Document n9aLQpB55yZdEag2YvKE1EMOw

UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF LABOR FRANCES PERKINS. SMHIvr BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS ISADOR LUBIN, Commission*!- ------No. 582 ----------------INDUSTRIAL accidents and hygiene SERIES OCCUPATION HAZARDS AND DIAGNOSTIC SIGNS A GUIDE TO IMPAIRMENTS TO BE LOOKED FOR IN HAZARDOUS OCCUPATIONS (Ravi(ion of Bulletin No. 306) By LOUIS I. DUBLIN, PH.D. TUH Vl* NviMaat an* Sutlitidu ad ROBERT J. VANE Suysrviaor o/ Oceuatisnit Ratines MatropoUlan Lifs lasursacs Cs. UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE WASHINGTON ltU fv by ths Suprlnt*n<i*at of Dtcumtnu, Wsshinyton, D.C. ... P,Jen 5 cniua Contents ---------------------------------------------------------------- pm Preface........ --------- -------- --------------- -------------------------- ----------------- Introduction Section I.--Alphabetical list of hazardous occupations............................ Section II.--List of hazards, symptoms, occupations exposed, and methods of prevention 13 A. Abnormalities of temperature and humidity-------1. Extreme dry heat.......... ...... 2. Heat and humidity................................................................ 3. Sudden variations oftemperature--------------------------B. Compressed air.......... .................... .................................. -............. C. Dampness 17 D. Defective illumination_______ ______________ E. Dust.................................................................................................. 1. Inorganic dust 20 2. Organic dust 21 F. Infections.................................... 1. Anthrax------------------------------2. Hookworm (ankylostomiasis) 22 3. Septic infections............. ...... G. Radiant energy___________________________________________ 23 . 1. X-rays, radium, and other radioactive substances (radio ' thorium, mesothorium, etc.) 23 2. Ultraviolet and infrared rays................................................. H. Repeated motion, pressure, shock,etc____________________ J. Poisons 26 1. Acetaldehyde--------------------------------------------------------------2. Aoetanilide 27 3. Acetone 27 4. Acridine-----------------5. Acrolein_____________________________________________ 6. Aluminum_ 7. Ammonia____ ________ 8. Amyl acetate____________ 9. Amyl alcohol 28 10. Aniline and other amino compounds of benzol and its homo- loguea.... ........................ 11. Antimony and its compounds.................... 12. Arsenic and its compounds 29 13. Arseniuretted hydrogen (arsine) 30 14. Barium_____________________________________ _________ 15. Benzine (naphtha-gasoline).......... ......................................... 16. Benzol (benzene) and its homologuea (toluol and xylol)___ 17. Brass (zinc)________ 18. Bromine 32 19. Butyl acetate___________________________________ _____ 30. Butyl alcohol______________________________________ ___ 21. Cadmium________________ 22. Carbon dioxide.............. 23. Carbon disulphide____________________________ 24. Carbon monoxide_________ 25. Carbon tetrachloride______________________ 26. Cellosolve (mono-ethyl ether of ethylene glycol)...............27. Chloride of lime 34 28. Chlorine 34 29. Chlorodinitrobenzol 34 80. Chloronitrobenzol............................................................. 31. Chromium compounds...................... v 1 4 13 14 15 15 16 18 19 21 22 23 24 25 27 27 27 27 28 28 29 29 30 30 31 31 32 32 32 32 33 33 34 34 34 35 m IV CONTEXTS Section II---Lilat of hazards, symptoms, occupation* exposed, and method* of prevention--Continued J. Poiaoni--Continued 32. Cobalt.................................................................. 33. Copper.......................... -____________________ ________ 35 34. Cresol (cresylic acid)................................... ........................ 35. Cyanogen compounds-------------------------------------------86. Dimethyl sulphate.__________________________________ 37. Dinitronenzol 38 88. Dioxan (diethylenedioxide)__________________ 89. Ethyl benzene...................................................................... 40. Ethyl bromide and ethyl chloride________________ 41. Ethylene dibromide 37 42. Ethylene dichloride............... .............................................. 43. Ethylene oxide..................................................................... 44. Formaldehyde 37 45. Formic acid------------46. Gasoline______________ 47. Hydrochloric acid............... 48. Hydrocyanic acid--------------49. Hydrofluoric acid------------50. Iron carbonyl___________________ ----------- -----------------51. Lead and its compounds.......................... 52. Lead arsenate------------------------------------------------------------53. Manganese 40 64. Mercury and its compounds............................................ -- 55. Methanol (methyl alcohol)................. 66. Methyl bromide...................................................................... 57. Methyl chloride----------58. Naphtha 42 59. Nicael carbonyl....................................................................... 60. Nitraniline......... ........................................ 61. Nitrobenxol and other nitro compounds of benzol and its homologues.................... 62. Nitroglycerin____________________ 63. Nltronaphthalene 42 64. Nitrous gases andnitric acid------------65. Oxsdlc acid 43 68. Ozone 43 67. Petroleum_______________________ 68. Phenol______________________ 69. Phenyl hydrazine.................. 70. Phosgene______________ 71. Phosphorus 44 72. Phosphuretted hydrogen (phosphine) ............................ 73. Picric add__________________________ 74. Potassium hydroxide....................................................... 75. Pyridine.................... ....... ...................................................... 76. Silver......................... ....................................................... ....... 77. Sodium hydroxide........ ............... 78. Sulphur uoxide....................................................................... 79. Sulphuretted hydrogen.......................... 80. Sulphuric add........... .............................................................. 81. 8ulphur monochloride...................................................... 82. Tar................. 83. Tellurium 47 84. Tetrachlorethane (acetylene tetrachloride)................ 85. Tetraethyl lead_______________________ 86. Thallium............ ..................................................................... 87. Tin................................................................... 88. Tftanium oxide 48 89. Trinitrotoluol...... ......................................................... 90. Turpentine.............................................................................. 91. Uranium.................................. 92. Vanadium.......... ........ 93. Vinyl chloride 49 94. Zinc............... 8xctton III.--Dermatoses........................................................................ p,i' 35 35 38 38 36 36 37 37 37 38 38 38 38 38 38 39 40 40 41 41 41 42 42 42 43 42 43 43 43 44 44 44 44 44 46 46 45 45 46 48 47 47 47 48 48 48 48 48 48 49 50 Preface The first edition of this guide to the hazards of occupations and to the symptoms of the diseases they cause was intended primarily to aid the medical examiners of the Metropolitan Life Insurance Co. in the discovery of impairments among applicants for insurance. The pamphlet soon attracted the attention or others not immediately interested in insurance medical examinations. Large numbers of industrial physicians, directors of compensation boards, factory in spectors, safety engineers, industrial rehabilitation agents, faculties of medical colleges, and, most important of all, general practitioners of medicine have made a call for this work and have expressed their approval of it. The favorable response encouraged us to proceed with the preparation of a second and much enlarged edition. This edi tion 1 was equally well received. Published 10 years ago, it is still in constant demand. It has been reproduced either in whole or in part in a number of works by authorities on the subject of industrial hygiene. The authors are convinced by their experience with these earlier editions that this pamphlet has served a useful purpose, and that there is a vital need for a work of this kind, which makes readily available the most recent findings on industrial hazards to those who have not the time for a thorough study. Obviously, the extension of the compensation laws of the several States to include all occupational diseases, or an increasing number of them, has made it necessary for physicians to be familiar with at least their most common symptoms. The 10 years which have elapsed since the publication of the second edition or this guide have seen wide expansion and a marked in crease in activities in the field of industrial hygiene. They have been noteworthy for the large number