Document n9zo7oK6Q809Q5jo3LMQgeb8G

I ANSI Z88.2-1978 AMERICAN NATIONAL STANDARD PRACTICES FOR RESPIRATORY PROTECTION CONOCO CHEMICALS RECEIVED OEC 8 7a I A RECEIVED DEC 11 w/a DRAFT SEPTEMBER 1977 VAB.0001034313 4 # f AMERICAN NATIONAL STANDARD PRACTICES FOR RESPIRATORY PROTECTION ft Introduction Tins standard sets forth accepted practices for respirator users. \ It provides infor matior and guidance on the proper selection, use, and care of respirators and sets forth recciiitended requirements for establishing and regulating respirator programs. This standard is a revision of ANSI 288.2-1969. 1.1 Scone + the ..ir halation of harmful air contaminants and from oxygen deficient atmospheres in the work.plice. Excluded are: 1) underwater breathing devices, 2) aircraft oxygen systems, 3) military masks, and 4) medical inhalators and resuscitators 1.2 Purpose The purpose of this standard is to provide information and guidance on the proper se- * 1 iio: i and use of respirators that will help safeguard the heai lth and life" of the * * industrial worker. This standard is written for all persons concerned with respiratory protection but especially for those primarily responsible for establishing and administrat: ng an acceptable respirator program. The standard contains recommended require ments ; or use by enforcement authorities in establishing regulations or piratoiy protection. 1.3 "Shall" and "Should" res- The pre visions of this standard are mandatory in nature where the word "shall" is used and ad\isory in nature where the word "should" is used. 1.4 Exceptions to 1*his standard mav be erranted fcv an ammnri a+*<=> rpcnilafow amarw VAB.0001034314 4  2t 4 .2. Definitions abra;sive-blasting respirator. See respirator. A respirator designed to protect the wearer against inhalation and against impact and abrasion from rebounding abrasive material. aerodynamic diameter. The diameter of a unit density sphere having the same set tling velocity as the particle in question of whatever shape and density. aerosol. A system consisting of particles, solid or liquid, suspended in air. air-purifying respirator. See respirator. air-regulating valve. An adjustable valve used to regulate airflow to the face piece, helmet, hood or suit of an air-line respirator. air-supply device. A hand- or motor-operated blcwer for the hose mask, or -a-oom- appro/ed. Tested and listed as satisfactory by the Bureau of Mines (BM) of the U.S. Depar onent of Interior, or jointly by the Mining Enforcement and Safety Administra tion (MESA) of the U.S. Department of Interior and the National Institute for Occu pational Safety and Health (NIOSH) of the U.S. Department of Health, Education and Welfare. breatliing tube. A tube through which air or oxygen flows to the facepiece, helmet, or hoed. h canister (adr^urifying) . A container with a filter, and/or sorbent, and/or catalyst that purifies air drawn through it. \ A canister (o>ygen-generating). A container filled with a chemical which generates r oxyger by chemical reaction. VAB.0001034315 A I -3- V carciiogen. A substance known to cause cancer. * wartr:.dge (air-purifying) . A small canister. c^calyst. In respirator use, a substance which converts a toxic gas (or vapor) into a less-toxic gas (or vapor). oeiling concentration. The concentration of an airborne substance that should not be oonfiied space. An enclosure, usually having limited means of egress, such as .a storage tank, process tank, tank car, boiler, duct, sewer, tunnel, pipeline, pit and contaminant. A harmful, or nuisance material that is foreign bo the J demand. See demand type self-contained breathing apparatus and demand type airline detachable coupling. A device by means of which the respirator wearer, without using hand tools, may detach the air-supply line from that part of the respirator worn on the person or from the air-supply source. -d--u--s--t1. . See Ta^ble 2. emergency respirator use. \ Wearing a respirator when a hazardous atmosphere suddenly "cuts which requires imnediate use of a respirator for escape from the hazardous atmosphere or for entry into the hazardous atmosphere to carry out maintenance or some other task. VAB.0001034316 4 4- 1 exhalation valve. A device that allows exhaled air to leave a respirator and pre vents outside air from entering through the valve. 'a eyepiece. A gastight, transparent window (s) in a full facepiece through which the wearer may see. i facepiece. That portion of a respirator that covers the wearer's nose and mouth in t a quarter-mask or half-mask facepiece or that covers the nose, mouth, ard eyes in a i full facepiece. It is designed to make a gas-tight or particle-tight fit with the face and includes the headbands, exhalation valve (s), and connections for an air- purifying device or respirable gas source or both. face shield. A device worn in front of the eyes and a portion of, or all of, the face, whose predominant function is protection of the eyes and the face. * ril> fibrosis-producing dust. Dust, which when inhaled, deposited, and retained in the h X lungs, may produce findings of fibrosis growth in the lungs which causes pulmonary tides from the inspired air. bg. See Table 2. full Fvxne. See Table 2. . An aeriform fluid which is in the gaseous state at ordinary-, temperature and VAB.0001034317 ii gas mask See respirator goggle, a device, with contour-shaped eyecups or faded .contact with glass or p" 'tic tenses, worn over the eyes and held in place by a headband or other suitable t * to life or health, which is oxygen defident or which contains a toxic or disease pro ducing contaminant. head harness. A device for holding the facepiece securely in place on the wearer's head. helmet. That portion of a respirator which shields the eyes, face, neck, and other, parts of the head. high efficiency filter. A filter which has an efficiency equal to or 1 99.97 percent for removal of dust, fume, and mist having a of 0.3 nicrometer frcm air. hood. That portion of a respirator which completely covers the head, neck and portions of the shoulders hose mas k. See respirator irrmediately dangerous to life or health (IDLH) . Any atmosphere that poses an inmediate hazard to life or produces irreversible debilitating effects on health. irrespirable. Unfit for breathing. mist, hee Table 2 rrouthpi*ice. That portion of a respirator which is held in the wearer's mouth and is x>nnechid to an air-purifying devioe or m source or both. It is designed to make a gas-tight or particle-tight fit with the mouth. VAB.0001034318 -6- m h. mpc . ffexirruRi p^trni ytihip airborne concentration. These concentrations are set by cl the National Oorimittee on Radiation Protection- They are reocnrtended maximum average 1 concentrations of radionuclides to which a worker may be exposed, assuming that he works 8 hours a day, 5 days a week, and 50 weeks a year. maximum use limit of filter. It is the maximum concentration of a test agent in a test atmosphere used in approval testing of an air-purifying respirator equipped with the filter, cartridge, or canister. non-routine respirator use Wearing a respirator when carrying out a special task nose clanp. A device used with a respirator equipped with a mouthpiece that closes the rostrils of the wearer. not iirmediately dangerous to life or health. Any hazardous atmosphere "which may i produce physical discomfort immediately, chronic poisoning after repeated exposure, 4 or acute adverse physiological symptoms after prolonged exposure. ic odor threshold limit. The lowest concentration of a contaminant in air that can be detected by the olfactory sense. * particulate matter. A suspension of fine solid or liquid particles in air, such as: dust, fog, fume, mist, smoke or sprays. Particulate matter suspended in air is com mon!/ known as an aerosol. powered air-purifying respirator. See respirator. * pneuloconiosis-producing dust. Dust, which when inhaled, deposited and retained in the lurjgs, may produce signs, symptoms and findings of pulmonary disease. 4 i p VAB.0001034319 H- 3 and 4. protection factor. The ratio of the anbient concentration of an airborne substance __ ______________ ____- __, _ * V to the concentration of the substance inside the respirator at the breathing zone of the wearer. The protection factor is a measure of the degree of protection provided r by a 2 espirator to the wearer. rescut; respirator use. Wearing a respirator for entry into a hazardous atmosphere to rescut i a person (s) in the hazardous atmosphere. resistance. Opposition to the flow of air, as through a canister, cartridge, par- espirator. A device designed to protect the wearer from inhalation of harmful atmosph eres. See Section 5, Classification, Description and Limitations of Respira-- resp jratory-inlet covering. That portion of a respirator which connects the wearer's respiratory tract to an air-purifying device or respirable gas source or both. * may se a facepiece, helmet, hood, suit or irouthpiece/nose clamp. It routine respirator use, wearing a respirator as a normal procedure when carrying out The removal of dirt and the inhibiting of the action of agents that v el i-oonta i ned breathin< o P VAB.0001034320  -8- 4 f service life. The period of tine that a respirator provides adequate protection to the wearer, such as the period of tine that an air-purifying device is effective for removing a harmful substance from inspired air. * sorbert. A material contained in a cartridge or canister which removes toxic gases and vapors from the inhaled air. spray. See Table 2. and gaseous contaminants and is provided with an adequate supply of respirable air. tine weighted average (TWA) . The average concentration of a contaminant in air during an 8-hour workday. * 'v -- , t w valve (air or oxygen). A device which controls the pressure, direction, or rate of flow of air or oxygen. vapor. The gaseous state of a substance that is solid or liquid at ordinary tempera welding helmet. A device designed to provide protection for the eyes, face, ears and ne ok against intense radiant energy and molton metal splatter encountered in arc or gas welding and cutting of metals. m window indicator. A device on a cartridge or canister which visually denotes the service life of the cartridge or canister. VAB.0001034321 4 4 .. Purpose. This section establishes requirements for the use of respirators. The 1 lowing requirements are supplemented by recaimended practices in subsequent sec- ons of tils standard. 2 Permissible Practice. *4 J. In the control of those occupational diseases caused by 4 eathing sir contaminated with harmful dusts, fumes, sprays, mists, fogs, smokes, pars, or gases, the primary objective shall be to prevent atmospheric contamina- ^4 3n. This shall be accomplished as far as feasible by accepted engineering control m a tilaticn, and substitution of less toxic materials) '. When trols fre not feasible, or while they are being instituted or evaluated appro- * ate respirators shall be used pursuant to the following requirements. * Eftplc yer 1 Fes pirators shall be provided by the employer when such equipment is neces-- to p:ctect the health of the employee. * 2 The employer shall provide the respirators which are applicable and suitable L the oiroose intended ,3 Tbi employer shall be responsible for the establishment and maintenance of a .'oiratc ry protection program which shall include the general requirements out- ad in 3.5. # Employee Responsibility t The employee shall use the provided respiratory protection in accordance with 2 Tie employee shall guard against damage to the respirator. m ?, : .3 Tie employee shall report any malfunction of the respirator to the responsi- 0 -a * * VAB.0001034322 i -10 4 3.5 minimal Acceptable Respirator Program 3.5.1 Standard Operating Procedures. Written standard operating procedures covering a conplete respirator program shall be established and implemented to include Sec-- * tions C.5.2 through 3.5.15. * 3.5.2 Program Administration. The plant or company industrial hygiene, health physics, or safety engineering department shall administer the respirator program in close liason p t- with the medical department. Responsibility and authority for the respirator program shall )oe assigned to a single person. In small plants or companies having no formal program shall be administered by an upper-level superintendent, foreman, or other qua! ified person responsible to the principal manager The administrator shall have suf- gram. 3.5.3 Physical and Psychological Limitations for Respirator Wearers. * .* ^ A physician shall deter line what physical and psychological conditions are pertinent for the wearing of different types of respirators. The respirator program administrator or his designee, using guidelines established by a physician, shall determine whether or not a person must og assigned to a task requiring the use of a respirator.* This determination shall be re viewed at least annually. (See Appendix A4.) 3.5.< Approved Respirators. Approved respirators shall be used. For exceptions, see Section 1.4. Modification of an approved respirator unauthorized by the approval agencies voids the approval. 3.51 > Respifetor Selection. The selection of the proper type of respirator shall be base 1 upon (a) the nature of the hazardous operation or process, (b) the type of res- \ ..... piratory hazard (including physical properties, chemical properties, warning properties. VAB.0001034323 I i psychological effects on the body, concentration of toxic material or airborne radio- * Ttivizy level, established permissible time weighted average concentration for toxic imtpH * or established maximim Dermissible airborne concentration for radioactive material, and established immediately dangerous to life or health concentration for 4 toxic Tvaterial) , (c) the location of the hazardous area in relation to the nearest area having respirable air, (d) the period of time for which respiratory protection must be provided, (e) the activities of workers in the hazardous area, and (f) the a function and physical characteristics of the various types of respirators. (See Sect. 6) *- * pi 3.5.6 Training. Each respirator wearer shall be given training which shall include m (a) ai explanation of the respiratory hazard and what happens if the respirator is % not used properly, (b) a discussion of what engineering and administrative controls n are being used and why respirators still are needed for protection, _(c) and ex planation of why a particular type of respirator has been selected, (d) a discussion of the function, capabilities, and limitations of the selected respiratory,_ (e) m instruction in how to don the respirator and to check its fit and operation, (f) * instmotion in the proper wearing of the respirator, (g) instruction in respirator maintenance, and (h) instruction in recognizing and handling emergency situations. (See Section 7.2.3.) % 3.5.7 Inspirator Fit. * Each respirator wearer shall be provided with a respirator tha^. fits him as determined by Section 6.10. Each respirator wearer shall be re quired to check the seal of the respirator by appropriate means prior to entering a harmful atmosphere. (See Section 7.5.) 