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BULLETIN NO. IC/FF 38R ______ (Rentd Mtrtfi. 1975) TRANSFORMER Inspection & Maintenance Guide <4 Monsanto LEXOLDMDNnn^94fi ITsM duff Table VIII -- Water Removal by Filtering Askarel Through a Paper Press ........... B. Disposal of Solid Wastes................ SECTION A TRANSFORMER ASKARELS.......................................... 1 I. Introduction.................. 1 II. History of Trade Name Types..............................1 Table I - The Composition of Transformer Askarels .......................................... 2 XXI. XXIL C. Solid Insulation Requiring Drvino D. Earth Treatment for Maximum Improvement of Power Factor and Volume Resistivity .......................... . . 16 * Table IX - Effect of Power Factor and Volume Resistivity ................ Cleaning Arced Transformers..................... Sampling Adcarel.......................................... III. Interchangeability ................................................2 IV. Table II - Official Transformer Adcarel Shipping Specifications........................................ 3 V. Ordering Instructions...........................................2 VI. Stability..................................................................2 VII. Precautions When Handling Drums, Tank Cart and When Opening Transformers.........................2 A. Keep Dry During Handling ........................... 2 Table III - Handling and Pumping Temperatures...................................4 B. Use Ordinary Personal Precautions ..............4 SECTION B ASKAREL FILLED SWITCHES AND TERMINAL CHAMBERS ............................... 1. Introduction........................................ II. Sources of Contamination ..................... III. Sealing Switches and Terminal Chambers ...20 IV. Adcarel Used Under Mild Arcing Conditions . 20 V. Maintenance for Adcarel Filled Switches .... 20 VI. Askarel Under Excessive Temperature or Fault Conditions ..........................................21 VIII. C. Precautions on Opening an Askarel Transformer........................................5 Avoid Environmental Pollution........................... S 1. Labeling Askarel Transformers......................6 2. Disposal of Liquid and Solid Wastes ........... 6 SECTION C TOXICITY AND SAFE HANOLING..............................21 I. Inhalation............................................................. 21 II. Skin Contact........................................................ 21 3. Conditioning of New or Recycled Askarel .6 4. Teardown of Transformers for Repair or Scrap ........................................ 7 5. Transformer Disposal......................................7 IX. Expected Service Life...........................................7 X. General Characteristics of Transformer Adsarel Fluid.......................................................... 7 XI. Sampling Transformer Adcarel Fluid .................B XII. Evaluation of Adcarel Received SECTION D ANALYTICAL SERVICES ON TRANSFORMER ASKAREL AVAILABLE FROM MONSANTO................................ 22 Types of Analyses Available: ...........................................22 1) Routine Maintenance Check......................................22 2) Complete Analysis..................................................... Tl 3) Analysis After Earth Refinement .......................... iA in New Equipment............................................... 8 XIII. Dielectric Breakdown Voltage - SECTION E Moisture Relationdtip.......................................... 9 APPENDICES..................................................................... 23 XIV. XV. XVI. XVII. XVIII. Table IV - Relation of Dielectric Breakdown Voltage to Amount of Dissolved Water in Askarel and Mineral Oil........................................9 Table V -- Approximate Solubility of Water in Transformer Askarel andAAineral Oil .... 10 Turbidity ............................................................. 10 Check Points for Maintaining Adcarel Insulation ..............................................10 A. General Considerations................................. 10 B. Modern Sealing Procedures .........................11 C. The Older Scaling ArqBpments................. 12 Periodic Fluid Inspection and ' What Checkpoints Mean ....................................12 A. Visual Inspection........................................... 13 B. Dielectric Breakdown Voltage ....................13 Inspection Checklist........................................... 13 Contamination in Transformers......................... 14 Table VI - Effect of Common Insulation Materials on Power Factor and Dielectric Strength..............................................14 Table VII - Effect of Common Insulation Appendix A - Askarel Stability and Composition of Arc Formed Gas................................... 23 Appendix B -- Solubility of Gas in Transformer Askarels ..................................................... 23 Appendix C - Effect of Temperature on D ielectric Breakdown Voltage of Askarel ................... 23 Appendix 0 - Comparison of the Approximate Viscosity in Saybolt Universal Seconds of Transformer Askarels and Mineral Oil........................... 24 Appendix E -- The Density of Inerteen 54201 KA 7336-9 and Transformer Pyranol A1383B-3.......................................................... 24 Appendix F -- Thermal Conductivity Values of Transformer Pyranol A13B3B-3................................ 24 Appendix G - Heat Capacity...........................................24 Appendix H -- Coefficient of Expansion........................ 24 Appendix I -- Fire Resistance...........................................24 Appendix J -- Seals, Properties and Procurement ............................................................. 25 Appendix K -- Caution Label ...........................................25 XIX. Materials on Voluma Resistivity of Askarel............................................................. 14 ASTM Method for Investigating the NOTICE: "Nothing contained herein is to be construed as a recommendation to use any product in conflict with Compatibility of Transformer Insulation and Construction Materials hi Adtareb............IS XX. Refining Adcarel for Re-Use.............................. 15 A. Filtering Through Dry Blotter Paper to Remove Moisture and Extraneous Panicles......................................IS any patent. MONSANTO MAKES NO WARRANTIES AS TO THE FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE OR MERCHANTABILITY OF ANY PRODUCT REFERRED TO, no guarantee of satisfactory results from reliance uo^B on contained information or recommendations, and du^^ claims all liability for any resulting lots or damage." 6BRN 001051 LEXOLDMONOQ324B  a* Skgstffkm A Transformer Askarel I. Introduction . Th term "askarel" m defined by IEEE. ASTM end the National Electrical Code generally decribet a broad data of fire-resistant* aynthetic chlorinated hydrocarbon insulating liquids widely used in transformers, reactors and accessory equipment operated at power frequencies. Aakarels of various compositional types are in use. (For the general properties and types mo ASTM 0-2283.) Under arcing conditions the gases produced, while consisting of predominantly non-combustible hydrogen chloride, can contain varying amounts of combustible gases depending upon the askarel type. This manual describes the operating characteristics of transformer askarel liquid insulation as manufactured by Monsanto and how it differs from mineral oil. Appropriate handling and disposal procedures for both scrap askarel liquid and impragnated solid materials are given in accordance with the guidelines recommended by the American National Standards Institute. The information is based on facts gathered by Monsanto over 40 years as a producer of askarel, plus knowledge gained from the experience of transformer manufacturers and users. This guide outlines the maintenance required for askarel fluid in "modern** transformers and offers suggestions for sealing and maintaining askarel in old units. By following this guide, we believe users will obtain maximum service from askarel insulation with a reasonable minimum of maintenance. If questions arise relating to the designing and building of transformers, these should be referred to regular transformer suppliers. Monsanto gratefully acknowledges the assistance, guidance and the contributions of certain data by the following: Edward L Rub -- General Electric Or. T. K. Soet - Wettinghouse Electric II. History of Trade Name Types "Askarel" is the generic name for the fire-resistant liquid insulation end coolant first used by General Electric Company in 1932 for their Pyranol1 brand name fire-resistant transformers, Westinghouse Electric Corporation uses their brand name. Ir.vteen.1 Whatever the trademarked brand, the askarel contains chlorinated biphenyl -- one of the best liquid insulations developed by science. This inert material is chemically stable, fire-resistant, heat stable, non-corrosive, and has hi^i dielectric strength under the operating conditions encountered in transformers. In addition to manufacturing Arodor* (chlorinated biphenyl). Monsanto also mixes this dielectric fluid with chlorobenzenes to produce the presently used Inerteen and Pyranol blends described in Table I. "NOTE: Materials designated Tire resistant' generally are more difficult to ignite, er once ignited, bum at a slower rate than corresponding convention*: metriels. This term don not mean that fire resistant materials will not burn. However, whan properly weed, Monsanto's fire resistant ASKAREL FLUIDS ere useful in helping customers meet their fire tefety requirements." ^Trademark of General Electrle Company Trademark of Westinghouse Electric Corporation Regietarart trademark of Monsanto rnmpow( 6BRN 001052 . -e4^n LEXOLDMON003247 tTflfllfcg.T .Sfc *5^T: . - ' -.Wd*' - v* . ' ' Tl Composition of Typtcd Transformer Manli * * * - ^*5?' : / : :-r r>'~ Mnhod ASTM 0220 TypoP - Type E Type G Trade Names ~ _ lnertsan ; lnerteen 70-30 10042 Pyrenol A13B3B3 InfidiMts 1% by wt.) -' Arodor 1254, chlorinated biphenyt (54% chlorine by weight) 70-60 Arodor 1242. chlorinated biphenyt (42% chlorine by weight) -- 100 -- Trichlorobenzene 30 . -- 40 thenoxypropene oxide scevenger 018 to 0.22 0.18 to 0.22 - Diepoxide scavenger -- -- 0.115 to 0.13S ASTM Method 0-2283, titled "Chlorinated Aromatic Hydrocarbon* (Atkarahl For Trantformart", alio lists the composition of all transformer askarels used at various times since 1932. Monsanto manufactures similar transformer askarel fluids in England where the trade name Pyroclor is used. III. Interchangeability In general all transformer askarels are interchangeable. However, it it suggested that the transformer manufacturer be consulted prior to mixing in significant proportions or total substitution. IV. Transformer Askarel Specifications Specifications for the three modem transformer askarel fluids are shotMt in Table II. V. Ordering Instructions Monsanto's current policy is to sdl askarel transformer fluids only to transformer manufacturers. Others interested in these fluids should contact the manufacturers of askarel transformers and not Monsanto. The transformer name plate indicates the transformer maker and usually gives sufficient data to idantify tha specific asfcaral fluids usad. VI. Contamination ' Askartl insulation must never be mixed with mineral oil. Over two percent of mineral oil by volume in askarel begins to lower its fire rtsistsnce. . ' In modem transformers, the principal "enemy" of askarel is contamination by water. Keeping askarel water-free will inure long-time nnrics. .. ' Askarel is heavier than wetar. If water gats into askvel insulation, only a tiny amount (approximately 125 ppm) dlisolme - tha rest floats on top. Askarel is very insoluble in water, only about 200 parts par billion of asfcaral dissolve in wetar, at normal temperatures. VII. Precautions Whan Handling Drurm.Tank Cart, and Whan Opening Transformers . . . ' . .... . .. Tht following are significant precautions: 1 . ' '- - -` A. Keep Ory During Handling; , ' ' -' ... - In handling storing sampling and inmeeting askaral - and in . . ' GBRN 001053 LEXOLDMON003248 T^ftl ' Specification Propartwt1 Color. APHA Condition Water content, ppm (ASTM 01533 60) Acidity, mg KOH/g (ASTM D974 55) Dielectric Strength, 25*C, 0.1 in. gap (ASTM 0877 491 Dielectric Constant, 100"C, 60 Ha (ASTM 0924 49) Volume Resistivity, 100%, 500 volts OC 0.1 inch gap, 10* ohm-cm (ASTM 01169) . Inorganic chlorides, ppm (ASTM 01821 and G E. Method E4C418) Refractive index. 25*C (ASTM 0)807) ViKosity at 37.8% (ASTM 088 56) Saybolt Universal Seconds Pour Point *C (ASTM O 97 57) Specific gravity 25/15.5% (ASTM 01810) Burn point (ASTM 092) Distillation range (ASTM 020-56) corrected (or stem and barometric pressure Trsntformsr Ailuril Specification! (New Fluid) General Electric Co. Tranifoimar Pyranol A13B3B*3 ASTM 02283 Typa 0 150 max. Clear 30 max. 0.014 max. 35 KV. min. 4.210 4.6 WastlnghouM Transformer Inartaen 70-30* ASTM 02283 Typa O 150 max. Clear 30 max. 0.014 max. 35 KV, min. 4.2 to 4.5 100 0.10 max. 1.6110 to 1.6120 44 10 48 38 or lower 1.49510 1.510 None to boiling 1st drop 200*C min. 40% max. below 270*C 90% 379 to 394 100 0.10 max. 1.615310 1.6173 56 to 61 -30 or lower 1 518 to 1.528 None to boiling 1st drop 200% mm. 35% below 270% 90% 379 to 394 Wetlinghouae Tranifoimar Inetlaen 100-42* ASTM D2283 Typa E 60 max. Clear 36 max. 0.01 max. 35 KV, min. - ' - , 4.7 to 4.9 , 100 ; 0.06 max. , ' 1.62401O 1.6260 8210 92 . 17 or lower ' 1.381to1.392 None to boiling 10% 325% mm. ' 90% 360 max. ' 1 ' Fixed chlorine Corrosion test Coloi. APHA Acidity, mg KOH/g Inorganic chlorides ppm Condition Scavenger content , Typical Properties* Coefficient ol Thermal Expansion IASTM 01903). cm?/cm?/C Arc formed gases *WntinghoMi wm ihak ptivtii mimbw Imrtwn &4201KA lor ImMna 70-30 and thw privutt numtow InalMO M201CM for ImriMn 100-43. 56.4 + 0.5% 55.6% min. 43 0.5% After heating with aluminum lor 6 hrs. at 200 to 220%, the aluminum must not be corroded on either visual or weight inspection and the atkarel should meet the following specifications: 200 max. 200 max. 200 max. 0.014 max. 0.014 max. 0.01 max. ' 0.15 max. 2.0 max. 0.16 max. Clear Clear Clear . 0.115 to 0.135% 0.18 to 0.22% 0.18 to 0.22* Diepoxide phenoxypropene oxide phenoxypropene oxide 0.0007 0.0007 0.00068 Aikoili of various compositional fypas are used. Under arcing condition! the gases produced, white confuting predominantly of non combustible hydrogen chloride, can include varying amounts of combustible gases depending upon the atkarel type. Insulation systems tncorpoiaimg these atharelt and celluloiic ot other organic matarlalt may. when arced, produce gaseous miatures which are moderately flammable. As e precaution, such gases should be removed from the athatel by bubbling dry nitrogen through the asfcarel and flushing the gas space with dry nrtrngen before any work is performed on the apparatus. 1 These quantities ere final sales specificetioni only to the eaten! that they coincide with Monsanto's published specifications. *Th data Is bated upon tempos tasted m the laboratory and is not guaranteed lor all Mmoles. Write us for complete Mias specifications for Askeref operating askarel transformers - tik< miy precaution to guard _ the askarel instdation from exposure to high humidity and - ' moisture contamination. Keep 8 or 55 gallon drum* of askarel dry; lay itorad drum* on their aide* with the bung at the hifpiast . point from .floor to keep water off the drum head (which can be tucked into the atkaral by the drum "breathing"). This precaution it not necessary when drums are itorad indoors, which it the preferred place for storage. To avoid leakage the drums used for askaral are of heavy construction. Sixteen gauge metal is used, with special rim seal and bung construction. The drums should be drained as completely aa possible and then flushed twice with kerosene type solvent to remove all of the askaral. Accumulated liquids and washings should be collected and should be incinerated at hi0t temperatures, e.g., about 2000?, to destroy the polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBt). See Section A. VIII. Tank cars used to transport eskarelt are in exclusive service and not used interchangeebly for other products. All cars must be unloaded through the top (dome fitting) either by pumping or with controlled pressure using dry air or dry nitrogen. If nitrogen has been used for unloading it is necessary to advise the shipper to that when the car returns the nitrogen can be replaced with dry air before any one may enter the car. If the car is to be unloaded by pumping it will be necessary to use a dryer on the air intake line to remove moisture. Alt tank cars are fitted with steam coils, which are available for unloading under extreme low temperature conditions. Convenient handling and pumping temperatures are given in Table III. B. Use Ordinary Personal Precautions: Transformer askarel hat been made, handled, and used for over 40 years. It can be handled sefely with recommended precautions. If accidentally spilled on hands, no serious skin irritation will occur. However, liquid askarel has a solvent action (similar to paint Table III Handling and Pumping Temperatures Product Unloading, Handling and Pumping Temperature^ Pyranol A13838-3 Inerteen 70-30 Inarteen 10042 20-55 20-55 35-75 thinner) on the fats and oils of the skin and prolonged contact may lead to drying and chapping of the skin. In case of contact, wads the skin with soap and water; remove and dry clean saturated clothing. Clean up spills with rags, sawdust end absorbent day. Eye contact may result in painful irritation but no permanent damage to tissues. If askarel gets in the eyes, flush with large amounts of water. As with all eye first aid, refer to physician. To relieve irritation, physidans have used an opthalmie anesthetic solution at well as opthalmie cortisone acetate solution, or castor oil. - Infrequent exposure to askarel vapors will not cause ill effects. However, prolonged expoeure to hijpi vapor concentrations should be avoided. If hot askarel mud bthandled in a dosed or confined area, provide tha area with mechanical exhaust ventilation -- or AMKW'Jz------- wear an organic cartridge re^irator approved by the U.S. Bureau of Mines. ' C. Precaution* On Opening in Askarel Transformer: ' Askaralt of various compositional typos are used. Under arcing condition* the gases produced. While consisting of predominantly non-combustible hydrogen chloride, can yield varying amounts of combustible gases depending upon the adearel type. Insulation systems incorporating these eskarels and celiuiosic or other organic materials may. when arced, produce gaseous mixtures which are moderately flammable. As a precaution, such gases should be removed from the eskarel by bubbling dry nitrogen through the askerel and flushing the gat space with dry nitrogen before any work it performed on the apparatus. The American Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers Guide No. 76, March, 1974 gives more detailed instructions and guidance "For Acceptance and Maintenance of Trantformer Askare! in Equip ment". This guide it published by the Institute of Electrical & Elec tronics Engineers, Inc., 345 East 47th Street. New York, New York 10017. We recommend that users of eskarel transformers refer to this IEEE document. VIII. Avoid Environmental Pollution Transformer askarets contain polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBsl which have been used in the United States and elsewhere over the pest 40 years for many industrial and consumer applications. During the past several years evidence has accumulated to indicate that PCBs are widely dispersed throughout the environment end that they can have adverse ecological and toxicological effects. * The United States Government's Interdepartmental Task Force on PCBs, Com-72-10419, in their March 20, 1972 report titled, "Potychiorinared Biphenyls and the Environment", recommended restricting PCBs to use in capacitors end transformers. This report is distributed by the National Technical Information Service, U.S. Department of Commerce, Springfield, Virginia 22151. A document titled. "Guideline* for Handling and Disposal of Capacitor and Transformer Grade Askarets, Containing Polychlorinated Biphenyls", has been prepared and is available from the American National Standards Institute, Committee C107, 1430 Broadway, New York. New York 10018. The scope, objectives end the composition of this committee are: ANSI Committee C107 Scope: Procedures end guides for safe use, maintenance and disposal of askarti and eskarel-soaktd materials used in electrical equipment. Objectives: 1. Source of technical information and advice for Federal, State, local authorities end ell others concerned. 