of scientific investigations under taken to determine the causes of ill health among workmen and the effects of exposure to specific industrial hazards. Complete reports have been published not only on the effects of such poisons as radio active paint, methyl bromide, and other refrigerants, and tetraethyl lead, which have become of importance only recently, but our knowl edge of well-known health hazards has also been enriched. To memtion only a few, benzol, spray painting, and exposure to asbestos dust and to dusts containing free silica, have been thoroughly studied and reported Upon. In preparing this, the third edition of the pamphlet, the authors have endeavored to present the most recent thought on occupational hazards expressed in this vast literature on industrial hygiene. They realize full well the inadequacy of existing knowledge of the effects of many industrial hazards, and the amount of scientific research neces sary before these effects are definitely known. They have not pre sumed to attempt to settle controversial questions, nor have they , `tr.8. Bureau of Labor SUtUtla, Bal. No. 308: Occupation baxardi and dlirnoitlc iigat. WasDlagton, 1922. T n PREFACE attempted to set up standards for the guidance of those -whose responsibility it is to pass upon claims for compensation or damages. The symptoms, conditions, or diseases cited are those which are reported in the best, works available on the several hazards. They have not been listed in the order of their importance, and many are perhaps of rather rare occurrence. Similarly, the occupations and industries listed are those which have been reported as offering ex posure to such hazards, and not necessarily those in which specific cases of injury have occurred. The form of the pamphlet has been changed somewhat to facilitate reference to the symptoms and occupations listed under each hazard. While the number oi hazard groups remains the same, we have com pletely revised the method of presenting some of the hazards. " Ex treme light ", now listed as " radiant energy ", has been subdivided to show separately the effects of " X-rays ana radium ", and of " ultra violet and infrared rays." "Abnormalities of temperature " is now subdivided to show the effects of " heat and humidity " in addition to those of " extreme dry heat " and " sudden variations of tempera ture." The hazards covered now include " abnormalities of temper ature "; " compressed air "; " dampness ": " defective illumination "dust"; "infections"; "radiant energy"; "repeated motion, pres sure, shock, etc."; and the "poisons." The section on "skin irri tants " is now listed under the heading " dermatoses." The number of poisonous substances considered has been increased from 52 to 94. The number of hazardous occupations listed has been increased to approximately 900. The authors desire to acknowledge their indebtedness to the mem bers of the medical profession of the United States and Canada, wHo~have so graciously received the previous editions, and who have so enthusiastically cooperated in extending its scope. It would be impracticable to make personal acknowledgment of all the assist ance which has been received in preparing this revision. Mention, however, should be made of the following authors and organizations from whose published works so large a part of the information used in the pamphlet was secured: Drs. Alice Hamilton, George M. Kober, Emery R. Hayhurst, Yandell Henderson, Howard W. Haggard, R. Prosser White, Carey P. McCord, Henry H. Kessler, Ralph W. Webster, Frank P. Underhill, W. Gilman Thompson, and also the International Labor Office of the League of Nations. Harvard School of Public Health, United States Bureau of Labor Statistics, United States Public Health Service, United States Bureau of Mines, and the Bureau of Industrial Hygiene of the New York State Depart ment of Labor. The author* are especially indebted to Dr. Anthony J. Lanza and Dr. William J. McConnell, assistant medical directors of the Metro politan Life Insurance Co.^ for reviewing the entire manuscript, for assistance in the preparation of the text, and for many valuable criticisms suggested by their broad experience in the field of indus trial medicine. The detailed work of this compilation was carried out by Thomas Dublin, Lawrence Wolff, and Sol Ungar, of the Statistical Bureau of the Metropolitan Life Insurance Co. . __ Lours I. Dublin. Robert J. Van*. BULLETIN OF THE U. S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS no. Mj WASHINGTON September ms OCCUPATION HAZARDS AND DIAGNOSTIC SIGNS: A GUIDE TO IM PAIRMENTS TO BE LOOKED FOR IN HAZARDOUS OCCUPATIONS Introduction Many occupations have injurious effects on the physical condition of those engaged in them. The health of those who work with the poisons, such as lead, arsenic, mercury, picric acidt etc., or those who are exposed for long periods to dust, heat, humidity, or to the infectious materials, may be impaired seriously as the result of their work. The occupation is now recognized as of the very first im portance ar, a factor in the causation of disability and even of death. We see this reflected in the frequent revisions or compensation laws to include an increasing number of occupational diseases. Dr. Edsall has shown that in the clinic he conducted at the Massachusetts General Hospital many of the conditions for which treatment was sought by men of working ages were the effects of occupation. Other industrial clinics are reporting similar results. With their attention directed to occupation as a possible factor, industrial physicians are able to diagnose a great many obscure cases which previously had puzzled even the most competent clinicians. In this way they discover a great many more cases of disease of occupa tional origin than haa before been thought possible. Thus, in 1917, about 150 cases of lead poisoning were discovered at the Massa chusetts General Hospital, which are more than were recorded by this clinic during the 5-year period prior to the adoption of the more intensive methods of study. It is generally recognized that patients come to physicians with pains and complaints of an in definite character, and it is only when consideration is given to the occupation and its possible effects that many of these cases are cleared up. The medical examiner should therefore be very careful to see if any of the usual diagnostic signs of poisoning, austj heat, or other hazards which are known to be inherent in occupations are in evi dence among their patients, where no other explanation of the case is readily available. In the case of those exposed to lead, such as employees of storage-battery plants, whitq-lead workers, paint mixers, painters, etc., the blue line on the gdmj the pale, sallow ap pearance? and the trembling fingers are significant as indications of chrome lead poisoning, and the physician should look for these signs. Physical symptoms and conditions which ordinarily might be passed by, in this way become very important if they point to the possible effect off the occupation. 1 2 OCCUPATION HAZARDS ANT) DIAGNOSTIC SIGNS This handbook has been prepared to aid physicians in general prac tice, industrial hygienists, safety engineers, and others who come into close professional contact with those who are engaged in industrial processes. Nine major hazards of employment are listed; namely, " abnormalities of temperature " compressed air " dampness " defective illumination "; " dust "; " infections ": " radiant energy "; " repeated motion, pressure, or shock and the " poisons." A. sepa rate section of the bulletin is devoted to a discussion of the der matoses. Long exposure to any of these will usually leave definite physical signs which the medical examiner can discover if he will look for them. To aid him in detecting the hazards and their effects on the worker, two lists are presented. The first consists of the more common hazardous occupations? arranged alphabetically; the second consists of hazards, together with their effects or symptoms, as well as the occupations affected. After each occupation in the first list is a reference in code to the particular hazard in the second list. The capital letters after each occupation, A, B, C, etc., refer to the general hazard. The arabic numerals signify the particular hazard, as E 1, inorganic dust; E 2, organic dust. The following example will show how this guide may be of value to the general practitioner: A man, who works in a garage, suffering from continuous headaches visits his physician. The latter can find do cause for the patient's illness. The patient shows no sign of disease other than the subjective symptoms which he describes. Per haps the physician will recommend an examination of the subject's eyes, ears, and sinuses, which will prove negative. A correct diag nosis in a puzzling case such as this is much easier to determine when the occupation is ascertained and this guide is utilized. Alongside of " garage workers " in the Alphabetical List of Hazardous Occupa tions, the physician finds the symbols J 15, 24, 51, 85. "J " represents the hazard 8 poisons ", and 15, 24, 51, 85, the particular poisons-- gasoline, carbon monoxide, lead, and tetraethyl lead, respectively. Upon looking up the symptoms of these poisons in the second list, he finds that all produce headache. In such a case an effort should be made to discover which of these poisons exists as a hazard in the plant where the patient is employed. The remedy consists in the removal of the etiological factor--the specific poison. The following procedure is therefore recommended: The medical examiner or physician should ascertain the occupation of the person undergoing examination. He should then look for it in the Alpha betical List of Hazardous Occupations (p. 4). If found there, it is possible that the person has been exposed to and is possibly suf fering frond the effects of some hazard of his occupation. The num erals will indicate the particular hazards of the occupation. The physician should then make special effort to discover the symptoms or signs referred to in the second list. By this means he can readily determine whether the person examined is in fact suffering from the effect of his occupation.' His examination is in this way made more illuminating. Physicians.' not specialists in occupational hygiene, can thus learn to detect the effects of industry and, conversely, can eliminate the occupation as the cause when certain symptoms are ob served which do not fit the usually observed effects of the occupation. httbodtjcxiok 3 Medical examiners should remember that it is often necessary to keep in mind not only the present occupation but the former one as wall. Persons suffering from certain ailments may no longer be engaged in the industry which was responsible for their condition. But careful inquiry into their occupational history will sometimes result in the recording of an --jupation the effects of which are clearly those from which the patient is suffering. The medical profession must give occupational findings greater weight in form ing their judgments regarding physical conditions and in diagnosing and treating disease. It is hoped in this way that the medical profession will become more and more acquainted with occupational diseases and help in the movement to discover and eliminate cases thereof. In our country, it is still true that very large numbers of working people are con stantly exposed to serious occupational hazards and suffer, often unnecessarily, very seriously from the effects of such exposure. The greater interest or medical practitioners will help materially in the campaign of prevention. Medical schools can aid greatly in bring ing about this result by giving due weight to the subject in their courses of study. Already the form ana content of the pamphlet have recommended it to several schools, which report its value. In the same way, plant executives and safety engineers must take cog nizance of the existence of these occupational diseases and look care fully into their own establishments to see to what degree the proc esses in their shops are devoid of the* dangers which are usually associated with industrial operations. Factory inspectors, labor officials, and workmen's compensation boards will find it helpful in inspecting and evaluating the hazards of numerous industries. Many hazards may be revealed which they have not known were associated with the processes of manufacture and of which the employers themselves have been ignorant. The rapidly expanding field of industrial rehabilitation should find this bulletin an aid in selecting occupations for those with arrested cases of tuberculosis and for others weakened by disease. 181219*--88------ 2 Section I.--Alphabetical List of Hazardous Occupations Abrasives workers, E 1. I Artificial-manure makers. See Ferti- Acetaldehyde makers, J 1, 54. llzer makers. Acetanilide workers, J 10. Artificial-pearl makers, J 8, 51, 64, 64. Acetic-acid makers, J 47, 54. Artificial-resin makers. J 34. Acetone workers, J 3, 54. Artlflcial-sllk makers, A 2, C, J 7, 8, Acetylene workers, E 1, J 8, 7, 18, 23, 13, 20, 23, 35, 44, 47, 53, 77, 79, 80, 84. 24, 27, 31, 72. Artificial-stone makers. J 82. Acid dippers, C, J 13, 38, 47, 64, 80. Art-printing workers, J 35. Acid finishers (glass), J 47, 51, 80. Asbestos workers, A 1, E 1. Acid makers. See particular acid. Asphalt workers, A 1, J 23, 82. Acid mixers. J 47, 64, 80. Auto painters, C, J 55. Sea aleo Acid recoverers, J 47, 64, 80. Painters. Acid transporters, J 47, 64, 80. Acridine workers, J 4. Babbitters, J 51. Acrolein workers, J 5. Bakellte makers, J 44, 68. Airplane-dope makers, J 3, 8, 16, 25, Bakers, A 3, E 2, O 2, J 22, 24. 84. Balloon (hydrogen) workers, J 13. Airplane-wing varnlshers, J 84. See Balloon lnflators, J 24. alto Varnishers. Barbers, H. Alcohol-distillery workers, J 8, 9, 16, Barium carbonate makers, J 14, 79. 45, 54. Bar-mill workers (iron and steel), Aldehyde pumpmen, J 1, 55. . A 1. Alkali-salt makers, C, J 22, 28, 47, 78, Barometer makers, J 54. 79. Basic-slag (artificial-manure) workers, Aluminum extractors, J 49. E 1. Alum workers, J 80. Batch makers (glass works). See Amalgam makers, J 54. Glass mixers. Amber workers, J 51. Batch makers (rubber works). 8ee Ammonia workers, J 7, 24. Compounders (rubber). Ammonium-salts makers, A 1, J 7, 23. Baters (tannery), C, F 1. 35, 47, 80. Battery (dry) makers, E 1, J 8, 16. 81, Ammonium-sulphate makers, J 80. 47. 51. 58. 54. 82. Amyl-acetate workers, J 8, 9. Battery (storage) makers. See Stor Amyl-nitrlte makers, J 9. age-battery makers. Anesthetic makers, J 40. Beamers (textiles), E 2. Aniline-compound workers, J 10, 31. Beamhoose workers (tannery), C, F 1. Aniline-dye makers. See Dye makers. Beatermen (paper and pulp), C, J 28. Aniline makers, J 10, 18,16, 47, 61, 64. Bed rubbers (marble and stone), E 1. Animal-hair dressers. See Hair work Bench moldere (foundry), E 1, J 17. ers. 51. Animal handlers, 7 1, 8. Benzene purifiers, J 80. Annealers, A L Benzol-still men, A 1, J 16. Antifreeze makers, J 55. Bessemer-converter workers (iron and Antimony extractors (refiners), A 1, steel), A 1. J 11. Beta-still operators (beta-naphthol), Antimony flutfride extractors, J 49. A,l. J 80. Antlpyrln makers, J 69. Berelera, E 1_ Arsenic roasters, A 1, J 12. Bicyclists, H. A rseniuretted-hydrogen makers, J IS. Billet-mill workers (iron and steel), Art-glass workers, J 8, 15, 49, 51, 55, A 1. 90. Bisque-kiln workers, A 1, E 1. J 24. Artificial-amber makers, J 44. Blacksmiths, Al, 0 2, H. J 22, 24, 85. Artificial-flower makers, H, J 12, 81, 51. 51. 54, 55. Blasters, E 1, J 24. Artificial-gem makers, J 86. Blast-furnace workers, A 1, J 22. 24, 35, Artificial-ice makers, A 8, C, J 7, 78. 78. 79. Artlfldal-leatber workers, A 2, J 8, 8, Bleachers. A 2, 8. J 27, 28, 81. 47. 49, 10, 12, 16, 20, 64, 80. 64. 65. 66, 74, 77, 78. 4 ALPHABETICAii LIST OP HAZARDOUS OCCUPATION'S 5 Bleachery driers, A 2. Camphor makers, J 8, 10, 47, 90. Bleachlng-powder makers, J IS, 27, 53. Candle (colored) makers, J 5, 12, 31. Blender* (motor fuel). J IS. Candy makers, A 2, 3. Blockers (felt hats), A 2, J 24. Canners, A 2, 3, C, F 3, J 51. Blootlers (tannery), J 51. Can (sanitary) makers, J 16. Blooming-mill workers (Iron and Cap loaders, J 54. 8t^l) ^ 1 Cappers (window glass), A 1. Blowers (felt hats), E 2, J 54. Carbanilide makers, J 23. Blowers (glass manufacturing). Bee Carbide makers, A 1, E 1, J 7, 24. Olass blowers. Blowers-out (tine smelting), A 1, J 17. Blueprint makers. 7 31. Carbolic-acid makers, 3 16, 68, 78, 80. Carbonated-water makers. J 22. Carbon-black workers, A 1, E 1. Bluers (revolvers!. A 1. ' Carbon-brush makers, E 1. Boiler cleaners and washers. C. 7 24. Boiler-room workers, A 1 , J 22, 24. Boneblack makers, J 7, 71. Bone Tenderers, J 5. Bone workers, E 1, J 5. 35. 78. Bookbinders, J 8, 12, 51, 55. Bottle-cap makers, J 51. Bottlers (mineral waters), J 77. Brake-lining makers, J 16. Brass founders, A 1, J 11, 12, 17, 22, 24. 31, 71, 78. Brass polishers, J 51. See also Pol ishers and cleaners (metal). Brazers, O 2. Carbon-dloxlde-ice workers, J 22. Carbon-disulphide makers, J 23. 79. Carbonic-acid makers, J 22. Carbonizers (shoddy), E 2, J 13.47.80. Carhon printers (photographic). J 31. Carbon-tetrachloride workers, J 25, 70, 81. Carborundum makers. A 1, E l. Carders (textiles), E 2 Card grinders (textiles), E 1, 2. Carpenters, H. Carpet makers, E 2, F 1. J 12. Carroters (felt hata), J 12, 54, 64. Braziers, A 1, J 17, 51. Cartridge-cup washers, C. Brewers, A 2, 3, C. J 22, 44, 49. 68. Cartridge dippers, J 47, 64, 80. Brick burners, A 1, J 22, 24, 51. Cartridge felt and wad makers, O. Bricklayers, E 1. Cartridge makers, J 51, 54. Brick makers, A 1. C. E 1, F 2, J 51, 78. Cartridge shot shell paraffin dippers, Briquet makers, J 12. 82. A S. C. Bromine makers, J 18. 28. Case hardeners, A 1, J 85. Bromine-salt makers, J 18. Casters (brass foundry). See Brass Bronzers. E 1, 3 7, 8. 