4- 3.5.8 Facial Hair, Contact Lenses, Spectacles, and Goggles. A respirator equipped with a facepiece shall not be worn if facial hair ccmes between * the sealing periphery of the facepiece and the face or if facial hair interferes with valve function. The wearer of a respirator equipped with a full facepiece. v VAB.0001034324 * -12- I * helmet hood, or suit shall not be allowed to wear contact lenses. If spectacle or gogqles !or faceshield must be worn with a_facepiece, they shall be worn so as not to adversely affect the seal of the facepiece to the face. (See Sections 7.4 and 9.1) 3.5.9 Issue of Respirators. The proper type of respirator for each respiratory hazard shall be listed in written standard operating procedures. Only persons respiritors to persons needing them. (See Sections 7.2.2 and 7.6.) 3.5.10 Respirator Inspection. The respirator shall be inspected by the wearer prior to its use to insure that it is in proper working condition. Each respirator stored for emergency or rescue use shall be inspected at least monthly. (See Sections 7.7 and 8.3) 3.5.11 Monitoring Respirator Use. Supervisory personnel shall periodically monitor the use of respirators to insure that they are worn properly. (See Section 7.8.) * .^ 3.5.12 Monitoring Respiratory Hazard. The concentration or the}airborne radioactivi ty level of the respiratory hazard in the work area shall be* monitored as necessary to insure proper respiratory protection. (See Section 7.9) 3.5.1* Medical and Bioassay Surveillance. Medical, including bioassay surveillcnce, when applicable of respirator wearers shall be carried out periodically A phys ician shall determine the requirements of the surveillance program Section 10,4) 3.5.14 Respirator Maintenance. maintenance shall be performed regularly ;-'aint> nance shall be carried out on a schedule which insures that each respirator /eare: is provided with a respirator that is clean and in good operating condition maintenance shall include (a) washing, sanitizing, rinsing, and drying, (b) inspec tion for' defects, (c) replacement of worn or deteriorated parts, (d) repair if neces- M m* ary, and (e) storage to protect against dust, sunlight, excessive`heat, extreme n cold, excessive moisture, damaging chemicals, and physical damage 'Section 8) . VAB.0001034325 ion. An appraisal of t' fectiveness of the L I -13- respirator program shall be carried out at least annually. Action shall be taken to correct defects found in the program. (See Section 10.) Classification of Respiratory Hazards i 4.1 Introduction. The purpose of this section is to list and briefly describe * various categories of respiratory hazards that might be encountered and which may require use of respirators. The information provides a general background for re- i latin ] the guidance in subsequent sections to the type of hazard encountered. yanag<ment, however, will find it necessary to consult references on industrial hygiene and toxicology and perhaps expert individuals to develop the necessary ccmprthensive information on specific airborne contaminants. Respiratory hazards for the purpose of this standard are classified as follows: (1) oxygen deficiency + (2) gas and vapor contaminants (a) immediately dangerous to life or health (b) not inrnediately dangerous to life or health * ` * (3) particulate contaminants (aerosols including dust, fog, fume, mist, smoke, and spray) , (a) immediately dangerous to life or health (b) not immediately dangerous to life or health (4) combination of gas, vapor, and particulate contaminants (a) immediately dangerous to life or health (b) not immediately dangerous to life or health respirators may afford some protection against high temperature atmospheres. (See Section 9.6) Further information on the hazards of and use of respirators in high temperatures is presented in a National Fire Protection Association publication, '* . * ~i.re Officers Guide to Breathing Apparatus for the Fire Service, published in 1975. \ 4 VAB.0001034326 4I I -14- 4 hazards listed in 4.1 are classified in Table 1 according to expected biological L effects of the contaminants. Many respirators, particularly air-purifying respi rators, are designed and selected an the basis of chemical and physical properties N of the air contaminants. Therefore, gas, vapor, and particulate contaminants \ are also presented in Table 2 according to their physical and chemical properties. 5. Classification, Description, and Limitations of Respirators. I 5.1 Introduction. The purpose of this section is to provide a description of the various types of respirators, their limitations, and capabilities, as a background for subsequent sections which discuss their selection, use, and maintenance. This information is presented in two tables. Table 3 covers the classification and description of respirators according to the general classifications concer ning mode of operation. Table 4 covers capabilities and limitations of respir ators arranged to correspond to the subject headings in Table 3. ^ * Respirators fall ino the following general classifications, according to mode of operation: * (1) a mosphere-supplying respirators (a) self-contained ( d) supplied-air (o) combination self-contained and supplied-air (2) air purifying respirators (a) gas and vapor ( d) particulate (aerosols including dust, fog, fume, mist, smoke, and sprays) j (-) combination gas, vapor, and particulate '3) combination atmosphere-supplying and air-purifying respirators i^ * 'ere detailed information on specific types of respirators can be obtained from \ q VAB.0001034327 TABLE I CLASSIFICATION CF RESPIRATOR* HAZARDS ACCOrDING TO THEIR BIOIXCICAL EFFECT Oxygen Deficiency (19.5 percent: Mini mm leg ll rerpxi rument for respirable air at se$> level conditions.) Gns and Vapor Contaminants Particulate Contaminants (Dust, fog, feme, mist, smoke and sprays) Occurrence: Confined or uiventilated cellars, wells, mines, ship holds, tanks, bunting buildings, and enclosures obtaining inert atmospheres. (See note 1) Atmospheric Oj content (pen ent by vol ume) versus expected condit ons: 20.9 percent: Oxygen aontert of normal air at sea level conditions. 9 Oxygon Vol. % at Sea Level Physiologies' Effects 16-12 4 14-10 Loss of peripheral vision, increased breatiling volume, accelerated heart beat, inpaired attention and think ing, inpairod coordi nation. Very faulty judgement, very poor muscular coordination, muscular exertion causes fatitjue that may cause permanent heart: damage, in termit tant respiration. 10-6 Nausea, vcmiting, inability to per-form vigorous roovemei t, unconscious ness followed by death. less than 6 Spasmatic breathing, convulsive movements, death in minutes. Asphyxiants: Interfere with utilization of O2 in the body. Sinple asphyxiants: Physiologically inert substances that dilute (K in the air (for exanple: nitrogen, hydrogen, helivm, methane) . See Oxygen Deficiency, Oolum 1. Chemical asptiyxiants: Low ooncentrations inter fere with supply or utilization of O2 in the body (for exanple: carbon monoxide, hydrogen cyanide, cyanogen and nitriles), Irritants: Corrosive in action. May cause irri tation and inf lama ti on of parts of the respiratory system (also skin and eyes) and pulmonary edema (for exanple: armonia, hydrogen chloride, formal dehyde, sulfur dioxide, chlorine, ozone, nitrogen dioxoide, phosgene, and arsenic trichloride) . Anesthetics: Cause loss of feeling and sensation with unconsciousness and death possible (for exanple: nitrous oxide, hydrocarbons and ethers). Some anesthetics injure body organs; (for example: carbon tetrachloride (liver and kidneys) , chloro form (liver and heart) , benzene (bone marrow) , and carbon disulfide (nervous system) . Sensitizers: Cause increased probability of physiological reactions (for exanple: isocyantes, epoxy resins) . Relatively Rby cause discomfort and minor irritation, but generally without injury at reason- able (for exanple: marble, gypsun). Pulmonary fibrosis-producing: Produce nodulation and fibrosis in the lung, possibly leading to com plications (for exanple, quartz, asbestos). Carcinogens: Produce cancer in some individuals after "latent" period (for exanple: asbestos, chromates, radioactive particulates) . Chemical irritants: Produce irritation, inf 1oration and ulceration in upper respiratory tract (for exanple: acidic mists, alkalies). Systemic poisons: Produce pathologic reactions in various systems of the body (for exanple: lead, maganese, cadmium). Allergy-producing: Produce reactions such as: itching, sneezing and asthma (for exanple: pollens, spices and animal fur ). Febrile reaction-producing: Produce chills followed by fever (for exanple, fanes of zinc and copper). * Systemic poisons: Damage organs and systems in the body (for exanple: mercury (nervous system and var ious organs), phosphorous (bone), hydrogen sulfide (respiratory paralysis), and arsine (red blood cells and liver). 1 ( * t P VAB.0001034328 4r. 4 TWHJS 1 (continued) 4 Gas and Vapor Contaminants persons after a latent period (for exanple: vinyl chloride, benzene) . Ccntoinations of Gas, Vapor and Particulate Contaminants Combinations of contaminants may occur simultaneously in the atmosphere. Con taminants may be entirely different sub stances (dusts and gases frcm blasting) or the particulate and vapor forms of the same substance. Synergistic effects (joint action of two or more agents that results in an effect which is greater than the sun of their individual effects) may occur. Such effects may require extraor dinary protective measures. toriE Is The adverse effects of oxygen deficiency increase with decreasing atmospheric pressure or increased altitude. i* ** * * * # S -*. --. W L. - * + ** I r*,-.-- -* -4 -u -s iVt'J UI *r* * T mh T 4 0 * 1034329 ( LASSIFICATION OF RESPIRATORY HAZARDS ACCORDING TO THEIR PROPERTIES WHICH INFLUENCE RESPIRATOR SELECTION 9 Gas and Vapor Contaminants Particulate Contaminants In?*':* They do not react with other Particles are produced by mechanical subsidences under most conditions, but means by the disintegration processes creaze a respiratory hazard by dis of grinding, crushing, drilling, blast placing air and producing oxygen de ing and spraying; or by the physio- ficiency (for example, helium, neon, chemical reactions such as combustion, argcn). vaporization, distillation, sublima tion, calcination, and condensation. Acidic: Substances that are acids or Particles are classified as follows: that react with water to produce an acic. In water, they produce positive Dust: A solid mechanically produced ly charged hydrogen ions and a PH of particle with sizes varying from sub- less than 7. They taste sour and many microscopic to visible or macroscopic. are corrosive to tissues (for example hydiogen chloride, sulfur dioxide, Spray: A liquid mechanically produced flucrine, nitrogen dioxide, acetic particle with sizes generally in the acic , carbon dioxide, hydrogen sulfide, visible or macroscopic range. and hydrogen cyanide). Fume: A solid condensation particle Alkaline: Substances that are alkalies of extremely small particle size, or :hat react with water to produce an generally less than one micron in alkHi. When in water solutions, they diameter. res lit in the production of negatively -* * changed hydroxyl ions (0H-) and a PH Mist: A liquid condensation particle greater than 7. They taste bitter, and with sizes ranging from submicroscopic manf are corrosive to tissues, (for ex to visible or macroscopic. ample, ammonia, amines, phosphine, ar sine, and stibine). Fog: A mist of sufficient concentrate to perceptibly obscure vision. Organic: These are the compounds of carbon. Examples are saturated hydro Smoke: A system which includes the carbons (methane, ethane, butane), un products of combustion, pyrolysis, or saturated hydrocarbons (ethylene, acet chemical reaction, of substances ylene), alcohols (methyl ether, in the form of visible and invisible et>yl ether), aldehydes (formaldehyde), solid and liquid particles and gaseous ke4ones (dimethyl ketone), organic products in air. Smoke is usually acids (formic acid, acetic acid), ha of sufficient concentration to per lites (chloroform, carbon tetrachloride) ceptibly obscure vision. am des (formamide, acetamide), nitriles (acetonitrile, isocynantes (toluene di .socyanate), amines (methylamine), ep>xies (epoxyethane, propylene oxide), an i aromatics (benezene, toluene, and zyLene). ^ Orjanometallic: Compounds in which met als are chemically bonded to organic groups (for example, ethyl silicate, tetraethyl lead, and organic phospates). Hydrides: Compounds in which hydrogen is chemically bonded to metals and cer tain other elements, h`or example, di- bc rane and lithium hydride. A i- VAB.0001034330 %V TABLE 3 CLASSIFICATION AND DESCRIPTION CF R :p IRATOP5 BV MODE OF OPERATION Atmosphere-S upplying Respirators A respirable atmosphere independent of the ambient air is supplied to the wearer. Self-Contained Breathing Apparatus (SCBA) Supply of air, oxygen, or oxygen-generating material carried by wearer. Nornally equipped with full facepiece, but nay be equipped with a quarter-mask facepiece, half-mask facepiece, helmet, hood, or mouthpiece and nose clasp. (oxygen only) (a) Compressed or liquid oxygen type equipped with a facepiece or mouthpiece and nose clatp. High-pres sure (>2 firm a gas cylinder passes through a high-pres sure reducing valve and, in same designs, through a lowpressure admission valve to a breathing bog or con tainer. Liquid oxygen is converted to a low-pres sure gaseous oxygen and delivered to the breathing bag. The wearer inhales from the bag, through a Supplied-Air Respirators (1) Equipped with a respiratoryinlet covering (facepiece, helmet, hood, or suit), nonkinking breath ing tube, rugged safety harness and a large diameter heavy-duty non-kinking air supply hose. The breathing tube and hose are