2. Encourage development of suitable disposal facilities and keep all concerned informed. 3. Serve as the advisory group for United States participation in international organizations: CEE, IEC, CIGRE. Composition: Organizations active in or represented by this ANSI committee include: National Electrical Manufacturers Association, Electronic Industries Association, Institute of Elactrical and Electronic Engineers, American Society for Testing and Materials: Electric Light and Power Association; Certified Balltst Manufacturers Association: Environmental Protection Agency: Office of Environmental Affairs; General Services Administration; National I I i I > i fcBKN 001056 LEXOLDMON003251 Bureau of Standard; Department of dse Army; Rural Electrification Adminioration; Oivision of Environmental i Research. TVA; American Public Power Association, Wear i Pollution Control Federation; Food and Drug Administration; National Fire Protection Aaoeiatioit; Underwriters Laboratories; and several sections of the US. Department of Interior. The following are pertinent excerpts taken from the ANSI Guidelines for askarel transformers: - ' 1. LABELING ASKAREL TRANSFORMERS (Pg. 161 4.22/ New Transformers. All new transformers that contain PCBs she// have a label of adequate durability, permanently and prominently attached to the tank by the manufacturer, given adequate warning and instructions. A suggested label includes the following: CAUTION: The insulating liquid in this transformer contains polychlorinated biphenyls fPCBs). Care dtould be taken to prevent entry into the environment In case of malfunction or leaks, consult the instruction manual or the manufacturer. 4.222 In-Service Transformers The transformer manu facturer should make available suitable labels with a similar warning as shown in 4.221 for use on existing transformers. 2. DISPOSAL OF LIQUID AND SOLID WASTES (Pg. IS) 4.1.6.5. / General. Disposal of eskerels and askaret-soaked materials should be accomplidted by means in which there it no significant release of askarel to the environment At present, disposal is accomplished by carefully controlled incineration of liquids and soaked software, and by con trolled landfill burial of apparatus and other hardware from which askarel has been previously drained and washed. Present knowledge indicates that proper incineration must involve a suitable balance between dwell time and temperature in tha incineration plus oxygen availability and. finally, suitable scrubbers to remove the HO that will be formed: for example, 2-second dwell time at 200CTF and 3% excess oxygen in stack gas, or US-second dwell time at 270CTF and 2% oxygen in stack gee. These facj/ities dtould meet the applicable requirements of the state in which they are located and should control effluents within tha limits set forth in this standard. Controlled landfill or deep-wall disposal can be used where permitted by federal, state, and local regulations. Tha ANSI Guide lists the locations of facilities that conform with the above requirements. Monsanto has such an incin erator at the W. G. Krummrich Plant. Department 831, Sauget, Illinois 62201. where arrangements can be made for jprap askarel liquid disposal for a modest fee. For disposal of solid scrap a controlled dry land-fill can be used where permitted by Federal, State and local regulations. 3. CONDITIONING OF NEW OR RECYCLED ASKAREL (Pg. 16) 4.21.21. Adrarei Conditioning Equipment. The condi tioning unit dtould be located either in the storage tank arse or in the main transformer manufacturing area for filling eath askarel. . 4121.22 Fuller's Earth. Conditioning of new askarel or recycled askarel requires fuller's earth treatment The spent fuller's earth in cartridges or bags, when replaced, dtould be allowed to drain thoroughly over drip pant to remove at much liquid askarel as possible. The cartridge units of steal . mesh construction dtould be placed in the "STEEL CON- TAUINA TED W TH ASKAPEL" container for diqsodtion. Cloth begs fttled with tuner's earth dtould be plead in the rSCSAP BURNAWJL ASKAREL WASTE" container for . dmxjeibon. > ;. vy . ... . A LEXOLDMON003252 TEARDOWN OF TRANSFORMERS FOR REPAIR OR SCAAP (Pg. 1 4.2 1.4.1 Dram all askaral from it* unit either into a holding tank or rwuaa or into dm drum iabelad "SCRAP ASKAREL" for disposition, and than allow sufficiant vma for ad of tha atkaral to drain from tha cora and coils. 4.2.1.4.2 Ramona tha cora and coil etaembiy from dia trantformar. Sufficiant absorbent material should be placed on dm Root to absorb any askaral fluid that still drips from dm transformer. 4.2.1-4.3 Place all materials in the appropriate salvage containers during the dismantling for later disposition. 4.2.1.4.4 Ml used materials, including rags, sawdust, tape. ate. regardless of quantity, diall be put into tha appropriate containers for disposition. S. TRANSFORMER DISPOSAL (Pg.17) . 4.2.3.6 The ultimata disposal of an askaral-fillad trans former may be accomplished in either of two ways' (I) Complete drainage and diamanding with tha proper dispose! of the askaral and askaral-soaked components as described in 4.1.6. (21 Disposition of askaral transformers by means of junk or scrap dealer*. This dtould be avoided unless a transformer is first drained, followed by soaking the interior with a suitable solvent. Accumulated liquids and wad)ings are to be disposed of as described in 4.1.6 IX. Expactad Sanrioa Ufa - Manufacturers indicate that properly designed and installed askaral transformers are expected to gist trouble-free service for at least 30 years. Since their introduction in 1932, the manufacturers report finding the overall failure rata to be lass than 0.5% for all units under test and service conditions. The Edison Electric Institute's report (19S6-I95S) on their member utilities publishes the feilure rate for askarel transformers at 0.13 per hundred banks per year. Mr. Frank Nf. Clark, who invented transformer askarets at the General Electric Company in tha early 1930s. made the highly pertinent comment based on his many years of experience with G.E. Pyranol (askaral type) transformers titat - "Tha important thing is to keep them dry - otherwise leave them alone". These words of wisdom became especially applicable in more recent years when welding shut rather than gasketing became the mam method of sealing askaral transformers. Theta units era sold with the understanding that the liquid it in a normally hermetically closed system. X. General Characteristics of Transformer Askaral Fluid Appreciation of tha following characteristics, as given in the IEEE Guide, leads to understanding the reasons for selecting dielectric breakdown voltage and moisture as the prime practical tests to judge the quality of trantformar askaral fluid. Also, due to these characteristics the power factor of transformer askarel will be normally much higher then the corresponding values for mineral oil. In comparison to mineral insulating oil, askarel it a relatively polar material; I.a., Its molecules are dipoles, free to rotate around their axes and responsive to orientation by electrical forces. Askarel also exhibits a much higher dielectric constant and capacitanca than insulating oil, end these differences must be kept in mind when interpreting electrical test data. . ... ...............^. .... Because it is relatively pdw.aed pnawwrMjh soHkncy power, askarel b much more electrically sensitive than mineral oil to traces of extraneous soluble polar materials. and_ consequently the choice of i ...'cx'tr- GBRN 001058 Z-'.'r V . .v-yy?.