12, 13, 15, 16, 17, founders. 35, 47. 51, 54, 55, 79. Broom makers. E 2, J 28, 44, 78. Browner* (gun barrels), J 35, 51, 54. 67. Brushers (felt bats), E 2, J 54. Brush makers. E 2, F 1, J 44, 51, 55, 82. Buffers, D, E 1, 2. Buffers (rubber), J 8, 15, 51. Burners (enameling), A 1, J 51. Burnishers (iron and steel), D. J 11, 80. Casters (iron and steel), A 1. Casting cleaners (foundry), E 1. See alto Arid dippers. Cast scrubbers (electroplaters), J 15, 16. Catcher* (iron and steel), A 1. Cattle salesmen, F 1. Cellophane. See Transparent-wrap ping-material workers. Cellosolve makers, J 26. Burnishers (rifle barrels), J 11. Celluloid. Bee Pyroxylin plaatlca Burrers (needles), E 1. workers. Burr fliers. E 1. Cellulose-acetate makers, J 8. 84. Batchers, A 3, F 1, 8. Button makers, B 1, 2. Butyl alcohol makers, J 20. Cellulose-formate makers, J 45. Cellulose workers, J 8, 23, 45, 78, 79, 84. Cable makers, I Si. Cable splicers, C, J 24, 51, 79, 90. Cadmium-alloy makers, 3 21. Cadmium and cadmium-compound makers. J 21. Cadmium platers, J 21. Cadmium-vapor-lamp makers, J 21. Caisson workers, A 3. B, C, D, 3 22,79. Calcium-carbide makers, J 7. Cementer* (rubber shoes), J 15, 16, 23. 25, 55, 90. Cement mixers (rnbber), J 15, 16, 23, 25. 81. Cement workers, A 1, E 1, J 47. Ceramic workers. See Pottery work ers. Chambermen (sulphuric add), J 78, 80. Caienderers (rubber), A 8, B 1. Charcoal burners, J 22, 24. Calico printers, A 2, 3, J 8, 10, 11, 12, Charcoal workers (sugar refining), 21. 24. 28, 81. 85. 44, 47, 51. 53, 54. A 2, 3. B 1. 65, 64, 68, 80, 90. Cbargara (smelting), A 1, E 1, 3 24. 6 OCCUPATION HAZARDS AND DIAGNOSTIC SIGNS Chargers (zinc smelting), A 1, E 1, Crayon (colored) mukers. J 31. J 11. 12, IT, 21. 24, 51, 78. Creosoting-plant workers, C, J 82. Chasers (steel), H 1. Chauffeurs, H, J 16, 24. Chemists (radium research), O 1. Chimney masons, J 24. Cresol-soap makers, J 34. . Cresyllc-acid makers, J 34. ' Crucible mixers. E 1. Cruclble-steel-department employees, Chimney sweepers, E 1, J 12, 24, 82. Chippers, E 1, J 61. Chloride of lime malcers, J 27, 28. Chlorine-compound makers, J 47 Al. Crushermen (clay and stone), El. Cupola men (foundries), A 1, J22, 24. Curers, vapor (rubber). See Vulcan- Chlorine makers, J 28, 47. 53, lzers. Chloroform makers, J 3, 27, 57. Curriers (tannery), E2, FI, J 12, 15. Chrome workers, J 31. Chromium platers, J 31. Cigar makers, E 2. Cut-glass workers, E 1, J 12, 51. Cutlery makers, El, J 8, 51. Cutters (oxyacetylene and other Clay and bisque makers (pottery), gases). See Welders. A 3, C, E 1, J 78. Cyanamid makers, 11, El. Clay-plug makers (pottery), C, E 1. Cyanide workers, J 7, 35. Clay-products workers. See Pottery Cyanogen makers, J 54, 79. workers. Cleaners (foundry), J 24. Clerks, D, H. Cloth preparers, A 2, 0. Bleachers. See alto Damascening workers, J 64. Dancers, H. Decorators (pottery), J12, 15, 16, 51, 90. Cloth singers, J 24. ' Coal miners. Bee Miners. Degreasers (fertilizer; leather), J 15, 18. Coal passers, El. Degreasers (textiles), J 25. Coal-tar workers, J10, IS, 24, 34, 35, Denatured-alcohol workers. See par 98. 82. ticular denaturant. Cobalt miners, J 32. Dental workers, J 61. Cobblers. E2, FI, H. Dentists, J 54. Coke-oven workers, A 1, J 7, IS, 24, Depilatory makers, J 86. 78. 78, 82. ' Detinning workers, J 28. Cold-storage-plant workers. Bee Re- Detonator cleaners, J 54. frlgeratlng-plant workers. Detonator fillers, J 54. Collodion makers, J 64. Detonator packers, J 54. Colored-paper workers, J12. Devil operators (felt hats), E 2, J 54. Colorers (white) of shoes, J 51. Diamond cutters, E 1, H. Color makers. A 1, E 1, J 7, 11, 12. Diamond poliahera, J 51. 16. 18, 21, 28, 51, 51, 54, 57, 80, 84, 86. Diatomaceous-earth workers, E 1. Comb makers, B 2. Digester-house workers (paper and Compositors, D, E1, H, J 10, 11, 15, 51. pulp), A 2, 3, J 78, 79. Compounders (rubber), E 1, J 10, 11, Dimethyl-sulphate makers, J 13, 36, 12. 15, 16, 31. 51. 55. 64, 80. Concentrating-mlU workers (lead and Dioxan makers, J 38. zinc), C. El, J61. Dippers (gun cotton), J 64. Coners (felt hats). E2, J54. Dippers (rubber), J 15, 16. Confectioners. See Candy makers. Dippers. See alto Acid dippers. Construction-camp workers, F 2. Disinfectant makers, J 1. 18, 27, 28, Construction laborers, HI. 34, 35, 44, 54, 38, 78, 86. Cooks, A 8. 02, J24. Divers, B, J 22. Copper founders, J 12, 33. Doffers (textiles), A 2, C, E 2. Copper miners. See Miners. " Dope " workers. See Airplane-dope Copper refiners' and smelters, A1, J11, makers. 12, 24, 33, 51, 78, 83. Dressers (glass), A 1. Coppersmiths, J83. Dresser tenders (textile), A 2, 3, 0. Curd makera J 82. Driers (felt hats), A 3, J 55. Core makers, A 1, El, J17, 24. Driers (rubber), J 15, 16, 28. t ork workers, E 2. Drier workers (foundries), J 24. Corn-products workers, A 1, 2, 8. Drillers (rock), E 1. Cosmetic workers, J 54. Drivers, A 3, C. Cotton-mill workers, A 2, C, E 1, 2. Cotton-seed-oil workers, A 2. Cotton twisters, E 2, H. Drop forgers, A 1. Dry-battery workers. See Battery (dry) makers. Cranemen (glass Industry), Al. Dry cleaners, A 8, J 15, 16, 23, 23, 55, Cranemen (iron and steel), Al. 65, sa ALPHABETICAL LEST OF HAZARDOUS OCCUPATION'S 7 Diylng-rootn worker* (miscellaneous), Fiber workers, E 2. A. 3 J 22, 24. Filament makers and finishers (in Dye makers, A 2, 8, J 1, 3, 4, 7, 10, 11, candescent lamps), J 24 55, 86. 12, 13, 16, 18, 27. 28, 31, 34, 35, 36, File cutters, E 1, J 51. 44 45, 47, 51, 53, 54, 55, 57, 61. 64, 65, Filers, E 1, J 11, 51. 68, 69, 70, 73, 78, 79, 80, 86, 90. Filling-station workers, J 61, 85. Dyers, A 8, J S, 7. 8, 10, 15, 31, 47, 49, Film makers. See Pyroxylin-plastics 51. 53, 81, 68, 73, 81. See alto Mor- workers danters, and other preparatory Filter-press workers, C. process workers. Finishers (leather), E 2. Fire-extinguisher makers, J 25. Electricians, G 2, J 66. Firemen (city), A 1, 3. C, J 24, 25. Electric - induction - furnace workers, Firemen (stationary), A 1, 3, E 1, J 24. J 54. Fireworks makers. J ll. 12, 53, 54. 71, Electric linemen, G 2. 73. See alto Explosives workers. Electrode makers, J 82. Fishermen, A 3, C. Electrolytic process (copper) workers, Fitters (shoes), J 55. J 13. Flangers (felt bats), A 8, J 24 Electroplaters, C, J 11, 12, 18, 15, 16, Flatteners (glass), A 1. 21. 23. 25, 31, 85, 45. 47, 51. 54, 64, Flax-rettery workers, J 79. 80. Flax spinners, A 2, E X Electrotypers, A 8, E 1, J 11, 61. Bee Flint workers, E 1. alto Electroplaters. Floor molders (foundry), A 1, E 1, Elevator runners, H. X 17, 51. Embalmers, J 44, 54. Floor-polish makers, X 61. Embossers, J 54. Flour workers, E 2. Embroidery workers, D, J 51. Flue cleaners, E 1. J 24, 78, 82. Emery-wheel makers, B 1, J 51. Flush tenders (aluminum), 0. Enamelers, A 1, C. H, J 8, 12, 15, 16, 23, 24, 31, 51, 58. 84 90. Forgemen. A 1. Formaldehyde workers, J 44. Enamel makers, J 8, 11, 12, 15, 16, 23, Formers (felt hats), E 2. 24, 31, 47, 51, 53. 64, 84 90. Formic-acid workers, J 45. Engineers (stationary), A 1, 8, B 1, Foundry workers, A 1, E 1, J 22, 24. J 24. See alto particular metal. Engravers, E 1, H, J 16, 47, 66, 80. Frosters (glass and pottery), J 81. Bee alto Steel engravers. Fruit-essence makers, J 8, 9. Etchers, J 13, 47, 49, 64 68, 80. Fruit preservers, J 78. Ether makers, J 80. Fulminate mixers, J 35, 54. Ethyl benzene makers, J 89. Fumlgators, J 24, 34. 35, 78. Ethyl-bromide makers, J 40. Fur carders, B 2, F 1. Etbyl-cbloride makers, J 40. Fur clippers, B 2, F 1. Elbylene-dibroniide makers, J 18, 41. Fur cutters, E 2, F 1. Etbylene dichloride makers, J 42. Fur handlers, E 2, F 1, J 12, 54. Ethylene oxide makers, J 43. Furnace workers, A 1. G 2. J 22, 24. Explosives workers, C, 1 1 8, 7, 8, 9, Furniture polishers, E 2, H, J 8, 15, 10, 16. 23. 31. 34, 44, 54, 55, 61, 62, 64. 31, 55, 67, 90. 68. 73, 80. Bee also particular oc Fur preparers, E 2, F 1, J 12, 54, 64 cupation. Fur pullers, B 2, F 1. Extractor operators (soap), A 8. C. Fusel-oil workers, J 9. Extractors (gold and silver), J 28, 35, 64 Galvanisera, A 2, 0, J 5, 7, 12, 13, 17, Extractors (oils and fats), J 16. 47, 51, 64 78, 80. Garage workers, J 15, 24, 51, 85. Farmers, F 1, 2, X 12, 51. Garbage workers, F 3. Fat renderers, A 3, J 5, 79, 80. Gardeners, J 12, 51. Feather curerg, E 2, J 12. Gas (dominating) workers, A 8, J 7, Feather workers, E 2, F 8. X 10, 12,15, 18. 16, 24, 35. 68, 79, 82. 18, 55. 67. 78, 90. ' Gasoline blenders, J 51, 85. Felt extractors, A 2. Gasoline-engine workers, J 15. Felt-hat makers, A 2, 3, E 2, X 12, 54 Gas purifiers, J 7, 35, 68, 79. 55, 80. See alto particular occupa Gassers (textile), X 24. tion. Gatherers (glass). A 1. Felt makers, A 2. Gelatine makers, J 78. Ferrosillcon workers, J 12, 18, 72. Germicide makers, J 10, 44, 78. Fertilizer makers, C, B 1, F 1, S, J 7 Gilders. J 8, 15, 16, 35. 54, 55, 64, 75. 13, 22, 35, 47, 49; 53, 64. 71, 78, 79, 80. Glass blowers, A 1. B 1, G 2. See alto Phosphate-mill workers. Glass colorers, J 21, 81, 83. 8 OCCUPATION HAZARDS AND DIAGNOSTIC SIGNS Glass cutters, C, E 1. Iron and steel workers (all depart Glass etchers, J 44. 49. OIsss finishers, C, E 1, J 47. 49. 51, 80. ments), A 1. E 1. G 2. See alto particular occupation. Glass-furnace workers, A 1, G 2. Ironers, A 3, J 24. Glass mixers, E 1, J 11, 12, 47, 51, 53. Glass polishers, J 51. Japan makers, A 3. J 12, 15, 51, 55, 90. Glasa workers, J 22. 78, 86. Japanners, J 12, 15, 51, 55, 90. Glaze dippers (pottery), C, J 11. 12, Jewelers, D, E 1, H. J 8, 13, 35, 47, 51. 31, 47, 51. 53. 54, 64 80. Glaze mixers (pottery), E 1, J 11, 12, Junk-metal refiners, A 1, E 1, J 17, 51. 81, 47, 51, 53. Jute workers, E 1, 2. Glost-klla workers. A 3, J 24, 51. Glove makers (leather preparers), 0, E 2. 8ee alto Tannery workers. Glue workers, A 3, C, E 2, F S, J 5, 7, Kiln tenders, A 1, J 24. Emitters, H. Knitting-mill workers, E 2. 15, 16, 22. 23. 47, 78, 79, 80. Glycerine refiners, J 65. Gold beaters, E 1, H. Gold extractors. J 13. 18. 81. Gold refiners, E 1, J 12, 85, 44, 49, 51, 54. Grain-elevator workers, E 2. Granite workers. See Stonecutters. Graphite workers. A 1, E 1. Grinders (colors). Bee Color makers. Grinders (metals), C. El, J 11, 51. Grinders (rubber), E 2, J 11, 51. Guncotton dippers, J 64, 80. Guncotton pickers, E 2. Guncotton washers, C. Gypsum workers, A 3, E 1, J 79. Labelers (paint cans), J 51. Laboratory workers (radium re search), G 1. Lace makers, E 2. Lacquerers, J 3, 8, 9, 12, 15, 16, 25,45, 51. 55, 75, 84, 90. Lacquer makers, J 3. 7, 8, 9. 12. 15, 16, 25, 26, 39, 45, 51, 55, 75, 84, 90. Lampblack makers, J 67. 68. Lapidaries, E 1. Lard makers. J 5. Lasters (shoes), A 3, C, E 2, J 55. Lathe turners, H. Laundry workers, A 2, 3, C, J 24, 27, 28, 66. Lead burners, J 13, 51. Hair workers, C, E 2, F 1, 3. Lead-foil makers, A 1, J 51. Lead miners, J 5L See alto Miners. Hammermen, H. Hardeners (felt hats), 3 54, 55. Lead-pipe makers, 3 51. Lead-salts makers, J 51.. Hardeners (metals). See Temperers. Lead smelters, A 1, E 1, 3 11, 12, 24, Harness makers, E 2. 51, 78, 83. Hat makers, felt. See Felt-hat makers. Leather workers, E 2. F 1, J 8, 47. See Heater boys (riveters), J 51. alto Tannery workers. Heel makers (shoes), E 2. Leer tenders (glass). A 1. Hemp workers, E 2. Letter sorters, D, H. Horn workers, E 1. Levermen (Iron and steel), A 1. Hospital attendants, G 1. Lifters-over (glass), A 1. Hothouse workers, A 3. Lime burners, A 1, E 1, 3 13,' 22, 24. Hot-rod rollers (iron and steel), A1. lime-kiln chargers, E 1, J 22, 24. House wreckers, E 1. Lime pullers (tannery), C, FI Hydrochloric-acid makers, J 47, 79, 80. Lime workers, E l. Hydrocyanic-add makers, 3 35, 80. Linen workers, E 2. Hydrofluoric-add makers, J 49. Linoleum colorera, J 12. Hydrogen-sulphide workers, J 79. Linoleum makers, A 2. 3, C, E 1, J 5, 8, 15, 16. 31, 51, 53, 55, 80, 90. Ice (artificial) makers. Bee Artifldallce makers. ,, Ice-cream makers, A 8, C. Imitation. See ArtlfidaL Incandescent-lamp makers, J 24, 51, 54. 55. See alto particular occupation. Incandescent-mantle hardeners, G 2. Ink makers, J 18, 24, 28, 31, 44, 47, 55, 61. 65. Insecticide makers, J 12, 23, 44, 51, 71, Llnotypers, J 11, 24, 6L Llnseed-oil boilers, J 5, 51. Lithographers. E 1. H. J 10. 12, 15, 16, 31, 47, 51, 54, 64, 65. 80. 84, 90. Llthopone makers, J 21. Llthotransfer workers, J 51. Locksmiths, H. Longshoremen, F 1. Lumbermen, A 8, F 2. Lutera (sine smelting), A 1, J 17. 81. Instrument dial (luminous) painters, G 1. . Insulators, J 82. Iodine makers, J 28. Machinists, H. . Mail sorters, D, H. Manganese-dioxide workers, J 53. Manganese grinders, J 53. Manganese-ore separators, J 53. ALPHABETICAL LIST OP HAZARDOUS OCCUPATIONS 9 Manganese-steel makers, J t>3. Muriatic-acid mixers. See Add mix Manometer makers, J 54. ers. Marble cutter*, E 1. Musical-instrument makers, J 51. Marblera (glass), A 1. Musicians, H. Masons, 0, E 1. H. Match-factory workers, C, E 1, 2, J 23, Neon lights letter makers, J 24. 81,5L 58, 71, 74, 79. Nickel platers, C. See alto Electro Mattress makers, E 2. platers. Meat Inspectors, F 1. Nlckel-purlflcatlon workers (Mond Mechanics (gas engines), J 24. process), J 50. Halters (foundry; glass), A 1, G 2. Nltraniline workers, J 10. Mercerizers, J 77, 80. Nitrators, J 64. 80. Mercury-alloy makers, J 54. Nitric-acid workers, J 7, 51, 64, 80. Mercury-boiler workers, J 54. Nltrobenzine makers, J 16, 80. Mercury bronzers, 3 54. Nltrobensol workers, 3 61. Mercury miners, J 54. Set also Miners. Nitrocellulose workers, J 3, 8, 9, 13, Mercury-pump workers, J 54. 16, 38, 64, 80. Mercury-salt workers, J 54. Nitroglycerine makers, J 13, 51, 62, Mercury smelters, A 1, J 24, 54, 78. 34, 80. Mercury-solder workers, J 54. Nitrous-oxide worker* J 64. Mercury-still cleaners, J 54. Nurses, G 1. Mercury-switch makers, J 54. Mercury-vapor-lamp makers. J 54. Oilcloth makers. Bee Linoleum mak Metal polishers and cleaners. See ers. Polishers and cleaners (metal). Oil extractors, J 3, 23, 42, 84. Metal-polish makers, J 15, 25, 35. Oil-flotation-plant workers, 3 37, 78, Metal refiners, J 47. 78. Metal turners, E 1. Oil purifier* J 80. Metal workers. See particular occu Oil refiner* See Petroleum refiners. pation. Oil-well workers, J 67, 79. Methane (synthetic) makers, J 24. Open-hearth-department worker* (iron Methyl-alcohol workers, J 3, 24, 55. and steel), A 1. Methyl-bromide makers, J 56. Oxalic-add maker* J 35, 65, 74. Methyl-chloride makers, J 57. Oxyacetylene cutter* See Welders. Methyl-compound makers, 3 55. Mica strippers or splitters, E L Mica workers, B L Packing-house employees, A 2, 3, C. Painters, H, J 3, 8, 9, 10, 12, 15, 16, Mlcroscopists, H. 23. 81, 51, 53, 54, ,55, 90. Milkers, H. Painters (luminous watch and initru- Millinery workers, J 10, 15, 16, 55, 67. ment dials), G 1. 90. Miners. A 2. 8, C, D, B 1, F 2, H, J 22, 24, 79. Mirror sllverers, A S, C, J 1. 7, 16, 35, Painters (tar), J 82. Paint makers, C, 3 8, 8, 9, 10, 12, 15, 16, 23, 31, 47, 51, 53, 54, 55, 6a 82, 88, 90. 44, 45, 51. 54, 76. Paint-remover makers, J 18, 88, 84. Mirers (felt hats), E 2, J 54. Paint removers, B 1, J 8, 8, 13, 51, Mixers (rubber), A 3, B 1, 3 10, 11, 68 84. 12. 15, 16, 31. 51. Pair heaters (tin plate), A L Mixing-room workers (miscellaneous), Paper-box maker* H. 31,2. Paper glazer* 3 12. Mold breakers (foundry), B 1. Paperbanger* E 1, J 12, 81, 51. Mold breakers (pottery), J 24. Paper maker* A 2, 8, O, J IS, 28, 44. Molders. Set Bench molders: ~loor 47, 77, 78, 79, 80. See alto par molders. ticular occupation. Monotypers, J 11, 24, 51. Paraffin worker* J 3, 18, 23, 25, 67, 82. Mordanters, J 9, 11, 12, 15, 16, 27, 81, Paris-green workers, J 12. 35, 45, 64, 92. See alto Dyers. Patent-leather makers, A 3, J a 24, 51, Motlon-plctnre-fllm workers, 3 20, 24, 55, 80. 90. 84. See alto Pyroxylin-plastics Pavers, A 1, H, J 82. workers. Pencil makers, J 10. 12. 31. 75. Motion-picture-machine operators, G 2. Perfume makers, 3 3, 8. 10, 20, 25, 34. Motion-picture-studio workers and ac 36. 45. 55. 61. 68. 80. tors, G 2. Petroleum refiners, A 1, C, J 7, 15, 47, Motonnen, A 8. Mottlers (leather), 3 8, 55. Muffle tenders. A- L 51, 67, 77, 78, 79, 80. 82. Phenol makers. J 16, 68, 78, 80. Pbenyl-bydraslne workers, J 09. Muriatic-add maker* See Hydro Phosgene makers, J 24, 28, 70. chloric-acid makers. Phosphate extractors, j 47. 10 OCCUPATION HAZARDS AND DIAGNOSTIC SIGNS Phosphate-mill workers, A 3, C, E 1, J 71. See alio Fertiliser makers. Phosphine workers, J 72. Phosphor-bronze workers, J 71. Phosphoric-add makers, J 35, 64, 80. Phosphorus-compound makers, J 71,79. Phosphorus-evaporating-machine oper ators, A 3, C, J 80. Phosphorus extractors. J 49, 71, 72. Phosphorus (red) makers, J 72. Phosphuretted-hydrofcen workers, J 72. Photo-engravers, J 16, 31, 55, 64. Photographers, D, G 2. See alto Pho tographic workers. Photographic workers, J 13,8, 10, 16, 18, 20, 28, 31, 35, 44. 47, 54, 55, 78, 70, SO. Photograph retouchers, J 51. Photogravure workers, J 3L Physicians, G 1. Plcklerg, A 2, C, J IS, 35, 47, 64. 80. Plcrlc-acld makers, J 16, 64. 68, 73, 80. Pigment makers. See Color makers. Pipe fitters, J 5L See alto particular liquid piped. Pitch workers, J 12, 82. Pit molders (foundry), A 1, E 1. Planer men (stone; metal), E 1. Plasterers, C, E 1. Plaster-of-paris workers, E 1. Platers. See Electroplaters. Platinum extractors, J 18. Plumbers, J IS, 24, 51. See alto par ticular substance piped. Pneumatic-tool workers, El, E Polishers and cleaners (metal), D, B1, 2, H. J 15, 35, 47. 51, 65. Polishers (furniture). See Furniture polishers. ' Polish makers, E 1, J 8, 15, 56, 90. Porcelain makers. See Pottery work ers. Porters, H. Pot fillers (glass), A 1. Pot lifters (iron and steel), A 1. Pot pullers (foundry), A L Pot-room workers (aluminum foundry; carbide plant), A 1. Pot setters, A 1. Pottery workers, A 1, 2, O, B 1, J 12, 22, 24, 47, 51, 53, 54, 78. Bee also particular occupation. Pouncers (felt hats 1,81,2 Pourers (brass foundry). Bet Brass founders. ' Powder (smokeless) makers. See Smokeless-powder makers. Preparers (tannery), C, F 3, A Preservative makers and handlers, J 44. Pressera, H, J 21. Pressmen (oil refining), O. Pressmen (printers), E 1. Pressroom workers (rubber), A 8, J 10, 11, 12, 15, 16 Primers (explosives), J 54. Printers, E 1. J 10. 