se curely attached to the harness. A facepiece is equipped with an exhalation valve. The harness has provision for attaching a safety line. (a) Hose mask with blower. Air is supplied by a motor-dri ven or hand-operated blower. The wearer can continue to inhale through the hose if the blcwer fails. Up to 300 feet of hose length is permissible. (b) Hose mask without blower. The wearer provides motivating force to pull air through the hose. The hose inlet is anchored and fitted with a funnel or like object covered with a fine irfesh screen to prevent entrance of coarse particulate matter. Up bo 75 feet of hose length is permissible. Air-Purifying Respirators Anbient air, prior to being inhaled is passed through a filter, cartridge, or canister which removes particles, vapors, gases, or combinations of these contaminants. Breathing action of wearer operates non-powered type. Pcwered type contains a blower, stationary, or carried by wearer, which pulls ambient air through an air-purifying component and then supplies purified air to Uie respiratory-inlet covering. Norr-pouered type is equipped with a facepiece or mouthpiece and nose clamp. Powered type is equipped with a facepiece, helmet, hood, or suit. Vapor-and Gas-Removing Respirator Equipped with cartridge (s) or canister(s) to remove a single vapor or gas (for example, chlo rine gas), a single class of va pors or gases (for example, or ganic vapors), or a combination of two or more classes of vapors or gases (for exarrple, organic vapors and acid gases) frcm air. Par ti cu la te-Removing Respirator I t Equipped with filter(s) to remove a single type of particulate matter (for example dust) or a combination of two or more types of particulate matter (for example, dust and fume) from air. Filter may be a replace able part or a permanent part of the respirator. Filter may be single use type or leasable type. Ocmbinatlon Particulate-, Vapor-, and Gas Removing Respirator juipped cartridge(s) vapors and gases from canister (s) to remove particulate The filter may be a permanent part * f * Pi t f TfSBrQeOl034331 * TABLE 3 (cont.) Atnospb ire-Supplying Respirators to a mouthpiece or facepi ice and a one-way check valve haled air passes through . an other check valve and tut* into a aontainer of carbon dioxix <e re moving chemical and rcents rs the breathing bog. Make x p O2 enters the bag oontinuously or as the bag deflal es sufficiently to actuate ar acbiission valve. A pressure rc lief system is provided and a nanual bypass system and saliva t rap rray be provided depending upon the design. (b) Cbcygen-generating type. Equipped with a facepiece Dr mouthpiece and nose clasp. Water vapor in the exhaled breath reacts with chemical in thi can ister to release O2 to the breathing bag. The wearer inhales from the bag through a corrugated tube and one- ray check valve at the facepieoe. Exhaled air passes through a second check valve breathi ng tube assembly into the can ster. The 0 release rate s governed by the volume of ex haled air. CX>2 is removed by the canister fill. (2) Open-Circuit 9CBA (com pressed air, oatparessed ooqgen, liquid air, liquid oxygen). A bypass system is provided in (2) Air-Line Respirator Respirable air is supplied through a small--diameter hose from a compressor or oaqpressed air cylinders. The hose is attached to the wearer by a belt and can be detached rap idly in an emergency. A flow control valve or orifice is provided to govern the rate of air flew to the wearer. Exhaled air passes to the ambient atmosphere through a valve(s) or opening in the enclosure (facepiece, telnet, hood, suit). Up to 300 feet of air-line is permissible. (a) Continuous-flow class. Equipped with a facepiece, hood, helmet, or suit. At least four cubic feet of air per minute to tight-fitting facepieces and six cubic feet per minute to loose-fitting helmets, hoods, and suits are required. Air is supplied to a suit through a system of internal tubes to the head, trunk, and extremities through valves located in appropriate parts of the suit. (b) Demand type. Equipped with a facepiece.only. The demand valve permits flow of air only during inhalation. (c) Pressure-demand type. Equipped with a full facepiece only. A positive pressure is maintained in the facepiece. * r t i Air-purl tying Respirators VAB.0001034332 case of regulator failure except on escape-type units. (a) Demand type. * Equipped with a facepiece or mouth piece and nose clanp. The demand valve permits oxygen or air flow only during in halation. Exhaled breath passes to ambient atmosphere through a valve (s) ir the facepiece. (b) Pressure-demand type. ** Equipped with facepiece only. Positive pressure is imintained in the facepieoe. The vearer may have the op tion of selecting the demand TABLE 3 (cent.) Origination Airline I nspirator with Auxiliary Self-Contained Air Supply Includes an airline respirator with an auxiliary self-contained air supP y* Tb escape fioo a hazardous atmosphere in the event the primary air supply falls to operate, the wearer switches to the auxiliary self-con tained air supply. Devices approved for both entry into and escape frem dangerous atmospheres have a lew pressure warning alarm and contain at least a 15-minute self-contained air supply. Qxrbination Atmosphere-Supplying and Air-Purifying Respirators An kj respirator with an auxiliary air-purifying attachment to provide protection in the respirator with an auiLiary self-contained air supply which is used in case the atmosphere unexpectedly purifying respirator. the air supply fails. An air-purifying safe conditions for use of an air- Eyuipped with a denat.ci valve that is activated on initiation of inhalationpressure in the facepiece beccmcs positive and the demand valve is deactivated breathing atmosphere to the facepiece. A positive pressure is maintained in the facepiece by a spring-loaded or balanced regulator and exhalation valve On exhalation. I c r I > Table 4 Capabilities and Limitations of Respirators A T mospl ere-Supply ing Respirators (Sec 5*3 for specifications on respirable atmosphei'es, ) Atmosphere-supplying respirator; provide protection against oxygen defi ciency and toxic atmospheres, "he breathing atmosphere is independent of ambient atmospheric conditio: s. General Limitations: Except foi some airline suits, no Drotection is provided against skin irritatioi by materials such as ammonia and HCL, or against sorption of material; such as MCN* tritium* or organic phos phate pesticides through the skin. See 6.3.4.1. facepieces present spe cial problems to individuals required to wear prescription lenses (See 9.1 and 9,2). Use of atmosphere-supplying resjirators in atmospheres immediately dan gerous to life or health is limited to specific devices under specified conditions (See 6-1-2.3,1). Self-Contained Brea thing Apparatus (SCBA) Supplied Air Respirator The wearer carries his own breath ing atmosphere* Limitations: The period over which the device will provide protection Is limited by the amount of air ir oxygen in the apparatus, the am bient atmospheric pressure (service life Is cut in half by a doubling of the atmospheric pressure)* an 1 work* Some SCBA devices have a short service life (less than 15 min*) and are suitable only for ;scape (self-rescue) from an irres >lrable atmosphere* Chief lialtatl?ns of SCBA devices are their weight or bulk or both* limited service 11ce* and the training required for th;ir maintenance and safe use. The respirable air supply is not limited to the quantity the indi vidual can carry* and the devices are light weight and simple. Limitations: Limited to use in atmospheres from which the wearer can escape unharmed without aid of the respirator. The wearer is restricted in move ment by the hose and must return to a respirable atmosphere by retracing his route of entry. The hose Is subject to'belng severed or pinched off. (1) Hose Mask The hose inlet or blower must be located and secured in a respi rable atmosphere* Air-Purifying Respirators General Limitations: Air-purifying respirators do not protect againsi cxvgendeficient atmospheres nor against skin irritations by* or sorption through the skin of airborne contaminants. See 6.3.5.1. The maximum contaminant concentration against which an air purifying respi rator will protect is determined by the design efficiency and capacity cf the cartridge* canister* or filter and the facepiece to face seal on the user. Tor gases and vapors* the maximum concentration for which the air purifving unit is designed is specified by the manufacturer* or on approved cartridges or canisters, by the maximum use concentration specified in the approval. Non-powered air purifying respirators will not provide the maximum design pro tection specified unless the facepiece or raouthpiece/nose clamp* is carefully fitted to the wearer's face to prevent inward leakage. See 7.5 The time period over which protection is provided is dependent on canister* cartridge* of filter type, concentration of contaminant, humidity levels in the ambient atmosphere, and the wearer's respiratory rate. The proper type of canister* cartridge, or filter must be selected for the particular atmosphere and conditions. Non-powered, air-purifying respirators may cause discomfort due to a noticeable resistance to inhalation- This prob lem is minimized in powered units. Respirator facepieces present special prob lems to individuals required to wear prescription lenses. (See 9.1 and 9*2). These devices do have the advantage of being small* light* and simple in operation - Use of air-purifying respirators in atmospheres immediately dangerous to life or health is limited to specific devices under specified conditions. (See 6,1, 2.3.1). Vapor and Gas Removing Respirators Particulate-Removing Respirators Limitations: No protection is provided against particulate containlnants. ^A rise in canister or cartridge temperature indicates that a gas or vapor is being removed from the inspired air. Limitations: Protect against non-volatile particles only. No protection against gase3 and vapors, A * f a p r Table M cont.) (1) Closed- Circuit SCBA The closed circuit opperaes con serves oxygen and permits ongor service life at reduced, A*ei ght. A negative pressure in the respi ratory inlet covering is cieated during inhalation in most closed circuit devices and may permit inward leakage of contaminants, * (2) Open-circuit SCBA demat d and pressure-demand The demand type produces a nega tive pressure in the respiratory inlet covering during inhalation whereas the pressure-demand type maintains a positive pressure in the respiratory inlet covering during inhalation and is less apt to permit inward leakage of con taminants. (a) Hose mask with blower. If the blower fails* the unit still provides protection, although a negative pre ssure exists in the facepiece during inhalation. (b) Hose mask without blower. Maximum hose length may restrict application of device, (2) Air-Line Respirators (ContinuousFlow f Demand and Pressure-Demand Types) The demand type produces a negative pressure in the facepeice on Inhala tion whereas continuous flow and pressure-demand types maintain a positive pressure in the respiratory inlet covering and are less apt to permit inward leakage of contami nants , Airline suits may protect against atmospheres that affect the skin or mucous membranes or that may be absorbed through the unbroken skin. Limitations: Air-line respirators provide no protection if the air supply fails. Some contaminants* such as tritium* may penetrate the material of an airline suit and limit its effectiveness. Other contaminants* such as fluo rine* may react chemically with the material of an airline suit and damage it* See,6,3*5,1* An uncomfortably high temperature indicates a high concentration of gas or vapor and requires an im mediate return to fresh air. Should avoid use in atmospheres where the contaminant(s) lacks sufficient warning properties (that is* odor or irritation), (1) Full Facepiece Respirator Provides protection against eye irritation in addition to res piratory protection, (2) Half and Quarter Mask Res pirator Not approved for use in atmos pheres immediately dangerous to life or health, A fabric covering (facelet) available from some manufacturers shall not be used. (1)-Full Tacepiece Respirator Provides protection gainst eye irri tation in addition to respiratory protection. (2) Half and Quarter Mask Respirator Not approved for use in atmospheres immediately dangerous to life or health* A fabric covering (facelet) available from some manufacturers shall not be used. (3) Mouthpiece Respirator (Filter) Shall be used only for escape applica tions, Mouth breathing prevents detection of contaminant by odor. Nose clamp must be securely in place to prevent nasal breathing. A small* lightweight device that can be donned quickly. (3) Mouthpiece Respirator Shall be used only for escape applications. Mouth breathing pre vents detection of contaminant by odor. Nose clamp must be se curely In place to prevent nasal breathing, A small* lightweight device that can be donned quickly. * V if ** . VAB.0001034335 4 f respirator manufacturers and from the following manuals: Respiratory Protective * Devic es Manual published by the American Industrial Hygiene Association and the American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists in 1963 (out of print)? x A Guide to Industrial Respiratory Protection published by the Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory in 1977; Energy Research and Development Administration, Division of Safety, Standards, and Compliance Respirator Manual published by the Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory in 1976; Manual of Respiratory Protection Against Airborne Radioactive Materials published by the U. S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission in 1976. The colors assigned to cartridges and canisters of air-purifying respirators are listed in the American National Standard for Identification of Cartridges and Canisters used in Air-Purifying Respirators, K13.1-1973. * 5.2 Respirable Air and Oxygen for Self-Contained Breathing Apparatus and Air- Supplied Respirators. Ccnpressed air, compressed oxygen, liquid air, and liquid p oxygen used for respiration shall be of high purity. Oxygen shall meet,the -jquirements of the United Stated Phamaoopoeia for medical or breathing oxygen. Gaseous air shall meet at least the requirements of the specification for Type I, Grade D breathing air and liquid air shall meet at least the requirements for Type II, Grade B breathing air as described in American National Standard Ccmrodity .Specifi cation for Air, Z86.1-1976. Compressed air may contain lew concentrations of oil. If high-pressure oxygen passes through an oi1-or-grease--coated orifice, an explosion or fire may occur. Therefore, corrpressed oxygen shall not be used in supplied-air respirators or in # open- :ircuit type self-contained breathing apparatus that have previously used acmpressed air. . *r * Breatiiing air may be supplied to respirators from cylinders or air ccnpressors. limlers shall be tested and maintained in accordance with applicable Department w VAB.0001034336 1 iJ Table 4 (cont.) Combination Airline Respirator With Auxiliary SC Air Supply The auxiliary self-contained ai' supply on this type device allows the 8caP fr? adanSerois atmosphere. This device with aux- vice7a~ T !