* i i ! i i LEXOLDMON003253 construction*! mareriait declined for ua in adtarel it very critical. Thit sensitivity it reflected in tfie power.factor and retmivity (specific resistance) of the askarel. . . .. It it important to note that, with the exception of water, the dielectric breakdown voltage of edcarel it not generally adversely effected by many of the soluble polar material to which its power factor and resistivity (specific resistance) ere to sendtiw. tn fact, the dielectric breakdown voltage of askarel it somewhat greater than that of insulating oil. Therefore, the values assigned these dielectric fluids in newly supplied transformers ere 30 KV min. and 26 KV min, respectively. As with insulating oil. askarti must ba kept dry. It can pick up moisture from exposure to humid atmosphere. Under similar conditions of * i exposure, askarel can pick up nearly twice as much moisture when i'l measured on a parts per million weight basis. XI. Sampling Transformer Askarel Fluid The following precautions about sampling ere quoted from the IEEE i Guide. ,* t "Representative samples, whether of the complete contents or only parts thereof, are extremely important from the standpoint of evaluation of the quality of the product sampled. Obviously careless sampling procedure or contamination in the sampling equipment will result in a sample that it not truly representative. Thit generally leads to erroneous conclusions concerning quality and incurs lost of time, effort, and expense involved in securing^ transporting, and testing the sample. It it strongly recommended that all of th* procedures and precautions outlined in th* latest revision of ASTM 0 923 (Sampling Electrical Insulating Liquids) be followed. "Because of the high specific gravity (relative density) of askarel (greater than 1), water end some other impurities era rr likely to be found at or near the surface. The top sample, therefore,.onsidered to represent the worst condition." XI (. Evaluation of Askarel Received in New Equipment Some users of askarel equipment find it desirable to make "es received tests'* on all equipment. It is quit* common to use the dielectric breakdown voltage test and visual appearance as the most significant tests. If suitable equipment and trained personnel are available additional information may be obtained from the power factor, color, and moisture content tests. In sampling askarti contained in apparatus extrema car* must b* exercised in order to obtain a representative sample. ASTM Method D 923 should be followed. .. - New equipment with askarel exhibiting the following characteristics is considered acceptable Dielectric Breakdown Voltage Color Condition - Visual ' Water Content Power Factor at 25' C 30 KV min. 300 max. (Straw color) Clear 35 ppm max. ASTM Methods 0 877 0 2129 O 1702 0 1533 D 924.D 150 *Tht power factor of askarel taken from new transformers, reactors and accessory equipment can reflect the presence of moisture, dissolved polar compounds, or other contaminants and may vary with th* type of equipment from which the sample wa taken due to th* different retie* of liquid-to-eolid insulation and to th* high solvency power of the askarel. Given an acceptable 'i water content and dielectric breakdown voltage of th* askarel a indicated above, a hi0i power factor seldom impairs th* serviceability of th* askarel within rather broad limits and is n , GBRN 001059 LEXOLDMON003254 i * ` . M'*.: ;? * 2 _ . . . ' ' C- . - /.iV ` '=.. . " . i _ .. -- - ' mtScarive of the d^n of wttreneous soluble polar materials ",r- -f.m V~ Recognizing me possibility 4 a wide rang* of pmnr factors being I : recorded for askarel in new equipment, it it difficult to ettablith a . . tingle limit which would be acceptable to both supplieri and users for all applications. However, as a broad guide, power factors up . to about 10% at 25*Cand 80 cycles per sacond (hertz) do not in . general indicate any abnormal contamination providing that the ' other criteria (water content, dielectric breakdown voltage, etc.) ere met Much higher power factors may indicate excessive contamination or the misapplication of the solid materials usad m manufacture in contact with the eskarel and should be f investigated. XIII. Dielectric Breakdown Voltage -- Moisture Relationship The dielectric breakdown voltage of askarel is highly sensitive to excess moisture; not sensitive to ordinary dissolved polar materials. While the dielectric breakdown voltage can also be lowered by severe arcing, askarel turns noticeably black or has particles of sooty carbon floating in it if arcing has occurred. Then die transformer should be repaired and the eskarel replaced. If the dielectric breakdown voltage is checked periodically end decreaees significantly -- this indicates moisture pick-up, arcing, or both. When the dielectric breakdown voltage has dropped to 26 KV or less, an analysis for water is necessary. If water is found in excess of 40 ppm at room temperature, its source should be located and corrections made. . When the moisture content- approaches 12S ppm (saturation level at room temperature), the dielectric breakdown voltage of askarel drops below the value required for efficient insulating. The moisture content should not be allowed to rise over 70 ppm. sampled at operating temperature. If the moisture content it found to be in a satisfactory range and the dielectric breakdown voltage is low, the transformer manufacturer should be consulted. s t t \5 \ i Table IV shows the relationship of dielaetric brtakdown voltage vs. moisture end Table V indicates the approximate water solubility limits in eskarel end mineral oil. Table IV ... Relation of Dielectric Breakdown Voltage to Amount of Dismivad . . . Watir in AAaral and Mineral Oil Water Content (PPM) Brtakdown Voltage (ASTM D877) Askarel Mineral Oil 0 70 KV 50 ICV 20 55 39 40 47 30 60 40 26 80 38 22 110 10 5 i ii** GBRN 0010O0 LEXOLDMON003255 XIV. Turbidity - ... may b the visual sign of undinolved water, or may indicate dirt. Cloudiness may also result from cold precipitation of tin tatraphenyl "scavenger" that was used in the earlier Pyranol transformers. This scavenger begins to come out of solution around 15'F above aro. To redissolva it requires heating to 150-200*F and agitation. High d.electric breakdown voltage will quickly indicate that any turbidity present is not moisture; that the insulating efficiency of the askaret is still excellent. However, if the dielectric strength it below 28 KV. moisture should be determined, using the Kart Fischer method (ASTM D1533-801. ' tfT- ' '*. The dielectric breakdown eottege tea for esktrnl mnm primarily si art indicator for moisture. It m by ter the moa important maintenance mt for transformer stksrel. ' XV. Chock Points for Maintaining Askaral Insulation A. General Considerations: ' Modern askarel transformers with welded construction or silicone or Viton* gaskets (hand hole-cover, switdt and terminal compartment covert) and with properly constructed bushings require litde maintenance. With properly constructed trane- ' formers, annual or semi-annual visual inspection and dielectric breakdown voltage test of the askarel fluid dtould suffice for routine maintenance checking over many years of service. However, many askarel units were Installed in the' early 1930s -- before the development of some of the better modem gasketing materials and before improved designs were developed tor sealing out moisture. Such early units should be, and can be, modernized. Leaky or deteriorated gaskets should be replaced. If the askarel has become contaminated, it should be reconditioned. At the same time, a general dean-up of the unit and possible refinishing may be desirable. . ... If it is not convenient to taka an old transformer out of service for general repairs, leaky gaskets can be sealed temporarily by painting over the leaky area with epoxy cement. ' . . A survey of users indicates a good number of early-built adcarel transformers low 20 years old) era kept in continuous swvice in critical iretaliations by tha following steps (instead of modernization). ...... . .... , ' *' v'-fef The operating units are equipped witfi compound pressure geugas for reading pressure above and below atmospheric. Positive ; V -- \ Trademark of E. I. Orient OaNemoursk Corepany. a? i-`- V * v* a , 'V -- * J>i t. pretsura ii maintained on the shell by introducing nitrogen at 2 to 'jr 3 poundi above atmospheric. Regular workman in tha area daily . . record tha temperature and pretaure. If a sudden pretture drop it f ' '- noted more nitrogen it introduced and tha gaskets are cheeked for leaks with soap solution. Leaks are sealed by applying epoxy B. Modern Sealing Procedures: Transformer purdtasert should specify the following modern techniques for sealing: 1. Welding Construction: Covers, radiator connections, twitdi and terminal housings, instrument connections, etc. should 2. Bushing Connections: A number of bushings have been developed to obtain a proper seal for the electrical connection through the lank wall. They are classified as follows: 1) Welded Type (Bushing flange welded to tank waltl a. Cast resin bushing with a molded seal to the bushing stud and external stainless steel or copper flanges. b. Rolled flange bushing with the metal to porcelain teal at tha cap and flange made by being rolled into grooves in the porcelain over silicone rubber rinp. The seal between the cap and stud is made by welding. c. Porcelain or glass bushings with maul to glass or metal to porcelain teals. 21 Boltad Type - (Bolted to tank wall) a. Cast resin bushings with either cast or metal flanges containing recessed gasket grooves. b. Porcelain or glass bushings with flanges containing - recessed grooves or gasket stop. The gaskets may be either of rectangular or circular cross-section, usually % inch thick. Budtings with recessed grooves are suitable to use with cork, cork-nitrile rubber combinations or nitrile rubber as well as gasket materials such as silicone or Viton. 3. Small Size Connections: When not possible to weld, small size connection scab should be made with Flexitallie* stainless steel rings. The surfaces must be machined and parallal. The filler between the steel laminations of the Flexitallie ring should be either silicone or Viton. 4. Gedicts for Hand-Hole Covers: Modem design specified silicone gaskets. Such gaskets must be retained in a groove. . The groove preferably is machined into the flangt or cover. However, it can also be formed by welding concentric steel strips to the flange or the cover. Generally the gaskets should be S/16 to 1/2 in. thidc for covers, depending on the depth of the groove or stop. A rectangular cross-section is usually used. The silicone material should be Dow Corning No. 50 Silastic** or equivalent. This is a low compression set material. For best sealing 20-25% compression is recommended, with ample clearance in the groove or stop to allow for this compression. No cement is required. With reasonable cars the gasket is removable without damage and is reussable. Silastic 50 is slightly swelled by askarel which contributes to the tightness of the Mat. It it not deteriorated by askarel fluid ' or vapon. It resists weathering and it is thermally stable and i i ti ;i :I "Trademark of FIssHsitic Gasket Company "Trademark of Don Condsg _ _ GfiRN 001062 I i LEXOLDMON003257 flexible 'm tH operating temperatures. ft an.ucellam moisture barrier. . a - f. * tit*;, -w- ' ~ .. NOTE: Dow Coming. Midland. Midugaa wB supply a tin ad Silaatic SO gasket fabricators to afl transformer manufacturers or gun. They wit also fumidi technical data. Sea Appendix it Saab, Properties and. Procurement*. .. - . '. .' " -. C. The Older Seding Arrangements: ': - The older type gaskets consist of either cork or cork-nitrile rubber combinations or straight nitril* rubber. `' ' . . 1. Cork-Nitrile Combinations: Coven for the main tank, hand-holas, switch and terminal chambers, relief diaphrams, etc., are held in place by studs welded to the flange or by bolts. The gaskets ere cut with openings end pieced over the bolts. Often Shellac (Westinghouse Style No. 1150419, or General Electric Company's Glyptal* 1276) is used to cement the cork to the flanges. . The following is recommended for seeling with the cork -- nitrile rubber combinations: Use Armstrong NC-7S7 cork-nitrile material or equivalent. The gasket can be cut from a single sheet or by scarfing strips of the material. A convenient method for joining strips is to make Keystone Type joint. For this purpose. Westinghouse. - Sharon, Pennsylvania, offers their gasket cutter Style No. 328 8614 G01, (about $151. The joints - end alio the gasket -- should be cemented to the flange, using one of the above cements. Excess cement should not be allowed to reach the interior of the transformer. After installation and bolting, the outside edge of the gasket should be coated thoroughly with epoxy cement to increase weather resistance. This epoxy cement is a paste to which curing catalyst is added immediately before use. Typical are: a. b. a. d. Epoxy Patch Kit ot-C _ Hysol Corporation, Qtean, New Yortt Scotchcast** Resin #4 -- . .. Minnesota Mining & Manufacturing Company St. Paul, Minnesota Adhesive A-1 and Activator Type" " Armstrong Products Company . _... ArgonneRoad,Warsaw,Indiana Adhesive 9860-1. Synthetics Organic Company. Cleveland, Ohio, used with activator diathylana triamine (Carbide and Carbon Chemical Company) -. 2. Straight Nitrile Rubber: Whan anight nitrile rubber was originally used, invariably the gadcat was recessed in a groove. This was to prevent gasket flow and to protea the material against excessive compression. Although this type seal wet not cemented, the nitrile rubber gasket it net reuieable. _ Since grooves or stops have already been provided for the * nitrile rubber seel. Silastic SO can be easily substituted and is ' recommended. This conforms with modem practice. . XVI. Periodic Fluid Inspection and What Chackpoints Maan On a regular schedule -- at six, nine, or twelve month intervals -- make a simple vitud inspection of your askarai imitation and run a dielectric breakdown voltags dwdL --J .. \rv, ' . "Trademark of .""Trademark ef VS4; V -v%|5r->s*r, * " r' . ' c . s;. M'-V-; i' *V.  .. ` . ''vVifCr. . I, . 'A.* Visual Inspection: _ ; t .... Askarel s a clear, feint-yellow liquid. After long-term use this -..'Color may gradually intensify to light brown. The fluid should * - '* 'remain clear and free from turbidity or cloudiness. . v ' Any color change - such as to a green, rad or blue cart - indicates extraction of impurities (color matsrialtl from the solid insulation. ' If a distinct foreign color pick-up is noted, check the complete range of electrical characteristics and notify the transformer maker. Blackening of the askarel may indicate an arcing condition. Other color changes alone are not danger signals since the dielectric breakdown voltage is not likely to be impaired. B. Dielectric Breakdown Voltage If the dielectric breakdown voltage has decreased significantly from the last inspection, or if it has gredue'ly decreased below 26 KV range (at 25*C) - RUN A CHECK FOR MOISTURE. Use ASTM 01533 (Karl Fischer Method). The dielectric breakdown voltage of askarel it the major indicator to the operating efficiency of your liquid insulation. Besides the visual inspection tests, dielectric breakdown voltage is the only test necessary to run on a routine basis. Well-sealed askarel transformers have service records of 25 to 30 years on me original askarel. XVII. Impaction Checklist 1. If askarel it clear - even though darkened to light brown, has no sediment or turbidity, hae dielectric breakdown voltage over 26 KV -- give it the inspection "OK". 2. If askarel is dear, but has foreign color of blue, green, red ... it is "sxtrading color" from internal materials. This it not. of itself, an operating hazard when the dielectric breakdown voltage stays over 26 KV and moisture remains low. However, this rere occurrence calls for checking into the condition of the interior construction and consulting the transformer maker. However, when sampling the fluid cere should be taken to avoid getting color into the askarel from paint that may be inside or outside of the sample valve. 3. If the moisture content is found to be above 70 ppm at operating temperature, then sampling should be done at more frequent ' intervals to establish a possible trend, particularly on outdoor installations. .. 4. If askarel is deer, but dielectric breakdown voltage drops to 22 or . lower KV, and moisture rises over 60 ppm when sampled at operating temperature ... the askarel is ready for simple . "refining". If the moisture it near the saturation level (about 125 ' ppm at room temperature) a thorough inspection should be made for water droplets in the transformer tank, and even for "globules" of water floating on the askarel surface. If found, the transformer manufacturer should be consulted for reconditioning both the transformer and the fluid. B. If askard is dark brown to black, if black partides of carbon art seen, and dielectric strength is low... the askarel has been broken . down by arcing. It cannot be refined end should be removed and incinerated under proper conditions. (See ANSI Committee C107 report on Om and Ditposa) of Adtarat and Adcaraf-Soakad ' Mm tarMl 1430 Broadway, New York. New York 10018. If any of these five simple inspection tests appear out of the - ordinary or die relationship between appearance and test values is abnormal, contact your transformer supplier for a complete analysis. _ '**" _ .... Whenever a sample is to be shipped to Monsanto, please follow the ' directions dtown under: "SAMPLING ASKARpi^. i - C;,,. /*. # * GBRN 00106* J I LEXOLDMON003259 r*i XVIII. Contamination in Transforman . Moisture, particulate matter and tread decomposition product! art * known to bt itrioui contaminating influaneai on trantformar askarel. The power factor test normally toad for the detaction of contamination in mirmrtl oil fillod transformer! it of little um for this purpoet in sfcarel filled transformer!, due to the extreme effect of extraneous soluble polar materials. This increase in power factor as illustrated in jt Table VI has no adverse effect on dielectric breakdown voltage. ! TaMeVI Effect of Common limitation Materials on Power Factor and Dielectric Strength (Heat Aged 96 Hours in Adtarel at lOffCJ I i| Material Immersed i .t Nona (control) Black varnished doth Copper Pressboerd il Manila paoer Phenol formaldehyde resins l! Shellac Iron Synthetic rubber Askarel After Exposure Power Feetor, PWcent it 60 eye., lOO'C Dielectric Strength 2S*C. 1.0 5.0 15 2.0 1.5 1.9 6.0 5.0 70.0 35 KV 42 40 37 39 41 36 39 39 Similarly, trace contaminants from commonly used construction materials can lower the volume-resistivity of askarel, without affecting its dielectric breakdown voltage. This is shown in Table VII. Table VII Effect of Common limitation Metadata on Volume Raristhrity of Adtarel i; N? Sample -- Volume Resistivity x 10* ohm-cm (at ICXrC., 500 Volts DC., 0.1 "gap) 1. New askarel before heat aging 2,000 2. New askarel after heat aging 96 hours at lOCC 2. After heat aging with 1 sq. inch specimens of: 1,900 a. Phenolic resin tap changer material 1,200 b. Paper ; c. Grade A prenboerd (tan) d. Grade A pressboerd (gray) ' 750 500 500 a. Grade A pressboerd, laminated (trip 400 f. Cotton wrapping 300 g. Glyptal 1276 cement, cured 45 hrs. at 110*0 100 While trace contamination eadly lowers volums resistivity from high levels, it is important to note that htavy contamination (as whan arced) does not lower the resistivity below the order of 10* ohm-cm. at HXTC. Th different behavior of adtarel vs. mineral oil in these respects can be summarized as follows: - High power factor and low volume resistivity in transformer mineral oils we commonly regarded at "danger signals" that the . oil has deteriorated and broken dawn chemically or excewbe . - moistura it preterit. . , , This it NOT TRUE of askarel liquid insulation unlew die dielectric ' ;.breakdown voltage * low or the moistura contwit is M0L -. . . .. GBRN 001065 LEXOLDMON003260 = - Manufacturers of askarel typo fiansforiner* point out that it it quia *? ? '. . well known that askarel transfermars with Mtiaf power factor of the C'. TV- *:".-vV' !*" adcarel fluid in excess of 50% at room tamparaturt and 60 Hx art giving x* 'satisfeetory seryica lift. Howttor, thara naadt to ba asuranca that both V diaiactric breakdown voltage and moisture are at satisfactory lavets and 'rSr-'-'T-..` do not show adverse trends . .... - j 'v- . - . . . XIX. ASTM 0325S Method For Investigating The Compat Ibility of Transformer Insulation and Construction Materials InAdtarals * --' . - This mtlhod uses tha dtangt of alactrical and/or chemical . .. -. characteristics of transformer askarel resulting from its controlled * exposure to insulation and construction materials, in order to avaiuata . their immediate major ''contamination'* affect on tha askarel fluid. ' Delayed or long time contamination affects may not ba detected. The method also utilises various physical tests on the insulation arid construction materials after controlled exposure to the askarel to determine the compatibility of these materials with transformer askarel. Properly proportioned tpeeimene of the insulation or structural materials ere immersed in refined eekarat for 168 hours at 10011*C in a forced draft oven. Changes in electrical and chemical properties of the transformer askarel are compared against a control sample of the askarel treated in the seme manner. In absence of the test specimens. Dissipation factor (ASTM D 924) change ie one of the criteria used. The askarel fluid is refined by absorptive treatment to a dissipation factor level of 0.05 max. at 100*C end 60 Hx and 0.01 max. at 25'C and 60 Hz. Corresponding values of the askarel fluid after heating t68 hours at 10TO in absence of a test specimen are 0.075 end 0.02 respectively. The maximum dissipation factor lewis suggested for the askarel after heating in presence of the act specimen are 0.20 at 100*C end 60 Hx and 0.04 et 2S*C end 60 Hz. .. .. XX Rafining Askars! far Ri A. Filtering Through Dry Blotter Paper to Remow Moisture and Extraneous Particles: - Most operators prefer portable refining apparatus, such as a plate prate fitted with a dolly, available from Sparkler, Mundelein, Illinois or General Electric Company, Pittsfield. Massachusetts; or the earthen cartridge filter type available from Industrial Filter Corporation, Lebanon, Indiana. Filter peper liners for the plats press are available from Cart Schleicher and Schuell Company, Keene, New Hampdiire and manufacturers of filter presses listed ; eboea.-. - .... . . *- \. Tha filter peper must be dried Immediately before uw. For beet results, spread the peper tar maximum surface exposure in a hot air circulating oven and hast It for 4 to 6 hours et 110"C. Circulate the askarel hot (but not owr 4CCI through the filter fitted with the dry paper linare. After filtration the dielectric breriedown voltage of the sskarel diould be 36 KV minimum. PRECAUTIONS: 1. Filtering should not be done when the relative humidity exceeds 75%. : Any flexible hotel and gadeets on the refining equipment dtould be lined with or made of materials that will not ba softened by contact with atkaral fluid. (Materials lined with Silicone, Vlton dr Teflon* or flexible metal materials are suitable^ - .1 Ii I Ouflowt Dri-Sgl ~ LEXOLDMON003261 i, lti li t li 41' / *: ** V: *i i V! ; I B. Disposal of Solid Wastes: The ANSI guidt C107.1-1974, Section 4.1.8 givae detailed recommendstions. . C. Solid Inflation Requiring Drying: ' ' K the solid insulation of tha transformar requires drying, consult tha transformar manufacturer or an apparatus sarviea #>op. a* in - such eaaa ovan drying it prafarrad. 0. Earth Treatment for Maximum Improvement of Power Factor and Volume Resistivity: We question whether pumping and filtering tha fluid solely to achieve a change in power factor or volume resistivity alone it justified in today's ecological climate regarding PCBs. We recom mend that in theta situations tha original transformer manufac turer be contacted. . 1. Procedure: The askarel liquid diould be relatively dry prior to the following earth filtration. * * V ' Aa a coating on tha filter paper surface use finely divided - Attapulgue* day or Puller's earth dried and activated by heating for 12 hgurt at 300-350^ immediately prior to use. - The ambuftfdt earth Uied should be 0.1 to 0.2 percent by wl0tt on die weitfit of the askarel to be treated. Askarel weid*s about 12.5 pounds per gallon. ' " To deposit the earth evenly, stir one-third of the earth with a - small portion of adeem in a dean container. Pump tha . " mixture throudi tha filtar and follow with two more one-third portiont. Then circulate askarel taken from near tha top of die transformar, pasa it warm (not over 55*C! throu^i tha earth-costad filtar and feed back throudi tha bottom transformer outlet Continue circulation until tha fluid is dear and test shows that tha electrical properties are - fully restored. .' . 2. Effect of Earth on Removal of Scavenger! Only didtt and insiyiificent loss by ariactive absorption of tin tttraphenyl and epoxides occurs whan askartl is refined by treatment with 0.1 to 0.2 percent by weight of earth. To remove significant amounts of die scavengers requires repe titious treatment with much larger amounts of earth. < LEXOLDMON003262 .V.. .--i. . . . Approximate Relationship Shooing the Insignificant gi: Effect of Fewer Factor and Volome-ftetittMtyoii DMaetrie Breakdown Voltage erf Trensformar Adcarel ?>*/ Vofuftw Rttittivfty ' * ~ . ' - "-ir1-- : Powrer Factor . ' .:' 1100** nohhm-cmm ((aatt Breaailkdown . - .jOh- (60 crcj WC. 600 Volt* Voltage 1WST "IPG '- PC.0.1 "gaol 2S'C.0.f*p v65% 15* 20-25* . 4040* . 0.05* . 0.1* .' 0.7* 2JO* -- . 1500 S00 100 60-70 25 35 KV 35 35 35 35 XXI. Claaning Arcad Transformer* ' If a unit hat arcad to that tha atkaral it no longar fit for tit*, a thorough cleaning of tha unit it neeewary bsfora refilling with new atkaral mutation and returning it to rervica*. Follow thit proeadura iniuring care it taken to prevent any Ion of liquid atkaral to affluent streams. A. Drain out ail dark, carbon-contaminated adcarel. Arrange to have tha wrap fluid incinerated under proper condition*. (Sea ANSI ' Committee C107 report.) . *B. ^ Carefully bruth carbon deposits from internal part* and insulation. using a toft brittle brudt making sure that insulation is not damaged.. . C. Fludi thoroughly using- new adcarel -- nor an oil. not a cleaning . .0 Flush a second time with fresh atkaral; drain; than fill to the ' I with new atkaral. e. Energize transformer to warm the fluid for 24 to 48 hours; then . _ circulate tha esfcarel throu^t a filter, returning it to the unit filtered and ready for use. LEXOLDMON003263 X ' : l-r- c. i i i- ;! w m Make Mr* that tha askant ri at lean as warm m tha surrounding arr. (Cold liouidt can rendense moisture from fomid airJ . . . Whan sampling adtval from transformers. rt ia bett to taka the temple svhen the unit it warm and operating at eserags or maximum load,padally for a check on moiRure at raflaetad by a dielectric breakdown voltage test. Sampling tfia warm aafcaral mora tndy represents its condition during oparation. . - Experience shows that water wRt migrate from a transformer's solid insulation to the asfcaral liquid and vice vena, depending on temperature. Therefore, when the transformer is hot, the moisture is most likely to be found in the liquid. This accounts largely for periodic verietions in dielectric breakdown voltage. For example, a relatively high dielactrie breakdown voltage may be found during winter months and a relatively low dielectric braakdown voltagt during the summer months on samples taken from the same unit. t: ii ii .if Whan testing hat been completed, the remainder of tha fluid sample should be destroyed by high temperature incineration described in Section VIII. ill i II ji ii i! ,'<t * J ; :* i !! i \ 11 ' JiS) V " ,.. GGQ0RRNf 001069 LEXOLDMONOQ32C i *s?gav. .^.^T '' - - ' -' "5- .- * .- Sffisffitm IB Askarel Filled Switches and Terminal Chambers .. < *.sw . * ... * :>*?5?#s v- I. Introduction High voltage leads art usually connectad to askarel or mineral oil-filled network transformer! and power centers through terminal chambers and switches. In some cases terminal chambers are not used, and the high voltage leads art connected directly to the switch terminals. They may be filled with either askarel or mineral oil. Switches are usually rotary or drum type fitted with a revolving block and porcelain unit as the principal element arranged for three-phase service. Askarel transformers with attached switches have been in use for about 30 years. When they were first introducad, the availability of insulating and gasketing materials was rather limited and even the best materials at the time had no service history. As a result, inadequate gasketing materials such as cork, nitrile rubber, and nitrile rubber-and-cork particles were used. While satisfactory for a limited period of time, these materials cannot be depended upon for the expected long life of the equipment. ' The terminal chamber is usually above or below the switch compartment and separated by a steal wall through which the bushings are inserted. When bushings are properly selected and correctly installed, there is no leakage from one compartment to the other. With poor bushing seals, and the terminal chamber above the switch, potting compounds or cable oil can seep into the askarel. When the terminal chamber is below the switch, askarel can drain into the terminal chamber. II. Sources of Contamination Thera are three possible sources of contamination for askarel in switches and terminal chambers; they rank in this order of frequency: (1) water entering through poor gaskets; (21 decomposition products from arcing when switch is used to break magnetizing current; 13) entrance of pothead or cable compounds through leaky bushing seals. Unlike an askarel transformer where the amount of contaminant is likaly to be very small (probably only trace amounts) in relation to the volume of askarel fluid -- in switches or terminal chambers with faulty ' wait, the amount of contamination can be relatively large. Experience hat shown that, bated on the number of installed askarel-switch units, the percentage of failures is extremely small. When investigated, it has been found that most failures originate in the switch tfiamber. Water is the chief source of contamination. However, heavy contamination of askarel with petrolatum and asphalt material, due to leakage, have caused a few failures. Petrolatum it used frequently for filling terminal chambers. When either cable oil or petrolatum seeps into askarel, no great harm results. The fire resistance will be somewhat decreased and power factor of the askarel will increase with an accompanying drop in resistivity. While hi^tly undesirable, it it doubtful that failure of the unit results. Where asphaltic compounds are sited in place of petrolatum, the danger it increased somewhat because asphaltic contamination may cause excessively high dielectric losses in the askarel. When die terminal chamber it below the switch chamber, the potting compound can be contaminated by askarel if the bushing seals are leaky. This it undesirable because the askarel will increase the power factor and conductivity of the potting compound or esble oil and develop heat from dielectric lota. If this mixture it drawn into the cable 5. f-m....' **-* ... 4 GBRN 001070 LEXOLDMON003265 - .. , ir r-sst-r '--fSiZsrw_-r--~X*~ insulation,'a eabfofeflure k tikety. Thw agiiin emphadas the importance of tight buying ownblia., exL,' . - . *. . t`r7T^ ' -s: .1 III. Sealing Switches and terminal Chambers ' Proper bushing construction, um of Silastic seals and welding wherever, possible it highly dasirabfe (as covered in Section A!. Where at elastomeric seal is to be used fa* contact with both edcarel end petroleum oil, DuPont's Viton is suggested. ; For new equipment the user dtotid specify these modern sealing arrangements to keep out contaminants and minimize maintenance. IV. Askaral Used Under Mild Arcing Conditions The IEEE Guide far Transformer Askaral calls attention to the following: "Askaral is ussd, to soma extent, in apparatus where it is subjected to light intermittent arcing, such as in self-contained induction regulators, where operating switches are continually producing slight arcs, in transformer de-energizing switches, etc.. Under normal conditions, deterioration of the askaral is wry slight. However, improperly adjusted or defectiw switches in this type of apparatus can produce txcessiw and prolonged arcing and accelerated deterioration of the askeral. It is recommended that when askaral is used under these conditions, checks of the liquid, especially for moisture and dielectric breakdown voltage made more frequently than when it is used only m a cooling and insulating fluid. Deterioration of this type it indicated by a blackening of tht liquid. It can usually ba reconditioned as . previously described. Special attention should be given to maintaining the scavenger at the appropriate concentration." -' srs-ivrrr-m- . .'-. y> V. Maintenance for Askaral Filled Switches A. Switches used for grounding after power source has been de-energized will net undergo arcing. ' '- ' B. Switches interrupting magnetizing current will be subject to arcing,- the amount of decomposition will depend on power interrupted, time end frequency of operation. At a general rule, the liquid should be checked after S to 10 operations. 1. On newly installed switches check the askaral at 3,6 and 12 month intervals; if found satisfactory, chack once annually ' thereafter. With proper attention to the gasketing of covers .. ( .. - and bushings, exparitnea will probably indieatt that lata frtquvnt inspection is warranted, .... 2. ' Cheek edcarel for: ' a. Dielectric breakdown voltage (ASTM D877): It should be 26 KV minimum. If dielectric breakdown voltage is low, confirm presence of water by Karl Fiicher method ASTM D-1533. Filter to remove moisture. Dielectric strength should then be 30 KV minimum. - ' -. . . . ' . b. Presence of carbon from arcing; Fluid should be relatively free of carbon. If badly arced and wry Mads, replaca fluid. If only minute amounts of carbon are present, filtration is recommanded. Cheek power factor of liquid (should not be over 5% at 26*0 and 60 cycles). - - . . Flush out switch diamber with several gallons of fra* . . ... * ' edcarel before refilling. '' '` X If there is discoloration, high power factor, detectable change in specific gravity or refractIw index, or if fluid flashes below 2S0fF, there it e possibility of seepage of potting compound ' into the switch compartment. In this ease, correct any leaky - " - bushing teals with proper replacements and fill with new . ' askaral. ' 4. If terminal chamber It belmv switch, chack potting . . compound for presence of askaral (can usually be detected - . . by odor or by an increase in specific gravity). If edcarel it ^ - ' ,, . present, correct any leaky budting tads with proper . -. replacements, and renew compounds - ', ; ". .V ' ' . - -- 8. Examine cover gaskets visually. Deterioration cat be detected . - C LEXOLDMON003266 0 > Ji/* --V ' ' ' :: Wy assailing end cradling of the exposed sdge. In cam of .Tv-**. aevere deterioration. liquid seepage b usually present. ,rm 4,... Check for Wckaga at padcing gland of twitching shaft. If laaking, rapaek with aSilasticring typogmket. VI."Askaral Under Excessive Temperature or Fault Conditiona Th# IEEE Guida also points out that, "Chlorobenzenes wad In transformer askarali bagin to boil at .. tamparaturas of about 20S*C, under atmospheric conditions. If tha .." material 1s haatad to such high tamparaturt in a maltd system, " ' ' pressure develops. Pressure will also develop in the system if the - askaral is arced sufficiently to generate copious hydrogen chloride Therefore, it is recommended that wherever possible, sealed eskerel-filled equipment be provided with pressure relief devices. ' Theta devices mutt be large enoutfi to provide immediate relief at a definite pressure, and to prevent further build up of pressure if decomposition continues. It mwt be remembered that the pretence of deviate of this tort does not necessarily preclude the rupturing of containing vestals, tinea pressure build up can be extremely rapid under violent arcing conditions." i ; i l 0 Sosttflom (C Toxicity& Safe Handling I. Inhalation At ordinary temperatures the chlorinated biphenyls in Askartl have not presented industrial toxicological problems. The hazard of potential toxic exposure varies with their volatility: the lower'Chlorinattd, more- volatile ones present more of a potential problem from the standpoint of both inhalation and skin contact. When Askaref fluids are used at elevated temperatures, engineering controls mutt be applied, either by tha use of doted systems or by effective local-exhaust ventilation .together with general workroom exhaust. Vapors of Askaral at room temperature should net be breathed in a confined space, and no vapor of any fluid evolved at elevated tamparaturas should be allowed to be dispersed into the general workroom. '. - _ Inhalation tests on animals indicate that the maximum safe concentre ; tlon of vapor is in the range of from OJ to 1.0 milligram per cubic . meter of air. The threshold limit value (maximum allowable concen.. tration of an 8-hour working day) set by the American Conference . _ ' - ` of Government Hygienists are 1.0 milligram of tha lower chlorinated ;; biphenyl compounds par cubic mater of air and 0.5 milligram of tha more-highly-chlorinated compounds, per cubic mater of air. II. Skin Contact Prolonged or repeated skin contact with the Askaral fluids must be avoided by tha use of doves and protective garments, because of tha possible occurrence of a condition called ehloracna. Althou/i reports of this condition caused by Askaral are rare, it can be produced by excessive skin contact. If the fluid Is spilled on the skin tha skin should be washed in the usual manner with a soap solution. A burn caused by contact with a hot Askaral dtould be traatad like any ordinary bum. .. r' ' . .For disposal inetructiona of Askaral fluids, see Section A-VIII. page 8. **>-'** . ... . GBRN 0010 72.. I i i LEXOLDMON003267 'Analytical Services ^ iC__ tinTransformer Askarel ^Available From Monsanto Transform* users not tridtinglsrineke thafr own fluid analyst* can obtain theaerviee from Monsanto. Smpiy contact Monsanto ; and pacify what anatysK ara wanted. Vow wM be ant the proper-sized, claan sample container, fitted with a proptr label. Whan you raeaiva this, cartfutty taka your aampla (following the proeadura for sampling in thia gjida). Sand tha eontainar to Monsanto'a laboratory. Oargas liatad Indude aampla eontainar and laboratory coot. Tha dtarg* ara thorn in effect March 1, . 1975. and ara aubiact to change.'' -gig -\&:'r " [X. . Types of Analyaaa Available -." ' Analysis 1) ' BOin-INE MAINTENANCE CHECK.X; ; Totd Charge: *30.00 .. '' To determine tha general condition of tha fluid and And whetis* further snafyria is naeeatary. (one-quart sample required) Properties Tested -. Olelectric Breakdown Voltage . Color and Condition ' - Moisture .- . You will ba notified of tha results of this teat. If forth* tasting is indicated, and you want a complete analysis, you will be wnt a 7 _ five-pint sample eontainar. This aampla will ba used for tha following aeries of tacts: Analysis 21 COMPLETE ANALYSIS Total Charge: S7S.00 (1) To determine the extent of fluid contamination. (2) earth reflnamant to datarmina what degree of restoration of electrical and i insulating properties is possible, (3) check sect so eee how the fluid responded to twtii treatment. a) Complete Analysis: to determine tha extant of contamination Properties Tested .. . Free Chlorides . . _ i Color end Condition - ' . Acidity ' :' _ .~ i Specific Gravity Refractive Index . Dielectric Breakdown Voltage *. ' : - . Poww Factor, Dielectric Constant end Resistivity - . Wat* . ' . '- - . b) Earth Refinement Response: i Consists of treatment for 2.5 hours at 504KPC. with 0.1 to 0.2 percent by wtitftt of properly conditioned Attapulgus day . and then filtration through dry filter pep*. . e| Analysis Aft* Laboratory Earth Refinement: ' Properties Tested . Acidity ' ... Refractive Index. v . ' Dielectric Breakdown Voltage - --. i Wat* - r. . ' . ' .. Power Factor, Dielectric Constant, and Resistivity ' ; Free Chlorides .. ~ .- You will be notified of the results of this tost series on your sample. Then aft* refining your intira transform* fluid fill you ' can check on tha results by requesting tha following analyst:. _ Analysis31 - .- ' * K*.-..:'~L- ;-* ................ . . ANALYSIS AFTER EARTH REFINEMENT'^* Total Charge: 560.00 r': "'''(This charge will not apply when I " - ' '* iT *' .analyses 1 and 2 have already been madej .To determine wheth* the entire lot of the adurst fin remanded to the seme extant as tha laboratory sample, (five-pint sample required) * " Properties Tested ..... ."'\A.............' Area CMoridaa .* t ... Col* and Condition Acidity ....... - ; . Refractive index 1 OWeetrlc Breakdown Voltage Wet* -. - ' Pow* Factor, Dielectric Constant, and Resistivity .... 1' v - . To arrange for the taste described above write to tha following addresc . David Wood . V. . . ; Monsanto Industrial Chomicalt Company.- ~- ; - ; - * .' 800North Lindbergh Bird. ; iT-i-TT. Sl Louis, Missouri 63168 v'.*' ^ ' : vl- 1 m* GBRN 001073 LEXOLDMON00326S .,,c,*.., -v. ` "L^iSS ScgsGSoEsmlSsApp^dicjM "*-/=pykst; :-- : -.' ..- -?,nr.:ir?#|iC^r'^.-j^r-*.?*`-** 0 ^ _* -- * *VS * . .#**"r- *.' * * */'.*, *y*T \Z ."* r v1^/^* ~* * '* ' ' " '.' ` ** ^. : * *4,,* **.*x..>*~*r~'+-*"****-*' ^*.Ky*m- **..f *.*-;,-* *'. .*%. --. : crr*w*;^..*">*' r -. . **" . *. APPENDIX A Askarel Stability and Composition of Arc Formed Gaa: Askarel insulation it on* of tha moat inart, ehamicaHy-sUble heat ratiitant, non-corroaiva liquids known. It will not break down, oxidlza or sludge whan exposed to air and high temperatures, 15CC. or even somawhat higher. Arcing, howemr, will break down tha compound to liberate tome hydrogen chloride and small amounts of carbon. . ' - - . . ` . " APPROXIMATE COMPOSITION ARC-FORMEO GAS FROM TRANSFORMER ASKAREl SLENOS . ASTM TYPES 0 AND G (INERTEEN 70-30 AND PYRANOL A13838-3, RESPECTIVELY) Gat carbon monoxide carbon dioxide oxygen hydrogen chloride (note the absence of phosgene) Amount 0.3% 0.3% OA 13% 073% This arc-formed gat from ASTM Type D and Type F transformer adcareit it non-flammable and non-combuedWoL ' o For all practical purposes, tha amount of gas liberated from askarel under a given set of arcing conditions is about 100 cubic centimeters per kilowatt second. . .. . APPENDIX B SOLUBILITY OF GAS IN TRANSFORMER ASKARELS . ASTM TYPES O ANDO - .. . . . . .. _ ' Percent of Gat By Volume Corrected to: 26*0 700 mm 0*0.760 mm *. .- **?_*! 25-C^ IQO'C Carbon dioxide ' .TTs 71%'.^ ' 47% Air . . ' 8J 43 Nitrogen ' S.0 'V. ' * 4J Hydrogen chloride1' . 373 * 803 ` v 2 . - iotrc ^ ' ** .* --r - 5JB --' 83 . 43 --- 1 In absence of scavenger . ' APPENDIX C EFFECT OF TEMPERATURE ON DIELECTRIC BREAKDOWN VOLTAGE OF ASKAREL .. . . -. .* . . ;> -. .' - - - ' ** ' - ' *'. *. Temperature*C ... ' ' . --ao . * :. -40 - - <j~ ' - v *. ' o20 r.-. - . --.. ^, mt : . w * \. DWeetric Breakdown ` . Voltage ASTM 0877 . t .-r.. . . . . . , ' .* f' e. ?. -. , S7KV- 63 . *7 . . so . .-. V-;V. . . .. ^.48 V .. ff** 001074 LEXOLDMON003269 bt^^maiesuiaufm.-- COMPARISON Of THE APPROXIMATE VISCOSITY IN SAYSOLT UNIVERSAL SECONDS ^^Sa$$^<^!|ANSFORMERASKAREUANOMINERALOIL ... . .. : '< *TMp 1 :ocmiiwi ,,ja^^Al3B3B4 --^r":T . OB -- 70-30 ^*iS.5S* <? --*-- - i;, - ~ *'. * 7 / >r.T - : * vr' *JW ISO ss so .w:.vw*</ tv SO.*- ' 34 .. ` too - ` :; ' 30 - .' . 48 40 34 30 - 2,800 190 80 GO 40 30 33 %i APPENDIX E THE DENSITY OF INERTEEN 7030 AND TRANSFORMER PYRANOL A13430 ' Approx. Density gm/ec. . Tamp.*C 0 . 40 so so ''Inartaan 70-30 - 1274 .. - .. - 1202 : ' 1229 1207 1.480 .' '"" . Pyranol A13838-3 - 1277 1208 1232 1210 1.488 i .. % APPENDIX F * . ; ' a" The thermal conductivity volun of transformer Pyrinol AI3838-3 at 27"C and 08*0 ara 202 and 202 x 10* atones centimeters-*, dagraa centigrade-*, sacond-t, respectively. Or, approximately OjOO BTU par (hrj (sq. ft.) CF.I par foot. isThis lama approximation appliaa to Inartaan 70-30. . APPENDIX G Heat Capacity - . . Ovar the tamparatura nnge of 29 to 120*0 the spaa'fie heat of transformer askaral is dose to 0.30 calorics par gram par APPENDIX H ' Coefficient of Expansion . . The average coefficient of expansion of transformer aricaret ovar the tamparatura range 20 to 100*C it0.0007 cc/cc^C.One gallon would maeaee to J.068 gallons on floating from 20 to 100C. - APPENDIX! - ' re Pita Resistance Askaralt of varlos* compositional types are used. Under arcing conditions the gam produced, while consisting of predominantly non-combustibls hydrogen ' can yield varying amounts of combustible gases depending upon the adcaraltypa. '-. .iy*;'. Intulttion systems Incorporating theta askaralt and csflulotic or other organic materials may, whan arced, produce gaseous mixtures whidt ara moderately flammable. At a precaution, such gam should be (amoved from the askaral by bubbling dry nitreoan dtrouah the askaral and flushine the aat team with drv nitroaen before anv awk k mHhimS an rtw ausrsuL LEXOLDMON003270 APPENDIX J Sttlt. Properties and Procurement * Dow Corning Corporation, Midland, Michigan with Districts at Atlanta, Boston, Chicago, Cleveland, Dallas, Los Angeles, New York City, Washington, D.C. and Toronto hat available Bulletin 09-019, August 1962 entitled "Silastic Design Data". This lists the gasket fabricators throughout the country from vrttom the `Silastic SO" gasketing can be purchased in sheet, extrusions or molded shapes. Generally, Silastic 50 sheet goods ere stocked by locel die cutters, hence, could be generally purchased locally. Usually small quantities of gaskets are die cut. If larger quantities are needed, tools are made of the same type used to cut other elastomers. Where the gasket is extruded for fitting into a machined groove or between gasket stops, Dow Corning advises use of a scarved joint. This joint is then cemented using Dow Coming's Silastic 140 (dear) or their RTV 731 (white) materials, which air cure. Dow Corning points out that the local "rubber" fabricators purchase the Silastic SO in billet form. This is worked on a roll mill in preparation for sheeting or extrusion. Then to obtain the desired physical properties the fabricator must oven cure the Silastic 50 for 24 hours at 480*9. SPECIFICATIONS* ASTM D676 ASTM D412 ASTM D412 ASTM D396 Color Specific Gravity at 77*F Hardness, Shore A. Scale Tensile Strength, psi, min Elongation, percent, min Compression Set after 22 hrt at 300*F, percent, max White 1.20 + 0.02 45to 60 BOO 260 30 `All physical properties measured on 0.075 inch thick temples molded 5 minutes at 24CTF, and oven cured 24 hours at 480*F. APPENDIX K Caution Label The following or equivalent caution statements should be fixed on all containers of transformer askarels and the transformers themselves: This product contains Polychlorinated Biphenyls (PCBs). Care should be taken to prevent entry into the environment through spills, leakage, use, vaporization, or disposal of liquid or containers. Avoid prolonged breathing of vapors or mists. Avoid contact with eyes or prolonged contact with skin. If skin contact occurs, remove by washing with soap and water. Following eye contact, flush with water. In case of spillage onto dothing, the dothing should be removed at soon as practical, skin washed, and clothing laundered. Monsanto MONSANTO INDUSTRIAL CHEMICALS COMPANY SPECIALTY PRODUCTS GROUP SOON. LINDBERGH BLVD. ST. LOUIS. MISSOURI 6316S The information herein regarding obtaining optimum results from askeral fluids in your transformer has been accumulated by Monsanto for over 40 years from the experience of makers and users of askarel transformers and it is believed will be helpful. Nothing herein dtall be construed at applying to other than askarel insulation. Data and maintenance suggestions herein do not apply to the ether components of the transformer. All operating and maintenance suggestions recommended by the manufacJturer of the transformer should also be carefully followed. ^Kseause these maintenance directions apply only to tits askarel insulation, Monsanto disclaims any liability for damage to property or injury to persons arising from transformer operation. 6BRN 00107b LEXOLDMON003271 "I ) J HOUSTON. TEXAS 77007 1X1 Hi OX Torn* BOS! WonOtirmr Root tm. trial tat LOS ANGtlFL CALIFORNIA 1*01 Goto Smom Ntwttn SottR. ttAmk TM. <71*113*0100 w yofk, nsw root ll till* Avooa W Fit A/mrlem TM. 1212170*4000 ST. LOUIS. MISSOURI 03100 0001*. Lindbmfi urn. TO. 12141 09A1000 SAN FRANCISCO OAT ARSA 27IOL*Nt*tm Xna dm*. OMkn* S0CS2 Tm. 1400124*0*14 WILMINGTON, DBLAWARt IM Sulm 204,1migofitit* 2411 SOmrOdo Root Tm. 13021 4704000 INTERNATIONAL OFFICES ARGENTINA Mormon ArsontOm SJLLC. SO Modon 1020. Floor, ITWO It* Ouoom Aim, Atfoodoo AUSTRALIA Monmoto Auotrtm UroNo* tom Toom. Frloem G*m AM Iff Fllndtro Sooot Motboorro. WcwrN 3001 Montonm AumlO UmNod 2t Tony la1 R010IN. Srdnoy. NSW AumIHtOX Fom oma So* 111IK.J Show Aaoollo 5021 OrIMm1 F. O. too S3. HonSom IM Ouoondon*. AmdMN 4007 Monmoto Soft Umlmd . Form F. O too 77 floiMlnaa ' WornAoooMN 0010 . ' AUSTRIA Monmoto OmOM RudoHmNa 12 ArlOIOWtm11. ' OtLOlUM ' MormomtwmSA. I.FtomMornm 1030OnmooN, OoltAmo . Bmot* NVMA 1*31 ARABS * ^.v>r' n v %'.i SL SALVADOR Monmoto Cm* BditkHFNm USoWkrrMlAM I Srni SMmOtr. StSHwOw FINLAND ArtodionOoto OCX 00100MMm*i 10. FMood FRANCO SmNm Monmom SJL B no SArommn TSFnmttlFrmoo OUATSUALA MonmnmGma BdHHNOm TtAtooMo 7*111 dam* sir. ( MONO KONO Monmnm Fm SomLM 20 Cono! Room WOW Hons Kmtt. 0CC INDIA MOWN CAomluN LM. Mootonm OromteH of toON Wm LM. IAi Froducml WOtoRoM Noooo 11 Swom R0, SoRorO tOMM MOWN OromiaN LM. It Ro/orMronoFl MoAhtrfm 00 ` ` 1700 OOI. MAN IAtFtodotml 310311 LlnXIt 00001, MliMN.Ftt.LMi MOWN OiomHoH LM . 3/0 AttlAll Room .. Mb OoRtl HO 001. RMN INOONISIA F. T. Monmoto Foo BNtOOolm III Of. Or NOorOio AForu. lomooorno ITALY VNMoNONnoGMNO Mtooo xi3*. /ary JAFAM 217, AIM Ki 01.1 FNIL0FINTS FMUSSFim lot. SoIm HOI Stariry toot B Tnm 0700AvoN Am. MMmi Rial 0-700, FRUktkm FUSRTO RICO Milana Nmm RN* Comoonr ` t Am. OomNoto St StNOAFORS MoomrN Sntooont Oomotn,- IFmJ Lm OWN 70B Cotorv OM*. 7Si Floor SOUTH AFRICA Hmm SOrO Atria IFtvJ LM. I la Floor. Sondton C/ry ShtA ~ ' , rwaf. Rwa Atria Loomto 3*04 - 1 t*r SNBOSN o SWITZtALAND HmM lOoNrnl SJL IMInMR IS TAIWAN Moomom Fm tom LM. (Ttlooo SrooMil SSOMOtAo tom Roo0 Stti FNor OocOoml.TomM THAILAND M Floor. KoooroA* am ItOSUomRmM 0000*3, IMM UNITtO KINGDOM MormoNLM tOIOVktorto LoiMor ON1H ONO OnoNrM VBNSZUBLA Atonmom IMmimN CA AmAOiMaN SwaTlMiaw* WBST GSRMANY Noomi1 Monsantoc MMri* Oiowinfi Cfc. / A (MR st Momma 0m vd9L Lsui^Mo. S31M . GBRN 00107? 4 : LEXOLDMON003272