11, 12, 15, 51, 90. Puddlers (iron and steel), A 1, J 24. Pullers-out (felt bats), A2. Pulp-mill workers. See Paper maker*. Putty makers, E 1, J 15, 23, 51. Putty polishers (glass), E 1, J 31. Pyridine workers, J 75. Pyrites burners, A 1, E 1. J 12. 78, 79. Pyroxylin-plastics workers, E 2 J 1, 3. 5. 8. 15, 16 20, 24, 35. 51, 55, 64, 79, 80. Quarrymen, El, F2. Radioactive-paint makers, G 1. Radioactive-water makers, G 1. Radiologists, G1. Radium ore reduction workers, G1. Radium-research -workers, G1. Rag workers. E 2. F 3. Rayon makers, A 2, C, J 7, 8, 13, 23, 35, 44. 47, 55, 79, 80, 84. Reclaimers (rubber), E 2, J 10, 16, 23, 47. 51. 68, 80. Red-lead workers, J 51. Refiners (metals), Al. J12, 13, 24, 61, 54, 64, 78, 80. See alio particu lar occupation. Refiners (sugar). See Sugar refiners. Refrlgeratlng-plant workers, A 3, C, J 7. Refrigerator (mechanical) makers and repairmen, J 5, 40, 56. 57, 78. Repairers (foundries), J 24. .Resin (synthetic) makers. Jl, 34, 44, 68 Riveters, H, J51. Road repairers, A 1. Roentgenologists, G1. Roller coverers (cotton mills), A2, E 2. Rollers (metals), A1. Roll setters (iron and steel), Al. Roll wrenchers (iron and steel), Al. Roofers, A 3, J 51, 82. Roofing-material workers, A1, 2. Roofing-paper workers, J 82. Ropemakers, B 2. Roughen (Iron and steel), A 1. Rubber-cement makers. See Cement mixers (rubber). Rubber-glove makers, J 16 16. Rubber (red) workers. J 11. Rubber-subatltute makers, Jl, 9, 28, 84. 81. Rubber-tire builders, J16 16 Rubber workers, A 8, E 1, 2, J 3, 8, 10, 11, 12, 15. 16, 23, 25, 31. 44, 45. 51, 55, 78, 79, 81, 84. 90. See alio particular occupation. Sagger makers, 0, El, J5L Sailors, A3, H. Salt extractors (coke oven by-prod ucts), J 7, 80. Salt preparen, A 2, 8, E 1. 8and blasters, El Sand cutters, El Sanders, E L iT.PWARRTinAL LIST OF HAZARDOUS OCCUPATIONS 11 Sanding-machine operators, E 1. ' Smokeless-powder makers, J 8, 8, 9, Sandpaperers (enameling and painting 16, 23, 81, 64, 68, 73. anto bodies, etc.), E X, J51. Smoothers (glass), C, El Sandpaper makers, EL Soap (abrasive) workers, E 1.' Sand pulverisers, El. Soap makers, A 8, C, F 3, J 5. 16, 44, Saw fliers, E L 45. 47, 53. 55, 61, 74, 77, 79, 80. Sawmill workers, E 2, F 2. Soda makers, C, 3 7, 18, 22, 24, 28, 64, Sawyers, H. 79, 80. Scissors sharpeners, El, 3. Sodium-hydroxide makers, C, 3 77. Scourers (metals), J04, 80. Sodium-snlphlde makers, J 79. Scourers, wood lasts (shoes), E2. Softeners (tannery), E 2. Scourlng-powder makers, E 1. Solderers, 3 IS, 21, 24. 35, 47, 51. Scrapers (foundry), El. Solder makers, J 21, 51. Screen tenders (pulp mill), C. Sole stitchers (Blake machine), J 54. Screen workers (lead and cine smelt Soot packers, 3 12. ing), El, J61. Spinners (asbestos), E 1. Sealers (Incandescent lamps), J24. Spinners (textiles), E 2, H. Sealing-wax makers, J12, 90. Spongers, A 2, 0. Seamstresses, H. Sprayers (trees), J 12, 35, 51. 8ewer workers, C, J 7, 22, 24, 79. Spreaders (rubber), A 3, J 15. 16. Sewing-machine operators, H. Stablemen, F 1, J 7. Shade-cloth makers, 3 15, 18. Stainers (shoes), J 51. Shale-oil workers. See Petroleum re Stamp-mill workers, A 2, C, E 1. finers. Starch makers. E 2, J 22, 79. Shavers (felt hats; fur; tannery), a Starters (felt hats), A 2, J 54. E 2, P 1, 3. Statuary workers, E 1. Shavlng-bruah makers, E 2, F 1. Steam fitters. See Pipe fitters. Sheep-dip makers, J 12. Stearic-add makers, A 8, J 5. Sheet-metal workers, J 51. Steel (chrome) workers, J 31. Shellackers, 3 8, 15, 16, 20, 51, 56, 90. Steel engravers, D, J 51, 54. See alee Shellac makers, J 7, 8, 16, 16, 20, 61, Engravers. 55, 90. Steeple Jacks, J 24. Shell fillers, J 62, 73. Stereotypers, A 8, J U, 51. Shepherds, F 1. Stiffeners (felt hats), 3 54, 55. Shoddy workers, E 2, F 8, J 18, 28, Still (coal tar) cleaners, A 1, J 16, 47, 80. 82. Shoe dyers, J 61. Stlllmen (carbolic acid), A 1, J 68. Shoe-factory operatives, B 2, J 8, 15, Stlllmen, A 1. See alto particular 16, 55. See also particular occupa chemical. tion. Stitchers (shoes), 3 55. Shoe finishers, A 3, J 7, 8, 9, 15, 16, 65. Stokers. A 1, E 1. G 2, J 24. Shoe makers. See Cobblers. Stonecutters (dry), ElE Shot makers, J 11, 12, 51. Stonecutters (wet process), C, E 1, H. Shove-in boys (glass), A 1. Stonemasons, E 1. Sifters, E 1, 2. Storage-battery chargen, J. 78, 80. Silicate extractors, J 49. Storage-battery makers, J 11, 13, 21, Silk workers, E 2, F 8. 51, 54, 78, 80. Silo workers, 3 22. Straw-hat makers, A 3, E 2, J 44. Sllverers (mirrors). Bee Mirror II- Street repairers, A 1. verers. Submarine workers, J 13. 22, 28. Silver-foil makers, J 78. 8ugar refiners. A 2, 8, 0, E 1, 2, J 7, Silver melters and refiners, A 8, J 24, 22. 47, 78, 79, 80. 85, 44, 76. Sulpbstes makers, J 80. Stiver-nitrata makers, 3 78. Sulphides makers, J 79. Sliver platers, J 76. Sulphite cooks (pulp mills), A 2, 8, Silversmiths, J 76. J 78. Singers (cloth), J 24. Sulphur burners, A 1, B 1. J 12, 78. Slnterlng-plant workers, E 1. Sulphur-chloride makers, J 28, 47, 79. Sizers (felt hats), A 2, J 54. Sulphurers (malt and bops), J 78. Skimmers (glass). A 1, G 2. Sulphur extractors, J 23. Slag-machine tenders (iron and steel), Sulphuric-acid workers. J 12, 13, 51, A 1. E 1. 64, 78, 79. 80. Slate workers, E 1. Sulphur miners. 3 79. Slip makers (pottery), C, El J 51. Sulphur-monochlorlde workers. 3 SL Slashers (porcelain enameling). 3 61. Sumackers (tannery), C, F 1. Smelters. See particular metal. Surgical-dressing makers, 3 68 181918*-------- 8 12 OCCUPATION HAZARDS AND DIAGNOSTIC SIGNS Table hand* (tannery), 0,11. Ultramarine-blue makers, J 78. Table operators (Iron and steel), A 1. Upholsterers, E 2, J 56. Table turners (enameling), A 3, E 1, J 51. Tailors, H. Takers-down (class), A 1. Vanadium-steel workers, J 92. , Vapor curers. See Vulcanizers. Varnisbers, J 1, 3, 8, 9, 10, 15, 16, 20, Talc workers, H 1. Tallow refiners, F 3, J S, 23, 80. 45. 51, 53. 55, 84, 90. Vanish makers, A 3, J 1, 3, 5. 7, 8, 9, Tankmen, A3, C. 10, 15, 16, 20. 45, 51, 53, 55, 84, 90. Tannery workers, C. F 1. 3, J 7, 8, 10, I Vatmen, A 2, C, J 22. 12, 15, 22, 27, 31. 36, 44, 45, 47, 51, Vault workers, J 22. 54, 65, 77, 78, 79, 80. Velvet makers, A 2, J 12. Tapers (airplanes), J 84. Tappers (smelting), A 1. See also Veterinarians, F 1, 3. Vlgnecters, J 47. particular metal. Tax-distillery workers, J 34. 82. Vinegar workers, J 1, 22. Vintners, J 22. Taxidermists. E 2, F 1, J 12, 54. Tear-gas makers, J 18, 28, 73. Teazers (glass), A 1, J 24. Telegraphers, H. Vinyl chloride makers, J 93. Vulcanizers, A 3, J 10. 11, 15, 16, 22, 23, 25, 31, 55, 78. 79, 81. Vulcanizers (steam), A 2, C. Telephone linemen (trench work), C, J 24. Temperers, A 1, 2. J 24, 35, 51, 67, 80. Tetraethyl-lead makers, J 18, 51, 85. Tertlle-eomb makers, E 1. ' Textile printers. See Calico printers. Textile workers, A 2, 3. C, E 2. See alto particular occupation. Thallium workers. J 86. Thermometer makers, J 54, 88. Thread glazers, A 2, 3. Tile makers, A 2. 3, C, B 1, J 51. Tin-toll makers, A 1, J 51. Tinners, A 1, C, J 5, 7, 12. 13, 47, 51. Tin-plate-mill workers. See Iron and steel workers. Wall-paper printers, A 2, 8, J 12, 31, 51. Warming-house employees (guncot ton), A 8. Washers, C. Washwomen, 0, H. Watch-dial (luminous) painters, G 1. Watchmakers, D, H. Water gilders, J 54. Waterproofers (paper and textile), J 15, 16, 81, 44. Wax-ornament makers, J 12. 31. Wax refiners, J 80. Weavers. E 2, H. Weighers, E 1, 2. Tire builders See Rubber-tire buildera Tobacco mol8teuers, C, J 22. Tobacco rollers, E 2. Tobacco workers, E 2. Welders, A1, G 2, J 16,17,21,24,51,54. Well workers, J 22. White-lead workers, J 22, 51. Window-shade makers, J 15, 16. Wire drawers, J 12, 47, 80. Tongsmen (Iron and steel), A 1. Wlrers (Incandescent lamps), J 8. Toolmakers E 1. Wood-alcohol distillers, J 3, 24, 55. Topfillers (foundry), A 1, E 1, J 24. Towermen (sulphuric acid), 3 18, 64, Wood-last scourers (shoes). E 2. Wood preservers, J 12. 64, 68, 82. 78, 80. Wood polishers. See Furniture polish Toy makers J 8. 12. 51. ers. Train dispatchers, D. Wood Stainers, J 31. 51. Transfer workers (pottery), J 51, 90. Woodworkers, E 2, J 15, 55. Transparent-wrapping-material work Wool carders, E 2, F 1. ers, A 3, J 3, 23, 47, 77, 79, 80. Wool scourers, A 3, G. V 1. Transporters of hides and wool, F 1. Wool spinners, E 2, F 1. Tree sprayers. Bee Sprayers (trees). Wool workers, E 2, F L See alto Trench diggers, F 2. particular occupation. Trinitrotoluol makers, J 16, 61. Wringers (guncotton), J 64. Tube makers (glass), A 1. Tabulators (Incandescent lamps ), J 24. X-ray photographers, G 1. X-ray technicians, G 1. Tumbling-barrel workers, E 1. Tunnel workers, B, D, F 2, J 22, 79. Teast makers, J 1, 22, 80. Tnrners-out (glass), A 1. Zlncers, J 35. Turpentine extractors, A 2, J 90. Zinc-chloride makers, 3 13, 28, 47. Type cleaners, J 15, 85. Zinc-electrode makers, J 54. Type founders, J 11. 51. Zinc miners, J 12, 51, 58. See aleo Type melters, J 5, 51. Miners. Typesetters, J 61. - Zinc smelters and refiners, A 1, E 1, Typists, H. J 11, 12, 17, ZL, 24, 51, 78. Section II.--List of Hazards, Symptoms, Occupations Exposed, and Methods of Prevention A. Abnormalities of Temperature and Humidity Exposure to environmental temperature beyond the action of the body's thermostatic control primarily results in disturbances of the circulatory system. The cutaneous circulation responds to heat stimulation in the skin by increasing the blood flow through the capillaries. The capillaries, responding to a reflex action of the nerves in the skin, dilate ana induce the flow of a greater volume of blood through the cutaneous circulation. Cold, on the other hand, constricts the blood vessels of the skin, causing a diminished blood supply through the cutaneous circulation ana not infrequently a serious congestion of the internal organs. Abrupt changes of tem peratures, particularly from extreme neat to cooler temperatures and often to cold currents of air or drafts, are of more frequent occur rence, resulting in much bodily discomfort, and are contributory causes of neuralgia and respiratory diseases. Extremes of tempera ture may produce acute symptoms in the body directly attributable to the temperature. Thus, exposure to excessively high tempera tures results in heat exhaustion or heat stroke; to excessively low temperatures in frostbite or gangrene and death. The relative humidity is an important factor to consider in con nection with temperature. It is contended that a low relative humid ity tends to dry up the mucous membranes of the nose, throat, and lungs, thus lowering the resistance of these organs to infection. An excessively high relative humidity, on the other hand, is undesirable because of its interference with the normal evaporation of moisture from the skin. Under extreme conditions of high temperatures and high relative humidities there occurs a marked increase in the pulse rate, systolic blood pressure, and in the body temperature. Low tem peratures and high relative humidities have the effect of undermin ing the general vitality of the organism, weakening its resistance to diseases of the respiratory passages, and to neuralgia and rheumatic affections. With the above data in mind, abnormalities of tempera ture have been classified under three headings, namely, " sudden variations of temperature " extreme dry heat ", and " heat and humidity." " Extreme cold " has not been fisted as a distinct hazard, because temperature so low as to cause the direct effects mentioned above is rarely met in industry. It is evident that the occupations listed in the divisions " extreme dry heat ", and " heat and humid ity," are exposed not only to the danger of the direct action of the high temperatures but also to the hazard, "sudden variations of temperature." Tne prevention of diseases due to exposure to extremes of tempera ture consists,. obviously, in the avoidance of Budden variations of 13 14 OCCUPATION' HAZARDS AND DIAGNOSTIC SIGNS temperature. Workers in cold processes should keep active and avoid chill. The hot-process worker should allow his body to cool off gradually after completion of the day's work. He should carefully regulate his diet, drinking plenty of water. As direct preventive measures for the effects of extreme heat, it is advisable to make use of shields, helmets, goggles, water-cooled furnace doors, exhaust systems, cold air, fans, etc. Our knowledge of the responses of the body to atmospheric con ditions has been greatly enhanced recently by studies of American and foreign investigators. Men undergoing exposure to varying degrees of temperature, humidity, and movement of air have been medically examined. It has been amply demonstrated that these variable factors must be jointly considered in determining whether working conditions are inimical to health. Zones of comfort and discomfort and of effective working conditions have been charted. Means to mitigate the hazards of high temperature and humidity in certain industries have been devised. Those who have need for technical data on these subjects will find much of value in the paper by Dr. R. R. Sayers and Sara Davenport, entitled " Review of Literature on the Physiological Effects of Abnormal Temperatures and Humidity ", in the United States Public Health Service Reports, April 8, 1927, page 933, and in reports of cooperative studies con ducted by the United States Public Health Service, United States Bureau of Mines, and the Research Laboratory of the American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers. A. Abnormalities of Temperature and Humidity 1. Extreme Dry Heat Symptom, condition, or disease to look for Heat stroke preceded by a rise la body temperature, Increase In pulse rate, flushing of skin, profuse sweating, fall of diastolic pressure with rise In systoUc blood pressure. Anemia, general debility, catarrh, stiff joints, cramps, lumbago, Brunt's disease. Skin eruptions. Cataracts, retinitis, conjunctivitis. Occupations which offer ruch exposure Ammonium salts makers Annealers Antimony extractors (refiners) Arsenic roasters Asbestos roofing makers Asphalt workers Bar-mill workers (Iron and steel) Benzol-still men Bessemer converter workers (Iron and steel) Beta-still operators (beta naphthol) BUIet-mlU workers (Iron and steel) Bisque-kiln workers Blacksmiths . Blast-furnace workers Bloomlng-miU workers (iron and steel) Blowers-out (sine smelting) Bluers (revolvers) Boiler-room workers Brass founders Braziers Brick burners Brick makers Burners (enameling) Cappers (window glass) Carbide makers Carbon-black workers Carborundum makers Case hardeners Casters (Iron and steel) Catchers (Iron and steel) Cement workers Chargers (smelting) Chargers (zinc smelting) Coke-oven workers Color makers Copper smelters Core makers Corn-products workers Cranemen (glass Indus try) Cranemen (Iron and steel) Crucib le-steel-depa rtmen t employees Cupola men (foundries) Cyanamld makers Dressers (glass) Drop forgers Enamelers Engineers (stationary) Firemen (city) LIST OF HAZABDS, SYMPTOMS, BTC 15 Firemen (stationary) Flatteners (glass) Floor molders (foundry) Forgemen Foundry workers Furnace workers Gatherers (glass) Glass blowers Glass-furnace workers Graphite workers Hardeners (metals) Hot-rod rollers (Iron and steel) Iron and steel workers tall departments) Junk (metal) refiners Kiln tenders Lead-foil makers Lead smelters Leer tenders (glass) Levermen (iron and steel) Llfters-over (glass) Lime burners Luters (zinc smelting) Marblers (glass) Melters (foundry: glass) Mercury smelters Muffle tenders Open-hearth-department workers (Iron and steel) Pair beaters (tin plate) Parers Petroleum refiners Pit molders (foundry) Pot fillers (glass) Pot lifters (iron and steel) Pot pullers (foundry) Pot-room workers (alu minum foundry; car bide plant) Pot setters Pottery workers Ponrers (foundry) Puddlers (Iron and steel) Pyrites burners Refiners (metals) Road repairers Rollers (metals) Roll setters (Iron and steel) Roll wrenchers (Iron and steel) Roofing-naterlal work ers Rougher* (iron, and steel) Shove-ln boys (glass) Skimmers (glass) Slug-machine tenders (iron and steel) Still (coal tar) cleaners Still men (carbolic acid) Still men, operating Stokers Street repairers Sulphur burners Table operators (Iron and steel) Takers-down (glass) Tappers (smelting) Teasers (glass) Temperers Tin-foil makers Tinners Tongsmen (iron and steel) Top fillers (foundry) Tube makers iglass) Tumers-out (glass) Welders Zinc smelters 2. Heat and Humidity Symptom, condition, or disease to look for Heat stroke preceded by a rise In body temperature, increase In pulse rate, flushing of skin, profuse sweating, fall of diastolic pressure with rise in systolic blood pressure. Anemia, general debility, catarrh, stiff Joints, cramps, lumbago, Bright's disease. Skin eruptions. Occupations which offer u>K exposure Artificial-leather workers Artlflcial-sllk workers Bleachers Bleachery driers Blockers (felt hats) Brewers Calico printers Candy makers Canners Charcoal workers (sugar refinery) Cloth preparers Corn-products workers Cotton-mill workers Cottonseed-oil workers Digester bouse workers (paper and pulp) Coffers (textile) Dresser tenders (textile) Dye makers Felt extractors Felt-hat makers Felt makers Flax spinners Galvanizers Laundry workers Linoleum makers Miners Packing-house employees Paper makers Plcklers Pottery workers Pullers-out (felt hats) Pulp-mill workers Roller coverers (cotton mill) Roofing-material workers Salt preparers Sizers (felt hats) Spongers Stamp-mill workers Starters (felt hats) Sugar refiners Sulphite cooks (pulp mill) Tank men Temperers Textile workers Thread glazers Tile makers . Turpentine extractors Vatmen Velvet makers Vulcanlxers (steam) Wall-paper printers 3. Sudden Variations of Temperature Symptom, condition, or disease to look for Congestion of internal organs, catarrh, neuralgic and rheumatic affections, gastro-Intestinal'and vesical catarrh, pneumonia, Bright's disease. 16 OCCUPATION" HAZARDS AND DIAGNOSTIC SIGNS Occupations tchich offer tuoh exposure Artificial-Ice maker* Bakers Bleachers Brewers Butchers Caisson worker* Calenderers (rubber) Calico printers Candy makers Canners Cartridge shot shell parafBn dippers Charcoal workers (sugar refining) Felt-bat makers Firemen (city) Firemen (stationary) Fishermen Flangers (felt hats) Gas (illuminating) workers Glost-kiln workers Glue workers Gypsum workers Hothouse workers Ice-cream makers Ironers Japan makers Clay and bisque makers (pottery) Cooks Corn-products worker* Digester-house workers (paper and pulp) Dresser tenders (textile) Driers (felt hats) Drivers Dry cleaners Drying-room workers (miscellaneous) Dye makers Dyers Electrotypers Engineers (stationary) Extractor operators (soap) Fat Tenderers Lasters (shoes) Laundry workers Linoleum makers Lumbermen Miners Mirror silverers Mixers (rubber) Motormen Packing-house em ployees Paper makers Patent-leather makers Phosphate-mill workers Phosphorus evaporating machine operators Pressroom workers (rub ber) Befrlgerat lng-plant workers Roofers Rubber workers Sailors Salt preparers Shoe finisher* Sliver melters Soap makers Spreaders (rubber works) Stearlc-acid makers Stereotypers Straw-hat makers Sugar refiners Sulphite cooks (pulp mill) Table turners (enamel ing) Textile workers Thread glazers Tile makera Transparent-w ra pp i n g- material coaters and driers Varnish makers Vulcnnlzers Wall-paper printers W a r m i n g-house em ployees (guncotton) Wool scourers See also Occupations ex posed to extreme dry heat. B. Compressed Air In building tunnels, laving deep foundations for large buildings, etc., it is necessary for the work to be carried on under increased air pressure in order to prevent the entrance of water into the exca vations. The laborer is lowered gradually and, at short intervals, the pressure of the air in the compartment is increased. The first sensation of compression is felt on the eardrums, which may be re lieved by the act of swallowing. If the air is too quickly compressed hemorrhage may occur. The greater part of the danger of working in compressed air lies in hasty decompression. While under com pression the blood and tissue juices dissolve an increased amount of air, the gases of which are released when the pressure is suddenly decreased. The bubbles of nitrogen thus formed cut off the blood supply from various parts of the body by blocking up the capillaries. The symptoms of compressed-air illness, the so-called " bends ", are the result. Workers in compressed air must follow strictly the rules govern ing gradual compression and decompression. State regulations re garding work in compressed air cover limits of pressure, hours of labor under varying pressures, time of compression and of decom pression, physical requirements, and other safety measures; see, for example. Industrial Code: Buies Relating to Work in Compressed Air, Bulletin No. 22, of the New York State Department of Labor, 1922, and the amendment to these rules reported in Special Bulletin No. 135 of the New York State Department of Labor, 1925, page 24. LIST 01 HAZARDS, SYMPTOMS, ETO. 17 E. Compressed Air Symptom, condition, or dictate to look for Weakness, vertigo, pains In the back and legs, paralysis of legs and arms, painful constriction of the chest, cerebral hemorrhage and aphasia, coma, sub cutaneous hemorrhages, impairment of hearing. Occupation* Khich offer tuch expoture Caisson workers | Divers | Tunnel workers C. Dampness Most processes in which dampness is a hazard are associated with high or low temperature and high relative humidity, and have been dealt with under " abnormalities of temperature." There remains, however, to be considered, exposure to wet conditions where tem perature and humidity are apparently not abnormal. Such condi tions are brought together under the heading " dampness." Tank and vat men. washers and flushers, for example, are required to carry on their duties constantly in wet clothes. Drivers and other out door workers are also subject to frequent wetting from exposure to the weather. Exposure to dampness generally has been considered to be & con tributing factor in diseases of the respiratory system, neuralgic and rheumatic affections. Possibly dampness, like sudden variations in temperature, taxes the heat-regulating mechanism of the body. When dampness is a feature of any industrial process, work places should be supplied with, drain channels to prevent the accumulation of water, or use should be made of duck boarding. Adequate water proof clothes should be supplied, such as rubber boots, rubberized aprons, etc. C. Dampness Symptom, condition, or diteate to look for Diseases of the respiratory passages, neuralgic and rheumatic affections. Occupations which offer tuch expoture Acid dippers Alkali-salt makers Artificial-ice makers Artificial-silk makers Auto painters Baters (tannery) Beamhouse workers (tannery) Beatermen (paper and pulp) Boiler washers Brewers Brickmakers Cable splicers Caisson workers Canners Cartridge-cup washers Cartridge felt and wad makers Cartridge shot shell par affin dippers Clay and bisque makers (pottery) ' Clay-plug makers (pot tery) Cloth preparers Concentratlng-mill work ers (lead and zinc) Cotton-mill workers Creosotlng-plant workers Doffers (textile) Dresser tenders (textile) Drivers Electroplaters Enamelers Explosives workers Extractor operators (soap) Fertilizer makers Filter-press workers Firemen (city) Fishermen Flush tenders (alumi num) Galrantzera Glass cutters Glass finishers Glaze dippers (pottery) Glove makers (leather preparers) Glue workers Grinders (metals) Guncotton washers Hair workers Ice-cream makers Laxters (shoes) Laundry workers Lime pullers (tannery) Linoleum makers Masons Match-factory workers Miners Mirror silverers Nickel platers Packlng-bouse employees Paint makers Paper makers Petroleum refiners Phosphate-mill workers 18 OCCUPATION HAZARDS AND DIAGNOSTIC SIGNS Phosphorus evaporating machine operators Picklera Plasterers Pottery workers Preparers (tannery) Pressmen (oil refining) Pulp-mill employees Refrigerating plant workers Sagger makers Screen tenders (pulp mill) Sewer workers Shavers (felt hats; fur; tannery) Slip makers (pottery) Smoothers (glass) Soap makers Soda makers Sodium hydroxide mak ers Spongers Stamp-mill workers Stonecutters (wet proc ess) Sugar refiners Sumackers (tannery) Tablehands (tannery) Tank men Tannery workers Telephone linemen (trench work) Textile workers Tile makers Tinners Tobacco molsteners Vatmen Vulcanizers (steam) Washers Wool scourers D. Defective Illumination Defective illumination, characterized by insufficient quantity of light, glare, unsuitability of color, and improper diffusion and dis tribution of light, is the cause of eye fatigue, headache, dizziness, and errors of refraction. Miners' nystagmus, a condition in which the eyeball acquires a peculiar oscillatory movement, is an outstanding example ox the effects of insufficient illumination. This disease is very common among British miners, but apparently is not found to anv extent among American miners. The explanation for the favor able situation or the American miner probably lies in the better illumination of the American mines. Not only i3 defective illumina tion the cause of these serious impairments of vision but it is an important factor in reduced working efficiency in industry generally, ana it is a very frequent cause of industrial accidents. The hazard of defective illumination is not limited to any single industry or group of industries. It may be present in any plant. Men engaged in occupations requiring close, fine work, such as jewelers, engravers, clerks, and mail sorters, are especially liable to suffer from exposure to this hazard. It is a comparatively simple matter to provide for all the require ments for properly illuminating workplaces in some industries, while in others the advice of illuminating engineers is required. The American Standard Code of Lighting for Factories, Mills, and Other Work Places, prepared by the Illuminating Engineering Society of New York City, is an excellent reference work for those who have need of a knowledge of the technical requirements of the work. D. Defective Illumination Symptom, oondltion, or disease to look for . Nystagmus, eyestrain, deficient vision dne to astigmatism or hyperopia, head ache, giddiness. Eyestrain contributes to neurasthenia. Occupations which offer such exposure Virtually all occupations. The following and similar occupations are espdally subject to this hazard: Buffers Embroidery workers Burnishers (iron and Jewelers ' steel) Mail sorters Caisson workers Metal polishers Clerks Miners Compositors Photographers Steel engravers Train dispatchers Tunnel workers Watchmakers