^ply 18 aPProved fov escapes and some de- ph"s PPr fCr both entr>y into and escape from dangerous atmos Combination Particulate and Vapor and Gas Removing Respirators The advantages and disadvantages of the component parts of the respirator as described above apply. P the ination Combination At HjL?d3!naf!? T"1MMdvaatafM, expreseed above, of the node <1*''r"ln* the overall capabilities end limit tion even though conditions would reoutr-- U^e<> govern. The mode with the greater limitations respirator since the wearer may for some reason fall to change (air-purifying the mode of opera VAB.0001034337 h -16- cf Transportation specifications for shipping containers (Title 49, Code of Federal m Regulations, Part 173 General Requirements for Shipments and Packagings and Part 178 ping Container Specifications) . Compressors shall be constructed and situated i so as to avoid entry of contaminated air into the system and suitable in-line air purifying sorbent beds and filters installed to further assure breathing Air qua!ity. >1 Breazhing air couplings shall be incompatible with outlets for plant air or other gas jystems to prevent inadvertent servicing of air--line respirators with nonres-- pirable gases or oxygen. Brea' hing-gas containers shall be marked in accordance with American National Standard Method of Marking Portable Compressed Gas Containers to Identify the Material Contilined. Z48.1-1954 (R1971); Federal Specification SB-A-1034a, June 21, 1968, k- Air, Compressed for Breathing Purposes; or Interim Federal Specification GG-B-00675c, O-tcher 7, 1974, Breathing Apparatus, Self-Contained. Further details o'n'sborces of compressed air and its safe use will be found in Compressed Gas Association Panphlet G-7, 1968, Compressed Air for Human Respiration. * 6.1 Approved Respirators. Approved respirators shall be selected. For exceptions, see Section 1.4. See Appendix A.3. 6.2 General Considerations. The selection of a proper respirator for any given situation shall require consideration of the following factors: (1) mature of the hazard (See Sections 6.3 and 6.4) (2) characteristics of the hazardous operation or process (See Section 6.5) a* _ * (3) ..ocation of the hazardous area with respect to a safe cLrea having respirable air (See Section 6.6) VAB.0001034338 -17- (4; period of time for which respiratory protection must be provided (See Section 6.7) * * (5) activity of workers in the hazardous area (See Section 6.8) (6) physical characteristics and functional capabilities and limitations of respirators of various types (See Section 6.9) (7) respirator protection factors, (See Sections 6.10, 6.11, and 6.12) 6.3 Nature of Hazard. The following factors concerning the nature of the Ax (1) .type (a) oxygen deficiency (b) contaminant (2) physical properties (3) chemical properties -* !4) physiological effects on the body (5) actual concentration or airborne radioactivity level % (a) average (b) peak $ (6) established permissible time weighted average and or peak concentration Dr established naxirnum permissible airborne radioactivity level '7) immediately dangerous to life or health concentration !8) ' warning properties .4 Monitoring of Respiratory Hazard. Recognition and evaluation of the , V1 ospiiatary hazard (oxygen deficiency or contaminant (s)) shall be an essential z-jrt cf respirator selection. Monitoring of the respiratory hazard by air VAB.0001034339 18 * * U* sampling shall be carried out to obtain data needed for selection of proper t. respiratory protection- Air sampling data should include U; identification of the type of respiratory hazard (a) oxygen deficiency (b) specific contaminant(s) (2) nature of contaminant(s) (a) (b) vapor (s) or gas(es) (3) x>ncentration of A V->' .5 (haracteristies of Hazardous Operation or Process. Hie following factors concerning the hazardous operation or process shall be taken into account in se)ecting the proper (1) ' n \ work area characteristics 1 ;3) materials including raw materials, end products, and by-products % (actual and potential) (4) v* >rker activities manges in the operation or process shall be taken into account. J .6 Location of Hazardous Area The location of the hazardous area with respect to a safe area having respirable air shall be considered in respirator selection since this will permit planning for escape of workers if an emergency occurs, for entry of workers to perform maintenance duties ider emergency conditions, and for rescue conditions. j?- r * .7 Use Tima Period. The period of time that a respirator must be k. om is an important factor that shall be taken into account in respirator selection VAB.0001034340 19*- i Also, consideration shall be given in respirator selection to the type of respirator application such as routine, non-routine, or emergency. It would not be desirable to select respirators that are heavy or that offer high resistance to breathing for routine respirator application which require the wearing of respirators for marry hours each day. 6.1 Worker Activity. A thorough knowledge of worker activities shall be obtained t ami considered in selecting the proper respirator. The characteristics of the job and the location of the worker in the hazardous area shall be considered.' It shall be kncwn if the worker is in the hazardous area.continuously or inter mixtantly during the work shift. It shall be known if the work rate is light, meciium, or heavy. 6.`* Respirator Characteristics, Capabilities, and Limitations. Ihe physical characteristics, the functional capabilities, and the performance limitations of * * the various types of respirators shall be considered in respirator selection (see Section 5 for classification and discussion of respirators)* 1 6*-'.l Respirators for C&eygen-Deficient Atmosphere. Only respirators that pro vide an independent, respirable atmosphere shall be used in an oxygen-deficient J ati sphere. Respirators which are approved for this purpose include a self-- i contained breathing apparatus and a combination airline respirator with auxiliary self-contained air supply. See Table 5. 6.1.2 Respirators for Atmospheres Immediately Dangerous to Life or Health. Respirators for use in atmospheres that contain adequate oxygen but are imrediately dargerous to life or health because of the presence of toxic contaminants are listed . *- in Table 5. 6.5.3 Respirators for Atmospheres Not Inmediately Dangerous to Life or Health. * VAB.0001034341 -20- Ihe respirators for use in contaminated atmospheres that ccntain adequate oxygen *- but are not immediately dangerous to life or health are listed in Table 5. 6. in Respirator Protection Factor (PF) . Respirators shall be selected according to the characteristics of the hazards, the capabilities and limitations of "he respirators, and the ability of each respirator wearer to obtain a satisfactory fit with a respirator. Taking into account the capabilities and limitations of respirators and the results of respirator fitting tests, a table of Respirator Protection Factors has been prepared (See Table 5.) A r aspirator protection factor is a measure of the degree of protection provided by a respirator to a wearer. Multiplying the permissible time weighted average concentration or the permissible ceiling concentration, whichever is applicable, for a toxic substance, or the maximum permissible airborne concentration for a radionuclide by a protection factor assigned to a respirator gives the maximum * concentration of the hazardous substance for which the respirator can be used. ] % When applicable, a qualitative or quantitative respirator fitting test shall be * used to determine the ability of each individual respirator wearer to obtain a satisfactory fit with a respirator. The results of qualitative or quantitative respirator fitting tests shall be used to select specific types, makes, and models of respirators for use by individual respirator wearers. A. Qualitative Respirator Fitting Tests A person wearing a respirator is exposed to an irritant smoke, an odorous vapor, or other suitable test agent. An airnpurifying respirator must be equipped with an air-purifying element(s) which effectively removes the test agent from inspired air. If the respirator wearer is unable to detect pene tration of the test agent into the respirator, the respirator wearer has o VAB.0001034342 -21- achieved a satisfactory fit with the respirator. (See Appendix A5.) * B. Quantitative Respirator Fitting Test A person wears a respirator in a test atmosphere containing a test agent j- in the form of an aerosol/ vapor, or gas. Instrumentation, which samples the test atmosphere and the air inside the respiratory-inlet cover! of the respirator, is used to measure quantitatively the penetration of the * test agent into the respiratory-inlet covering. * When carrying out respirator fitting tests, it shall be acceptable procedure to make the following modifications to respirators provided that such, modifica tions do not affect the seal of the respirators to wearers. (1) When, carrying out a quali tative or quantitative respirator fitting test which uses an aerosol as the test agent, it shall be acceptable > procedure to equip an air-purifying respirator with a high efficiency filter. * % (2) When carrying out a qualitative or quantitative respirator fitting_ test which uses a vapor or gas as the test agent, it shall be acceptable ft procedure to equip an air-purifying respirator with an appropriate cartridge or canister which removes the vapor or gas from air. (3) When carrying out a quantitative respirator fitting test, it shall be acceptable procedure to attach a sampling probe to the respirator which is connected by Flexible tubing to an instrument which measures the penetration of the test agent into the respirator. When carrying out quantitative respirator fitting tests, it shall be an acceptable procedure to carry out a single test for each available make and model respirator \ h * to select a make and model respirator for use by a person. However, three VAB.0001034343 -22- additional quantitative respirator fitting tests involving the wearing of the selected make and model respirator by the person shall be' carried out to determine n a projection factor for the make and model respirator worn by the person. The wearing of the make and model respirator by the person. If a ([ualitative respirator fitting test has been used in respirator selection, a person shall be allowed to use only the specific make(s), and model)&), of respirator (s) for which the person obtained a satisfactory fit and the respirator protection factor listed for the particular type of respirator in Table 5 shall apply. Under no nrcumsbnces shall a person be allowed to use a specific make, and model of respirator if the results of the qualitative respirator fitting test indicates that the person is unable to obtain a satisfactory fit. test results shall be used to assign a respirator protection! factor to a person for eech specific make, and model of respirator used in testing. The respirator * protection factor applied when a person wears a specific make, and rrodel df respira tor in a hazardous atmosphere shall not exceed the respirator protection factor * listed for the particular type of respirator in Table 5. . 6.10.1 Respirator Fi tting Tes t Records Records of respirator fitting tests shall be kept. These records shall induce the follaving information. (1) tjTpe of respirator fitting test used (2) specific make and model of respirator tested (3) nme of person tested (4) results of respirator fitting test (i) success or failure of person to cabtain satisfactory fit if a qualitative respirator fitting test was carried out VAB.0001034344 (>) respirator protection factor based upon test results if a quantitative Type of Respirator quarter-mask or TABLc, 5 Respirator Protection Factors* * Permitted for use in O2 Deficient Atmosphere Permitted for Use in Inmediately Dangerous to Life or Health Atmosphere * Respirator Protection Factor 7 ___ Qualitative Quantitative UCdhUiCU XJi 1 cmut with maximum if dust mist filter maximum o high ef- ficiency whichever Vapor- or gas-removing, quartei>mask or halfrrask facepiece ' p .ruination particulate.vlter and vapor- or gas-removing, quartermask or half-mask facepiece' No No No 10 # or maximum use limit of cartridge or canister for vapor or gas, whichever is less AT 10, or maximum use limit of cartridge or cam ister for I vapor or gas, whichever is less As measured on each person with maximuimof 300D, maximum use limit of car- * tridge or canister for vapor or gas, whichever is less As measured on each person with maximum of 100 if dust* fumes or mist filter is use< maximum of 3,000 if hligh efed 'or naximum use limit of cart- v~i nr cfnr fnr- trannr or eras, whichever is less. * VAB.0001034345 Type of Respirator TABLE 5 Respirator Protection Factors3 Permitted for Use in Oo Deficient Atmosphere Permitted for Use in Immediately Dangerous to Life or Health Atmosphere (Continued) Respirator Protection Factor Qualitative Quantitative Powered particulatefilter, any respir atory-inlet ooverLng b, c, or d No Powered vapor- or gas-removing? any respiratory-inlet covering b,c, or d Powered combination particulate-fi Iter and vapor- or gasremoving, any res- ..ratory-inlet covering b,c or d No No No (Yes, if escape provisions are provided ) No (Yes, if escape provisions are provided .) No (Yes, if escape provisions are provided0.) * N/A N/A 100, if dust, fume, or mist filter is used, 3,000 if high efficiency filter is used, whichever is less N/A N/A 3,000, or maximum use limit of cartridge or canister for vapor or gas, whichever is less N/A N/A 100 if dust, fume, or mist filter is used, 3,000, if high efficiency filter is used, or maximum use limit of cartridge or can ister for vapor or gas, whichever is less # VAB.0001034346 * TABI' J V Respirator Protection Factors3 (continued) Type of Respirator Particulate- fi1 ter, full facepiece Permitted for Use in O2 Deficient Atmosphere Permitted for Use in Immediately Dangerous to Life or Health Atmosphere * No Respirator Protection Factor Qualitative Test Qjanti tative Test 100 J * As measured on each person with maximum of 100 if dust fume, or mist filter is used, maximum of 3,000 if high efficiency filter is used, whichever is less Vapor-or gas-remov ing, full facepiece No I* * * Carbination particulate-(filter and vapoo- or gas-removing, full Yes, if concentration of hazardous substance does not exceed product of respirator PF and permissible concentra tion , and/or maximum use limit of cartridge or canister for vapor or gas * 100, or maximum use limit of cartridge or canister for vapor or gas, vhichever is less As measured on each person with a maximum of 3,000 or maximum use limit of cart ridge or canister, whichever is less 100, or maximum use limit of cartridge vapor or gas, which As measured on each person with maximum of 100 if dust * / mist or fume filter is used $ maximum of 3,000 if high ** 4, * * ^ or maximum use limit of cart ridge or canister for vapor or gas, whichever is less VAB.0001034347 J Type of Respirator Airline, demand., quarter-mask or half-mask facepiece, with or without escape provis ions c/e a Airline, demand, ful1-facepiece, with or without escape provis ions c,e Airline; con tinuous flow or pressure demand. out escape proc Table 5 Respirator Protection Factor^ Permitted for Use in O2 Deficient Atmosphere Permitted for Use in Immediately Dangerous to Life or Health Atmosphere No No + (continued) * Respirator Protection Factor Qualitative Test Quantitative Test 10 As measured on each person with maximum of 3,000, whichever is less No No No No I 100 N/A 3,000 As measured on each person with maximum of 3,000, whichever is less NA VAB.0001034348 f Type of Respirator Permitted for Use in O2 Deficient Atmosphere Permitted for Use in Immediately Dangerous to Life or Health Atmosphere p Ai rline, continuous flow or pressure demand, any facepiece, with escape provisions c'e Airline, continuous flow, helmet, hood, or suit, without escape provisions Airline, continuous flew, helmet, hood, or suit, with escape * provisions6 * % Hose mask, with or without blower , quartei^-raask or half-mask facepiece6 Hose mask, with or without blcwer. full facepiece Yes No Yes No No * d Yes No Yes * No No u c r %* i t P Respirator Protection Factor * * Qualitative Test Quantitative Test N/A N/A N/A N/A 10 100 10,000 * 3,000 p N/A 1 N/A 10,000 As measured on each person with * maximum of 3,000, whichever is less As measured, on each person with maximum of \3\Qoi wt 'lever is less TABI 5 Respirator Protection Factors3 (continued > J;' d Type of Respirator Permitted for Use in O2 Deficient Atmosphere * Permitted for Use in Immediately Dangerous to Life or Health Atmosphere .................. #1 # 4t 4 4#. m Respirator Protection Factor * * 1\ a Qualitative * Quantitative Self-contained breathing apparatus, open-circuit demand, or closed-circuit, quarter-mask or half-mask facepiece * Yes Self-contained breathing apparatus, open-circuit demand or closed-circuit, full facepiece or mouthpiece/nose clamp a f 1 Yes _ B 4 " > ... ,,, r! M 11 1 -* Self-contained breathing ' apparatus, open-circuit pressure*demand, quarter-mask or haIf-mask facepiece, full facepiece, or mouthpiece/nose clamj > Yes No NO (Yes,if respirator is used for mine rescue) Yes 1 a -f T 10 4 * * 100 * H ^* * N/A \ + 1,000 As measured on each per son with maximum of 3,000 whichever is less m 4 W As measured on each per son with maximum of 3,000 whichever is ft less r N/A ' ------------------------------------------ * * ' "' - I Ccmbination respirators not listed The type and mode of operation having the lowest respirator protection factor shall be applied to the ccmbination respirator. r r VAB.0001034350 N/A means not applicable since a respirator fitting test-is not carried out. TABLE 5 Footnotes -i * a A respirator protection factor is a measure of the degree of protection provided by a respirator to a respirator wearer. Multiplying the permissible time weighted average concentration or the permissible ceiling concentration, whichever is applicable, for a toxic substance, or the maximun permissible airborne concentration for a radionuclide by a protection factor assigned to a respirator gives the maximum concentration of the hazardous substance for which the respirator can be used. When the respirator is used for protection against airborne particulate matter having a permissible time weighted average concentration less than 0.05 milligram particulate matter per cubic meter of air or less than 2 million particles per cubic feet of air, or for protection against airborne radionuclide particulate matter, the respirab shall be equipped with a high efficiency filter (s). ^ air con tarn nant causes eye irritation, the wearer of a respirator equipped with a quarter--mask or ha1 f--mask facepiece shall be permitted to use a protective goggle or to use a respirator equipped with a full facepiece. If the powered air-purifying respirator is equipped with a facepiece, the escape provision means that the wearer is able to breathe through the filter, , or canister and through the punp. If the powered air-purifying res pirator is equipped with a helmet, hood or suit, the escape provisions shall be an auxiliary, self-contained supply The escape provisions shall be an auxiliary, self-contained supply of respirable air. * NOTE: Respirator protection factors for air-purifying type respirators equipped with a irouthpiece/nose clamp form of respiratory-inlet covering are not given since such respirators are approved only for escape purposes. $ ft w s' I - VAB.0001034351 respirator fitting test was carried out 6.10.2 Respirator Protection Factor Assignment. b i When a group of persons wear respirators in a given work area, a single respirator protection factor shall be assigned to all respirator wearers in the group. This i respirator protection factor shall be a value which has been achieved or surpassed in qualitative or quantitative respirator fitting tests by each person in the group with the specific make, or model of respirator the person is wearing in the given work area. 6.11 Face Dimensions and Facepiece Sizes. The wide range of face dimensions requi res more than a single size of respirator facepieces bo provide a proper fit to ail respirator users. Therefore, respirator facepieces of more than a single size shall be available in any respirator selection program involving respirators equipped with facepieces. 1 6.12 Brplovee Acceptance. % n W Employee acceptance of a particular respirator model * m withui a class shall be considered in respirator selection since this nay determine whether or not he wears the respirator properly. Acceptance factors bo be > considered include discomfort, breathing resistance, weight, and interference with vision. If the results of respirator fitting tests shews that the person can obtain an aeceptable fit with two or more respirator models of the selected class of res pirator, then the person should be permitted to use the respirator model which 7. Use of Respirators 7.1 Standard Operating Procedures. Written standard operating procedures shall o VAB.0001034352 -24of respirator wearers, respirator sealing tests, issuance of respirators, inspection of respirators prior to use, monitoring respirator use, monitoring res piratory hazard, and planning for routine, non-routine, emergency and rescue uses of respirators. "The written standard operating procedures shall include plans necessary to insure * the safe routine use and non--routine use of respirators. Emergency and rescue uses of respirators shall be anticipated and the written standard operating procedures shall include plans necessary to insure the safe emergency and rescue uses of respirators. Persons who wear respirators routinely, who wear respirators ron- routinely, and who may be required to wear respirators for emergency and rescue shall be givt*n adequate information concerning plans covering these respirator uses which h sliall })e contained in the written standard operating procedures to insure the safe jse of respirators. 7.1.1 Standard Operating Procedures for Emergency and Rescue Use of Respirators. -4 t is peoognized that it is not possible to forsee every emergency and rescue use n rf respirators for every kind of operation. Nevertheless, a wide*variety of possible m conditions requiring the emergency or rescue use of respirators can be envisioned md through a serious effort to anticipate the worst possible consequences of par-- icula: malfunctions or mishaps, an adequate emergency and rescue respirator response capability can be achieved. he wr .tten standard operating procedures governing the emergency and rescue uses -t respirators shall be developed in the following manner: ( ) An analysis of what emergency and rescue uses of respirators may occur in each operation shall be made by careful consideration of materials, equipmentT- processes, and personnel involved. Such an analysis shall be \ reviewed by the person who is thoroughly familiar with the particular * VAB.0001034353 4 rescue of respirators as well as conditions which resulted in such respirator applications. h The possible consequences of equipment or pcwer failures/ uncontrolled chemical reactions, fire, explosion, or human error shall be given considera- r tion. All potential hazards which may result in emergency or rescue use of respirators shall be listed. (2) Based upon the analysis, appropriate types of respirators shall be selected, an adequate number of respirators shall be provided for each area where they may be needed for emergency or rescue use, and these respirators shall be maintained and stored so that they are readily accessible and operational when needed. 2- Train:ng. The supervisor, the person issuing respirators, and the respirator .* -rs shell be given adequate training by a qualified person(s) to insure the proper of resj >irators. Written records shall be kept of the name of persons trained and : dates when training occurred. rt. 1 Traming of Supervisor. A supervisor, i.e., a person who has the responsibility oversee ng the work activities of one or more persons who must, wear respirators inely or non-routinely, shall be given adequate training to insure the proper use oespira :ors. Supervisor training shall include but no necessarily be limited to the lowing subjects: (1) basic respiratory protection practices (2) nature and extent of respiratory hazards to which persons under his super vision may be exposed /> . * (3) respirator selection '4) t raining of respirator wearers * + c 4 * VAB.0001034354 (5) issuance of respirators ^26- (6) respirator inspection (7) use of respirators including monitoring of use (8) rrvdntenance and storage of respirators * (9) rjgulations oonceming respirator use 2.2 Traming of Person Issuing Respirators. A person assigned the task of issuing spirators to persons who must wear for protection against harmful atinos- eres shall be given adequate training to insure that the correct respirator is issued r each application. 2.3 Tr*lining of Respirator Wearer. To insure the proper and safe use of a respirator, ie minin um training of each respirator wearer shall include the following, elements: (1) reasons for the need of respiratory protection (2) nature, extent and effects of respiratory hazards to which the person may be V (3) explanation of why engineering controls are not being applied or are not adeauate and what effort is being nade to reduce or eliminate the need for respirators (4) explanation of why a particular type of respirator has been selected for a speci fic respiratory hazard (5) explanation of the operation, capabilities, and limitations of the selected res- (6) instruction in inspecting, donning, checking the fit, and wearing the respirator (7) explanation of how maintenance and storage of the respirator is carried out (8) instructions in how to recognize and cope with emergency situations (9) instructions as needed for special respirator use (See Section 7,10) (1C) regulations concerning respirator use >r -iniig shall provide each respirator wearer an opportunity to handle the respirator, .m how tb don and wear it properly, check its seal, and wear it in a safe atmosphere. VAB.0001034355 -27- 4 h. respirator wearer shall be retrained at least annually. Respirator Wearing Procedures. Each respirator wearer shall be given wearing in- ructjons and training. "7- '. 1 Wearing Instructions and Training. Wearing instructions and training including onstrations shall cover: (1) donning, wearing and removing the respirator (2) adjusting the respirator so that its respiratory inlet covering is properly sealed on the wearer and so that the respirator causes a minimum of discomfort to the wearer (3) allowing the respirator wearer to wear the respirator in a safe atmosphere for i an adequate period of time to insure that the wearer is familiar with the operational characteristics of the respirator. Fespirator Sealing Problems. Respirators shall not be worn when conditions pre- \ seal of the respirator to the wearer. .* erson who has hair (stubble, moustache, sideburns, beard, low hairline, bangs) which i es between the sealing surface of the facepiece of the respirator shall not be per- ted t) wear such type of respirator. rson who has hair (moustache, beard) which interferes with the function of a res pir- - val"re(s) shall not be permitted to wear the respirator. >3ctac le which has temple bars or straps which pass between the sealing surface of a pirater full facepiece and the respirator wearer's face shall not be used when a uirater with a full facepiece must be worn. -ad covering which passes between the sealing surface of a respirator facepiece and respirator wearer's face shall not be used. pectacie, a goggle, a face shield, a welding helmet, or other eye and face protective ^ wh.ch interferes with the seal of a respirator to the wearer shall not be allowed. VAB.0001034356 28 , hollow temples, excessively protruding cheekbones, deep creases in facial skin. i absence of teeth or dentures, or unusual facial configurations prevent a seal of a ispirato] facepiece to a respirator wearer's face, the person shall not be to lax the :respirator. f missing teeth or dentures prevent a seal of a respirator mouthpiece in a person s mouth, 4 ie person shall not be allowed to wear a respirator eguipped with a mouthpiece. : a person has a nose of a shape or size which prevents the closing of the nose by the 3se clanp of a mouthpiece/nose clamp type respirator, the person shall not be permitted wear this type of respirator. 7-5 To assure proper protection, the wearer of a respirator * quipped with a facepiece shall check the seal of the facepiece prior to each entry into hazardous atmosphere. This may be done using procedures recommended by respirator man- facturers or by ary of the field tests described in Appendix A7. 7 Issuance of . The proper respirator shall be specified tor each app- * .cation and shall be listed in the written standard operating procedures. If a respir- I -rjr is marked for whom it is assigned or for other identification purposes, the markings .all net affect the respirator performance in any way. 7,7 liespirator Inspection Prior to Use. Each person issued a respirator for routine. n-rouiine, emergency# or rescue use shall inspect the respirator prior to its use to -Sure hat it is in good operating condition. 73 Benitoring Use. The use of respirators on a routine or non-routine sis snail be monitored to insure that the correct respirators are being used, that the % spirators are being worn properly, and that the respirators being used are in good r"kinc candi tian i Monitoring The level of the respiratory hazard to which a rson wearing a respirator routinely or non-routinely is exposed shall be monitored k th tlie time weighted average concentration and the peak concentration of the respira- VAB.0001034357 29 - - zry lazand shall be determined. These values of the concentrations shall be used to f ure that the proper type of respirator is being utilized (See Appendix A8). 7.10 Leaving Hazardous Area. A respirator wearer shall be permitted to leave the uzardous area for ary cause. Reasons which may cause a respirator wearer to leave hazardous area include, but are not limited to the following: (1 Failure of a respirator to provide adequate protection (2) Malfunction of respirator (3) Detection of leakage of air contaminant into respirator (4) Increase in resistance of respirator to breathing (5) Severe discomfort of wearing respirator (6) Illness of respirator wearer including: sensation of dizziness, nausea, weakness, breathing difficulty, coughing, sneezing, vomiting, fever and chills. Y* I aspirator Care ** ,_ 4 v Ceneral. A program for the care of respirators shall include the following: (1) cleaning and sanitizing (2) inspection for defects ' (3) repair (4) storage zh respirator shall be properly maintained to retain its original shape and effective- i,~ Cleaning and Sanitizing. Each respirator shall be cleaned and sanitized to insure -t the respirator wearer is provided with a clean and sanitized respirator at all times, on-per;onal issue respirator including that`for routine, non-routine emergency, or -cue use shall be cleaned and sanitized after each use. Inspection. Each respirator shall be inspected routinely before and after use. A res- * -or shall be inspected by the user inmediately prior to each use to insure that it is * VAB.0001034358 -30proper working condition. iojc cleajiing ^nd ssmtizin^, each respirator shs.il be inspected to determine if it is proper uorking condition/ if it needs replacement of parts or repairs/ or if it should discard* id. respi rator stored for emergency or rescue use shall be inspected at least monthly. ;pirator inspection shall include a check for tightness of connections; condition of the spirator/-inlet covering, head harness, valves, connecting tubes, harness assemblies, Lters, cartridges, canisters, end of service life indicator, shelf life date(s); and 3p0i7 function of regulators, alarms and other warning systems. h rubber or other -elastomeric part shall be inspected for pliability and signs of derioration. Each air and oxygen cylinder shall be inspected to insure that it is fully irged according to the manufactuxer' s instructions. ;pirater being repaired. Reducing or admission valves and regulators shall be returned or conustmenc.. insmnenwuon tor vaive onu x.eyu_lcilul aujuauiaiu "wou valve or regulator manuracturer 2, r- Rispirators shall be stored in a manner that will protect them against dust, sun- pit, heat, extreme cold, excessive moisture, or damaging chemicals. Respirators shall store I to prevent distortion of rubber or other elastomeric parts. Respirators shall A_ w- be scored in such places as lockers and tool boxes unless they are protected frem .tamination, distortion and damage. Emergency and rescue use respirators placed in /: areas shall be quickly accessible at all times, and the storage -cabinet or container VAB.0001034359 t shall be clearly narked. -31- 4 . Special Problems 9.1 Vision. When a respirator user must wear corrective lenses, a protective specta- 4 rle or goggle, a face shield, a welding helmet, or other eye and face protective device, the item shall be fitted to provide good vision and shall be worn in such a manner so as k iot to interfere with the seal of the respirator to the wearer. Temple bars or straps of corrective spectacles which pass between the sealing surface of i resoirator full facepiece and the respirator wearer's face may prevent a good seal of she facepiece to the face. Therefore, spectacles that have tenple bars or straps as men- ionec shall not be used when a respirator equipped with a full facepiece must be worn. * s -_s a temporary measure, corrective spectacles with short temple bars that do not protrude :etweei the sealing surface of a full facepiece and the respirator wearer's face may be .aped zo the respirator wearer's head. Special corrective lenses which are made to be ~nnted inside a full facepiece are available and should be used by a persort who needs I corrective lenses. ;ie wearing of contact lenses by persons who must wear a respirator equipped with a full r o.cepiece, helmet, hood, or suit shall not be permitted. \*2 Tomnunications. Speech transmission while wearing a respirator often is necessary # o perform specific tasks. Although a respirator facepiece distorts the human voice to oms extent, the respirator's exhalation valve usually provides a pathway for some speech ."ansmission over short distances in relatively quiet areas. However, talking while wear- .ng a respirator equipped with a facepiece may adversely affect the seal of the facepiece, specially a quarter-mask or half-mask facepiece, to the wearer's face. mechanical speech transmission device, called a speaking diaphragm, is an integral part the fecepiece in some respirators. The speaking diaphragm usually consist of a esonant'cavity and diaphragm which transmits sound. The diaphragm also acts as a VAB.0001034360 i t -32- 4 ! rier to the anbient atmosphere and thus should be handled carefully to prevent possi- b ble pi neture which would permit leakage of an air contaminant into the respirator. Variois methods of electronically transmitting and amplifying speech through the respir ator e re available. These utilize a microphone connected to a speaker , telephone/ or a w radio transmitter. Usually, the microphone is mounted inside the respiratory-inlet covering, while the amplifier, pcwer pack, and speaker or transmitter are attached to N the exterior of the respiratory-inlet covering, carried on the body, or are rerrotely locate!. Respirators with electronic speech transmission devices having a battery power supply should be used with caution in explosive atmospheres. When an electronic speech transm.ssion device is used in underground mining, it shall be certified as complying with the Mining Enforcement and Safety Administration's requirements for permissibility * and intrinsic safety set forth in Part 18, Subchapter D of Bureau of Mines Schedule 2G. 4 Sealed pewer sources shall be checked for integrity of seals. Connecting cables frcm M ^crop* ones inside the respiratory-inlet covering shall have gas-tight seals where they pass through the covering. When the speaker diaphragm is part of the barrier between the respire tor wearer and the ambient atmosphere, it shall be frequently inspected for leak age anc should be adequately protected frem puncture or rupture. A microphone mounted on (* "he respirator wearer's throat or a microphone/speaker worn in the respirator wearer's 9.3 Jse of Respirators for Entry into Atmospheres Immediately Dangerous to Life or Health. When respirators are required for entry into atmospheres inmediately dangerous to life or health, at least one standby person shall be present in a safe area. The standby person shall have the proper equipment available to assist the respirator wearers in case of emergency. Communications (visual, voice, signal line, telephone, radio or ocher suitable means) shall be maintained between the standby person and the respirator * carers If feasible, respirator wearers in atmospheres immediately dangerous to life or VAB.0001034361 * -33- 4 health shall be equipped with safety harnesses and safety lines to permit then to be .roved from the dangerous atmospheres to safe areas if necessary, or equivalent provis ions for the rescue of the respirator wearers from the dangerous atmospheres shall be used. 3.4 Respirator Use in Confined Spaces. All confined spaces shall be considered to be h irmediarely dangerous to life or health unless proven otherwise. Before a person is allowed to enter a confined space, tests shall be carried out to determine the concentra tion of any known or expected flammable or toxic contaminant present and to determine the ' concentration of oxygen. A person shall not be allowed to enter a confined space without wearing the proper type of respirator if the concentration of any air contaminant is above * die pernissible time weighted average concentration for toxic substances or above the max imum permissible airborne concentration for radionuclides, if the concentration of a sub- r stance is above the lower flammable limit, or if an oxygen deficiency exists. Even if `he concentrations of air contaminants in a confined space are found to be below the estab- i lished Limits and sufficient oxygen is present, the safest procedure is to continuously ventilate the enclosed space and to continuously monitor the concentration of air oontam- r inants and oxygen concentration if persons are to work in the confined space without wear ing respirators. An air-purifying respirator, an airline type supplied-air respirator, or a hose mask type supplied-air respirator may be worn by a person in a confined space only if tests indicate chat the atmosphere in the confined space contains adequate oxygen and if the concentra tions cf air contaminants are below levels that are immediately dangerous to life or health. Ivhile a person is wearing any of the mentioned types of respirators in a confined space, the level cf respiratory hazards in the atmosphere of the confined space shall be monitored. A1* ~f the results of monitoring the atmosphere in a confined space, prior to the entry of a person into the space, shows that the atmosphere is immediately dangerous to life or health, m m an a person who is required to enter the confined space shall wear either a positive VAB.0001034362 -34- t m pfpgc iirp self--contained breathing appartus or a ccrribination positive pressure airline .espirator with an auxiliary self-contained air supply. An oxygen type open--circuit self- contained breathing apparatus shall not be worn in a confined space where the poss Jblity of fire or explosion hazard is increased. When respirators are used in a confined space, the provisions for a standby person given in Section 9.3 shall be carried out. 9.5 Respirator Use in Low Temperature Environments. A lew temperature environment i * may cause fogging of the lens in a respiratory-inlet covering and freezing of the ex- halation valve. Ooating the inside surface of the lens may prevent fogging at lew i atnrspheric temperatures approaching 0C (32F) , but severe fogging of the lens may occur at temperatures below -18C (0F) . Full facepieces are available with nose cups than Hi rp>r^- the warm and moist exhaled air through the exhalation valve without contact ing the lens and these facepieces should provide satisfactory vision at temperatures as lew as -34C (-30F). At very low atmospheric temperatures, the exhalation -valve of a 1 respirator nay freeze open or closed due to the presence of moisture. Dry respirable air should be used with an airline respirator and with the type of self-contained breathing apparatus that esrplcys a cylinder of air when these devices are used in a lew tsrperature atmosphere. The dewpoint of this breathing air should be appropriate to the connections should not be overtightened since they may break when the apparatus is re- i turned to an atmosphere at normal room temperature. An airline type supplied-air respir ator may be equipped with a device called a vortex tube to warm the air supplied to the * respirator-inlet covering of the respirator. Emergency use respirators that are stored in low temperature environments may require special elastomeric components that will re tain tfyeir elasticity at low temperatures (regulator diaphragms, gaskets and breathing m uoes) . Facepieces stored in low temperature environments - can became stiff and distorted VAB.0001034363 41 to a degree that nay prevent an adequate facepiece to face seal. Special care shall be used to prevent distortion of facepieces stored at low temperatures. Sane self- contained breathing apparatus models have cold temperature accessories that may be utli lized to help overcome these problems. The nanufacturers instructions shall be followed when utilizing these cold temperature accessories. * 9.<> Respirator Use in High Temperature Environments. A person working in an atmos- phi*re at high temperature is under stress. Wearing a respirator in such an environ ment applies addi tional stress on the person. The additional stress due to the wear ing of a respirator in a high tenperature environment should be minimized by using a Ay respirator having a low weight and offering a low resistance to breathing. The air- h Line type supplied-air respirator is reccntnended for use in a high temperature environ ment. Airline type supplied-air respirators equipped with a vortex tube to cool the ax: supplied to the respiratory-inlet covering will substantially reduce heat stress. - vC \ El istcmeric components of respirators stored in high temperature environments may de- * teriorate at an accelerated rate and the facepieces may become permanently distorted. * j Spjcial care shall be used to prevent facepiece distortion. All such respirators i 9 r shall be inspected and maintained at a frequency rate that will prevent the use of respirators with deteriorated elastomeric components. 10. Evaluation of Respirator Program Effectiveness. H- 10.1 General. Periodic evaluation of the effectiveness of the respirator program is essential to insure that persons are being provided with adequate respiratory pro tection. Inprovement of the program and elimination of any deficiencies in the program cannot be carried out unless the program is appraised for effectiveness at periodic intervals. The effectiveness of the respirator program shall be evaluated at least annually and; corrective action shall be taken to correct defects found in the program. 1C. 2 Wearer Acceptance. Wearer acceptance of respirators is an important matter to * VAB.0001034364  4 -36- consider in evaluating the effectiveness of the respirator program. Respirator * * r* #earers shall be consulted periodically about their acceptance of wearing respirators. * Niirtrous factors affect the acceptance of respirators. These factors include: comfort, resistance to breathing, fatigue, interference with vision, interference with communi cations, restriction of movement, interference with job performance, and confidence in the effectiveness of the respirator to provide adequate protection. 10.it Inspection of Respirator Program Operation. Frequent inspection of the opera tion of the respirator program shall be conducted to insure that proper types of res- pirutors are selected, that respirator wearers are trained properly, that the correct respirators are issued and used, that respirators are worn properly, that respirators beistg used are in good operating condition, that respirators are inspected and nain- tai;ned properly, that respirator storage is satisfactory, that respiratory hazards are non..bored, and that medical and when necessary, bioassay surveillance of respirator wearers is carried out. 10. i Appraisal of Protection Afforded. ' * ,_ 1 Medical and when necessary, bioassay surveil- wearers are being provided with adequate respiratory protection. These data, when con sidered with the results of monitoring respiratory hazards, can serve as an indication ft of the degree of protection provided by the respirators and the effectiveness of the respirator program. 10.5 Evaluation. The results of investigating wearer acceptance of respirators, in specting respirator program operation, and appraising protection provided by respirators shaLl be utilized to evaluate the effectiveness of the respirator program. Evidence of excessive exposure of respirator wearers to respiratory hazards shall be followed up by investigation to determine why inadequate respiratory protection was provided. Action shall Ipe taken to correct any defects found in the respirator program. The findings w "'f the respirator program evaluation shall be documented and this document shall list VAB.0001034365 -> **+ 37 pic ns to correct faults in the program and target dates for the implementation of the A -^ olans. 11. References to Other Standards, Regulations and Manuals. 11.1 American National Standards Institute. When any of the following American National Standards is superseded by a revision approved by the Institute, the revision shalJL apply. i* ll.j .1 and American National Standard Identification of Air-Purifying Respirator Canisters , K13.1-1973 , rb 11.1.2 American National Standard Method of Marking Portable Compressed Gas Containers to Iientify the Material Contained, Z48.1-1954(R1971) 1 11.1 3 American National Standard Commodity Specification for Air, Z86.1-1972 * ,l II. 1 4 American National Standard Practice for Occupational and Educational Eye and Tt'ace Protection Z87.1--1968 .k 1.1.5 .2 American National Standard Practices for Respiratory Protection, Z88.1-1969 American Industrial Hygiene Association and American Conference of Governmental ndus trial 11.2.L 1.3 - ^L.3.; Protective Devices Manual, 1963 Compressed Air for Human Respiration, Pamphlet 0*7, 1968 11.4 National Fire Protection Association . 1.4.1 Protective Equipment for Fire , NFPA 19B, 1971 11.4.2 1.5 Breathing Apparatus for the Fire Service, A Fire Officer's Guide, FSP-29B, 1975 University of California, Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory L.5.1 Energy Research and Development Administration, Division of Safety, Standards nd Manual, LA-6370-M, August 1971 .5.2 vA Guide to Industrial Respiratory Protection, IA-6671-M, March 1977 VAB.0001034366 11.6 U.S.Department of the Interior, Bureau of Mines# 4 11.6.1 Schedule 13E, Self-Contained Breathing Apparatus, Code of Federal Regulations, % Part 1.J Chapter 1, Sibchapter B, Title 30 11.6.2 Schedule 14F, Gas Masks, Code of Federal Regulations, Part 13, Chapter 1, Subchapter B, Title 30 11.6. .: Schedule 19B, Supplied-Air Respirator, Code of Federal Regulations, Part 14, 4 Chapter 1, Subchapter B, Title 30 11.6. i Schedule 2IB, Filter-Type Dust, Fume and Mist Respirators, Code of Federal Regulations, Chapter 1, Siixhapter B, Title 30 11.6.5 Schedule 23B, Nonenergency Gas Respirators (Chordcal Cartridge Respirators), Code of Federal Regulations, Chapter 1, Subchapter B, Title 30 11.6 6 Respiratory Protective Devices; Tests for Permissibility; Fees, Code of Federal Regulations, Chapter 1, Subchapter B, Title 30 11.6.7 * Information Circular 8559, Respirators Approved by the Bureau of Mines as of I May 24, 1972 11." U.S. Department of Health, Education and Welfare, National Institute for Occ upational Safety and Health 11.''. 1 NICSH Certified Personal Protective Equipment (February 1974 and supplements ft published periodically) 11.3 U.S. Department of labor, Occupational Safety and Health Administration 11.8.1 General Industry Safety and Health Standards, Part 1910, Title 29, Code of Federal Regulations, Subpart Z-Ttodc and Hazardous Substances (published periodically) 11.9 11 9.1 U.S. Department of Transportation, Interstate Commerce Commission . Code of Federal Regulations, Title 49, Part 173, General Requirements for Shipments and Packagings, and Part 178, Shipping Container Specifications (published pe ciodically) 4 VAB.0001034367 -39- fe 11.10 li . 10.1 U.S Nuclear Regulatory Ccmniss ion, Office of. Standards Development Manual of Respiratory Protection Against NUREG-0041, October 1976 11.11 General Services Administration . 11.11.1 Federal Specification BB-A-1034a (June 21, 1968) Brtjathing Purposes 11 11.2 Interim Federal Specification GG-B-00675c (October 7, 1974) * ,,J J.1* \ I ft . - , J . . .1 I -# * VAB.0001034368 appendix * 4\ Porfcection, Z88.2-197, but is included for informational purposes). Al. Approval Agencies Al.l Bureau of Mines (BM). The Bureau of Mines (BM), U.S. Department of Interior, tested and approved respirators from 1919 until 1972. Approvals were issued under the provisions of various Schedules until May 25, 1972, the effective date of Title 30, CFR, Part II, "Respiratory Protective Devices, Tests for Permissibility; Fees". Title Al.2 National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH). Title 30, CFR, Part II gave jurisdiction for joint approval of respirators to the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH), U.S. Department of Health, Education and Welfaie, and to the Bureau of Mines (EM), U.S. Department of the Interior*: 3 Al.3 Mining Enforcement and Safety Administration (MESA). In 1974, a reorganiza- m 4 4 ticn of the U.S. Department of the Interior resulted in the formation of the Mining Enforcement and Safety Administration (MESA), which assured the health and safety i activities of the Bureau of Mines (BM) , including the respirator testing and approving functions. Subsequent respirator approvals are issued jointly by the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) and by the Mining Enforcement and Safety Administration (MESA) . A2. Status of Approved Respirators The status of respirators approved under the provision of BM Schedules is different + from the status of respirators approved under provisions of Title 30, CFR, Part II, published in trie Federal Register on November 22, 1974. These aimendiTents provide that: * VAB.0001034369 I -2- b> i A2.1 After June 30, 1975, respirators are approved for purchase and use if they to have been approved jointly by MESA (formerly BM) and NIQSH under provisions of 4 ^itle 30, CFR, Part II. However, gas masks which have been approved by the BM under provisions of BM Schedule 14F continue to be approved for purchase and use until further notice - A2.2 Respirators, other than gas masks, which have been approved by the BM under provisions of certain BM Schedules, if purchased on or before June 30, 1975 and which % are maintained in approved condition, shall be approved for use until the following dates: March 31, 1979 for self-contained breathing apparatus approved under provis; ions o: BM Schedules 13-13E; March 31, 1980 for supplied-air respirators approved under provisions of BM Schedule 19B? March 31, 1976 for particulate-rerroving respira tors a pproved under provisions of BM Schedule 2IB; March 31, 1976 for chemical cart-- .- ***'*" ule 233. -,, Lists of Approved Respirators % Respirators approved by the BM under provisions of BM Schedules were listed periodic ally th rough the years in BM Information Circulars. The last BM Information Circular * listirg approved respirators is IC-8559, "Respirators Approved by the Bureau of Mines as of May 24, 1972" Respirators approved jointly by NIQSH and MESA under provisions of Title 30, CFR, ?art 31 are listed in "NI06H Certified Personal Protective Equipment". Supplements p -r Office of Technical Publications National Institute for Occupational Health and Safety U.S. Department of Health, Education and Welfare Post Office Building Cincinnati, Ohio 45202 \ VAB.0001034370 -3- 1 a n A4. Physical and Psychological Limitations for Respirator Wearers It is reocftmended that a person should not be assigned to a task which requires the wearing of a respirator if the person has any of the following: (a) Emphysema (b) Chronic pulmonary obstructive disease (c) Bronchial asthm i a <d) X-ray evidence of pneymooonios is (e) Evidence of reduced pulmonary function h (f) Coronary artery disease (g) Severe or progressive hypertension (h) Epilepsy, grand mal or petit mal (i) Anemia, pernicious (j) Diabetes, insipidous our meHitus 4 (k) Experiences breathing difficulty when wearing a respirator * - - I w (1) Experiences claustrophobia or anxiety when wearing a respirator A5. Suggested Procedures for Carrying Out Qualitative Respirator Fitting Tests A5.1 Irritant Smoke Test. The irritant smoke test can be used for both air-purify ing raspirators and atmosphere-supplying respirators. When an air-purifying respirator is tested, it should be equipped with a high efficiency filter. The irritant smoke is produced by air through a cccimercially available smoke tube normally used to check the perfcnuance of ventilation systems. Ventilation should be provided when carrying out a test to prevent contaminating the roam where the test is carried out with smoke. The respirator wearer should keep his eyes closed during the test, even if the respirator into the respirator during the test, the wearer should be permitted to readjust the seal of the respirator. The person operating the smoke tube directs smoke over the i r m respirator keeping the smoke tube about two feet from the respirator and the test VAB.0001034371 I 4i *' joes not detect penetration of smoke into the respirator, the test operator moves the sroke tube closer to the respirator and observes the reactions of the respir- ator v earer. Vfoen the smoke tube has been moved to within six inches of the respir ator and the respirator wearer still has not detected penetration of smoke into the respirator, the smoke may be directed at potential sources of leakage in the seal of the respirator to the wearer. If the respirator wearer still does not detect penetration of the smoke into the respirator, the wearer may carry out a series of exercises such as: deep breathing, turning head from side to side, nodding head up and down, and talking while smoke is directed at the respirator. If the respirator wearer is unable to detect the penetration of smoke into the respirator, the wearer ia fit with the respirator 3.2 Odorous Vapor Test. The odorous vapor test can be used for both air- purifying respirators and atmosphere-supplying respirators When an air-purifying espirator is tested, it should be equipped with a cartridge or canister which remov- % as the /apor from the air. An odorous material commonly used in the test is isoanyl c1 cetate. If isoanyl acetate is employed as the test agent, an air-purifying respir- tor should be equipped with an organic vapor cartridge or canister. The simplest * - -V rr 4 ^ I. means o.: carrying out the test is to saturate a piece of fabric or sponge with liquid "t- soamyl acetate or to fill a stencil brush with liquid isoanyl acetate and then move 1 ^ * w. *i . die fabiic, sponge, or stencil brush around the respirator worn by a person The *T fabric, sponge or stencil brush should be passed close to the potential sources of leakage in the seal of the respirator to the wearer. If the respirator wearer detects "TV the odor of isoairyl acetate vapor during the test, the wearer should be permitted to i. ./ , the^seal of the respirator. If the respirator wearer is unable to detect the odor of .soanyl acetate vapor, the wearer has achieved a satisfactory fit to the res An improved qualitative respirator fitting test, using isoanyl acetate vapor % s the tust agent may be carried out using a hood, chamber or room containing a known VAB.0001034372 'oncentre.tion of isoanyl acetate vapor in the air. The concentration of isoanyl -5- acetate vapor in air commonly used is 100 parts per million by volume. * The respir- * itor wearer enters the enclosure containing the test atmosphere and carries out a series of exercises such as: normal breathing, deep breathing, turning head from side to side, nodding head up and down, and talking. If the respirator wearer de tects tlie odor of isoanyl acetate vapor during the test, the wearer should be permit- ted to readjust the seal of the respirator. If the respirator wearer is unable * to detect the odor of isoanyl acetate vapor, the wearer has achieved a satisfactory * fit with the respirator. Major drawbacks of a test using isoamyl acetate vapor as the test agent are that the odor threshold varies widely among persons although most per- sons can detect by odor a concentration of isoamyl acetate vapor in air as low as 0.1 parts par million by volume and that olfactory fatigue may cause a person to fail to detect he odor of a lew concentration of isoanyl acetate vapor in air. A5.3 Other Qualitative Respirator Fitting Tests. A stream of coal dust or talcum pewder may be directed at the seal of a respirator facepiece to the wearer's face. 4 dust or talcum pewder on areas of the wearer's face which had been covered by the facepiece indicates that the wearer did not obtain a satisfactory fit with the facepiece. A spray of fluorescein liquid particles may be directed at the seal of a res pirator facepiece to the wearer's face. After removal of the respirator facepiece from the wearer's face, and with the wearer's eyes closed, ultraviolet light is dir ected at. the wearer's face and observation of fluorescein on areas of the wearer's * face whi ch had been covered by the facepiece indicate that the wearer did not obtain a satisfactory fit with the facepiece. A6. Suggested Procedures for Carrying Oat /A m _t* ' <-- Mm 11 quantiatitive respirator fitting tests involve ast atmosphere containing an easily detectable. a 4 I VAB.0001034373 6- - or cas, as the test agent, and measuring the penetration of the test agent into the X respirator. While wearing the respirator in the test atmosphere, the respirator *v - Barht carries out a series of exercises simulating work movements. Hie respirator * 1 ,,, is equipped with a sampling probe which is connected by means of flexible tubing to *^ an iiistrixnent which measures the penetration of the test agent into the respirator. and c tmosphere-supplying respirators. . When carrying out a quantitative respirator * fitting test which uses an aerosol as the test agent, it is acceptable procedure to equip an air-purifying respirator with a high efficiency filter. When carrying out I. *** 4 a quantitative respirator fitting test which uses a vapor or gas as the test agent, '1*1' y., 4^ * . it is acceptable procedure to equip an air-purifying respirator with an cartridge or canister which removes the vapor or gas from the air. A6.1 Exercises Carried CXit by Respirator Wearers. A respirator wearer should tril rrf r*- . * carry out a series of exercises which simulate work movements. The kinds pf exercises v" '\ r f* ' % nrritd out depend on the types of respirators. Each exercise should be carried out +*` for at least two minutes. The following series of exercises should be carried out when a with a facepiece is being tested: (1) Normal breathing * (2) Deep breathing (3) Turning head from side to side * i -* -r < * j * ^ * (4) Nodding head up and down (5) Talking (6) Normal breathing The following series of exercises should be carried out when a fy * * a helm^ :, hood, or suit is being tested: with i VAB.0001034374 (1) Standing still, arms hanging downward along sides of body, normal to breathing <2) Bending forward and touching toes (3) Raising arms upward above head and looking upward (4) Bending knees and squatting <5) Standing, while holding a tubular rod of about 76 centimeters length with hands approximately 30 centimeters apart, and twisting torso from side to side, in an 180 degree arc, and slowly raising the arms from a downward direction to an upward direction having an angle of 45 degrees with the horizontal plane. (6) Running in place (7) Standing still, arms hanging downward along sides of body, normal breatliing A6.2, Test Atmospheres. Test atmospheres containing the following t^st.agents are I suitable for carrying out quantitative respirator fitting tests: Concentration of Test Agent in Test Atmosphere if Agent is an Aerosol sodium chloride aerosol Polydis perse DOP (dioctyl phthalate) Dichlorodifluoromethane (Freon 12) 10 to 20 milligrams particulate matter* per cubic meter of air 20 to 30 milligrams particulate matter per cubic meter of air 250 to 1,000 parts per million by volume Mass median aerodynamic: diameter of 0.5 to 0.7 micrometer with standard deviation of 2.0 to 2.4 Mass median aerodynamic^ diameter of 0.5 to 0.7 micrometer with standard deviation of 2.0 to 2.4 VAB.0001034375 8- - 4 * (1) The chamber and equipment used to generate the test atmosphere should insure that the concentration of the test agent in the test atmosphere inside the chamber does not vary more than plus or minus five percent during a test. (2) The chanber and equipment used to disperse the test atmosphere in the chamber should insure that the test agent is uniformly distributed in -k the test atmosphere throughout the chamber. (3) The size of the chamber must permit a respirator wearer to carry out all of the designated exercises. (4) The chamber should contain provision to permit the test operator to visually observe the respirator wearer inside the chamber. A6.4 Protection Factor Determination. The instrument which measures the pene tration of the test agent into the respirator worn by a person in the test atmosphere * shouLd be connected to a fast response recorder which records the penetration-values ^ 1 i The iverage of the peaks of the penetration of the tes t agent into the respirator ifor -- carried out by the respirator wearer should be determined. The F F a given make and model respirator worn by the person in a test i Proto ___________________________ 100 * sum of average peak penetrations for all exercises in percent: l number of exercises. '" r " . 4 kl r ^ 'v ^4 kb' rl A7. Recommended Procedures for Field Testing Respirator Seal , The s eal of a respirator to a w^earer can be tested in the field by procedures reacro- a1 mendfcd by respirator manufacturers or by any of the following tests: VAB.0001034376 4 A7.1 9 Irritant or Odorous Test Agent. The person wearing a respirator is exposed to an irritant smoke, odorous isoanyl acetate vapor, or other suitable easily detectable by irritation, odor, or taste (an air-purifying respirator must be equipped with the appropriate air-purifying element),, If the respirator wearer is unable to detect the penetration of the test agent into the respirator, it can be reasonably assured that the seal of the respirator to the wearer is A7 * i - A negative pressure respirator can be used on air-purifying equipped with tight-fitting respiratory-inlet i coverings and on atmosphere-supplying respirators equipped, with tight-fitting respir- atoiy-inlet coverings and breathing tubes which can be squeezed to prevent the passage of cir. The test consists of closing off the inlet opening of the respirator's can- cartridge (s), or filter by covering with the palm of the hand(s), by replacing the inlet seal on a canister(s), or by squeezing a breathing tube so that T it will not allcw the passage of air, inhaling gently, and holding the breath for * several seconds. If a facepiece collapses slightly and no inward leakage of air into a the facepiece is detected, it can be reasonably assured that the fit of the respirator to the wearer is satisfactory For a respirator equipped with a mouthpiece and nose clamp, if leakage air into the nose and into the mouth cannot be detected, then it can be reasonably assured that the fit of the respirator to the wearer is satisfactory A7.3 A nositive air nr<=>c:<=nrr<= rp;ni rat-nr f i f-H nrr test can be used on respirators equipped with tight-fitting respiratory-inlet coverings which contain both inhalation and exhalation valves. The test is conducted by closing # off tie exhalation valve and exhaling gently. The fit of a respirator quipped with a * facepiece is considered to be satisfactory if a slight positive air pressure cam be 4, built up inside the facepiece without detection of any outward leakage of air between the seeding surface of the facepiece and the respirator wearer's face. The fit of a respirator equipped with a mouthpiece and nose clamp is considered satisfactory if the respirator wearer senses a build up of positive air pressure and is unable to d&tdsfctOO1034377 4 r -10- A > *^ any outward leakage of air through the nose and between' the mouth and the mouthpiece. 'or seme respirators, this test method requires that the respirator wearer first .4 * move an exhalation cover from the respirator and then replace it after completion * of tie test and these tasks often are difficult to carry out without disturbing the * fit of the respirator to the wearer -i A8. Monitoring of Respiratory Hazards. intensity of potential exposures and actual exposures of respirator wearers to hazards is determined by using instruments to , * ^ measure the concentrations of air contaminants or oxygen in the breathing zore of the respirator wearers. Adequate air sampling using instruments * v ' ** E:* t 'K,nw ' i ^ *" A -- * ** uv should be carried out to determine both the time weighted average concentra * ticn and the peak concentration of the respiratory hazard to which a f wearer may be potentially exposed or is actually exposed.- Con- oer trations of a substance causing a respiratory hazard should be measured during the entire work shift in order to determine accurately both the time * weighted average concentration and the peak concentration of the substance. i r * t -1 ` l .i *- V J1 * -*,1 i .J The concentrations of a substance in air may be affected by changes in process m operation, changes in rate and direction of air movement, changes in terperature 1 i Ar J' *4l frcri day to night operation, and changes in seasons and these factors should be taken into account in carrying out a program of monitoring of respiratorv f *, \f It is essential that the volume of air sampled during a sampling test contain . I \ * a sufficient quantity of the hazardous substance for accurate determination of the concentration of the substance in the work place atmosphere. The volume L. t iy of air; to be sampled, or the duration of the air sampling period depends upon che following factors: P '-v ^ -4 (1) Estimated concentration of the substance in air pi (2) Sensitivity of the sampling instrument and sampling procedures f VAB.0001034378 -11 (3) Established permitted time weighted average concentration and established permitted peak concentration for the substance in air. Although it . is recognized that the concentration of a hazardous substance v?hicn occurs during an emergency cannot always be measured, every reasonable effort should be made to estimate what this concentration would be. Consideration should be given to the use of a continuous operating air monitor * and alarm to alert respirator wearers when a high concentration of a 4 b hazardous substance suddenly occurs. p A9. Recommended Procedures for Cleaning and Sanitizing Respirators (1) h Remove, when necessary, trie following components of respiratory-inlet covering assemblies before cleaning and sanitizing: (a) filters, cartridges, canisters (b) speaking diaphragms -,, (c) demand and pressure-demand valve assemblies (d) any components recommended by the respirator manufacturers (2) Wash respiratory-inlet covering assent lies in warm (49C or 120F maximum temperature) cleaner-sanitizer solution. A stiff bristle (not wire) brush may be used to facilitate removal of dirt or other (3) Rinse respiratory-inlet covering assemblies in clean, warm (49C or 120F maximum temperature) water. ' * (4) Drain all water and air dry respiratory-inlet covering assemblies. (5) Clean and sanitize all parts removed from respiratory-inlet covering as reccntnended by the manufacturers. /6) Hand wipe respiratory-inlet covering assemblies, all parts, all gasket and valve sealing surfaces with damp; lint-fr.ee cloth as * * VAB.0001034379 h olace any which are defective. i i 12- - 4 (8) Reassemble parts on respiratory-inlet covering assemblies (9) Attach new filters , and canisters to respiratory-inlet ' fi ** * s (10) Visually inspect, and where * * j- assemblies for proper function. (11) Place assembled respirators in appropriate containers for storage. # Jiachines my be used to of large numbers of respirators. the cleaning, sanitizing, rinsing, and drying Extreme care must be taken 'to insure . . i * ^1,.. tumbling, agitation, or exposure to temperatures above those reCdftj nended by the manufacturer (normally .49^C or 120OF maximum) as these conditions ireH. likely to result in damage to the respirators. .Ultrasonic cleaners. clothes and dishwashers, and clothes dryers have been specially adapted and successfully used for cleaning and drying respirators. 1 m" ..............* m1 4 - - p- V' Cleaner-sanitizers that effectively clean the resbirator and contain a bactericidal agent are ccnmercially available. - The bactericidal agent frequently used is a quaternary airmonium compound. P # j *% S -rong cleaning and sanitizing agents and many solvents can damage rubber o;* elastomer ic respirator parts a tution must be used with * t- respirators may be washed in a detergent solution then sani tized by immersion in a sanitizing solution. Seme sanitizing solutions which have proven effective are 1) a hypochlorite solution (50 parts per million chlorine) minute irrmersioa 2) an aqueous iodine solution (50 parts per million of iodine), 2 minute immersion a quaternary ammonium solu tion (200 parts per million of quaternary ammonium ccrnpounds in water with * less than 500 parts per million total hardness); 2 minute emersion. r -i VAB.0001034380 9 * i -tar.* i * Different concentrations of quaternary amnonium salts are required to achieve a sanitizing solution with waters of varying hardness. Inflammation of the a impounds are not completely rinsed from the respirator. The hypochlorite * 4 and iodine solutions are unstable and break down as tinve progresses# they may cause deterioration of rubber or ether elasterroric parts, and may be 4f ajrrosive to metallic parts. Immersion times should not be extended beyond i tlie mentioned time periods and the sanitizers must be thoroughly rinsed Respirators may be contaminated with toxic materials. If the contamination + is. light, normal cleaning procedures should provide satisfactory decontamina tion; otherwise separate decontamination step(s) may be required before cleaning. . \T \ t k VAB.0001034381