Document n9NrB51YNnmN3oDEJ0mDn9JG6

COMBUSTION DEVOTED TO THE ADVANCEMENT OF STEAM PLANT DESIGN AND OPERATION Vol. 31 No. 7 January 1960 czd'cticle* Flow of Coal in Hoppers.......................................................................................... by Yee Lee 20 Space Age Hydrostatic Test.................................................................... by R. A. Nickerson 30 ASME Annual Meeting Highlights--II................................................................................... 32 Steam Power Plant Clinic--XIV........................................................... by Igor J. Karassik 38 Design and Selection of Hyperbolic Cooling Towers........ by R. F. Rish and T. F. Steel 42 Abstracts From the Technical Press......................................................................................... 55 ^tLi to-t.Ldld- <=*2}epa.ttmen t* Think................................................... 19 Advertising Index.................. 62 and 63 COMBUSTION publishes its annual index in the June issue and is indexed regularly by Engineering Index. Inc. and also in the Applied Science & Technology Index. The magazine is now reproduced and distributed to libraries on microfilm by University Microfilms of Ann Arbor. Michigan. ROBERT D. TAFT Business Manager JOSEPH C. McCABE Editor E. ROBERT LaCROSSE Circulation Manager A. W. HINDENLANG Associate Editor Published monthly by COMBUSTION PUBLISHING COMPANY. INC., 200 Madison Ave.. New York 16 A SUBSIDIARY OF COMBUSTION ENGINEERING. INC. Joseph V. Santry. Pres.; Charles McDonough. Vice-Pres.: Otto Strauss, Treas.; Thomas A. Ennis. Secy. COMBUSTION is sent gratis to engineers in the U. S. A. in charge of steam plants from 500 rated boiler horsepower up; and to consulting engineers in this field. To others the subscription rate, including postage, is $4 in the United States. $5.50 in Canada, and $8 in Latin America and other countries. Single copies: Domes tic. 40 cents. Foreign. 60 cents plus postage. Copyright 1960 by Combustion Publishing Company, Inc. Pub lication Office, Easton, Pa. Issued the middle of the month of publication. Acceptance under Section 34.64, P.L. 4c R,, authorized by United States Post Office. BPA Printed in U. S. A. I nuiuuu Uiiw WUingSIK nait iu uc nidUc occ&use of lack of reliable data. wth'lrom the Monthly Technical Bulletin, international Combustion, Ltd., London, W. C. 1) Heat Transfer to Water Flowing Parallel to Tube Gundles. J. Weisman. Nuci. Set. Engag 1959, 6 (July) 78-9. It is shown that square and tri angular pitch lattices when plotted as function of ratio of water flow area to the total cross-sectional area of an lst Sources, Properties, Prep- ation 1--Its Sank and Properties. J. P. Oder. Engng. Boil. Ho. Rev. 1959, (July) 210-2. The N.C.B. classification of British 40 (July) 215-9 (in German). The methods used for the produc tion of various model substances are described and the behavior of these substances during heating to 200 250 C discussed. infinite lattice yield essentially the same heat transfer coefficients at equivalent ratios. This means that lower fluid velocities can be used to obtain high heat transfer coefficients. Us, types of coal, coking properties 1'approximate output of each are Heat: Cycles and Transmission Steam Generation and Power Pro duction lulated. The coal sizes and ranks st suitable for .burning on Low m, chain-grate and underfeed iters are briefly indicated. Joation of Low-Quality Coals as ler Fuel. H. Werkmeister. Blek- tsch. 1959, 58 (June 20) 417-23 German). * n the basis of a questionnaire IPEDE has carried out an analy- of the evaluation of low-quality s which has resulted in an equa- of low-quality coals which has lted in an equation for the evalua- Radiant Interchange within an En closure. J. T. Bevans and R. V. Dunkle. A.S.M.E. Preprint No. 59HT-4 1959, (Aug.) 19 pp. A mathematical study in three parts: 1. Absorption and emission behavior of gases; 2. General inter change equations; 3. A method for solving multinode networks and a comparison of the band energy and gray radiation approximations. It is shown that the band energy method is more accurate though more time consuming. It is stressed that many Experimental Determination of Spe cific Volumes of Steam at High Tem peratures and Pressures. V. A. Kirillin and S. A. Oulibin. Teplo- energetika 1959, (Aug.) 71-3 (in Rus sian). New data for the range 500-620 C and up to 700 kg/ cm* are presented. ' Steam Plant Enclosures May Be Justified. C. D. Birget and J. H. Kline. Eleclr. Wrld. 1959, 152 (Aug. 3) 46-8. of a coal in which the utilization e of a coal is a direct function of its rific value; this is, however, modby economic factors variable co ry to country. This new tat. function is compared with i valid in other countries. CONVEYOR SYSTEMS Designed--Built--Installed Tensile Strength of Coal. R. abaum and I. Brodie. J. Inst. 1959,-32 (July) 320-7. method particularly convenient leasuring the tensile strength of s described and results obtained it are presented and discussed. tigations of Bituminous Coals 5 Chalk and Tertiary Formation, -asticity Properties and Coking cteristics of the Chalk-Tertiary --Influence of Petrographic osition of these Coals on Their ogical Behavior. H. Hoffmann Hoehne. BrennstChemie 1959, ly) 219-27 (in German). coals mentioned in the first were studied with regard to ;ity under carbonizing con s' The relationship between raphic composition and rheobehavior is presented in graphs bles. Chemistry of Carbonization, i on Polymeric Bituminous Wodel Substances. III. Synof *'odel Substances. P. M. ifs . W. van Krevelen and Waterman. BrennstChemie 1959 x. Bulk coal handling problems solved . Reputation for Dependability it our molt valued Pottetslon .. .through the knowledge and skill gained in designing, building and installing conveyor systems that solved tougn coal handling problems for some of the largest firms in the country. Every installation by Sy-Co is individually designed to meet a particular problem and planned for the maximum: Efficiency ' e Economy of installation and operation Economy of maintenance. If you have a coal handling problem . . . we'll be happy to share it. Write ub for descriptive literature. ENGINEERED - CONVEYOR 8Y8TEMS 594 Industrial Avenue Paramus, New Jersey COIfax 1 -1414 B U S TIO N--January 1960 53 The calculations show that in the northern regions of the United States a fully enclosed power plant will be cheaper in overall costs than a semior fully-outdoor plant while in the southern regions the cost differences would be small. The Calculation of Static Heads and Hydraulic Resistances Occurring in Vertical Risers during Movement of a Steam-Water Mixture. V. A. Lokshin and A. L. Shvartz. Teploenergelika 1959, (Aug.) 73-7 (in Rus sian). Experimental data on useful heads of steam-water mixtures in risers are presented in graphs. Operating Characteristics of Boilers in Relation to Steam Demand. E. G. Ritchie. J. Inst, Fuel 1959, 32 (July) 314-6. Installation of thermal storage sys tems (by pressure drop, steam ac cumulators, hot process water storage, feedwater accumulator) in smaller industrial plants with widely fluctuat ing steam demand permits a uniform firing rate of the boiler with conse quent efficient combustion and ab sence of smoke and grit emission. Forward Planning for the Industrial Plant. C. E. Miller. Coal Utilization 1959,13 (July) 25-8. Because of changing fuel costs and availability it is recommended to install boilers able to efficiently burn solid liquid and gaseous fuels. Ex amples of boilers specially designed for rapid conversion are illustrated. Thermal Liquids Match Process Heat ing Needs. R. C. Bellas. Power 1959,103 (Aug.) 53-8. The reasons for an advantages of using liquid beat transfer media for heating purposes in various indus trial processes are set out, proper ties and operating limits of some of these media presented in tables and graphs and boiler plant specially designed for the purpose illustrated. One of the most important points is the prevention of overheating; the means adopted in various design are described. Some Design Features of the Meramec Twin Furnace Reheat Steam Generator. M. F. Dallen and D. B. Stewart. A.S.M.E. preprint No. 59SA-68 1959, (June) 13 pp. This boiler is rated at 1850 klb/h at 2150 psi and 1010/1010 F, of semi-outdoor construction, twin fur naces with one convection pass con taining the reheater, the other the final superheater. Reheat tempera ture control is by bias-firing of the furnaces, superheat temperature con TYPE E REGISTER FOR OIL and/or GAS FIRING Saves Money and Troubles in 5 Ways Details of the ingenious features that assure these results are available in literature -- gladly supplied whether you contemplate buying or just want to keep up-to-date on this subject. THE ENGINEER COMPANY 75 WEST STREET, NEW YORK 6, N. Y. fifi trol by condenser type hea change with feedwater. Three each of 9700 lb h capacity art nected to two exhausters ea provide for the bias firing, burners are surrounded by gas for firing natural gas alone or i: ratio with coal. The dual circui principle is applied to reduce silica content of the steam. Solid Fuel Firing Combustion of Crushed, Dried T Lignite and Char in Steam-P Boilers. V. Z. Caracriti and H Mumper. Combustion 1959, (July) 34-44. ' A detailed account is given oi design of the slagging furnace be (800 klb h, 1550 psi, 1005/100.' and the modifications found neces for the continuous firing of fuel. Also discussed are furi performance, ash deposition c acteristics, chemical compositior the ash. fuel abrasion, firing of lig char and the effects of flue gas ;' primary fuel-transport medium. Liquid and Gaseous Fuel Firing Comparison of Different Methods j Fluid-atomising Oil Flames and ! Effect on Flame Emissivity and Rad tion of the Addition of Carbon Bh to Liquid Fuels. Performance Ti No. VDI of the Joint Committee the International Flame Reseat Foundation on the Experimental t and Gas Furnace at Ijmuiden. Comparison of Different Metho of Fluid Atomizing Oil Flames. The Effect on Flame Emissivity ai Radiation of the Addition of Cs bon Black to Liquid Fuels. H. Hubbard. J. Inst. Fuel 195 32 (July) 328-43. In the first part differences in tl use of a small nozzle at high pressur a convergent-divergent nozzle or tt addition of preheat to the atomizio fluid were investigated; all have littl effect on the flame. The total radii tion of flame atomized by air or stear is the same but the former is mi evenly distributed over the lengjl and its temperature is higher, dition of a 50/50 suspension of bon black to gas oil and fuel increased flame emissivity rougl in proportion to the increase C : H ratio. The difficulties in k< ing more than 6 per cent C by wei| in suspension are discussed. '- Water-Side Corrosion and Wfl Treatment The Removal of Organic Subs from Raw Water by Means of Sp Filter Aids. H. Hanning. iio.^ |jiucu in num^experiments to be the best P--p.iTof removing organic substances, eve-j^phenols and phenolic chlorides be&jwnipletely removed. The eco nomies of this method are discussed. Coir `e Demineralisation and Orffm .distances. C. Janssen. Mitt. V.GIB. No. 60 1959, (June 172 8 (in German). The reduction in capacity of strongly basic ion exchanger caused by .he presence of organic substances in he raw water is discussed. Strongly cid ion exchangers on styrol basis re little affected but those on a car on basis to a large extent. Treatsent-of the ion exchanger with soium chloride and its addition to the generant is recommended as one eans of restoring the initial capae/. Others are the pretreatment of e water with lime, by flocculation or an adsorption filter of special pois resins. :silicizer Feedwater Process Aids ovill. C. K. Stiekney, W. C. rns and J. \Y. Walter. Pwt. gng. 1959, 63 (Aug.) 93-4. t has been found that strongly ic anion exchanges operating on hydroxyl cycle are capable of re ring silica from soft water and a iper process than hot'-process softg or demineralization. At the rill t'Hnt the residual silica con- is than 1 ppm and has elimid nCOj and COj alkalinity, her advantages are that shells, ss and pipelines'do not need lin- that maintenance is low, and I it can be added directly to existodium-zeolite softeners. ng Amines Control Corrosion in Y Plant Condensate System. Gallowav. Corrosion 1959, 15 ) 99-100,'l03. fies are presented showing the ion rate of iron in the condensate >efore and after introducing oc'lamine at the rate of '5 ppm he feedwater. The protective rmed prevented attack by oxyid carbon dioxide in the con ; lines but did not protect wet if the turbines. The filming nas no adverse effect on copper >er alloys. s, Ash and Dust olication of a Mechanical Coli Combination with an Elec- Precipitator. A. B. Walker 3hyl. Blast. Furn. Steel Pit. (June) 622-4. tc are discussed on which US T1 O N--January I960 oais, sure cm on Mr water levels EYE HYEwith wide-vision The remote gage with liquid indication EYE-HYE for pressures up to 600 psi EYE-HYE for pressures up to 3000 psi Put your boiler water level supervision on a plane with other power plant control facili ties -- read levels at your control station with Reliance EYE-HYE. T he dependable accuracy of this popular remote reading indicator eliminates "boiler-climbing"; its bright green liquid-column image stands out -- mistake-proof. And EYE-HYE's improved design provides visibility over a wide arc -- lower pressure models up to 90; new higher pressure models, to 180. S imple manometric design, with no mechanical parts and no adjustments on location. Available with economical special attachment to actuate supplementary alarms ... Write for catalog infor mation on EYE-HYE for your boiler pressure. Th. UNITEMP, complete temperature equalizing unit furnished with each EYE-HYE The Reliance Gauge Column Company 5902 Carnegie Ave. Cleveland 3, Ohio ?) Reliance EYE-HYE f ^ Remote Reading Gage i. I, --) All-hydrostatic* Reads like a tubular glass gage -* ' 57 ISIGNED SSURES .. " fja^j oil pump onroing oil RREI1 E CB V PUMP )// Service: . intersecting body bores re 1 'th. Suction and 1. ieavy duty, roller beardft deflection at high /ith body bores insure to close tolerances for :>f intermeshing screws egardless of discharge profile between screws ed for close tolerance ecting screws. Jth for high pressure 'ents metallic contact rise while transmitting IK fiS' ft y.. dard, and selected for riing conditions. Each -ow, heavy duty roller h torque applications. Valve control can be rontal, vertical or in , write for Bulletin 252. ii js, me. SACHUSETTS the decision must depend ,, the mechanical collector is to 1^9 stalled upstream or downstream * predpitator. Possibilities of Fly Ash Sep____ _ Mechanical Separators Ta| Account Experience with SJFurnaces. R. Nagel and R. Mitt. V.G.JB. No. 60 1959, 220-9 (in German). ` The separation effidency of i _ separators and its relationship costs, power consumption and ; " sure drop are discussed. High cydones have been developed abftt reduce the fly-ash content to bft the limit set by law. Result* tests are presented. Deposit fan tion and complete clogging have hail experienced, espedally in boilers rift slagging furnaces when the to* perature of the flue gas fell below (ft dew point. Where cydone separtial and electrostatic precipitators m used it is suggested that better * suits are obtained if the former art* stalled downstream of the predfi* tors. Recent Developments of ElectnaHij Predpitator Plants. H. Bn*ft| Mitt. V.G.B. No. 60, 1959, (j 229-35 (in German). The variables on which the sep*H tion effidency of electrostatic tipitators depends are the deOT charge the fly ash and gas obtai** the furnace (this may be positive ft negative), the gas velocity and *** position (moisture content, SOi <** tent, SOj/SO* ratio), shape of**, particles, their dielectric con5*^| and composition, design of electro*" and distance between electrodes. *1 plants burning bituminous coals experience has been obtained sparking point electrodes made, flat, soft steel and precipitating trodes in the shape of Perf.^7 boxes; rapping is preferred to ing; gas passages should have a ** . | of 10 in.; gas veloritv not above 2 t preferably 1.5 to 1.8 m/s; high age supply either a.c. or eqO'P^ with transducers. Heat Recovery Plant Auxiliary Steam System to Bio* 7,Z Anon. Electr. Wrld. 1959, 152 17) 76. .^ At the Eddystone supercritical P; sure plant three oil-fired boilers : rated at 39,500 lb/h at 500 pa ^ been installed to supply tke blowers. Power Generation and Power Pln* ^ Effidency of Steam Generation- J".] Williams. Purr, and Wrks. & j 1959, 54 (July) 395-401. January 1960-COMB UST*0 it" method of deter[fidency, the Siegert f heat loss, gas tem- determinations are * of Air Preheat on JJere. C. L. Brown. ,5959, 31 (July) 51-5. movements in boiler efShe installation of air prejbsiessed on the basis of industrial plants with insgts set against fuel savynutee are presented for gpffidency calculations. Ew a Steam Power Station. Engineering 1959, 188 *2-4. mtem of economic and ef- ittioonut oaf nad stteesatsm cpaorrwieedr S_ on with 60 MW of plant xibed. The results are ^Converters. E. G. Hernncs 1959, 17 (July) &tan the design of thermr? described which promise SSEdendes in the direct jpthe thermal energy of xors into electricity at qtures. H. A. Liebhafsky and Meek. Engng. 1959, 81 fthe different approaches ujpa of an effident fuel cell |nt progress by leading Primary Fuel in New Implant. ' H. B. De BenejSFarmer and E. F. Court^rEngng. 1959, 63 (Aug.) f-coke at a temperature of .Sis directly delivered by /boilerhouse bunkers and ,jzed in attrition-type mills ^tungsten carbide. The Ssjnents are also faced with ial. The pulverized coke Athe opposed burners tilted at an angle of 35 in the at 500 klb/h at 600 psi . or 1300 psi and 950 F. le ash is collected as slag iace bottom; fly ash from `^.'separators is mixed with ;nd passed again through ^`The abrading action of jg* partides assists in keeplueposit formation. Up to }t of coke in a mixture of or oil has been fired suc- Steam Electric-Generat. H. Rulfs and J. E. NOW Standard's electric heavier wall thickness thar extremely uniform tube ca Wall thicknesses up to .i and smaller can be supplier above 2,500 lbs. for tubes tubes absorbing heat in w supplied up to .280' minin The smooth surface an stresses and permit bettercr Nowhere will you find am 1----- -1 *4a Tl IdbVUlC cum -------- . _ . sure tubing than you'll fine. For complete informa Standard products and ser free 8-page folder today. STAI THESTANDARDTUBECOMPAN' 24400 Plymouth Welded stainless tubing and pipe ft Exclusive rigidued pattern* Light Weight Pipe Steel Tl Stainless Pipe and Tubing- ST IO N--January 1960 C 'HUVrWid s callfor il T Date in Every Way: ntenance '- that goes 'with this curate coal weighing. working parts of the ustment. desired, ival. ht weighing chamber, lit by Richardson... 1 lb. capacities, service. tributor for stokers, hout inverted spouts of Richardson coal r your requirements, )N, NEW JERSEY in Ei'--oe to U.S. standard* luel cost over the life of the util estimated at 22 per million | the load factor should average 7$ cent. The area required by the MW units 1 and 2 was 215 m 1000 kW, for the 250 MW unit 3 164 sq ft/1000 kW and for the MW unit 4 it will be 134 sq ft/ll kW. The turbine is divided iat hp and ip unit running at 3600 and a lp unit running at 1800 which has an axial flow design n ing in a higher temperature of tfe* condensate returned to the feedwtj* cycle. Three half-size boiler ptuqi have been installed. The dual <*, culation principle of the boiler is a. pected to reduce boiler blowdown kf 80 per cent. The "Schwarze Pumpe" Power Sfr j tion. 1st Stage. K. Bruche. xr gietechnik 1959, 9 (Aug.) 341-52 fa j German). In the East-German Republic I large combined undertaking is ben developed on brown coal basis. eluding briquetting works, coke ove gas works and power stations. Tta power stations will have to protidi energy for three briquetting factoies with an output each of 2.1 X t/a, one pressure gasification P'fl for 3.5 X 109 ms/a of gas, three ced ing plants each for 0.9 X 108 t 'a It# temperature coke and 0.5 X 10s o1'* coke oven gas, and also steam l* process and space heating and * district heating network. The W Stage of its power station "V<, contains 230 t/h boilers, those of d* 2nd and 3rd stages will contain u* consisting of a 420 t/h boiler and MW extraction-baek-pressure turf* generator. There are 6 boilers c# rated at 230 t/h at 125 atu and 5&C and a feedwater entrv tempera11* of ,235 C, three 50 MW extract** back-pressure turbogenerators ** four 25 MW condensing turbo?# erators. Hot water for process ing is supplied at 110/180 C f* calorifiers by exchange with 5tt**| from the 17.5 ata mains, hot watefJ 70/130 C for space heating by *1 change with steam at 5 ata. The ers are of the semi-outdoor typebrown coal contains 57.5 per moisture, 7.5 per cent ash and 11 cent S, pulverized in mills each 32 t/h capacity and injected corner burners. Bottom ash *s moved hydraulically, fly ash fro hoppers of the electrostatic preciP/ tor, flue gas ducts and chimney -torn "pneumatically. The de# tion also includes boiler con^ turbogenerators, feedwater treats and 30 kV switching station. January 1960-COMB UST1*1 A. Muller. Energie 1-3 (in German). Munich heat-power the center of the ipbasis was laid on buildings and ma- toblems encountered mployed are given. Nuclear Power StaEnergy Engr. 456-7. Ities of insulating the f at Berkeley nuclear lowing to the large extscussed and the methods ibed. Reactor Physics and P. M. Wood and Z. Energy Engr. 1959, 13 describes the fuel elebeir arrangement in the j'reactivity calculations. fence at Valledtos. IvEngng. 1959, 63 (Aug.) jag water reactor supplies !tly to a 5 MW turbo ; is mainly used for test er' such as the fuel ele- Dresden nuclear rehon levels in the turtor building are low, the osure for any individxceed 390 mr in one and /Turbine and generator essible at all times, but at the demineralizer, bd steam purifier mainly |6 are higher. Stability '' has been very good at f. 900-1000 psi and outp}0 MW (thermal) and at ' from 0 to full load in i-:minute. \ ^rid Manufacturing Processes Reactors and Processing $. Watkins. Nucl. Engng. dy/Aug./Sept.) 296-303. |w of the special properties gir application of mild steel reactors under the head- Physical properties; 2. , I properties (tensile, creep); aical compatability; 4. S'6. Nuclear considerations, et is included. ode Coatings. Anon. Nucl. ngr. 1959, 13 (Sept.) 448-9, nposition of the new coatIs in nuclear reactors de- - the U. S. Bureau of StandStbulated and the properties ed. r S T I O N--January 1960 t is to Numb* pie, di from a and opt to all w Numbersuit -- a thirty-fiv sure and and cent Dampney's Apexior. ated j. boiler essenti ior ere surface more ea perform tenanee sons why ... the > keeping. Dam"' -T*sw-. MAINTENANCE FOR METAL *'HYDE ` PAEK. BOST COMBUSTION DEVOTED TO THE ADVANCEMENT OF STEAM PLANT DESIGN AND OPERATION Vol. 31 No. 8 February 1960 <zJea.tu.te <=J-tticled . Steam Electric Power Costs--1954 to 1958................................................ by H.E. 'Roberts 30 Protecting Boiler Feed Pumps Against Flashing....................................... by P. H. Hardie 41 Design Performance of the Low Level Economizer........by J. H. Porter and R. C. King 45 The Boiler Efficiency Dilemma................................................................. by Geo. W. Switzer 55 Good Lighting Practice for Modern Plants.............................................. by Peter Sherwood 59 American Power Conference....................................................................................................... 62 Abstracts From the Technical Press--Abroad and Domestic............................................ 65 V (flj.itotia.ld ^t)eyattm.en td On Standing Still........................ ........ 25 Advertising Index..................... . .. 74. 75 COMBUSTION publishes its annual index in the June issue and is indexed regularly by Engineering Index. Inc. and also in the Applied Science & Technology Index. The magazine is now reproduced and distributed to libraries on microfilm by University Microfilms of Ann Arbor. Michigan. ROBERT D. TAFT Business Manager JOSEPH C. McCABE Editor E. ROBERT LaCROSSE Circulation Manager A. W. HINDENLANG Associate Editor Published monthly by COMBUSTION PUBLISHING COMPANY. INC.. 200 Madison Ave.. New York 16 A SUBSIDIARY OF COMBUSTION ENGINEERING. INC. Joseph V. Santry. Pres.; Charles McDonough. Vice-Pres.; Otto Strauss. Treas.; Thomas A. Ennis. Secy. COMBUSTION is sent gratis to engineers in the U. S. A. in charge of steam plants from 500 rated boiler horsepower up; and to consulting engineers in this field. To others the subscription rate, including postage, is $4 in the United States. $5.50 in Canada, and $8 in Latin America and other countries. Single copies: Domes tic, 40 cents. Foreign. 60 cents plus postage. Copyright 1960 by Combustion Publishing Company. Inc. Pub lication Office, Easton. Pa. Issued the middle of the month of publication. Acceptance under Section 34.64, P.L. it R., authorized by United States Post Office. BPA Printed in U. S. A. ^^stracts From the Technical Press--Abroad and Domestic rxNApX*i. r, from the Monthly Technical Bulletin, International Combustion, Ltd., London, W. C. I) els: Sources, Properties and partition e Oxidation of Bituminous Coal by Formation, Composition, and operties of Oxidized Coals and nnic Adds. 0. Grosskinsky, G. ick and W. Lange. Brennst Chernie 59, 40 (Aug.), 252-61 (In German). Experimental studies are presented the way in which oxygen is built o the molecular structure of the I, its components ` and the humic ds during oxidation. The results the studies are discussed mainly .h regard to the chemical structure coal and humic acids. ' e Chemistry of Carbonization Intigated on Polymeric Model Subnces of Bituminous Coal. IV. olysis of Model Substances withSpecial Functional Groups. P. M. Volfs, H. I. Waterman and D. W. ! Krevden. Brennst Chemie 1959, 'Aug.), 241-51 (in German). 'he of radioactive formaldeie _.e possible a determination he number of bridges in the original :erials and also to follow the :hanism of pyrolysis by a combina- of radiochemical, thermogravi-ric and analytical methods. Two ses could be distinguished, a nary one of depolymerization. aromatic hydrogen is liberated tng the secondary phase in which ar formation occurs. This hydro forms methane the carbon being -n from the whole carbon skeleton. hanical Handling 7 of Bulk Granular Materials, i. Barre. A.S.M.E. Preprint No. >A-46 1959, (June), 4 pp. brief review of what is known Jt the flow of materials from ners and the factors affecting it is wed by a discussion of means of "oving the flow under various imstances. es and Transmission - Transfer in the Critical Pressure with Forced Flow of the Wn- Medium. M. A. StyrikoMikropolskv and M. E. sman. Mitt, V.G.b'. No. 61,1959 '),^286-94. leoretical and experimental work M B U S T I O N--February 1960 on heat transfer at high pressures and temperatures is described and the good agreement of results emphasized. Nomograms are presented for the determination of'local heat transfer coefficients. .. Steam Generation and Power Production The Experimental Investigation into the Heat Capacity of Water at Tem peratures from 10 to 500 C and Pres sures up to 500 kg/cm*. A. M. Syrota and B. K, Malzev.. Teploenergetika 1959 (Sept.), 7-15 (in Russian). The results obtained are presented in tables and graphs and compared with those of other authors. Precision Analysis and the Combined Table of Experimental Values of the Specific Volume of Water and Water Vapor Obtained in the Moscow Power Institute. V. A. Kirilin and S. A. Ouilibin. Terploenergetika 1959 (Sept.), 3-7 (in Russian). The accuracy of the results ob tained for specific volume of water and water vapor at temperatures up to 650 C and pressures up to 900 kg/cm1 has been analyzed and two tables are presented, one giving reli able and the other giving unreliable data. The Viscosity of Water Vapor at Atmospheric Pressure. A. S. Shifrin. Teploenergetika 1959 (Sept.), 22-7 (in Russian). The viscosity of water vapor at atmospheric pressure and tempera tures up to 866 C has been measured by the two capillaries method. The results are presented in tables and graphs. Unstable Thermal Stresses in Cylin drical Hollow Cylinders. J. B6hm and R. Ehrich. Mitt. V.G.B. No. 61, 1959 (Aug.), 307-14 (in German). The equations are derived for sudden and linearly occurring changes of temperature of the steam flowing through a pipe. The application of the equations is illustrated by ex amples. NEEDS DEOXY-SOL to remove 02 reduce oxides raise pH Fairmount deoxy-sol, a solution of hydrazine, is a high efficiency oxygen scavenger designed especially for high pressure boiler water treatment. DEOXY-SOL removes oxygen, reduces oxides and raises pH of the conden sate all at the same time ... yet adds no solids. Stocks in Newark, N. J., Chicago, 111., Los Angeles, Calif. Investigate its advantages for your system. Write for Bulletin BW. Investigations into Pressure Drop due to Friction of Water-Steam Mixtures and the Slip Velocity of the Steam in (Continued on page 66) CHEMICAL CO.. INC. Ii(. l*bc't> Si. New York 6 N Y 63 H** .>, V ! l. ** **11 -- J / Vertical Boiler Tubes. K. Jarorf and F. Brandt. B.W.K. 19S9J (Sept.), 407-13 (in German). j Laboratory tests on a fufl^ plant with an inner tube d 57.5 mm (2.25 in.) were maud pressures up to 200 atii (29001 to determine, the slip velocity steam and the friction coeffitj Increased turbulence of the wi steam mixture is thought to bt sponsible for the higher friction efficient's found. It.is believed! the diameter of the tube has also influence on the friction coeffitj but its verification must await furj tests. A theory for the slip vel of the steam is put forward. Thermal Design of a Steam Gena ing Unit with the Assistance oil "Ural" Computer. M. P. Siraoi F. A. Youlman and S. A. StavUrj Teploenergetika 1959 (Sept.), (in Russian).. The method developed for usiq computer in steam generator design described. Packaged Fire-tube Boilers. G. Ml tingham. J. Inst. Fuel 1959, (Aug.), 370-4. j The important design features j liquid-fuel fired shell-type boilers I described and combustion could feedwater treatment and- perform^ discussed briefly. Application of Cyclone-Furnace Fwl to Industrial Boilers. C. T. SH A.S.M.E. Preprint No. 59-SA-53 1* (June). 20 pp. j The advantages of the horizo|llJ cyclone furance over pulverized w firing are outlined and example?' installations described. The fuel u* is coal, lignite, bark, gas and oil eitb singly or in combination. BojS sizes range from 125 klb/h to 'J klb/h. The Economic Purchasing of Coal!1, Small Boiler Plants. G. Armstroc Steam Engr. 1959, 28 (Aug.). 327--9- The coal evaluation system wort1 out by I.C.I. is explained and 3^ trated by examples. The level coal stock to be held is also discus?* Dimensionless Coefficients of ^ ture Formation in Combustion Ch* bers. Part IV. W. H. Fritf?. Energie 1959, 11 (Aug.), 340-3 1 German). The determination of the mixt coefficient from results of maxim load tests on the combustion chan)1; described in Pt. Ill (abstract 4S' is described and from this the rela^ ship between Fourier number 3 excess air established. It is ^ eluded that the field of concentra?1 in this combustion chamber was fl"1' more uniform than in the usual o1'1 February 1960-C O M B U S T I at release rates were Either with extremely gtimes and the mixing (a function of excess air ressure increasing with aes of both. Gas-Side Corrosion and Deposits A- Review of Available Information on Corrosion and Deposits in Coaland Oil-Fired Boilers and Gas Tur bines. Report of ASME Research Committee on Corrosion and De PATH AP posits from Combustion Gases. srrosion.and Water Battelle^Ws&norial Institute, H. W. Nelson, H. H. Krause, E. W. Ungar. A. A. Putnam, C. J. Slunder, P. D. Jons of Weak Mineral cation from Boiler Feed ^Saturated Steam and the gsed Water Alkalinity (pH) dess. M. A. Strykovitch, Snova, I. H. Havbullin and jftgoulina. Teploenergetika ), 50-6 (in Russian). f Tests of Inhibitors iloride Stress Corrosion, to lips and W. J. Singley. |959, 15 (Sept.), 18-22. of various inhibitors on orrosion attack of austentic by chloride contained ^-phosphate boiler water ^studied in the laboratory. |ion of sodium nitrate and 5te seemed to be the best Miller, J. D. Hummel., and B. A. Landry. Pergamon Press, London, ! MODERN 1959, i9S pp. j EQUIPMENT The contents of this detailed re- j FOR view are: 1. Introduction (gaps in j our knowledge on external deposits < and corrosion in boilers and gas tur- | bines); 2. Mineral constituents in ' coal and their behavior during com bustion; 3. Ash-forming constituents in heavy fuel oil and their behavior during combustion; 4. Oxides of sulfur in boilers and gas turbines: 5. The physical aspects of deposition in boiler and gas turbine systems: I 7. High-temperature corrosion; 8. Corrosion of metals exposed to com bustion gases below 400 F; 9. The removal of solids from combustion gases. Each chapter has its own summary and list of references. it-in subsequent tests on tixbe model boilers with jltrate cracking was found. " ts are in progress to ifdiscrepancy. Flue Gas Side Corrosions. Pt. m. SOi, SOj, Dew Point and Measuring Techniques. Pt. IV. Summaries and Material Problems. W. Gumz. B.W.K. 1959, 11 (Sept.), 425-9 (in This pk tinuoua tallatio: The tar ionXcha Blazl Water Treatment Test G. Murray and M. E. rrosion 1959, 17 (Sept.), German). A review of the literature of recent years in the two fields. An appendix reviews some of the latest (1959) paratus used to study coropper condenser tubes and contributions, especially those relat ing to oil firing. aIrT*ad- e at two levels of water i Mid two water temperatures ?fied. Pitting corrosion was ; tubes with water at low jjSand this was more severe in j^than low water temperature ^correlation was found be- gts amount of silt deposited pverity of pitting. Fire Side Corrosion in Oil-Fired Boilers. L. K. Rendle, R. D. Wilson, and G. Whittingham. Combustion 1959, 31 (Aug.), 30-41. Laboratory, pilot-scale and fullscale plant investigations are re ported, divided into high-tempera ture and low-temperature studies. In the former, various steels differing jfee of Copper Deposits in Cr content (cooled) and heat resist with a Boiler Tube Failure. ing alloys (uncooled) were exposed to Corrosion Techn. 1959, 6 combustion gases from fuel oil with -7. low and high V content, without and ^noticed that the tube failures with addition of dolomite. It is ^Sodated with considerable concluded that the corrosion resistance |gf copper around the bursts. of superheater tubes at 900-1300 F Examinations and laboratory increases with increasing Cr content jBggest that the method of Jl of metallic copper deposits and that uncooled stainless steels at 1500 F are more resistant to combus Kibes was by overheating of tion gases from low V and high S pntaining a layer of copper content oil than nickel base alloys. e or copper oxide sludge The addition of dolomite led to rapid ^granular copper penetra blockage of the tube banks. In the te to the action of molten low temperature corrosion tests the Ij'The temperatures in this beneficial effect of ammonia injection must have been at least was confirmed. When the IWT aIre. dustrial io tion -- ye was still c process! h installatio of the eahave adc equipment available. Even tod adding to in this si building 1 types and variety tr ot waterand caret uses, and designs. CAN r If you n hollar r ara con for pu chamtc vantag and at IWTr, further requirement was rence of stresses due to Suppression of the Sulfuric Add Dew bock. SJ 8 T I O N--February 1960 Point by Terunin. K. \ Energie 1959, 11 (Apr-), 34-1 German). The reasons for the corros hibiting properties of Terami been studied in the laborato: the tests carried out at tempe. of 20, 60, 100 F and higher an. results are described. Teramin with HjSO to form Teramin s which have the same inhibiting as Teramin itself. The sulfat. water soluble and the heatinj. faces can thus be easily cleam water washing. They are also flammable and incombustible. 9 2*1*. j W m 1.-' * 'TI f T , Flue Gas, Ash and Dust Building Materials Produced Combustion Residues of Slag and Granulating Boilers. H. Eryt pel. Milt. V.G.B. No. 61, (Aug.), 257-61 (in German). German experience in the uti. tion of fly ash and granulated for building materials is presen costs of plants given and the o petitiveness of the new with c ventional products discussed. Survey of Present and Future I velopments in the Utilization of 1 Ash in Great Britian. H. W. Dedman. Milt. V.G.B. No. 61, 19 (Aug.), 261-5 (in German). Limit values of the various co stituents of fly ash for different us. are tabulated and the main fields i utilization described: 1. Standar light concrete building bricks; t Building bricks; 3. Light aggregates 4. Partial replacement of cement or a addition to cement or sand in con crete; 5. Road and dam building 6. Filling-up of building land. Some Practical Examples of the Utilization of Fly Ash for Dams, Road Foundations and Bituminous Surfaces. J. Glover. Mill. V.G.B. No. 61, 1959, (Aug.), 266-73 (in German). Various applications in Great Britain are described and the results obtained are discussed. Stack Emission Control during Power- Plant Load Cycling. J. F. McLaugh- lin and G. V. Williamson. A.S.M.E. f Preprint No. 59-SA-28, 1959 (June), . 4 pp. < Avoidance of smoke nuisance from ' older boiler plants, especially during ! rapid load changes, is discussed. - Replacement and modernization', of older boilers, changes in fud used, ? improved instrumentation, changes in ' operating procedures and application of schedules avoiding sudden load swings are recommended measures; examples of their application are cited. WBWPHft*11w > ,* ncentration of Sulfur Dioxide ^Atmosphere Wear Power W. G. Cummings and M. J. Inst. Fuel 1959, 32 .. 58-63. ssults of measurements with a SOj meter in the neighbour11 power stations with from 150-450 ft. height ulated. It is shown that the J^ration of SOt at ground level ' itions was low. ^Generation and Power Plant toelectric Power. An Investigatot its Possibilities. Part 1. it Methods of Power Genera lsPart 2. Engineering Design leters and Performance. Part teral Discussion and Approxi|Analysis of Economics. G. W. and B. C. Lindlev. Engineer- 959, 188 (Aug. 28), 97-9; (Sept. -32; (Sept. 11), 161-2. t first part deals with thermo devices, efficiency of thermo generation, thermionic diode :r and the gas-filled diode; ind with materials, thermo- its, thermopiles, heat sources [pics, configurations of thermo generator and its use with fiiic-moderated reactor; the third Ej-a general discussion of the gwis types, and applications. V6 eacy of Steam Generation in. Williams. Pwr and Wrks *1959, 54 (Aug.), 463-9. Sj$ third part deals with methods 2$irect measurement of efficiency the instruments required for this Purpose, viz. fuel sampling and *^ysis, coal weighing, feedwater and ***ni flow metering, pressure and mf>erature meters. **ign Features of New Coal-Burning Anon. Coal Utilization 1959, (Aug.), 22-7. Some examples of typical installa- y^s.from the largest steam genera- 7^* the smallest hot'water boilers described. Most of these have th automatic coal feed and ash moval systems. ^^laes Power Station (Denmark). J???: Elektroteknikeren 1959, 55 ?) 160-7 (in Danish). ^account is given of all features S*at'on w'hich is equipped with MW sets each unit-connected tons 'hr. dual-fuel boiler, temperature is 540 C at T.S.V., 130 kg/cm1. From cold, start-up time is 55 minutes irJ>ar*Heling and 115 minutes to 100 after 6 hours shut-down, minutes respectively. 0F- -C.E.G.B. Digest 1959, jJS. 2022. 30 11 UST I ON--February 1960 FURNACE BLOK* REPLACES FIREBRICK FURNACE BLOK MAKES SUPERIOR SERVICE MONO LITHIC REFRACTORY WALL AND ROOF CONSTRUC TION ECONOMICALLY FEASIBLE. NO WOODEN FORMS REQUIRED. NO SKILLED LABOR. 3 TO 10 TIMES FASTER INSTALLATION Time and labor saving almost unbelievable. No individual trowelling and bonding. No exacting operations. One 9" x 13 %" x 13 y2" FURNACE BLOK equals the volume of sixteen standard 9" firebrick. BETTER SERVICE No brick-to-brick joints. Less spalling. Better insulating value. Lower heat storage. CASE HISTORY: FURNACE BLOK used in walls of ash hopper. Salt water quench. Previous firebrick lasted 6 months. After one year of service, FURNACE BLOK still satisfactory. ' EUSNACE BLOK, wh*n fill'd, produce e monolithic structure FURNACE BLOK INFORMATION KIT Contains technical information, installation photos, cost compari- | sons and prices. Write for your KIT today. PATENT NO. 183597 *** REFRACTORY & INSULATION CORP, * 'A i -6 ... V'l' MJJLannnuutnft+aucrmfrv* r-of rI iofl^^^ol* **** *ofrCtoFrliollf; FUtNACI BlOK; IInsulations* i JOSEPH C McCABE, Editor W. HINDENLANG, Associate Editor ROBERT 0. TAFT, Business Manager Mis* J- FARK, Circulation Manager Published monthly by COMBUSTION PUBUSHING COMPANY, INC., 200 Madison 7\ New York- 16. A SUBSIDIARY OF COMBUSTION ENGINEERING, INC. Joseph V. Santry, President Chorles McDonough, Vice-President Otto Strauss, Treasurer Ihomas A. Ennis, Secretary COMBUSTION is sent gratis to engineers in pie U. S. A. in charge of steam plants from 500 rated boiler horsepower up; and to consulting engineers in this field. To others til subscription rate, including postage, is in the United States, $5.50 in Canada, i $8 in Latin America and other countries Single copies: Domestic, 40 cents, Foreign, 40 cents plus postage. Copyright 1960 by Combustion Publishing Company, Inc. Pub lication Office, Easton, Pa. Issued the middle of the month of publication. Acceptance under Section 34.64, P.L. & R., authorized by United States Post Office. COMBUSTION publishes its annual index in the June issue and is indexed regularly by Engineering Index, Inc. and also in the Applied Science & Technology Index. The magazine is now reproduced and dis tributed to libraries on microfilm by University Microfilms of Ann Arbor, Michigan, j Printed in U. S. A. BPA Free use of space and environment in modern boiler room is characterized by the cover view of the installation at the Procter & Gamble Co. plant, Sacramento, Calif., see page 42. volume 3 7 number 9 March I960 Testing the Rotary Regenerative Air Preheater--Part I ... 30 Joseph Waitkus First of a two-part series in which the author gives as his starter the ways and means of testing air and gas stream ingredients across regenerative preheaters. Dust Control at Milliken Station ... 39 W. R. Wise Power plant sites become less and less available. Between the problems of stream pollution and air pollution lie the more immediate ones of neighbors. Here is one solution. Economics of Plant Operation and Equipment Replacement ... 42 ,G. E Anderson A good-sized, multi-plant industrial firm looks at its boiler and power plant requirements with a cold eye. author advances the measuring rods they employ. The The Combustion Engineering Industrial Power Forum--Conference I; Boiler Safeguards ... 46 The wide open question of boiler safeguards, furnace explosions, protective devices is given an airing by a panel of experts in a give and take sessior--Part I of II. Steam and Power Plant Clinic--Part XV ... 53 /. J. Karassik One of the longest running and best accepted series on practical pump problems sees its author answer a direct question on one of his earlier recommendations. Abstracts from the Technical Press--Abroad and Domestic ... 57 Editorials: Our Complex Industry ... 29 Advertising Index . . . 66, 67 Sources, Properties and ''reparation J7A , 3oisl ience. I. G. C. Dryden. Mature 1959, 184 (Aug. 8), 412-14. Summaries are given of papers pre-. ented to the 3rd biennial Internaional Conference on Coal Science held ,t Valkenburg, Holland, on Apr. 7-30, 1959. Research into chemical eactions of coal, ultra-fine structure f coals and chars, spectroscopy of oals and carbonization was described. tudies of Coal. Staff of B.C.U.R.A. Mature 1959, 184 (Aug. 8), 425-7. The first article deals with carboni- ation of coals in the presence of ac- vated charcoal and the second with noke emission from coal and low- :mperature chars. draught loss, Appendix 2 the results of tests with turbulence promoters or retarders and Appendix 3 design curves for shell boiler tube banks. Steam. Generation and Power Production About Calorific Properties of Water under Pressures up to 500 kg/cm5 and Temperatures up to 300 C. A. M. Sirota and E. P. Beliakova. Teploenergetika 1959 (Oct.), 67-70 (in Russian). New experimental data of Cp of water are compared with those of other authors and with calculations from p-v-t data. The enthalpy of water is calculated up to 500 kg/cm5 and 300 C. .ate of Discharge of Granular Mste als from Bins and Hoppers. H. . ose and T. Tanaka. Engineer 1959, 18 (Oct. 23), 465-9. . From results obtained on models an illation has been derived for the ilculation of the rate of discharge of ost materials from bins and hoppers normal type. .The accuracy of the lculation is considered sufficient r a)' -actical applications. _ ;at: Cycles and Transmission eat Transfer at High Pressures, ion. Engineering 1959, 188 (Oct. , 286-7; (Oct. 9), 317-9. Research on heat transfer in nuclear wer boilers operating with hot gas 10 and 20 atm pressure is reported, ith an open and a closed circuit re used and results are presented ' the latter. A general relation for i ,Nu number could be established. at Transfer and Draft Loss in the be Banks of Shell Boilers. D. J. I. derick, M. V. Murray and A. G. ill. J. Inst. Fuel 1959, 32 (Oct.), 1-63. Tests on an Economic type boiler re carried out to determine the uracy of dimensionless equations the heat transfer by forced conveca from hot gases flowing through cer-cooled tubes. The effect of arting retarders on draught loss in tubes has also been investigated, pendix 1 presents an evaluation of MP -TION / March 1960 An Experimental Investigation into Thermal Conductivity of Water. N. B. Vargaftik and O. N. Oleschuk. Teploenergetika 1959 (Oct.), 70-4 (in Russian). Values obtained by experimental investigations are tabulated for the temperature range 20 to 350 C. An Experimental Determination of Specific Volumes of Water up to 1200 kg/cm.1 M. P. Voukalovich, V. N. Zoubarev, A. A. Alekdsandrov and U. J. Kalinin. Teploenergetika 1959 (Oct.), 74-7 (in Russian). Experimental data are presented of specific volumes of water at pres sures up to 1200 kg/cm1 and tem peratures up to 300 C and compared with results of earlier investigations. Experimental Investigation into the Effects of Cross Flow with Conden sation of Steam and Steam-Gas Mix tures on a Vertical Tube. T. Fur man and H. Hampson. Proc. Inst. Meek. Engrs. 1959, 73, No. 5, 147-69. As part of a study of film and dropwise condensation of steam an experi mental investigation was carried out into the effect of cross flow velocities of steam, containing some non-con densable gas, on the overall and steam side coefficients for the steam con densing on a tube with either filmwise or dropwise mode. The results are presented and discussed. The Big Waste Burning Plants are a Source of Heat and Power. J. H. D. jjitwAd use kiic. acett 4.0 geueiiu: hot water or steam for various pur poses. On average 1.2 lb. of steam can be produced from 1 lb of waste. Several modern incinerator and waste heat utilizing plants are described. The Shell Boiler: An Historical Re view: M. V. Murray. J. Inst. Fuel 1959,32 (Sept.), 425-33. Fuel Firing Choice of Coal Preparation Systems for Pulverized-Fuel Firing. J. M. Beer. Engng. Boil. Ho. Rev. 1959, 74 (Sept.), 274-9. The direct and indirect (open and closed circuit) methods of pulverizing and transporting the coal to the burn ers are compared. Equations are developed to obtain criteria for the application of one or other of the methods. ' Automatic Stokers. Anon. Engineer 1959, 208 (Oct. 23), 487. A water-cooled precombustion chamber for shell-type boilers has been introduced to this country from the Continent which differs in essential details from other designs. The coal is moved by a screw conveyor to the top center of the chamber and drops through a vortex chamber and in a thin layer on the grate of the com bustion chamber. One third of the combustion air is injected through the grate, one third in a tangential direc tion through a duct in the vortex chamber and one third into the com bustion gases at the throat between the combustion chamber and boiler. All types of coal with an upper size of 1 per cent, maximum fines content of 35 per cent below '/ in. and maxi mum moisture content of 15 per cent can be burned. A consistent COj figure of /,* per cent without smoke production is obtainable. Unit Wide-Ram Coking Stoker. Anon. Engng. Boil. HO. Rev. 1959, 74 (Sept.), 279-80. A new stoker has been introduced which fully complies with the Clean Air Act and can be used in all shell type and small water-tube boilers. It has infinitely variable hydraulic speed control of the grate and feeding mechanism. Chain Grate Ash Extractor. Anon. Engineer 1959, 208 (Oct. 16), 441. A new extractor has been developed by Riley (I.C.) Products Ltd. for use with the "T" chain-grate stoker. The conveyor has apron plates on 57 which the ash is carried to the front ash box and is driven by a */t hp geared motor to give it a speed of 31/* ipm. The conveyor incorporates a steam cleaning device to remove fine ash particles. Pressure-jet Oil Burners for Boiler Use. A. M. Brown. J. Inst. Fuel 1959, 32 (Sept.), 409-17. The development of this type of burner is reviewed. It is stressed that present day knowledge of high combustion intensity, liquid sprays, furnace aerodynamics and flame stabilization is insufficient and re quires intensive research, if possible by model studies, to obtain higher combustion efficiencies, larger turn down rates and higher efficiencies. contain a C-S compound of unknow composition which is very stable t to temperatures of about 13Qo<\ It follows that in furnaces with rel; tively low temperatures (dry as removal) most of the sulphur in th coal is carried away in the fly ast whilst in furnaces with high temper tures (liquid slag removal) much o the sulphur is liberated and able tv form new compounds with oxygen hydrogen and the mineral constitu ents of the ash. From temperatures of 1 200C upwards S reacts with SiOi and alkali forming silicon disul phide, alkali sulphates and alkali pyrosulphates of which the latter are mainly responsible for deposit forma tion and corrosion. ' in boiler feed water yet adds no solids -- and that may be a good reason to select DEOXY-SOL for treatment of your boiler water. But it provides other advantages also. DEOXY-SOL is a high efficiency oxygen scavenger, since it is a solution of hydrazine. And it raises the pH, sup plementing any amine treatment. Stocks in Newark, N. J., Chicago, 111., Los Angeles, Calif. Write for informative Bulletin BW. Fairmounf . - CHEMICAL CO.. INC. 136 Liberty Street. New York 6. N_ Y, Furnaces and Combustion Combustion. R. Friedman and J. H. Grover. Ind. Engng. Chem. 1959, 51 (Sept.) (Pt. II), 1067-74. The annual review of the literature for 1958. An Investigation into Radiant Heat Exchange in the Furnace of a Steam Generator Burning Natural Gas. F. P. Kazakevich, A. M. Krapivin, G. I. Anofriev and I. G. Vesley. Teploenergetika 1959 (Oct.), 34-8 (in Rus sian). The experimental data are compared with results obtained by calculation and the good agreement is noted. Similarity Criteria for the Study of Furnace Flames by Means of Cold Models. G. G. Thurlow. Comb, and Flame 1959, 3 (Sept.) 373-88. The conditions necessary for ob taining similarity between a model and a furnace are considered in detail and criteria developed for the conditions under which these can be applied. Criteria are derived for two cases de pendent on whether the momentum of the secondary air is appreciable or not. Tests on a small gas-fired and a cold model of similar dimensions are reported. Reasonable agreement of the order 20% between the mix ing of fuel and air in a hot and a cold furnace is thought to be attainable. Laboratory Investigations into the Behavior of Fuels in Furnaces. K. Wickert. B.W.K. 1959, 11 (Oct.) 455-62 (in German). The experiments concerned the combustion velocity of carbon and sulphur alone and together as a func tion of temperature, time and par ticle size, of gases containing HjS, CO, Hj, CH< and Oi as a function of temperature and excess air, and of oil coke as a function of pretreatment temperature (volatile content). The results show that the fly ash particles Power Generation and Power Plant I.E.E. Local Centres. Anon. Eiectr. Times 1959, 136 (Oct. 15), 400-1. In his address "Past, Present and Future" the chairman of the North Western Centre, F. J. Hutchinson, discussed the future of thermal power stations. He believed that 800 MW sets would be built with steam condi tions of 5000 psi and 1200/1500 F within the next- 10 years. The heat rate would decrease by 6.7 per cent, compared with 2350 psi and 1050/ 1000 F, to 8400 Btu/kwhr. Boilers would be of the forced-flow once- through type with pressurized fur naces and liquid slag removal. jjSpi- tal cost per kw installed would then fall to below $112 compared with $117.60/kw for Thorpe Marsh. Mr. H. Watson Jones, the chairman of the North-Eastern section, gave some details of the Trawsfynydd nuclear station and the advances made in de sign compared with the earlier sta tions. _ 11th Steam Station Cost Survey. Anon. Eiectr. Wrld. 1959, 152 (Oct. 5), 71-86. The comparison of various data of steam power stations operations ud costs between 1956 and 1958, given in tables and graphs, shows that: the average cost of energy productionlias decreased from 7.15 mill to 7.04 miDs per net kwh, construction costs from $146/kw to $140.6/kw,Tuel costsfrom 83 to 80.8 per cent, average annual plant factor from 69 to 61.8 per hint and utilization factor from 103t'|ti 100.4 per cent. The predomlaint' steam parameters remained conlj) ^ at 1800 psi and 1000/1000 F ands reheat decreased from 80 to-; cent. The average station he continued to decline and now!-! at 10,934 Btu/net kwh. tions of outdoor plant has mad___^ ther progress and boiler room velum# decreased from 12 to 11 cu ft/kw. x I i7-- 90. Block diagrams and tables give details of conventional and nuclear power station units which were com missioned or under construction dur ing. 1959. (1) Boiler sizes are remaini fairly constant with a trend jo prt .es of 2400 psi, although 1800 jsi is still predominant; (2) pulverzed coal continues to be the main fuel; 3) pressurized furnaces are gaining -round; (4) heat release rates of 6,000 to 20,000, Btu/cu ft/h preominate. team Turbine Cycles in Power Staons. K. Fenton. Electr. Rev. 1959, 55 (Oct. 2), 373-7. The improvement in cycle efficienes achieved in recent years is re,ewed with reference to non-reheat, heat and supercritical pressure ants. The dual-pressure cycle used gas-cooled nuclear power stations is so discussed. Sciency of Steam Generation. J. N. 'illiams. Pwr. and Wrks. Engng. 59, 54 (Sept.), 515-25.' The setting up of a heat balance is scussed and the investigations reired additionally for this purpose scribed. Examples of application : given. iustrial Plant Design Survey, on. Power 1959, 103 (Oct.), 105- Blot iagrams and tables give a vey or trends during the past year: Boiler size; (2) fuels (mainly gascombination) ; ` (3) firing equipnt; (4) heat release rates; (5) -trols; (6) feed water treatment; dust collectors; (8) air heaters 1 ash handling systems. v Ways to Make In-Plant Genera1 Pay. Anon. Power 1959, 103 t.), 80-5. "he following problems are dis ced and examples of solutions de fied: (1) Steam and electric power oration can be balanced by the allation of air conditioning plant tse at times when the heating load >w; (2) waste heat recovery by ling bark and wood waste pre- sly discarded, by utilizing CO gas i burning off cracking-unit catain specially designed boilers with 'ithout supplementary fuel, from il refining plants, cement kilns, mill processes and petroleum eries for which packaged wasteboiler have been designed; (3) aged boilers of smaller capacity hipped as a unit, for capacities --450 klb h in prefabricated sec- re 'ng in 25-30 per cent savn e^_don costs. BUSTION / March 7960 PROVIDES LOW COST, EFFECTIVE CONTROL of FOAM and BOILER WATER CARRY-OVER PROVED IN THE LAB: BEFORE: ' Foaming of highly alkaline solutions in glass test cylinder. PROVED IN THE FIELD: Concentrol eliminates foaming, maintains dissolved solids of 10,000 ppm with alkalinity in excess of 2,000 ppm in East Texas refinery. AFTER: Same solution after addition of 12 ppm of Bird-Archer Concentrol antifoam. Concentrol reduces blowdown rate from 15% to 5%, keeps steam quality high in paper mill using highly alkaline makeup water. Concentrol eliminates boiler carry-over caused by high a1k=,'*':*~ radiator manufaci that is Zeolite sof Concentrol acting and re temperatures i to boilers. Mai boiler water s with organic s I Today's power plants callfor modern coal scales The New Richardson H-39C Coal Scale is Up-to-Date in Every Way: Features, Performance, Ease of Maintenance Low-cost, high quality service is the guarantee that goes with this newest contribution by Richardson to efficient, accurate coal weighing. Here are the features that make it possible: 1. Eosy-Acces* Doors -- give you large access to the working parts of the scale for easier, faster visual inspection, and adjustment 2. Instantaneous By-Pass -- no delay. Automatic, if desired. 3. Removable Belt Feeder -- designed for rapid removal. 4. Electrical Equipment--located outside the dust-tight weighing chamber. 5. Mechanical 6-Figure Cycle Counter -- ruggedly built by Richardson... won't miscount or doublecount. 6. Choice of 3 Sizes -- available in 200, 500 and 1,000 lb. capacities. Plus Richardson's 24-hour nationwide service. Another Richardson specialty, the Monorate Distributor for stokers, prevents segregation in straight line of coal flow, without inverted spouts and restricted openings. For details on these products and other features of Richardson coal scales, bunker-to-boiler equipment job-engineered for your requirements. Write for Catalog 0359. @ * Here'ss the answer... iSdMttibcit RICHARDSON SCALE COMPANY CLIFTON, NEW JERSEY Satei and Service Branches in Principal Cities * Also manufactured in Europe to U.S. standards 60 More Power for Nation'* Capita Anon. Coal Utilisation 1959, (Sept.), 14-7. . The peak load of Washington D. C., now occurs in summer with a load of 1156 Mw compared with a winter peak of 822 MW. To satisfy this demand a new unit has been in. stalled at Dickerson station, Mary land, consisting of a 1300 klh/h boiler operating at 2485 psi and 1050 1000 F and a 175 mw cross-compound turbine generator; an identical sec. ond unit is under construction. The boiler is of the wet bottom typo and contains 32 tilting tangentially firing burners served by 4 bowl mills, each rated at 38,000 lb/h, 66 sootblowers, two air preheaters and an electro static precipitator. Furnace ash re moval is hydraulic, fly-ash removal pneumatic. The net heat rate is calculated at 8700 Btu/kwh. A Boom in Paradise. Anon. Electr Wrld. 1959, 152 (Oct. 12), 90. ' . The first completely new power station to be built by TVA since 1953 will be located at Paradise, Ky. R will contain four 600 MW units, the first to be commissioned in 1962. Peabody Coal Co. will supply 65 million tons of coal over a 17-year period at a price one-fourth less than the average price TVA are paying now. GE is to supply the turbo generator, CE probably the steam generator. Philo 6 Produces Design Data as well as MWhr. Anon. Power 1959 103 (Oct.), 164-7. Experience gained during 30 months running of this supercritical pressure unit is reported. (1) Severe corro sion of turbine bypass valves elimi nated by design changes; (2) boiler feed pumps sealing trouble requiring new design of seals: (3) plant heat rate in tests was 8954 against design figure of 8759 Btu/kwh, due to higher power consumption of feed pumps; - (4) slagging in the secondary furnace affecting also the gas recirculating parts was met by installing additional soot blowers but was not yet wholly successful; (5) cracking of dissimilar welds occurred where also the croosection was changed from in.; these welds were replaced'/by shop-fabricated joints; (6) crad^ji attachment welds on stainlesavauw required removal of all attachment! where possible, grinding out andlfg' welding or plugging and welqthfi (7) heavy deposits in the tanSot contained mainly cuprous and cfj'jwjjC oxides and iron oxides;* incret " the pH level by addition of amt has given best results in red copper pick-up but this contio affect the turbine; to obtain 1 March 1960 / COMBli I jpper concentration in the cycle, arting takes up to three days. old "B" Generating Station. Anon. lectr. Rev. 1959, 165 (Sept. 11), 39-15 Thi lion will contain, when cometed, o units each consisting of a jiler rated at 550 klb/h at 950 psi and 35 F and a 60 MW turbogenerator, he ash in' the. furnace hoppers is moved by a dry vacuum system to container-filter units where the air separated and from which the ash discharged after conditioning with iter into ash lorries. The ash is ed for making building bricks and r constructional purposes at the heidol hydroelectric plant and the estiniog pumped storage project, .le first generator is hydrogenoled at 15 psi, the second and third 30 psi and the stator of the latter is iter-cooled. rits Galore--A Kingston Experient. K. S. Matts and D. Turner. ectricity 1959, 12 (July.'Aug.), 270- The coke breeze fired at Kingston >wer station on chaingrate stokers I to the production of a large amount grits with a combustible content of -80 per cent. Experiments in briqtting the grit and to refire it are scribed. The first briquettes proiced ''roved to be too large and rth experiments with smaller iqueues (l/" X z/\") are to be ade. infracts Signed for 52-Utility Nu- :ar Project. Anon. Electr. Wrld. 59, 152 (Sept. 7), 47. , The contracts signed between AEC d Philadelphia Electric Co. and meral Dynamics Corp. are for a 40 W (e) high-temperature gas cooled actor to be commissioned in 1963. ie fuel elements of the second core II contain slightly enriched uranium d thorium mixed with graphite in mogeneous carbon compacts, but a first core will have metal clad ments limiting the steam tempera- re to 850 F; the second core 'should ow a helium coolant temperature of 32 F and a steam temperature of 30 F. The costs are estimated at 0 million. aterials and Manufacturing xesses e High Temperature Properties of ur Wrought Steels Used in the emical Industry. B. J. Connolly d G. Bovd. Proc. Inst. Mech. gr 158,'172 (No. 31), 889-900. ort-..,ne high-temperature (up to 3 G) tests on low-carbon 1 per cent -Mo, medium-carbon 1 per cent -Mo, low-carbon 3 per cent Cr-Mo 1MBUSTION / March I960 ' Highest Standard in Boiler and Pressure Tubing NOW Standard's electric weld boiler tubing is available in much heavier wall thickness than has heretofore been produced. Thus, this extremely uniform tube can be used for still higher pressures. . Wall thicknesses up to .220' minimum wall in 2' outside diameter and smaller can be supplied. This will permit allowable pressures well above 2,500 lbs. for tubes expanded into headers or drums or for tubes absorbing heat in water tube units. Larger diameters can be supplied up to .280' minimum wall. The smooth surface and uniform wall help to reduce thermal stresses and permit better control ofrolling tubes into headers or drums. Nowhere will you find any more modem and complete facilities for precision manu FREE facture and inspection of boiler and pres 8-page folder on- sure tubing than you'll find at Standard. all Standard prod For complete information on all Standard products and services send for ucts. Write address below. free 8-page folder today. STANDARD THE STANDARD TUBE COMPANYand MICHIGAN STEELTUBE PRODUCTS DIVISION 24400 Plymouth Road Detroit 39, Michigan Welded stainless tubing and pipe Welded carbon steel mechanical Boiler and Heat Exchanger Exclusive rigidized patterns Special Shapes Oil Well Tubing and Casing Light Weight Pipe Steel Tubing--Sixes: 4$' OD to 6' OD--.028 to .270 wall Stainless Pipe and Tubing--Sizes OD to 4 OD--.020 to .187 wall. 61 jpper concentration in the cycle, jrting takes up to three days. aid"B" Generating Station. Anon. lectr. Rev. 1959, 165 (Sept. 11), 19-15 Thi lion will contain, when cometed, o units each consisting of a jfler rated at 550 klb/h at 950 psi and 15 F and a 60 MW turbogenerator, he ash in' the furnace hoppers is moved by a dry vacuum system to container-filter units where the air separated and from which the ash discharged after conditioning with ater into ash lorries. The ash is ed for making building bricks and r constructional purposes at the heidol hydroelectric plant and the estiniog pumped storage project, re first generator is hydrogenoled at 15 psi, the second and third 30 psi and the stator of the latter is iter-cooled. rits Galore--A Kingston Eiperient. K. S. Matts and D. Turner. ectricity 1959, 12 (July.'Aug.), 270- The coke breeze fired at Kingston wer station on chaingrate stokers I to the production of a large amount grits with a combustible content of -80 per cent. Experiments in briqtting the grit and to refire it are scribed. The first briquettes pro ceed "roved to be too large and rth experiments with smaller iqueues (l/" X 3/V0 are to be ade. >ntracts Signed for 52-Utility Nu;ar Project. Anon. Eieclr. Wrld. 59, 152 (Sept. 7), 47. The contracts signed between AEC d Philadelphia Electric Co. and neral Dynamics Corp. are for a 40 W (e) high-temperature gas cooled actor to be commissioned in 1963. ie fuel elements of the second core II contain slightly enriched uranium d thorium mixed with graphite in mogeneous carbon compacts, but a first core will have metal clad ments limiting the steam temperare to 850 F; the second core should ow a helium coolant temperature of 32 F and a steam temperature of 30 F. The costs are estimated at 3 million. aterials and Manufacturing Jcesses e High Temperature Properties of ur Wrought Steels Used in the emical Industry. B. J. Connolly d G. Bovd. Proc. Inst. Mech. gr 158, 172 (No. 31), 889-900. ort-...ne high-temperature (up to 3 G) tests on low-carbon 1 per cent -Mo, medium-carbon 1 per cent -Mo, low-carbon 3 per cent Cr-Mo 3MBUSTION / March 1960 Highest Standard in Boiler and Pressure Tubing NOW Standard's electric weld boiler tubing is available in much heavier wall thickness than has heretofore been produced. Thus, this extremely uniform tube can be used for still higher pressures. . Wall thicknesses up to .220' minimum wall in 2' outside diameter and smaller can be supplied. This will permit allowable pressures well above 2,500 lbs. for tubes expanded into headers or drums or for tubes absorbing heat in water tube units. Larger diameters can be supplied up to .280' minimum wall. The smooth surface and uniform wall help to reduce thermal stresses and permit better control ofrolling tubes into headers or drums. Nowhere will you find any more modem and complete facilities for precision manu FREE facture and inspection of boiler and pres 8-page folder on sure tubing than you'll find at Standard. all Standard prod For complete information on all Standard products and services send for ucts. Write address below. free 8-page folder today. STANDARD THE STANDARD TUBE COMPANYand MICHIGAN STEEL TUBE PRODUCTS DIVISION 24400 Plymouth Road Detroit 39, Michigan Welded stainless tubing and pipe Welded carbon steel mechanical Boiler and Heat Exchanger Exclusive rigidtxed patterns Special Shapes Oil Well Tubing and Casing Light Weight Pipe Seel Tubing--Sixes: H' OD to 6' OD--.028 to .270 wall Stainless Pipe and Tubing--Sixes \i' OD to 4 W OD--.020 to .187 wall. 61 New fuel cut-out control by Reliance Pipe one device for double protection Using but one water chamber -- one set of pipes to boiler -- this new Reliance Fuel Cut-out and Alarm control gives you two efficient devices in one. At one end (right hand above) a positive float-operated switch cut-out; at the opposite end, an electrode-type control using U.L.-approved transformer-relay hook-up -- completely independent of the float-type control but employs a common water chamber. Check these possible use-combinations of the Levalarm EA-100P: 1. Dual fuel cut-out control. 2. Float-operated fuel cut-out and electrode-operated low water level alarm. 3. Electrode-operated fuel cut-out and float-operated low water alarm. 4. Float-operated fuel cut-out and electrode-operated fuel cut-out and electrode-operated low water alarm. This Levalarm is the convenient answer in cases where two independ ent fuel cut-outs are required. ' And this Levalarm provides outstanding additional safety to the operation of factory assembled boilers. Write today for full description of this new safety device. The Reliance Gauge Column Company 5902 Carnegie Avenue Cleveland 3, Ohio BOILER SAFETY Relianceliii DEVICES -l w and 1S-10 Mo-Ti Cr-Ni austenitic steels were made to study their tensile and creep properties. Th results are presented in tables and graphs. Report of Project SP-4 to Steam Power Panel of the A.S.M.E. A.S.T.M. Joint Committee on th Effect of Temperature on the Proper ties of Metals. J. S. Worth' A.S.M.E. Preprint No. 59-Met-12 1959 (Apr.), 13 pp. 1 Short-time high temperature ten sile and creep-rupture tests on SA 212 Grade B steel are reported. The effect of welding on high-tempera ture properties has also been in vestigated. Plasma--A Substitute for the OxyFuel Flame. J. A. Browning. Weld J. 1959, 38 (Sept.), 870-5. The fundamental properties of the plasma arc and the methods de veloped for its application are de scribed. The gases to be used for forming the plasma are discusseda plasma flame with non-transferred arc can reach a temperature of 30000 F with a heat transfer rate of 42 BtU/'in.5 sec. The operating costs of the plasma system are low, about half those of those using an oxyacetvlene burner. Instruments and Controls - Temperature Control by Dampercontrolled Flue Gas Passes in the Fortune Power Station. R. Mdller. Mitt. V.G.B. No. 61, 1959 (Aug.), 27, 4-6 (in German). Superheated and reheated steam temperature control by spray de superheaters and by damper con trolled flue gas passes is compared and the advantages of the latter with regard to reheated steam temperature control discussed. The time until the new temperature is reached if about 10 minutes in both cases. Control of Benson Boiler-Turbine Units. A. Fischer. Mitt.V.G.B. No. 61, 1959 (Aug.), 294-302 (in German). The various possibilities of con trolling a Benson boiler-turbine unit under fixed or fluctuating load with and without network frequency changes are discussed and the ability of the Benson boiler stressed to follow the changes rapidly without excessive fluctuations in temperature and pres sure. The results of tests on aWO t/h and 450 t/h Benson boiler.-arjl reproduced; the temperature flu^tuAt tions were in an extreme case 5$ but generally did not exceed and the pressure fluctuation maxis 7 atm but generally not more| 4 atm. ' March I960 / COMBUS' easurement of Grit Emission. n. Steam Engr 1959, 28 868-74. pies of dust measurement in considered and the instruleveloped by BCURA for iso sampling described. The first e contains a cyclone probe for the corase dust, the second ludes a filter for the additional n of the find dust; both instruare intended for the smaller plant. The procedure to be folto obtain isokenitic sampling is d. sting Safety Shapes Today's nJtrolSystems. Anon. Power 1959, jft'Oct.), 167-9. ^Sontrol of power station operation by computers or data-logging sysfgjos is believed to increase efficiency per cent and these are being Tied in increasing numbers. A ,___ control panel of much smaller -innensions than previous ones has developed for boiler-turbine coniTtd facilitate the work of the operafj.. wherever possible indicators are : 'JSplaced by annunciators; the greater compactness also increases safety. lear Energy JEhe Investigation of Controlled Therfctumuclear Reaction in the USSR. r'f4 \. Artsimovich. Vestnik Akadf Nauk SSSR 1959 (1), 11-23. L:LUTransl. Bull. 1959 (Sept.), 28-41. %JR.esearch into thermonuclear proc' *sses in Russia is reviewed and the re sults obtained so far are described and discussed. The necessity for inter national cooperation in this field is stressed. Atomic Review. Departures in Gas Oling. Anon. Engineering 1959, 188 (Sept. 11), 156-8. Several reac tors with different gas cooling systems t allow higher fuel and consequently "gher steam temperatures are dis used. These include the Brown -Boveri-Krupp pebble-bed reactor, the Canadian Daniels-Bovd reactor, the '**ueral Nuclear Engineering Corp., Ptessure-tube reactor, the ORNL inpnnediate-temperature reactor, hight*perature reactor of the Philadel phia Electric Co. and General Dynam os Corp. and the General Electric ^'s land versions of the gas-cooled "P reactor. Economics of Gas-Cooled ReacG. S. Vincent. Nucl. Pwr 1959, (Sept.), 88-92. 'e factors involved in unit cost Nations, viz. capital charge, capijfccharge on fuel, fuel replacementifts, are discussed and curves are de|Pped for various interest rates and ^MBUSTION / March 1960 ^^years of operation at the Possum Point Power Station of VIRGINIA ELECTRIC and POWER COMPANY . With Green RG Fans, of course. When Virginia Electric and Power Company planned their Possum Point Power Station, with Stone & Webster consulting, they selected Green RG Fans for both induced and forced draft. Green RG Fans are rugged, reliable, self-cleaning and accessible. When you want trouble-free fan performance -- consult Green. This is lie hinted drift Green RG Fe* inslellnsiot ot lie Fossssm Peiel touts Sltlio*. 14' ho*ti*t end hill ioxtt. %m scroll liners. Dromond checkered foot piste. Mode Inert. Aircooled, seijrdrrnht shire klerilis. 600 Ht, SO RPM motors. reen ETHK GRIRN FUIL. ICdHOMIZIlt COm IN6,M J - BIACON 3, NSW YORK 63 i i i I 1 i :I i 1 New from Permutit! Complete Line--All Purpose Model BD Economy Softeners Permutit Model BD Softeners answer industry's demand for more and more soft water at lower cost. Taking advan tage of new design advancements and standardized mass produced compo nents, Model BD Softeners now make Permutit quality available in a com plete line, ready for prompt delivery from stock, at economy prices. BD Softeners contain only high ca pacity Permutit Q Resin. Absence of subfill eliminates possibility of upset ting bed, makes installation simpler, less expensive. Exclusive double-dish underdrain is shipped completely as sembled. further simplifies installation. Standard valve is the famous Permutit Multiport'S' type. Permutit Model BD Softeners are available in the following sizes and capacities: Shell Straight Flow Rate Softening Diam. Ht. Average Capacity 30" 6' 40 gpm 510 kgr 36" 6' 56 gpm 750 kgr 42" 6' 77 gpm 1020 kgr 48" 6' 100 gpm 1380 kgr For specifications and complete in formation, write to our Permutit Divi sion, Dept. CO-30, 50 West 44th Street, New York 36, N.Y. FLUIDICS is the Pfaudler Permutit program that integrates knowledge, equipment and ex perience in solving problems involving fluids. A PFAUDLER PERMUTIT inc. Specialists in -FLUIDICS . . . the science of fluid processes 64 amortization periods. The show also the effect of taking int* count interest during constr and enable the calculation of unit for any combination of capital interest rate, amortization period, fidency and load factor. The Future of Gas-Cooled Re W. S. Banks. Nucleonics 1959, (Sept.) 96-102. ' A coal burning combined gas steam turbine and a gas-cooled r* induding a turbine driving a gas pressor are compared. It is sugg- that to be competitive the react# must operate at 2000 F with gas tem perature above 1500 F and burn^ above 15000 MW d/t, fuel costs " about 2 mills/kwh and a size of 110&'! 1500 MW (th). The fuel elemeau would be of UOj, the moderator graphite and the gas helium. It also assumed that the coal burmaf, plant would operate at 1400 F and 7000-10000 psi. Argonne Evaluates Process-Steam Reactors. Anon. Nucleonics 1959, 17 (Sept.), 112. A pressurized-water boiling-wattf and organic moderated reactor to f duce 125 klb/h of steam at 380 F! urated were compared as to costs and ease of control. On both points the PWR appears to be superior although the differences are not large. Nuclear Marine Propulsion. A Re view of Developments in America- J. R. Finniecome. Meek. Weld 1959. 139 (Aug.), 356-61. . A concise review with tables giving relevant data but it is stressed that de tailed information on reactors and tur bines are not available. Soviet Fast Reactor--BR 5. R- RMatthews. Nucl. Engng. 1959, d (Oct.), 359-60. The reactor uses plutonium as fuel and sodium as coolant with an e*`l temperature of 450 C and an irfet temperature of 375 C. A breeding blanket has not been installed t simplify the design. Brief detail5 are given of the core and Shielding- Development of Thermal Breedtf Reactors. Anon. Engineer 1959.20* (Sept. 25), 325. . The U. S. Atomic Energy Coinnn5 sion has decided to discontinue f* the time being much of the work 03 the fluid fuel reactor program 3n institute instead a program of researe on the conversion of thorium int0 * fissionable material as this would ap pear to be a more economic prop5' tion. It is possible that part of work on the fluid fuel reactor will incorporated in the new research a* later date. March 1960 / COMBUSTION \AcCABE, ENLANG, Associate Editor TAFT, Business Manager .K, Circulation Manager ithly by COMBUSTION PUBv\PANY, INC, 200 Madison ork 16. A SUBSIDIARY OF i ENGINEERING, INC try. President nough, Vice-President Treasurer iis. Secretary 1 is sent gratis to engineers in -i charge of steam plants from oer hr capacity up,- and to lineers in this field. To others on r including postage, is ited is, $5.50 in Canada, in America and other countries. : Domestic, 40 cents. Foreign, postage. Copyright 1960 by ublishing Company, Inc. Pub- Easton, Pa. Issued the middle of publication. nder Section 34.64, P.L. & R., > United States Post Office. 4 publishes its annual index in j and is indexed regularly by Index, Inc. and also in the ice & Technology Index. e is now reproduced and disraries on microfilm by University Ann Arbor, Michigan, j S. A. BPA The process of turning out a boiler drum for today's units requires both ndividual trade skills as -well as heavy duly equipment. DEVOTED TO THE ADVANCEMENT OF STEAM FIANT DESIGN AND OPERATION volume 31 number 10 April I960 Boiler Problems Associated With Use of Bunker C Fuel ... 42 Dr. John J, McMullen ' the marine boiler has problems of its own with Bunker C oils. Here the problems are cited and suggestion for minimizing them advanced. , Water Wash of Bunker C Retards Boiler Slag on Atlantic Tanker ... 43 W. A. Walls and W. S. Proctor One very different solution to the problems cited in the above article has resulted from the washing procedure described here. Combustion Engineering Industrial Power Forum--Conference I; Flame Sensing, Flafne Failure, Purging ... 50 The often grumbled complaints and the counter claims of performance achievements for flame sensing, flame failure controls and sensible limits for purging is bandied about by a panel of experts. Testing The Rotary Regenerative Air Heater--Part II ... 60 Joseph Waitkus Concluding part of a series on air preheaters in which the emphasis is directed towards temperature measurement problems. Bureau of Mines Coal-Fired Gas Turbine Project ... 67 James P. McGee and R. C Corey The recently abandoned Locomotive Development Committee's study of the basic gas turbine in coal-fired applications has been taken up and renewed by the Bureau of Mines. Abstracts from the Technical Press--Abroad and Domestic ... 73 Editorials: A Modern Heresy . . . 41 Advertising Index . . . 80, 81 n i*?itiwn from the Monthly Technical Bulletin, International Combustion, Ltd., London, W.'C. I) Fi Sources, Properties and Preparation Structure of Bituminous Coals: Evi dence from Distribution of Hydrogen. P. H. .Given. Nature 1959, 184 (Sept. 20) 980-1. A type of structure has been found that fits the requirements of X-ray and infra-red studies and those of the elementary analysis: any one aro matic nucleus is linked to any other by two aliphatic linkages. Abrasivity of Coals and the Resistance to Wear of Metals in Milling. N. V. Sokolov and V. P. Os'okin. Teploenergetika 1959, (Nov.) 37-41 (in Russian). A method is described for determin ing the abrasivity of coals and the resistance to wear of metals in pul verizing coals. The results are pre sented in tables and graphs. Coal Handling at Waterside Plants. W. G. Hudson. Power 1959, 103 (Nov.) 6S-9. The coal handling plant at the T. H. Allen station is designed to move 2000 ./h at at Gannon station for 500 -/h ad that at Detroit Edison's River Rouge station for 2500 t/h. 3rief details are given of each installaion. -oal Transport Plant of the Chalonur-Saone Power Station. W. Seidel. 'iirdern und Hebeti 1959, 9 (Oct.) 33-5 (in German). The system is designed for stocking ut 1000 t/h and reclaiming 500 t/h nd to mix various fuels in prescribed roportions. The coal is emptied ito a hopper from which two coneyors transport it to a central tower; lere the coal is directed to either two mveyors to the storage, two con;yors to the mixing plant near the :>iler house or to the screening and ushing plant. .The coal is stored a circular heap of 2G0 ft diam and 40 height by means of a combined reading (belt conveyor) and re aiming (bucket wheel) machine runng on a circular rail, and then comcted by bulldozers. ansport Problems of Low-grade al for Electricity Generation. E. ienfeld. Fordern und Heben 1959, O 636-8 (in German). Cc arisons are made of the cost of building small power stations at each colliery or a large central generating plant and the costs involved when transporting the coal by Federal rail ways, works-owned railway or aerial rope way. A Safe Method of Storing Pulver ized Coal at Trenton Channel. E. L. Embach. Combustion 1959, 31 (Oct.) 45-7. The boiler bunkers of Trenton Channel power station are supplied with pulverized coal from a central pulverizing plant and the coal is liable to ignite when stored for more than a few days. Tests carried out showed that the zone of greatest heat de velopment was about 2 ft below the surface. The solution was found in excluding all air ingress through the coal feed line, air vent line to the fur nace and coal gates at the bottom. It is recommended to install a ther mometer and pressure indicator in the air space above the coal to watch for temperature rise and gas generation. In this wav it is possible to keep coal in the bunkers for months without risk of autoignition. Steam Generation and Power Production Stresses in Hollow Cylinders Due to Asymmetrical Heat Generation. H. Kraus and G. Sonnemann. J. Engng. Pwr. 1959, 81 (Oct.) 449-54. Equations are derived for the radial, tangential, shear and axial stresses in nuclear reactor vessels and thermal shields due to internal heat generation by the absorption of 7-radiation. Hydrodynamics of Uniflow Boilers. A. A. Davidov and B. I. Sheynin. Teploenergetika 1959, (Nov.) 53-7 (in Russian). Data are presented of the resistance of the steam-water cycle, loop pulsa tion, thermal sweep, distribution of steam-water mixture and its division into layers in uniflow boilers. The Little Giant. D. A. Cassino. Heat Engng. 1959, 34 (Julv/Aug.) 56 61. ' The packaged boiler is of the natural circulation, water-tube type with two drums and includes an economizer, furnace and interchangeable oil or coal firing front. Either a spreader stoker with a pulsating ash discharge can oe nuea. lne duplex pumping and heating set supplies 300 gph No. 6 fuel oil at 220 F. Further included are a unit comprising a- mechanical dust collector and i.d. fan, f.d. fan and drive, soot blowers, fly-ash reinjection system and combustion controls. The boiler is supplied to the site in 7 sub assemblies. The boiler under test was rated at 30 klb/h but was able to generate up to 54 klb/h and its ther mal efficiency exceeded 80 per cent. Change over from coal to oil or vice versa takes 4 men about 7h. Stoker- fired packaged units of 43, 50 and 63 klb/h at pressures up to 250 psi saturated can be supplied. . AGM-144-HS Foster Wheeler Pack aged Boilers. J. Terry and W. B. Carpenter. Heat Engng. 1959, 34 (Sept./Oct.) 74-9. Three boilers each rated at 39.5 klb/h at 500 psi and 650 F have been installed at Eddvstone station to supply auxiliary steam for fuel oil heating, space heating, soot blowers, etc. The boilers are fired with No. 6 fuel oil, completely automatic in operation, and of D-tvpe cross-sec tion. Chemical Cleaning of Benson Boilers. H. G. Heitmann. Mitt. V.G.B. No. 62 1959, (Oct.) 319-34 (in German). A new method of acid cleaning -of boilers has been worked out based on laboratory tests which uses much lower acid concentrations without inhibi tors and thus makes possible the clean ing of the whole boiler system includ- ing austenitic superheaters and re heaters. The main features are the use of hydrazine (and ammonia) to obtain a pH above 5 in front of the pump and of hydrochloric or sulfuric acid (and fluoric and citric acid) be hind the pump to obtain a pH of 3.5-4, a temperature of the cleaning medium of 100 C and relatively high circulation speeds. In addition, thor ough flushing with condensate or dermineralized water and blowing with steam before and after cleaning is recommended. The. treatment has resulted in a tube system free of rust, scale and welding beads, almost com plete removal of silicic acid (sand) and the formation of a film of FejCL on all tubes resistant to corrosion even for prolonged periods of shut down. Humidity Control During Boiler Erec tion. A. S. Miller. Nucl. Engng. 1959, 4 (Nov.) 404-5. A portable air conditioning plant is described which has been developed for prevention of condensation inside nuclear boilers during erection on site. The air is heated in winter to 59-60 F I i i ! i a I at 20 per cent rel. humidity and in summer to 65 F at 30 per cent r.h. and a flow rate of 1500-2500 cu ft/ min. PATHWAYS OF A PIONEER - Solid Fuel Firing Problems of Coal and Air Distribution in Pulverised Coal Burners. R. Jung. ' Mitt. V.G.B. No. 62 1959, (Oct.) 371 82 (in German). Investigations are reported aimed at improving the uniformity of pul verized coal distribution in branch lines and the design of a circular burner with adjustable flame length and uniform density of the coal and air at the burner mouth. The effect of elbows, splitters and baffles and of burner position has been studied. Finally, the effect of the" parallel arrangement of slot-type and circular burners on ignition and the mixing process is discussed on the basis of model tests. . A Circular Burner for Different Fuels. H. Ullrich. B.W.K. 1959, 11 (Oct.) 465-7 (in German). . The main improvements in this burner for the separate or combined firing of oil and coal is the inclusion of a ring carrying guide vanes moving axially in a conically shaped housing with which the angle of swirl of the secondary air can be altered by vary ing the proportion of secondary air with swirl to that without. In a modification of the burner the pulver ized coal-air mixture can also be given different swirls by means of adjustable guide vanes at the entry into the burner. It is possible by these means to obtain optimum mixing of fuel and air at the burner mouth, reduce igni tion time and vary the flame length to suit the properties of the fuel and the furnace design. Experience with these burners in a boiler fired wih bitumi nous and brown coal and oil has been very satisfactory. Furnaces and Combustion Excess Air and Combustion Efficiency in Incomplete Combustion. F. Schus ter. BrennstChemie 1959, 40 (Oct.) 326-9 (in German). A method has been worked out for calculating combustion efficiency and excess air when combustion is incom plete. The method is applicable to all fuels and combustion conditions. Water-Side Corrosion and Water Treatment Pilot-Plant Water Studies for. Eddy- stone Station. F. N. Megahan. A.S.M.E. Preprint No. 59-A-260 1959, (Dec.) 4 pp. _ After prolonged tests with various Leading the Way In De-I' Developments At the time the IonXchanger shown above was installed, Illinois Water Treat ment Company already had a decade of design and manufacturing experience behind it. Many other firms, now sell ing in the field, then had yet to cut their teeth on their first small jobs. Ash from Com Syrup This particular job was especially im portant because it pioneered successfully in one of the many process fields -- other than the purification of water -- where de-ionization was proving practi cal. The equipment is still operating at full effectiveness today in the big sugar refinery where it serves most economi cally to remove ash from corn syrup. It is significant that IWT had this early experience in the design of automatic equipment, and so was ready for the widespread trend toward "automation" in many industries in recent years. THIS EXPERIENCE CAN MEAN A LOT TO YOU If you are considering the use of ionexchange for the purification or concen tration of chemical products, or if you need purified water for high-pressure boiler make-up or process use, be sure to take advantage or IWT pioneering ex perience and specialized knowledge. Call your IWT reprmnfsfios. ILLINOIS WATER TREATMENT CO. 840 CEDAR ST./i ROCKFORD, ILLINOIS NEW YORK OFFICE: 141 E. 44lh Si.. New York 17. N.Y. CANADIAN D!ST.:Pumps&Softeners, Ltd., London, Ont. 74 anion resins for feedwater treat two-bed, mixed-bed system was to obtain the quality required supercritical pressure unit at stone station. In all units 8.5 par' cross-linked cation resin and non-pjjr ous Type I anion resin will be which should give an effluent fr0jk the mixed bed of 0.07 M mho ppb SiO: I Water-Treatment, Corrosion, and 1*1 temal-Deposit Studies for Eddystone. R. C. Ulmer, H. A. Grabowski and R. C. Patterson. A.S.M.E. Preprint No. 59-A-147 1959, (Dec.) 8 pp. The extensive tests carried out to determine feed water treatment foj the 5000-psi 1200 F Eddystone unit are described concerning deposition of salts, corrosion of steel, copper and iron pickup and deposition on tube walls. Complete demineralization of the feedwater and bypass deminerali zation of the condensate, addition of hydrazine at a rate of 10 ppb and addition of ammonia to maintain the pH at 8.5-9.5 are considered essential to prevent failures. . Gas-Side Corrosion and Deposits Experience with Dolomite as Additive in Oil-fired Boilers. H. Ulrich. n- ergie 1959, 11 (Oct.) 474-6 (in Ger man). A German refinery has undertaken research into the injection of dolo^ mite into oil-fired boilers on their own" boiler plant. In a new boiler dolomite was not used at first and in conse quence its output fell by 15%-, 3000 h, due to deposit formation on the economizer and air preheater. After injection of dolomite (not mixed with the oil) ground to 145 pier cent residue on No. 240 sieve a^-. 4.5 per cent residue on No. 170 s'teyi at a rate of three times the ash cdn= tent of the oil or about 3.3 lb/t of dQ the deposits formed could easily'" removed by soot blowers or brush and no new corrosion was found. To addition, very hard deposits on the superheater tubes containing a high percentage of V.Oj encountered pre/ viously were no longer formed. '*'* Flue Gas, Ash and Dust x Determination of the Dew Pointy Flue Gases from the Evaporation. Equilibrium of the System Wate^i:, Sulfuric Acid. R. Haase and Rehse. Mitt. V.G.B. No. 62 (Oct.) 367-71 (in German). From the measurements of evaporation equilibrium graphs ofd point as a function of partial press] of H2SO4 for different values of p pressure of H20 have been obt Their application to the plottin April 1960 / COMBUS' afenrvps of dew point of flue gases of Upel oils as a function of their S con- t and its conversion into SOj is own. Similar measurements for the stem HjO-HjSOi-CI are in progress. W ..'F1' Ash Utilization in the U.S.A. ' 1 Rose and H. H. Russell. Milt. 'W.G.B. No. 62 1959, (Oct.) 335-44 (in '-^German). . The main fields of utilization of fly ash reviewed are: 1. In Portland cement concrete and mortar for road building and civil engineering; 2. As mineral filler in bituminous asphalt and tar roads and surfaces; 3. In mixtures with lime, and soil for soil stabilization. A large number of these applications are described and illustrated. The Utilization of Fly Ash in France. A. Jarrige. Mitt. V.G.B. No. 62 1959, (Oct.) 345-55 (in German). In France fly ash is used in road building, concrete and as addition to Portland cement. France is the only . country so far where flv ash (20 per cent) is regularly mixed with Portland cement.in the cement works; in 1958 about 290,000 t of fly ash were thus utilized. A French mine produces -building bricks containing 25 per cent ` fly ash (unground) or 35 per cent fly ash (ground). Results of laboratory and pilot-scale studies are described. F sh -f Slag + Gypsum + Lime = C. .ents. J. Pochebonne. Flamme et Thermique 1959, 10 (Aug./Sept.) 13-20 (in French). Laboratory tests with various mix tures are described and the results discussed. A mixture containing Portland cement, 49 per cent fly ash, lime and gypsum has proved entirely satisfactory and is proposed to allevi ate the acute shortage of cement for concrete. Experience in Utilization and Sale of Granulated Slag in a West-German Power Station. E. Goecke. Mitt. V.G.B. No. 62 1959, (Oct.) 35G-S (in German). The slag is used in foundations of houses as a lower layer of 2-4 in. thick ness on which a concrete base is laid with a thickness of 2 in., as filler in cable and pipe ducts mixed with sand in a ratio of 1:1 and well consolidated, for drainage of soils of sewage plants, air and sports fields, gardens and roads. About 90 per cent of the slag produced is now sold and utilized. Measurements of Bust Deposition in Essen from November 1955 to Febru- a* 957. K. Schwarz, T. Gilbert. E. F. iii and M. Diem. B.W.K. 1959, 1J (Oct.) 483-7 (in German). . The measurements were made by COMBUSTION / April 1960 NO EQUAL It's common knowledge everywhere that Super #3000 Refractory Mortar has no equal. After you use Super #3000 you'll see why "putting up" with other bonding and patching mortars just doesn't pay. LARGE STEAM PLANT Super #3000 used to line large discharge cones and cyclone of Buell dust collectors. Coating thickness 3/4". After one year. Super #3000 still in excellent condition. Previous lining required patching after 6 months. USE SUPER #3000 AS A GENERAL PURPOSE BONDING AND PATCHING MORTAR. IT'S THE LOWEST PRICE INSURANCE YOU CAN BUY. ^REFRACTORY & iNSULATION CQRP. -134 WALL 'STREET- NEW-,.YORK Salts Offic.si Chica.go., 1.H.; tWwtond., Oh.toi.iryn' , Monu/ocws of i I BJodt, Pimtk ,i* BUI Iftftvlotlom. 75 means of <>00 sticky foils although simultaneous comparative measure, ments with two other collecting meth ods showed that sticky foils tended to give low results when the deposition was heavy. The local distributions as a function of wind direction and weather conditions is shown in 3 graphs. The highest depositions of over 100 g. ml '30 days occurred with North wind which carried with it large amounts of dust from the industrial ! towns to the North of Essen. In the | northern part of Essen the dust dep osition averages 50 g m5/30 days in the southern part it is less than 30 g/m*. 30 days. 1 Flow Induced Noise in Heat Ex ; changers. A. A. Putnam. -J. Engng i Pwr. 1959, 81 (Oct.) 417-22. ' Types of vibrations involved and measures used to reduce these are described. j Problems of Improving Steel Shot Installations for Cleaning Heating Surfaces from Ash Deposits.- N. V. Kouznetzov, G. I. Louzhnov, A. I. Krasovitzky, B. B. Soloviev and K. M. Taldikin. Teploenergetika 1959, (Nov.) 8-11 (in Russian). Various improvements introduced recently and their effectiveness are described. Richardson Coal Scale-- accepted standardfor modern power plants Rugged Dependability Easy Maintenance Long Life Low-cost Service The NEW Richardson H-39C provides: . 1. Easy-Access Doors -- give you large access to the working parts of the scale for easier, faster visual inspection, and adjustment. 2. Instantaneous By-Pass -- no delay. Automatic, if desired. 3. Removable Belt Feeder -- designed for rapid removal. 4. Electrical Equipment--located outside the dust-tight weighing chamber. 5. Mechanical 6-Figure Cycle Counter -- ruggedly built by Richardson... won't miscount or doublecount 6. Choice of 3 Sizes -- available in 200, 500 and 1,000 lb. capacities. Richardson Monorate Distributors for stokers prevent segregation in straight line of flow, without inverted spouts and restricted openings. Catalog 0359 describes in detail these and other features of Richardson coal scales, faunker-to-boiler job-engineered to suit your requirements. 24-hour service by Richardson helps make Richardson the favorite of coal scale users. @ nn Richardson Scales conform to XJS. Weights and Measures H-44 for your protection. Here's the answer... ^Sckittfbe__n_ RICHARDSON SCALE COMPANY CLIFTON, NEW JERSEY Sties and Service Branches In Principal Cities Also manufactured in Europe to U.S. Standards. Power Generation and Power Plant Review: The Work of the First Five Years of the National Industrial Fuel Efficiency Service. Anon. 7. Inst. Fuel 1959, 32 (Nov.) 556-61. The expansion of the activities of N.I.F.E.S. during the first 5 years of its operation is reviewed. A total of 3499 factories are being served involv ! ing 12,000 units. On average, a fuel saving of 20.8 per cent has been achieved. Details are presented of economies achieved in the cotton finishing industries, paper, printing and allied trades, and metallurgical furnaces. The work of N.I.F.E.S. is to be extended to other industrial proc esses to improve productivity and reduce heat consumption. Magnetohydrodynamics -- Future Power Process? P. Sporn and A. Kantrowitz. Power 1959, 103 (Nov.) 62-5. . In this process electric energy is di rectly generated by a highly heated gas flowing through a magnetic field and. recent research makes it appear posr.' sible to apply this process to larger ', scale power generation. A power plant cycle is proposed which would?, have a heat rate of 6200 Btu/k when generating 462 MW net outpttMf? The main parts of the proposed plahw' 76 April 7960 / COMBUSTIO^f .ajtre described and studies still to be Insure safe, continuousjjygtried out are indicated. jja New Performance Criterion for Jsgteam Turbine Regenerative Cycles. K. Salisbury. J. Engng. Pwr. 1959, r>81 (Oct.) 389-402. . : e flow-weighted average extrac- ,,'tiou enthalpy embodying in a single -variable all the effects of extracting -steam for feedwater-heating permits quick and direct estimation of. the effect of any cycle change on heat-rate and the improvement to be realized by regeneration. The 100 MW Unit in the Hattingen Power Station. J. Schubert. Electwirtsch. 1959, 58 (Nov. 5) 737-43 (in German). The unit consists of a Benson boiler, rated at 350 t/h at 260 atii and 605 C with reheat to 530 C. with a polygonal slagging furnace. The first pass (up ward) is entirely constituted of radiant wall surfaces, the second pass (down ward) contains tube platen super heater surfaces, the convection sur faces start in the third pass with a flue gas entry temperature of 950 C. The turbine is divided into 4 sections with 10 stages' of feedwater preheating to 303 C. The feedwater is treated in parallel cation and mixed bed de mineralizers. The turbines for the feed pumps receive their steam from the 6th extraction'stage. The steels us- 1 for the boiler, pipe lines and turb .re detailed. The calculated net heat rate is 2109 kcal/k\Vh or a ther mal efficiency of 40.7 per cent. A special starting system is used until the boiler output has reached 90 t/h; full output is reached after 6-7h when starting from cold. boiler operation with Reliance Water Columns Models and sizes for every boiler need to 2500 psi working pressure Power Station Unit Installations for 600 C Superheated Steam Tempera ture. The 80 MW Unit in the Neuhof Power Station. E. Strange. Electivirtsch. 1959, 58 (Nov. 5).729-36 (in German). This unit was the first for a super heated steam temperature of 600 C erected in a public power station. The Benson boiler is rated at 250 t/h at 155 206 atii and 605/615 C with reheat to 525 C, has 2 Vs passes and an octagonal furnace with dry ash re moval. Four mills of S.5 t/h capacity supply the corner burners, the primary air constituting 15 per cent of the total. The net heat rate optimum is 2250 kcal/kWh. The unit was started 60 times in this period after shutdowns of 5 to 48 h. During starting a temperature gradient of 6 C/min up to 480 C and of 3 C/min above that aac ' 'en fixed to reduce thermal shock n austenitic steel; to reach -emperatures above the saturated as _ quickly as possible starting is carried Reliance High and Low Alarm Water Columns are widely known for their sensitive trouble-free alarm mechanism. Action of the float and whistle valve assembly is direct -- foolproof. Short, unhindered float travel assures prompt response to slight water level variations. Reliance Alarm Columns, available to 900 psi, are completely assembled at factory and thoroughly tested before shipping . . . Above 900 psi, forged steel columns can be equipped to supply electric alarm service and other safety controls . . . Reliance also makes gage cocks, gage valves, gage inserts, illuminators and vision-focusing hoods in various styles to suit all needs. Engineer representatives in all principal cities. The Reliance Gauge Column Co., 5902 Carnegie Ave^ Cleveland 3, Ohio Reliance BOILER SAFETY DEVICES -OMBUSTION / April 7960 77 uu%. n tiiiuuv |<tc3duic> Planing ironi cold takes 4-4.5 h, after 48 h shut down about 3 h, after 5-8 h shutdown 2.5 h. The average net heat rate has been 2320 kcal/kWh including 6.5 per cent consumption of auxiliaries and a boiler efficiency of 92.5%. The feed water is not treated with ammonia or hydrazine and has a pH of 7. Light deposits of silicic acid form. Steam Generator of 650 t/h for 200 MW Units. T. Geissler. B.W.K. 1959, 11 (Oct.) 463-5 (in German). The Polish power station at Turow will contain 6 units each consisting of a German boiler rated at 1450 klb/h at 2000 psi and 1005/1000 F and a 200 MW Russian turbogenerator. The furnace is octagonal, has a volume of 17,000 cu ft (22,600 cu ft including the space for the tube-platen superheater) and contains 8 corner burners served by eight beater mills (one reserve) each of 36/45 t/h output. The fuel is brown coal with 45-50 per cent mois ture, 20-25 per cent ash, 45 per cent V.M. and a net C.V. of 3240 Btu/lb. There are two separate water-steam circuits, i.e., 2 economizers, 2 steam drums and 2 primary and 2 secondary superheaters. The steam is first' re heated in 2 heat exchangers (outside the boiler) by superheated steam and finally in 2 conection reheaters by flue gas. The superheated steam temperature is controlled by 3 spray desuperheaters, the reheated steam temperature by varying the tempera ture of the superheated steam. The 3 parallel Ljungstrom air preheaters heat the air to 520 F and cool the flue gas to 320 F; steam heated air pre heaters are used additionally when bunker C oil is fired (ignition torches and low-load support burners). The turbogenerator is of the single-shaft type with 2 parallel condensers and requires 12 h heating up until it can be connected to the grid. There are 4 1-p stages, main deaerator and 3 h-p stages of feedwater preheating. The new Zolling-Anglberg Power Sta tion of the Isar-Amperwerke A.G. Munich. IT. W. Fadinger and K. Kohler. Tech. Ubertv. 1959, 11 (Oct.) 365-72 (in German). The methods used for carrying out the tests on the boiler and turbine are described and the results tabulated. The thermal efficiency of the boiler was 93.1 per cent at normal and 91.7 per cent at m.e.r. and the thermal efficiency' of the whole unit 33.35 per cent at an output of 40 MW and 30.65 per cent at 16 MW or 10200 Btu/ kWh and 11,100 Btu/kWh, resp. The Klockner Power Station at Castrop-Rauxel. A. Brackel and H. with super bond Revolutionary new mortar gives you a stronger tjond-protects your brick dollars Resists Joint ponotration-has low Iron plus flvt othor features. It doesn't make sense to be careless about your bonding material when you're so careful about your brick. Particularly when brickwork is only as strong as its joint. But you can protect your Company's brick dollars with Franset With Super Bond. It's the first and only mortar with this special colloidal bond having twice the bonding strength of many well known joint materials. Franset With Super Bond has even more benefits. low iron-Less than 1% iron means greater resist ances to carbon and reducing atmosphere, high sulphur oils, etc. high or low duty sondco-lt can be used up to 3Q00F. workability plus--It's easier to trowel, adhere and to work because of unusual plasticity, no settling or remixing either. non-shrinking joints--There's no shrinking of joints either. corindon-kyanite combination - Corindon- Kyanite combination base materials give added stability, higher fusion and higher stag resistances. It's qual ity controlled too with consistency from drum to drum--unlike some well known mortars. Don't let us alone convince you of the merits of the first mortar with colloidal Super Bond. Join our hundreds ot users! ' Protect your Company's brick dollars now- before you have a joint failure. Test it yourself. Write for a sample on your letterhead today. Don't wait until it's too late! I. Mr <RANCE iipi hReEpFfRACTORIES COMPANY l| O0*ippirltmnt P 3126 Franc* Read Snow Shoo, Pennsylvania k Caatt;Stutol IKnrtsj IK, lutt* M. 78 Emonts. Siemens Ziets. 1959, (Sept.) 542-556 (in German). The boiler plant, turbo-genera unit and feed-heating plant form^ single block, the boiler plant consist, ing of two half-load Benson boilers The turbine is designed for an inlet pressure of 2560 psig and a live steam and reheat temperature of 520 C The maximum continuous output 120 MW. A description is given of the construction and equipment .'of the power station. From C.E.G.B. Digest 1959, n (Oct. 24) 2807. . Trawsfynydd Nuclear Power Station. 1--Engineering Design. J. W. Ash ley. Xucl. Pwr. 1959, 4 (Nov.) 90-4. Design details of this 500 MW (e) net nuclear power station include; l. Core; 2. Pressure vessel; 3. Fuel Elements; 4. Charge discharge; 5. Reactivity control; 6. Boilers: 7. Gas flow; 8. Turbogenerators: 9. Station Control. Trawsfynydd. 2--Technical Calcula tions. S. A. Young. Xucl. pm 1959, 4 (Nov.) 95-7. "* The calculations of reactor perform ance, control conditions, flux sta bility, and shielding and radiological safety are set out. Trawsfynydd. 3--Civil Engineering. D. H. New. Xitel. Pur. 1959, 4 (Nov.) 97-9. :^/ The considerations are outlined on which the civil engineering design has been based. ' '.i Materials and Manufacturing Processes yv * The Corrosion Resistance of Maj-r nesium and Its Alloys in Nuclear, Engineering Environments. P. ..St- Gallant. Corros. Prev. and Contr) 1959, 6 (Oct.) 42-5. ,, A review of the literature under {fit. headings: 1. Oxidation behavior magnesium; 2. Oxidation behavior'ot magnesium alloys; 3. Alloy develop* ment; 4. Metallurgical behavior; Cooling pond corrosion; 6. Currenlk. work; 7. Future prospects. Progress in Stainless and Heat*| Resisting Steels. J. Lomas. Engn Boil. Ho. Rev. 1959, 74 (Oct.) 318x1 A review of recent literature in 1 field of corrosion and high-temperate resistant steels, welding techniqtl and electrodes, abrasion resist) steels and the production of stair steel by extrusion for conventio and nuclear power stations. . The Effect of Alloying Mild Steel Its Resistance to Stress-Co: Cracking. R. N. Parkins am April 1960 j COMBUSTti *8. J. Iron & Steel Inst. 1959, (Sept.) 45-7. he resistance to stress-corrosion irwfe of mild steels could be imeSfby addition to Cr and of up to rccat'Al. Tnfli ,e of Chromium Diffusion n the Thermal Oxidation Proper- of Steels and of Nickel- and llt-Base Alloys. R. L. Samuel T. P. Hoar. Metallurgia 1959, Sept.) 75-80. . he increased resistance to oxidaof 'steels and Ni and Co base rs by the surface treatment with s demonstrated. Chromising may alter the nature of the oxidation. alts and Problems, of Developt of Graphite for Reactors in many. E. Fitzer, M. Beutell. E. opil and K. W. F. Etzel. Atomenergie 1959, 4 (Nov.) 449-55 (in man). his first part deals with the prodon of graphite of 99.999 per cent t carbon and presents data of elecil and thermal conductivity, therand volumetric expansion. ricator Scores Breakthrough in Jng Titanium Clad Steel. Anon. 11959, 145 (Oct. 19) 152-3. he mild steel plate of 0.5 in. thick . and titanium cladding plate of `8 ir hickness were bonded to ler a brazing metal under uum. The welds between plates fittings were made by an interiiary silver inlay with a titanium sr strap. ded and Rolled Joints in Highssure Preheaters. H. Haferkamp t. V.G.B. No. 62 1959, (Oct.) -7 (in German). i rolled and welded joints of tubes ube plates for high-pressure feed er preheaters leakage occurred ;n the welding was carried out by the m arc process but not if oxyacetv welding was used. In the former weld pool is small and solidifies so ekly that gas bubbles from evapong moisture are trapped, in the er the pool is larger and its solidition takes longer so that the gas 'bles can escape. : Application of Dimensional An us to the Determination of the ximum Temperature Difference in indrical Fuel Elements. \Y. Kattkel. Atomkernenergie 1959, 4 pt.), 356-9 (in German). 'he analysis shows that a fuel eleit fid be so designed' that the ipe. _ire difference becomes a limum and the resultant thermal sses remain within the given limits. -OMBUSTION / April 1960 n s the decision .with afuel, too: B&O bituminous merits your winning decision for sensible plant operating reasons. (1) Volume supply in wide variety is a sure bet to outlast current competitive fuels. (2) Sources are nearest to major consumption--always depend able. (3) Mining and burning developments con tinually tailor bituminous to greater efficiency. Bet on B&O Bituminous! Ask our manl CONSULT COAL TRAFFIC DEPARTMENT, BtO RAILROAD BALTIMORE lf MD. Phone: LExIngton 9-0400 BALTIMORE & OHIO RAILROAD BITUMINOUS COALS FOB EVERY PURPOSE 79 ii pH C McCABE, Editor and iAr , HINDENLANG, Associate Editor RT D. TAFT, Business Manager J, PARK, Circulation Manager ,ed monthly by COMBUSTION PUB(G COMPANY, INC, 200 Madison Hew York 16. A SUBSIDIARY OF jUSTION ENGINEERING, INC. >, McDonough, President J. Sontry, Jr., Vice-President Strauss, Treasurer js A. Ennis, Secretary UlSTiON is sent gratis to engineers in S. A *** charge of steam plants from 0 II r hr capacity up; and to ring t ,,..ieers in this field. To others ibscription rate, including postage, is the United States, $5.50 in Canada. 8 in Latin America and other countries, copies: Domestic, 40 cents, Foreign, its plus postage. Copyright 1960 by jstion Publishing Company, Inc Pub1 Office, Easton, Pa. Issued the middle month of publication. ranee under Section 34.64, P.l. & R, tied by United States Post Office. >U$TION publishes its annual index in ne issue and is indexed regularly by ering index, Inc and also in the d Science & Technology Index. agazine is now reproduced and dis- d to libraries on microfilm by University >Ims of Ann Arbor, Michigan, j i in U. S. A< BPA Striking use of modern architectural lines for outdoor power plants feature new City of Burbank, Calif, plant. volume 31 number 7 7 May I960 Power for Peaking ... 28 Clarence C. Franck, Sr. The current discussions of peaking as a utility system aid is brought into sharp focus and its pros and cons ably advanced. Steam Power Plant Clinic XVI I. Karassik 39 This highly successful series on pumping and feedwater cycle problems sees its author tackle ;he problems of recirculation and sudden loss of load. American Power Conference--I 43 The first of a two-part abstract of the principal papers at the Power Conference--subjects cover such central station design, peaking, industrial power. Economic Sizing of Condensers Through the Use of the Digital Com* puter . - . .49 Marion J. Archbold, Frank V. Miholits, Ami Leidner, Conrad Person The many variables affecting the operating costs and life of a condenser are examined by computer techniques and the optimum components selected. First of two parts. Abstracts from the Technical Press--Abroad and Domestic ... 55 Editorials: Keeping the Wellhead Fed ... 27 D-i i; V. fl! Abstracts From the Technical Press--Abroad and Domestic (Drawn from the Monthly Technical Bulletin, International Combustion, Ltd., London, W. C 1) tensile strength to- spec, gravity ratio of the material. It is shown that the separation effect of the rotor can be increased only by increasing its length but not its diameter. rinding, Screening and Filtering ne Grinding in Mechanically Driven apact Mills. W. Beushausen. Chem. ig. Tech. 1959, 31 (Sept.), 553-60 a German). The features particular to grinding impact are described and compared tth other methods and the fields of >plication outlined. Various designs impact mills are illustrated. The lationship between energy consumpan and fineness of grinding, .effect id influence of air as carrier, the mminution process in the machines, :e influence of impact velocity on leness of grinding and the efficiency the comminution process by impact e discussed. perational Data on a Ring-Ball ilverizer. F. J. Hiorns and C. P. ivies. J. Inst. Fuel 1959, 32 (Oct.), 4--75. Tests were carried out on a ringill it"' with different coals and the suit a statistical analysis of the sts with two coals are presented, ne significance of the effects of air te, classifier and fuel: air ratio setigs on fineness and rate of output d power consumption is shown, simpler analysis is used to relate ntrol board readings to these same itors and recommendations for the eration of such mills are made, camples of nomograms are given rich permit obtaining fineness and te of output from control board adings; these give the mill operator formation that is riot normally availle. tained with Moscow bituminous and brown coal are given. The ash and sulfur contents of the coal were re duced but its chemical composition was not changed, nor was it oxidized to a significant extent. Capacity, Separating Effect and Di mensions of Solid-Bowl Centrifuges. H. F. Trawinski. Chem. Ing. Tech. 1959, 31 (Oct.), 661-6 (in German). Phase segregation in the centrifuge is governed by Stokes' law by which the suspension is characterized by the settling velocity in a gravity field. The controlling parameters are the bowl surface and the centrifugal ac celeration. In these the length, diam eter and rate of rotation are con tained. Diameter and rate of rotation can be eliminated by introducing the Radiometric Absorption Analysis. I. Possibilities of Chemical Ultimate Analysis with a Methane Flow Coun ter as Ray Detector. L. Wiesner. BrennstChemie 1959, 40 (Sept.) 273-S (in German). . The advantages of the methane counter over the Geiger-Muller coun ter are discussed and the instrument and its application are described. The quantitative determination of hydrogen, oxygen, phosphorous, sul fur, lead, chlorine and iodine is pre sented ; simultaneous determination of several elements is possible. The question of costs is discussed. Analysis and Testing The Differential Thermal Analysis as a Method of Evaluation of Coals. C. Kroger, H. Hovestadt and E. Bade. BrennstChemie 1959, 40 (Sept.), 286-9 (in German). The influence of inert, oxidizing and salt forming oxides and of iron and copper on the behavior of macer- Designed--Built--Installed ectro-Hydraulic Crushing of Coal. L. Losev, A N. Mel'Nikova, F. Ya. prvkin and L. A. Yutkin. Vestnik kad. Sauk SSSR. 1959 (6) 62-5. It' Transl. 1959 (Oct.), 34-8. In this process electrical energy is -ectly converted into mechanical ergy bv passing a continuous sucssion of high voltage transient eleccal discharges with very steep front d short current-impulse through .ter in a tank in which the coal is omerged. Two hydraulic shocks are nerated, a primary effect and a vit- lal; in the first the spark ann^.. enlarges and forms an exndkig cavity which then collapses ultrasonic speed and generates a :ond hydraulic shock. Results ob- j Bulk coal handling problems solved .... * Reputation for Dependability b our most valued Foueuion .. .through the knowledge and skill gained in designing, building and installing conveyor systems that solved tough coal handling problems for some of the largest firms in the country. Every installation by Sy-Co is individually designed to meet a particular problem and planned for the maximum: Efficiency Economy of installation and operation Economy of maintenance. If you have a coal handling problem . . . we'll be happy to share it. Write us for descriptive literature. KNGINKEBKD scye SY-CO CORP. 594 Industrial Avenue Paramus, New Jersey COIfax 1-1414 5MBUSTION / May 1960 55 als during differential thermal analy sis is described. Characteristic ef fects are obtained with cuprous oxide which make possible a characteriza tion of the coal substance. The mineral content of coals, especially of enriched fractions, can be determined by differential thermal analysis faster and almost as far as with X-ray an alysis. Problems of Air Pollution in Germany. H. Lent. J. Inst. Fuel 1959, 32 (Oct.), 485-501. ' The ways in which the air pollution problem is being tackled in Germany are outlined. Pollution caused by large and small industrial power plants and by domestic heating is discussed. Sulfur dioxide is regarded as the most common pollutant and recent evidence of damage to flora and fauna caused by SO- cited. The task of the Clean Air Commission set up in Germany is defined. best way of its installation in channel are described. Radioactive Level Gauges. J. p Cameron and E. W. Pulsford. Bnt Chem. Engng. 1959. 4 (Nov.) 605-7. Instruments employing radioactive sources for detecting the liquid level inside tubes, tanks and drums are described. Nuclear Energy Neutron Research. Anon. Nucl Energy Engr. 1959. 13 (Oct.), 491-4 Research carried out at the U. s Bureau of Standards and the estab lishment of a national neutron stand ard are described. Details are given of improvements in the accuracy of neutron measurements, neutron cross section measurements, selection of sources, "button" detectors, y-ray dosimeters and the checking of theory by experiments. Instruments and Controls Engineering Design by Digital Com puters. B. J. Chalmers. Research 1959, 12 (Oct./Nov.) 390-4. The application of digital computers to design problems in general and their ability to optimize a design owing to their discrimination facility are pre sented. It is shown that computers can be used for both design details and complete designs and that results are obtained in a fraction of the time needed by human effort. Electronic Boiler Control. Anon. Elect. Rev. 1959,165 (Nov. 13) 635-42. At Little Barford "B" station an electronic control system has been installed in which the controlling parameters are the steam pressure and air/steam flow at the superheater out let. Transmitters, three-term proc ess controllers, single analogue com puters and electro-hydraulic posi tioners control combustion, steam temperature and mill feed. The sys tem is described in detail. A New Sensitive Temperature Detec tor for Use in High Pressure Fluid Piping. D. Robertson. A.S.M.E. Preprint No. 59-A-201 1959, (Dec.) 7 PPA new composite thermocouple in a swaged plug has been developed for measuring temperature changes in the steam flowing through a heavy-wall pipe. Details of design and response time are given. ` A Thermocouple for Reactor Control. J. L. Ayre. Nucl. Pwr. 1959,4 (Dec.) 117-8. The design of the thermocouple for measuring the outler temperatures of the gas and the tests made to find the FROM BOILER WATER... DEOXY-SOL Fairmount DEOXY-SOL, a solution of hydrazine, is a high efficiency oxygen scavenger designed especially for high pressure boiler water treatment. DEOXY-SOL removes oxygen, reduces oxides and raises pH of the conden sate all at the same time... yet adds no solids. . Stocks in Newark, N. J., Chicago, 111., Los Angeles, Calif. Investigate its advantages for your system. Write for Bulletin BW. Fairmount CHEMICAL, CO., INC. 136 Liberty, St,. New York 6/ N. Y. Approximate Calculation of the Sur face Loss of a Reactor. M. Lediuegg. Alomkernenergie 1959, 4 (Sept.), 351-6 fin German). ' Good agreement has been found in calculating neutron losses by the simple diffusion law and the two- group theory, the former being much simpler and less time consuming. Perturbation Methods for Reactor Diffusion Equations. L. H. Holway. Nucl. Sci. Engng. 1959, 6 (Sept.) 191 201. A new method for solving the dif fusion equations has been developed and is illustrated by examples."'** Heat Stresses in Steel Walls of Re actor Pressure Vessels under Neu tron Bombardment and One-Sided Cooling. G. Grass. Atomkernenergie 1959, 4 (Sept.), 3C4-S (in German). Equations are derived for the tem perature gradient and thermal stresses in steel walls under neutron bombard ment as a function of number and energy of the neutrons, steel proper ties and vessel dimensions. The re sults are given in tables and graphs. Structural Design in High-Tempera ture Reactors. N. H. Triner, Nu cleonics 1959, 17 (Oct.-), 78-81. ;? For the design of high-temperature reactors more emphasis must be put on experimental investigations (into the load stress, displacement stress thermal stress and creep of the mate* rials to be used to be sure thatSjtbfc calculations are based on valid awj Atomic Energy and Public Hew^ Anon. Atom 1959, (Oct.) 9-11^**" In his address to the Cambji conference of the Food and Agl ture Organization of the ^ 56 May 1960 / COMBU5J ations Sir John Cockroft spoke of danger of leakage from air-cooled actors (escape of iodine-131, stronjm-90, strontium-89 and caesium.7), gas-cooled reactors and fast acto*'" and efforts to reduce hazards, e s ed the many variables inilved m the spread of these poisons .d their uptake by animals and huans, the necessity for reliable measements, and international coopera>n in this field and finally discussed scharge of radioactive effluent into 'ers and storage methods. with super bond Revolutionary new mortar gives you a stronger bond-protects your brick dollars omic Review. Thermonuclear Re- ;al. Anon. Engineering 1959, 188 ct. 30) 406-7. . Brief abstracts are presented of the pers to the Uppsala conference on lization phenomena and the London nference on very high temperature ysics, both topics being related to earch into thermonuclear fusion. e Industrial Future for Large Radia n Sources. S. Jefferson. Nucl. '.'r. 1959, 4 (Nov.) 104-5. Useful applications of large sources radiation were discussed at a conence in Warsaw in September 1959. survey of the proceedings is preited. idation of Graphite in Reactors. Tomlinson. Nucl. Pur. 1959, 4 ov ' 7-S. ` The _asons for the large diserep- :ies found in recent publications are cussed. It is shown that reason- e agreement is possible if allowance nade for the differences in the pa- neters used. ermal Instability Due to Graphite idation. P. J. Robinson and J. C. vlor. Nucl. Engng. 1959, 4 (Nov.) *r3. t is shown that once the heat ierated by oxidation of the graphexceeds that lost to the surround s the rise of temperature is rapid i leads to fires difficult to extinsh. ' nperature Distribution in Doublew Reactor Cooling Channels. II. D. Baehr and W. Strewe. Atom'icnergie 1959. 4 (Oct.) 39S-402 (in man). 'he second part compares parallel counferflow with regard to heat isfer and pressure drop and shows t counterflow heat transfer is far erior to parallel flow but that this antage may be nullified by the itlv increased pressure drop. In :t' ooled by superheated steam iqu. the higher pressure drop is lesser importance than in gasied reactors. A calculated ex>le shows these effects. MBUSTION / May 1960 Rttlsts Joint ponotratisn-hu low iron plus flvo other future*. It doesn't make sense to be careless about your bonding material when you're so careful about your brick. Particularly when brickwork is only as strong as its joint. But you can protect your Company's brick dollars with Franset With Super Bond. It's the first and only mortar with this special colloidal bond having twice the bonding strength of many well known joint materials. Franset With Super Bond has even more benefits. lew iron--Less than 1% iron means greater resist ances to carbon and reducing atmosphere, high sulphur oils, etc. high or low duty sirvieo-lt can be used up to 3000F. workability plus--It's easier to trowel, adhere and to work because of unusual plasticity, no settling or remixing either. non-thrinklng]oints-There's no shrinking of joints either. corindon-kyanltt combination - Corindon- Kyanite combination base materials give added stability, higher fusion and higher slag resistances. It's qual ity controlled too with consistency from drum to drum--unlike some well known mortars. Don't let us alone convince you of the merits of the first mortar with colloidal Super Bond. Join our hundreds of users! ' Protect your Company's brick dollars now- before you have a joint failure. Test it yourself. Write for a sample on your letterhead today. Don't wait until it's too late! JH^RANCE - IRfli REFRACTORIES COMPANY l{ t 3126 Frt R* Snow Shoo, Pennsylvania In CaiMdi: Standard Refractories Ltd, Hamilton, OnL A New Method for the Calculation of Thermal Utilization in Heterogeneous Reactors. A. Kirchemnayer. Atom kernenergie 1959, 4 (Oct.) 395-7 (in German). A method for simplifying the calcu lation is described. The Thermal Utilization of the Heterogeneous Reactor in the Light of the Two-group Theory. A. Kirchenmayer. Atomkernenergie 1959, 4 (Oct.) 397-8 (in German). The application of the new method of calculation described in the previ ous article is presented. Calculation of Fast Neutron Multi plication in Thick Fuel Elements. K. O. Thielheim. Atomkernenergie 1959, 4 (Nov.) 429-37 (in German). Fast neutron multiplication has been calculated by means of a digital computer taking into account change of neutron collision probability in the course of a chain reaction initiated by a fast primary neutron and the reduc tion of kinetic energy of fast neutrons by inelastic scatter on fuel atom nuclei and their influence on multiplication. In thin fuel elements both these fac tors need not be taken into account. The results are tabulated. The Power of a Heavy Water Reactor During an Emergency Shutdown. 1. M. El-Ibiary. Nucl. Energy Engr. 1959, 13 (Nov.) 545-9. Experimental results and those ob tained by a simulator are compared and from the best fit of various theo retical solutions the value of the shut down reactivity determined. The Breeder Goes Critical. Anon. Nucl. Puir. 1959, 4 (Dec.) 93. The Dounreay fast breeder reactor (15 MWe) went critical on November 14, 1959. The main reactor data are given. Commissioning and Start-Up. J. L. Phillips. Nucl. Pier. 1959, 4 (Dec.) 94-100. The steps leading up to the com missioning of the Dounreay reactor are detailed: 1. Construction tests; 2. Staff training; 3. Commissioning: (a) dry testing; (b) metal charging; (c) wet testing; (d) final approach. Instrumentation and Control. K. R. Sandiford. Nucl. Pur. 1959,4 (Dec.) 100a-102a. The instruments for neutron flux, coolant flow and temperature meas urement and the control system based on the insertion of 12 mobile fuel ele ment rods from below and three boron rods from above are described. 57 Behavior of Ultrasonic* in the Pres ence of Various Types of Defects Which May Be Found in Welds. P. Bastien and M. Evrard. Soudage 1959, 13 (Sept./Oct.) 347-57 (in French). Tests were carried out by various laboratories on identical pieces exhibit ing three types of defects, lack of pene tration, blow holes and slag inclusions. The results have led to. the deter mination of the behavior of ultrasonics with respect to the typical defects considered and the definition of the nature of these defects from the form of the recorded oscillograms. A Test to Anticipate the Performance of Steam Piping at 5000 Psi and 1200 F. G. C. Wiedersum. A.S.M.E. Pre print 59-A-230 1959, (Dec.) 8 pp. A test rig has been set up containing a length of welded pipe of the material used in the plant in which operating conditions are simulated as nearly as possible and periodic checks can be made of the changes in the weld and material due to thermal and internal pressure stresses. The rig and the type of tests to be made are described. Fuel Research. Annual Report for Year Ending 30th June, 1959. Com monwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation. Coal Re search Section. P.O. Box 3, Chatswood N.S.W. 1959, 18 pp. The research undertaken by the Coal Research Section is outlined under the headings: 1. General; 2. Coal Utilization: (a) carbonization; (5) chemicals from coal; (c) combus tion and gasification; 3. Examination of coal seams. Fuels.- Sources, Properties and Prepara tion Factors to Consider in the Use and Application of Industrial Coals. U. B. Yeager. ASME Preprint No. 59Fu-2, 1959 (Oct.), 9 pp. Coal properties and their effects are discussed in relation to the firing equipment intended to be used. It is stressed that in almost all cases a washed coal will be more economical than a run-of-mine coal. Effect of Coal Characteristics on Com bustion Performance. T. S. Spicer. Coal Utilis. 1959, 13 (Nov.), 19-23. The coals most suitable for single retort, multiple-retort, spreader stoker, traveling grate, pulverized fuel and cy clone firing are discussed and the prop erties most important for each type of firing tabulated. _ High Pressure Water Loop in Dido. 58 FURNACE BLOK* REPLACES FIREBRICK FURNACE BLOK MAKES SUPERIOR SERVICE MONO LITHIC REFRACTORY WALL AND ROOF CONSTRUC TION ECONOMICALLY FEASIBLE. NO WOODEN FORMS REQUIRED. NO SKILLED LABOR. 3 TO 10 TIMES FASTER INSTALLATION Time and labor saving almost unbelievable. No individual trowelling and bonding. No exacting operations. One 9" x 13Vi" x 13/j" FURNACE BLOK equals the volume of sixteen standard 9" firebrick. BETTER SERVICE No brick-to-brick joints. Less spalling. Better insulating value. Lower heat storage. CASE HISTORY: FURNACE BLOK used in walls of ash hopper. Salt water quench. Previous firebrick lasted 6 months. After one year of service, FURNACE BLOK still satisfactory. fUINACE BLOK, when filled, product a monolithic itructuro FURNACE BLOK INFORMATION KIT Contains technical information, installation photos, cost compari sons and prices. Write for your KIT today. FATENT NO. ItUU eE^REFRACT0if & INSULATION COR . '................ ' - w'- ..tV??" ' 124 WALL STREET NEW .YORK- Cleveland. OhToj'iryn Manufacturers of| " TS2T* May 7960 / COMBUS' (Dec.) 103-8. An account is given of the installa tion of the loop in the reactor, meas urements and safety arrangements, leakage from the loop and welding precautions, in-pile test section, valves and nmissioning tests. These lat ter sisted in measurements of leakage rate, in testing the emergency blowdown system and instrumenta tion, and in establishing a start-up procedure. Highest standard in Boiler and Pressure Tubing Grinding, Screening and Ritering Some Experience of Coal Grinding Plant Tests on a Ring-Ball Mill and a Tube Mill. A. Fitton and R. Jack- >on. J. Inst. Fuel 1959, 32 (Nov. >20--9. ' The results obtained with these two vpes of mills tested (ring-ball mill at .ittie Barford and tube mill at Brims- iown) arid published earlier have now >een compared and some conclusions irawn of power consumption, drying apacity, fineness of grinding and out- iut. The ring-ball mill appears to be lore suitable for varying loads, the ube mill for steady conditions at high jads; the drying capacity and fineness f grinding of the former is higher, `ower consumption shows little dif- :rence. he Effect of the Speed of Rotation nd'the Design of the Lining on the erf ince of a Drum-type Ball fill. 6. L. Koutman. Teploenerztika 1959, (Nov.) 24-8 (in Russian). The results of experimental investiitions are presented and recomendations made on the speed of rota- on and the design of the mill lining. lalysis and Testing, Research ralytical Determination of Moisture mtent of Brown Coal and Low smperature Brown Coal Coke by rying with High Frequency Heating. Jandasek. BrennstChemie 1959, 40 >ct.) 309-14 (in German). Tests are described which had the .lowing results: 1. Moisture deternation of brown coal and moist coke difference using high frequency ating (17Mc, s, 3-G kV) was sufficitly accurate and agreed well with ; xylol distillation method: 2. The ne required was about 15 min: 3. le method is specially useful for ies determinations; 4. Avoidance of dation and of chemicals are added vantages. The procedure used is ,cribed in detail. netrnnts for Non-Destructive test . Schnurmann. Engineering >9. (Nov. 20) 515. \ brief review of the techniques and >MBUSTION / May 1960 NOW Standard's electric weld boiler tubing is available in much heavier wall thickness than has heretofore been produced. Thus, this extremely uniform tube can be used for still higher pressures. Wall thicknesses up to .220" minimum wall in 2" outside diameter and smaller can be supplied. This will permit allowable pressures well above 2,500 lbs. for tubes expanded into headers or drums or for tubes absorbing heat in water tube units. Larger diameters can be supplied up to .280" minimum wall. The smooth surface and uniform wall help to reduce thermal stresses and permit better control ofrolling tubes into headers or drums. Nowhere will you find any more modem and complete facilities for precision manu FREE facture and inspection of boiler and pres 8-page folder on sure tubing than you'll find at Standard. all Standard prod For complete information on all Standard products and services send for ucts. Write address below. free 8-page folder today. STANDARD THE STANDARD TUBECOMPANYand MICHIGAN STEELTUBE PRODUCTS DIVISION 24400 Plymouth Road Detroit 39, Michigan Welded stainless tubing and pipe Welded carbon steel mechanical Boiler and Heat Exchanger Exclusive rigidized patterns Special Shapes Oil Well Tubing and Casing Light Weight Pipe Steel Tubing--Sizes: OD to ' OD--.028 to .270 wall Stainless Pipe and Tubing--Sizes J' OD to 4 OD--.020 to .187 wall. 59 What coalilbe simpler? Your boiler water is a conductor; its rise and fall can be made to make and break circuits; Simple efficient control to 1, 2,3 (below) 0 operate alarms 0 actuate fuel cut-out start and stop pumps RELIANCE ELECTRODE LEVALARMS GIVE YOU INSTANT ACTION -- at exact pre-set -water levels. Minute transformer-isolated currents pass through boiler water in the column -- actuate controls through relays. From one function (fuel cut-out or low water alarm) to combinations of up to five or more are possible with a Levalarm: low or/and high water level alarm, fuel cut-out, start and stop pumps, etc Electrode Levalarms are entirely electrical; they do not depend _ on vacuum tubes or magnets -- have no stuffing boxes or bel lows. Models available for every pressure or temperature. It will pay you to get full information on Reliance Levalarms. Write the factory or contact nearest Reliance Representative. The Reliance Gauge Column Co., 5902 Carnegie Ave., Cleveland 3, Ohio Reliance . BOILER SAFETY DEVICES 60 Relationship of Coal Ash Viscoslto to Chemical Composition. W. L. Sa? and J. B. Mcllroy. Cokbustiov 1959,31 (Nov.), 41-8. N Two methods are described f0r assessing the suitability of a coal fOT use in a slagging furnace. One is the calculation of the USBM equivalent silica percentage in which the ferric percentage is also calculated by a given equation, and which gives an indication of the temperature of the critical viscosity. The other is the basic-to-acid-ratio method which is carried out at or corrected to 20 ferric percentage. This latter method is specially useful for calculating the amount of flux required to obtain a desired viscosity. - The Suitability of Foreign and Homeproduced Fuels for the Operation of Slagging Furnaces. Pt. I. Bitumi nous Coals. T. Geissler. EnergU 1959, 11 (Nov.), 526-34 (in German). Based on large-scale investigations an equation has been established for the calculation of a coal coefficient K, from which the suitability or otherwise of a coal for slagging furnace operation can be deduced. The equa tion is: Kt = K\.Ki.K).Kt.Kt -f- if,, where K\ is dependent on ash content, A, on moisture, Ki on volatiles, Kt on ash fusion point, Ki on air preheat temperature with V.M. as parameter, and Kt on boiler output. The values of these coefficients can be taken from graphs. Values of K,: from 0.7-1.2 (Class I) very suitable, 0.5-0.7 (Class II) suitable, 0.3-0.5 (Class III) just suitable, 0.2-0.3 (Class IV) difficult operation, 0.1-0.2 (Class V) very difficult operation, 0-0.1 (Class VI) unsuitable. The influence of slagging furnace design is to be discussed in a following article. The Removal of Chlorides from Coal by Leaching. I. Laboratory Experi ments. G. N. Daybell and E. W. F. Gillham. J. Inst. Fuel 1959, 32 (Dec.), 589-96. The laboratory tests have shown that the chlorine content of slacks can be materially reduced in a very short time by washing with water. It is suggested that coal of high chlo rine content could be transformed into a harmless fuel by exposing it in a thin layer to weathering (rain). Further Studies on the Mechanism of the Oxidation of Coal. B.;KMazumdar, S. K. Ghakrabartty,: M. Saha, K. S. Anand and A. Lamti. Fuel 1959, 38 (Oct.), 469-82. ijgftL The studies indicate two stages. coal oxidation: below 200 C thejjl structure is reduced to its aronuSSS? skeleton, above 200 C rupture rings starts. May 7960 / COMBUSTION C McCABE, Editor and INDENLANG, Associate Editor D. TAFT, Business Manager ORAJEAN PARK, m Manager monthly by COMBUSTION PUBCOMPANY, INC, 200 Madison * York 76. A SUBSIDIARY OF HON ENGINEERING, INC .cDonough, President janfry, Jr., Vice-President jss. Treasurer . Ennis, Secretary TON is sent gratis to engineers in A. in charge of steam plants from os per hr capacity up; and to eng* "s in this field. To others iptii e, including postage, is Unites States, $6.50 in Canada, Latin America and other countries, jies: Domestic, 40 cents, Foreign, >lus postage. Copyright 1960 by ft Publishing Company, Inc Pub- :fice, Easton, Pa. Issued the middle rfh of publication. s under Section 34.64, P.L & R, i by United States Post Office. (ON publishes its annual index in ssue and is indexed regularly by g .index, Inc and also in the dence & Technology Index. tine is now reproduced and dis- libraries on microfilm by University of Ann Arbor, Michigan, j U. S. A. BPA Three hundred foot high stacks mark the largest thermal-electric plant in :nada--Ontario Hydroelectric's ird L. Hearn Station, Toronto volume 31 number 12 June I960 Economic Sizing of Condensers Through the Use of the Digital Com puter--II . . 38 Marion J. Archbold, Frank V. Miholits, Ami Leidner, Conrad E. Person Second of a two-part article. The author spells out the data and the formulae required for programming the selection on a computer. Steam Power Plant Clinic XVII . . .45 /. Karassik Herein the author tackles the queries of what effect temperature has on NPSH for boiler feed pumps and why the ^greater spread between rated capacity over expected maximum flow for a condensate pump as against a boiler feed pump. American Power Conference--II . . 48 The second of the usual two-part coverage of this highly im portant meeting--this time we cover condensers, large steam turbine generators, fuels. Development Experience With Prototype Gas Turbines . . .55 J. E. Cook The author's company experience with prototype gas turbines as blower drives in place of steam turbines is well covered. The share and share alike requirement between purchaser of a prototype and its manufacturer is also developed. Abstracts from the Technical Press--Abroad and Domestic ... 61 Editorials: On Mountain Climbing . . 37 Annual Index . . . 73-77 (Drawn from the Monthly Technical Bulletin, International Combustion, Ltd., London, W.C.1) Fue' Sources, Properties and Pre, ;tion . The Chemistry of Carbonization In vestigated on Polymeric Bituminous Coal Model Substances VII. Ap plication of the New Insight to Bi tuminous Coal. D. W. van Krevelen, P. M. J. Wolfs'and H. I. Waterman. Brennst Chem. 1959, 40 (Dec.), 371-7 (in German). The new knowledge gained from the results of the studies described in the previous articles is discussed with reference to its application to the coking mechanism of bituminous coal. Analogies have been found for the temperature range of decomposi tion and plasticity, selectivity of gas and tar formation, course of composition of decomposition prod ucts and influence of temperature time history. A new equation for the condensed ring number has been derived and the average number of bridges per average structure unit is probably 1-1.3 for bituminous coal. Tentative conclusions are drawn of the functional distribution of the ele ments. especially hydrogen. The--lo-gravimetric Studies of Coal am odel-substances. J. A. Corrales and D. W. van Krevelen. J. Inst. Fuel 1960, 33 (Jan.), 10-6. The investigations included: (1) physical devolatilization and chemical decomposition of pure substances; (2) vaporization of mixtures; (3) mixed vaporization and decomposi tion: i-l) vaporization of substances absorbed inside porous' materials; (5) decomposition of coal: (6) devola tilization of impregnated coals. Prediction of the Coke Quality from Composition of Coking Blends of Medium- and Low-volatile Coals. D. W. van Krevelen, F. J. Huntjens and A. H. Wilms. J. Inst. Fuel 1960. 33 (Jan.), 3-9. It is shown that results obtained oy the dilatometer test can be used to decide to what particle size the coals .n a blend have to be ground to oroduce a coke of satisfactory quality. Steam Generation and Power ^oduction Thermo-dynamic Properties of Naural and Heavy Water. V. A. Kiril in and S. A. Oulibin. Teploenerlelih '959 (Dec.), 77-80 (in Russian). 1 riments have been carried out into the density of heavy water. The thermal properties of D.O and HjO are compared. Reference Values of Specific Heat cP for Water and Steam. A. E. Sheindlin, E. E. Shpilrain and V. V. Sichev. Teploenergetika 1959 (Dec.), 80-3 (in'Russian). Existing experimental values for cP for water and steam are analyzed and a table of reference values has been compiled for pressures of up- to 700 kg/'cm.! and temperatures up to 650 C. Reduced Coefficients of Frictional Resistance during Flow of a Steam/ Water Mixture in Pipes. N. I. Semenov and B. I. Sheinin. Tep loenergetika 1960, 7 (Jan.), 33-7 (in Russian). Test data on the resistance of slightly inclined pipes during the flow through them of a steam/water mixture are analyzed and compared with such information in regard to an air/water mixture. C. E. G. B. abstract Pressure Vessel Overtemperature Hazards. D. B. Rossheim, J. J. Mur phy, G. P. Eschenbrenner and R. S. Eagle. A.S.M.E. Preprint No. 59-A319, 1959, (Dec.), 13 pp. The nature, sources, effects and means of detection and control of excess temperatures in pressure ves sels are considered and suggestions made for design, operating precau tions and establishment of a code. Thermodynamic Investigations of Boiler Heating Surfaces at High Heat Release Rates. K. R. Schmidt. Mitt. Y.G.B. No. 63, 1959 (Dec.). 391-401 (in German). The occurrence of film evaporation, i.e., the formation of a steam cushion of low thermal conductivity on the inside of tube walls, has been investi gated as a function of flow velocity, tube diameter, direction of flow, wall temperature, pressure and heat release rate. The results are pre sented in graphs and discussed. Problems of Forced Flow Boilers with Special Attention to the Steam and Water Flow. R. Michel. Mitt. I\ G.B. No. 63. 1959 (Dec.), 402-14 (in German). The arrangement of the various heating surfaces in a forced flow COMBUSTION / June 1960 cussed so that everywhere sufficient flow velocities are obtained, excessive temperatures prevented and the risk of film evaporation is avoided. Closed starting and stopping circuits are recommended. Recent Boiler Designs with High and Ultra-High Steam Parameters. K. F. Roddatis. Teploenergetika 1960, 7, (Jan.), 3-13 (in Russian). A review is presented of the larger Russian-produced boilers and their elements based on materials supplied by the Ordzhonikidze Krasnvi Kotelschik Factory, and of decisions of technical committees of the Rostov and Moscow Councils and Ministry of Power Station Construction. De tails of numerous boilers are set out in 7 tables for comparison. C.E.G.B. abstract An investigation into the Performance of a TP-170 Natural Gas Fired Boiler with Variable Feed Water Tempera ture. G. M. Poliakov, A. V. Ilvin, A. V. Zimachinskv. and G. A. Schapov. Teploenergetika 1959 (Dec.), 51 5 (in Russian). The results of tests are presented of operating the boiler at loads from 110 to 190 t/h and feedwater temperatures from 150 to 215 C. The relation of heat loss in the flue gas to the feed water temperature at constant evapo ration is shown. Industrial Boiler Design. T. B. Hurst and C. C. Hamilton. A.S.M.E. Pre print No. 59-A-78, 1959 (Dec.), 7 pp. The design of boilers with gas, oil or coal firing is discussed and figures presented of heat liberation (Btu ' cu ft/hr), heat release rates (Btu /sq ft/hr), relationship between fur nace depth and heat release rate per ft burner wall, heat release rates for various types of grates (Btu/sq ft grate/hr), superheater tube spacing and range of steam mass flow values. Designs of furnace walls for pressurefired and stoker-fired boilers are shown. Modern Steam Generators for the Firing of Blast Furnace Gas and Pulverized Coal. K. Nuber. B.W.K. 1959, 11 (Dec.), 566-9 (in German). The difficulties of designing steam generators for the firing of blast furnace gas and pulverized coal either singly or in any proportion are dis cussed and two examples shown of how these have been solved. In one plant with 3 boilers each rated at 110 klb/h, 1200 psi and 975 F the gas burners are installed in the rear wall of the furnace: to improve the mixing of air and gas there are five rows of six burners each with inserts in each 61 4 Hi; l* - %` -I! ii! ii 'i t M i i Burner mourn to tear up'1 me gas stream as it is mixed with the air; the coal is pulverized in a central plant, stored in intermediary bunkers PATHWAYS OF A PIONEER and injected through corner burners. In the other plant with 2 boilers each rated at 90 klb h, 1000 psi and 950 F gas burners of similar design are installed below the p.f. burners in each corner. Since the flv ash from these boilers contains up to 40 per cent combustibles there are added to each boiler small verti cal water-cooled slagging furnaces in which a mixture of pulverized coal and fly ash is burned, the combustion gases being added to those in the main" furnace and the water-cooling | system forming part of the main i circulation system. Inspection of Large Boilers. G. Bar nard. Elect. Rev. 1960, 166 (Jan. 1), 8-11. . It is suggested that in addition to the generally very careful inspections during fabrication of parts, erection on site and annual statutory overhaul, inspections of all electrical equipment and controls, steam lines, feedwater, tube samples and instruments be made by an independent authority to en sure trouble-free operation during the following operating period. Boiler Furnace Fuel Explosion Surrey. J. B. Smith. A-S'.-l/.-E. Preprint No. 59-A-303, 1959 (Dec.), 4 pp. The causes of boiler explosions, especially of pulverized coal fired boilers, have been analyzed and the most frequent types detailed. Meas ures to prevent such accidents are discussed. Some Observations on the Specific Surface of Coals. S. J. Gregg and M. I. Pope. Fuel 1959, 38 (Oct.), 501-5. The specific surface of vitrains has been determined by nitrogen and n-butane adsorption at 273 K. The SALARY PLUS for experienced Design Engineer for packaged and largest water tube boilers, steam generators, industrial heaters. Midwest. Blazing the Way for De-I Developments Again we bring you an example of how IWT has always been in the forefront of the de velopment of practical and successful ionexchange equipment. The big boiler-water de-ionizer shown above is now more than 12 years old, is still in operation, and has been joined by two more IWT units of similar size in this sprawling midwestern chemical plant. Many other early users of ILLCO-WAY ionXchange have since added to and modern ized their installations as new developments became available. The pioneering work which IWT started in 1937, with the advent of the first commercial ionXchange resins, is still being carried on -- for the benefit of present users of IWT equip ment, as well as future customers. New ideas, new processes, new resins, new methods of construction, new materials, new parts and accessories -- all these are under constant consideration from the foundation of long experience and with the zeal of the forward look. THIS EXPERIENCE CAN MEAN A LOT TO YOU If you need pure water for highpreaaur* boiler make-up or proceaa uk or if you are con*idering the use of ton-xchanse for purification or concentration of chemical product*, be *ure to take ad vantage of IWT pioneering experience and specialized knowledge. Call your IWT TKpreMentativCn Box 100, Combustion. IIUHOIS WATER TREATMENT CO. 840 .CEDAR ST., ROCKFORD, ILLINOIS NEW YORK OFFICE: 141 E. 44th St.. New York 17. N.Y. CANADIAN OIST.: Pumps&Softcners.Ltd., London. Ont. specinc sun ace calculated by n-buiar^i adsorption agrees with the * wetting values using methanb " wetting agent. vbsjj Chemical Structure and Propertie. of Coal XXIV--Sound Velocity tad Fraction of Aromatic Carbon. D. van Krevelen, H. A. G. Chermin and J. Schuver. Fuel 1959, 38 (Oct.) 483-8. ' '' A method for calculating the frac tion of aromatic carbon in coal from the velocity of sound, density and elementary analysis is described. The results obtained by this method are practically equal to those from the densimetric method. Contribution to tne Kesearch into Coal Structure by van Krevelen'c Method. V. Rona. Brennst.-Ckem. ' 1959, 40 (Nov.), 346-54 (in German). The calculation of the volumina of atoms, the accuracy of the determina tion of aromaticity and the theoretical basis and extension of van Krevelen'* method, are discussed. The results of these considerations are claimed to confirm that bituminous coal consist* of individual molecules of average molecular weight and is not a poly meric substance built up of structural units. The Chemistry of Carbonization In vestigated on Polymeric Bituminous Coal Model Substances. VI. The Plastic Behavior during Carbonize- tion. P. M. J. Wolfs, H. I. Waterman and D. \V. van Krevelen. Brennsi.Chem. 1959, 40 (Nov.), 342-6 (in German). Two extreme processes are Sncrtvh' to be possible during carbonization of these model substances analogous to the behavior of different coals and their plastic behavior can be explained simply by the position of tie de composition curve relative to . the softening curve. ' _ Mechanical Handling Coal Bunker Explosions--Cause and Prevention. W. W. Hagnauer and K. W. Hamming. Coal Utiliz. 1959, 13 (Nov.), 24-6. . The conditions in which gas may be evolved in coal stored in bunkers'are discussed and the means described by which accumulations of gas and the possibility of explosions can^be avoided. These include: (1) .Suffi* cient ventilation to remove explosive gases; (2) elimination of coal duftifl conveyor rooms by proper ventilation; (3) improved design of bunk*|g>. reduce hang-up of coal with aii.mjS^ tration of preferred bunker deftm' (4) operating factors including'fej cleaning and inspection, 62 June 1960 / COMBUSIr umaces and Combustion 'he Prevention of Acidic Smut Emision from Oil-Fired Boilers. Anon. team Engr. 1960, 29 (Jan.), 114-5, 22. . Acidic smut emission from oilred ereconomic boilers has been .oppt__ by the injection into the ue gas of a finely divided alkaline ygroscopic ' powder (D.C.P.58) the articles of which provide nuclei for ie absorption of acid and greasy articles. The agglomerated particles e subsequently extracted in a speallv designed "Turbocell" dust colctor. The design of the injecting evice is described briefly. The introuction of this powder resulted in a duction of the acid dew point of the ue gas by 20 F. n Experimental Investigation of uel Additives in a Supercharged oiler. R. J. Zoschak and R. W. ryers. A.S.JT.E. Preprint No. 59 -160, 1959 (Dec.), 10 pp. Pilot plant experiments are de-ribed in which various magnesium id aluminum compounds were used - additives to washed fuel oil and ;h accumulations and corrosion studd. The ash deposits were generally jry heavy but could be removed by ot blowing. The inhibited ash was it corrosive at temperatures up to >00 F with an additive ratio of 1.5 -g: IV. Tentative suggestions are adf garding the process of ash ;po^ iormation. earn Generation and Power Produc>n te Critical and Two-Phase Flow of earn. V. G. Steltz. ASME Pre- int No. 59-A-223, 1959 (Dec.), 8 pp. nalytical and digital-computer udies have been made and are com ired to the critical flow of steam, noking velocity, critical pressure tio and critical flow per unit area e presented as a function of inlet nditions. A Mollier diagram gives e exponent in the wet and super- ated regions. The Effect of Non-Uniform Heat .stribution on Steam Generation in tbes. P. G. Morgan. Engng. Boil, i. Rev. 1959. 74 (Nov.), 336-8. A summary is presented of a ussian paper dealing with the effect non-uniform heating on the transi>n from bubble to film boiling. An uation for the calculation of the tical heat flow has been developed. ivelopment of Boiler Design by .lzer Brothers Limited. Anon. igng. Boil. Ho. Rev. 1959, 74 (Nov.), <>- A , ,ew of the boilers built by this m .and particularly of the monotube iler and its controls. DMBUSTION June 7960 63 Why a remote reading gage Most boiler drums are high -- direct gages are far from operating floor. Obstructions often make gages hard to see -- necessitate special equip ment or frequent climbing to inspect. Remote gage saves thousands of steps, hours of valuable time. Brings gage reading down to eye level at safe distance from boilers. i: Why Reliance EYE-HYE EYE-HYE assures perfect measurement, de pendability and clear reading. All-hydrostatic principle -- no mechanical parts -- no adjustments on location. Reads in liquid, like a conventional gage, but easier, faster because of illuminated green indicating fluid. Oldest practical remote gage -- over 13,000 in use -- on land . and sea. Economical special attachment actuates supplementary alarms, audible or visible, if desired. Available for either wall or panel mounting, new wide-visibility EYE-HYEs are made for any pressure range -- up to 3000 psi. Also long window model for unusual liquid level variation -- for tanks, heaters, etc. Write for catalog information on EYE-HYE for your boiler pressure. The Reliance Gauge Column Co., 5902 Carnegie Ave., Cleveland 3, Ohio Reliance BOILER. SAFETY DEVICES 64 Steam Generators for Indirect Stea: Generation. O. H. Hartman Energie 1959, 11 (Nov.), 546-S ( German). The inventor of this type of hoil. surveys the development and fields application which are mainly sma and medium industrial plants. Tl great advantage of this boiler is th; the steam generated directly flows i a closed circuit which has to be tille once only with demineralized watt when starting up and requires ver little make-up. while the steam fo consumption is generated in a drum bheat exchange with the directly gener ated steam and the feedwater require ments are thus less onorous. Yariou designs of boilers are illustrated. Small Boilers for High Heating Tem peratures. K. Perl. Energie 1959 11 (Nov.), 54S-9 (in German). The corner-tube boiler has proved particularlv suitable for the generation of 100,000-200.000 kcal h either at high pressures (up to 100 atii) when using steam as heat carrier or at low pressures (up to 6 atii) using a liquid heat transfer medium. Designs proved successful in operation are. illustrated. Automatic Coal-Fired Boiler Plant. Anon. Steam Engr. 1959, 29 (Dec.), 75-9. A summary is presented of the papers to the conference held by the Combustion Engineering Assoc, in November 1959 dealing with various aspects of mechanical handling of fuel and ash, mechanical firing of boilers and automatic controls for smaller and larger plants. A few case his tories showed the improvements ob tainable by such controls. Vibration Cleaning Boiler Heating Surfaces. V. I. Chastoukhan and E. L. Zarechanskv. Combustion 1959, 31 (Nov.), 39-40. A system of vibrating the tubes of a La Mont waste heat boiler to free them from deposits is described. Vibration periods of . 1V--2 min. every 15-20 min. at a frequency of 28-30 c/s have proved successful. Belongs the Future to the Gasifying Burner? F. Wilkens. Energie 1959, 11 (Nov.), 552-3 (in German). The "Intherma" burner has been designed for use with Bunker C oil preheated to 160 F and gasified with superheated steam at 1020 F to produce a gas consisting mainly of methane. The resulting flame is soft and hot (1600 F) and because of very low excess air requirements the COj content of the flue gas is about 15 per cent. Absence of corrosion in the low-temperature surfaces despite an exit flue gas temperature of 265 F June 7960 / COMBUSTION s ascribed to the fact that in the >roduction of the methane all the ivdrogen in the steam, oil and air is onsumed so that any SOj formed annot combine with hydrogen to ori.i HSO<. