March of 1947, tak ing over an Esso Standard station along Route 501, which is the Broadway of Halifax (pop. 791). It was on a night in March, 1949, that the busy station faced its first and thus far only threat of disrup tion of business. Fire struck a build ing connected to the rear of the establishment. With the help of townsfolk, the partners moved their stock and equipment across the street just to be on the safe side. But firemen brought the flames un der control before they did any damage, and the station opened for business as usual the next morning. Now, this March, last month, the partners were informed that they had won the coveted Brand Name Retailer of the Year award in the service station field. Thus, after five years of quiet, faithful service to the motorists of Halifax and those cruising Route joi either south into the Carolinas or north into central Virginia, the partnership of Cleveland Wilbom and Edgar Henderson finds itself in the retail world's spotlight. In competition with similar businesses throughout the land, their Halifax Esso Station has been voted the na tion's leading service station with respect to the manner in which it As a community service, the win ning station provides free gasoline and oil for the local fire trucks and free storage for the bookmobile 10 pi! tSli - i ETC 32598 5" Wile Mali- grins lection les un ci any ied for >ming. th, the t they Name in the quiet, ists of Route rolinas ia, the llbom itself ht. In inesses lalifax he nai with lich it The above picture of the winning station in Halifax was taken before the establishment was remodeled last month. At right are the stations which won Certificates of Distinction for their outstanding pro grams of brand name product selling during 1951 impressed upon customers the im portance of purchasing merchan dise that bears a reliable brand name. In all, more than 500 service stations vied for the honor in the annual nation-wide competition sponsored bv Brand Names Foun dation, the non-profit organization supported bv more than 750 lead ing manufacturers and firms as a means of educating the American buving public to "remember to ask for the things you like by their brand names." From the original entrants were screened 35 finalists -- service stations reaching into all corners of the country from Mont pelier. Yt.. to Beverlv Hills, Calif., and from Butte, Mont., to New Iberia. La. Two separate judging sessions were held, one in New York and the second in Chicago on March 10. So that each entry would stand on its merits, and so the judges would not unknowingly be influ enced bv the fact than one en trant's presentation might be more elaborate than another's, the work accomplished bv each finalist in promoting brand names was judged separately. The impartial judges were the 1951 Brand Names cham pions in 18 different fields (food stores, furniture stores, department stores, etc.). Among them was Tom Bell's Sohio Service . . . Newcomerstown, O. ETC 32599 Tichener's Gulf Service . . . Owensboro, Ky. The Wilborn-Henderson station sponsors daily radio commercials over WHLF in South Boston, a larger town a few miles south of Halifax. Here, the partners tune in their message Record-keepers and general helpmates to their husbands in the clerical oper ation of the Halifax Esso Station are Mrs. Wilborn (left) and Mrs. Henderson Schuon, a Gulf Oil dealer in Ann Arbor, Mich., who was Service Station Brand Name Retailer win ner last year, the first of competi tion in this category. When the votes were tabulated the Halifax Esso Station emerged the winner. Close behind in the voting came, in order, The Auto Tire Co., of Hartford, Conn., a Socony-Vacuum dealership; Plaza Standard Service, of Kansas City, Mo., a Standard of Indiana outlet; Bell's Sohio Service, of Newcomerstown, Ohio; and Tichenor's Gulf Service, of Owensboro, Kv. The four runners-up will receive "Cer tificate of Distinction" awards from the Brand Names Foundation. "Cleve" Wilborn was in the grease pit when he received a tele gram from Henry E. Abt, president of Brand Names Foundation, noti fying him of the selection of the Halifax Esso Station as Brand Name Retailer champion. Wilborn had been nursing a hunch that "we might win," but lost that feeling when no wire arrived on March 10, the date for announcing the winners. What was to have been the big day for the partners had come and gone -- and so had their hopes of sharing the famed award. But, then about 2 o'clock the next afternoon, while he was lubricating a customer's car, a Western Union messenger reached into the grease pit, tapped Wilborn on the shoul der, and delivered the good news. While they have a natural pride in their service stations --the part ners also operate one in Centerville, a couple of miles south of Halifax Timely outdoor displays and exten sive use of brand name decals were items that helped win the Brand Name Retailer of the Year award on Route joi -- "Cleve" Wilborn and "Buster" Henderson are as much amazed as anyone that their small operation in one of the na tion's smallest communities should gain national distinction. The an swer, as Brand Names Foundation points out, is not a question of where the business is located or how much it spent to promote its brand names, but rather hoiu was the job done. Well-Rounded Program The Wilborn-Henderson part nership, the judges decided, did the job in an extremely wellrounded manner. Newspaper ad vertising, radio commercials, direct mail pieces, window displays, use of brand name decals on pieces of equipment, and virtually every other known means of reaching the public were employed. Always, of course, the integrity, pride, in genuity, and values back of the products were stressed. "We never let our customers have a doubt about the products we sell and how proud we are of `our brand,' " is the way the part ners sum up their efforts. ETC 32600 jily As an added means of attracting customers, on, and at the same time featuring farand name ax. products, the Halifax station makes it a age paint to change window displays monthly i.. ibom re as their e nahould e anJation m of ed or )te its j was m stomers roducts are of he part- "Giveaway" items bearing names of cer tain products sold at the station help fur ther brand name sales and also build goodwill among the motorists of tomorrow In addition to their continuous and w ide use of the various media for keeping their brand names before the buying public, the partners engaged in a singularly successful public relations and communin' service campaign. Both Wilbom and Henderson are na tives of the area, both are World War II veterans, and both belong to several local fraternal and civic organizations. Wilbom also is Hali fax Countv chairman of the Gov ernor's Highway Safety Council. As part of its extensive program of communin' service, the Halifax Esso Station has, ever since it be gan business in 1947, provided free gasoline, oil, and lubrication to the local fire department, which is now a two-truck organization. Free stor age is provided by the partners for the Halifax County Public Library bookmobile, and use of the sta tion's jeep is donated for smooth ing the local high school baseball diamond before games. The station serves as local center of operations for the Halifax Artificial Breeding Association. And, as a still further community service, the partners distribute a well-received business telephone directory for the Halifax community. It was all these efforts rolled into one which convinced the Brand Name Retailer of the Year judges that the Wilbom-Henderson team had done the outstanding brand selling job in the service station field during the past year. Homage and their reward, in the form of an appropriately-worded plaque, will be bestowed upon the two Halifax operators at the annual Brand Names Day banquet in New York City's Waldorf-Astoria Hotel on the 16th of this month. That will be a real highlight for both Wilbom and Henderson. Although both served overseas during the war, neither has ever visited New York before. "We're reallv excited about the trip to New York," the partners readily admit. "But, what's more important, that award as Brand Name Retailer of the Year is going to make us redouble our efforts from now on to sell the brand name along with the product. Most peo ple, we've found, would rather buy products that carry a reputable trade name than those that don't -- and that certainly applies to ser vice station products as well as drugs, food, or what have you." The Brand Name Retailer award in the service station category was established last year. Here, Tom Schuon (right), Gulf dealer in Ann Arbor, Mich., receives his plaque as oildom's first brand name "champ" 13 ETC 32601 Even in this day of advanced communications equipment, these homing birds play a big part in the plans of the military his being the era of radar Tand super-communications, one might well imagine that the use of homing pigeons in warfare now is, as thev say in the Army, something strictly for the birds. But, in the military's plan of things, the pigeon is far from being a dead duck or reasonable facsimile thereof. Amer ican forces employed 54,000 of the birds in World War II. In any new global battle, the number would be much higher. techniques and devices modem sci ence has given us, it has also de veloped equally effective ways by which enemy forces can disable each other's transmitters. It is when the other means of communication have been knocked out of com mission, or perhaps never set up in Why, when we have the most advanced communication systems man can devise, would the pigeon be relied upon in the future far more than it has been in past warsThe answer: With all the wonder the first place for reasons of troop security-, that the Army relies most heavily upon its faithful pigeon message carriers. Training Center ful radio, telephone and telegraph To prime the homing pigeon for its place in the military world, the Signal Corps operates at Fort Mon mouth, N. J., a vast Pigeon Breed ing and Training Center, the only- installation of its kind in the world. Presently on "active duty" at the Center are 1,300 birds. Behind them stands a potential "reserve force" of almost one million birds, owned by the nation's 20,000-odd homing pigeon fanciers. In World War II, three of every four birds that flew in military service were those turned over to the Signal Corps, without cost, by patriotic civilian fanciers. The nucleus of what might be called the "U. S. Pigeon Force," the birds now being bred and trained at Fort Monmouth are G.I. Before being released from Dy ing airplanes, Army pigeons are placed in slitted paper bags which hold them only until they are clear of the propellers' slip stream in every- sense of the word. Their matings, feedings, exercising and flight training all follow a strict set of Army procedures. Developing a pigeon's natural homing instinct takes approxi mately a month, and this training is started 28 to 30 days after the baby squab is hatched. As a "recruit," the pigeon's first duty is to learn how to "trap." This means to go into a loft through an opening which permits the bird to enter, but not leave again. No pigeon is considered "home" until it is through the loft trap. Next come exercise flights around the loft, to strengthen the wings. Then, when the bird is barely six weeks old, flight training starts. At first, the pigeon is taken only a short distance from the loft and released. But each day the distance is increased until finally it is mak ing flights of 50 miles. Trainers know that when a bird is condi- Above, written messages are car ried in a small capsule fastened to a pigeon's leg . . . Right, film carrier capsules are strapped to a bird's back by a tiny harness 14 ETC 32602 tioned to make 50-mile trips it has the abilitv and stamina to accom plish flights of as many as 300 miles or more. The Army's pigeons are devel oped over one of the toughest training courses in the world. This is the so-called west course, which stretches westward from Fort Mon mouth to beyond the Allegheny Mountains of Pennsylvania. The mountains, and the way they lie, make the course hazardous as well as tough. Numerous birds have been lost, but those that negotiate the mountains are among the stur diest. fastest and most dependable pigeons in the service of anv nation. Dependability is perhaps the ma jor quality demanded of a feathered military message carrier. Speed, and physical stamina coupled with it, are also vital requisites, but the main concern is that the message gets through in the first place. Of the thousands of battle zone mes sages borne bv American pigeons in all World War II theatres of opera tion, all but one percent were deliv ered safely. As part of that out standing record of performance, many individual pigeons won for themselves everlasting fame. There was, for instance, Yank. This pigeon is remembered not only for carrying the message an nouncing the fall of Gafsa, Tunis, but also for dispatching an urgent communique to General Patton he carried a message which is cred ited with saving the lives of one thousand British troops -- soldiers, ironically enough, who would have been victims of an American air attack. U. S. bombers were sched uled to blast a certain town in Italy at a given hour. Just before that time, however, the Germans evac uated the town and the British moved in. Flying a message from Otto Meyer, chief of the Army's Pigeon Breeding and Training Center at Fort Monmouth, N. J., with "G.i. Joe," most famous living pigeon hero some 90 miles in only 100 minutes. Blackie Halligan was another out standing carrier. When the position of 300 Japanese troops on Gua dalcanal was discovered -- enemy forces we did not know were in the area -- it was Blackie who car ried the warning message. The bird was severely wounded while in flight. But true to Signal Corps -- and pigeon -- tradition, he got the message through. The outstanding hero of them all, and the bird rated the outstand ing military pigeon in the world, is one appropriately named G. /. joe. Flying at a mile-a-minute clip. the British to call off the attack, G. 1. joe arrived at the American airfield, 20 miles away, just as our planes were u'arming up to start the bombing mission. For his heroic act, G. /. Joe be came the first American bird to win the Dickin Medal of Great Britain, which is awarded to birds and animals for deeds of daring and bravery. Presentation was by the Lord Mayor of London. The United States could not honor him in such fashion, since Army regu lations do not permit the bestow ing of medals or military rank on pigeons. But, as the next best thing, 15 ETC 32603 Magnets are placed in pigeons' wings to test the theory that their homing instinct stems from a sensitivity to the earth's magnetic field the Signal Corps lets G. I. Joe and some 2 5 other war-hero pigeons live a life of contentment and ease at Fort Monmouth. Through its long interest in pig eon breeding and training, dating back to before the first World War, the Signal Corps has been able, speaking generally, to develop a smaller, faster, more reliable bird than that of a generation ago. One disadvantage of larger birds is that they tend to get "lazy" in hot weather. The present smaller birds suffer no such letdown when the mercury zooms. Of the more than 1 oo different strains of homing pig eons in existence, 25 are used at Fort Monmouth in the Army's sci entifically-planned program of se lective breeding. The homing pigeon has been de veloped entirely by man during the past 150 years. The progress that has taken place is evident. In the early 19th Century, a flight of from 50 to 100 miles was considered a great distance, and the speed of pigeons was not what today would be called rapid. Now, pigeons fly hundreds of miles in a single flight (the record is 2,300 miles) at speeds up to 50, and even 60, miles an hour. In its breeding-training program, the Signal Corps works closely with civilian pigeon fanciers, whose birds form the backbone of the nation's military pigeon reserve force. An nually, Army pigeoneers partici pate in civilian competitive races. These enable the military to test and check its birds, and to note how they compare with pigeons being bred by civilians. Last year. Army birds won nine titles, includ ing the 62j-mile race from Green field, Ind. Chief of the Pigeon Breeding and Training Center at Fort Monmouth and the Army's top pigeon expert is Otto Mever, an Ohioan who has raised and trained pigeons since boyhood. A musician bv trade, Mr. Meyer was commissioned in the Army in 1940, and during the war was commanding officer of the Army Pigeon Service. As a champion of the homing pigeon, Mr. Mever is quick to point out that the bird is a supplemental, and not emergency, means of mili tary communication. Twenty times during the North African cam paign, for instance, pigeons were the only means of contact between American units. For obvious reasons, U. S. agents operating behind enemy lines, as in Korea today, place strong reliance on the pigeon to carry both mes sages and films from their positions back to our headquarters. There are many other military situations which dictate the use of pigeons rather than radio, tele phone, or telegraph. Radio signals often fail or are lost in moun tainous terrain, radio silence may be required so the enemy doesn't know of the presence of our troops, wires cannot be strung because of terrain or enemy action, and radios or other forms of communication Like other vital combat area com munications centers, mobile pigeon lofts are camouflaged to prevent detection by enemy observers 16 1 I ( ( ( i 1 t < < s t s t \ f t e b ft 1 wl B ab m. r th of Wi bn ha wa Tfc cal rec ETC 32604 t IS e r. ie ir ie >g :U ll. li.es nre en its in tee es>ns try of leials anay sn't 'ps, of iios ion cannot be installed as quickly as troops move forward. Under such circumstances, it's up to the Signal Corps' feathered messengers to get the word through. Aside from breeding and trainins pieeons. the Signal Corps also sponsors research programs desisned to answer some of the ques tions man still does not know about this particular bird. One project, conducted at Pennsylvania State College, was aimed at establishing what it is that makes homing pig eons "home." Findings indicate two factors bring a pigeon back to its loft- the effect of flight through the earth's magnetic field, and the effect of the earth's rotation in conjunction with flight, producing side slip. Another research project, this one conducted at the New Jer sey Agricultural Experiment Sta tion at Rutgers University, dealt with the effects of diet. Diet was found to have a marked effect on the homing performance of pig eons. and the Army now feeds its birds a standard mixture of 12 dif ferent grains and seeds. Of particular value and interest In the eor/y days of their training, young pigeons ore allowed to take wing-strengthening flights in the vicinity of their lofts to civilian fanciers was an inves tigation carried out at Fort Sam Houston, Texas, in collaboration with the U. S. Air Force. In this test, pigeons were placed in a de compression chamber, to learn how they would react at 25,000 feet. After a few minutes in the cham ber, the birds were released to re turn to their lofts, about ten miles away. Although each was a trained and experienced racer, the birds appeared confused and reluctant to fly. All eventually returned to their lofts, but only after an unusual length of time. As a result of this experiment, fanciers who transport pigeons from place to place by air plane now know it may be neces sary to rest the birds two or three hours before releasing them, in or der to allow the blood oxygen satu ration to become normal again. All in all, though, the pigeon is a pretty stable creature. It may need a few hours rest after a plane trip and certain weather elements, particularly rain and snow, can slow it down. But, even with that, the pigeon remains one of the most dependable means of communica tion the military7 has in time of war. THE WOOLY BEARS DO IT AGAIN O RESIDENTS of Florida, California, TArizona and those other states where winter is little different from any other season, the wooly bear prob ably doesn't mean a thing. But in a majority of the states, where winter is synonymous with snow, cold and ice, the furry, crawling creature is a thing of great interest to many people* Last November, Ethyl News printed an article entitled "The Heat's on the ^ooly Bears." Now that spring has burst upon the scene, many readers have inquired: How right were the woolies in their prediction of the past winters weather? The answer is, they were dead right. That makes four years running the caterpillars have, by the width of the reddish-brown band that circles their No user of instruments, the wooly bear relies on the width of his band middle, rightly forecast the weather -- at least, the weather experienced by the Eastern part of the country. Fred VanCovern, director of the American Petroleum Institute Depart ment of Statistics, is one of those who has followed the wooly bears with more than a passing interest* By no means does he advocate that the oil industry begin relying on the woolies for gauging seasonal demand for, say, heating oil. "But," says Mr. VanCovern, "anything that can fore cast local weather correctly four years in a row is something we might want to watch." Whether anybody bothers to watch them in the future, the woolies right now are batting 1.000, which is about the best you can do in any league. i KNOCK KepHt nock in gasoline engines has "Hero" of the film is a rapid com K been a subject of concern to pression machine developed at M.I.T engine designers and petroleum reto duplicate, under close control, the finers alike almost since the first conditions that produce knock in davs of the automobile. Ethvl Cor an operating engine. The machine poration and a host of oil and auto compresses fuel-air mixtures, with motive companies concerned have out spark ignition, to a state where devoted an immense amount of re their temperatures and pressures ap search to the problem over the proximate those of the end-gas in an Conditions that produce knock in operating engines are duplicated by this rapid compression machine developed for the purpose at M.I.T. vears. The results of those studies have been singularly successful. Despite the fact that knock can notv be controlled, there is much that is not known about the exact mechanism of knocking combus tion. Researchers are constantly making studies which delve into the whvs and w-herefores of the phe nomenon. One current leading project of this type is that being sponsored bv Ethvl Corporation at the Sloan Laboratory of Massachu setts Institute of Technology. As a form of progress report on this knock-study project, Ethvl has pre pared a motion picture entitled "Fundamentals of Fuel Knock." actual engine cylinder. Researchers know end-gas as the unbumed por tion of a fuel-air mixture in a cylin der ahead of the flame front. Thus, the entire charge in the compression machine can be considered as endgas and so studied in a wav not possible in an operating engine. To obtain the desired data about the character and behavior of the end-gas mixture as it is compressed, high-speed pictures of the phenom ena taking place in the combustion chamber are made through a glass window in the side of the apparatus. A special motion picture camera that operates at the rate of 10,000 frames per second is used for this purpose. Simultaneously, combus tion chamber pressures are measured bv a sensitive stain-gauge unit con nected to a cathode-ray oscillo graph. In "Fundamentals of Fuel Knock," the information recorded bv these instruments is presented in the form of graphs and charts to gether with the high-speed pictures of the action within the end-gas. As the film points out, the rapid compression machine has produced results which have added materially to an understanding of combustion. They have, for example, shown that a definite time lag, or delay period, takes place after compression of a fuel-air mixture, but before the oc currence of the main rise in pressure which accompanies the explosion set off by spark ignition. They have further demonstrated that a fuel that has a high resistance to knock ex hibits a relatively long delay period followed by a gradual pressure rise. A fuel with low resistance to knock, on the other hand, has a short delay period followed by an abrupt pres sure rise. The effect of tetraethyl lead is demonstrated to be primarily one of softening the explosion by causing more of the end-gas to bum slowly, leaving a smaller quantity to bum rapidly enough to cause knock. Data obtained in the M.I.T. stud ies, together with information re sulting from other combustion re search programs being conducted by Ethyl and other organizations, are contributing to progress in the development of better fuels and en gines. As part of that progress. Ethyl is making known the findings of the M.I.T research in "Funda mentals of Fuel Knock." 18 ETC 32606 ombuseasured lit conoscilloif Fuel corded nted in irts tolictures 1-gas. e rapid oduced teriallv lustion. vn that period, n of a the ocressure sion set v have lel that ck ex period re rise, knock, t delay t pres- lead is one of ausing lowly, > bum k. . studon reon re lucted ations, in the nd enagress, ndings unda- Anything, Anytime , Anywhere igh on any list of explana H tions for the great produc tivity of American industry, the super-abundance of American agri culture, and the high standard of American living, stands our unsur passed system of truck transpor tation. The relative ease and con venience with which trucks move raw materials, farm products, com ponent parts, and finished manu factured goods from one part of the country- to another, where and when they are needed or wanted, have played a major part in the making of America. Essential to the development and maintenance of peacetime pursuits, trucks are even more vital in our Moving household goods, transporting pe troleum products, mak ing deliveries to cus tomers, serving the construction industry, and hauling the prod ucts of the country's mines --these are but a few of the many pur suits in which trucks are proving invaluable present defense economy. They are as indispensable on the homefront as at the battlefront in Korea. Trucks are truly one of the reasons why the American farmer can feed so much of the world, and why the American industrial worker is able to satisfy the exact- In peace or in war, virtually everything that America eats, wears and uses moves at least part of the way by motor truck ETC 32607 At all hours of the day and night, in fair weather and foul, on main high ways and back roads, vital truck transportation is helping to main tain our economy tribute food and other agricultural products; maintain fire, police, sani tation, mail, and other government services; and supply and transport the men and materials of war. During World War II, the speed and efficiency with which trucks handled a record number of ship ments of all kinds of goods made possible a coast-to-coast system of interrelated war plants. It was this system of contractors and sub contractors that enabled American industry to break production rec ords and supply the arms and equipment that spelled victory' for the free nations of the world. Great Asset ing demands of a guns-and-butter economy. For the last several years, trucks have been setting the transporta tion pace. Made up of less than five million units as recently as 1940, the nation's truck fleet has sped into the role of transporta tion leader on the wheels of al most four million more vehicles in a little more than a decade. Today, America's 8.7 million trucks constitute more than half of the world's total truck popula tion. Last year, they hauled more than 8.5 billion tons of the coun try's goods. This was more than three times the total tonnage car ried by the railroads, waterways, pipelines, and airplanes combined. Fully as important as carrying freight is the role of trucks in linking all other forms of trans portation. Their pick-up and de livery service connects rail, water, air and pipeline terminals with each other and with shippers and receivers of goods. Trucks are seen so frequently loading and unload ing goods at railroad sidings, ship docks, and airports that such a sight has become a typical scene in the everyday drama of American commerce. There is virtually no limit to the variety of pursuits in which trucks are providing essential ser vices and no restrictions on the type of work for which they can be adapted. Daily they haul the products of mine, forest, quarry' and well; help in the construction of homes and industrial buildings; move all kinds of processed and manufactured goods; make millions of house-to-house deliveries; en able farmers to produce and dis- Truck service connects rail, water, air, and pipeline transportation with each other and with shippers and receivers of all kinds of goods A wartime statement by Joseph B. Eastman, then director of the Office of Defense Transportation, that any breakdown in trucking services "would have consequences, in its impact on our transporta tion services, so serious that they would react gravely on the whole war effort" is no less true today. More recently. President Truman has said: "Highway transportation is of the utmost importance to the national defense. It is one of our greatest assets and it must be developed and maintained at the highest point of safety and effi ciency that can be achieved." With these warnings and the lessons of World War II in mind, plans have been made to keep the , V2A-. cultural ce, sanimment ansport war. e speed trucks if ships made -tern of . as this i subnerican in ree ls and in- for Joseph of the vital trucks rolling in our present economv and under anv more critical international situation that may develop. A Special Motor Truck Manufacturers Committee for De fense Cooperation, named bv the Motor Truck Committee of the Automobile Manufacturers Asso ciation. is providing for the man ufacture simultaneously of "civil ian type trucks and replacement parts to maintain the economv at the highest possible level; civilian tvpe trucks and replacement parts needed by the military; special military vehicles and replacement parts; and other needed military equipment." In addition, on the basis of exhaustive studies bv its research Under our present guns-and-butter economy, every ef fort is being made to manufacture ci vilian and military type trucks and re placement parts concurrently. Some idea of military truck requirements can be gained from this view of the varied vehicles that make up a single column of army trucks at a U. N. supply center in Southern Korea department, American Trucking Associations is keeping the Defense Transport Administration advised of anticipated new truck and truck equipment requirements. It is a function of the DTA to see that manufacturers are allotted suffi cient supplies of critical materials to keep truck production in bal ance with these requirements. Such anticipation and prior plan ning are designed to prevent any repetition of our World War II experience when wear and tear on the nation's civilian trucks threat ened to hamper the entire war effort. In the initial enthusiasm and necessity' to gird the nation with needed military equipment a decade ago, truck plants were con verted to war work almost en tirely. And while they did yeoman work in producing more than 2.5 million military vehicles and a huge volume and variety of other combat supplies, they produced practically no civilian trucks or replacement parts. On the move day and night in support of the war effort, trucks finally started to show signs of wear despite heroic maintenance efforts. A dis astrous transportation breakdown was averted by the prompt recon version of some plants to civilian truck and truck parts production. "Rehearsal for Disaster" With the United States a certain primary target of enemy attack in any future war, the versatility of trucks would make them of even greater value. The costly Kansas-MissouriOklahoma floods of last summer served to emphasize the versatil ity7 and adaptability7 of trucks in stricken areas and provide wrhat American Trucking Associations now refers to as a "rehearsal for disaster." Although unorganized for any special relief work of this type, truckers, with their knowledge of routes, their system of dispatchers, Below, for trucks the Kansas-Oklahoma floods pro vided a "rehearsal for disaster" . . . Left, mind ful of their value, Civil Defense officials are enrolling trucks for emergency transportation and their experience in operating under the most adverse weather and road conditions, were able to save millions of dollars' worth of property and evacuate thousands of people from the inundated areas. Their work extended through the flood and the evacuation, emer gency aid. relief, and rehabilitation stages of the disaster. Trucks evacuated people from their homes; moved household goods; rescued vital and perishable materials from plants and warehouses; and sup plied flood refugees with food, drinking water, and first aid equip ment. When the rampaging waters receded, they helped restore life to its former status. Mindful of truck versatility and truckers' experience, civil defense authorities are counting on them for the evacuation of target areas should enemy bombs fall on this side of the Atlantic. In North Carolina, for example. J. T. Outlaw, executive secretary of the North Carolina Motor Car riers Association, an affiliate of the American Trucking Associations, has been appointed chief of the Civil Defense Transportation Ser vice. In the event of enemy attack, trucks required for the movement of people, supplies, and equipment will be made available to civil defense authorities. The state civil defense organization has drawn up plans that provide for the classification of trucks, and for OUR COVER: This Kodachrome by A. Devanev, Inc., shows the lead storage area beside one of the six tetraethvl lead buildings at the Ethvl Corporation plant at Baton Rouge, La. The pig-lead, newlv arrived from one of the plant's suppliers, is stacked in piles of 100-pound bars, about 30 bars to a pile. The lead shown in this entire row represents only slightly more than half of Ethyl's normal net pig-lead require ments for one working dav. OUR PICTURES: Page 3 (top), Philip Gendreau; pages 3 (bot tom), 4 (bottom), and 5 (bot tom right), Fairchild Aerial Sur veys, Inc.; pages 4 (top), and 5 (bottom left), courtesy Civil Aeronautics Administration; pages 6 and 7, courtesy General Motors, American Trucking As sociations, and Diesel Progress; pages 8 (top) and 9 (top), cour tesy General Motors; page 8 (bottom), courtesv American Petroleum Institute; pages 11 and 13 (bottom), courtesy Brand Names Foundation; page 14, Wide World; pages 15, 16, 17, courtesy Signal Corps, U. S. Army; pages 19. 20, 21 (top), courtesy American Trucking As sociations; page 21 (bottom left), courtesv North Carolina Council of Civil Defense, (bot tom right). Acme; inside back cover, courtesv Oil Industry In formation Committee. the establishment of motor pools, dispatchers' offices, service stations, and other installations that mav be required in both target and non target areas'. Widespread truck use has made possible the geographical disper sion of American industry -- itself a contribution to national security and an aid in reducing congestion in metropolitan areas. Today, in dustrialists can locate manufactur ing facilities practically anywhere they choose and still maintain un interrupted production schedules largely because of truck transpor tation. Besides serving industries in once-remote sections, trucks also provide the only freight service for some 25,000 communities through out the country that have none ex cept highway connections. The full story of trucks and of their importance to the nation's security and well-being would take volumes to tell. If trucking con tinues to expand as it did last year, the trucking story certainly will expand correspondingly. During 1951, trucks hauled 15% more freight than they did the year be fore. which was in turn 25% above 1949. To help handle this stagger ing load, $3.3 billion was invested in new equipment. This provided for expanding the truck population by nearly a half million vehicles and replacing more than 600.000 old units which were retired. Perhaps the most significant statement that can be made re garding truck importance is that virtually everything America eats, wears, and uses -- whether in a peacetime, defense, or all-out war economy -- moves at least part of the way by truck. A YEAR AGO THIS MONTH .. . It's birthday time for oil in the rolling wheat field area of northwestern North Dakota. There it was, in what oilmen know as the Williston Basin, that on April 5, 1951, North Dakota became No. 27 on the list of states in which petro leum has been found in commercial quantity. For 30 years, off and on, the petroleum industry, in its typical never-saydie fashion, had tried to find some of the crude believed to exist in the geological strata below the Basin's surface. The break came a year ago when Amerada Petroleum Corp. brought in its discovery well at a depth of more than two miles. The strike was made on eroded farmland which, in Dust Bow] days, went begging for takers at the fantastic price of 50 cents an acre. On the opposite page is a photo of the discovery well. It stands as another symbol of the petroleum industry's constant quest for oil to keep Amer ica's wheels of progress turning. 22 ETC 32610 -- itself >ecuritv igestion lav, inifacturvvhere ain unhedules ansporstries in ks also vice for hroughlone ex- Slightly Colossal -w e ^m -: We are under no illusions that the twenty-seven films cur Fire Power -- The safe handling of gasoline rently in the Ethyl Motion Picture Library will ever win "Oscars." By Hollywood standards they are only slightly Fundamental* of Fuel Knock--Combustion studies at M.I.T. colossal . .. but we believe they have been of tremendous You're the Doctor -- Precision servicing of tractors value to our customers over the years. What our films may lack in glamour, they most cer There Is a Difference -- Service station customer relations tainly make up in educational value. The subjects are ones Gasoline for Everybody -- Brief story of Gasoline that are close to the heart of any petroleum man trying to make better products, train his people to handle fuels more Pattern for Progress -- Tractor povier in Agriculture safelv, or assist his customers to get more from the fuels We will be happy to send you a complete catalogue of and lubricants he supplies. films in the Ethyl library. If you need a particular film in I A glance at the following list will give you an idea of the a hurry, our regional offices maintain a full stock for quick films we have available . . . and probably suggest uses for service. Of course, there is no charge for these films. They them in your own operations. are part of Ethyl's service to the oil industry. ETC 32612 Robert J. Moody, who joined Ethyl Corporation on February 8 this year, is the holder of badge No. 1 among wageroll employees at the company's new antiknock compound manufacturing plant in Texas. A pumphouse and power operator, First class, "Jim" Moody is a member of the Maintenance Section in the plant's utilities area. Since be ing employed, he has been joined by hundreds of other production and maintenance employees. Total employment, when the plant reaches fullscale production later in the year, will approximate 1,000 men and women. A native Texan, Moody was born in Lufkin and was grad uated from high school there in 1928. Before joining Ethyl he held a variety of jobs in a number of locations, gaining the skill and experience that qualify him for his present position. He has engaged in pipeline and pump station construction work at Beau mont, Texas; operated a cen tral heating plant at Scott Field, Illinois; operated boil ers and turbines at the South land Paper Mills at Lufkin; supervised the operation of an iron castings annealing furnace at Lufkin; and has worked for the Tennessee Val ley Authority in Chattanooga. During World War II, Moody was a master sergeant in the Air Force, specializing in the maintenance and repair of aircraft engine carburetors and ignition systems. MAY 1952 Thom Yatei, Editor Richard F. Cook, Associate Editor Hal Wohanka, Art Director ETHYL'S NEW PLANT READY TO SERVE OIL INDUSTRY 4 Start of operations at the Texas installation means a substantial increase in the Company's production of antiknock compound. INDUSTRIAL WONDERLAND 10 The Texas Gulf Coast is a booming manufacturing region, with petroleum and petrochemicals in the forefront. ON A SUNDAY AFTERNOON 14 Old race cars and automobiles shared the spotlight as Ethyl's fuel economy demonstration made its West Coast debut. THE CITY THAT HAD TO BE 20 Over a century ago, its founders predicted that Houston would become "the great interior commercial emporium of Texas." AT YOUR SERVICE 24 Ethyl's interest in its major product goes far beyond just the manufacture of antiknock compound. Opinions oxprossod in tignod articles or# the authors'. Tho odltors of Ethyl Nows welcome articles of timoly interest submitted from outside sources. Published by Ethyl Corporation, 100 Park Avenue, New York 17, N. Y., manufacturer of "Ethyl" antiknock compounds, used by oil com panies to improve the antiknock quality of aviation and motor gasoline. Edward l_ Shea, President; Stanley T. Crossland, Vice President and Treasurer; Herbert A. Savage, Secretary ETC 32614 ETHYL'S NEW PLANT] READY TO SERVE OIL INDUSTRY i_ _ _ _ _ l i ~nr tfr /Ijf' J^r ij W. c *is .\ Opening of the Houston facility --climax of a $100 million expansion program -- assures re finers of ample antiknock compound supplies and near Pasadena. Modem in every respect, the plant incorporates technological improvements, process changes, and new engineering designs which only Ethyl's long experience in the field of antiknock com pounds could make possible. even years ago, with the Axis crushed. Ethyl Cor Specifically, the production of the Texas plant rep S poration embarked upon what was to prove a $ i oo resents an increase of about one-third in the Company's million expansion of its antiknock compound manufactetraethyl lead capacity. turing facilities. Through the construction of new This gain comes at a most opportune time, as the buildings and engineered improvements in the manu nation's refiners face a new record demand for gasoline, facturing processes, this vast expansion program en both quantity-wise and quality-wise. Last vear, 45 bil abled the Ethyl plant at Baton Rouge, already the lion gallons of gasoline were consumed bv automotive world's largest of its kind, to produce antiknock com vehicles, aircraft, farm tractors, and other gasoline- pound in a quantin' never before achieved. powered equipment in the United States. That all-time Now, as the climax to its expansion and to add still high, it is predicted, will be surpassed this year. further to its record-breaking output of "Ethyl" fluid, As the call for more and more gasoline has been Ethvl Corporation has put into operation its new manu sounded, so, too, have refiners had to meet the demand facturing plant on the south bank of the Houston Ship for gasoline of higher antiknock quality to fulfill the Channel, about 17 miles from downtown Houston requirements of modem high compression cars and ETC 32616 other vehicles needing the very best in motor fuels. Assurance that the petroleum in dustry will now have sufficient tetraethyl lead to provide gasoline of suitable antiknock quality, even during a war period, was contained in a statement bv E. L. Shea, presi dent of Ethyl Corporation, an nouncing the start of operations at the Texas plant. "Completion of our new plant," said Mr. Shea, "marks a major mile stone in the growth and utilization of 'Ethyl' antiknock compound. Not only does it mean an important increase in Ethyl's ability to meet the oil industry's requirements for antiknock compounds. It also means renewed assurance that the oil in dustry will be able to provide gaso line of adequate antiknock quality for the nation's needs in war or in peace. We take particular pride in the completion of a new and stra tegically located center for the manufacture of antiknock com pounds." Situated as the plant is in the heart of one of the nation's great petroleum refining and chemical Cthyl's Baton Rouge plant, below, is the world's largest antiknock compound manufacturing center. The chart, at right, illustrates increases in production, in terms of capacity of one TEL building, that have been scored at the plant manufacturing regions, the raw ma terials required in Ethyl's manufac turing operations are readily avail able. From nearby sources in the Texas Gulf Coast area, the new plant obtains salt brine, hydrogen, ethylene, sulfuric acid, ethylene di bromide, electric power and all but one of its other major raw mate rials. That exception is pig lead, which is secured from both domes tic and foreign suppliers. From these basic raw materials, the new plant, like the Baton Rouge installation, produces practically all of the intermediate chemicals that go into the manufacture of the antiknock compound. This full in tegration of both Ethyl manufac turing plants -- the fact that they are dependent upon outside sources for so little -- is one of the principal reasons why customer oil companies are assured of sufficient supplies of "Ethyl" fluid. Because of the diversity of manu facturing operations, the plant is divided into three general operating areas -- the sodium area, the ethyl chloride area, and the tetraethyl lead area. The largest structure of the new plant is the T-shaped sodium building, where salt is electrolytically decomposed into sodium and chlorine. In one section of the INCREASE IN CAPACITY cc c Cc Cc BY PLANT CONSTRUCTION O Y PROCI5S IMPROVEMENT CCc C C C C Cl C C Cl C C Ci C C c cc cCC CCCCc ccc ccc c c c ccccc ccc c c ccc cc ccc 1938 1939 1990 1941 1942 1943 1944 194S 1944 1947 1948 1949 1950 1931 as the soline, 45 bilmotive soline11-time s been iemand fill the rs and etc 32617 * i f The world's most modern antiknock compound manufacturing plant stands on what 18 months ago were acres of scrubcovered flatlands, on the Houston Ship Channel. A team of Cthyl experts, two architectural firms and a dozen contrac tors were engaged in planning, designing, and erecting the complex installations. A total of more than 11,000 purchase orders for construction materials and services were placed . . . Above, the facilities include many tanks for the storage of intermediate and finished chemicals. Ethyl chloride is stored in these hortonspheres . . . The three photos at the left picture prominent structures in each of the plant's major operating areas. From top to bottom, they are the ethyl chloride plant, the tetraethyl lead building, and the salt treatment wing of the sodium building . . . Below left, the distinctive "golf-ballon-a-tee" water tower is seen to the left of an ethyl chloride area processing tower . . . Below right, part of the massive array of pipes, valves end gauges found in the sodium area !*:CV2t ' >ring :rubu of tract the base i... e of ored :ture iting fan/, g of balliride ss/ve area building, incoming salt brine is evaporated, filtered and dried prior to being decomposed. The other section contains the cell room, where the salt is electrolyzed. Alreadv the world's largest producer of sodium, Ethvl is substantially in creasing its output with the new manufacturing installation. In the ethvl chloride area, the first unit to participate in the proc ess is the hydrogen chloride plant. Here, hvdrogen is burned with chlorine obtained from the sodium operations. The resulting hvdrogen chloride is then compressed and sent to the ethvl chloride unit where it is reacted with ethylene to form ethyl chloride. Another unit is the ethvlene dichloride plant, where ethvlene is added to chlorine to form ethvlene dichloride. Simplified Operations As in the case of the sodium plant, the new ethvl chloride facili ties represent an important addition to Ethyl's capacity for this tetra ethyl lead intermediate. The new unit, moreover, incorporates a num ber of design improvements result ing in more efficient and simplified operations. In the tetraethyl lead area, the principal structure is the newly re engineered tetraethyl lead building. Both the alloying and tetraethyl lead operations are carried out in this structure. Metallic lead is re duced to a molten state. This mol ten lead is then combined with molten sodium to form the allov which participates with ethyl chlo ride in the tetraethyl lead reaction. The TEL section of the building is four stories high. Manufacturing operations begin on the top floor with the introduction of the leadsodium allov and the ethyl chloride. After the basic reaction has been completed, the tetraethyl lead is Ethyl Corporation leaders photographed on an inspection tour of the new Texas plant: Clinton W. Bond, general manager of manufacturing; B. Bynum Turner, vice president in charge of research and engineer ing; Wallace F. Armstrong, plant manager; E. L. Shea, president; and John H. Schaefer, vice president in charge of manufacturing washed and purified and then blended with other ingredients to form the finished antiknock com pound. Throughout all manufacturing processes, a central control labora tory containing many pieces of highly-specialized analytical equip ment maintains a close check. It insures that all materials used are up to standard and that finished prod ucts are of the highest quality. In addition, a number of other installations and pieces of equip ment necessary for the administra tion and operation of the plant are to be found. Typical of the scope of the plant's operation is the fact that it consumes as much electricity, primarily for the sodium operations, as a city of 100,000 people. To han dle this electrical load, it has its own power substations with some 2 8 heavy-duty transformers capable of reducing incoming current of 66,000 volts to as little as six volts. 7 Elaborate water-treating and pu rification facilities provide properquality water for steam generation, cooling and fire protection. A spe cial tower cools some of the water used in manufacturing processes. There is also a central refrigeration plant of 825-ton capacity. All proc ess water used at the plant is treated in a special purification system be fore being returned to the Houston Ship Channel. The administration building houses the plant's offices and med ical sendees. There is a separate house where employees can shower and change street and work clothes, and the plant has its own laundry. WHAT ARE PLANTS MADE OF? What goes into the construction of an up-to-the-minute industrial plant such as Ethyl's in Texas? Untold hours of planning, con ferring and designing, of course. Then after that come the ma terial things. In Ethyl's case, these amounted to: 15,500 tons of steel 46.000 cubic yards of concrete 500.000 bricks and tiles 200 miles of pipe 275 pumps 20,463 valves 625 miles of electrical wiring 5.000 lighting fixtures 26.000 gallons of paint 4 miles of roads and streets 6M miles of railroad track To provide refiners prompt deliver ies, even in periods of peak de mand, Ethyl operates its own Beet of hundreds of railroad tank cars Storage Facilities Also available, of course, are ex tensive storage facilities for finished "Ethvl" antiknock compound, so dium, chlorine, ethyl chloride and other chemicals. Throughout the plant is evidence of Ethyl's long experience in the manufacture of antiknock com pound. A large part of the equip ment is custom-built for Ethyl's needs and according to its specifica tions. While the Baton Rouge plant has long been the world's largest antiknock compound manufactur ing installation, it also has been, in one sense, a proving ground for im- proved processes and new engineer ing designs. Throughout the new plant is reflected the knowledge that has been gained, and the im provements that have been devel oped, over the past years at Baton Rouge. As a result. Ethyl now oper ates two completely independent -- yet completely integrated -- manu facturing plants, both producing antiknock compounds by the most modem processes and with the most modem equipment known. Beyond its manufacturing status, the Texas plant becomes still an other supply point from which Ethvl can conveniently and prompt- Besides making deliveries from Us manufacturing plants, Ethyl maintains storage terminals on the East and West Coasts for serving customers ly make deliveries to its customers. The plant site, with more than six miles of railroad trackage of its own, is served by the Port Terminal Railroad, which connects with all six major lines serving Houston. As with deliveries from the plant at Baton Rouge and the storage terminals on the East and West Coasts, shipments of "Ethyl" anti knock compound from Houston will be speeded by a fleet of tank cars soon to number more than 400 when carriers on order become available. In addition, the Company maintains a fleet of 130 cars for cus tomer delivery of sodium, chlorine, and ethyl chloride. The site upon which the new plant has been constructed is ideally placed on the famous Houston Ship Channel. It embraces 400 acres in all. As it now' stands, the plant cov ers about 80 acres, leaving ample room for expansion to satisfy any future demand for increased sup plies of antiknock compound. Con struction of the plant -- completely changing the site from a broad ex panse of scrub-covered flatlands to the locale of the world's most mod em installation of its type -- is a / it P ft b n ti o o: A v o f. tl so 01 3th I Above, the new Texas plant uses as much electricity, primarily far its sodium operations, as does a typical city of 100,000 people. Com plex plant equipment includes, above right, huge revolving ovens for drying salt before it is decomposed into sodium and chlorine; and below right, a unit for drying hydrogen chloride gas, one of the inter mediate chemicals used in producing "Ethyl" antiknock compound tribute to the skillful planning, co operation, and engineering acumen of the men who participated in it. Assembling, integrating, and super vising the vast team of architects, contractors, and engineers needed for the job was the responsibility of the Company's Research and Engi neering department. It in turn was guided bv recommendations of Ethyl's Manufacturing department. In actual construction work, some 1.500 workmen in the employ of a dozen contractors devoted over 5.250.000 man-hours to completing the plant in just 18 months. Several factors entered into the selection of the Texas Gulf Coast area as the location of the plant. The availability and adequate sup ply of raw materials had to be as certained, of course. So, too, was it necessary to be certain that the 1,000 skilled employees who will man the plant when it reaches fullscale production later in the year could be recruited. Above that, however, placement of the facility had to be considered in the light of national defense and security. By building at a site well removed from its Baton Rouge plant, Ethyl has effected a disper sion of manufacturing facilities, making it impossible for a single enemy attack or act of sabotage to curtail all of its production. And so the new Ethyl plant on the Houston Ship Channel stands -- a new guarantee to the nation's re finers that, in peace or war, they will be able to provide gasoline of adequate antiknock quality to meet civilian and military needs. 9 ETC 32621 % STON REEPORT )RPUS CHRISTI Many miracles of science and production, particularly in pet ROWNSVILLE rochemicals, are being per formed along the Texas Coast the petrochemical industry of the Texas Gulf Coast will represent an By Weldon B. Hill investment of about S3.5 billion. Oil Editor, The Houston Post The exciting growth of this comparatively new industry has As industrial miracle is being . unfolded along that crescent been described as "breath-taking," "whopping," and "bustling," and shaped strip of land abutting thehas captured the attention of all Gulf of Mexico known as the Texas America. Gulf Coast. A vigorous young industrial re This area, stretching ioo miles in gion, the Texas Gulf Coast is just land and extending from the Rio beginning to realize its potentials. Grande River to the Sabine -- from Known as an area where more the Mexican to the Louisiana wealth is taken from the soil than borders -- is the nation's newest from any other equivalent area on chemical frontier. Or, more specif the face of the earth, it was a natural ically, petrochemical frontier. site for the petrochemical indus From 1940 through 1951, an esti try. It offers the chemical trinity -- mated 52.1 billion was invested in acids, hydrocarbons, and water -- in the construction of chemical plants abundance. and the expansion of oil refineries Petroleum, the source of the pet in the area for the production of rochemical industry, became an in petrochemicals for both military dustry on that cold January morn and civilian consumption. Now, ing in 1901, when Captain Anthony this year, it is estimated, an addi F. Lucas' gusher roared into pro tional $1 billion is being spent in duction at Spindletop, just outside further expansion. By the end of of Beaumont. Since that day, the 1953 --in just a 13-year period -- Texas Coast has become one of the world's largest oil producing and refining centers. The never-ending search for petroleum has led, in turn, to the discover)' of vast de posits of sulphur and salt, which are also vital materials in the petro chemical industry. The Texas Gulf Coast is blessed with an ever-growing supply of natural gas, one of the magnets which has drawn the petrochemical industr*y to this area. In half of its dual role, natural gas serves as an important source of hydrocarbon raw materials for pet rochemicals. To cite one, ethane, a by-product of natural gas, is a ma jor source of ethylene. The latter is one of the most versatile of the petrochemical family. 10 ETC 32622 Above, left, and left below, famil iar sights in the nation's new est industrial empire, stretching from the Sabine River to the Rio Grande, are the storage tanks, proc essing towers and modern plants of the petrochemical industry Equally important is the role nat ural gas plavs after it has been stripped of its liquids. The dry gas then becomes an efficient, clean, economical fuel that fires the boil ers of industry. Crude oil produced on the Texas Coast is noted for its naphthas and gasoline, and chemists found this type of petroleum to be a natural source of petrochemical raw ma terials. Prior to 1939, there was little demand for oil or gas in the chemical field. The change came with World War II, when there developed a definite "blood" relationship be tween the petrochemical industry and the petroleum refining indus try. Bom of necessity through the critical shortages of chemicals from other sources, the petrochemical in dustry was mothered to maturity during the war through the use of petroleum. The wartime shortages included ingredients used in making syn thetic rubber, toluene for TNT, and other chemicals used in meet ing the needs of modem war. A chemical process w'as developed at oil refineries whereby straight-run gasoline served as the source of toluene. When not used in making TNT, this petrochemical is em ployed in many industrial solvents. To help solve the rubber short age, butadiene and styrene, co-ingredients in the manufacture of buna S rubber, were developed from refinery by-products. Buta diene is produced through the dehydrogenation of butylene, a refinery by-product primarily ob tained through the catalytic crack ing of heavy gas oils. Benzene and ethylene, both made from refin ery streams, were processed into styrene. The early development of these synthetic chemicals by the oil re fining industry gave technicians a much better understanding of how to produce chemicals from petro leum and, at the same time, opened the door to the production of many other such chemical products. Currently coming into its own is a petrochemical known as paraxylene, a refinery by-product and a basic ingredient in the manufac ture of a new synthetic fiber. War time experience in producing xy lenes synthetically for use in the production of high-octane aviation gasoline led to the development of this new petrochemical. Although some xvlenes occur naturally in crude oils, particularly those from fields on the Texas Gulf Coast, by far the largest supply is man-made through the magic of chemistry. Building Blocks Many of the petrochemicals are never seen by the average consumer in their natural form, since they serve as intermediates, or building blocks, in the manufacture of every thing from the smallest kitchen gadget to mighty airplanes. For in stance, ethylene in its natural form is of little value, just like a piece of unfinished lumber cut from a tree, but it serves as a handy intermediate in the production of plastics. From certain petrochemical in- Synthetic rubber being manufactured in a Gulf Coast plant. Born of wartime necessity, this petrochemical product was a forerunner of the manv that are now produced in Texas' great "industrial wonderland"  i 1 jl termediates, synthetic textiles are From Texas ports, left, natural and manufactured products of the Lone f I made to clothe a person from head Star State are shipped to all parts of the world . . . Right, abun dant supplies of natural gas that can be piped directly to plant to foot. And synthetic fibers now locations have been a major factor in industrialization of the area are being made into synthetic furs resembling beaver and mouton. coastal canal, serving the coastline obtained by mentioning such as Joining with the mineral re of Texas, makes possible direct barge Champion Paper and Fibre, Dia sources to turn the eyes of in service over the nation's inland mond Alkali, General Tire & Rub dustrialists to the coastal plains of waterways. ber, Hercules Powder, Sheffield Texas when considering plant loca Modem, progressive communi Steel, and the many oil companies, tion are ample supplies of electric ties, ranging from small towns to of course. i I power, water, labor, and yes, a mild metropolitan centers like Houston More than 60 petroleum, chem ! climate. The climate, in many in and Corpus Christi, dot the area. ical and related companies operate stances, has helped reduce the cost Within the 62 counties of the Texas plants on the Texas Gulf Coast. of plant construction through the Coast region live 2,500,000 people. Many of these companies make cer installation of open-type buildings. Houston, the largest city in the tain petrochemical intermediates, Power companies have been able to South, is the hub of Texas' petro and their plants are linked by pipe supply all demands for electricity. chemical industry. Arriving in the lines for the processing of one in Adequate supplies of water, a ma city by any of the usual means termediate with another. < ( jor consideration for process indus of travel, the "outsider" is slow to Texas City, a gulf port, is the site tries, can be found on the Texas realize that he is in a petrochemical of the chemical works of Monsanto < 1 Gulf Coast, either from under center. The awakening comes with Chemical Company, Carbide & Car I ground sources or surface supplies. a boat trip down the Houston Ship bon Chemicals division of the I The several rivers which traverse Channel, past the towering San Ja Union Carbide & Carbon Corpora II I the area to the Gulf of Mexico offer cinto Monument, the refining cen tion, Pan American Refining Cor possibilities for increased reserves. ter of Baytown, and on toward the poration, and Tin Processing Cor Native, intelligent labor, easily Gulf of Mexico. poration. Expansion plans of Mon I trained in the process industries, is in plentiful supply. Plants and Refineries santo and Carbide & Carbon call for an investment of possibly $150 i 1 f Various modes of transportation On both sides of the Ship Chan million. make the Texas Gulf Coast indus nel and in seemingly chain-like At Orange and La Porte are the trial centers easily accessible to manner, petrochemical plants and petrochemical plants of E. I. du world markets. Rail, air, water and oil refineries loom large, and skele Pont de Nemours where inter highway connections to the mar ton-like structures of steel tell a mediates for finished nylon prod kets of the East, West and Midwest glowing story of new expansion. ucts are produced. Du Pont also is I are many. Great harbors on the The list of companies with facili constructing a large plant at Vic Gulf of Mexico provide ideal cen ties along the Channel is too long toria for the production of nvlon ters for export to Mexico and Cen tral and South America. An intra to give here. An idea of the diver sity of operations, however, can be salts. The Beaumont-Port Arthur-Port j fti N'eches area is another large petro At Bishop, inland a bit from the chemical ingredients converted chemical center. Located in this Corpus Christi, is located, among into end products locally. area are the plants of Mathieson other plants, the big petrochemical Meanwhile, the Texas Gulf Coast's Chemical Corporation, Jefferson unit of the Celanese Corporation of petrochemical industry is providing Chemical Company, Neches Butane America. steady employment for almost 30,- Products Company, and the refin All these are among the installa 000 workers at an annual payroll of ing facilities of Gulf Oil, The Texas tions which have given the Texas J11 o million. Companv, Magnolia Petroleum, At Gulf Coast the first stage of its in There is no doubt that this new lantic Refining, and Pure Oil. dustrial development. Compared industry is here to stay, because the Probablv the largest producer of with the Northeast and the Mid supply of its basic material -- petro chemicals on the Texas Gulf Coast west, industry in Texas came late. leum -- is abundant. It takes but a is the Dow Chemical Company. At The remarkable thing about the small amount of petroleum, com Freeport, on the Gulf, Dow pro petrochemical industry in Texas is paratively, to fill the needs of the e duces a list of chemicals from here that so much has been done in such petrochemical industry. Chemists i- to vonder. Among the first major a short time. sav the production of one chemical 11 a chemical companies to make huge investments on the Texas Gulf Key fo the Future product in the amount of 2 5 million pounds annually is a fair rate of is Coast, Dow is continuing to ex What about the future continuing production and that this requires i- pand. The company is reported to growth of this budding industrial only about 225 barrels of oil and - have plans for an immediate expan empire? Although new Texas Coast gas daily. This amount can be pro d sion program costing about 575 plants for the production of still duced from one Texas Coast well. s, million. Freeport is also the site of more petrochemicals are' on the Truly, the petrochemical industry the Ethvl-Dow plant for the extrac planning boards, only recently have is the modem miracle of America's i- tion of bromine from sea water. initial steps been taken' toward con industrial progress. :e The Corpus Christi area is also a verting the raw materials into fin t. big industrial production center. ished products at plants in this area. r- Here are located the plants of the And therein lies the key to the fu s, Aluminum Company of America, ture expansion of this area, indus e- American Smelting & Refining trialists sav. n- Companv, Com Products Refining Texas is hopeful that its aggres Company, and American Cyanamid sive petrochemical industry will Company. Corpus Christi, an oil re serve as the forerunner of an indus fining and export center, also has try that will turn petrochemical in been selected by the Reynolds termediates into finished products. Metals Company as the site of a In only a few cases -- as in insecti plant to make aluminum. cides, detergents and fertilizers -- are Newsreel, TV and other photog raphers had a field day snap ping the old race cars, such as this 1910 Pope Hartford . . . Left, a general view of the Fair Grounds track and grandstand ith an afternoon of dust raising competition by race can of Barney Oldfield's heyday as an added attraction, the fuel econ omy feature of Ethyl Corporation's now-famous "two equals three" demonstration was staged last month for the first time before an audience west of the Mississippi. Conceived and developed by Ethyl almost two years ago, "two equals three" since then has enjoyed successful showings before oil in dustry7, military, and press groups in Detroit, Washington, D. C., and on the New Jersey Turnpike. Its West Coast debut came at the Los Angeles County Fair Grounds in Pomona, Calif., on Sunday, April 6, as one of the highlights of an Ethyl-sponsored program featuring oldtime automo biles and race cars. The fuel economy run at Pomona provided proof anew to the 6,000 oil company representatives and gen eral public present that while gas oline today still costs only about the same as it did a generation ago (ex cluding taxes), it delivers up to $0% In this pre-roce huddle are Jimmy Jackson, Indianapolis driver who was race starter, Chief Steward Gordon Betz,and driver Henry Banks dustrace Jay as econltion's hree" nonth lienee d by "two joyed iil inups in nd on West ngeles mona, one of isored tomo- more mileage and increases the use ful power of an automobile engine bv about the same percentage. The major events of the after noon's card of racing bv the veteran cars were the Ethvl Vanderbilt Cup and Grand Prix competitions, mod ern revivals of those famed speed dashes of another generation. AAA Sanctioned In age, the 15 race cars that took part ranged from a 1907 Benz, in which Bamev Oldfield once set a one-mile speed mark of 83 mph, to a 1917 Hudson, one of the most popular Indianapolis 500-mile race performers of its dav. The entire race program was sanctioned and supervised bv the Contest Board of the American Au tomobile Association. The cars mav have wheezed a bit at times, some were balkv at the starting line, and others set up heavy smoke screens from the exhaust. But, all in all, they provided as many thrills for the Pomona gathering as thev did decades ago when many of these same cars were competing in the original Vanderbilt Cup and Grand Prix races. In fact, the outcome of the Ethyl Vanderbilt Cup race was a case of history repeating itself. For, a 1913 Peugeot -- the same as Dario Resta drove to victory in both the 1915 Vanderbilt Cup and Grand Prix competitions and then to Indian apolis "500" first-place honors the next year -- won the Pomona re vival. With Danny Oakes, 1948 AAA national midget-racing cham pion, at the wheel, the Peugeot cov ered the 25 laps of the half-mile Los Angeles County Fair Grounds dirt track in ij minutes 23.9 seconds. This victory gained Oakes the big trophy of the day. Interested onlookers were Mrs. Meredith Littlefield, wife of Ethyl's Western Region manager, Mrs. R. L. Minckler, wife of the General Petro leum president, and Sarah Littlefield Among the many West Coast oil company representatives who at tended the Ethyl program was (above, right) William G. King, Jr., vice president of marketing for Richfield Oil. Beside him, their eyes following Grand Prix race action around a turn, are Chalmers McGaughey, a friend, and Mrs. King The camera caught this view of Gale L. Adams, General Petroleum's manager of manufacturing, during a race highlight. With him are his daugh ter and son-in-law, the Leland Steinhausers Photographed as they enjoyed one of the events on the famous Fair Grounds track were K. E. Kingman. Union Oil Company's vice president in charge of manufacturing, son Billy, and Mrs. Kingman Oakes was pushed every inch of the way by the 1917 Hudson, piloted by Henry Banks, wellknown Indianapolis driver and the AAA national champion two years ago. They had the field lapped by about the 20th turn and thereafter made it a two-car race. Earlier in the afternoon, the same two drivers and cars had battled it out in a special three-lap challenge race. This time Banks was first over the finish line. His clocking was one minute 40.8 seconds, or almost a mile-a-minute clip. The Vanderbilt Cup race was run as a two-part affair. Oakes captured the trophy because his winning time was faster -- by seven-tenths of a second -- than that recorded by the winning car of the other "heat." This was the 1907 Benz, steered by Sam Hanks, the AAA national midget-racing champion in 1949. Hanks and driver Don Colee, at the wheel of a 1914 O. N. O. (a car with a Fiat chassis and Pope Hartford en gine), waged a ding-dong race and had the crowd hoarse from yelling by the time it was all over. By leading the pack home in its portion of the Vanderbilt Cup run. Hi the ancient Benz proved itself the outstanding vehicle performer. The right-hand-drive racer also won the Ethyl Grand Prix, leadoff race of the afternoon. In the 50-lap (25mile) event, Lindley Bothwell rode the Benz to Grand Prix victory, in the rather good time of 34 minutes, 37.1 seconds. Thus was capsuled into a few hours an entire era of notable and never-to-be-forgotten automobile racing. The white Bag signals one lap to go in the Vanderbilt Cup first race. Car No. 12, a 1907 Benz, won the event, nosing outthe 19140. N. O. (No. 28) Well-wishers rush onto the track to congratulate Danny Oakes after his popular victory in the final race of the program. Inset, Oakes smilingly accepts the big Vanderbilt Cup tro phy from Meredith (Ted) Littlefield, manager of Ethyl's Western Region 16 ETC 32628 lined up before exhibits of old and modern service stations are the 1923 and late-model Cadillacs used in the fuel economy demonstration he veteran race cars which roared around the Fair TGrounds track at Pomona were visible reminders of how much automobiles have improved since the early days. But one of the most important gains of all is hidden from view -- inside the gasoline tank. Spectators took part in a how-farwill-the-cars-travel guessing con test. Here, F. E. Behrens, Wilshire Oil vice president, turns in his entry To point up, vividly and dramatically, the vear-after- year improvement in gasoline, the fuel economy event of Ethyl Corporation's "two equals three" demonstration was presented as a feature of the afternoon's program. A modem Cadillac, with high-compression ratio and powered by modem premium gasoline, and a low- compression 1923 Cadillac, running on fuel equivalent to that of its era, were the competing vehicles. Each was allotted one-tenth of a gallon, and was operated at a con stant speed of 30 mph. When their fuel rations became exhausted, the modern car had far outdistanced the older model, thus confirming once again the now-established fact that two gallons of today's better gasoline do the work of three gallons of fuel of a quarter-century ago. Below, a last-minute check makes sure that all is in readiness. The pipette containing the fuel ration can be seen at the observer's side of the front seat With California Institute of Technology faculty mem bers riding as impartial observers, the competing cars are shown here as they moved into position for the start of the fuel economy event. Each car ran at a constant speed until its supply of gasoline gave out Here's one case where looks are deceiving. Actually, by the end of the run, the modern car, using modern premium gasoline, had lapped the old car, running on 1925 fuel, and almost caught up with it again So A 'u Attractive old-car enthusiast Mrs. R. S. Hampton, of North Hollywood, sets the theme as the vehicles move around the track -- and past Ethyl's service station ex hibit -- to open the afternoon's program. In the procession were (inset) such wellremembered oldtimers as a 1911 Oldsmobile, a 1907 Cadillac, and a 1915 Ford jJS- Below, once in a while it was neces sary to "get out and get under" to make sure the horseless carriages would perform at their best. Here, an owner checks his 1903 Oldsmobile All roads led to Pomona for owners of old automobiles on the day of the Ethyl pro gram at the Los Angeles County Fair Grounds. After the ancient cars paraded around the track, they were arranged in the infield (above) for public inspection at the end of the day's events. Those who drove and rode in the vehicles wore the attire of motorists of grandfather's time. Owned and operated by members of the Horseless Car riage Club, most of the cars were actually driven to Pomona over the area's highways ETc 32630 B5k jrom. wellOldsFord & ending color and a further touch Li of memory to the proceedings, more than 50 vehicles, driven by members of the Horseless Carriage Club attired in dusters, goggles and other appropriate early motoring garb. paraded and were otherwise on view at the Los Angeles County Fair Grounds. Their presence provided the large audience with something of a pre view of Ethyl Corporation's new series of advertisements, each of which will picture old and new automobiles under the theme "To day as yesterday, cars run their best on the best gasoline." A reproduc tion of the first of these ads, which will appear monthly in leading na tional magazines with 23 million total circulation, can be seen on page 2 5 of this issue. At the Ethyl reception for oil com pany personnel, C. T. Furrer, dis trict manager for Standard of Cali fornia, and A. B. Wyrick, of Ethyl's Los Angeles regional office, view a Pacific Coast League ball game In the nostalgic procession, as the old cars wended their way around the Fair Grounds track in single file to open the afternoon's festivities, were such venerables as a tilleroperated Oldsmobile, a Stanley Steamer, a Model T Ford, a 1907 Cadillac, and a 1912 Studebaker. In this family group, pictured on the grounds of the Pomona Country Club, are (standing) Anita Bachmann, E. O. Bachmann, president of Century Oil, Carole Bachmann, and Mrs. E. O. Bachmann. Kneel ing are Paul S. Bachmann, sec retary of Century Oil, and his daughter, Linda Lee Bachmann Follow ing the Fair Grounds events. Ethyl's Western Region was host at a buffet-reception, held at the nearby Pomona Golf and Coun try Club, tendered 350 representa tives of West Coast oil companies and members of their families. Below left, smiling out from an old Brush on view at the reception are R. D. Stetson, Shell Oil division manager, and Jack Shea, district manager of Tide Water Associated Fathers and daughters make up the four some below. Charles Acker, Shell Oil assis tant division manager, makes a golf point to Jeraldeen Acker, R. W. McOmie, Shell manufacturing manager, and Carol McOmie 1 si/ ltd ml As the capital of the great industrial empire of the Texas Gulf Coast, Houston is merely keeping its date with destiny By Tom tester Industrial Editor, The Houston Chronicle ouston is a paradox of nature. H It is an inland city, 50 miles from the Gulf, vet it stands as one of the nation's leading seaports. It is an industrial and commercial city where the startling beauty of semitropical vegetation goes right up to loading platforms and can be seen through plant windows by work men on assembly lines. Giant manu factories pile brick on steel to sprawl over the prairie, but there is no smoke or smog. The town was laid out a little over 100 years ago bv real estate promoters who advertised it, in a stvle that would do credit to any of today's builders, as: "Situated at the head of naviga tion ... at a point on the river which must ever command the trade of the largest and richest por tion of Texas . .. making it, beyond all doubt, the great interior com mercial emporium of Texas." The river referred to was the sluggish, snag-infested Buffalo Bay ou. Only a brave skipper would dare venture across its shifting mud shoals. Submerged logs and roots tore at side-wheelers, while sweep ing overhead branches ripped top sail and mast and tortuous bends of the bayou wore down a crew's resourcefulness and patience. Today that dreaded bayou is the broad tidewater Houston Ship Channel, 34 to 36 feet deep. Without the Ship Channel, Hous ton would probably be just another little inland city of good folks with an agricultural air. The great indus try that was built around oil, sul- Around the clock, the huge refineries and manufacturing plants of the industrialized Houston area are humming with activity 20 ETC 32632 .ond the Bayould mud roots veeptopiends rew's is the Ship Touslother > with Indus1, sul- phur, salt, cotton, livestock, grain, lumber, steel and other resources of the Southwest would have gone to another citv. How the Houston Ship Channel evolved from the Buffalo Bayou to the nation's second port (in total tonnage) is a saga of American prog ress and free enterprise. The Port was officially opened in 19is. The Ship Channel had been dredged for 25 miles across Galves ton Bav, through a short section of San Jacinto River and up Buffalo Bavou for 25 miles to the eastern citv limits of Houston. It was 25 feet deep and had a bottom width of 100 feet. It ended in a turning basin where a few docks had been built. Cargo in 1915, the first year of operations, totaled 86,000 tons. Last year the total was a record 45,051,789 tons -- about 525 times as much. In fact, the Port broke four records in 1951. They involved the amount of tonnage moved, foreign tonnage handled, dollar value of cargo, and the number of ships arriving and leaving port. Porte. Their combined population is over 100,000 persons. Port Houston has had the official title of second port in the nation since 1948, when it passed Philadel phia, and now ranks only behind New York City. $2 Billion Value Around the 25-mile section from the Turning Basin to Galveston Bay, an industrial area with investments of plant and facilities valued at close to $2 billion has been built up. They include half a billion dol lars invested in oil refineries and a half-billion or so invested in plants for making steel and steel products, oil field equipment and other sup plies for the oil industry, tools, pipe, structural steel, tanks, builders' supplies, machine shops and foun dries. There is another half-billion dollar investment in chemical plants and over J250 million in miscel laneous industries such as shipyards, food processing plants, cotton com presses, paper mills, cement plants and planing mills. Also in this 2 5-mile circle are numerous warehouses and shops, where products shipped from other ports and foreign nations are stored for local use or reshipment through out the Southwest. The whole area is a beehive of ac tivity, with refineries working night and day to turn out vitally-needed aviation gasoline and jet fuel and to meet the ever-growing civilian de mand for oil products. Steel mills, pipe mills, oil tools and supply factories also work around the clock six or seven days a week to meet defense and civilian demands. Much of the planned expansion and new plant construction pro grammed or under way is to pro- Dock Facilities Port Houston is governed by a Port Commission which represents the Navigation District of Harris County. Public docks line nearly 8,000 feet of the Ship Channel shores. Private docks extend from the Turning Basin downstream to Galveston Bay. More than 100 tankers and barges and other ves sels can dock simultaneously. Indus tries on the Channel have their own berthing facilities for docking one or more ships. Prosperous little cities have de veloped back from the waterfront. They include Pasadena, Galena Park, Clinton, Deepwater, Greens Bayou, Jacinto Citv, Deer Park, Channel View, Baytown and La 21 1 ETC 32633 '-VV: 3 f/lwi. Symbolized by this photo are the oil and beef cattle industries in which Texas leads the nation. Houston is a center for both duce goods required by the defense program. Sinclair Refining Company is in a $28 million building program at its refinery just east of Houston on the Ship Channel. This will' raise crude capacity from 85,000 to 115,000 barrels daily. Eastern States Petroleum Com pany has just completed a new platforming unit and other facili ties costing an estimated $ 1 o million or more and hiking crude capacity to 50,000 barrels daily. Shell Oil Company and its sub sidiary, Shell Chemical Corporation, which together have spent nearly $100 million since the end of World War II at the plant at Deer Park on the Ship Channel, according to press reports, are now adding facili ties costing more than $10 million. National Production Authority al locations indicate an additional $20 million outlay. Humble Oil & Refining Com pany's mammoth Baytown refinery is engaged in a continuing program of expansion and enlargement which has run into millions of dol lars since war's end. Refineries belting the Ship Chan nel, now having a total capacity of around 600,000 barrels of crude oil daily, will be expanded by 15% under these enlargement programs. Pipeline Expansion Pipelines, bring over 2,000,000 barrels of crude oil daily from West Texas, the Mid-Continent, East Tex as and Louisiana to Houston Ship Channel terminals, and they are being augmented bv new lines or enlargements of old ones. The oil is processed in refineries on the Channel or shipped by tanker or barge to domestic and foreign markets. Products pipelines radiate from these Houston refineries to market centers. Thousands of acres of tank farms stretch back from the water front, where millions of barrels of oil are stored for future use. Some 350,000 persons are em ployed in Metropolitan Houston. Nearly 100,000 of them are indus trial workers, centered largely in the Ship Channel area. Industrial Houston, however, ex tends far beyond the limits of the Ship Channel, It runs for 12 miles directly across town to the extreme western limits, to include plants making oil tools and equipment, as bestos, chemicals, metals, and heavy industrial machinery. It spreads north and south -- to the Wright Manufacturing Company which makes rubber tile flooring and virtually all the football cleats used in the nation, in the southwest part of the city; to Schlumberger Well Surveying Corporation's $3 million plant for scientific oil well service, in the southeast; and north of Buffalo Bavou to more oil tool and specialty factories and metal fabricating and food processing plants. Houston has never had much time to stop, take stock and gather up loose ends. From an aesthetic and cultural point of view, there are things the visitor might find to criticize. The city is growing so fast that public schools find it difficult to provide needed services. Although S35 million has been spent for new The San Jacinto Monument on the Ship Channel is a Texas shrine. It marks the site of Sam Houston's historic victory over Santa Ana 22 ETC 32634 % i 0 the pany oring cleats iwest erger s S3 well north tool metal .ssing much rather chetic re are id to t that ult to nough r new in the hrine. 1 stem's Ana and enlarged buildings in the past rive vears, the schools are crowded. Facilities for telephone service, san itary sewers, streets and even water, lishts and gas are behind demand in some of the city's areas. On the credit side. Houston boasts two top universities. Rice Institute and the University of Houston, as well as a number of secondary schools and colleges. Medical Center A medical center of world-wide importance is being built on a 153acre tract five miles south of down town Houston. Known as the Texas Medical Center, it already includes Baylor University College of Med icine and a number of special and general hospitals. When completed, it will be one of the world's out standing centers for medical study, research and treatment. The invest ment is well over $100 million. Houstonians are proud of their symphony orchestra, the Museum of Fine Arts with permanent art exhibits valued at several million dollars, amateur theatricals and other evidences of cultural growth, even if the piles of steel, stone and brick that mark an ever-widening skyline and expanding industries mean more to the average man. The Houston Fat Stock Show and Livestock Exposition has had much to do with improving the quality of livestock. Held in mid winter, it draws exhibitors from many parts of the South and West. The city's population growth in this century has been meteoric, par ticularly in the past three decades. It first went over 100,000 in 1920. Houston's population was near 600,000 in the 1950 census. That was a gain of 55% over 1940. It is esti mated there are 650,000 Houston ians today. Statisticians freely pre dict the city's population will ex ceed a million in another ten years. Local records, such as utility con nections, indicate the city is grow ing at the rate of 3,000 residents monthly. Many of the nation's out standing industrial leaders say the finger of destiny is pointed at Hous ton, that it eventually will become one of our three major cities. Latin America Trade Growth of the Latin American nations is cited as one of the reasons for this claim, and the present im portance of the Good Neighbor countries to our Southern states is shown in a breakdown of Houston Port statistics for 1951. Sixty-one percent of imports were from Latin America. Europe sent but 26%. Houston is a metropolitan city. It is made up to a surprising degree of country folks from just about every part of the United States. Many residents are but a single gen eration removed from the pioneers who came from New York, Ohio, Massachusetts, Kentucky, Virginia, Georgia, and the Carolinas because they wanted a better place with wider opportunities. They were people whose women stood homeguard with musket in hand while the menfolk went out to tame the wilderness. They learned to do things for themselves, and today's generation still wants to do the job that way. As the city grows, and as its in dustries continue to expand, the Port of Houston fully intends to keep pace. Port officials have plans for a multi-million-dollar enlarge ment program, including deepening the Ship Channel to 40 feet, widen ing at several points, carving out a second turning basin, and building new docks and other facilities. Who knows, some day the port may even surpass New York. 23 etc 32635 m .-e n 't/.- 'I I I j i i I ! At Your SERVICE Since its founding, Ethyl has conducted a broad program of service to help promote oil and automotive industry progress ver since the introduction of promote the best and fullest use of E "Ethyl" gasoline almost three modern-day fuels. decades ago, the role of Ethyl Cor First of all, to guarantee the poration in all phases of the anti safety of every person who handles knock compound field has been that antiknock compound, Ethyl Corpo of pioneer. Because no product ration engineers developed a safety similar to it had ever before been code covering every phase of the made or marketed, it was necessary transportation, storage, and blend to start from scratch in the manu ing of "Ethyl" fluid. Recognition of facture, handling, distribution, and the need for such a code dates back servicing of "Ethyl" fluid. to the beginning days of the Cor Certainly this has been especially poration, with the result that its true in the case of sendees -- the long experience in this field has en many and varied extra benefits abled Ethyl to develop an unusually which accrue to those industries effective program and compile a directly associated with the utiliza noteworthy record of safety ac tion of "Ethyl" antiknock com complishment. pound. Not available from any Many "firsts" crown the Com other source, it rested with Ethyl pany's efforts to develop a safety Corporation, first, to develop these program of high standards. Ethyl services, and, secondly, to bring played a major role in designing the them to their present high level of blending plants where antiknock usefulness and efficiency. compound is mixed with gasoline, Ethyl's program of service has just as its engineers have contrib benefited not only customer oil uted greatly to the development of companies, but also the entire pe improved storage tank design. troleum industry, the automotive, Still another form of safety work farm machinery and aviation indus is the current "Fire Power" show. tries, and ultimately the general Prepared as an industry-wide ser public. Embracing as it does re vice, this unique presentation has search, gasoline testing, advertising, demonstrated to hundreds of refin sales promotion, safety, educational ery, service station, and other in projects, farm and fleet activities, terested audiences throughout the and others, the service program country the safe way to handle travels many avenues. But always gasoline. the destination is the same -- to help In another area of service, Ethyl provides the oil industry with accurate, up-to-the-minute surveys of gasoline quality, based on the work of its five gasoline testing laboratories located at key points throughout the country'. The surveys, which also are of known value to engine manufacturers, present not only a picture of over-all gasoline quality, but of trends in quality as well. Issued at regular intervals, the ' , j e o si b o b d fi & 24 ETC 32636 JKsr&to SAKS OFFICII ^ SALES REPRESENTATIVES STORAGE TIIMINA15 MANUFACTURING PLANTS I RESEARCH LABORATORIES GAIOHNI TftTINO LARORATORIIS i 1 acvs of work bora>ughvevs, ue to t not soline itv as Is, the Bthyl's nationwide chain of facilities and representatives is pictured on the map above. The photos depict some of the Company's services surveys are compiled on both a sec tional and national basis. Each year, thousands of samples of gasoline obtained from refineries, bulk plants, and service stations un dergo tests at the gasoline testing facilities. In addition to this general sampling, the laboratories analyze individual samples at the request of customer companies, to aid them in controlling the quality of their gasoline blends. As a further part of the gasoline testing program. Ethyl provides customer company laboratories with emergency spare parts for their own knock-testing equipment, makes available the services of its experts in helping to keep this equipment in good repair, and trains oil company personnel in knock-testing equip ment and methods. The fact that it maintains, in Detroit, one of the world's most modem and best-equipped research laboratories of its kind has afforded Ethyl countless opportunities to 25 ETC 32637 i render valuable research sendee to all industries concerned with the manufacture and operation of gaso line-powered equipment. .More than merely studying cur rent engines and tomorrow's experi mental power plants, the Ethyl Lab oratories, in many cases, have ac tually helped to bring these engines to their present adyanced state of development. A phase of the Ethyl research program of particular interest to re finers is the work of the Company's fuel specialists in studies of the in herent antiknock properties and tetraethyl lead susceptibilities of old and new fuel components, to help oil companies obtain maximum utilization of every drop of "Ethyl" fluid. Fleets of cars and trucks are used for road tests to substantiate and supplement laboratory findings. Highway programs are carried on both at the Laboratories in Detroit and at the Ethyl Laboratory in San Bernardino, California, where yearround road-test weather prevails. Leading to the best utilization of fuels in commercial engines, Ethyl supports active fleet and farm pro grams in which both research per sonnel and field engineers partici pate. The Technical Service division of the Research Laboratories works closely with the manufacturers of trucks, buses and tractors on the best use of present and future fuels. The Laboratories themselves study, test, and evaluate both engines and fuels. Then, as the final step in this three-way program of service to oil companies and engine manufactur ers, Ethyl engineers in the field co operate with specialists from cus tomer companies in on-the-spot projects. In augmenting its various service activities, Ethyl makes widespread use of such means of communica tion as films, booklets, meetings, OUR COVER: Kodachrome by Jean Vincent (see inside back cover). OUR PICTURES: Pages 3, 4, 6, and 9, Robert Yarnall Richie; page 7, Houston Post; pages 10 (upper), 11 (bottom), 12 (top right), 13 (bot tom left), courtesy Standard Oil Company (N.J.); page 10 (lower), A. Devaney, Inc.; pages 11 (top), 12 (top left), 20, 21, courtesy Houston Chamber of Commerce; page 13 (bottom right), courtesy Celanese Corporation of America; pages 14, ij, 16, 17, 18, and 19, Doug Kilgour and L. A. Todd, page 22 (left), Monkmeyer; pages 22 (right) and 23, Philip Gendreau. and demonstrations. Among the lat ter is the Product Sales Clinic, units of which are currently active in each of the Company's four sales regions. Through the use of huge working models, the Clinic dis cusses the various parts of an engine and the role petroleum products play in their proper functioning. Finally, to reach the consumer, the ultimate beneficiary of all its many sendees, Ethyl sponsors a comprehensive program of national advertising. "Consumer" ads are de signed to help oil companies main tain and increase their premium gasoline sales. Many such Ethyl in sertions appear in national maga zines reaching more than 56 million readers monthly, and most of them appear on choice reading pages of each publication. These, then, are some of the ser vices which add a plus to the value of the Ethyl product sold to cus tomer oil companies. All are con ducted with the long-run interests of both the oil and automotive in dustries in mind. Ethyl Corporation is understandably proud of the con tributions it has made in the past to the mutual progress of these indus tries. It now looks forward to the increased opportunities for service that the opening of its new manu facturing plant indicates. 1 I ETC 32638 I t- u j, i, V e; 9, J; cs u. : latunits e in sales huge disigine lucts 'gimer, 11 its rs a ional e denainnium 1 in- laga- illion them es of : servalue cuscon^rests e ination conast to nduso the rvice lanu- They're only toys and scale models, such as you might buy in any store selling such items, but the three objects in the photograph above (a black-and-white reproduction of our cover) symbolize at least two important things. First of all, they represent the outstanding progress that has been scored in automotive transportation in the near-30 years that "Ethyl" gasoline has been on the market. Out wardly and inwardly, there is no comparison between the stubby, high-bodied black sedan of 1923 and the beautiful, sleek 1932 creation. For instance, the average compression ratio of modern cars is almost double that of their older brothers--and that means greater performance, more power, more of everything good that we moderns expect in auto mobiles. But you don't get higher compression ratios just by wish ing for them. Engines can be as good only as the fuel that powers them. That's where the gasoline pump comes in. Through the hoselines of service station pumps today flows gasoline so superior to fuel of a generation ago that two gallons of modern gasoline do the work of three gallons of 1925 fuel. Spelled out, that means more miles per gallon and greater all-around car performance. Credit for this accomplishment of better gasoline rests with improved re fining methods and the widespread use of tetraethyl lead antiknock compound. The second important achievement symbolized by the objects on our cover is that of man's never-ending quest to find newer and better things to benefit his fellow-man. The long, patient, and costly search for an agent that would satisfactorily overcome fuel knock is a ready example. When, 40 years ago, knock in an automotive engine first reared its ugly head, Charles F. Kettering recognized it as an obstacle that had to be removed if, figuratively speaking, automotive transportation was not to run into a stone wall. To conquer knock, he assembled a team of young chemists and engineers, all of them destined to gain universal fame in their chosen fields. Captain of the team was Thomas Midgley, Jr., who gave the world tetraethyl lead and so many other benefits. Among those who researched with Dr. Midgley in seeking the answer to knock were T. A. (Tab) Boyd, Charles Allen Thomas and Carroll A. Hochwalt, all names that immediately come to the fore in any discussion of the great scientists of this era. It was the discovery of the antiknock properties of tetraethyl lead which led to the marketing of "Ethyl" gaso line and to the formation of Ethyl Corporation as the pio neer marketer of antiknock compounds. That was a discovery without which there might have been little difference -- under the hood, at least -- between the 1923 vehicle and the automobile of today. It was a discovery which, because tetraethyl lead is such a flexible refinery tool, has resulted in the conservation of a billion barrels or more of petroleum. It was a discovery, too, which each year saves the American motorist at least one billion dollars in his gasoline bill, by providing refiners an eco nomical means of achieving desired antiknock quality. And certainly it was a discovery that serves as the founda tion stone upon which the new Ethyl Corporation manu facturing plant on the Houston Ship Channel, as well as the very Corporation itself, has been built. I i t ETC 32639 What is the most important point about our new Texas plant? It probably would be more usual to announce the opening of Ethyl's new Texas plant by showing a large air view of the entire layout. However, this close-up of another kind of Texas plant better illustrates our point. You see, the plant in the picture above is completely selfsustaining. Just give it sunlight, air, a little water, and a place to grow. It depends only upon raw materials to make the complex chemicals it needs to stay in business. In other words, it is a completely integrated plant . . . just like the new Ethyl plant at Houston, Texas. Give Ethyl's new Texas plant the raw materials -- such as pig lead, salt, petroleum gases, electricity -- and it can make all the chemical ingredients needed in "Ethyl" antiknock compound. In this way the new plant is like Ethyl's plant at Baton Rouge. Each is completely integrated -- and is independent of the other. We think this integration is an extremely important point to refiners. Today refiners are faced with the chal-j lenge of supplying great quantities of high-quality gasoline j to meet the ever-increasing demands of American trans-J portation. To perform this service, they need an uninter-f rupted supply of antiknock compound -- which an btte-1 grated plant is best able to give them. With the construction of Ethyl's new Texas plant, sadij a reliable source of antiknock compound is now assured! The new plant is engineered for highest efficiency. Ra*'| materials are available nearby. Electric power supphc 1 are ample. Six railroads out of Houston give Ethyl wick I choice in routing antiknock compounds to Ethyl ces-J tomers throughout the country. And, perhaps most itnpor-1 tant, this new plant has expanded facilities to a potal where "Ethyl" antiknock compound manufacturing capar-J ity is now more than ample to meet demand in the fort-1 seeable future. ETC 32^7 What is the most important point about our new Texas plant? It probably would be more usual to announce the opening of Ethyl's new Texas plant by showing a large air view of the entire layout. However, this close-up of another kind of Texas plant better illustrates our point. You see, the plant in the picture above is completely self- sustaining. Just give it sunlight, air, a little water, and a place to grow. It depends only upon raw materials to make the complex chemicals it needs to stay in business. In other words, it is a completely integrated plant . . . just like the new Ethvl plant at Houston, Texas. Give Ethvl's new Texas plant the raw materials -- such as pig lead, salt, petroleum gases, electricity -- and it can make all the chemical ingredients needed in "Ethyl" antiknock compound. In this way the new plant is like Ethyl's plant at Baton Rouge. Each is completely integrated -- and is independent of the other. We think this integration is an extremely important point to refiners. Today refiners are faced with the chal lenge of supplying great quantities of high-quality gasoline to meet the ever-increasing demands of American trans portation. To perform this service, they need an uninter rupted supply of antiknock compound -- which an inte grated plant is best able to give them. With the construction of Ethyl's new Texas plant, suck a reliable source of antiknock compound is now assured The new plant is engineered for highest efficiency. Ra materials are available nearby. Electric power supplies are ample. Six railroads out of Houston give Ethyl wide choice in routing antiknock compounds to Ethyl cus tomers throughout the country. And, perhaps most impor tant, this new plant has expanded facilities to a poin where "Ethyl" antiknock compound manufacturing capac ity is now more than ample to meet demand in the fore seeable future. ETC 32642 ant? h the chal ity gasolin rican tratr an uninter :ch an inte > plant, sue low assure ciencv. Ra wer suppli e Ethyl wi > Ethyl c s most impor s to a po: curing capa in the fo vf As superintendent of opera tions, James J. Bergin is di rectly responsible for the pro duction of "Ethyl" antiknock compounds at Ethyl Corpora tion's new manufacturing plant on the Houston Ship Channel. Behind Mr. Bergin, as he actively assumed his new po sition with the opening of the plant this April, were 18 years of experience in the field of chemicals manufac turing. Dating his service rec ord with Ethyl back to 1934, Mr. Bergin was a supervisor in operations at the company's plant in Baton Rouge until 1945, when he was named assistant superintendent of tetraethyl lead operations. Last year, when the supervis ory staff for the new plant was i being selected, he was trans ferred to Texas and promoted to the position of superin tendent of operations there. Born and reared in Wash ington, D. C., he was gradu ated from Catholic University of America in that city in 1934 with a bachelor of science de gree in chemical engineering. Mr. Bergin is one of five vet I eran Ethyl employees who I comprise the administrative staff headed by Wallace F. Armstrong, manager of the new plant. The other members of the staff are: Robert C. Bloodwetl, superintendent of services; J. Gordon Burdick, physician in charge; John C. Klock, superintendent of main tenance; and Arthur B. Wintringham, superintendent of engineering. Thom Yafoftr Editor * Richard f. Cook, Associate Kditor * Hal Wohanka, Art Director t l TV: PRESIDENT-MAKER? 3 An official of one of the leading television networks assays the role TV will play in electing our next White House occupant. ETHYL'S NEW ATTACK ON INSECTS 7 As further ammunition in the constant battle against pests, Ethyl will produce high gamma benzene hexachloride and lindane. t LESSONS IN OIL 10 Teachers from all over the country learned about the petroleum in dustry during a Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute weekend forum. OIL'S MEDAL OF HONOR 16 In a few short years, the API Gold Medal for Distinguished Achievement has become a coveted industrial award. ELEMENT OF SUCCESS 19 Thousands of manufactured products require sulphur or one of its many chemical derivatives. Opinions expressed in signed ertides ere tlie eethors'. The editors of Ethyl News welcome articles el timely interest submitted from outside sources. Published by Ethyl Corporation, 100 Park Avenue, New York 17, N. Y., manufacturer of "Ethyl" antiknock compounds, used by oil com panies to improve the antiknock quality of aviation and motor gasoline. Edward L. Shea, President; Stanley T. Cressland, Vice President and Treasurer; Herbert A. Savage, Secretary TeU lion pier out o will nari wht nan den< seer icar at a visif aT ven P Ai I <v/iOnM M t r u e - -i* . Television, with 50 to 60 mil one of the most exciting political lion viewers, seems destined to campaigns in history. Candidates of play a key role in selecting every political stripe and outlook our next Chief Executive are vying for the world's most im portant elective office and have long By William R. MeAndrew* been circuit-riding the country to corral delegate votes at the Chicago nly a comparatively few thou conventions. Once the nominees O sand delegates and onlookers have been selected, the political will be wedged into Chicago's Intercampaign will begin in'earnest, cli national Amphitheater next month maxed bv the November election. when the two major political parties Into this highly-charged political name their choices for the Presi atmosphere -- a usual quadrennial dency. but the proceedings may be fever enjoyed by the American seen by as many as 60 million Amer public -- has been added the new icans. A mathematical riddle? Not and vital element of TV. Whatever at all. Through the magic of tele its full effect on the selection of our vision. anyone who fixes his eyes on nexc President, television is bound a TV screen can be in on the con to exercise some influence on the ventions from beginning to end. outcome of the Julv conventions Promised for the months ahead is and the November election. The 17 *Ai Director of Public Affairs for Motional Broadcasting Company television, Mr. MzAr.drew wi*l super vise his network's TV coverage of both major po/ificol conventions in Chicago next month. He hot been closely associated with the reporting of all national nominating conventions that have been televised. Although the names of many "fa vorite sons" and others are heard, the men pictured above were the only avowed candidates for nomi nation when this issue went to press million television receivers now in the hands of the American elec torate are a factor that cannot be ig nored. These sets represent a po tential audience of jo to 60 million voters, with the heaviest concentra tions in states with the largest num bers of electoral votes. For the first time, then, a majority of the voters will be exposed to this new medium of communication. These are facts which have not been overlooked by either the television networks, the Democratic and Re publican national committees, or the candidates themselves. This is a brand new political world -- a world where a candidate can appear simul- 3 ETC 32645 Opportunities for better TV report ing influenced selection of the In ternational Amphitheater as scene of both major party conventions taneously in the living room before 40% of the nation's population at one and the same time. Television's impact is not fully known yet because candidates are still stumping in the old political tra dition. Further, there are still some sections of the country where tele vision is not available. But, by and large, every indication is that the candidates know at least some of the tremendous political potential in TV There is no major candidate for the nation's highest office who has not appeared, if only infrequently, before the searching TV eye. Convention televising is not new, but earlier conventions which were televised reached such a small por tion of the voting population that TV had no bearing on the outcome of the campaign. The Republican convention of 1940, in Philadelphia, was the occa sion of the first networking of a po litical conclave between that city and New' York. Few voters were even aware of TV at that time and the guess is that at best there were only 5,000 receiving sets in the two areas. In 1944, the conventions were held in Chicago. Because network facilities were lacking, television viewers on both coasts saw only films of those assemblies. What's more, the TV set ownership figure was still largely a statistical error. It was in 1948 that the first glean ings of the potential of television to the political parties became appar ent. The conventions that year were again held in Philadelphia and many cities on the East Coast were inter connected to permit viewers to watch the proceedings. Only about 400,000 television sets were in the hands of the public, but they were located mostly in large population centers. Many of the convention speakers, seeing each other on TV sets, rushed to the make-up rooms to do away with their "5 o'clock shadow'." Speakers vied for honors on choice evening network spots after realizing that hundreds of thousands of voters were glued to their TV sets. Then, two years ago, television experienced what must be recorded as the most effective political use of the world's latest communication marvel employed to that dare. With the 1950 New York State gubernatorial contest drawing to a close, Thomas E. Dewey, seeking re-election to that office, walked into a television studio, doffed his coat, rolled up his sleeves, and for One effect of widespread TV cover age of the July conventions will be a cutting down on the length of traditional floor demonstrations 4 ETC 32646 * 4 TV is to lock nors pots , of d to ision rded se of jtdon State to a :king alked d his d for TV ELECTION BALLOT Almost more than any other man, William R. McAndrew, Director of Public Affairs for NBC television, has had occasion to study the behavior of the various political candidates before the all-seeing television camera eye. Below he summarizes the strong points of each of the announced candidates for the presidential nomination of each of the major parties. Judging by their appearance on the television screen in your home, how- would you cast your vote? DEMOCRATS Z Estes Kefaever--"Gives the impression of an easy-go ing personality in com plete control of any situ ation/1 Z Robert S. Kerr--"The old- fashioned type of political spellbinder. He has the voice of an evangelist and is a good debater.11 Z W. Averell Harriman--"Is dignified at all times and gives the impression of a successful country squire.11 Z Hebert H. Humphrey-- "Probably the least known TV personality on the list. Impresses with his MidWestern friendliness.11 Z Brien McMahon--"A sincere lucid speaker. Shrewd, and has a good sense of humor. Well acquainted with tele vision.11 Z Richard B. Ressell--"Has the soft voice of a South erner but is clear-cut in answers to tricky ques tions; affable and at ease." REPUBLICANS Z Dwight D. Eisenhower -- "His clipped, incisive deliv ery makes him a forceful speaker. Gives the tele vision viewer an impres sion of utmost sincerity." Hahold E. Stassen -- "One of television's better speak ers. He is camera wise, has an excellent voice and gives a completely sincere pres entation." Z Robert A. Taft--"Has ap peared on TV on many oc casions. He is an excellent `ad lib1 speaker and is good in repartee. Works hard to assure success of each ap pearance." Z Earl Warren--"Though he has been seen less fre quently, he has an `open1 appearance which literally bespeaks honesty and forthrightness." 18 continuous hours answered ques tions pitched at him bv voters from all over the state. Most of the ques tions w ere asked during street cor ner television interviews. That 18-hour political marathon was a gruelling physical test for Tom Dew ev. but it got to the heart of manv matters of vital concern to the people of New York. It was a new use of the "whistle stop" cam paign of old -- and. what is more, it reached people in the intimacy of their homes and not in a large arena. In a word, it was a revolutionary method of talking to the constit uency on its own home ground. The inklings of 1948 and 1950 have become the hard facts of 1952. Today, television stretches across the land, reaching 64 of the nation's big gest centers from Boston to Los An geles. Almost 40 of every too homes have receiving sets. A TV show Mindful that every TV appearance can influence millions of votes, candi dates make careful preparations be fore going in front of the revealing cameras. Even sea soned campaigners don't balk at make up applications (Bob Hope) in .March reached an estimated audience of 32 million persons, the largest ever to hear a single program in the history of either television or radio. The first real test of TV's impact on the voter this year will come with coverage of the conventions in Chi cago, starting July 7 for the Repub licans and July 21 for the Demo crats. All major television networks are "throwing the book" at both conventions in their coverage, as suring a maximum audience for both parties. Whether the American peo ple will like what they see, and w hether they will vote their likes and dislikes, are things party leaders are anxiously waiting to find out. Both parties have made plans to streamline their conventions to fit into the fast-paced pattern of regu lar television fare. For example, w hen leaders of the two parties met last fall to ratify selection of Chi cago Stadium as the locale of the 1952 conventions, TV representa tives present argued against the Sta dium as not permitting enough room for adequate video coverage. There upon, both the Democratic and Re publican committees approved the TV industry's recommendations to hold the conclaves in the Interna tional Amphitheater, in the stockyards area, rather than in Chicago Stadium. Party leaders gave up some four or five thousand precious seats to accommodate TV in the Amphi theater. In addition, there have come President Truman's many personal appearances helped him to win in '48. The question now is: Will TV replace this type of campaigning? and what he and his party promise to do in the future. In the long run, television as a po litical force can result only in a bet ter-informed citizenry. It promises to make campaigning a far more personalized matter than it ever has been in the past, for there are many promises chat the long and some Never doubt it, the American who doubt that the old form of a times tedious convention floor pa public cannot easily be fooled -- by prepared speech will meet the tastes rades and demonstrations -- accept television or any other means. Many of audiences accustomed to fast- able when the conventions were have said that a "telegenic'' candi moving debates and the wit-match held in comparative secrecy before date will have a far greater chance ing of television forums. The polit 15,000 or 20.000 persons --and the with the public than a less photo ical parties must consider whether dozens of nominating and seconding genic one. But you can't "put one television will allow them to cut speeches will be greatly shortened. over" on the public as easily as one down on, or take the place of, ex Only recently, because time is so might suspect. A whole host of fac pensive, time-consuming candidate precious on television, the Republi tors will enter into the selection of swings across the country. cans announced a five-minute limi the standard-bearers for the two There is no question that in 1952 tation on seconding speeches. parties and the final election of one the nation will have the best covered Both parries are aware that TV of them as President. To be sure, political campaign in its history. coverage of the conventions must good looks are an asset. But only one. Television will broaden the demo hold the home audience, else there may be widespread changes in the Sincerity Important cratic process and acquaint the citi zenry with the workings of the ma long-accepted convention traditions. Sincerity is another and far more chinery that makes White House They know, for instance, that there important asset. And eventually the occupants. It goes without saying is a presidential preference primary public will, as it ever does, get down that the next President of the United bill before Congress, and that if the to the heart of the matter: the basic States will be better known to his conventions displease the mass of facts of what the man stands for, constituents than any President be the American public -- looking in what he has done in his political life. fore him. Courtesy of TV. on them for the first time -- such a bill might well be enacted. Insincerity is quickly spotted on the television screen of Mr. and Mrs. Average American, quietly sitting at home. The political party that sticks to business and transacts its af l -r fairs with a serious, business-like ap proach is apt to appear better to the home viewer (whether it actually is or not) than one which employs false devices. Whatever TV's full role in polities proves to be, says the author, the true American still will vote for the candidate he feels best qualified ETC 32648 sonal in in II TV ning? imise a poi betmises more :r has manv i of a tastes fastlatchpolitlether o cut >f, ex didate ' 195: ivered :story. demo\e citile maHouse saying Jnited to his nt be- At** ETHYLS^AHACK * ^ A ON INSECTS Facilities for the manufacture of high gamma BHC and lin dane are being built at the Company's Baton Rouge plant ' \. No small part of what often is described as the "miracle of America"' is the tremendous produc tivity of the nation's six million farms. Ever since Pilgrim days, agri culture has been vital to the coun try's life and development. In recent years, the products of American soil have been used not only to feed and clothe our own population but also to combat food and material short ages throughout the world. One reason agriculture has been able to satisfy the manv demands that have been placed upon it has been the almost unbroken succes sion of high-output years stretching back over the last decade. Year after year, despite floods, droughts, man power shortages, and the ravages of insect pests, U. S. farmers have harvested crops in unprecedented abundance. Contributing to this mass production of farm crops have been the developments of modern science and industry and an accu mulation of farming know-how. Up-to-date methods of planting, cultivating, fertilizing and harvest ing. modern power machinery, im proved parent strains of both seed and livestock, and other helps have taken manv of the hazards out of farming and assured more depend able production. High on the list of factors respon Technical benzene hexachloride, which Ethyl has been manufacturing since 1948, has been effective in controlling pests that attack cotton crops sible for the success of modern farming stand agricultural chemi cals, of which organic insecticides are an outstanding example. Faced with a loss from insects every vear that runs into billions of dollars, farmers have turned to chemical sci ence for ammunition to wage the war against these pests. BHC Effective One of the most effective insecti cide materials that has been intro duced in the postwar years is ben zene hexachloride, which Ethyl Corporation has been manufactur ing at its Baton Rouge plant since 1948. Now, as a new contribution to the all-out war on insect pests, Ethyl is constructing facilities for manu facturing high gamma benzene hexachloride and lindane, greatly improved and more efficient forms of this useful insecticide. In addi tion, the company is making im portant additions to its benzene hexachloride production capacity. The completion of this expansion early this summer will provide sub stantial increases in available sup plies of BHC. This increased supply, in turn, will provide the base mate rial from which Ethyl will produce commercial quantities of the im proved forms. Ethyl's production of benzene hexachloride in its newer and more effective forms is important first of 7 ETC 32649 Laboratory tests, in addition to those conducted under field condi tions, attest to the effectiveness of high gamma BHC and lindane all to insecticide formulators and ul timately to agriculturists, public health and conservation officials, and even householders. An appre ciation of the great potential value and manv possibilities of the new chemical forms is based on an un derstanding of the insecticidal prop erties of BHC. The toxicitv of benzene hexachloride is present onlv in one of the forms, or isomers, in which the chemical occurs. BHC is believed to be capable of existing in 16 of these different isomers, of which six have been isolated. Of these six, the gamma isomer is the one that is active in killing insects. Kills Cotton Pests The BHC that Ethvl has been producing for use in insecticides is described as "technical." That is, its gamma isomer content is in the 1215'i range. It is made available to farmers through agricultural insecti cide formulators who convert it into concentrates and into finished dusts readv for application. The most widely used of these is the socalled 3-5-40 mixture, a cotton dust consisting of 3 % of the gamma iso mer of BHC, 5% DDT, 40% sul phur, and the remainder clay and other inert materials. This mixture has been highly successful in con trolling boll weevils, cotton aphids, cotton fleahoppers, cotton leafworms, thrips, red spiders, and manv other cotton pests. An example of progressively higher production of American agricultural products made possible in part by the use of insecticides is found in cotton yields, to cite but one of the staple crops. In 1930, ac cording to Department of Agricul ture statistics, the average cotton yield per acre was 157 pounds. Twenty years later, in 1950, it stood at 269 pounds. It is more than co incidence that during the later years of this increasing per-acre cotton yield period, benzene hexachloride production and use skyrocketed. In 1947, little more than eight million pounds were produced in the entire United States, and it ranked far down on the list of chemicals in in secticide use. Reliable estimates place this year's output at well over 100 million pounds. The new and more effective forms of BHC which Ethyl will produce -- high gamma BHC and lindane -- promise to establish even United Nations troops in Korea are protected from disease-carrying body lice by a special powder in which lindane is the active agent greater performance records. They offer a number of advantages of toxicitv, versatility and economy. Rather than containing a 12 to ijC concentration of the gamma, or kill ing isomer, high gamma BHC con tains a 35 to 8o0 concentration of the toxic ingredient. Lindane, the most concentrated form, is 99 : or higher in gamma concentration. Samples Available While expanding its BHC manu facturing facilities and constructing new equipment for the production of high gamma BHC and lindane. Ethvl is making pilot plant quanti ties of both new products available for experimental and development work. Production quantities of high gamma BHC, according to present plans, will be available to insecticide formulators during the first quarter of next year, "Ethyl" lindane, it is j anticipated, will be in full-scale pro- : duction bv next spring. Ethvl plans to concentrate its manufacture of high gamma BHC in the 70 to 8o0 gamma range. BHC of this strength, tests show, is far more effective than lower gamma 8 ETC 32650 orea are :arrying iwder in se agent Js. They l cages of conomv. : to ij:: a. or killHC conration of Jane, the - 99c = or ation. le 1C manuistructing roduction 1 lindane, it quanti- available elopment es of high o present nsecticide st quarter Jane, it is scale pro- ntrate its 1a BHC in ige. BHC i\v, is far jr gamma concenuations. This is particularly true of sprays, the use of which is rapidly becoming more popular. Too. it has been found that the larger quantities of the inactive iso mers present in the lower gamma forms are injurious to plants when applied as sprays. In addition, smaller quantities of an insecticide are required when a high gamma BHC is used because of its increased insecticidal properties. This de creases the amount of residues de posited on the soil in the course of a growing season. Because of these ad vantages, Ethyl's high gamma BHC will control pests more effectively. Lindane, because of its greatly in creased gamma isomer content and resulting toxicitv to insects, offers all the advantages of high gamma BHC plus a number of others. Generallv speaking, it is from five to ten times as deadly to many insects as DDT. It acts as a stomach poison, a contact poison, and a vapor poison. This means that if an insect eats it, touches it. or breathes it, the insect will die. It is particularly effective against such insects as aphids, plant bugs. lice, beetles, weevils, flies and mosquitoes, thrips. grasshoppers and roaches. It can be used effectively Besides proving effective in largescale agricultural use, lindane can be used in sprays designed to con trol household and garden pests on dairy and beef cattle, poultry, and other farm animals, on food and forage crops, on forest and wood products, and against a wide variety of household insect pests. Lindane can be formulated into dusts, water suspensions, emulsions, and solutions. It can be combined effectively with other insecticides such as DDT. and with all non-alkaline fungicides, including carba mates, sulphur and copper. Extensive tests completed and others still in progress attest to the great versatility and effectiveness of Ethyl's high gamma forms of BHC. Lindane, for example, has been tested with outstanding results at some 40 state and federal agricul tural experiment stations through out the country over a period of many months and under a wide va riety of conditions. Continuing re search reveals new advantages and still more uses. More than anv one factor, it was the diversity of Ethyl Corporation's antiknock compound manufacruring operations that provided the experience in photochemical chlorination which led to the production of BHC through the chlorination of benzene. In turn, the manufacture of commercial quantities of BHC and the proved effectiveness of this chemical insecticide have pointed the wav to the production of high sramma and lindane. For the future. Ethyl research has revealed that some of the inactive BHC isomers may have applications as a base for many other useful products. Its high volatility and lack of offensive odor recommend lindane for use in sprays which are to be applied to crops for human consumption ETC 32651 | I I ! . I 9ttO& Hundreds of high school and college instructors gained a broader understanding of the petroleum industry during a weekend conference at R.P.I. TT. T --T- So rapid and so sweeping have been the accomplishments of American industry that there has been little time to reflect on the full meaning of these gains to modern civilization. To provide one important seg ment of the general public -- the na tion's high school and college in structors in social studies and eco nomics -- the opportunity to pause and so come to understand better the true role of industry in society. Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute has created what it calls the "Industrial Council program." Briefly, the idea is this: Invited teachers from all corners of the land gather at RPI for a weekend of meetings, discussions and consul tations with the leaders of a given industry. In the quiet and dignity of the campus, and away from their normal routine, teachers thus find the opportunity to probe deeply INDUSTRIAL COUNCIL and thoughtfully into the industry being studied. They learn -- from the top men of each business -- what makes that particular industry tick, what are its strong and weak points, and what is the full measure of the better life the industry has helped to make possible. During the next several years, the chemical, electrical, steel and other major industries will undergo "searching scrutiny" bv representa- Pictured on the steps of the regis tration lounge are John O. Amstux, Behr-Manning Corp. vice-president; Paul G. Ryan, of Grover Cleveland H.S. in Brooklyn; Charles Whitham, of Alhambra (Calif.) City H.5.; and Prof. Roland F. Beers, of R.P.I. pr. IKl fi S: w& ;Ii-r*- C. W. light, Sr., Gulf Oil district man ager, and Prof. Shepard W. Lowman, of the R.P.I. faculty, symbolize the coming together of industry and education on the college campus tive cross sections of the nation's teaching corps. Because of its eminent position in the world economy, the petroleum industry was singled out to launch the long-range Industrial Council program last month. As guests of RPI and seyeral oil and other inter ested companies, more than 600 teachers from high schools and institutions of higher learning in all but two of the 48 states assembled at the country's oldest engineering college to delve into all phases of tht tin da' frc tht 1 ur< in B. W the det fin: trif ovc tail wei ing tior wid ing lem Sidi Gul pres ETC 32652 The scenes at left and below are of the well drilling and seismographic operations exhi bition, one of the features of the first after- of the Industrial Council meeting the petroleum industry. From the time of their arrival at midday Fri day. May 16, until their departure from Troy, N. Y., two days later, the emphasis was on Oil. Key day of the assembly was Sat urday. .May 17. In morning speeches in the massive RPI field house. NT. S. B. Gras, Joseph E. Pogue and Max W Ball sounded the three central themes of the weekend session -- the development of the oil industry, its financial background, and its con tributions to society. The afternoon then was given over to developing the themes in de tail. Separate panel conferences were held on each subject, provid ing educators the occasion to ques tion industry representatives on a wide range of specific points, rang ing from labor relations to the prob lems created by spiraling taxation. Sidney A. Swensrud, president of Gulf Oil; Edward T. McCormick, president of the New York Curb Exchange; and Leonard F. McCol lum, president of Continental Oil, were the panel moderators. Final event of the first Industrial Council assembly was a Saturday evening speech bv Trygve Lie, secretary general of the United Na tions. His topic was "Oil on Trou bled Waters." As the hundreds of educators pre pared to return to their homes after the weekend of illuminating ses sions, they were of virtually one voice in praising the Industrial Council plan which had enabled them to learn firsthand from the many leading industry representa tives something of oil's fruitful con tributions to 20th Century living. Three oilmen from the Albany, N. Y., area enjoy a moment's pause. They are C. A. Leland and l. M. Raymond, both Shell, and W. T. Conroy, Texaco During a Friday evening reception, an R.P.I. student serves refresh ments to Mrs. Ford H. Longsdorf, of Baton Rouge (La.) H.S., and Mrs. Sallie Baugh, of Columbus (Ga.) H.S. Dr. L. W. Houston, R.P.I. president who wel comed teachers to the Saturday session, with Bishop W. A. Scully, who asked the invocation r*t. iK> - Above, grouped at the speaker's stand are the morning's three main speakers -- Max W. Ball, N. S. B. Gras, and Joseph . Pogue This was the view as the hundreds of educators and oil in dustry representatives at the Industrial Council assembly met in the field house for the Saturday morning program To answer every conceivable question about the petroleum industry the teachers might have on their minds, the Indus trial Council assembly offered a host of oil experts. The three central themes of the weekend meeting were set by Saturday morning speakers. N. S. B. Gras, president of the Business History Foundation, told of the development of the oil industry; Joseph E. Pogue, Gulf Oil director and petroleum consultant for Chase National Bank, related the industry's financial background; and Max W. Ball, oil and gas consultant and former director of the Interior Department's Oil and Gas Division, cited oil's many contributions to society. In afternoon sessions, at separate halls on the campus, each of the three main points was spelled out in detail through question-and-answer panel discussions. Special buses were used to transport guests to and from widely-separated meeting points on the sprawling campus of Rensselaer Poly oil inimbly gram leum ndus- re set >f the if the >leum istrv's ultant d Gas . each ques- On the third panel (right) were F. W. Caldwell, United Aircraft research director; Ira C. Keller, Container Corp. executive vice president; M. D. DeTar, Aero Oil president; John Harper, Harper Oil head; Richard J. Gonzalez, Humble Oil director; L. F. McCollum, Continental Oil president; W. Chalmers Burns, Hartol Petroleum president; Max W. Ball; Fred VanCovern, of API; and Emerson Smith, of Conoco Two of the Saturday panels: Above, Her bert Spencer, Asphalt Institute secretary; David Shepard, Standard of Jersey direc tor; Earl Newsom, public relations coun sel; H. B. Fell, Simpson-Fell Oil president; N. S. B. Gras; Sidney Swensrud, Gulf Oil president; William Briggs, Valley Oil president; B. E. Hutchinson, Chrysler Corp. vice president; and N. J. Cyphers, Hamilton Rubber vice president. . . Left, Frank Appleman, Fort Worth attorney; Joseph Pogue; Vollmer Fries, White Motor president; Carl Gerstacker, Dow Chemical treasurer; Edward McCormick, New York Curb Exchange head; J. R. White, Imperial Oil executive vice presi dent; W. D. Heath Eves, of Anglo-lranian Oil; and A. J. McIntosh, of Socony-Vacuum Left, Paul E. Hemke, R.P.I. faculty dean, who made the introductions at Saturday's luncheon and dinner . . . Below, dinner speakers Emerson Brown, of Harcourt, Brace & Co., and Kennard Goodman, of a Cleveland (O.) -aiTk At the opening dinner Friday in the gymna sium (below), Ray Palmer Baker, R.P.I. vice president and Industrial Council leader (left photo), made the introductions. Seated are (I. to r.) Lewis Froman, Russell Sage College head; Mrs. Baker; Lewis Wilson, New York State education commissioner; Mrs. Froman; and John F. Cummins, Cum berland Oil president, who was toastmaster 4. _ y 1 Right, at the other end of the Friday din ner head table were Col. John Haskell, vice president of the New York Stock Exchange; Mrs. Livingston Houston; Joseph E. Pogue, and E. W. Esmay, acting information director of the API K- > The Saturday luncheon was get-together time for D. F. Hayes, of Ethyl, and Mr. and Mrs. Harry J. Green. Mr. Green is on Esso Standard Oil district manager 14 Rensselaer Poly lacrosse players Bob Lindgren and Charles Carr explain the fine points of the old Indian game to C. S. Lowry, social science head at Murray (Ky.) State Teachers College, and Francis Mechlin, instructor at Schenley H.S. in Pittsburgh -- 221 A\ ETC 32656 A young pretty member of Troy's Norwegian colony beams as she receives an auto graphed program from Mr. Lie Above, the impressive setting of the R.P.I. field house for the Sat urday night address by Trygve Lie, secretary general of the United Nations. The group at left center is the Rensselaer Poly glee club Left, Ruth Harrison and Ann Fitzpatrick, both of Burdell Oil, chat with Eugene L. El more, a San Antonio teacher Right, the head table at a Sunday morning session to review the weekend meeting included Ray Palmer Baker, Chester Lang, General Electric vice president, who presided; Dr. Houston, and James K. Hunt, of E. I. duPont de Nemours . . . Below is a general view of the Sun day session audience Among those who heard Mr. Lie's talk were John J. Leu, American Oil vice president, and R. W. Reilly, American Oil division head f -f' ' >* c \\ONq 4'S NVto^ ... -.'.'L i* Created only six years ago, the API Gold Medal for Distinguished Achievement already ranks as one of the country's foremost industrial awards ach year, one of the highlights E of the annual meeting of the American Petroleum Institute reached when a person of universal prominence in his field stands before the convention to receive the high est award for industrial achievement that oildom can bestow. The Institute's 32 nd annual meet ing. again set for the Conrad Hilton hotel in Chicago, is still five months off. But alreadv the wheels are in motion to select the man (or wom an) who will receive from the hands of L. S. Wescoat, the API board chairman and president of Pure Oil. this year's award of the coveted API Gold .Medal for Distinguished Achievement. Presentation Date Presentation will be made during the convention's first General Ses sion on Wednesday morning. No vember 12. The recipient, whoever he mav prove to be. then will join the small, select fraternity of win ners of the Gold .Medal. Those so honored in the past have been Henry Ford. Dr. William M. Bur ton. Charles F. Kettering, J. How ard Pew, Walter C. Teagle, and Lt. Gen. Ernest O. Thompson. is Although it is one of the newest awards of its kind, the API Gold .Medal has come to he recognized as among the leading honors to be won in the entire field of industry and business. The list of recipients to date clearly indicates the monumen tal achievements required before a person can even be considered for the award. So deliberate and thorough-going is the selection of the Gold Medal recipient that a minimum of five months is spent in making the final choice. Selection rests with a special nine-man API awards committee, headed this year by former API President William R. Bovd, Jr. AH nominations had to be made by the first of this month, and not more than 30 days later, by July 1, Mr. Bovd must publish the names of the nominees among his fellow-com mittee members. The individual committeemen then vote for the nominee they consider most worthy and deserving of Gold Medal recog nition. Six affirmative votes are re quired. New votes are taken until one candidate receives the necessary' six votes, the name with the least number of votes being eliminated from each succeeding ballot. If, by September 15, the committee is un able to agree upon a recipient, no award is made that year. Name Kept Secret Otherwise, the name of the suc cessful nominee is reported to API President Frank M. Porter. It re mains known only to him, to the recipient, and to the Committee on Awards until announcement is made as the time for presenting the Gold Medal nears. It has never happened, but the awards committee may select more than one Gold Medal recipient for simultaneous award. Also, it is up to the committee to set the time and place for the presentation cere mony. Award of the Medal, how ever, has become almost a fixture of the annual meeting's opening Gen eral Session. Restrictions on potential recipi ents are few. The major qualifica tion is that he "must have made sub stantial contributions to the arts and 16 ETC 32658 fc... ssarv least nated f, by is un it, no sciences that are of particular and outstanding benefit to or in the pe troleum industry, its human rela tions, its business practices and its organization, which have enabled the petroleum industry to serve bet ter the public welfare." Gold .Medal nominees mav be of anv nationalitv. and need not be a member of the API or anv other or ganization to qualify. Posthumous award is made if the recipient dies after his selection and before the .Medal is presented. Otherwise, the person chosen "must be able and M illing to present himself in person to receive the award at the time and place designated." Exception to this rule M as made in 1946, the vear the Gold Medal aMard M as created and first presented. Mr. Ford became too ill to attend the Chicago conven tion and the aM ard M as accepted on his behalf by his grandson. Of solid gold, the Medal has a monetary value of about I400. It is three inches in diameter, or al most three times as big as a halfdollar. On the front is a bas-relief illustration of an oil derrick and a cluster of three structures -- the engine, belt, and forge houses. Around the circumference are the Mords "American Petroleum Insti- Recipient of the first Gold Medal was Henry Ford (right). In the photos be low Mr. Ford's, Dr. William M. Burton is shown accepting the award from William R. Boyd, Jr., and Charles F. Kettering is pictured as he delivered his speech accepting the '48 honor tute AMard." On the reverse side, the API emblem occupies the center and is half-encircled by the M ords "For Distinguished Achievement." Along M ith the Medal is presented an embossed scroll M'hich cites the achievements of the recipient. It has not been the intrinsic value of the Medal or the accompanying scroll that have established the aM ard as a foremost honor in a rela tively feM' years. Rather, its pres tige is based on the outstanding reputations and high qualifications of those upon Mhom it has been conferred. Each of the recipients is a man M hose contributions to mod ern civilization stand alone. A roll call of recipients reads like a veritable M ho's M ho of American industry. Henry Ford M as cited for his vis ion, courage, and independence which gave birth to the mass pro duction system and resulted in an abundance of so many things for all Americans. Dr. Burton Mas hailed for his part in the development of the first commercially-successful pe troleum cracking process. Over and above his manv inventions and re search -work that have been par ticularly valuable in the advance ment of transportation. Charles Ket tering was saluted for his unfailing optimism and anticipation of future problems and for his foresight in exploring and helping to solve so manv of them. J. Howard Pew, a director and former president of Sun Oil, was recognized for his half-centurv service as "a conscientious public servant, a wise counselor and a courageous leader of the American petroleum industry." \\ alter Teagle. former board chairman and presi dent of Standard Oil Company (N. J.), made countless forward contributions to the progress of the oil industry and the country at large during his many active years. Gen eral Thompson, the most recent re Names of many Certificates of Appreciation winners are listed on this placard, which was displayed at last year's annual meeting of the API AMERICAN PETROLEUM hctu. A0AMS.6L ASHLIY C.C eUMMMO*. CS OAAV1S. S.C jKttOaUNNiMTCO. cf M Mswrrsa MMAAV. J I Hw, i HOWARD ICS. I. RIMO. QT icwJiNNKi6.ee fWtOAHT. 7 TASlPOaO. W * wtNCMtrriPL j. cipient, was cited for his leadership in petroleum conservation and waste prevention. The Gold Medal represents half of a program of awards adopted by the API board of directors on Sep tember 2 j, 1946. The other part pro vided for the bestowing of Certifi cates of Appreciation "for out standing services rendered to the American Petroleum Institute" by officers and members of commitrees and other organized API groups. The Certificate of Appreciation award was created to overcome what the Institute board of directors recognized as the absence of "suit able means of adequately rewarding leaders of the petroleum industry and the API for . . . advancing the work and best interests of the indus try' and the Institute." Often, the board was aware, "the mere feeling of personal satisfaction derived from such accomplishment has been the only reward that has come to those making such contributions." ANOldSON.M H ANFCNDCA.M bays.g.s. DlMlT. C P DO*NILL. O D OUNN, J JAY CCRfRT.S B OAYLOAO SO HAST. W 6. haslam.at MILL.J BENNETT hOCMUU. WALTS* JONES.* ALTON HUHNS.P*. WUlACHESN.J h mcntosm.a.J mold, w j RRCTT. O-O. ATTtt.OA ftlN* *** tRHO.JC lOBSl.NO*TM ON*1*'***** ;LOSOASO*V`*jA*M-MJ jONtD*. C-A l**1"'If - ( ^ARMTT.S* DSSTVt.WJ OUIXO.CJ WWJIWSKI.S-V- lurrtR.j a. MSSSMMM.CM SAMAKS.WM.TSA SCMMOO*,*" WKMt.VJ StfOLt.JX. StttCLAIR.i-W SMtTM.CLXO* * THATOMA." L. - TOAACT.WM.D TRASt.D L vwholsooanw."s*o**t* 1 ^AFT.L.c **LST****.** POTTS.**- RUSSL.AX j^USBUAT.lP M|fU SO. "srai* SSsJiu st^r 28 Awards in '51 Each of the divisional general committees -- Marketing, Produc tion, Refining, and Transportation -- and non-divisional committees such as Agriculture, Defense Services, Highways, Public Relations, Re search, and Safety is authorized to honor those who have made out standing contributions to its work. Last year, a total of 28 Certificates was presented. Behind each award made at this November's annual API meetingwhether it be the Gold Medal for Distinguished Achievement or the several Certificates of Appreciation -- will stand long, careful and de liberate study and preparation. For those who receive the awards, it will mean "thanks and congratulations on a job well done." 18 ETC 32660 ership waste :s half ed by 1 Sept proiertifi- out0 the e" by mmit- API .iation rcome ectors "suitarding dustrv tg the indusn. the eeling 1 from .'n the those eneral oduction -- s such rvices. Rezed to e out work, fi cates at this ting -- lal for or the ciation id den. For it will lations Left, a power shovel scoops up chunks of the yellow mineral at a Gulf Coast sulphur mine. Together, Louisiana and Texas now provide over 40% of the world's sulphur life -- from the match that lights our first after-breakfast "smoke" to the soap that refreshes us just before bedtime. Chemicals, detergents, rubber, steel, ravon, paint, petroleum prod ucts, newsprint and thousands of other manufactured items all need sulphur or one of its derivatives. Thirty-five pounds of it go into the manufacture of the average automo bile. Medicines, dves, foods, insecti cides -- on and on the list goes. But, far and away, the greatest use of sulphur is in the production of sul phuric acid, the so-called workhorse of all chemicals. More than a third of all U. S.-made sulphur goes, as sulphuric acid, into the manufacture of fertilizers. Another big use of the acid is in petroleum refining. long with the mustache cup, the ing better than sulphur and molasses. A nickel cigar and the free lunch, A generation or so back, few peo one of the fondest memories of "theple thought much about sulphur ex good old davs" is the sulphur and cept as a medicament. But nowadays molasses concoction that was sulphur is an industrial, rather than spooned out to youngsters and human, "tonic." It is, in fact, the grownups alike as a spring tonic. very lifeblood of many American The mixture never tasted quite as industries. Either in its elemental good as sassafras tea. but for "clean form or, more likely, as sulphuric ing up" or "thinning" the blood acid, the reddish-vellow mineral is after a hard winter there was noth with us constantly in our everyday Close Kinship The petroleum industry's interest in sulphur, and vice versa, is a nat ural one, dating back almost to the sinking of Colonel Drake's historic well at Titusville. It was oil wild catters. in fact, who indirectly founded the American sulphur in dustry. And it is an oil company consulting chemist, the late Dr. Herman Frasch, who is considered the father of that industry. Eight years after "the Drake" came gushing in, a group of oil drillers in Calcasieu Parish, Louisi ana, noticed traces of sulphur in cut tings from their wells. For years thereafter, men bored the caprock of the Gulf Coast salt domes in search of the mineral, but rarely was it located in commercial quantities. Unlike the surface deposits found in the world's other producing areas, the coastal sulphur refused to yield 19 ETC 32661 Sulphur and oil are found in the same type of salt dome deposit. Care samples obtained by this sul phur drilling team will help engi neers to determine the extent and quality of the brimstone formation which promises to prove the biggest sulphur development anywhere in the world in the past 20 years -- is at Garden Island Bay, Louisiana. The Texas Company discovered the dome near the mouth of the .Missis sippi River w hile exploring for oil. Through a leasing arrangement. Freeport Sulphur Company has ob tained sulphur rights to the dome and is building a $ t o-$ r 5 million mining plant having a production to ordinary mining methods. It re mained for Dr. Frasch to suggest that a solution might be to mine the brimstone not as a solid but as a liquid. His idea was to melt the mineral underground, bv injecting huge amounts of hot water into the for mations. and then pump the liquid eral additional sources. It is present in the hydrogen sulphide in sour natural gas and refinery gas, in sul phur dioxide at smelters, and in sul phate minerals such as gypsum and anhydrite. But the cheapest and pur est sulphur is that which lies in the salt dome brimstone deposits, from which is produced 85% of Ameri capacity of too 000 long tons a year. Altogether, the Garden Island Bay project and three other new brimstone mines under development along the Gulf Coast are expected to add about one million long tons to the supply by the end of next year. This production, when it becomes available, will do much to ease the sulphur to the surface through pipes. ca's total supply. world shortage of sulphur. Mean It was a radical idea, greeted with The most recent major brimstone while. a half-hundred other proj doubt and ridicule. Dr. Frasch per deposit to come to light -- and one ects aimed at increasing production sisted. however, and in 1894 brought in the first flow of molten sulphur from the Louisiana deposit. Years of work and research made the process a commercial success. Although there have been numerous refine ments. basically the same method still is employed to recover brim stone from the salt dome formations of the Gulf Coast. Together, Louisi 1 ana and Texas now produce more r'l than 40=': of the world's supply of sulphur in all of its forms. New Sources Before Frasch s time, the tradi tional world sources of elemental sulphur were the pyrite ores of Spain, the volcanic deposits of Ja pan, and the surface mines of Sicily. Now', sulphur is obtained from sev 20 ETC 32662 This molten sulphur is flowing into an outdoor storage vat, where it solidifies. Reddish-orange when it comes from the coastal salt dome deposits, the mineral takes on its familiar yellow color in solidifying are under way in this and 18 friendly JSt in nations. If all fulfill expectations, thev could add as much as three at he million long tons a year to the over he all supply by 1954- Currently, world is- production outside the Russian orbit >il. is in the neighborhood of 12 million nt. tons yearly. >b- Among the projects to secure ad me ditional sulphur from sources other ion than brimstone are several instituted ion by the larger sulphur-consuming in :ar. dustries. The foremost of these is tnd the petroleum industry7. leum Administration for Defense. other. On the whole, it takes about Even now, the petroleum indus- PAD has estimated that the indus two-fifths of a pound of sulphur to lev ent trv is producing more sulphur than try's gross requirement of fresh sul refine each barrel of crude oil. I to it consumes, according to the Petro phuric acid in 1951 was equivalent Most of sulphur's value in petro to 638,000 long tons of sulphur. leum refining lies in the element's Through various by-product opera chief chemical derivative, sulphuric tions, the oil industry actually pro acid. This versatile chemical helps duced 643,500 long tons, leaving a make the activated clays and cata marketable surplus of 5,500 tons. lysts used in treating various petro The industry, PAD says, will jump leum products. It also, to cite an its surplus an additional 190,000 long other important use, is an essential tons this year as the result of more raw' material in the manufacture of and more sulphur-recovery units "Ethyl" antiknock compound. coming into operation at refineries. Of the total sulphur equivalent Chemical "Treaters" the petroleum industry produced At many stages of petroleum re last year, 133,000 long tons were re fining, sulphur compounds are em claimed from spent sulphuric acid ployed as chemical "treaters." Thev and acid sludges after the chemical help break down lube distillate into had been used in a series of refining finished lubricating oils and paraf operations. An additional 170,000 fin svax, assist in the conversion of tons were reclaimed from other acid light gas oil into domestic heating recovery and sulphur-extraction op oil and diesel fuel, and aid in refin erations at refineries. The remaining ing raw kerosene into finished kero 340,500 tons were derived from the sene and raw naphtha into solvent hydrogen sulphide contained in naphthas for use as paint thinners sour natural gas and also removed and cleaning fluids. from crude oil during distillation. As necessary as sulphur is to re As a major industrial consumer, fining, it can also be an unwanted the petroleum industry requires element, as oilmen discovered early roughly 10% of total U. S. sulphur in the game. Because of the vile odor production -- in one form or an sulphur imparted to petroleum once 21 ETC 32663 Typical of the petroleum industry's own sulphur plants is this new Lion Oil unit. It produces an average 01 nine tons of liquid sulphur per day used for illuminating purposes, the product was unaffectionately known among 19th Century Americans as "skunk oil." Now, thanks to de sulphurization processes, most pe troleum products are made without the obnoxious smell. Converselv, sulphur's pungency is deliberately employed to lend a recognizable odor to normallyodorless natural gas. Minute quanti ties of sulphur compounds, called mercaptans, are added in order to warn consumers of accidental gas leakage Also, in the manufacture of special lubes and additives, sulphur is put back in after earlier having been removed. The addition of sul phur to jet engine fuels, for exam ple, helps eliminate the formation of carbon in the combustion chamber. One trade journal has aptly re ferred to sulphur as the petroleum industrv's "ugly duckling." Always But two of the many industrial uses of sul phur and its deriva tives are in the manu facture of glass and rubber. Being assem bled at left are auto windshields, the mak ing of which requires sulphuric acid. Sulphur is used in tire manufacture to give strength, durability and shape to rubber undesirable in gasoline in excessive amount because of its ability to con taminate the product, sulphur, on the other hand, now gives promise of becoming another oil industn product of sale. In addition to the 16 sulphur-recov ery units in operation at various domestic refineries at the beginning of this year, the oil indus try is spending 510 million on the construction of new facilities or the enlargement of existing ones. Before long, it has been forecast, the indus try might be supplying as much as five percent of the nation's sulphur. In such a position, the petroleum industry would not only continue to meet its own sulphur requirements but would help ease the general shortage now being felt throughout the free world. In so doing, it would help assure each person in the United States of his per capita con sumption of 75 pounds of sulphur annually -- with little, if any, of it incidentally, going to make the sul phur and molasses elixir upon which our forebears thrived. (1 ] OUR COVER: Indians fishing for sal- *1 | mon at Celilo Falls on Oregon's ; i Columbia River. Kodachrome by , Rav Atkeson from A. Devanev, Inc. ; : OUR PICTURES: Page 3, Acme, Inter- ! national News Photos, United Press, ! and Arnold Newman; page 4 (top), International News Photos, (bot tom), Acme; pages 5 and 6 (top), courtesy National Broadcasting Co.; pages 6 (bottom), and 9 (bottom), Frederick Lewis; pages 7 and 9 (top right). A. Devanev, Inc.; page 8 I (rop right), courtesy American Pe troleum Institute; pages 10-15, j Camera Associates; pages 19, 20, 21, courtesy Freeport Sulphur Co.; ; page 22 (top), courtesy Lion Oil, (bottom left), courtesy Libbey- \ Owens-Ford, and (bottom), cour- , tesv B. F. Goodrich Co.; third , cover, art work courtesy Trans World Airlines. I Of she bergh's ' only a h thing mo it would imaginati routine r Yet toi and com Spirit of has been lions, Str aeene of eleven in sengers destinatio and touri Conlrib eombinati Without t. eommunir other nect But fui developmt that make huge plan loads, and Any sin 19S2 preti New YorkThe gross 223-horse] L_ ETC 32664 ustry's w lion age of er day cessive 0 conur, on romise iduscrv the 16 eration at the : induson the or the Before indusmch as ulphur. roleum tinue to ements general ughout r would in the ita consulphur of it. the sul1 which or sal- | egon's ! ne by y, Inc. InterPress, (top), (bot(top), lg Co.; ttom), 9 (top 'age 8 an Pe- io-ij, 20, 21, r Co.; m Oil, .ibbey. cour. third Trans Twenty-Fiue Years of Trans-Atlantic Flying if 27 Of the millions of Americans who were thrilled by Lind bergh's New York-to-Paris flight 25 years ago last month, only a handful regarded the "Lone Eagle's*4 feat as any. thing more than a sensational stunt. Twenty.five years ago, it would have been hard to convince any but the most imaginative that by 1952 flying the Atlantic would be routine rather than spectacular. Yet today, transoceanic flying is well-organized, regular and comfortable. The 33 V* hours that it took the tiny Spirit of St. Louis to make the trip from New York to Paris has been whittled to 12^4 hours by the mammoth Constella tions. Stratocruisers and DC-6s. In contrast to the bleak scene of one flyer spanning the North Atlantic all alone, eleven international airlines now carry hundreds of pas sengers every day on regularly scheduled flights to European destinations. Sky travelers have a choice of sleeper, regular and tourist planes carrying as many as 60 passengers. Contributing to this transportation miracle has been a combination of modern science, industry', and business. Without the deve!opment of airplanes, weather forecasting, communications, navigation, airport facilities and many other necessities, none of it would be possible. But fundamental to all others, perhaps, has been the de'elopment of high-octane aviation fuels. It is these fuels that make possible the powerful engines required by today's huge planes and enable them to fly farther, carry heavier load*>. and travel at greater speeds. Any similarity between Lindbergh's flight and those of 1952 pretty much begins and ends with the fact that their New York-to-Paris crossings follow the same general route. The gross weight of the Spirit of St. Louis----all that the 223-horsepower engine could sustain--was 5.250 pounds. In its entire 3,600-mile flight it used less than 450 gallons of gasoline of a quality far below that used in pre9ent-day automobiles. The almost unbelievable accomplishments of the last quarter-century are the results of the cooperative efforts of oil refiners and engine designers. The weight of commercial airliners in current use is measured in tons, not pounds, and they are powered by four engines each of from 2,500 to 3,500 horsepower. They carry thousands of gallons of highoctane aviation gasoline for a single ocean crossing and in one hour consume about as much as the Spirit of St. Louis did in 33*4. In the unceasing development of bigger and faster air planes, aeronautical engineers have looked to engine de signers for bigger and better engines. In turn, the designers have called on the oil industry for higher octane fuels that could withstand the greater squeeze of supercharging. The first big step in fuel improvement was the addition of tetraethyl lead. Then came improved refining methods and the use of blending agents to raise the quality higher and higher. The production of 100-octane aviation gasoline was one of the great milestones of aviation progress. More than that, such gasoline was one of America's most potent weapons of war, enabling our planes to fly further and carry heavier bomb loads. More recent cooperation between fuel and engine tech nologists has resulted in the development of still better fuels that literally have "run off" the octane scale. While the average airplane passenger rarely thinks about it, it is these fuels that have made possible the difference between trans-Atlantic flying as he enjoys it and the way Lindbergh knew it just 25 years ago. 1: ? I ETC 32665 A safety record is no accident Setting a record is no easv job, but it's well worth the analyzer which quickly checks the amount of lead in -I VI effort -- especially when safety is involved. We are proud of the part we have played in the oil the air at any moment -- permitting the safe entry of tank-cleaning personnel. industry's safety record. We are particularly proud that Our engineers have broad experience in the construc the system of safety precautions for the handling and tion, operation and maintenance of mixing plants. You mixing of "Ethyl" antiknock compound and the safe can put this experience to work for you if you are practices in tank-cleaning techniques which have been contemplating the erection of new mixing installations accepted and put into effect throughout the industry or modernizing existing plants. Our trained men will were pioneered by Ethyl safety engineers. assist you in the selection of a site, supply plans and How ever. Ethyl safety engineers do a lot more than specifications, and instruct refinery personnel in cor prevent accidents. They save refiners time and money, rect procedures for operating the new equipment. And too. For example, they are constantly seeking new when your plant is in operation. Ethyl's engineers help ways to save time and labor and to assure safe opera keep it working at top efficiency. They make periodic tion. This search has resulted in many improvements in "check up" visits, assist w ith maintenance and help mixing installations, tank-cleaning methods and has make modifications to meet changing conditions. contributed to improvements in storage-tank design. So you can see why we say "A safety record is One recent contribution is the "Ethyl" lead-in-air no accident." ETC 32666 .ad in TV Of strucYou u are ations n will is and 1 cor. And s help riodic i help ord is ii I Ii I !si i* \ Earle M. Craig, chairman of the board of Freedom-Valvoline Oil Company and president of The National Petroleum Asso ciation, is the thirteenth in a list of illustrious oilmen who have served at the head of the trade organization. It is Mr. Craig's added distinction to be president at the time when The National Petroleum Asso ciation is marking the 50th anniversary of its founding. To take proper note of that important milestone, Ethyl News devotes the first several pages of this issue to a picture history of the Association. Pre sented in the form of a photo album, such as any member of the NPA might have kept, our report is not intended to be a complete chronicle of all the activities and develop ments of the Association through a half-century. Rather, it highlights and pin points events which now, in retrospect, seem to be among the most significant in NPA's first 50 years. Gathering the photographs for the NPA photo album, par ticularly those of older vint age, would not have been possible without the coopera tion of many. Among those to whom special thanks are due are Fayette B. Dow and his staff of The National Petro leum Association, Paul Giddens, Harry A. Logan, Sr., Harry A. Logan, Jr., Samuel Messer, C. L. Suhr, National Petroleum News, and The Oil City Derrick. JULY-AUGUST 1952 Them Yates, Editor Richard F. Cook, Associate Editor Hal Wohonka, Art Director NPA PHOTO ALBUM 3 A picture-story salute to The National Petroleum Association upon the 50th anniversary of its founding. CHIEF OF THE CHEROKEES 12 Oilman W. W. Keeler, who holds that official title, has a plan for restoring the prestige of his tribal people. WHEELS ON STAMPS 15 Passenger cars, trucks, buses, and almost every other kind of auto motive vehicle have been pictured on the world's postage stamps. THE WELL THAT WON'T QUIT 18 Located along historic Oil Creek, near Oil City, this 91-year-old well is still producing a ration of Pennsylvania crude. PASSPORTS OF THE HIGHWAY 20 License plates are a necessary item of motoring. But they're also a constant problem to the automobile designer. Opinions expressed in signed articles aro tho authors'. Tho editors of Ethyl Nows welcome articles of timely interest submitted from outside sources. Published by Ethyl Corporation, 100 Park Avenue, New York 17, N. Y.f manufacturer of "Ethyl" antiknock compounds, used by oil com panies to improve the antiknock quality of aviation and motor gasoline. Edward L. Shea, President; Stanley T. Crossland, Vice President and Treasurer; Herbert A. Savage, Secretary ETC 32668 I?.* Wu.Lt Am mot A V. B. WflRP %t0 '*'*! W/U.OCK W. G. SrJ/U. L E 4 AfiOi^Sotf He* Beyer f/?ron r~ HenAY *SOH H-A.'jAMiesoN fi* st TkeSioen^ /fox. rfl/ 4C.ix:<4t' Sfi fi-tCAtt+.f ,Y* fd^/*-+fcCs-*u^**jC+y*jl/rd*tr/ ^)|/ 6U*Cj^' TJ. ~8Afe* W. 2>. T~o1)D} % 9. fit/LLf/C GeoRGe CfifiF/eiD KfiifrtiJ/<<4. A.f<a& JiZ ft > '$%< Costo.Z/L , 'sJ! At?- -aAAz ySjaz' 7.. .. a a-,.. ' /'">* Le%/t S/n/r/4 M M*<o-*ui/ rt.j. WMi f ten thckY yft. A* L. CoAFBA W.n. FkrtSEHFFLD J.A. FA\AQTT" 7?o Besr c. ETC 32670 -k <*% .C-V-lfcA-. w :rm- * /ujt* \mft4rl' * * ' **. .. I 1 |j - VS**** --o' pauafJ' /Oa&j, It at a* J&o+A/f OIL REFINERS FORM NEW UNIT PITTSBURGH, June IS--Repre sentative of almost a score of oil refining companies, located for the most part in western Pennsylvania, met hero yesterday and unanimous ly formed a new group called The National Petroleum Association. Officers of the Association, elected at the meeting in the Hotel Lincoln, are: H. A. Jamieson, of Warren Refining Co., president; W. E. (Billy) Wall, of Conewango Re fining Co., first vice president; S. M. Willock, of Waverly Oil Works, second vice president; and E. H. Anderson, of Pittsburgh Oil Refining Co., secretary and treas urer. Prior to the election of officers. Mr. Wall served as chairman of the meeting, and Herbert G. Eaton, of Superior Oil Works, acted as secretary. In addition to those named above, others attending the meeting were P. J. Baser, J. B. Miller. F. von Tacky, R.` B. Miller, V. B. Ward, A. D. Miller, Jr., W. D. Todd, George R. Canfield, Levi Smith. Henry Suhr. J. A. Fawcett, Theodore W. Faires. M. J. Walsh, A, L. Confer, F. H. Steele, Robert C. Pew, Loftus Cuddy, W. H. Fehsenfcld, and WTilliam Muir. According to the constitution and /* 'V.V by-laws adopted by the group at its [ - organization meeting, the purpose of The National Petroleum Asso- \ ciation is "to foster, protect and promote the welfare and interests of persons engaged in the refining of petroleum and its products, and for the protection and encourage ment of that business. . . v 7^.-.-T--/S5fe/oo4 Jbo4skdU . JtAjujytf - *foZ, jiLaJtjiaAjt* tfn-ifjLa fit a % ZTc I yQfffAjLfa** ' AlPA jL", /fo(.rf fkAWl tMdtfJuaL <2'C7rfV/rfWWsC&KJ&tas*ad. OALf/. Ar JLA/Ajtst*-) A/Pa --*+***. A/PA rtiTft ' A*.' 7 CONSTITUTION AND BY-LAWS -a!-- THE NATIONAL PETEOLEUM ASSOCIATION Cbortored Under the Low* of Pennoylvnmo, Nor 16. 1907 V iu, fr.' I. rml>intNK Mu- ml^t'iK--m ,,ml fn.Mil, no >A|arwu<>' n<a` [ruin 1 finlii uaifr>"i<> "* --ri.-mii 1,1 |la i>f Immim-oN t nil mlturm- Tt' >9 'lATHlN. AHTItl.K l. .1^11 !- Till. N \TI`i\ M. ' t AHTH I.K M Tin' Affair* f Tili- laM.-ialM>n lll ' '''IP "f ' Trual-a- ah.. Ahull l- ri.rlr.1 imiu.H'. * "* *h:l1' ' " Wbn ahull I-Irrl from tl-.-it numh I'toanlrnt aiol 1" ' ' nlau nlart a H..flinK *-..niaP>. Tnn*orrr. l.raaial ,,, ain, fur ..a.- im ..r uulil llwir '"W" -,,r rl--<~l AkTH1.K 111 Traslia". 4a.ll !- rl.-ta.| l.r la.llnf. at lb- rrfubr ...... rUIM.n a.1.1 rmrb r l.l> 'tb-l I.. .r .> * w.vr Ih atajnrit' ..f Hu........ . ' It ahull W tb. rtutv * >" l*twar.|ra T,. ].r.-M.I. si .... sum. Hr shall rail |-- ml mraiia* ' ..........i-f*-'* ' ,r l>r BHMtilrra uf tb* Tna.iBtins. It shall Iw tit* <lut> of ll v" ,,itr of tbi'ir rlactN.n. If Ahull U 11.1- -lut' Mf the- Kr. ..nlini aai |ir-wr\i :ill rorra|.iii-l-ii-'- *! tlx * 6U*aeLajtuaic> A-tdJ <x*r* jLIaul* '?7/t*juh <u Ajlj^iar^ttetloKj ir\tt < 2JS>fo&C.-6--c---4/. s>t ETC 32672 04%*JuryccL> J djL*tjt <*J- JCAjZS "PJUL/ TuLctuC, XjutglXj rt`g* *za <Xjl itt- / /tfx0 (Ctfuctfr* 4< ft rtf -g/jL >K. */ *fa- yZati^oJL fo&oQ&u^u 2cJblAu. Cc -- A//*A . ,to /<uu*Lonj. gtfuymj. fi*^o^aJL /L&A^&bdL &mnmtTfe.v c*jL*jLt^ X&s c&Ji ycgoiacy. " ~t65** ^rsS^ ________ _ 40 ` _ ,,,--* rCnOvIP*rW, ^-^T*w__- ^''' * -s.g:ia^' *jI-. S** "'irFa*ttlWv* >c* ***** f.Xl * J %h>-'' -s rt->. ': \ * r'r*Lt r~yJ&' ---* **w X. *--.'--**r* *'" V***^ //`y yuu*r *99*4: A* . y^>. . # nCf n U.GLYofJs ,, imf* Ttt&CdiMjbj /fcrjeta** **?& V1-Z4 A t JITTJ*. */?/A* '/*+*nmd CL. pxtkA (<J:4C><?A4lt*0-H. H yJUL.JL**Xy. ZO'S. JftltJUind. ehtAjuua XAg. tfXf&xdd. -AJZfL*. M o ^ayt/itefefc jUMJLutoj- /&.. JL Kjuto-** dAJt4M<4t/>tt, "cdt, XAa. Jbu~*t..j JCacW4^. /OouCs- pticiad.' O. P AsSc^uyy Af/ft fr***' 'I2-* A '9*7- PjlJLc(*dLs . ;&***.< ptAailtHAj ttZ PAX /?z7f^gf 7Z`2rt: #. /? duooL 2c^ " ^' r^4c^..IKt1. MWK/ fttfcL 'JGHJU4J' K 77ba*L***K_ CU<cL pJaJut^.y ^Lh. ETc 32674 \0`J '&t ax, i .c ^z>Ct. , <M<a |04^/L4(jty ^ cc*2***A4 <**%' ^ C. L. 50HR. Y%jL4jtr/e*d ejf AlPA l<f33-tys? <*4. *oee^ f*** ****$ H /****'- T&. Xa+u*JL J&JZMhAf. Get JjU**~4*2 2** jt4Hh44 J^M. tojXIu f^eJt fcyT. --------------S**X.jtJC. C<UM4 ZAjl 2U**>- *2 2*4*4. <^c*4L x2*~ t/ JLuduJtL dU.cC jl&j ^6ajt. <7 M //. ives^e ^4, ydUefiU^uC C* ^/f-A 04/ -p\JiA*de-tttt sOiAu/^JLuZUt. f?*/2. a-M-- 66^txX ^ "-1* *' *-- ^Ooa^Ax*n*>f Hk*, ETC 326' ______* ncu * *ii WEEKLY DERRICK. yiu wo i h I** --* taM Cm* Cm* M^o. pwii. OtLCTTY. PA- THURSDAY SPTTklkCll IP iMt rIC FIVE CXMT1 Am* ''>rf> a< XAxut AMf aU-JL tJuljL\. 5' /L&fJut., A 'AtlJv 4 H4t hJ+UtL iiiafcjf/ jiDaria ta Speak At 40th Amnia! Meeting ol NPA Ok* Offmb m (Mb or rw*ni.r aa** MEETING TO OPEN IN I PTTTMUKGH SETT. I? ul /f*/2 a*wuK<uMJtw \ : *3t^ 'AajZcL ***-> fjdbbhu*.d? I r^rtxrc; t4iJLU*lt* XA*J j: ------ a, faxks r _ _____ _____ <T. /9. tfoNrtre.. ^/kz&&1,k-s. 7^ `fcnJkJLjA+%u>&Jis rf* ^A axi aXo gt- (&*rtfjjr(,) Q-*<-<aC 7l>. ^ I. ^%Jtai*4j4jL` ck*.~jeL- & 7T ^4x<l/o< cut *P. /JOlcI XAjZ' gCaujEJ*/ &t&*C/ * ~Kotfz /f-i1/. a4. -Aod. At,-- Ca^aLi*^ /&jejtxtlk tjo3. ETC 32676 ? i' nu~. /+! c T~U#T of the Cherokees ) bn juE] ftFI bf; fZE With gestures, Mr. Keeler rejects an unseen friend's offer of an In dian feather headdress, to mark his appointment as Chief of the Cherokee Nation. The reason: Cherokees, as a rule, did not wear such ornate gear. Both a vice president and board member of Phillips Petroleum, Mr. Keeler now is on leave to the PAD In that official capacity, oil man Bill Keeler has launched a program designed to restore the glory of his tribal people n the lofty flatlands of northeast I ern Oklahoma live some 7,000 pathetically underprivileged Chero kee tribal members who, one oilman in particular is determined, shall never fall into the role of permanent government wards and taxpayer lia bilities. For these people --his own husband to Dalhart, Texas, on a busi people -- Bill Keeler has a plan of ac ness trip. It was there that the infant tion that aims at raising their skills Keeler came into the world. and morale to the level where the Today, as he has been for the past Cherokees can and will make solid two and a half years on appointment contributions to the industrial and bv the President of the United cultural growth of the Southwest. States, Mr. Keeler is Principal Chief More formally. Bill Keeler is W of the Cherokee Nation, which W Keeler, director of the Refining makes him titular ruler of all Chero Division of the Petroleum Adminis kees in this country, except those tration for Defense. When not on living on the tribe's reservation in leave to the PAD, as he has been North Carolina. since mid-February, he is active as a vice president and assistant to the No Honorary Job executive vice president of Phillips The Cherokees have ever been a Petroleum Company. He also is a di peace-loving, almost docile, tribe. rector of Phillips. That left few official duties for the Few people know the Cherokees Chief other than signing a document and their problems like he does. He or tribal paper from time to time and is Cherokee himself, and was born overseeing the general welfare of his outside Indian country in Oklahoma people. But Mr. Keeler isn't the kind only because his mother, even of leader who likes to serve in a though nearing the time for child merely honorary capacity. He looks birth, insisted on accompanying her upon his position as an opportunity -- and challenge -- to do something for the Cherokees and for the nation. For, if he can raise the standard of living of those Cherokees who need aid, he will be providing the country with a new group of self-supporting, loyal citizens. Specifically, the people he wants to raise up, from the education and morale standpoints, are those thou sands of Cherokees who live in the hills in that comer of Oklahoma where the state abuts upon Kansas, Missouri, and Arkansas. Mans' of these people have an annual income of only $50. The typical among them are uneducated and speak little or no English. Entire families, often consisting of seven or more children, live in one-room, windowless cabins. The only clothing they own is that on their backs. The food the family subsists on is the fish it catches in Grand Lake or 14-Mile Creek, the 12 cot acr anc anc cor mo ear got pro cor 1 er s> indi sine was ac soci One the schc and Okl; disg beer the I ter-c kees At tl been r ETC 32678 cts /nirk he jn: iar ice of ler 40 3 ung ion. i of ieed itry ing. ants and 10U- the oma nsas, of ome long little iften Iren, bins, that mily es in . the corn and other crops it grows on an acre or so of land, and the squirrels and other animals it shoots. Acorns and acorn bread and acorn soup are common items of diet. What little money the family has probably was earned bv the father, working on a government road or dam-building project or helping to harvest broom corn in Colorado. Rise and Fall The immediate job, as Chief Keel er sees it. is to restore the morale and individuality of the Cherokee. Ever since the original Cherokee nation w as dissolved in 1906, there has been a constant decline in the tribe's social and cultural well-being. Once a proud, progressive group, the Cherokees established the first schools in their part of the country and printed the first newspaper in Oklahoma. But downtrodden and disgruntled at what they feel has been unwise and unfair treatment at the hands of the white man, the lat ter-day contributions of the Chero kees have been few and far between. At the same time, little attention has been paid to the education and vo- Many of the Cherokees whom the Keeler program is intended to reach live under almost primitive condi tions. Diets are meagre, and entire families often share a small cabin cational training of these people, with the result that thousands of them today are anything but selfsufficient. Chief Keeler has prescribed a multi-point program for restoring his less fortunate Cherokee tribal members to their rightful place in the life of the state and the nation. Number one on the list is school ing for all young Cherokees and oc cupational guidance and education for those beyond the classroom age. Although much progress has been made in the past few years in enroll ing Cherokee children in school, there still are hundreds of bovs and girls who do not attend. Their Chief will not be satisfied until every last Cherokee child is enrolled in, and faithfully attending, school on the same regular basis as do youngsters in Boston, New Orleans, or Seattle. Even more challenging perhaps is the job of education to be done among the parents and grandparents of the Cherokee children. Not fa miliar at all with the methods and techniques of modem agriculture, the Cherokee farmer must be ac quainted with such as crop rotation, soil conservation and the upgrading of farm livestock. Among those less able to do hard manual labor, weav ing and other skills must be taught and encouraged as a means of en abling the older Cherokees to make their own way financially. Self-Pity Outlawed '(u-V ' V - ,, s A group of modern-day Cherokee high sc/1001 students visits Dillon S. Myer, U. S. Commissioner of Indian Affairs. A formal education for all Cherokee boys and girls is the No. I item in Chief Keeler's multi-point plan "We want the Cherokee to stop feeling sorry for himself and to real ize he can be a good, productive in dividual. That can be achieved only through education," says the Chief. Another item high on Chief Keel er's program is to see that the under privileged among the Cherokees have available, and make use of, ade quate medical facilities. "Bad" is the only word that describes the present general health situation of the hill dwelling tribal members. The death rate among the children, due to childhood diseases, is extremely high, and tuberculosis prevalence among Cherokees in Oklahoma is five times greater than among white people in the Sooner State. No small part of the rehabilitation 13 ETC 32679 I The fame of Cherokee handicrafts, particularly woven goods, is wide spread. This art is being encouraged among older Indian people as o means of helping them to gain mor ale and become more self-sufficient program, too, is a revitalization of the Cherokee tribe's culture. To make sure that the activities, songs, and folklore of the Cherokees are preserved. Chief Keeler has arranged for these to be recorded and filed permanently at Northeastern State College in Tahlequah, once the capital city of the Cherokee Nation. To carry out the Keeler program, the Cherokee Nation executive council has created the Cherokee Foundation. Formed two years ago, the Foundation really was put into force for the first time this past June at a meeting in Tahlequah among Mr. Keeler and his executive committee. The Foundation is an Indian organ ization, and will be self-sustaining so far as funds are concerned. Mr. Keeler's interest in helping his fellow -Cherokees is nothing but sin cere and genuine. He has empha sized from the start that he is not "in this thing'' for personal glorification, and neither, he makes it clear, is it "a publicity or sales promotion stunt for Phillips Petroleum Company." But now that he has dedicated himself to the work, he is in it for keeps, even though the next President may not continue his appointment as Chief. He expects that the Cherokee rehabilitation program will begin to show its first substan tial results about ten years hence. When it does, he thinks, Indians of other tribes will be encouraged to undertake similar projects among their less fortunate members. The Reasons Why On second thought, Air. Keeler will tell you, he does have selfish reasons for wanting to help those in need of assistance. "As a taxpayer, I don't want to have to support the Cherokees, or anyone else, if I can help it." Another, and probably more serious, reason is that he is "dead set" against the government controlling any individual's life. A staunch Republican, he made it clear when he accepted the chieftain ap pointment from a Democratic ad ministration that he did not intend to be a rubber stamp for any act that would tend to make his people permanent wards of the government, It is that same pride and confi dence that bums inside himself which Chief Keeler hopes to trans mit to those of his people who need a rebirth of mental courage and voca tional know-how'. When he suc ceeds, he will have restored to the Cherokees once again the cultural and social gifts that were theirs a century ago. 1 ; I ' j i j 1 ; j p; cific whei auto: At halfas w sued a ser Cent pOW' leum Be neer auto that brin;. of tf hist( Four Cherokees here mix Oklahoma and North Carolina soil as part of a recent ceremony retracing the 1838 "Trail of Tears"--the tribe's forced movement to west of the Mississippi 14 ETC 32680 ifts, ideged * a norienf ited for esiintthat ram tannce. s of i to ong eler lfish -e in er, I the can ably ;e is nent A dear apadid to that perlent. mfiiself ans:ed a ocasuc the rural irs a ioma of a 1838 arced sippi hilatflists who specialize in Pcollecting postage stamps of spe conjunction with the Pan-American cific categories know no famineExposition in Buffalo, N. Y. It pic when it comes to those portraving tures two men in the high front automotive vehicles. seat of a brougham being driven past At one time or another in the past the Capitol in Washington. D. C. half-centurv. most major countries, Oddly enough (or so it seems to as well as many lesser ones, have is day), the vehicle was an electric- sued at least one stamp -- and usually driven affair, of the type used bv a a series -- in recognition of the 20th rail line to transport passengers and Century contributions of vehicles baggage between train terminals and powered and lubricated by petro convenient points in some of the leum products. larger cities. Because the United States pio neered in the development of the Recent U. 5. Issue automobile, it was perhaps natural As well as being the first, the U. S. that it should be the first country to also holds the distinction of being bring out a stamp bearing a likeness among the countries to issue an au of this means of transportation. This tomotive stamp most recently. In historic stamp was issued in 1901 in March of this year, a three-cent stamp produced in honor of the joth anniversary of the American Automobile Association pictured both a 1902 creation and a sleek, modem car. Germany, Italy, and Russia are among the other nations w hich have produced stamps depicting au tos in style at the time of issue. Not only has philatelic tribute been paid the world over to pas senger cars, but trucks, buses, racing autos, motorcycles, and other spe cialized vehicles have been the sub jects of issues. When the U. S. established its parcel post service in 1912, it used, for a brief time, special stamps that were valid only on parcel mail. One of these pictured automotive postal Left, the world's first postage stamp pictur ing an automobile. A four-center, it was is sued by the U. S. in 1901 The United States issued this stamp recent ly to mark the Ameri can Automobile Associa tion's 50th anniversary 15 delivery. Current U. S. special de livery stamps show the use of trucks and motorcycles in this type of mail service. Other nations which have singled out the motor transport of parcel post, special delivery, and rural mail for stamp recognition include Bul garia, China, Finland, Germany, Yu goslavia, and Switzerland. While the U. S. has never issued a postage stamp that pictured a ve hicle used in public welfare work. at least three nations have. A Fin nish stamp pictures a speeding am bulance, a Republic of Panama issue shows a fire engine, and a Russian one offers a view of a police car. More than mere coincidence, per haps, the Soviet is the only nation to have publicized a police vehicle in this way. Alany of the above-mentioned, as well as other postage stamps that portray automotive transportation, are shown on these pages. As these stamps from Bulgar ia, Romania, Switzerland, and China indicate, trucking is else a key industry in Iran Curtain and neutral nations The use of automotive vehi cles for public welfare pur poses has been publicized on the stamps of at least three nations. Russia has an issue showing a police car; Finland, an ambulance; m/lOAAKJWMM 1 end Panama, a fire engine f. 16 ETC 32682 'Mamitomli AutoaraM-unt Mvrtf-AafttUjasBotlBmf Pictured on the German issue above are early "bicycle-wheeled" autos. The U. S. stamp shows the use of trucks in special delivery service Automobile models current at the time were shown on a 60-kopek Russian issue of 11 years ago and on a 1950 Italian commemorative ulgarrland, ucking 'n Iron ofions The jeep--with President Roosevelt seated in it reviewing U. 5. troops at Monrovia--graces a Liberia issue of 1945. The Spanish Morocco stamp salutes the truck for helping to con quer the barren North African desert Now commonplace throughout the civilized world, the movement of mail by motor truck and other types of au tomotive vehicles seldom is given a second thought. Nevertheless, several countries in both Europe and Asia have singled it out for postal recognition. Among these (right, top to bottom) are Yugoslavia, in 1939; wartime Germany, in 1944; Switzerland, in a series of 1937-46; China, in 1947-48; and Finland, in 1946-47 i t 17 ETC 32683 1 i i V I 1 t ( t 2 T C u f< Drilled 91 years ago, McClin- it continues to spill out its ration of ! tock No. 1, at Oil City, is the rich Pennsylvania crude. The McClintock No. 1, as it is known, world's oldest known pumping stands near The Pennzoil Company well that is still producing refinery in Oil City, but is owned by the Brundred Oil Corporation, a he pioneers who joined in the producing firm in that community. Tmad rush for Pennsylvania oil When sunk in August, 1861, following Colonel Drake's discotvhere was no wav of knowing that ery would be nothing less than the Colby well, as it was originally amazed if they could know about called, would outlast all the others. the well pictured on the cover of At the time, there were some 800 this issue of Ethyl Nezi'S. wells crowded along Oil Creek be Their bewilderment would stem tween Oil City and Titusville. Other from the fact that the well, still than the fact that it was a fairly yielding, is one they themselves good producer, making perhaps jo drilled more than 90 years ago. barrels a day, this new one appar They would have scoffed at anyone ently was just another well. who dared predict that such a feat -- nine decades of continuous pro A Story to Tell duction from one of their wildcats But if it could talk, McClintock -- was possible. For these were men No. 1 could tell, from personal ob who even then, when oil was being servation, much of the storv of the struck throughout the western American oil industry's growth and Pennsylvania countryside, knew the development. full meaning of the term "limited Bom during the beginning days of lubrication. In recent years, it has pr, producer." In those early davs of the Civil War, when there was far gone to lubricate the high-compres his frenzied oil seeking, hardly a square more oil than there were uses for it, sion engines of the nation's modem pr. yard of land in the once-serene hills the historic well has lived to see automobiles. thr and valleys escaped the driller's petroleum make its unprecedented The only hint, perhaps, of the ( tools. But all too often --even as contribution to progress in indus longevity of the oil deposits in the ref now -- little oil came forth, and the try. agriculture, and transportation, sector where the McClintock well late wells eventually were abandoned as and take its place as an indispensable is located was the fact that the No lifeless tombs in the graveyard of source of heat and power. That greasy fluid had been bubbling from the "dry holes." progress is evident in the uses to the ground along Oil Creek for gen Soi Not so the well in our cover which crude from the McClintock erations. A settlement called Mc- Bui photo. Seemingly oblivious of time well itself has been put through the Clintockville had sprung up on the and and enjoying its status as the world's years. At first it was used for light Hamilton McClintock farm in the hev oldest known active pumping well. ing, medicinal purposes, and simple summer of i860 when that land for 18 ETC 32684 fa f In this photo, a reproduction of our cover view, the old pumping well (beside the telephone pole at the extreme left) is dwarfed by its storage tank and engine house. In the background, half a mile north on the opposite bank of Oil Creek, is The Pennsoil Company's modern refinery. The photo was taken by D. W. Grant, Pennzoil vice president, who ranks among the nation's top amateur color photographers proved ripe for drilling. But the history of oil on the McClintock property dates back long before that time. Oil springs on the land had been referred to bv several writers of the late 18 th and early 19th centuries. No one knows how much earlier they had been known and exploited. Some historians credit the Mound Builders of western Pennsylvania and eastern Ohio with constructing hewn-log cribs around the springs for collecting the oil. Certainly the Seneca Indians are known to have used the oil in cosmetics and cere monial fires. Later, missionaries, sol diers, and settlers relied upon it as a cure-all for such common maladies as constipation, aches, sprains, and joint swellings. It is a matter of history that oil from the springs on the Hamilton McClintock farm found limited, but increasing, commercial use as a lub ricant, lamp oil, and medicine in the years before 1859. Interest in it, and in the oil from similar sources throughout that part of Pennsyl vania, was widespread. Albert H. Crosby, of Hanover, N. H., whose interest in such "rock oil" had brought him to the area in 1854, is reported to have declared, "1 would rather have McClintock's farm than all the timber there is in western Pennsylvania." With its history of oil showings, it is not surprising that the McClin tock farm was one of the first pieces of land leased for drilling after Drake struck oil in Titusville in August, 1859. A Quiet Start But McClintock No. 1 was not the first well on the property, nor was it even among the first. Appar ently its completion was not par ticularly spectacular either, for early oil histories make little men tion of it. The first well on the farm was drilled in November of 1859, and bv the following summer, when the McClintockville community came into being, there were about a dozen. McClintock No. 1, the well that outlasted all the others, evi dently was one of eight producing wells listed with some 36 abandoned ones on the property in the spring of ;86i. Henry Huddleston Rogers, who later was to become influential in Standard Oil Company (N. J.), operated a small refinery on the edge of Oil Creek about 300 feet from McClintock No. 1. Supposed ly, oil from the McClintock well and others in the vicinity was re fined at his establishment. While the well initially was a substantial producer, the years, as might be expected, began to take their toll. McClintock No. 1 reached a low production of less than half a barrel a week some years ago. The use of air pressure later upped its yield to several times that amount, and today a steady trickle of crude flows into the tank which stands be side the wellhead. Historic Value But the well has long ceased to be important for its production. Its value is in its historical significance. To passengers on the trains that chug lazily up the Oil Creek valley and to motorists driving through the historic region, McClintock No. 1 and the other old wells that dot the gently-rolling hills stand out as poignant reminders that here, in this area, was a great American in dustry bom and raised. OUR PICTURES: In addition to those mentioned on page 1, other sources for pictures used on pages 3 through 11 are Bettmann Archive, Philip Gendreau, Culver Service, Frederic Lewis, Carnegie Library in Pitts burgh, Underwood & Underwood, Socony-Vacuum Oil Co., National Safety Council, American Flange & Manufacturing Co., and the Traymore Hotel; page 11, courtesy Phil lips Petroleum Co.; page 13 (top), United Press, and (bottom). Wide World; page 14 (top). Acme, and (bottom). Wide World; pages 15, 16 and 17, courtesy American Auto mobile Association; page 11, cour tesy American Automobile Associa tion and Smithsonian Institution; page 11 (top), courtesy Automo bile Manufacturers Association, and (bottom), Sacramento Bee photo, courtesy of California Department of Motor Vehicles. 19 I ri I | very any automobile designer about what simple exterior feature of a car gives him the most styling trouble and you won't have to wait long for an answer. It's how License plates are colorful and functional. But, to those who design the nation's automo biles, they're also a headache easily -- combinations like black or dark green characters on a white or light yellow field. Yet, apparently even the experts differ. The color scheme of New Jersey's plates is best to accommodate the license plate -- that flat sheet of material By Frank L. Remington orange characters on a black back ground -- a combination recom which must be attached to every mended by the American Optome- automotive vehicle that sallies forth But, notes the Automobile Manu tric Association. i! on the highways and byways of facturers Association, "the irregu In Texas, the elements exert an .1 America and Canada. larity of license plate shape and size influence on color combinations. '! In the past, when accessories such makes any fixed, built-in type of Lone Star State vehicles sport black as fenders, bumpers, windshields and mounting as impractical as trying to and gold tags because laboratory luggage compartments became uni fit everyone with the same size tests show these colors stand up bet versally required or desired, car de shoe." ter in the Southwest. In Illinois, the signers were quick to style them as Whatever the automobile design secretary of state is authorized by integral parts of the vehicle. But er's problem, however, the license law to select any colors of his own how do you blend in license plate plate is here to stay -- and has been choosing so long as the same com holders or recesses when, together, for almost 50 years. bination is not repeated during any the 48 states. District of Columbia, and nine Canadian provinces issue Lots of Color five-year period. Even more varying than color tags in as many as 66 different sizes? License tag individuality among combinations are license plate let Limited only by the laws of mathe the states and Canadian provinces tering and numbering systems. Most matics. the current plates come in at goes far beyond the length and states use distinctive arrangements least 38 different lengths and 18 height dimensions which stymie car that follow a prescribed pattern, but heights, ranging from almost seven stylists. It extends to variations in only in a few instances are these to nearly 14 inches in the long di shape, color, lettering and number similar. In Ohio, as in certain other rection and from more than four to ing. and even frequency of issue. states, each county has its identify six and one-half inches in the other. In the matter of color, for in ing code. Plates with a single-letter Automobile designers have scored stance, the tags run almost the prefix are issued to counties in the notable improvements in mounting whole range of the spectrum. It is central part of the state. An example and illuminating license plates, and generally agreed that plates having is Franklin County which has the in locating them on the car where a light background and dark num series A 1 to N 8000. they are least apt to be damaged. bers and letters can be read most Most stares, in addition, issue . MKOOOO 1*052*1 , ETC 32686 NY-THE EMPIRE STATE a ck or lire or rently color ites is backecomrome- :rt an itions. black atory p betis, the :d by , own comg any color e letMost ments n. but these other ntify-letter n the imple is the issue plates bearing special markings to government officials, institutions, professional groups, and other like categories. In New Jersey, the designation "NF" precedes the number on plates of vehicles belonging to charitable institutions, "SG" those on state government vehicles, "CG" on county vehicles, and "MG" on those municipally owned. Doctors in both New Jersey and New York display plates bearing, in addition to numerals, the letters "AID." Connecticut carries the special plate idea even a step further. For a payment of $5 oyer the regular registration fee. drivers there may obtain plates bearing any combina tion of three or four letters -- and without numbers -- of their own choosing. The only restrictions are that the letter combination has not already been issued to another driver and that the combination se lected does not form an indecent word. This privilege of special plates has resulted in the appearance of countless names, nicknames, ini tials, and occupations on Connecti cut tags. And with such possibilities, it was only natural in this election year that two Nutmeg State drivers should apply for, and get, plates bearing the combinations "I K E" and "T A F T." In California, special license plate recognition has been extended this REGISTERED MOTOR VEHICLE cM. 5 MICHIGAN MOTOR VEHICLE LAW Before licensing, errant drivers often avoided prosecution by giving a fic titious name and address on the summons. Among the first "plates" were (inset) a leather tag issued by Denver and this Michigan metal disk year to antique car enthusiasts. Owners of automobiles manufac tured 35 or more years ago are per mitted the option of displaying special plates on these vehicles in place of the conventional California tags. Red in color, they carry in white the name of the state, the year and the legend "Horseless Carriage No.------- ." Plates Advertise Currently, 18 states are using auto tags to publicize their states through distinctive slogans, symbols or shapes. The Mount Rushmore Memorial is reproduced on South Dakota's plates, a pelican on Louis iana's, and the figure of a mounted cowboy on Wyoming's. Among the states with slogans, Kansas plates announce that that is the Wheat State and those of Arizona proclaim the Grand Canyon State. Maine's herald "Vacationland." Tennessee, Montana, Pennsylvania, and Kansas plates bear the shape of the respec tive state in outline form. In various shapes, forms, and sizes, license plates have been with us almost since the automobile itself burst upon the scene. When the horseless carriage was still an oddity, however, license plates were nonexistent. When they snared traffic violators, local authorities served summonses, only to find that when it came time for the errant drivers to appear in court, many were nowhere to be found. They had given fictitious names MAINE 1 0000 7rtA*D ACATlONLAND ETC 32687 ll IJU*OREGON 52- I finn and addresses, and there was no u av to trace them. One of the first efforts to end such chicanery was a New York State law passed in 1901, requiring owners to register their vehicles. In return for a dollar, applicants re ceived a small aluminum disk bear ing a number and the words "New York State Motor Vehicle Law." Following New York's lead, other states began requiring the registra tion of motor vehicles. One reason eufomobiie stylists are unable to treat the license plate as a planned, integral part of body design is the dif ference in the length of tags U198 Made Their Own Many states started out by issuing numbers, leaving it to individual owners to see that they were some how placed on the vehicle. The less imaginative simply painted their as signed numbers on the rear of the car or on headlight lenses. The more artistic employed such devices as house numbers mounted on a piece of harness leather, tin, alum inum, or isinglass. A number of different materials have been used, from time to time, in the manufacture of plates. For manv vears Wisconsin employed zinc. California once used brass numbers on a framework of steel wire, to allow passage of air to the radiator. Leather, aluminum, baked enamel over iron, glass beads, and steel also have been tried. From 1920 until the outbreak of World War 11, most states issued steel plates with embossed figures, but the war forced the adoption of substitute materials. Not all were successful. as witness Illinois' experiment with tags of compressed paper with a soya bean content. The use of plates of this composition was discontin ued when it was found that certain farm animals considered them a tasty snack. The present defense economy has seen a return to many of the steel conservation practices of World War II years. Several states are re taining their old plates and merely issuing windshield stickers to keep them current. Others are adding small metal tags, bearing new year numerals, to previously-issued plates. This practice, instituted by Connecticut in 1937, now has be come so prevalent that it has been predicted it eventually will become the style nation-wide. Just as the automobile designer has his headaches providing the proper mounting for the wide as sortment of license plates, so do manv motorists have difficulty re membering their tag numbers. This shortcoming, along with the desire for distinctive numbers, each year provides license plate issuing agencies a deluge of requests of every imaginable description. A Delaware legislator, for instance, wanted a plate bearing the number of votes by which he was elected to office. Another motorist in another state annually requests No. 31770 because upside down and back wards it spells Ollie, his wife's name. But perhaps the most unusual re quest of all was one made by an Illinois car owner. "This year," he wrote, "could we have No. 1-928133? My wife was bom in 19:8 and she weighs 135 pounds. She says she can remember these numbers." New this year is a special Cali fornia teg for vehicles manu factured 35 or more years ago Ur trh tr tri faih isual rez by an ear," he >. 1-9281928 and says she tal Calimanu- ars ago Fluid Action i Unlike the typical "Ethyl" antiknock compound tank car *ho$e usual journey must be plotted over considerable stretches of the nation's railroad trackage, the initial cargo trip of car No. 6026 out of the recently^ipened Ethyl manufactoring plant on the Houston Ship Channel was indeed a short one. But it was a most significant and historical run. On its haul to the neighboring Sinclair Refining Company refinery, "6026" carried the first shipment of antiknock compound produced at the new Ethyl plant. The shipment totaled 77,500 pounds of "Ethyl" fluid. Blended with pres ent-day base stocks, that amount of additive is sufficient to produce, on the average, more than six million gallons of "Ethyl" gasoline or more than seven million gallons of regular motor fuel. Unloading of the initial shipment at the refinery on June 16 was witnessed by several Sinclair and Ethyl repre sentatives. Among them, left to right in the above photo, were: R. B. Thacker, Sinclair assistant superintendent; Wal lace F. Armstrong, Ethyl plant manager; J. D. Seifer, Sin clair operating superintendent; Parker Kendall, Sinclair's assistant general manager of refineries; R. W. Green, fore man of Sinclair's cargo and terminal department; Howard J. Gerber. Ethyl sales representative; C. C. Stovall, Sinclair assistant foreman; and Clinton W. Bond, Ethyl's general manager of manufacturing. Delivery of the first Texas-made "Ethyl" fluid to Sin clair symbolized the continuing growth of both companies. The Sinclair refinery at Houston currently is undergoing a multi-million-dollar expansion that will increase crude oil capacity from 85,000 to 110,000 barrels daily. In Ethyl's case, said Mr. Armstrong on the occasion, the production milestone represents the Company's "readiness to meet in creased demands for antiknock compound not only during the summer months, when national gasoline consumption is at its peak, but also in the future." Opened in April, and now in full production, the plant increases the manufacturing capacity of Ethyl Corporation, already the world's largest producer of antiknock com pounds, by about one-third. The new Texas plant is thus another supply point from which Ethyl can conveniently and promptly make deliveries of "Ethyl" fluid and other chemicals to its customers. The historic shipment to the Sinclair refinery represents the first of millions of pounds of "Ethyl" antiknock com pound that will go to the nation's refiners each year from the Houston plant. Together, the output of the Ethyl manu facturing units at Houston and Baton Rouge, La., provide renewed assurance that the oil industry will be able to sup ply gasoline of adequate antiknock quality for America's needs in either war or peace. ETC 32689 n ".. z' VM *'i*T'2r. ViSi Coasting is fine for him--but not for us A friend of ours asked us not so long ago, "Why does Ethyl keep up all this activity -- research, advertising, educational shows, exhibits, customer services of all kinds? Why not just make your product and sell it?" The answer is very simple. The U. S. petroleum industry is a progressive, up-hill business and a very competitive one. That industry buys "Ethyl" antiknock compound from us and adds it to their gasoline. Furthermore, they change and improve their gasoline from year to year. To be prepared for those changes --and to be sure that refiners get the most from every cc. of "Ethyl" antiknock compound, we must be continually exploring ahead. At the same time, engines, lubricants and operating conditions are changing -- so we try to be ready with the answers to the various technical problems that arise. And since gasoline containing "Ethyl" fluid must ultimately be sold to consumers, it is our aim to keep out in front with up-to-the-minute merchandising and advertising help for our customers in all parts of the country. We regard ourselves as pan of the petroleum busi ness, and that makes us pan of your business. The petroleum industry has never coasted. It has always pushed on to greater and greater accomplishments. And you can be sure that Ethyl people will always be ready and anxious to do their share of the pushing. ETC 32690 SEPTEMBER 1952 Thom Yato*, Hllcr Richard F. Cook, Associate Editor Hoi Wohanka, Art Director Edwin A. Desmond has been named head of a new section de voted to Ethyl Corporation's growing interest in diesel en gines and diesel fuels and fuel additives. The section is part of the Technical Service division, which has its headquarters at the Ethyl Research Laboratories in Detroit. Mr. Desmond will be respon sible for coordinating all field tests of diesel fuels and diesel fuel additives with Ethyl's re search programs in this field. A native of Boston, Mr. Des mond was graduated from Penn sylvania State College in 1939 with a B. S. degree in mechanical engineering. He joined Ethyl im mediately as a student engineer, and was engaged in automotive and aeronautical research proj ects at the Laboratories until he entered the Navy in 1943. He rejoined the Ethyl aeronau tical research laboratory organi zation in 1946 after wartime service as a submarine officer in the Pacific. Subsequently, Mr. Desmond served as project engineer on field service tests of experimen tal aviation fluids, and as liaison engineer with the commercial airlines and the U. S. armed serv ices. Most recently, he has been the Company's representative in connection with field service tests of amyl nitrate, the new diesel fuel ignition improver developed at the Ethyl Research Labora tories. Mr. Desmond is a member of Tau Beta Pi and the Society of Automotive Engineers. DATELINE: SEATTLE AND CHICAGO 3 Ethyl engineers, serving the ell industry, played leading roles in this modern tale of two cities. HOOSIER MINT FARM 6 Indiana leads the way in the production of spearmint and pepper mint. Here's a close-up of one of the state's big farms. FOR FUTURE REFERENCE 10 American industry is engaged in a vast project to store its records against both enemy action and the ravages of nature. GOING TO EXTREMES 13 It takes precise planning to assure on-time deliveries of "Ethyl" fluid to the Hemisphere's most remote refineries. THE TIME OF HIS LIFE 17 Collecting and repairing antique and unusual clocks is the hobby of Pennsylvania oilman l. W. Slaughter. ASK ME ANOTHER 20 Much behind-the-scenes activity is required to stage a successful television show like Ethyl's sports quiz program. Opinion* expressed in iign*d article* are tha author*'. Tha editors at Ethyl Now* welcome artIdas at timaly intorest *ubmitto4 from out*Ida *ourco>. Published by Ethyl Corporation, 100 Park Avenue, New York 17, N. Y., manufacturer of "Ethyl" antiknock compounds, used by oil com panies to improve the antiknock quality of aviation and motor gasoline. Edward L. Shoo, President; Stanley T. Cresiland, Vico President and Treasurer; Herbert A. Savage, Secretary / tv mi & rir hi1 sp th Sc ca tir ga be ab m Pc se: an m ETC 32692 1952 3 in 6 er- 10 rds t the sa.mshour on the second In those two cities, on the thusiasm of the already-rabid Seat- A- Saturday of last month, these same day last month, large tleans. Slo-mo IV, the fastest hydro 13 two seemingly unrelated happenthrongs saw impressive fuel plane afloat, then was getting ready ings were taking place: In Seattle, a performances made possible to take a crack at its own one-mile Yr great throng of 250,000 that had in part by Ethyl Corporation world's speed record of 160.32 mph, rimmed Lake Washington for the set in 19jo. historic Gold Cup hydroplane race westward, the sun was at its bright Powered by a 2,000-horsepower 17 was dispersing; in Chicago, the van est as the tense crowd at Lake Allison aircraft engine, the water by guard of a gallery of 18,000 likewise Washington settled itself for the giant obviously has a healthy appe speed-minded fans was moving into start of the Gold Cup, the Kentucky tite for fuels. Not only in respect to the tiered seats of Chicago's vast Derby of boat racing. It was, ad quantity, but quality-wise as well. 20 Soldier Field for an evening of stock mittedly, a partisan audience. Even To formulate the special fuel blend iul car competition. towering snow-capped Mount Rain needed, Mr. Sayres had called upon Still, although separated by two ier, looking down on the proceed the experts of General Petroleum time belts, the Seattle and Chicago ings from 90 miles away, seemed to Corporation, Socony-Vacuum's gatherings did have one very strong have its favorites. If so, they un West Coast affiliate, whose products bond. They had just seen, or were doubtedly were Slo-mo-shun IV his craft use. hyl about to witness, performances and Slo-mo-shun V, the boats Seattle Off to Seattle, a few weeks before CS. made possible in pan by Ethyl Cor automobile distributor Stanley S. the run-for-the-record, went A. D. poration's all-embracing program of Sayres was counting on to bring Johnson, the company's chief ma Y., service to customer oil companies him his third successive Gold Cup. rine engineer. With him, at Gen and the industry as a whole. But you have to go back another eral Petroleum's request, traveled The afternoon of August 9 was month or so -- to late June and early Frank R. Elliott, an engineer in *r; murky in Chicago. But 2,000 miles July -- to understand the extra en Ethyl's Western sales region. ETC 32693 Q "Give me a fuel that will acceler ate better, and I know Slo-mo IV can beat its old record." That in effect is what Mr. Savres told the engineers. It took only two days of experimental blending to come up with the proper mixture. What Mr. Johnson suggested was a pure hydrocarbon fuel, containing an additional amount of tetraethyl lead, which had a performance number of around 165. It sounded good when you talked about it, but what performance did the special blend actually permit? When a trial run showed a 25% gain in accelera tion going from 80 to 140 mph, Slo-mo IV looked like a cinch. On the big day (July 7), in keep ing with world-record attempt pro cedures. the craft had to zoom the mile-long course in two directions. The average of the two runs would be its speed for the distance. Mr. Sayres himself was at the controls as Slo-mo made the first run. northto-south on the East Channel of Lake Washington. Even though he eased her off near the end of the first mile because of heavy water chop, the powerful boat turned in a sensational 185.567 mph. The re turn sprint, hampered by a gusty head wind, was timed at 171.428 mph. Slo-mo had beaten its own mark in each of the runs. Its average time -- and the new world's record -- was 178.497, the fastest any water craft has ever traveled. Retains Gold Cup Thus, the anxiety of the quartermillion onlookers on Gold Cup day last month was understandable. They were relying on the two Slomo boats to withstand the challenge of the one Los Angeles and three Detroit entries and so keep the championship in Seattle. The crowd wasn't disappointed. Mishaps and mechanical failures took their toll of the five other en tries, and Slo-mo-shun IV rode to victory all by itself in the last two of the three 30-mile heats. With the Gold Cup still in its possession, Seat tle's claim to "speedboat capital of America" was stronger than ever. No small part of the credit for Slomo I Vs summer triumphs, owner Stanley Sayres will tell you, was due to the excellent performance of the fuel blended by General Petroleum engineers in cooperation with Ethyl Corporation representatives. As the afternoon sun began to nestle down behind the woodlands that shelter Lake Washington, Ethyl engineers who arrived early at Chi cago's Soldier Field looked up at the leaden early evening skies and waited for the rain that inevitablv would fall. It came, but couldn't dampen the enthusiasm of 18,000 fans who showed up for the regular Saturday card of stock car races. This night there was an extra at traction in store for them. Between races they would see a special ver sion of Ethyl Corporation's "Two Equals Three" demonstration, in which visual proof is offered that two gallons of modem gasoline do the work of three gallons of 1925 motor fuel. The program, con ducted by Ethvl personnel, was under the sponsorship of the Metro politan Chicago district of the Oil Industry Information Committee. Just as had been demonstrated be fore another Soldier Field audience at the midget racing car champion ships the night before, the superior- ttyOn ole am I tio the tor coi am fer hac wh pre da\ Th lap the me out riv; spa fue rw< wo mic 1 pro anc nin: era; ing the ope Wi sho> ahe. poir wo Above, Lou Faegol and Stanley Dol lar, pilots of the Slo-mo-shun boats, flank Stanley Sayres, owner of the water speedsters . . . Right, with Mt. Rainier as a backdrop, Slo-mo IV streaks to a new world's record in an early July test. Last month, the boat scored another triumph by capturing the Gold Cup race he atof er. loler iue :he am ayl to ads hyl '.hi- at ind blv In't 'too ilar ateen erTwo in :hat do 9*5 onwas rroOil be:nce ionior- irv of modern gasoline was brought out in comparative tests between old and new cars operating on old and new gasolines. In the first of these, a recondi tioned 19:1 car and a new model of the same make w ere the competi tors. Each was to see how far it could travel on the same small amount of gasoline. The onlv dif ference was that the 19:1 vehicle had fuel of 19:5 antiknock quality, w hile the new car was running on premium gasoline purchased that dav at a Chicago service station. The old car barelv completed two laps around the 1,500-foot track and then stopped dead. The new model, meanwhile, rode on and did not run out of fuel until it had lapped its rival, with a car length or two to spare. That represents jor 1 greater fuel economy and was proof that two gallons of modern gasoline are worth three of that available in the mid-ipro's. Test No. 2 emphasized the im proved acceleration and perform ance of 19;: motor fuel. Again run ning on gasoline of their respective eras, both cars approached the start ing line in high gear at ten mph. At the starter's signal, the drivers opened the throttle and accelerated. Within seconds, the new car had shot from three to four lengths ahead of the old vehicle. Engineers pointed out that this advantage would have been even greater had more straightaway on the track been available. Then, as the evening's final dra matic proof of the vast improve ment that has been achieved in gaso line during the past quarter-century, a modem car was sent through its paces alone. A special two-wav fuel system enabled it to run first on equivalent 1925 gasoline and then on modem fuel. This permitted the audience both to see and hear how today's high compression automo biles would suffer if they had to operate on low antiknock quality gasoline. Knock Disappears On its first trip around the oval, using old-fashioned gasoline, the car knocked loud enough to be heard throughout the vast stadium. Had it been operated long enough, it surely would have overheated, with damage to certain engine parts. When the vehicle was operated on modern gasoline, of course, it functioned as our present automo biles should. Smoothly it rolled around the Soldier Field oval. Gone was the knock and vibration. The public address announcer summarized this most recent "Two Equals Three" demonstration in these words: "Ladies and gentle men, after seeing these events to night, I don't believe any of us would be interested in returning to the cars of 25 or 30 years ago oper ating on the gasoline available at that time. Neither, I'm sure, would we be interested in trying to get along with 1925 gasoline in our 1952 automobiles." At approximately 11:30 (CDT) on the night of August 9, Ethyl en gineers in the widely-separated metropolises of Chicago and Seattle could look back upon a fruitful day -- a dav in which the Company, be cause of its long experience in the entire broad field of engines, fuels and lubricants, was again able to be of service to the petroleum industry. Above, C. J. Wood, Harry P. Dunn Co.; F. V. Martinek, Standard of In diana; Gene Williams, Gasateria; L. R. Kamperman, Leonard Refineries; end C. Z. Hardwick, Ohio Oil, the national OIIC head, display "2=3" buttons at a reception. Later, they saw the Soldier Field tests (left) proving the gains in gasoline value ETC 32695 Raising one of the nation's most popular flavors is a big busi ness in the rich muckland country of northern Indiana tion. Twelve of its northernmost counties and parts of lower Michi gan together supply about half of the world's mint. Translated into everyday items, that means veritable mountains of chewing gum, candy, ice cream, flavoring extracts, and paying them something like $14,000 a week. His scores of tractors, trucks, and other petroleum-pow ered equipment sometimes consume as much as 24,000 gallons of gasoline and 10,500 gallons of diesel fuel in a single month. The rural enterprise is incorporated, has its own machine hese late summer days there Twafts from the mucklands of northern Indiana and southern Michigan a pungent but pleasant aroma not generally associated with a variety of pharmaceuticals. the farms of America. In this region of big mint farms, Not from the com. potatoes, small the biggest is that of Wisconsin- grain or onions, which are the prin bom William Gehring. cipal food crops of the region, does One of the largest mint growers the sweet smell originate. Rather, it in the U. S., husky, 49-vear-old drifts from the waving green leaves Fanner Gehring is master of 5,300 of the peppermint and spearmint acres of rich farmland in Jasper plants which thrive so well in the County, Indiana, some 17 miles black, muckv soil that is common to northeast of Rensselaer, the county the two-state border area. seat, and 90 miles southeast of Chi Indiana traditionally is the na cago. During the harvest season, he tion's pacemaker in mint produc employs as many as 250 hired hands, shops, and employs its own full time agronomist and agricultural en gineer and purchasing agent. It is, no matter how you view it, big business on the farm. Actually, Gehring's farm is four farms in one. Each individual farm has its own manager who lives right on the property he supervises. Three of the farms maintain their own mint still, the black-capped smoke stacks of which form a collective landmark, if not trade-mark, of this part of Indiana. ETC 32696 oo rs, \vTie ne na ise me fullal enIt is, k big , four farm , right Three own moke;ective of this The region's spongy, soot-black soil, with its excellent water-holding capacity and high nitrogen content, is extremely well-suited for the pro duction of mint. But such was not always the case. Fifty years ago. the muckland was swampland. In the in tervening years, far-sighted farmers moved in. With modern agricul tural techniques and the unfailing help of tractors and other mechan ized pieces, they drained off the excess water and then planted mint, potatoes, corn, and the other crops which have become the mainstays of the area. William Gehring was among the pioneers. A lifelong believer in scientific crop-growing techniques, he looked upon the Indiana muckland as an ideal place to test some of his ideas on a large scale. Back in 1939. he bought 350 acres of brushcovered land at S60 per and planted them to potatoes. He had no inten tion at first of getting into the mint growing business. But potatoes must be rotated, and mint fit into the pro gram. .Mint and potatoes demand ir rigation. and that meant, in Gehring's words, "controlling more land to protect our water rights." Starting out with just 3SO acres of brush-covered land 13 years ago, William Gehring has become master of one of Indiana's biggest farms So it was that his farm holdings ex panded to their present 5,300 acres, with each of the original acres now worth more than six times what he paid for them 13 years ago. A perennial plant, mint should be plowed under after two seasons. Otherwise it is subject to disease and insect infestation, making it an un profitable venture. Gehring doesn't always let his mint go that long. He rotates some fields after the first year. That means he still is a major potato grower -- probably Indiana's biggest. Mint is harvested much like hay. During the cutting season, which extends from July to October, the :4-to-3o-inch plants are mowed, raked, and left in the fields to dry. Trucks, heaped full with the sweet smelling green leaves, then transport them to one of the three stills on the farm and dump them into giant vats. Workmen, jumping up and down on the leaves, squeeze the plants into the vats. For up to an hour, the leaves are steamed, to boil out the mint oils. These in turn are condensed and drained off. The resulting light yel lowish-white oil is packaged in 50gallon drums and (in Gehring's case) shipped to a processing plant in Kalamazoo, Mich., where it is further refined for eventual use in chewing gum, foods, certain drugs, and other products. A satisfactory yield is 40 to 50 pounds of oil to an acre of mint leaves. Spearmint oil this year is bringing about $7 a pound. Pepper mint, which is more delicate and harder to cultivate, commands 50 cents to a dollar more a pound. As recently as 1949. the farm had almost 2,500 acres of both spearmint and peppermint under cultivation. Last year, plantings totaled 1,400 acres. This season, because of the amount of land available under roration and because of his desire to A harvester that uprocts and loads potatoes at a rate of 600 bushels an hour is one of the labor-saving machines in use on Gehring's farm 7 i ; . : I : j ; j ! Even though there is ample work to keep a peak-season staff of 250 employees and a year-round payroll of 50 to 60 people busyr, all opera tions on the farm are mechanized so far as possible. Ernest Munter, the farm's agricultural engineer, has de signed special pieces of equipment to help ease the laborious jobs of digging potatoes and seeding onions. The potato harvester, which was four years in the creation, does away with much of the human labor required to get the mature potatoes out of the ground, sorted, packaged. Three common tights in the Indiana mint country: Above, harvested much like hay, the mint is cut and afterwards is loaded by machine... Right, one of the many stills whose black-topped smokestacks tower above the low-lying mucklands____ Right, below, arrived at a still, the mint is compressed into vats where the oil is steamed out of the leaves build up the volume of other crops, Gehring has only 750 acres planted to mint. His major crop presently' is corn -- something like 3,200 acres of it. Potatoes are next, with 800 acres. When vour acreage is as large as Gehring's is, and when vou have a farm on which certain points are 14 miles apart, as on Gehring's, heavy reliance must be placed on mecha nized equipment to get the crops sown, grown, harvested and off to market. The extent of Gehring's reliance is 61 tractors (35 gasoline and 26 diesel), 20 Army surplus 6x6 trucks, 13 pickups, 12 jeeps, nine miscellaneous trucks (including two mobile repair shops and a field equipment - testing vehicle), five buses (for transporting workers from field to field, picking up local help in town, etc.), j j stationary en gines, and eight large gasolinedriven irrigation pumps. Beyond their tremendous con sumption of gasoline and diesel fuel, these vehicles and equipment re quire annually about 4,000 gallons of lubricating oil, 1,600 pounds of high-pressure grease and 3,900 pounds of universal grease. These are supplied directly by Baumgart ner Oil Company, consignee for The Texas Company in Rensselaer. The gasoline and diesel fuel are de livered in transport lot from the Texaco terminal in Indianapolis. 8 ETC 32698 ork :5 roll jrai so the de- lent of ons. was loes :bor toes jed. F i and off to the grocer for retail sale. A tractor-mounted, self-propelled device, the harvester can uproot and load into trucks that are driven along beside it up to 600 bushels an hour. The digger even shakes dirt and vines loose from the potatoes, al though a crest of pickers rides on the machine to make sure that no objectionable materials accompany the spuds across the conveyor belt and into the waiting trucks. t \ Named "Limberlost" When loaded, the trucks cart the produce off to the farm's own po tato sorting and packaging plant. There, after two washings, the dried potatoes are sorted and graded and then sacked in 10, 15, 50, and 100-pound bags. Gehring's top grade potatoes, as well as his best onions, are marketed under the trade-name of "Limberlost." This was taken from "Girl of the Lim berlost," Gene Stratton Porter's fa mous novel about the swamplands of northern Indiana before that area was reclaimed for crop use. The ingenious onion seeder, de vised bv the farm's agricultural en gineer, plants 10 rows of onion seeds, fertilizes under the rows, and sows wheat or some other wind break crop between every two rows of onions. And it does all this in one operation. .Maintaining the farm's echelons of tractors, trucks and other motor ized equipment in maximum condi tion is a special problem because of the considerable sand in the area. A full complement of mechanics and shop workers are on the job the vear 'round to keep the equipment on the go. Irrigation and water storage fa cilities on the property are, like William Gehring's other farm ac tivities. modern and scientifically planned. An extensive irrigation system which supplies water to growing fields even during prolonged dry spells is one of the modern features of Gehring's farm An extensive overhead system supplies water for irrigation under dry weather conditions. But provi sion also is made for proper drainage in the event of prolonged wet weather. Beneath the farm -- three to four feet below the top of the soil -- snake 350 miles of tile drain. This system is used to drain off excessive rainfall, which pumping stations at kev locations throughout the farm pump into the drainage ditches. The ability to feed this water back into the soil through the same tile during dry spells, as a form of sub-irriga tion, helps to maintain better grow ing conditions. pumped through the overhead sprin kling system and returned to the land that way. As he proudly explains his irriga tion system and the other marvels of his scientific farm. Farmer Gehring is a walking advertisement for one of his most profitable and (until this year) most prolific crops. He is a confirmed gum chewer -- both spearmint and peppermint. Combats Erosion The underground water storage system also is a boon in overcoming the soil erosion problem that con stantly confronts all farmers. Gehring has a choice of two ways he can return to the land those washedaway soil particles that become trapped in the maze of drainage ditches. The particles either can be dredged out and spread over the ground again, or they can be Most of the nation's output of mint goes into small boys in the form of flavoring for chewing gum, candy, ice cream and ether confections 9 ETC 32699 i r try needed to guard itself against would make confetti of irreplace Right now, in America, there is was sabotage. Airplanes could not able business records and corporate underway the greatest mass move S span the oceans, and submarines were not used for land attacks. By World War II. industry had to face not only the threat of sabo tage, but that of aerial bombing and shelling of coastal installations by undersea boats. The bombing threat never materialized, but it was there. In any future all-out war, the se curity of American industry will be documents. Gone forever would be the cumulative mental and paper knowledge of a stricken companyknowledge without which many business firms could not operate even with their manufacturing facil ities still intact. A Real T/ireaf This is not mere supposition. It is ment of business records, or copies, in the history of free enterprise. Corporation charters and certifi cates of incorporation, minutes of meetings, blueprints, formulas -- all these and scores of other types of necessary papers are being moved into storage. There is nothing secretive about this Operation Records Preserva i s it c t s F v 1 threatened as never before. At tempts at sabotage will almost cer tainly reach a grandiose scale. Sneak something those charged with de fending the nation say can and will happen if the United States ever tion, nor is it restricted information as to where the records are being stashed away. Many are being de / a enemy air and sea attack will be comes under bombardment. posited in subterranean bank and i both possible and probable. A single Except for seeking proper shelter other vaults in towns and cities. But A-bomb dropped on one of the na and following other rules for sur the bulk of the papers are being tion's major cities, sav our military vival prescribed by civil defense shipped to outlying areas for storage and civil defense planners, could authorities, there is little individuals in special buildings. Some records, blast mans- companies out of busi can do to protect themselves. But including those of firms as far away ness. even though their factories and corporate records are something else as Oklahoma, are being held in an manufacturing plants were located again. These (or copies thereof) can historic old iron mine 125 miles up far from the blast area. be placed in safekeeping at sites far the Hudson River from New York. The well-directed bomb would removed from potential target areas. Termed "the safest place in the almost certainly claim as human cas And that is exactly what thousands world" and announced as the only ualties executives and other key per of forward-looking business firms commercial underground storage sonnel of business firms. And it are having done. place of its kind in the United 10 ETC 32700 .ere is moveopies, prise, ertifi:es of s -- all jes of .loved about t! ___ / States, the iron mine site opened for "atomic storage" business in August, 1951. What used to be the mine shaft--extending almost 1,000 feet into the mountain--has been con creted and corridored to form more than 200 storage rooms of varying sizes. Each equipped with a 400pound combination lock door, the vaults rent for from S56: to approx imately $24,000 a year. For its fees, the Iron Mountain Atomic Storage Corporation guar antees the safekeeping--at a site re moved from potential target areas-- of all records placed in its care. And therein lies the story of the record shelters that are springing up all over the country. The first requisite of such a stor age place is that it be remote from areas likely to be hit by bombs. That is why many firms along the Eastern Seaboard have erected buildings or remodeled such structures as aban doned farmhouses and factories for this purpose in upstate New York, and in Vermont and New Hamp shire. Many Detroit firms are stor ing in northern Michigan locations. In Chicago, one commercial records storage firm has plans for construct ing an underground depository 60 to 1 jo miles outside the city. Many companies with offices, plants or other facilities in the Midwest are using those for the storage of com pany records, providing they are not in or near potential target areas. On the West Coast, the trend is the same--storage in a remote area. Some idea of the value that busi ness and industry put on their vital records comes with the announce ment by several concerns that they have appropriated more than one million dollars each for storage pro grams. Another indication of the scope of the project is the esti mate that the larger banking institu tions of New York City spent more than five million dollars in their first year of concerted effort to duplicate and store records. Protection Vital Whatever the cost, more and more companies are coming to the decision that their vital papers must be protected. Among those which already are well along with their records preservation program, the attitude of Soconv-Vacuum Oil Company is significant. In an ad dress before the American Manage ment Association, Russell H. Jackson, Soconv-Vacuum's senior meth ods analyst, declared: ". . . We as a company need to preserve the accumulation of knowl edge we have built up through years of active competition, years of mar keting and scientific research. Our plants are not simply arranged. We cannot maintain that `anyone can do it in ten lessons.' We have spent mil lions of dollars learning how to Once they hove established recordstorage programs, many companies dispatch classified documents for safekeeping at regular intervals 11 ETC 32701 ?'1 *! i L make better refineries and better products. The investment has not been in money alone, but in the labor, thinking and perseverance of our employees. Our know ledge is a record of individual accomplish ments in science, engineering and plain hard work. He don't intend to lose that, no matter what the out come of the present situation. "The importance of our attitude in this matter is indicated bv the fact that in World War II, sixty percent of the total tonnage repre sented by all men, munitions and materials employed by the Allied forces was in petroleum products alone. In the event of another world wide conflict. Allied dependence on petroleum would be even greater. "We in the petroleum industry are better prepared than ever before to meet the colossal demands made upon us in peace or in war, but es sential records of oil fields, refin eries, pipelines, distributing yards, docks, fleets of tankers, and other facilities must be preserved." A staunch believer in the need to store corporate records and an au thority in that field, Mr. Jackson has coined the term "business am nesia" for the condition that would Usually, it is not neces sary to preserve the orig inal of a valuable paper or document. In these cases, carbon copies or photostats frequently are used. Or in order to conserve space, they can be reproduced in much smaller size on microfilm afflict any company whose only set of records was bombed out of ex istence, or otherwise lost. The size, scope, and plan of action of records preservation programs naturally van' from company to company. Somewhere along the line, though, three elementary deci sions must be reached: who in the company is to be responsible for the program, where and how are the records to be kept, and what rec ords should be preserved. In segregating and evaluating those records to be stored, a Special Committee on the Protection of Business Records appointed by the Commerce and Industry Association of New York suggests, they should be labeled "vital," "valuable," "im portant," and "useful." Top-priority "vital" records are those which are not immediately re placeable and which are needed to continue business operations. "Val uable" records are those which a company would need to prevent large financial loss and to recover monies for the replacement of build ings, equipment, and other assets. Records which cannot be re placed without long delay or confu sion, but which would not seriously affect necessary operations in the meantime, fall into the "important" classification. "Useful" records are those which are helpful in current operations, but which are retained on file normally only for reference or historical purposes. Need Continues A survey by the Commerce and Industry Association's special com mittee found that many of the busi ness firms plan to continue preserva tion measures even if the present threat of war should evaporate. "There is always need," the survey pointed out, "to protect against fire, explosions, flood, theft, sabotage and wanton destruction." In preserving its viral records un der well-organized programs, then, American industry is serving notice upon both potential enemy nations and the elements of nature that it expects to conduct "business as usual" no matter when or where any type of disaster may strike. Banks are faced with one of the big gest storage problems. Shown here is one corner of a building devoted to sheltering some of the records of one of the nation's larger banks 12 It takes a combination of know-how and transportation facilities to get "Ethyl" fluid to Norman Weils and Tierra del Fuego to the Chilean government's new re Incoming shipments of antiknock finery at the southern tip of South compounds must be timed to take America this summer it meant that advantage of weather conditions Ethyl was shipping not only to most favorable for transportation u ithin 80 miles of the Arctic Circle and also to provide the refinery but also almost to Cape Horn. with ample supplies for its manufac These two installations on the turing season. fringes of the north and south polar The long trek north for the regions are at the end of far-reach drums starts in the late winter. ing and often tenuous supply lines. Loaded in box cars at Baton Rouge, Between Ethyl's manufacturing they travel by rail for 2,500 miles plant at Baton Rouge, La., the ship up through the United States and ping point, and Norman Wells and southern Canada to Edmonton, Al Tierra del Fuego lie not only great berta, in what perhaps is the only distances measured in thousands of routine part of their long journey. id miles but also some of the world's At Edmonton, they are transferred most rugged weather and geograph to the Northern Alberta Railways (jointjsl ical conditions. for a 517-mile rail trip through that a Shipments travel over land via province. nt railroad and truck, across oceans on At the town of Peace River, on the river of that name, the drums of re. "Ethyl" fluid are taken over by the ey re, eep in the vast wilderness of nd Canada's Northwest Territo Dries. miles from the nearest outpost To.n- of civilization, a river barge, pushed Yellowknife Transportation Com pany. Here starts an overland jour ney over 500 miles of frozen snowcovered tundra. For the first 400 jn, bv a powerful diesel tug and carry- ice ing a shipment of steel drums, makes >ns its wav down the broad cold waters it of the Mackenzie River. as Ten thousand miles awav. on the Extremes nv windswept pampas of Tierra del Fuego, near the bottom of the freighters, and along rivers on world, a heavy truck loaded with barges. They pass through large similar drums slogs its wav almost cities, remote outposts, and great axle deep through the slimy mud of regions of almost uncharted wilder what passes for a road. ness. Infrequent shipping schedules Two shipments of "Ethvl" fluid -- and almost unlivable weather con to the two most remote oil refineries ditions call for much advance plan in the Western Hemisphere and ning and extraordinary feats to probably the world -- are nearing assure that shipments will make their destinations. connections and reach their destina Ethyl Corporation has been ship tions on time. ping antiknock compounds to the The Imperial refinery at Norman Imperial Oil Company refinery at Wells is operated from about the Norman Wells in Canada's far north first of February to late October, for several years. When the first when demand for petroleum prod shipment of "Ethyl" fluid went out ucts in the Territories is greatest. ETC 32703 /. miles, the trucks buck the winds and fight the bumps and curves of Mackenzie Highway, a rough grav eled road paralleling the Hav River. N'o brightly lighted diners dot this unpaved road. Instead, there are occasional shacks where the truck drivers huddle around stoves and eat bacon and eggs and hot cof fee. the only items on the menu. Sometimes they stop by the road side and make their own coffee on portable gasoline stoves. During the 14 hours it takes to negotiate the 400 miles, the eating stops are the only break in the monotony of the grueling ride. Some 30 miles south of the town of Hay River, the trucks swing off the highway and head northwest over a bush road to Mills Lake, which is the end of the truck route. Mills Lake is nothing more than a widening in the Mackenzie River a few miles from its source in Great Slave Lake, but it has become a ship ping point for vessels heading "down north" to the "Wells" and beyond because it is ice-free earlier in the year than the lake itself. At Mills Lake the drums of "Ethyl" fluid are transferred from trucks to the Yellowknife Transportation Company's river barges, powered bv diesel tugs. The barge trip ex tends for several hundred miles down the 2,500-mile-long Macken zie River, second longest in North America. Settlements are few and far be tween on the rocky river banks. There are only Fort Simpson, some 100 miles from the starting point, and Fort Wrigley. about the same distance farther on downstream. It's a 150-mile stretch from Fort Wrigley to Norman, located just where the 65th parallel crosses the Mackenzie, but then it's not much further to the end of the long trip. At Norman Wells, the refinery wharf iutting out from the right bank of the river is the first sign of welcome. The story of oil at Norman Wells, where "Ethyl" fluid is blended with both aviation and motor gasolines, goes back more than a century and a half to the late 1780's when Sir Alexander Mackenzie spotted seepages of petroleum near Fort Norman on the banks of the river that now bears his name. Im perial Oil put down the first suc cessful well in 1Q20 near where the refinery now stands and operated a small steam still there as early as the fall of 1921. However, operations attained no significant proportions until 1932 when oil for fuel was supplied to a company developing uranium claims in the area. A prefabricated refinery of 840barrel-a-dav capacity was shipped in piece by piece in 1939 to supple ment the small equipment that was then being used. With the war, the accent at Norman Wells was on production. More than 20 new commerciallv-successful wells were put down in the area. The bulk of this cri hafin W fo qu A1 W; re Bi Tt m fir hr, da g" fu After traveling north across the United States and southern Alberta by train, drums of "CthyP' antiknock compound destined for the Imperial Oil refinery at Norman Wells ore transported by truck and tugboat-propelled river barge, lo cated just 80 miles south of the Arctic Circle, the refinery normally is operated from February to Octo ber, when demand for petroleum products in the region is greatest 14 am. ort just the uch rip. '.erv ight n of "ells, ided otor in a 8o's nzie near the Imsuc: the red a s the cions tions was >ping 840pped pplet was r, the as on come put if this Drums of "CthyC fluid on their way to the SNAP refinery on Tierra del Fuego (bottom) are transferred to a smaller coastal steamer at the bus tling port of Valparaiso (left). . . . No longer producing, the discovery well in the South American republic (center) has been set aside as a monument. Gas is pumped back into the ground on the site to in crease pressure throughout the field and thus help step up production crude was shipped through a hastilv-constructed pipeline to a refinerv built bv the U. S. Army at Whitehorse in the Yukon Territory. War's end eliminated the urgency for producing and refining large quantities of oil for the defense of Alaska. The Whitehorse refinery was shut down and Norman Wells returned to peacetime operations. But new activities in the Northwest Territories have increased the de mand for petroleum products. Re finery capacity at Norman Wells has been upped to i.ijo barrels a dav to produce ayiation and motor gasolines, diesel fuels, and heavy fuel oil for the "local" market. Recent Discoveries While the history of oil at Nor man Wells is a long one. petroleum is a new discovery two continents away on the half-Chilean, halfArgentinian island of Tierra del Fuego. Until producing wells were sunk recently in the extreme south of the country, oil deposits were un known in Chile and all petroleum products were imported. Exploration, production and now refining in the South American re public are handled by Empresa Na tional del Petroleo. "ENAP." as it is called for short, is a subsidiary of Corporacion de Fomento de la Pro duction. The parent organization is a Chilean government instrumental ity devoted to developing the coun try's natural resources. ENAP's refinery on Tierra del Fuego went on stream for the first time last month. Drums of "Ethyl" fluid were shipped from Baton Rouge to arrive in time for the first gasoline blending operations, which were supervised by an Ethyl Corpo ration safety engineer. Like those destined for Norman Wells, drums for the Chilean opera tion start their long journey in box cars. But, of course, they travel in the opposite direction as they head down South America way. The rail journey from Baton Rouge to New Orleans is a short one, but when the drums are stowed on the deck of an outgoing freighter their next stop is Valparaiso, Chile, 4,700 ocean miles away. Down the broad, winding Missis sippi, through the low-lying delta country, out into the Gulf of Mexico, and into the tropical zone, the vessel steams. It passes between the western tip of Cuba and Mexico's Yucatan Peninsula, and heads down the Caribbean Sea and through the Panama Canal. Then comes the long sail down the west coast of South America over the Equator, past Ecuador, Peru, and almost halfway 15 ETC 32705 f&t down the long length of Chile. At Valparaiso, the drums of "Ethv!" fluid are transferred to a smaller coastal steamer and go even farther south into colder waters. Last stop for this vessel is Punta Arenas, a bustling town on the mainland side of the Straits of Ma gellan and one of the world's south ernmost ports. Here ships of manv nations stop while making their wav through the sheltered waters of the Straits instead of bucking the stormlashed routes around Cape Horn. Here also the "Ethvl" fluid ship ment is transferred again. From the deck of the coastal steamer, the drums are loaded on the open deck of an LCT, operated by ENAP to carrv supplies and equipment on the 70-mile water vovage through the Straits to Tierra del Fuego. Tides that are among the highest in the world, sometimes run ning as much as 70 feet, make the landing craft one of the few adapt able to such work. Arrived at the island destination, the vessel is run as far aground as possible during a high tide. When the tide goes out, ENAP-owned trucks drive out over the beach from shore and pick up their loads. Although it's onlv eight more miles to the refiners-, the long journev for the "Ethvl" drums that started in Louisiana some three weeks earlier is far from over. Muddy Going Except for sheep ranch settle ments and explorers' and prospec tors' camps, there is little life on the barren island. Paved highways are a thing unknown. Wind, rain, and snow alternate to keep what roads there are knee-deep morasses of mud. Frequently, the going is im possible and truckers are forced to abandon their vehicles until lower temperatures congeal the mud or the trucks are rescued by powerful tractors. Despite these trying condi tions, the drums reach the ENAP refinery safelv and on time. As at Norman Wells, the 800barrel-a-dav refinery on Tierra del Fuego is operated to supply petro leum products primarily to the gen eral area in which it is located. Here, too, the market is a growing one. Besides gasoline for the motor vehi cles, tractors, and airplanes that are being used more and more in the exploration, development and com mercial life of southern Chile, manv other oil products are in demand. There are calls for diesel fuels to satisfy the requirements of the ship ping industry and the diesel power that is being used in the mechaniza tion of farms and mines. Too, plans are under way for the production of bottled gas for heat and fuel. New' horizons are opening up at the nonhem and southern ends of the earth. With typical resourceful ness, the oil industry has overcome the obstacles and is supplying the petroleum products needed in the exploration and development of these regions. At Norman Wells and on Tierra del Fuego, as in so many other places, Ethvl Corporation is helping the industry meet the needs bv providing an essential ingredient of modern gasolines. CHANGES IN ETHYL SALES ORGANIZATION Matthew A. Taylor, whose as sociation with Ethyl Corpora tion began 23 years ago, has been advanced to the posi tion of manager of sales op erations for the Company. Most recently assistant manager of the Eastern re gion, Mr. Taylor has served in various Sales department capacities in St. Louis, Chi cago, Boston, Philadelphia and New York since joining Ethv! in 1929. He attended Brooklyn Col- MATTHEW A. TAYLOR lege, and is a graduate of Stevens Institute of Technology with a degree in mechan ical engineering. To assume Mr. Taylor's and other duties in the Eastern region, Donald S. Flynn and George P. Rosser, former account representatives, have been named assistant man agers of that region. Mr. Flynn will be located in New York, and Mr. Rosser in Pittsburgh. A similar change is also announced for the Western region, where Monroe F. Weill has succeeded C. Fred Naylor as assistant regional manager. Mr. Naylor has been transferred from Los Angeles to New York to assume the new position of manager of personnel development in the Ethyl Sales department. In that assignment, he will be responsible for the recruitment and selection of sales personnel, and will coordinate the Company's various sales training programs. Ellis K. Locher, who has been manager of Safety, as sumes Mr. Weill's former position of district manager in Los Angeles, and is succeeded in the Safety position by Levan R. Fleck, former assistant manager. Another recent Sales department change creates district managerships, in place of resident managerships, through out the Company's four regiona. Named to these new positions are: Eastern region -- Roy L. Goltz, in New York, and Robert W. Richardson, in Philadelphia; Central region -- Harry A. Mack, in Dayton ; George W. Rose, in Chicago; and Robert R. Mead, in Kansas City; Southern region -- Leonard L. Huxtable, in Tulsa; Russell Schell, in Dallas; J. O. Balzer, in Houston; and Alan C. Tully, in Baton Rouge; Western region -- Mr. Locher, in Los Angeles; William H. Sievert, in San Francisco; and John S. Cole, in Salt Lake City. 16 ETC 32706 egenHere, l one. ' vehilat are in the i cornman v mand. lels to e shippower laniza- plans tion of up at nds of rceful.rcome ng the in the :nt of :11s and i many ition is e needs redient 1T0MI IF HIS OIF Fred been e the n the iU be sales rious v, as:er in >n by istrici ough- on -- on, in Dayad, in >Ie, in iston; on -- n San most collectors of, and authorities Oldest timepiece in the Slaughter Clock collecting and repairing on, antique clocks. And, since it is next to impossible to be a true clock- collection is the stately and minute ly detailed Dutch hood clock be low. It dates back some 300 years i is more than a hobby with collector without developing an in i oilman L. W. Slaughter. It is terest in horology, he also has be his "second retirement plan" come a well-informed student of the Safety entire science of time. Ir others have forgotten, L. W. A decade ago, Mr. Slaughter, by Slaughter still recalls how diffi his own admission, cared little about i cult it vvas to come bv a new alarm clocks and their history. But then, clock during the past war. And not as they say, came the war. An over without good reason -- for ir was seas veteran of World War I, he the wartime shortage of this particu served as an officer in the Quarter lar necessitv of life that launched master Corps during the second him upon a hobbv he now consid conflict, and was assigned to a sta ers "mv second retirement plan." tion where the alarm clock, and not On the job, "Jack" Slaughter is a bugle, sounded reveille. When his district manager for The Atlantic "waker-upper" started to cut up, Refining Company at Montello. Pa., and a new one couldn't be pur just outside Reading. In his spare chased readily, he set about to re time, he is one of the nation's fore pair the ailing alarm clock on his I I i ETC 32707 own. Successful with that, he began to "tinker" with more intricate clocks upon resuming civilian life. The first thing he knew, Mr. Slaughter was deep in a hobby that has proved to be both pleasant and profitable. Often he is able to sell, at a profit, a clock that he has restored to virtually its original condition. And that is w hat "Jack" Slaughter means when he refers to his hobby as an auxiliary retirement plan. He intends to convert his clock-collect ing into a full-time business when he retires from Atlantic Refining ten years hence, and so add to the in come he will receive under the com pany's generous retirement plan. Handwork Relaxing "Working with my hands, after mental strain, on something that in terests me. is completely relaxing. Of even greater importance, I am preparing well in advance for my retirement, which to many people is a period of deadly anesthesia. I in tend that it shall be the most inter esting period of my life." Gifted with a knack for taking things apart and putting them back together again in better shape, Mr. Slaughter has absorbed the whys and wherefores of his hobby in a Repairing delicate clock mecha nisms may appear to be tedious work, but "Jack" Slaughter finds it relaxing to work with his hands remarkably short time. His collec tion wasn't started until the postwar years. Today it numbers more than 150 pieces, many of them valuable one-of-a-kind clocks. In addition, he writes a monthly article for clockcollectors in Hobbies magazine, and these are soon to be published in book form. Evenings, weekends, and vaca tions find him visiting country auc tions or inspecting the wares of antique dealers. The Pennsylvania Dutch region in which he lives and works is a veritable gold mine of old clocks. Many of the most beloved grandfather clocks were made in Reading early in the last century. Inspect his interesting and varied collection, which is attractively dis played in the base ment of his suburban home, and you'll find specimens not only of early Ameri can origin, but clocks made by the crafts men of France, Ger many, England and other European lands. His oldest timepiece, dating back about 300 years, is a so-called Dutch hood clock -- stately, minutely de tailed. and with pewter decorations. On up through the years, his collec tion travels. There is an imposing, elaborate solid brass French clock on a beautifully inlaid wood base of the 1750-1800 period . . . distin guished tail-case (grandfather) clocks made at the hand of the re nowned Daniel Oyster . . . Terry pillar and scroll timepieces hand made by Connecticut craftsmen 100 years ago . . . and the familiar calendar clocks that once were fix tures in offices, stores, barber shops, and railroad stations. Most of these Mr. Slaughter ac quired at auctions and through pri vate sales; a few he received in trades with fellow-collectors. Some, particularly those of china construc tion, were in good condition when he obtained them and needed link attention. Others had dials that were all but obliterated and works that just didn't. These, Mr. Slaughter has restored, or will, through hours of careful repair in his home workshop. Restoring a neglected clock, inci dentally, is a task calling for a steady hand, keen eyesight, unending pa tience. and a full understanding of the job. Mr. Slaughter possesses all these qualities in good reserve. Although clock-collecting is not 18 ETC 32708 ly deations. collec ting, clock >ase of distinjther) :he reTerr)' handftsmen imiLiar re fixshops, ter acgh pri zed in Some, among the hobbies with the most devotees in America, a surprisingly large number of persons do enjoy the pastime. The National Associa tion of Watch and Clock Collectors, to which .Mr. Slaughter belongs, has more than 1,000 members, and there obviously are many collectors who are not affiliated with that group. With the possible exception of sun dials and sand glasses, collectors are interested in all kinds of time pieces. Some specialize in wrist and pocket watches. Others, like Mr. Slaughter, concentrate on the socalled regular clocks. What points are taken into con sideration in buying or trading an antique clock? There is no common yardstick. Mr. Slaughter's own set of standards includes -- and pretty much in this order -- age of the clock, its rarity, quality of design, quality of workmanship, artistic merit, and usability, or condition of the timepiece. (No matter how old, unique, or beautiful it is. a clock loses monetary and sentimental value if it can't keep time.) An interesting by-product of his hobby for Mr. Slaughter has been his study of the history and science of time. As he points out, "one can not learn the true meaning and yalue of clocks or other old things with out, at the same time, learning the contemporary history and customs that surrounded them and brought them into being." Early Timekeepers The first known devices for meas uring time, he will tell you, were the sun dials of the Tigris and Euphrates valleys as early as the year 2000 B. C. Water clocks and sand glasses were not employed until more than 1,800 years later, and it was not until about 1360 A. D. that the first true advance in time-measurement was achieved. That was the first me chanical clock. Inventions of the mainspring, the pendulum, and the lever escapement came along at various periods during the next four and a half centuries. The eighth, and most recent, sig nificant development in the history of time measurement was the con struction of clocks bv factory meth ods. Eli Terr)', of Connecticut, led the way in this respect, and devel oped what Mr. Slaughter believes to be the first mass production of any article in the world. For as long back as he can remem ber, Mr. Slaughter has held very strong feelings about time and the use man should make of it. "Time," he philosophizes, "has al ways been very precious to me. There never is enough of it for the things I should do. Each of us was given an allotment of time when we came into the world. None of us will ever know what that allotment is until we are ready to depart from the world. The man who wastes something when he does not know how much of it he has is the greatest wastrel of all." That is why, paradoxical as it might seem, Mr. Slaughter intends that in his years of retirement, sur rounded as he will be with clocks of all descriptions, he shall never have time on his hands. Included in fhe 150-clock collection are, from left, an early-American shelf clock; a French clock in an intricately designed brass case; a glass-enclosed clock; a clock set in a hand-painted porcelain pallet; an American mantle clock; end an old wall clock 19 ETC 32709 favorite armchair, those who watch "Ask Me Another" each week prob ably give little thought to how the program was conceived and how it is produced and telecast. They see outstanding personalities 1 from the world of sports appear as unidentified silhouettes behind a lighted screen. Later, as each guest is identified, they see and hear him answer questions fired by a fourmember panel presided over by an engaging master of ceremonies. To viewers, the half-hour show is in formative, entertaining and wellcoordinated. Those who stop to think about it are even more im 1 1 1 c \ s S' E P it pressed when they realize that be cause the identity of each guest Staging a television show, like Ethyl's sports quiz program, requires careful--often hectic--preparations behind the scenes he hands of the studio clock who was attending the Democratic Twere fast closing on 9:30. Al- convention, which was in session readv it was 9:05 p.m. (CDT)-- anidn Chicago that week, had become still no "Happy" Chandler. In just involved in a political gathering and :> minutes the former commissioner had been unable to get to the studio remains a mystery until the panel discovers it, there can be no pre pared questions and answers. But even though practically all of the dialogue is extemporaneous, each production appears as a polished presentation. This is possible onlv because the entire series and evenindividual show has been carefullv worked out in advance. Preparations for Ethyl's TV pro g d ti ft o tl ei v c: ar of baseball was due to go in front of the cameras as a guest on Ethvl Cor poration's popular television sports quiz show, "Ask .Me Another." Almost at his wit's end, Louis G. in time for the telecast. He has been rescheduled to appear on "Ask Me Another" at a later date. Such a close call is. perhaps, ex ceptional, but it serves to illustrate gram were made months before the first program was telecast earlv in July. The quiz panel type show with a strong sports flavor was se lected because it would have the M th w er Cowan, the show's producer, was what sometimes goes on behind the greatest appeal for the audience pacing the corridor of the Chicago scenes in television. Ethyl wanted to reach. studio when he spotted Bob Hope arriving to do his own show later this particular Thursday evening. What's Involved It's a well-known fact that tele Although "Ask Me Another" follows the same general format each week and although questions t Would Hope appear on the Ethyl vision is growing with almost un and answers cannot be prepared in I program as a last-minute substitute? believable speed, and that millions advance, the hours preceding each As part-owner of the Cleveland In of people are spending more and show are crammed with activity. dians and a tournament golfer who more time in front of their TV For three hours every Thursday shoots in the 70's, he more than qual sets. But despite television's tremen afternoon, Joe Boland, the former ified as a sports personality. The dous popularity, few of its devotees Notre Dame football star and ex popular comedian graciously agreed know w hat goes on beyond the college grid coach who is the "Ask and the Ethyl program went off screen -- what's involved in present Me Another" master of ceremonies, smoothly, the TV audience unaware ing a program. meets with the three mystery guests of the eleventh-hour switch. When they tune in their local who are to appear on the show that It later turned out that Chandler, NBC-TV station and settle in their evening. He talks with them about L 20 ETC 32710  watch '< prob ow the how it nalities pear as hind a h guest .ar him i four by an ies. To . is in1 welltop to >re imhat be1 guest e panel to prers. But of the s, each lolished le only j every arefullv 'V pro`ore the aarly in e show was sejve the udience nother" format jestions >ared in ig each vitv. nursday former and ex\e "Ask monies, v guests ow that n about the sports in which they have achieved fame and about their most outstanding performances. He dis cusses their interests and hobbies, and explains the type of questions the panel is likely to ask. Later in the afternoon, Boland meets separately with panel mem bers Warren Brown, sports colum nist of the Chicago Herald-Ameri can; Kay Westfall, attractive tele vision actress; Tom Duggan, NBC sportscaster; and Johnny Lujack, star quarterback of the Chicago Bears. Together, the emcee and the panel hold a critique of the preced ing week's telecast. Final Steps After dinner, over which the guest stars, the emcee, and the pro ducer and director usually discuss the coming show, the guest stars are familiarized with the physical lay out of the studio. They are shown the door through which they will enter, the screen behind which they will appear, and the position of the cameras, lights, and desks, chairs, and other furniture. At 8:30 p.m.. the guests and Master of Ceremonies Boland go through a "dry run" of the show with members of the studio audi ence acting as panel members and Joe Boland, emcee of "Ask Me An other," gets his "on the air" cue. At the rear are the "Ethyr gasoline pump end other props used during commer cials. The Ethyl show originates in Chicago on Thurs day night, and is telecast over NBC asking questions of their own choos ing. Following this, there is a halfhour break. Then, at 9:30, "Ask Me Another" goes on the air. On paper, it may not sound par ticularly difficult to assemble three outstanding sports personalities in Chicago every Thursday afternoon in time to brief them for a network telecast, but it is a task which can provide plenty of headaches. Such popular figures are in demand in all parts of the country. Engagements in places far removed from Chicago frequently make it necessary for them to fly into the Windy City only a few hours before they are due to appear in front of the TV cameras. Sometimes, as in the "Happy" Chandler-Bob Hope inci dent, last-minute substitutions are necessary. From all indications, the effort being expended in producing "Ask Me Another" is producing gratify ing results. The show has established a wide following among television audiences, particularly among men who, surveys show, influence most retail gasoline sales. Too, it has re ceived enthusiastic reviews from TV columnists. Designed to help customer oil companies increase their sales of "Ethyl" gasoline, the program reaches TV audiences in 17 states of the Mid-West, Mid-South, and Far West -- areas where premium gaso line accounts for a high percentage of retail gasoline sales. It is televised Just before program time, members of the quiz panel hold a last-minute discussion with the emcee ml ETC 32711 HOW'S YOUR SPORTS I. Q.? Pictured below are ten of tbe outstanding sports figures who have appeared on Ethyl's television quiz program, "Ask Me Another." Aided by the clues supplied with each picture, ran yon identify them? Answers below. 1. One of Notre Dame's "Four Horsemen." He later coached football at his alma mater and was commissioner of the National Football League. 6. Cleveland Indi ans' outfielder of the World War I era, popularly known as the "Gray Eagle." 2. One - time Na tional League bat ting champion who has managed teams in both major lea gues this year. 7. Towering ex-De Paul University bas ketball player now starring for the Min neapolis Lakers; often referred to as "Mr. Basketball." 3. The first woman to swim the English Channel. Her 1926 feat was performed in 14 hours and 31 minutes. 8. Former heavy weight boxing cham pion who lost the title to Joe Walcott at Forbes Field, in Pittsburgh, in the summer of 1951. 4. Rotund football coach who recently resigned bis college berth for a career in television. 9. Son of an Ar kansas cotton picker who became a star pitcher for the St. Louis Cardinals and is now a popular radio and TV base ball announcer. commercials currently being shown at some 450 drive-in theaters in rural areas where per capita auto mobile ownership is even higher than in cities. Presented on an everyother-week basis in 14 of the same states in which the television pro gram is being aired, the minutemovies are reaching approximately two million motorists a month. Like the TV program, they have a special appeal for men. They are the same semi-technical commer cials, featuring Wilbur Shaw, that are used on the Ethyl telecasts. Both the television and drive-in movie theater commercials are in addition to the full-page color and black-and-white advertising Ethyl runs regularly in national magazines. The current magazine campaign featuring old cars and pointing out that "Today as yesterday, can run their best on the best gasoline," is appearing in publications with a monthly readership of approxi mately 48 million people. 5. American track star who won the 100 and 200-meter runs and the broad jump in the 1936 Olympic Carnes at Berlin. 10. Player whose failure to touch sec ond base cost the New York Giants the pennant and earned him the nickname "Bonehead." Answers to Sports l.Q. Test nK p*j *oi `a Xaaja '6 PJBII3 *8 SnB31W a*Ja0 '1 isaspradg HX `9 **() assaf i (s|A> mnnqajH u*uun t !|P3 apurpag ; (spay ||>DUUU{3 pue suMosg sinoq ) Iqstuog sjgfog -j Impiq aau>ig over 2 j stations of the NBC-TV network during the months when, with more cars on the road, gasoline consumption is particularly high. Commercials on the show are of two types. The messages in one type are semi-technical in a popular vein. They feature Wilbur Shaw, former champion racing car driver and president of the Indianapolis Speedwav, and make use of a Very pistol, a hammer and piston panel, and the Ethyl demonstration engine to point up the advantages of "Ethyl" gaso line. The others tell the "Ethyl" story in other ways, emphasize the "2=3" theme, encourage safe driv ing, and discuss other timely motor ing subjects. Supplementing the television ad vertising, which reaches a primarily urban audience, are minute-movie I OUR COVER: The midway at the I Saginaw (Michigan) count)' fair. | Kodachrome by D. W Corson, : from A. Devanev, Inc. OUR PIC TURES: Page 3 (top left), United Press; page 4, Wide World; page 5, Jack Jenkins; page 6, courtesy Champion Spark Plug Company; pages 7 and 9 (top), courtesy Per fect Circle Corporation; page 8 (top left and center), courtesy The Indianapolis Star Magazine; pages 8 (bottom right) and 9 (bottom), Frederic Lewis; pages 10 and 11 (top), courtesy Diebold, Inc.; page n, Acme; page 12 (bottom), cour tesy The Chase National Bank; page 14 (top left and center), courtesy Frank Huyler, and (bottom), cour tesy Imperial Oil Limited; page 15 (top), Philip Gendreau, and (cen ter and bottom right), courtesy James Baldwin; pages 17, 18 and 19, courtesy The Atlantic Refining Company; page 22, Acme, United Press, International News Photos, and Ellingsen Photos; third cover (top), New York Public Library through Frederic Lewis, and (bot tom), Culver. f _sur | fw.. .7 U (21 Oft the . ettal mar pec than aati T Day rate Bat are V Acti of 1 4 oI abr of t $* hoc and ETC 32712 hown rs in autotigher verysame \ proinutenately h. have :y are nmer, that :s. -ive-in are in >r and Ethyl azines. ipaign lg out rs run ne," is vith a 'proxi- SEPTEMBER SUN. MON. TDE. WED. THU. FRI. 1 78 14 15 21 22 28 29 SAT. the fair. rson, PICnited S' 5' rtesy ianv; Per se 8 The ges8 om), d 12 page 20UI- page rresy cour ge >J icenrtesy id 19, ining nited lotos, cover Drary (bot- A DAY "USUALLY OBSERVED" Of the millions of calendars that grace the walls or decorate the desks of American homes, offices, schools, and business establishments, few indeed have the 17th of this month marked in red. Even if this particular Wednesday was given special calendar recognition, it is doubtful whether more than one citizen in a thousand, or perhaps ten thousand, could say why. All this is extremely pleasing to the Com munists, fellow-travelers and others who hope to divorce this nation from its cherished traditions of freedom and equality. This year and every year, September 17 is Constitution Day. It is no legal or public holiday. The best it seems to rate is a bare mention on the list of "Days Usually Observed." But even that isn't true. Observances of Constitution Day are at a nice low level that anti-Americans find very pleasing. What's all the fuss about? What is there to observe? Actually, the Constitution of the United States is only a piece of parchment. But it is the words on that paper that count. "Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof; or abridging the freedom of apeeeh or of the press; or the right of the people peaceably to assemble ..." "The right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses, papers, and effects, against unreasonable searches and seizures, shall not be violated ..." "In all criminal prosecutions, the accused shall enjoy the right to a speedy and public trial, by an impartial jury ...'' "The powers not delegated to the United States by the Constitution, nor prohibited by it to the States, are reserved to the States respectively, or to the people." These are some of the words that were (and, thank God, still are) in the Constitution to which 39 delegates from the various fledgling United States affixed their signatures in Philadelphia on September 17, 1787. No document, before or since, gave to civilized man such a full measure of per sonal liberty and human dignity. Two months hence, a new group of national leaders is to be elected. There are two ways--yes, two ways--registered voters can east their ballots on November 4. The true Ameri can will, after carefully considering all the issues and per sonalities involved, present himself at the proper polling place and vote for the candidates he thinks will best "pre serve, protect, and defend the Constitution of the United States." The other way to "vote" is to stay away from the polls completely. All who do that will, by their failure to fulfill their Eleetion Day duty, indirectly east a ballot to let the Constitution--and all the many great human freedoms it guarantees--fade into oblivion. ETC 32713 I I ! .I u I Good ideas are like snowballs When you start one rolling, there's no telling how far it will go or how big it will grow. For example, several years ago, we received a letter from an oil marketer in Michigan, enclosing an invoice for some gasoline he had purchased back in the 1920's. He noted that the current price of gasoline, excluding taxes, was no higher than a quarter century ago, and he wondered how the actual value of the gasoline compared with that of 192J. We knew there was a good idea here, and so we decided to do some research on the subject. It sounded like an easy question to answer, but we soon discovered it wasn't. We had to trace the separate contributions of the oil and auto motive industries through the years. We had to develop a continuous record of octane numbers, as measured by today's scale, and determine the road performance of these gasolines in contemporary cars of the various years. Finally our study was completed. W'e were able to report back to the Michigan oil marketer that, by any real stand ard, the value of gasoline had increased approximately 50% in the last quarter century. In other words, two gallons of today's gasoline will do the work that required three gallons in 1925! This was news! Here, in one short sentence, was the whole story of the tremendous job American petroleum refiners had done for the public in the past twenty-seven years! It was a record to be proud of. So we took the "2 = 3" story to the country in public demonstrations in Detroit; Washington, D. C.; Newark, N\ ].; Los Angeles; and Chicago. Newspapers across the country picked up the story. Magazines ran feature articles about it. And the idea is still snowballing! This year, the OllC is using the "2=3" idea in its Oil Progress Week theme. Herbert C. Moseley, a member of the Ethyl Corporation Sales department for the last 14 years, has been named ac count representative in west ern Pennsylvania and western New York State. In his new position, Mr. Moseley will represent Ethyl in all dealings with customer oil companies in that territory. He will make his headquarters in Oil City. Mr. Moseley succeeds Gelston Howell, who has been Ethyl's western PennsylvaniaNew York account representa tive since 1938. Mr. Howell has transferred to the Eastern Region office in New York City, where he has assumed new responsibilities in con nection with the coordination of certain sales activities. A native of Arlington, Mass., Mr. Moseley is a grad uate of Worcester Academy and of Bowdoin College in Brunswick, Maine, from which he received a bachelor of arts degree in 1929. He joined Ethyl Corporation in 1938 and for the next several years served as field representative in Rhode Island and Connecti 1 cut. From 1942 to 1945, as an Ethyl safety engineer, he cov r1 ered New England and east ern Canada. In 1946, Mr. I' Moseley was appointed field engineer in the same terri i tory, and since 1950 has held the combined title of field and safety engineer. Mr. Moseley is a member of Delta Upsilon and the Society of Safety Engineers. OCTOBER 1952 Them Yates, Editor * Richard F. Cook, Associate Editor * Hal Wohanka, Art Director VOTE HERE 3 Stores, schools, garages -- there's virtually no limit to the variety of places where Americans will cast their ballots on Nov. 4. WATCHDOGS OF SAFETY 6 A unique animal circus, featuring trained dogs, is now touring the nation's schools to emphasize traffic safety. SMOOTH SAILING FOR OIL 8 Almost four million tons of petroleum products a year are trans ported over the calm waters of New York's canal system. NPA GOLDEN ANNIVERSARY MEETING 11 The 1952 annual convention of the National Petroleum Associa tion will go down in the annals as one of the most memorable ever. THE API ACCOMMODATED 24 Oilmen-convening in Chicago next month will find a number of changes at The Conrad Hilton hotel. Opinions expressed in signed articles are the aethers'. The editors et ethyl News welcome articles at timely interest sabmitted from outside sources. Published by Ethyl Corporation, 100 Park Avenue, New York 17, N. Y., manufacturer of "Ethyl" antiknock compounds, used by oil com panies to improve the antiknock quality of aviation and motor gasoline. Edward L. Shea, President; Stanley T. Cressland, Vice President and Treasurer; Herbert A. Savage, Secretary TC 32716 JUi y 1952 -ctor 3 'y 6 W'9 HFN THEY TURN OUT to VOte in The laws of the land are quite spe or police station in every voting dis the national election earlv next cific in setting forth the require trict. Consequently, stores, con month. Americans all over the coun ments for holding office and voting, verted railroad stations, offices, hos try will find, as usual, that the polls but when it comes to the places pitals, vacant buildings, restaurants, 8 where thev cast their ballots are where votes are actually cast, regu and a long list of other conven housed in a wide variety of places. lations are much less confining. As iently-located buildings are pressed In everything from barber shops a result, there is almost no limit to into service on Election Day. to county courthouses, voting ma the different kinds of places where The pictures on this and the two chines and booths will be set up to ballots are marked and voting ma following pages show a few of the 1 provide facilities for voters to reg chine levers pushed. more unusual polling places in dif ister their choices for national, Over the years, public buildings ferent pans of the country, where, 3- state, and local offices, and to ex have been the traditional voting on November 4, Americans will r. press themselves on various issues places. But there isn't a municipal vote for the candidates they want and proposals. building, town hall, school, or fire to serve them in the davs ahead. 4 Right, residents of Washington-on-the-Brazos, Texas, east their votes in this replica of the house in which the Lone Star State declared its inde pendence from Mexico in 1836. . . . Below, al though they are gradually disappearing from the scene, portable polling places are still in use J I This former station doubles as a railroad sec tion house and a private home. On Election Day it is also the voting place in Hart's Location, N. H. Left alone outside a Providence, R. polling place, this young ster has a cry while mother votes The veterans' hospital serves as a polling place in Wood, Wise. Only patients who live in the district, however, can vote there ETC 32718 Ironically, the Moscow restaurant, run by a naturalised White Russian, is the voting place in one of Seattle's election districts An uncompleted building in the northwest section of the city housed the polls when this long line of Miamians waited to exercise their franchise Of the public buildings used as polling daces, fire houses are among the most lepular. This one is in Farmingdele, Me. Perhaps one of the most unique polling places in the entire country is this private garage on a quiet, shaded side street in a residential election district in Sioux Falls, S. D. No matter where he or she votes, the important thing is that all Americans do vote -- after first thoughtfully weighing ell of the issues, of course fit w. le\ cat to pa fo A traveling troupe of talented tion's trucking industry through its no more," plaintively wrote one canines are teaching the na trade organization, the American youngster this past spring, remem tion's school children some Trucking Associations, Inc. Its les bering well Pressley's grim, but new tricks about traffic safety sons already have been taught to forceful, story of the little girl who more than three million young peo was killed in a traffic accident while rnest e. pressley is one person ple, and now, with schools re E who has no intention of lettine opened after the summer vacation, the traffic safety habits of the nathe circus has hit the road again. doing just that. Not all the letters are from students either. Hundreds are from grateful parents, school per tion's school children go to the dogs. One thing certain, thousands upon sonnel, safety' directors, chiefs of po In fact, just the opposite -- he takes thousands of letters will pour in after lice and civic leaders. t I the dogs to the bovs and girls. each of Officer Pressley's tours dur Pressley conceived the idea of A traffic policeman on leave from ing the current school vear. They' teaching safety practices to school- t k the Charlotte. N. C., force. Pressley alwavs do, and all are testimonials to agers through the medium of is ringmaster of a novel animal the popularity and success of the trained dogs after he noticed how safety' circus sponsored bv the na show. "I don't ride two on a bicvcle faithfully neighborhood children the Below, two teen-agers make friends with Officer Pressley and his group of well trained dogs. . . . Right, Annie is the troupe's climber. At each rung of the ladder, the policeman drives home a certain safety point ate A ent rivt He is r put auc are. rin: hea of : mal mir 1 cal int< ETC 32720 1 flocked to his Charlotte backvard to watch his pet setter and .Mrs. Presslev's collie perform the tricks he had taught them. His troupe augmented to eight dogs and a show format pre pared, Pressley took his star per formers on tour to many sections of K- .: t >ne tu rn ho tile are are >erpo- of >ol- of IOW ren 9\ iKl the country under ATA auspices. The presentation was an immedi ate hit. What makes a "dog act" so differ ent. and whv is Pressley's so effec tive- The answer is Pressley himself. He is a man with a message. And he is a showman who knows how to put that message across to a young audience. The dogs, talented as they are. are merely the tools the shrewd ringmaster employs to reach the hearts of children -- from six years of age to 16-plus. With his cast of canines, Pressley makes a real production of his 40minute show. The curtain goes up with a musi cal fanfare. Pressley launches right into his talk on the importance of Above, all the while Susie it displaying her talents, the children ere reminded of the safety rules they must observe if they ere to avoid traffic mishaps Left, Susie has climbed the pole for a most definite purpose. She unfurled the banner, which urges youngsters to be careful at ell times--when walk ing, playing, or riding traffic safety regulations and their observance. Hardly has Pressley put a period to his opening remarks be fore Lassie, a collie, has traversed half the stage and pulled a rope. Old Glory is unveiled and a recording of The Star-Spangled Banner is played. Pressley and the youngsters -- seem ingly the dogs, too -- snap to mo tionless attention. Canine Capers Right there the show is "in." But a really amazing series of canine capers is to follow. The dogs perform with the help of props -- ladders, barrels, plat forms, blocks and climbing poles. Each prop represents a factor re lated to street traffic and Pressley presses home his safety points with a varied but repetitive technique to an audience that he now holds in his hand. When he tells the children to applaud, because the dogs like ap plause, they raise the roof. When he calls for quiet, there is silence. Mig does a flip, Elmer cavorts through intricate tricks, Susie climbs a pole, Lassie plays dead, and Lady comes up with some answers to traf fic problems -- all with a practiced intelligence that holds the children's rapt attention. The Pressley lesson in traffic safety isn't terminated by the final curtain. All the safety points cov ered in the show are printed on a questionnaire, a copy of which is distributed to each boy and girl. The children take these home for thor ough study. After their teacher quizzes them and they have the an swers 100% correct, the American Trucking Associations, in Washing ton, issues each qualified student an attractive membership certificate in Officer Pressley's Safety Club. The document shows many of the dog performers and can be framed, to hang in Tommy's or Mary's room. Boys and girls -- from the ele mentary grades through junior high and even high school -- love it all. But most important, they have been impressed with traffic safety prac tices because they have come to realize how important such habits are to their own life and limb. ETC 32721 Almost four million tons of petroleum products a year move over the placid waters of New York's canal system Unconcerned with all these world oung am f.rica. 24 states big and ly affairs, a boy named Drake was Ystill growing, was just beginning living the happy life of a six-yearto flex its muscles in 1825. the vear oa ld on an upstate New York farm gang of hardened but much-ridi not too many miles removed from culed laborers finished the hercu the Erie Canal. It was a prophetic lean job of digging their wav across coincidence that this voungster was the entire middle of New York born and reared where he was. For, State. Skeptics called it "Clinton's 34 years later, Edwin L. Drake was ditch." to make the first commercial discov DeYYitt Clinton. New York's ert" of oil -- the product which to governor, had pushed the undertak day is transposed on New York's ing through to completion against a canal system in volume hundreds of wide assortment of unfavorable times greater than most all other odds. The Erie Canal was a part of commodities. America growing up. Four vears previouslv, our western frontier had 522 Miles In All pushed as far as Missouri with the For 127 years now, the Erie Canal admission of that state to the Union. has been the key link in the chain of And onlv two years before, the waterways which collectively is United States felt sufficientlv strong known as the New York State Barge enough to back up the Monroe Doc Canal System. The system includes trine which had been issued in the not only the 338-mile-long Erie, but face of threatened European inter the Oswego. Cavuga-Seneca, and ference in Latin America's affairs. Champlain canals and the canal har bors at Utica, Syracuse and Roches ter -- a total of 522 miles in all. The Erie Canal itself cuts clear across the state from Waterford, a Hudson River community north of Albany, to North Tonawanda, near Buffalo, where the Niagara River permits ac cess to Lake Erie. Famed in song, story and legend, the original Erie Canal was but 40 feet wide and only four feet deep. Still, this narrow, shallow strip of water -- uniting as it did the Atlan tic Ocean (via the Hudson River) and the Great Lakes -- plaved a key part in opening up the West. Wooden packets, pulled by horses and mules huffing along a towpath edging the canal's route, carried the products of the farm to the rich markets of the East and returned loaded down with manufactured products destined for the Midwest. Also moved in great numbers were people (40.000 of them in 8 ETC 32722 lochesill. The ross the Hudson \lbany, Buffalo, mits ac- legend. . but 40 et deep, strip of e Atlan\ River) laved a ie West, s- horses towpath rried the the rich returned lfactured Midwest, numbers them in some years) -- Americans pushing westward to new opportunities. But not all the travelers kept going. Many found the communities along the canal to their liking and stayed to take up residence. Within ten t ears after the Erie's opening, Ro chester, Syracuse and Utica each had experienced a threefold increase in their population. Buffalo and Al bany became major cities, and New York the nation's leading port. To day, 90 percent of the state's popu lation and the bulk of its industry are concentrated in a narrow band some 60 miles wide and following the course of the Barge Canal System. In the days of the "old canal" -- early in this century before the channel was deepened to the pres ent 1: feet and widened to more than 100 feet -- grain, salt, lumber, anthracite coal, iron ore, and sand, stone and gravel were the leading commodities shipped. Oil and petroleum products were not moved over the New York State waterways system in any appreci able volume until 1918, when slightly more than [4.4 thousand tons were transported. Once started, however, the movement of these items along the Erie and other canals and the Hudson River sky rocketed. In the early 1930's, ship ments of oil products surpassed those of wheat, which had been the canal system's leader for many dec ades. and the tonnage has continued to mount year after year almost without exception. Last year, an alltime record of 3,937,510 tons of pe troleum and petroleum products moved along the system, compared with only about half-a-milLion tons of wheat. Next in order came pulpwood and molasses, each with ship ments somewhat only slightly in ex cess of 100,000 tons. First Mishap This year, shipments of all com modities on the New York State canals may show a decline, if for no other reason than the Erie Canal ex perienced in mid-summer the first serious mishap in its history. Failure of a movable dam at one of the sys tem's 57 locks made it necessary to shut down an j 1 -mile section of the Erie to all traffic for five weeks. In recent years, as much as 150,000 barrels of petroleum products have moved through the canal sys tem in a single day. These products -- chiefly gasoline. No. 2 heating oil, and kerosene -- are unloaded at more than twoscore terminals along the Hudson River and the Erie and other canals. Whatever part of the shipments are not to be consumed in the immediate terminal area are trans-shipped by either rail or truck to other points in the territory, usually within 100 miles. If one were to follow a shipment of petroleum products from, say, a refinery in Texas to the Great Lakes, using the New York Stare Barge Canal System, generally the pat tern of movement would be this: The tanker would require five or more days for the voyage through the Gulf of Mexico and up the At lantic Seaboard to New York har bor. If fully loaded, the vessel would have to lighten itself before making the 13-hour trip up the Hudson to Albany, since the river is too shal low to accommodate seagoing tank ers with maximum loads. Oil barges would transport the shipment west to Lake Erie from the Albany ter minal, which is the end of Hudson River navigation for tankers. The barge trip across the Erie Canal takes five days, during which time the vessel is lifted almost 600 feet in passing through the many locks. Virtually all shipments of petro leum on the canal system are from east to west -- from Albany toward Above, an oil barge entering one of the locks in a five-flight system at the eastern entrance to the Erie Canal. Vessels traversing the inland waterway's entire 338 miles are lifted almost 600 feet in passing through 57 different locks. . . . Left, for decades, as this old cut shows, the only source of power for boats was provided by animals plodding along the towpaths lining the banks 9 ETC 32723 Buffalo. Of the nearly four-million tons of oil products shipped last year, only about 139,000 tons were eastbound. Just as the type of cargo has changed, so is there little resem blance between the vessels in Erie Canal service today and those that were common a few decades ago. The typical boat in 191: was a wooden packet, either steam pro pelled or towed by the storied mules and horses on the towpath. There were also numerous wooden canal barges of up to 200 tons. World War I days saw the introduction of new types of both wooden and steel boats, as well as those of con crete construction. Gasoline-pow ered canal boats and tugs also ap peared at this time. In order to pass under many of the 300-odd fixed bridges spanning the Canal, crews often find it neces sary to take down tugboat masts Early in the 1920's, self-propelled power units made their appearance, as did the first oil barges. Later in the decade, diesel-powered units were put into operation, and this is now the general source of power for practically all canal carriers. About 200 different vessels are used each year in canal service. More than half of these are op erated by the 2 5-odd companies which use the New York State wa terways system for the transporta tion of petroleum products. Even greater economy in toll-free barge shipments could be realized if larger vessels, capable of transport ing greater loads, could be em ployed. The size of carrier boats, however, is limited bv the depth and width of the canal channel and bv the overhead clearance allowed bv the 309 fixed bridges that span it. Improved Units Despite these limitations, notable improvements have been made in the design of hulls and engines. Out standing in this connection is the in tegration of the machinery and cargo-carrying sections into a single streamlined unit. To achieve this de sired effect, modem petroleum equipment nests the bow of the pushing tug into a V-shaped notch constructed in the stem of the barge. Such units meet less water re sistance and permit much easier handling of the tow, particularly in navigating around the bends and through the canal locks. Ice forces closing of the Erie and other New York State canals during Night and day the big barges move through the Canal. Many are equip ped with searchlights to illuminate lock wells and aid in navigation the winter, from December through March, but the petroleum barges and other vessels do not usually stand idle during these months. Most of the units are employed on Long Island Sound, in the New York harbor area, and at other normally ice-free points along the Eastern seaboard, to aid in the movement of fuel oil during the period of peak demand. Serves Other Purposes Aside from its prime function of providing a means of transporting products between the busy markets of the East and the Midwest, the canal system serves other vital, if in cidental, purposes. For one thing, the reservoirs of the Erie Canal assist in controlling flood waters. S-.-ondly, the canal system is a source of water power. Two hydroelectric plants, utilizing surplus canal water, sell power to utility' companies. Thirdly, the canals are considered important from the national defense stand point. During World War II, for ex ample, many oil shipments originat ing on the Gulf Coast or at inland points were routed through the Erie Canal to overcome the threat of Nazi submarines to coastw ise traffic. On that day in October, 127 years ago, as he prepared to participate in ceremonies opening the Erie Canal, . j not even DeWitt Clinton could have guessed at the role his "ditch" would play in the future growth of Amer ica. Aboard the packet Seneca Chief. Clinton and a party of other digni taries journeyed the entire length of the Erie Canal and down the Hud son to New York harbor. The voy age took ten days. But with the goal reached, the "wedding of the wa m ters" was solemnized. Joined for the first time, never to be split asunder, were the mighty Atlantic and the majestic Great Lakes. H U ETC 32724 hrough barges usually uonths. iyed on w York armally Eastern nent of af peak ;es :tion of porting markets est, the al, if in- .-oirs of itrolling e canal power, utilizing twer to ly, the lportant . stand, for exiriginatt inland the Erie treat of e traffic. 17 years cipate in ;e Canal, uld have 1" would f Amer:a Chief, er digniength of he HudThe voy- the goal the wad for the asunder, and the The 50th anniversary meeting of the National Petroleum Asso ciation was unmatched for special meaning and historical import Four events in particular helped transport the mind back to the earl ier days of NPA and even beyond to the beginning days of oil. The first of these was the "Old Timers' Hour," a feature of the opening general session on Wednes day, September 10. H. A. Logan -- longtime member of the Associa tion. its president during the critical World War II years, and president of United Refining -- presided. How NPA got started, its ups and downs through the years, its mem orable achievements --all these were brought to mind in the remarks of .Mr. Logan and four other veteran Association stalwarts -- O. R Kee ney. Edwin M. Lyons, Samuel B. Messer, and Charles Suhr. Again, at the Thursday general session, the exemplary and historic, career of NPA was recalled and saluted. Expressing the greetings of the associations they head were Frank M. Porter, of the American f all the annual meetings of the Petroleum Institute, and R. L. Tol- O National Petroleum Associa lett. of the Western Petroleum Re tion held since the first one soofniners Association. Fayette B. Dow. after the turn of the centurv, none general counsel of NPA. made the could possiblv match the special nostalgic response. meaning and historical import of that conducted last month in Atlan Special Play tic City. Of a different and less formal na For. this was the Golden Anni ture were the two other events versary convention, the grand cli which carried those attending the max of NPA's first 50 years of con annual meeting back through the tinuous existence. years. The traditional three-day meet "Great Day A-Dawning." a play ing at the traditional Hotel Trav- recreating the first days of the oil more meeting place was one of con industry, was presented during the trasting moods. There were both annual banquet on Thursday eve time and occasion for pleasant remi ning. The stage presentation, spon niscences of the glorious days gone sored by Ethyl Corporation as a by. But there also were serious tribute to NPA on its Golden Anni deliberations of current and future versary, was produced especially for matters that do and will face the pe the occasion. troleum industry. Then, on Friday mominsr. this theme was carried out further at the breakfast tendered annually to NPA members and guests by Ethyl. An added attraction this year was a re construction of the Titusville studio of John A. Mather, oildom's pioneer cameraman. Mr. Mather (portrayed, of course, by a contemporary com mercial photographer) was present in his establishment to photograph, in old-time costumes, any and all who wished to go before the camera. Present and Future Wrhile, because it had reached a special milestone, the National Pe troleum Association devoted con siderable time to looking back, it also, with its typical farsightedness, spent many hours at business ses sions studying present affairs and previewing the future. It heard from Earle M. Craig, the Association's outgoing president, the caution that the Federal govern ment's recent cartel charges against several major oil companies was a cause for fear, rather than a matter of cheer, for the smaller companies of the industry. Then, turning an eye to the fu ture, the annual meeting listened to a panel of six experts -- two from the oil industry, two from aircraft com panies, and two from Federal agen cies -- discuss "Jet Fuels -- Present and Future." Special emphasis was placed, during the discussions, on the role the small refiner might play in the production and distribution of such fuels. Its Golden Anniversary meeting a matter of history, the National Pe troleum Association now embarks upon a new era of sendee -- sendee not only to the smaller refiner but to the entire oil industry and the na tion as well. 12 Efc 32?26 Auoimport r at the coNPA tyl. An as a ree studio pioneer rtraved, *v compresent ograph, and all camera. e ached a This foursome, photographed by the reg istration desk in the Traymore lobby, is Harold Stone and Robert lummis, both Atlantic Refining; L. T. Morrow, of Borne Scrymser; and George Landis, of Atlantic. iraig, the resident, govems against es was a a matter impanies ) the fuened to a from the raft comral agen- Present hasis was sions. on light play itribution meeting a tional Pe- embarks -- service ner but to d the na- All business sessions of the Golden Anniversary annual meeting were attended by large, attentive audiences. This is a portion of the assemblage in the main ballroom of the Hotel Traymore for the opening general session. ETC 32727 Mrs. Peter Klieh and Mrs. E. Ross Carver, granddaugh ters of Colonel Drake, review the playbill as the actor who portrayed the discoverer of oil looks on. our episodes which have come down Ffrom the founding days of the petroleum industry formed the plot of "Great Day A-Dawning." The 30-minute stage presenta tion, using professional talent throughout, was sponsored and presented by Ethyl Cor poration at the NPA annual banquet. Five photographs on these pages, starting at the direct left of this text, picture the highlights of the production. The play's opening action takes place in modem times, as four characters from the pages of oil's earlv history keep an afterdeath rendezvous in a deserted western Pennsylvania oil field. Each then proceeds to tell his or her role in the start of the petroleum industry nine decades ago. "Mule Prescott" was the first to recall his historic past. A determined teamster, he lost his life hauling oil barrels. Comely "Deborah Seevey" flung a lantern Long weeks of rehearsals, right up to the very day of the actual presentation itself, preceded the showing of "Great Day A-Dawning" at the NPA annual banquet. The two photos below show typical rehearsal scenes. In the topmost photo, the play's "Sam Pritchett" runs through his lines. Below that is a picture of the famed Cities Service Green and White Quartette practicing the Featured soloists at the banquet were Gertrude Ribla, soprano, and Thomas L. Thomas, baritone, of opera fame. At the "famous descendants" table at the annual banquet were W. K. Bayer, Jr., E. Ross Carver, Mrs. Ernest Paterson, Walter Roberts, Mrs. Carver, Charles Suhr, Thomas Roberts, Henry H. Townshend, Mrs. Peter Klich, and Harry B. Smith. Annual banquet guests at this table are Emil E. Ebner, C. W. Georgi and Guy B. Hunter, all of Quaker State Oil; Mrs. Ebner, C. H. Arm strong, of Continental Can; Mrs. W. P. Gee, G. T. Dougherty, of Standard of Indiana; Mrs. Hunter, W. P. Gee, of The Texas Co., and Mrs. Georgi. 16 Seated at the Entertainment Com mittee table were Richard Murphy, of Ethyl; Miss Margaret Miller, of NPA; John A. Britton, Jr., of Enjay, committee chairman; Mrs. Britton, B. G. Symon, of Shell; Mrs. George Meier; Milton J. Cross, banquet master of ceremonies; Mrs. Symon, and George Meier, of American Can Company. ] i ( l i i .r s s F c c t a o g a <. Bayer, Carver, ich, and ent ComMurphy, Ailler, of of Enjay, Britton, George banquet s. Symon, American of oil fields in the Middle East." Second featured speaker of the Wednesday afternoon general ses sion was John S. Bugas, vice presi dent in charge of industrial relations of the Ford Motor Company. Title of his speech was "Green Lights for Freedom." Three-Session Day Thursday's busy schedule called for two separate group sessions in the morning and a general session in the afternoon. One group session Earle M. Craig, board chairman of Freedom-Valvoline Oil, is shown here as he delivered the traditional "Presi dent's Welcome." A. W. Scott, president of Wolf's Head Oil and new leader of the NPA, pre sided at the annual meeting's final general session. was sponsored by NPA's depart ment of Traffic and Transportation. The other was a joint meeting con ducted by the Association's depart ments of Manufacture and of Stand At both general and group sessions, the NPA annual meeting ards and Tests. heard key industrial figures discuss current and future problems With new NPA president A. W. Scott presiding, the general session arle m. craig got the 50th anni with having gone out with their E versary annual meeting off to a own money to find oil in preyiously timely start with a speech that deunproductive areas of the world, of opened with a discussion of "The Aftermath of the Steel Strike" by Thomas F. Patton, vice president plored increased regulation of in developing this production and of and general counsel of Republic dustry by the Federal goyernment winning and keeping for the U. S. a Steel Corp. in recent years. preeminent place in the petroleum Presidents Frank M. Porter of the "The most recent example of Fed world trade. It is difficult to see how American Petroleum Institute and eral government intrusion in the oil this accomplishment interfered with R. L. Tollett of the Western Petro industry has occurred in the last small business. Certainly no small leum Refiners Association then ex month." the outgoing NPA presi company has the resources neces tended the greetings of their groups dent told the convention's opening sary to undertake the deyelopment to NPA on its toth birthday. session. Thar came when "with great fanfare some of the larger oil companies were accused of being members of an international con Thursday, the second day of the convention, was a busy round of work sessions. Below is part of the audience at the morning Traffic and Transportation group session, which was opened by Fayette B. Dow (standing). spiracy to dominate world trade." Mr. Craig said he viewed this "at tack" as "apparently part of a shrewd propaganda technique that ... is beins made for the benefit of 32731 I l John S. Bugas, vice president of Ford Motor Co., was a speaker at the first general session. H. A. Logan, veteran member of the NPA, presided over the "Old Timers' Hour" portion of the session. Formal presentation of the Associa tion's History was made by Donald O'Hara, NPA associate counsel. A highlight of one of the convention's work sessions was the premiere show ing of "Crossroads, U. S. A.," a new motion picture produced by the Oil In dustry Information Committee. The film's action takes place in a service station (right). Philip Humphrey, no tional OIIC vice chairman, made the introductory remarks. was made by Thomas F. Patton, a Republic Steel officer. R. L. Tolled, president of the Western Petroleum Refiners Association, and Frank M. Porter, head of the American Petrolum Institute, flank Fayette B. Dow. The NPA general counsel made the response to messages of congratulations from the other groups. AssociaDonald ounsel. Fred Carpi, Pennsylvania Railroad vice president, was one of the group session speakers. Gerald Phelps, of the NPA staff, presided at the Traffic and Trans portation session. Recent tank truck developments were reported by S. F. Niness, Lea- man Transportation head. Among the jet fuels symposium participants were Dr. J. Bennett Hill, of Sun Oil; E. A. Droegemueller, of PrattWhitney Aircraft; and Stanley Smith, of Bendix Avia tion Corporation. E. H. Fallin, of NPA, is shown as he presided at the jet fuels session. Seated beside him are W. F. Krause, of Globe Oil; Dr. Carl W. Kelley, of the Munitions Board; and Maurice Granville, of PAD. he Petroleum industry, it has been recorded, owes a debt of Tgratitude to an itinerant English-born photographer named John A. .Mather. It w as Mather --and he alone --who roamed the hills and dales of western Pennsylvania to capture on film an exten sive record of the birth of the oil industry in America. As a special feature of the NPA joth anniversary meeting, Ethyl Corporation reconstructed Mr. Mather's studio in the lobby of the Hotel Traymore. A modern-day John A. Mather manned the studio, and gladly took portrait pictures of any NPAers who wished to slip into the old-fashioned costumes provided and then "watch the birdie." Below, "Next," calls Mr. Mather as onlookers watch with interest. ... Right, Cloyton G. Maxwell, of Frontier Oil Refining, and Mrs. Maxwell make last-minute adjustments by Mather's "sidewalk" sign. Above, among the first to pose in the Mather studio were Paul Blazer, of Ash land Oil, and his wife. For picture tak ing purposes, lady guests slipped into old-time dresses and men donned frock coats and high hats. '4 Jh Mr. and Mrs. Earle M. Craig Mr. and Mrs. Fayette B. Dow Mr. and Mrs. J. B. Fisher Mr. and Mrs. H. A. Bardner Mr. and Mrs. W. P. Bee ETC 32735 A Mr. and Mrs. Paul Giddens Mr. and Mrs. C. Z. Hardwick ^ aalj jjrSi j. p. j^art Mr. Mr. and Mrs. 6. B. Hunter Mr. and Mrs. J. A. LaFortnne Mr. and Mrs. Edwin Lyons Mr. and Mrs. H. Grady Meador Mr. and Mrs. Samuel Messer ETC 32736 bart Mr. and Mrs. Barry L. Moir Mr. and Mrs. Walter R. Reitz Mr. Thomas C. Roberts Mr. Walter Roberts A. Logan Mr. and Mrs. R. C. Saner Mrs. Ernest Paterson Mr. Barry B. Smith Mr. Charles L. Snhr flesser Mr. and Mrs. T. J. Sullivan Mr. and Mrs. C. L. Wedell Mr. and Mrs. L. A. Woodward ne of the accomplishments the Even so, there is nothing auto O modern innkeeper is most matic about feeding, sleeping, and proud of is the manner in which hoistherwise playing host to a major halls to dining or reception rooms in minutes' time. Almost a hundred of the employees are elevator opera hotel accommodates large conven convention. The Conrad Hilton this tors. Scores work in the kitchens to tions -- ofttimes several thousand year is headquarters for more than turn out the mountains of food that delegates strong -- with the same 90 national meetings, ranging alpha are consumed. (In an average dav, ease that the average household en betically from the Angus Breeders those attending the API annual tertains a few weekend guests. Association to the Zonta Club. No meeting will devour something like In Chicago next month, when two conventions are exactly alike in 1.000 pounds of butter, 1,000 dozen thev convene for their 32nd annual their display space, guest room, din eggs, 35,000 cups of coffee, the beef I meeting, members of the American ing and other requirements. That of 10 complete steers, and 300 gal Petroleum Institute will again have means each gathering must be lons of ice cream.) When the the opportunity to experience this treated as a separate entity. APIer sends out his soiled clothing, type of hospitality in action. At one Services of a thousand and one his shirts will be among 32.500 han time or another during the four-dav descriptions have to be performed to dled by the hotel's own laundry session, practically all of the 6,000 assure a convention's success. each month and his socks will he men and women in attendance will To earn* out its many services, among the more than 19,000 pairs use the facilities of The Conrad Hil the hotel employs a staff of over cleaned during that time. ton, convention headquarters. Still, 2,000. Many of these people, of From the planning standpoint, the this great influx of oil industry peo course, are skilled workmen who 1952 API annual meeting began al ple will cause few, if any. disrup can convert the grand ballroom and most a year ago for the Conrad Hil tions in the hotel's operations. various other rooms from meeting ton staff. First, as always, came the 24 deluge of requests for room reser vations, once the date of the con vention was announced officially. Within a week, the hotel had re ceived hundreds more requests for rooms than it could honor. Sixteen hundred, or slightly more than half the rooms in the w orld's largest hotel, have been set aside for use by APIers this November 10-13. They provide sleeping accommoda tions for approximately 2,500 per sons. Those who cannot be put up at the Hilton will be housed in more than a score of other Chicago hotels and clubs, including the Palmer House, headquarters for the Insti tute's Transportation division. Several APIers staying at The Conrad Hilton will live in rooms oc hopeful earlier in the year, lived in rooms 1804 and 1805 at the Hilton, while Sam Rayburn, House speaker and Democratic convention perma nent chairman, had room 2319. The summer political conven tions, incidentally, gave the hotel an opportunity to apply the acid test to a new passenger elevator system that had been conceived a year earlier. Mindful that long waits for eleva tors has been a leading complaint of APIers and other convention guests, the hotel drew up the new plan to crack this bottleneck. During rush periods, a corral, or roped-off area, is erected, to permit filling "Up" cars on a systematic, rather than everv-man-for-himself, basis. Hil ton traffic experts were delighted cessive waits for elevators on the part of the oilmen. Many other changes will greet the API "delegate" who has not visited the convention hotel since last year's annual meeting. Most noticeable of all are the al terations that have been made in the business part of the main lobby. Gone are the cage-type windows before which guests lined up to check in, pick up mail and pay their bills. In their place has been in stalled what is called a "Chicago window," framed in marble and Spanish leather. Actually, it's not a window at all, but rather a contin uous waist-high counter, much like those found in modem banks. In addition to the new counter. Below, extensive renovation work was required to transform the ever-popular coffee shop, one Bight down from the lobby, into an exhibition hall ns m d of ierais to that day, nual like >zen beef galthe ing. lanidrv 1 he iairs the 1 alHilthe Above, enlargement of the drug store, particularly in the soda fountain area, is one of the changes at The Conrad Hilton that APIers will quickly notice cupied a few months ago by some of the nation's top political figures. The occupant of 2320, for instance, will have the room used by former President Herbert Hoover during the Republican national convention in July. Room 2306 is the one occu pied by national GOP Chairman Guv Gabrielson and his family. On the Democratic side. Senator Rob ert S. Kerr, a Presidential nominee when the corral system reduced the average wait for an elevator to three minutes, even with hundreds of po litical convention delegates and other hotel guests in line. Because attendance at the API meeting next month will be consid erably less than that of the major political conventions, the hotel man agement thinks the new elevator system will virtually eliminate ex the various lobby business depart ments, such as Reservations, Mail, Cashiers, and Information, have been rearranged and relocated. All this is designed to hasten the flow of human traffic through the lobby and to shorten the time it takes to regis ter the arriving guest. Studies made with the new lobby setup in opera tion indicate that it speeds up guest traffic movement by almost 40%. 25 Old-style room key tags (above) that weighed almost as much as the ball and chain they resemble have been replaced by light bronze tabs fastened directly to the hotel room key By the time he is ushered into his room, the API meeting-goer should have had the opportunity to observe another innovation. This has to do with the hotel room key. The heavy key tag. which seemed to weigh only slightly less than a ton, has been discarded. Now, guests are is fountain area. Also, a new entrance to the store has been provided. Also on the lobby floor, the Park Row restaurant has been completely remodeled and refurnished. But at the same time, another hotel eating place has been done away with. The coffee shop, one flight down from OUR COVER: Park Avenue. New York City, looking north to Grand Central Terminal. In the center is the too Park Avenue Building, where Ethyl Corporation's admin istrative headquarters are located. Kodachrome from A. Devanev, Inc. OUR PICTURES: Pages 3 (bottom left) and 9 (bottom left), Frederic Lew is; page 3 (bottom right), courtesy Texas Highway Dept.; pages 4 and 5, United Press, Wide World, Philip Gendreau, and courtesy U.S. Navy; pages 6 and 7, Courtesy American Trucking Assns.; pages 8, 9 (bot tom right), and 10, courtesy Stand ard Oil Co. (N.J.); page 16 (top left), courtesy Metropolitan Opera and NBC; all other pictures on pages 11 to 23, Camera Associates and O. Winston Link; pages 24, 25, and 26, courtesy The Conrad Hilton hotel; third cover (bottom), Ewing Galloway. sued a key attached to a small the lobby, has been removed, and bronze holder which is some three this space converted into an exhibi markedly different hotel than has times lighter than the previous chain tion hall. The leading features of the entertained all but one of the six 1 and tag. When he returns to the lobby and has time to look around further, the coffee shop -- quick service and rea sonable prices -- are available in the Oak Room coffee shop, which, in post-World War II API annual meetings thus far. But there is one switch the hotel assures will not be l API annual meeting guest will see turn, has been enlarged. made. Last year, even while many still other face-lifting jobs. Both in regard to physical change oilmen were en route to Chicago, (I The hotel drug store, a favorite and services rendered then, it is a the inn's name was changed from i refreshment spot, has been enlarged the Stevens. Now -- and for some Elimination of cage-type windows to the extent of 1,200 additional has helped speed service and give time to come, the hotel guarantees i square feet, most of it in the soda the lobby a more modern look -- it's The Conrad Hilton. \ - - >< * <<<* ><> -j >--I*I****y.v.j ETC 32740 nue. New n to Grand e center is Building, n's adminre located, vanev,Inc. Jttom left) leric Lew, courtesy ages 4 and >rld, Philip J.S. Navy; American 3, 9 (botisy Standa 16 (top :an Opera ;tures on Associates pages 14, e Conrad bottom). l than has of the six PI annua! iere is one t ill not be hile many Chicago, :ged from for some ruarantees 4 Ii2 gallons u> *be gasoline he is buying... do the work of three gallons of gasoline he bought t: Oil Progress Week 1952 * ETC 32741 Perfect example Here is a perfect example of a business in which the service is as important as the product, itself. There is nothing in the book to stop you from packaging all vour lubricants and saying to the car owner: "Here's vour grease and oil -- put 'em in vourself!" How ever, miCg* htv little oil business is done that wav. The reason -- vour business is essentiallv a service business. So is ours. 'Wav back in 19:5 Ethvl people realized that if anti knock compound was ever going to be of great value to petroleum refiners, it had to be accompanied bv broad-cause service. So. over the vears, Ethvl has developed mans programs of service to the petroleum industrv. Ethvl services have contributed to even* field in which the power of gasoline is utilized -- passenger cars, truck and bus fleets, farm tractors and aviation. Our research laboratories have cooperated with oil com panies in solving the inter-related problems of fuels, engines and lubricants. Year after vear our gasoline testing centers have prepared detailed survevs of gaso line characteristics and made them available to refiners. Powerful advertising and merchandising assistance has been provided to help increase the sale of both premium and regular leaded fuels. Our safetv division has worked out methods and equipment for the safe handling of gasoline through all stages of blending and distribution. And having pioneered all these services, it is natural that Ethvl looks to their continuance on even a greater scale in the future. You can be sure that we will always regard service as important as product . . . and maybe even more so! ETC 32742 ""ill A*P*1 * 32nd Annual M !ii;i:i;11!iii;i.; il. :,:i;llii!i.,,,- liilllml ninlill! A P I Ii>< EACH annual meeting of the American Petroleum Institute provides the indus try with an opportunity to evaluate its current accomplishments and, more im portant, to preview what will be expected of it in the days ahead. In this respect, last month's 32nd annual meeting was particularly rewarding. The group and other sessions of the Institute's four divisions, and the meetings of the many non-divisional groups, contributed much to the continued advancement of the industry. Again this year, following a custom es tablished in 1946, the December issue of ETHYL NEWS is presented as a pictorial report of the API convention. Every effort has been made, through the means of the formal and candid photographs reproduced on the following pages, to capture the spirit and flavor of the productive gathering. THE EDITORS Published by ETHYL CORPORATION, 100 Park Avenue, New York 17, N. Y. Manufacturer of "Ethyl" antiknock compounds, used by oil com panies to improve the antiknock quality of aviation and motor gasoline Edwerd L. Sh*o, President; StonUy T. Crottland, Vic* Pr*sid*nt and Tr*atur*r; H*rb*rt A. Savag*, Socr*tary ETC 32744 Manufacturing, register! for |fci room-at the Hilton, while C. li Athy, of Ideco, awaits his hv ~ Above, Bradford L. Patton, of Standard of Indiana, be came registrant No. 6,350 when he signed in late on the morning of the conven tion's last day. ... In con trast (above left), Hubert Sanchez and Ernest Sny der, both of E. F. Snyder Co., were first-day regis trants. Another early arrival, Ed ward S. Ronon, of Stand ard-Vacuum Oil, checks Pa tricia Stoll, of the Conrad Hilton Hotel staff, for infor mation about the various annual meeting events. F. L. Aurin, president of Southland Royalty Co., here adds his name to the list of those present. Shirley Gibbs, secretary to API President Frank Porter, is standing by, to file Mr. Aurin's registration card. IF for no other reason, the 32nd annual meeting of the American Petroleum Institute will go down in the records for the great attendance it drew. More than six thousand oil industry leaders -- 6,350, to be ex act--registered. And, as usual, there were hundreds of others present who did not sign an official registration card. This, then, was the biggest gath- ^ ering of American oilmen ever as sembled at one time for any purpose whatsoever. Just by glancing around at the throngs at the two Chicago conven tion hotels. The Conrad Hilton and the Palmer House, one could early guess that this annual meeting would be a record-breaker. Hundreds signed in on Sunday, November 9, a day before the offi cial start of the convention. The heaviest registration days, of course, were Monday and Tuesday. By late 1 afternoon on the latter day, counted attendance at the meeting surpassed the 6,000 mark -- the first time in API history. The all-time attendance record had been 5,653, set at last year's annual meeting in Chicago. || VV fry ETC 32746 Butler for his C. R. s turn. Right, many early-arriving APIers attended the Sunday professional football game in Chicago. Top photo, James E. Pew and Charles E. Webber, both of Sun Oil, cheer a play. . . . Center, Sam S. Hulse, vice president of Warren Petroleum, and Mylon C. Jacobs, of Western Supply Corp., munch hot dogs. . . . Bottom, boarding a bus after the game are (r. to I.) Carl Vos Koetter, of Louisville Refining; W. G. Warnock, of Mid-Continent Petroleum; Pat Moran, of Inland Steel Container; J. L. Webster, of International Lubricant; and C. M. Taylor, of Cities Service. ad an in ice oil ;xre ho on hasise A Sunday afternoon huddle of Texans outside the Hilton: H. M. Craig, of Gulf Oil; A. M. Birnie, of Welex Jet; and E. E. Merkt, Jr., and G. H. Fisher, both of Gulf. Z. S. Biglane and James T. Means, Jr., vice president and president of Great Na tional Oil, pick up their mail after registering at the Palmer House. Sssi in Making ready the gigantic Conrad Hilton grand ballroom for the API meeting was a task that kept hotel maintenance crews busy right up to the last minute. 32747 signing His young son perched on the counter beside him, R. B. Anthony, president of Chicago-Wilcox Manufac turing, pens a sign-in card. Lincoln F. Elkins, R. W. French, vice president; and H. B. Shelton, all of Sohio Petroleum, pick up copies of the daily registration list. Above, reflected in a registration room mirror are Ed F. Shannon and Stanley D. Breitweiser, both Conti nental Oil. Below, C. A. Warner, Houston Oil vice president, and A. G. McNeese, Jr., also Houston Oil, check the Sunday sports section for news of the Texas U.-Baylor football game. W. B. Pape, president of Petroleum Trading, and his wife check their reg istration cards, while L. G. Murrell, of Wilcox Oil, writes his against a wall. Above, pipe-smoking H. T. Lome, of Anglo-lranian Oil, and Carl Simon, vice president of Darling Valve, collect convention literature. Left, registering here are W. J. Bovaird, of Bovaird Supply, and V. C. Burkhard, of Wisconsin Oil Refining. ETC 32748 As usual, the registration room was a beehive of activity. Above was the scene early Monday morning. Behind the scenes (below), a battery of typists, under the direction of API staff member J. A. McNally, worked throughout each day to process the thousands of registration cards. The registration board maintained by Platt Publications was well used. Shown here re ferring to it are W. T. Dixon, of Atlantic Refining, and Grant Timmons, of Chicago Copper & Chemical Co. 7 i TM ypi I'' Ik Dr. Robert E. Wilson, Standard of In diana board chairman, who made the opening remarks, in a huddle with Dr. Howard G. Vesper, president of California Research, who presided. INDICATIVE of the increasingly im portant role science is playing in the development and production of more and better petroleum products was the prominent part played by research men at the 32nd annual meeting. Following a precedent established last year, a group session on Funda mental Research was held on Mon day morning. Sponsored by the Ad visory Committee on Fundamental Research on Composition and Prop erties of Petroleum, most of the ses sion was devoted to progress reports on the work of six API research proj ects, many of which are given over to exhaustive studies of petroleum hydrocarbons. Opening remarks at the session -- made by Dr. Robert . Wilson, Standard Oil Company (Indiana) board chairman and chairman of the Research committee of the API board of directors -- were high lighted by the announcement that thousands of dollars worth of spe cialized research equipment had been donated to the University of California and Massachusetts Insti tute of Technology. Originally pur chased by the API for use on proj ects being conducted at these institu tions, the equipment was turned over to the schools for their own use now that the projects are completed. The 1952 API annual meeting marked the 25th anniversary of the Institute's fundamental research pro gram. Reminders of API's quartercentury interest in research were provided by two "birthday" dinners, marking the silver anniversaries of Projects No. 6 and No. 37. Left, a part of the audience at the Mon day morning group session on Funda mental Research. . . . Below, speakers at the session were Harry Sutherland, Shell Oil; W. D. Seyfried, Humble; W. G. Lovell, Ethyl; R. R. Brattain, Shell Development; S. S. Shaffer, Humble; and W. E. Kuhn, The Texas Co. amenta! research Left, above, at one end of the speakers' table at the Sunday evening din 0 ner marking the 25th anniversary of Research Project 37 were John E. he Sherborne, of Union Oil; Howard G. Vesper; and Dr. Robert A. Millikan, Nobel prize-winning physicist. . . . Left, below, snapped by the candid PI camera while awaiting the start of the dinner were John C. Walker, of h- Cities Service Research and Development; Ted W. Legatski, of Phillips Pe at troleum; and Harry L. Pelzer, Sinclair Research Laboratories vice president. le ad of tiir- 3j* :ued tse d. he -o- Right, to familiarize newspaper and indus er- try writers more fully *re with API's vorious re rs, search activities, How ard G. Vesper, as chair of man of the committee on the composition and properties of petroleum, held a press conference on Sunday afternoon. With Mr. Vesper are E. O. Mattocks, of the API, and Lloyd E. Elkins, of on- Stanolind Oil and Gas, chair da- man of the committee on the oc ers currence and recovery of petro nd, leum. . . . Right, below, guest on a W. radio program broadcast from the lell Park Row restaurant Tuesday noon was )le; Dr. Claude Zobell, of Scripps Institution of Oceanography (third from left). Others are Tony Weitzel, of WMAQ; Michael Evans, British odor; Mrs. Weitzel; Dave Williams, Chicago interior decorator; and Lou Swee, who was personal bodyguard for General Eisenhower during the recent presidential campaign. ETC 32751 fundamental research I'jJlTT?-- left, private dining room #4 was the scene of a luncheon meeting of the Research com mittee of the board of direc tors on Wednesday. Dr. Rob ert E. Wilson, chairman of the committee, is seated at the far end of the table. Left, below. Advisory commit tees of the several API Re search Projects met separately during the annual meeting. Here Wheeler Lovell, of Ethyl, chairman of the Project 45 committee, presides at a meet ing of his group. Cecil E. Boord, of Ohio State, project director, is at his left. Below, R. D. Wyckoff, of Gulf Research, finds a corridor chair a convenient place to jot down some notes. '"NilVWIS 'kv H*m WutPMEKT Left, posing with a doll-like replica of a Texaco service station attend ant are Jack Sherman and Carl Cummings, both of The Texas Co. Right, J. Bennett Hill, of Sun Oil, takes advantage of a few spare minutes before the start of a meeting to catch up on the news. Below, two Bureau of Mines repre sentatives, shown scanning pre prints of technical papers, are Har old M. Smith and John S. Ball. 10 etc 32752 "t IVE RIGHT, and let people know 1--J about it," was the way H. S. M. Burns, Shell Oil president, defined public relations at the group session on that subject as the 32nd annual meeting officially got under way on Monday morning. Mr. Burns was the featured speaker on a pro gram that attracted an overflow audience of APIers. In addition to Mr. Burns' talk, the audience heard: Edwin W. Esmay, acting director of the Oil Industry Information Committee, report that the indus try's public relations program is making great strides; W. R. Huber, of Gulf Oil, explain the OllC advertising program; Ralph F. Carey, of Shell Oil, nar rate the "story behind the story" of a film on OllC projects. It was announced during the con vention that the API board of direc tors had approved an OIIC budget of $2.9 million for 1953, an increase of seven percent over this year. Right, H. S. M. Burns, Shell Oil president and chairman of the Public Relations committee of the API board, spoke on "Make the Most of Our Message!" Right, Stanton K. Smith, presi dent of Smith Oil, with Charles Z. Hardwick, Ohio Oil vice presi dent, whom Mr. Smith succeeds as national OllC chairman. Below, session speakers included W. R. Huber, Gulf Oil, who reported on OllC advertising; E. W. Esmay, acting direc tor, who outlined OllC activities; and R. F. Carey, Shell Oil, who was narra tor for a motion picture entitled "The OllC in New England." Above, Admiral H. B. Miller, director-onleave of the Oil Industry Information Com mittee (right), chats with J. A. Dennis, secretary of the Independent Oil Jobbers of Iowa, beside a sign announcing the Public Relations group session. Left, Franklyn Waltman, of Sun Oil (third from right on far side of table), chairman of the OIIC planning subcommittee, pre sides at a meeting of that group. Left, below, at a table at the Monday luncheon of the Public Relations committee of the API board of directors were: B. L. Majewski, Great American Oil president; S. A. Swensrud, Gulf Oil president; R. G. Follis, Standard of California board chair man; J. N. Pew, Jr., Sun Oil board chair man; E. L. Shea, Ethyl president; K. S. Adams, Phillips Petroleum board chairman; and J. L. Hamon, of Dallas.... Bottom left, part of the "standing room only" crowd at the Public Relations group session. Above, presiding at the all-day meeting of OIIC district chairmen on Sunday was W. J. Loufman, Fleet Wing Corporation president. Seated at the heod table are J. F. Campbell, E. W. Esmay, and Don Waugh, all of the OIIC. ETC 32754 Fff* I ' 'r?'1! I! 11 [5! 11''1! ' r[! I!: 1' *e FiningMjjL, -\\^ ''1.11:!!' ' '' Above, John W. Newton, vice president of Magnolia Petroleum, was elected API vice president for Refining. emand for petroleum prod ment characterized by monetary sta D ucts in the United States will bility, free prices, intelligent rela increase 46% in the next 15 yeartsio, nships, and a sound highway de members of the Division of Refining velopment program." were told at a group session in the Specifically, the paper broke North Ballroom of The Conrad Hil down the predicted demand in ton on Monday afternoon. creases as: gasoline, 46%; kerosene The oil industry will be able to and distillates, 44%; residual fuel, meet these soaring demands, John E. 20%; other products (including lu Swearingen, general manager of bricating oil, asphalt and liquefied production, and John W. Boat petroleum gas), 92%. To meet these wright, general manager of distribu demands, the oil industry by 1967, tion economics, of Standard Oil will be producing about eight mil Company (Indiana), co-authors of lion barrels of crude oil and one the paper containing the forecast, million 100 thousand barrels of assured the audience, "if the Ameri natural gas liquids a day, Messrs. can people will create an environ Swearingen and Boatwright held. refining i Above, a between-sessions lobby visit is enjoyed by Clyde Cromwell, of Farmers Union Central Exchange, and John Benedict, of Davison Chemical. . . . Left, two days before an nual meeting registration offi cially opened, committees were already at work. First scheduled gathering was a Friday morning session of the Task Force to the Manufac turers Subcommittee on Safety and Relief Valves. Peter Jurs, of Shand and Jurs, presided. ETC 32756 m mm mm -54 af i fill Right, Fayette Dow, gen eral counsel of the NPA, chats with W. O. Norry, of Richfield Oil, before the start of a Transporta tion division committee meeting at the Palmer House. $ camera ,i !"i!|l|!|l!l'!||, "as Top left, H. F. Stearns, Hor ton Steel Works president, in from Toronto for the an nual meeting, takes time out to study a Canadian oil map. Ashland Oil took advan tage of the presence of company officials at the annual meeting to hold a directors' meeting. At the head of the table is Board Chairman Paul Blazer. To his right are E. L. McDon ald, secretary; Rex Blazer, president; and Everett Wells, executive vice presi dent. . . . Inset, C. M. Nick erson, of U. S. Geological Survey, lights his pipe dur ing a conversation with Hugh A. Stewart, of PAD. Below, holding an informal visit on the lobby steps are Sol Bronstein, president of Southern Independent Oil, and A. D. Fischbeck, of Phillips Petroleum. t- ETC 32758 camera candids Above, B. B. Turner, Ethyl Corp., vice president, and W. G. Tierney, president of Derby Oil. Right, silhouetted against a huge American flag, F. F. Sweeton and Robert T. Jones, vice president and president of Robert T. Jones, Inc., flonk H. L. Shockley, of his own firm. Above, three Ohio Oil men in their company's suite, G. F. Poe, C. A. Buechner, and W. K. Tell, check the Findlay (Ohio) Republican- Courier for hometown news. y Right, among those boarding the Rockwell Manufacturing helicopter for an air tour of Chicago are T. N. Law, Falcon-Seaboard Drilling president; L. A. Myers and T. C. Smith, of Bethlehem Supply; R. J. Thomas, of Rockwell; and Paul Anderson, of Bethlehem Steel Company. Below, L. S. Daniels, Hydrocarbon Research; ake J. P. Shambaugh and P. J. Wolfe, Socony- Vacuum; Lewis Gross, Taylor Oil and Gas; and J. M. Godsey, Socony-Vacuum, make up this stairway conversation group. Left, this California delegation includes Virgil Anderson, Caminol treasurer; I. P. Hartman, of Mohawk Petroleum; W. H. Sievert, of Ethyl; and W. L. Marconi, executive vice president of Ca- minol. 17 ETC ^2759 :!'l!jpl!lljjl m a rice ! 1 ' - <: i i 111 i l i 11 i i i ll' Harry J. Kennedy, vice president of Continental Oil and outgoing API vice president for Marketing, presided at both group sessions. hree outstanding speakers from giving full support to the bat Taddressed the first Marketing tle against nationalism in the U. S. group session in the Grand Ballroom Admiral Ben Moreell, chairman on Monday afternoon. of the board of Jones & Laughlin Dr. Courtney C. Brown, a director Steel, declared that in its method of of Esso Standard Oil, cited overex fighting communism, America may pansion of petroleum facilities, in have chosen the "wrong battlefield creasing sensitivity to general busi at the wrong time and against the ness changes, and seasonal variations wrong enemy." Admiral Moreell in demand as creating possible fu outlined a program for a return to ture problems for the oil industry. standards of individual liberty and Otis H. Ellis, general counsel of responsibility. the National Oil Jobbers Council, The second Marketing session was discussed some of the factors that conducted as an open business ses prevent independent oil jobbers sion of the division. Pictured at the left, from top to bottom, are Dr. Courtney C. Brown, Otis H. Ellis, and Admiral Ben Moreell, speakers at the Monday after noon Marketing group session. . . . Below, Robert M. Bartlett, Gulf Oil vice president, who was elected API vice president for Marketing, and Robert H. Stewart, API staff member, at a committee meeting. If wSSi V !! 11 i!! *!!"1'1"! 'L':' marketing at- S. an Above, left, Marc F. Braeckel, vice president of Sinclair Refining, reporting for the Marketing nominating committee. . . . Above, lin right, Samuel Rosenwasser, representing Gasoline Merchants of of Brooklyn, Inc., told the Tuesday session of the need for a sub ay committee to help solve the retail dealer's problems. .-Id he Right, Fred Herlihy, president of ell Power Oil Company, visits with Dr. John W. Frey, director of the API to Division of Marketing, before the nd start of a group session. Below, two early arrivals at the Tuesday morning session were George W. Hofmayer, manager of the Texas Oil Jobbers Associa tion, and E. K. Bennett, president of E. K. Bennett, Inc. . . . Below, right, John Harper, president of Harper Oil, and Roy J. Thompson, vice president of Apex Motor Fuel. Mr. Thompson is the new chairman of the National Oil Jobbers Council, succeeding Mr. Harper in that position. A U.S. Army collapsible rubber petroleum products container inter ested George Evans, Polymer Corp. "V . . ^pj% marketing Above, R, W. Pitcher, Pan American Production; I. W. Fariss, Pan American Petroleum and Transport; H. C. Smith, American Oil president; and J. M. Vetter, Pan American Production vice president. Above, L. W. Sweet, Pure Oil vice presi dent, and J. D. Woo ten, president of MidSouth Oil. .. . Right, J. J. Harrigan, Standard Drilling president, and Mrs. Harrigan in front of a Marketing session sign at the Palmer House. . . . Left, J. C. Geniesse and H. B. Stone, of Atlantic, and D. C. Thompson, Re public Oil Refining vice president. Below, Karl D. Friend, president of K. Friend and Company, looks up from his between- sessions reading. Below, E. J. Webster and E. H. Lyon, of Phillips Petro leum, flank L. Q. Skidmore, president of Skidmore Oil, of Kansas City, Mo. ETC 32762 I SESSION *)auoa>m r 1ISAL transportation ..';!, I |;i i -; llli i llli 1 i. 1 i::.;; .1; i li Ulliii! i: [Li |.. , ' '' j I ' WHILE OTHER divisions of the laghan, commander of the Military API were meeting at The Con Sea Transportation Service, who rad Hilton, Transportation sessiosnpsoke on the work of that organiza were under way at the Palmer tion; B. Brewster Jennings, presi House in the center of Chicago's dent of Socony-Vacuum Oil Com famed "Loop." Under the general pany, whose subject was "The Ef direction of P. C. Spencer, Sinclair fects of Competition on the Devel Oil president, who was re-elected opment of Transportation"; and API vice president for Transporta John S. Burchmore, a member of tion, the division held three group the Chicago law firm of Walter, sessions -- one on Monday after Burchmore, and Belnap, who lauded noon and two on Tuesday. the Interstate Commerce Comm is- Featured at the Monday session sion in his discussion of government were Vice Admiral William M. Cal regulation of transportation. irM-. ' transportation Above, J. R. Ellis, a Sunray Pipe Line director, speaking on "A Micro wave-Controlled Pump Station." Right, above, H. H. An derson, vice president and general manager of Trans Mountain Oil Pipe Line, explaining "Pipe line Organization." Right, speaking on "Peo ple, Pipe Lines, and Pub lic Relations" is Robert H. Lynch, vice president of Keystone Pipe Line. Above, G. K. Manning and J. W. Lodge, of Battelle Memorial Institute, co-authors of a paper on 'The Stress in Large-Diameter Gas Transmission Pipe," delivered by Mr. Manning at Tuesday's symposium. Below, left, R. G. Strong, Natural Gas Pipe Line, and J. G. Norton, Magnolia Pipe Line, who used a question-and-answer technique to explain the new pipe-line field welding code. . . . Below, right, S. S. Smith, Shell Oil, who spoke on "Recent Products Pipe-Line Developments," with R. B. McLaughlin, Texas Pipe Line chair man, and R. K. Paine, Standard of California, who presided at Tuesday morning and afternoon sessions, respectively. ETC 32764 Left, S. M. Blair, vice president of Trans Mountain Oil Pipe Line, speaking at the Tuesday afternoon I group session. Right, pictured in the audience at a Trans portation session are M. L. Barrett, Jr., r Shell Oil; A. E. Pecore. Humble Pipe O' Line vice president; sA*'i and W. F. Davis, In terstate Oil Pipe Line Company. \ \ ;ion...... I'" llilll'llliiiiiiiiiiilii'iiiilllilliiilli.. Above, Ray L. Smith, president of Ray L. Smith and Son, and T. R. Aude, of Service Pipe Line, relax between Transportation meetings. Above, a general view of the audience at the Tuesday morning group session in the Palmer House's Red Lacquer Room. . . . Left, A. L. Christy, of Pure Oil, reads a copy of Pipe Line News before a meeting. 23 ETC 32765 Left, H. N. Emerson, of Atlantic Re fining, takes a last look at some notes before going into the meeting of the Central Committee on Trans portation by Water, where he pre sented a paper. Below, in the Crystal Room at the Palmer House before the start of the Wednesday luncheon for members of the General Committee of the Division of Transportation, are Paul J. Bond, of Pure Oil, and H. L. Mc- Reynolds, of Socony-Vacuum. Above, an over-all view of the Transportation Club dinner held Monday eve ning at the Bismarck Hotel. . . . Left, E. D. Sheffe, of Esso Standard, 1952 presi dent of the Club, and P. H. Kuhns, of Continental, president-elect, flank R. A. Wotowitch, of St. Peters burg, Fla., a founder of the Transportation Club. Right, O. F. Moore, Ohio Oil vice president, new president of the Pipeliners Club, receives congratu lations from retiring president R. B. McLaughlin, board chairman of The Texas Pipe Line Co. J. L. Latimer, Magnolia Petroleum president, new Club vice president, and Oliver C. Klinger, Oildom Publishing presi dent, re-elected secretary-treasurer, look on. 24 ETC 32766 ene fmWep 9 is* e- kw/ftT very seat was filled and extra manufacturing companies. It was E chairs had to be brought in to presented by a special committee, accommodate the interested crowdappointed by API president Frank ne he of oilmen that overflowed The Con Porter, whose membership includes ?rs rad Hilton's South Ballroom to hear representatives of the Institute's he the Monday afternoon Symposium four divisions. Hll on Evaporation Loss -- the first ever Speakers on the program empha \C- conducted by the petroleum indus sized that while the problem of try on the subject. evaporation is universally recog Evaporation losses, because of nized, it has not been solved because their insidious nature, have been of the large number of factors still - called "the invisible robber of the to be evaluated. They pointed out oil industry." The symposium repre that the problem is somewhat like sented a consolidation of some of assembling a jig-saw puzzle. The the studies that have been made on puzzle has been outlined, but only a the subject by oil, pipeline and tank few of the pieces are now in place. KONG the many items of busi ness conducted by the Board of Directors at the annual meeting was the re-election of L. S. Wescoat, president of The Pure Oil Company, as chairman; Frank M. Porter, head of the Fain-Porter Drilling Com pany, as president; B. Brewster Jen nings, Socony-Vacuum president, as treasurer; and Lacey Walker, of the API, as secretary. John W. Newton, Magnolia Pe troleum vice president; Robert M. Bartlett, Gulf Oil vice president; and John G. Pew, Sun Oil vice president, were elected API vice presidents for Refining, Marketing, and Production, respectively, suc ceeding W. L. Stewart, Jr., Harry J. Kennedy, and J. C. Donnell II. e dining room was the scene of the Board of Directors business sessions held j the convention. In the photo at top, I members are convened for the Tues- torning meeting. . . . Left, Lacey Walker, scretary; L. S. Wescoat, chairman; and M. Porter, president, discuss the agenda. Below, R. B. Anderson, of the W. T. Waggoner Estate, greets Amon G. Car ter, Fort Worth publisher. board of directors Above, Guy S. Conners (right), of Williams, Conners, Stanfield, listens as J. French Robinson, president of Consolidated Natural Gas Company, makes a point. Below, the Board of Councillors met Tuesday morning in the North ballroom to nominate candidates for the API board of directors. Shown here, in a view from the balcony, are some of the various groups holding individual caucuses. . . . Inset, J. H. Russell, Gulf Oil vice president, presiding at the meeting. Seated beside him is D. V. Stroop, of the API, who recorded the proceedings. Above, the camera made this study of Fred W. Shield, of his own company, at a Monday evening board reception. Below, Rawleigh Warner, Pure Oil board chairman, who was elected president of the 25Year Club, succeeding Bryan S. Reid, of Socony-Vacuum. Q . (P 27 ETC 32769 :v'f JAjlb board of directors Ic .r. Three company presidents, Charles S. Jones of Richfield Oil; A. W. Peake, of Standard of In diana; and W. Alton Jones, of Cities Service. Top right, the three new API vice presi dents for Production, Refining, and Mar keting, respectively, who also are vice presidents of their companies, are John G. Pew, Sun; John W. Newton, Magno lia; and Robert M. Bartlett, Gulf Oil.... Right, Eugene Hol man, Standard of Jersey president, chats with H. W. Haight, executive vice president of Creole Petroleum. Left, John C. Case, Socony-Vacuum vice president, listens at tentively while George Koegler, of the Jersey Company, emphasizes a point. Above, John Suman, Standard of Jersey vice president, and Alfred Jacobsen, Amerada president, in conversation. . . . Left, enjoying refreshments at a Board reception are Harry F. Glair, a Standard of Indiana director; W. L. Stewart, Jr., Union Oil executive vice president; Hines H. Baker, Humble Oil , i & Refining president; and Max G. Paulus, Standard of Indiana vice president. ETC 32770 Archie D. Kroney, of Lone Star Producing, reaches for a shrimp at the Grand Ballroom party. oming as they do at the end of one held in the Grand Ballroom of C busy meeting days or between the Conrad Hilton and sponsored the morning and afternoon businessjointly by Continental Supply, sessions, the several receptions con Youngstown Sheet and Tube, and ducted during the API annual meet Emsco Derrick & Equipment. An ing serve as welcome "breaks" in an other well-attended social function otherwise full work schedule. was the buffet luncheon hosted by Largest of the receptions, from Magnet Cove Barium Corp. Both the attendance standpoint, was the events were held on Tuesday. The Continental-Emsco-Youngstown re ception (oval photo) attracted several thousand APIers. Below, photographed being served at the Magcobar luncheon were W. R. Payne, of Lone Star Producing; C. K. Viland, of Tide Water Associated; and Herschel Y. Hyde, a Tide Water vice president. ETC 32771 jAjM receptions ii--, -:11:ii.i:i !,.i:i;ltililiiiii!!!i, Above, F. S. Clulow, vice president of Shell Oil, and Gelston Howell, of Ethyl, enjoy a visit during an evening buffet. . . . Left, H. S. VanCleave, Jr., and Keegan Carter, both of Gulf Refining, share a hearty laugh at the Blackstone Hotel reception tendered by Gulf Oil. Above, photographed during an informal reception were Mr. and Mrs. E. C. Hurd and (rear) Mr. and Mrs. L. E. Hardin. Both men are with Mercury Oil. Left, above, L. F. McCollum, president of Continental Oil; Mrs. Clarence Mantooth, wife of a Tulsa oil editor; and LeRoy Menzing, oil editor of the Fort Worth StarTelegram, exchange pleasantries at a buffet.... Left, at the reception given by Shell Oil, H. L. Curtis, of the host company, greets Fred W. Woods, secretary of Shell, and R. J. Davis, formerly of Shell, but now retired. Among the guests at the Shell Oil reception was E. H. Shomo, gen eral manager of Chi cago radio station WBBM, shown here checking his hat and coat. ETC 32772 ews broke fast and often at the 32nd annual meeting, N keeping the large corps of reporters and feature writers who covered the convention on the alert at all times. API President Frank Porter, and Howard G. Vesper, speaking for the Research group, held press conferences, and almost every business session produced newsworthy developments. And, needless to say, such dignitaries as Oveta Culp Hobby, Senator Knowland, and Interior Secre tary Chapman received much attention from the press. ETC 32774 i ' i!' I ' * ' 1 ` M! > ': 1 r: -.lli financial ipmii ccoun mmliiiitii Presiding a* both Financial and Ac counting group sessions was R. A. Martin, of Standard of Ohio (right). Morning session speakers were Prof. Marcus Nadler (above) and A. A. Stombaugh (below). he nation's business outlook Twas summarized at the first of two Financial and Accounting group sessions, both held on the conven tion's second day. The forecast was provided by Dr. Marcus Nadler, who is finance professor at New York University. He saw the present high level of business activity continuing for at least several months, but said that the buyers' market is rapidly re impact of competition--influenced turning. by technology, better methods, and The morning session's other an increased demand both for prod speaker, A. A. Stambaugh, Standard ucts and capital, in a constant striv Oil Co. (Ohio) board chairman, dis ing to give our people more and cussed "The Petroleum Industry and more products of better and better the American Way of Life." quality at lower and lower prices." In describing the way the oil in dustry operates in the American system of free enterprise, Mr. Stam baugh likened it to a "mighty giant which writhes and twists under the Below, heard at the afternoon meeting were T. F. Bradshaw, of the Cresap, McCormick and Paget firm (at micro phone), and W. B. Dunckel, vice presi dent of Bankers Trust Co. Below, E. P. Priebe, secre tary-treasurer of Bay Pe troleum; J. R. Mulvey, of Humble Oil; and H. H. Boyer, of Sun Oil, pick up pre-prints of the talks. 33 ETC 32775 financial and accoun liillliiliililliilllilliillll'llllMlii An interested listener was Brig. Gen. Al fred H. Johnson, chairman of the Muni tions Board joint POL committee. Alan S. Anderson and Nelson Darling, both of the Paine, Webber, Jackson & Curtis firm, formed part of the overflow audience at the morning Financial and Accounting meeting. The Bradshaws hold a 2 to 1 advantage in the photo above. Robert Bradshaw, vice president of Warren-Bradshaw Explora tion Co., and A. E. Bradshaw, president of the National Bank of Tulsa, flank A. J. Peters, vice president of the First National Bank and Trust Co., of Oklahoma City. While awaiting the start of a Financial and Accounting session, stenotypist Ruth Willkie passes the time in "knitting one and purling two." Below, finance department men with their firms are S. D. Williams, of Sohio Petro leum, and C. W. Plum, of Standard Oil Company (Ohio). E^C 32776 between sessions Above, F. R. Long, vice president of Mohawk Petroleum, and Howard Cuyler, of Standard of California, ex change greetings. Above, L. W. Kelley, Drake Petroleum treasurer; T. D. Guthrie, Eastern Seaboard Petroleum vice president and treasurer; C. E. Kelley, Jr., Drake Petroleum president; and R. N. Blaize, Eastern States Petroleum executive vice president. Above Refinin Louder formal S. J. Petrok stud Above, signing in at a Palmer House meeting are W. G. Horstman. Plantation Pipe Line vice president; Sam L. Jackson, Stand ard of Indiana; C. E. Jackson, Mid-Continent Petroleum; and W. K. Borland, Plantation Pipe Line. . . . Below, Alan C. Tully, Ethyl; Jack Coast, Coast Oil president; J. W. Shemwell, Triangle Refineries; and Robert A. Douglass, Ethyl. Above, ringing for a Conrad Hilton elevator are A. C. Ingles and David G. Reynolds, both of Southwestern En gineering. . . . Below, at a table in the hotel drug store are A. O. Olson, part ner in Olson Oil, and L. R. Saunders and K. B. Britt, of Broderick and Bascom Rope Company. V ETC 32778 between sessions Left, discussing an OIIC exhibit are G. R. jf Fenner and W. G. Clark, of Pure Oil. . . . /- Below, Joseph L. Dwyer, of the API, and <- William T. Payne, president of the Mid- Continent Oil and Gas Association. Above, J. G. Dorward, of Pana Refining, and R. H. Carroll, of Louden Pipe Line, enjoy an in formal visit. . . . Below, Comdr. S. J. Major, Armed Services Petroleum Purchasing Agency, studies the meeting program. Below, George Roberts, Jr., Stanolind Oil and Gas; Henry Salvatori, Western Geophysical president; and J. A. Engstrand, vice president of Grant Oil Tool Co. Left, R. O. Jennings, Gulf Oil; A. A. Co rona, Pan American Petroleum and Trans port vice president; and Stuart Forbes, of Ethyl. Right, Michael Davis and his friend, Jerry Moore, accompanied Michael's dad. Gory Davis, president of Mountain Mud Co. ETC 32779 warn. III P' T. V. Moore, of Standard Oil Development (left), and R. L. Foree, director of produc tion, Petroleum Administration for De fense (right), are shown as they discussed Production group session papers. he delivery of seven papers, S. F. Bowlby, a vice president of Tranging in subjea matter from Shell Oil, predicted that daily oil the use of high-speed computinpgroduction in the U. S. portion of machines for oil field problems to the area may become ten times the significance of the Williston greater within the next five years Basin discovery, marked the two than it is right now. group sessions conducted by the Also at the Wednesday afternoon Division of Production. meeting, Ralph E. Davis, a Houston In discussing the Williston Basin, consultant, declared that the natural gas industry now rests on a broad foundation of adequate reserves, and is soundly financed and efficiently operated. Gerald G. Chappell, of Union Oil, commented on one of the Wednesday ses sion papers. Right, J. J. Arps, British - American Oil Producing,- R. H. C. Harrison, president of West ern Canada Pe troleum Assn.; and K. Marshall Fagin, of Southwestern Life. I>l|ll||iii! production Left, the Wednesday Production speakers: Ralph E. Davis, consult ant; S. F. Bowlby, Shell Oil vice president; and co-chairmen George E. Cannon, of Humble Oil, and R. O. Garrett. At the microphone, far right, is Frank H. Willibrand, of Sohio Petro leum. The Division of Production's general committee met at a luncheon on Wednesday. Among those seated at the head table (below) were J. C. Donnell II, president of Ohio Oil and the outgoing API vice president for Production; John G. Pew, vice president of Sun Oil and the new API Production vice president; R. L. Foree, of the PAD; and John R. Suman, vice president of Standard Oil Company (N. J.). M. E. Dice, of General Petroleum, scans con vention literature. T HREE AUTHORITIES who talked on various aspects of lubricat ing oils, and a fourth who spoke on selling, provided a well-rounded program for the Lubrication group session in the North Ballroom on Wednesday afternoon. Discussing motor oil life expectancy, laws re lating to lubricating oil, the new API motor oil classifications, and salesmanship, respectively, were W. B. Perriguey, Donald C. O'Hara, G. A. Round, and H. G. Moock, former Chrysler Corporation executive. Above, H. G. Moock spoke on "Selling Is Everybody's Business." Above, B. G. Symon, of Shell Oil, G. A. Round, Socony-Vacuum, right, presided at the session. discussed the new API motor oil classifications. . . . Below, in the ses ! I sion audience were Donald Sucher, Speedway Petroleum vice president,C. Kappen, Speedway; and P. H. i McMahon and C. W. Benson, both of Montgomery Ward. ! Above, W. B. Perriguey, of Esso, was heard on the subject "Motor Oil Life Expectancy." i i Left, Donald C. O'Hara, of The Na tional Petroleum Association, discussed i "The Law and Lubricating Oil." ETC 32782 1 A full house greeted speakers at the Tuesday after noon session. . .. Left, by a sign, featuring the talk by H. S. M. Burns, are J. A. Blood, vice president of Western Hyway Oil, and Bernard E. Gray, As phalt Institute president. Below, at the group session head table were C. S. Gentry, Shell vice president and general counsel and A.P.I.C. chairman; H. S. M. Burns, Shell presi dent; J. P. Walsh, Sinclair Oil; James J. Cosgrove, Continental Oil board chairman; Gen. Baird H. Markham; J. H. Bivins, of A.P.I.C.; and Willard Wilson, executive secretary of the Nebraska P.I.C. he oil industry must pursue an intensified Tprogram of government relations and public education to meet "one of the truly colossal indus trial responsibilities of all time," H. S. M. Burns, Shell Oil president, said in a talk at the Tuesday afternoon American Petroleum Industries Com mittee group session. The meeting, at which A.P.I.C. Chairman Cyrus S. Gentry presided, also included the showing of a color motion picture entitled "Alerted for Action." a. p. i. c. Left, at the Wednesday afternoon A.P.I.C. open meeting were Lt. Gen. Levin Campbell, chair man of the Automotive Safety Foundation, and Robert H. Scholl, of Esso Standard Oil. I. E. Solberg, of Bismarck (N. D.) Junior College, and G. E. Millican, Gulf Oil, speakers at the open meeting, with Cyrus S. Gentry, Shell Oil vice president, who presided. Right, above, in the audience before the start of Tuesday's group session, Oscar B. Lewis, Ethyl Antiknock vice president, and John F. Fairlie, of Imperial Oil, discuss A.P.I.C. literature. . . . Right, this smiling threesome, at the same meeting, is M. L. Margenau, Cities Service; J. A. Longan, Petroleum Exchange vice president; and H. V. Spitzer, Allied Oil president. .. . Right, below, Eliot Evans, of Central Gasoline Tax Evasion Committee, registers for a meeting. Below, interested audience members at the open meet ing were Frank W. Rogers, of Western Oil and Gas As sociation, and John M. Peirce, vice president of the same organization. day oen O.p.I.C. ?en. :;iiiiii:!T.,:,,,. 1 airtive and Below, A. W. Crowley, presi Esso dent of McNamara & Crow ley, Inc., deposits his entry in the guessing contest as Betty Becker, an A.P.I.C. attendant, looks on smilingly. This year, as always, the A.P.I.C. exhibit in the registration room attracted widespread attention. Shown here, as they directed the assembling of the dramatic display on Sunday, are Stephen P. Potter and Richard J. Kunkel, both of the A.P.I.C. staff. The A.P.I.C. contest this year called for contestants to esti mate what they think will be the petroleum industry's total tax bill for 1952, after first identifying the years in which events pictured on the exhibit's screen took place. Winners will be announced later. In the photo at right, a group of Ashland Oil representatives--Joseph C. Davis, John E. Dick son, and J. E. Stone--gets some help from a pretty A.P.I.C. attendant. . . . Below left, conferring in front of the exhibit are P. J. Sweeny, board chairman of Pan American Pipe Line; C. W. Nofsinger, president of his own company; and W. H. Bruyere, of Pan American Pipe Line. . . . Bottom, W. Josiah Norton, of Hydrocarbon Research, and Louis M. Faber, executive secretary of the Petroleum Retailers Asso ciation of Milwaukee, studiously fill out their A.P.I.C. contest entry blanks. V~'. > y - Kb W /-;?> ^ ____ ___ ....________ - %1^mist general session ", Right, Frank M. Porter, as he delivered the traditional API President's address. eports from the Institute's pres- R. idem and board chairman have become a traditional feature of each annual meeting's first gen eral session. In addition to the remarks of Mr. Porter and Mr. Wescoat, the Wed nesday morning gathering this year also heard Interior Secretary Chap man hail the industry for meeting current oil demand. Another feature of the session was the report of S. A. Swensrud on oil industry cooperation in the payroll purchases of U. S. bonds. U,r,. genera. session. resnan lire :enMr. edear iap:ing was oil roll rud, iave 'Rethe ic ings Above, the camera snapped this group of APIers com ing through the doorway to the Grand Ballroom before the start of the first General Session. . . . Right, in pre session conversation are D. D. Little and G. B. Moody, of Standard of California; and Edgar Kraus, of At lantic Refining. xS. Right, checking Oil and Gas Jour no/ registration lists are Tide Water Associated vice presidents R. K. Kelly and H. B. Haney. >' : LV Left, R. J. Hull, of Cities Service Petroleum, and Lee Haugen, vice president of Cities Service Oil Co. (Del.), chat by a sign an nouncing the session. I fcj t& J5- l it ^4* * Below, enjoying a hearty laugh are Thomas L. Apjohn, Socony-Vacuum; Lt. Col. John D. Edmunds, Office of Chief of Army Field Forces; R. A. Given, of the PAD; and Maj. Foster L. White, of the Munitions Board. Above, Texans all are Andrew M. Howsley, vice president and general counsel of Texas MidContinent Oil and Gas Association; J. L. Col lins, Wheelock and Collins partner; and Robert L. Wheelock, Jr., president of Four W Oil Co. ETC 32787 /PI Offstag III! I*. r# 'Hi*!!;'!!': If i,r hi. Left, this threesome is H. C. Patton, vice presi dent of J. D. Streett & Co.; Morris Crandall, of the same firm,- and Frank MeCraken, vice president of River States Oil. Above, Ervin A. Carlson, of Western Oil and Fuel, and L. C. Trapp, of Midland Oil and Fuel. . . . Below, a corridor meeting between J. Howard Marshall, Signal Oil vice president, and Bruce K. Brown, Pan-Am Southern president. Below, Dewitt T. Ring, vice president of Waverly Oil, and Roy W. Francis, of Berry Asphalt. ETC 32788 Above, intent on some convention papers are James Ranoford, of Tide Water Associated, and M. F. Weill, of Ethyl. Top, in this industrious group are J. J. Martin, United Fuel Gas vice president; W. S. Morris, East Texas Salt Water Disposal Company vice president and general manager, and Mrs. Morris; and Carl W. Vogt, of Shaffer Tool Works. . . . Above, J. W. Hoppe, president of Mineral Solvents, and W. L. Rippeteau, of Wyandotte Chemicals, listen to Frank J. Smith, of Pan American Refining. Right, H. V. Smith, of Kendall Refining; C. F. Tears, president of Tears Engineers; and L. H. McMahon, of American Oil. . . . Right, below, at an Exhibition Hall dis play, G. F. Bayes and R. B. Smith, M. W. Kel logg vice presidents, hear Maj. H. J. Wills explain new Army food containers. . . . Below, L. B. Simmons, Rocket Oil president; H. E. Cot trell, of Ethyl; and R. M. Gray, of Esso. Pill . .1 i Etc 32789 Above, Charles W. Hubbell, of Phillips Petroleum, and Morgan Martin, of Gulf Refining, chat before the start of one of the busy convention's many sessions. ! |1 I ! j Newspapers from many of the nation's larger cities were available each day of the convention as a service by one of the airlines. J. H. Mosbey, Jr., and J. O. Mathews, vice presidents of Modern Welding, here check the Louisville papers. . . . Below, the candid camera caught Jack A. Morner, of Shell, and Joe T. Dickerson, Shell vp, in this pose. Both representatives of the Pennsylvania Grade Crude Oil Association are C. R. Wheeler and Richard J. Cook. , and start James J. Cosgrove, Continental Oil board chairman, was honored for his A. P. I. C. work. Joseph Walsh, of Sin clair Oil, made the presentation. ore than 50 men, represent gave special citations for "Twenty- M ing almost all branches of the five Years of Valuable Research" to petroleum industry, were singltewdo California Institute of Technol out for special tribute during this ogy doctors long associated with the year's annual meeting. Most of the awards were Ameri can Petroleum Institute certificates hydrocarbon equilibrium behavior project. Groups which awarded API certif of appreciation. But, in addition, icates of appreciation were Produc the Oil Industry Information Com tion, Marketing, Petroleum Reserves, mittee honored ten of the industry's Safety, A. P. I. G, Financial and public relations leaders with special Accounting, Fundamental Research, OIIC certificates, and Project 37 and Transportation. API certificate winners, below, are (front row) A. J. Morgan, John A. Roebling's Sons Co.; F. H. Lahee, Sun Oil; J. J. Schmidt, East Ohio Gas; A. A. Davidson (for Ray F. Shumaker, Sinclair Pipe Line, retired); Charles Fitzgerald, Sinclair Pipe Line,- J. C. Askam, Ohio Oil; C. W. Froome, Union Oil; and J. M. Sands, retired from Phillips Petroleum. Back row, J. C. Don nell II, who made the awards; H. H. Anderson, Trans Mountain Oil Pipe Line; F. J. Spang, Spang & Co.; F. E. Bernsen, Lucey Products; M. E. Schwarz, Sea board Oil; Gwynne Raymond, Union Tank & Supply; L. A. Ogden, Pure Oil; Thomas G. Stitt, Pittsburgh Steel; C. E. Beecher (accepting for M. J. Kirwin, for merly of Cities Service); and Spencer B. Terry, of the Munitions Board. Awardees H. M. Henderson and P. R. Applegate were absent. All awards were by the Production division, except those to Messrs. Lahee and Sands, which were by Petroleum Reserves. Left, John R. Suman, head of the Safety committee of the API board of directors, presents the Safety awards to R. T. Hen derson, retired from Standard of Ohio; George F. Prussing, a consulting engineer; and B. A. Moeller, of General Petroleum. H. J. Wilson, of Tide Water Associated, was not present to receive his certifi cate of appreciation. I Left, R. A. Martin, of Standard of Ohio (left), congratulates J. C. Anderson, of Standard Oil Co. (N. J.), recipient of a certificate for leadership in Financial and Accounting. . . . Below, honored for their Research efforts were Kenneth C. Heald, vice president of Gulf Oil; William J. Sweeney, vice president of Standard Oil Development; Charles V. Millikan, of Amerada Petroleum; and Albert E. Miller, of Sinclair Refining. r .1 ETc 32792 Madison Farnsworth Gulf Oil Harry E. Milton Milton Oil R. T. Seicfe! Shell Oil in recognition Harry J. Kennedy, vice president of Continental Oil; E. J. McClanahan, vice president of Stand ard of California; and A. A. Stambaugh, board chairman of Standard of Ohio, line up before Bernard L. Majewski, president of Great Ameri can Oil, after receiving their certificates from him on behalf of the Marketing division. George F. McMillan Gulf Oil Oil Industry Information Committee cer tificates of appreciation were presented to ten men, whose individual photos are shown on these two pages. Charles Z. Hardwick, national OIIC chairman, made the presentations during the group session on Public Relations. Left, the Transportation division cited seven men for their years of service to that branch of the industry. In this photo of the presentation ceremony are H. A. Gilbert, president of Oil Transfer Corp.; George H. Hill, Jr., of Cities Service (not an award winner); J. H Peper, president of Buckeye Pipe Line P. C. Spencer, who made the awards Matt E. Nuttila, of Cities Service; F. W Littell, of Shell Pipe Line; J. J. Powel son, of Esso Standard; and C. R. Mus grave, vice president of Phillips Petro leum. Harry S. Elkins, of the National Petroleum Association, was not present to receive his award. 51 1HI IIP"'" It. recedent was broken at the speeches of Senator Knowland and P32nd annual meeting when T. S. Petersen. Oveta Culp Hobby--less than two The Senator outlined what he weeks before her appointment by called seven "alternatives" to the President-elect Eisenhower to the "present stalemate" in Korea. Mr. near-Cabinet post of Federal Secur Petersen, in his remarks, saw atomic ity Administrator--became the first power as a possible competitor to the woman ever to address an API con oil industry within the next 20 years, vention general session. but predicted petroleum would re Equally as timely were the main the major source of energy. A capacity audience was on hand for the final general session Thurs day morning to hear the timely addresses of Oveta Culp Hobby, copublisher of The Houston Post (left), and U. S. Senator William F. Knowland of California and T. S. Petersen, president of Standard Oil Company of California, shown below as they greeted each other. 2nd general session llillliliil i 11 j Lli .ill it. i ,iiy ] Left, pictured outside the Grand Ballroom are J. N. Pew, Jr., chairman of the board of Sun Oil, and A. C. Mattei, president of Honolulu Oil. Left, in the general session audience were C. W. Hamilton, Gulf Oil vice president, and Claude Woessner, also of Gulf.. .. Below left, two interna tional visitors to the annual x 11 Right, these two Texas Company men in pre-ses sion conversation are G. R. Bryant, a vice president, and J. S. Worden. Two Californians and a Texan make up the trio above. They are G. L. Neely and William C. Lane, both Standard of California, and P. J. Sweeny, Pan American Pipe Line chairman. Viewing the proceedings of the Thursday morn ing general session from a comfortable vantage point on the Grand Ballroom balcony are F. A. Kirkland, H. J. McNally, J. B. Steele, vice presi dent, and P. A. Rowland, secretary, all of Kewanee Oil. 53 ETC 32795 ' W* I Above, both of Standard Oil (Indiana) are G. T. Dougherty and C. G. Kustner. While waiting the start of the Thursday general session, W. H. Beekhuis, Standard of California vice president; Horace E. Davenport, vice president of Pocahontas Fuel; and C. F. McGoughran, Sinclair Oil secretary, engage in a bit of light conversation. Right, comparing notes on a convenient table near the Grand Ballroom are Allan Anthony, president of Allan Anthony Electric Carp., and W. B. Johnson, Jr., of Erie Meter. Below, the candid camera recorded this meet ing between W. G. Selby, of Tulsa, and E. N. Koonsman, of Pittsburgh Des Moines Steel Co. Above, S. M. Wogner, Ethyl vice president, and William Naden, vice president of Esso Standard. ETC 32796 hile larger group and general ses sions come in for most of the recogni tion and make most of the headlines at API annual meetings, scores of committees vital to the betterment of the entire industry are always hard at work behind the scenes. In this respect, this year's meeting was no ex ception. In private meeting rooms through out The Conrad Hilton and Palmer House, busy groups of oilmen started meeting as early as Friday morning -- three days before the convention officially began -- and con tinued to meet through Wednesday after noon, when all that remained of the 32nd annual meeting was the final general session. Left, above, the Agricultural Advisory committee of the Board of Directors at its Monday afternoon meeting in The Conrad Hilton. Sidney A. Swensrud, Gulf president (seated at far left), is committee chairman. Left, the Aviation Advisory committee and the Aviation Technical Services committee at a joint luncheon meeting. Above, the Sunday afternoon meeting of the Service Station committee. H. G. Meador, Gulf Oil vice president and com mittee chairman, is at the head of the table. Left, this intent group, meeting on Monday afternoon in Private Dining Room #2 of The Conrad Hilton, is the Committee on Vo cational Training, a part of the Division of Production. W. I. Kent, .of Magnolia Petro leum, is committee chairman. Left, Frank Baird-Smith, Refiners Transport and Terminal president, addresses the Tuesday morning meeting of the Central Committee on Automotive Transportation. . . . Left, below, meeting Sunday morning under the chairmanship of A. E. Miller, of Sinclair Refining, was the Committee on Petroleum Products .. . Below, W. H. Creel, Phillips Petroleum, presides at a meeting of the Committee on Refinery Equipment. t of G. omble. day 2 of Von of 9tro- dent, littee nday ning, .reel, e on t WHEN it came time to return to their homes, those who had been present at the 32nd annual meeting did so in the knowledge that they had attended one of the most fruitful and beneficial of all Institute gatherings. Again probably more than 6,000 strong, the API will return to Chi cago next November for the 33rd in the series of yearly meetings. The Windy City also will be host to the 1954 convention. Outward bound, this group was snapped coming down the Conrad Hil ton lobby steps. Shown are David F. Cocks and Willis F. Roth, Standard of Kentucky vice presidents; J. E. Partenheimer, vice president of Atlas Supply; and M. H. Utley, Standard of Kentucky. . . . Inset, R. E. Nelson, Jr., of Standard of Indiana, and T. B. Hickman, of Gulf Refining. With the convention drawing to a close, Russell M. Stein, of the Simpson, Spence and Young firm (above), checks flight schedules with an airline office attendant------Right, ready to depart is W. Alton Jones, president of Cities Service and former chairman of the API board of directors. Right, two Gulf Oil men pay their hotel bills at a Conrad Hilton cashier's win dow Thursday noon. They are V. C. Fuller and G. C. MacDonald. Right, preparing to return to Bartles ville, W. F. De Voe, Don R. Reese, and H. J. Horsch, all of Phillips Petroleum, turn in their room keys. Below, right, registration continued right up to the close of the annual meeting. But unlike early registrants, who came in large groups, oilmen sign ing in later usually arrived singly or in small groups. Below, while chatting with Robert G. Kensel, of Con tinental Oil, Frank E. But terfield, of the same com pany, packs his clothes for the trip back home. Right, these departing APIers waiting for an air port bus outside the hotel are George Cook, of Standard of Jersey, and John Wightman, president of The Wightman Agency. 58 ETC 32800 Scat 'm rftC American HMBWPP. Ti&y,*a<',*n*W>r" 11 ^,r*qg!t^0 So far 8$ is known, the two smiling men pictured above, in a symbolic pose, are the only persons to have attended all 32 of the annual meetings conducted thus far by the American Petroleum Institute. Known -- on sight, at least -- to virtually all API conven tion-goers, the men are William R. Boyd, Jr., and John S* Cooke. "Bill" Boyd, of course, is the immediate past presi dent of the Institute, having retired from that position in 1949 after an eight-year tenure. He remains active in API affairs as a member of the board of directors. Mr. Cooke -- "Doc" or "Cookie" to one and all -- has filled a number of* positions during his long association with the Institute. Presently, he serves in the dual capacity of secretary of the Oil Industry Information Committee and secretary of the Public Relations committee of the API board. In their more than three decades of uninterrupted at tendance at the annual meetings, the Messrs. Boyd and Cooke have seen this event grow -- in importance, size, significance and every other measure of success --- by the proverbial leaps and bounds. Thirty-two years ago, when the newly-formed API first assembled its members in annual session, the meeting was held in Washington, D. C. It was a three^Iay affair and was attended by 420 men of the industry. Unlike today, when Chicago is the usual meeting city, the earliest conventions were held in various locations -- ^ ashington, Chicago, St. Louis, Fort Worth, Los Angeles and Tulsa. Other cities which have played host to the annual meeting over the years are Houston, Dallas and San Francisco. As has been announced, Chicago will be the scene of the next two annual meetings. The 1955 convention city, how ever, will be San Francisco. That will be the first West Coast meeting in five years, and will take APJers back to the city in which they last met only a month before the Pearl Harbor attack that plunged the United Stales into World War II. All 32 of the annual meetings have been held in consecu tive years, with two exceptions. The 1944 meeting, sched uled for Chicago, was cancelled due to war-time travel restrictions. The other year in which no convention was held was 1925. The sixth annual meeting, which had been scheduled for that year, actually was conducted in Los Angeles in January of 1926. Since the seventh annual meet ing was held in Tulsa the following December, that meant that the API convened twice in 1926, the only year that such an oddity has occurred. Convention attendance has Increased with almost every meeting. In 1926. for instance, registration first surpassed the 2,000 math. In 1934, it shot beyond 3.000 for the first time. But if the growth of the API annual meeting during the years between the two world wars was rapid, what has taken place in this connection since the fall of the Axis has been little short of phenomenal. The 6,350 registration at this year's event was far more than double the number attending the annual meeting of 1945, when World War II came to an end. It far exceeded the combined attendance of the first six annual meeting?, and it was 15 limes the registration at the initial meeting in 1920. No one. least of all veterans "Bill" Boyd and "Doc" Cooke, will be surprised when, as it is bound to, attendance reaches the 7.000 mark at one of the annual meetings in the near future. ETC 32801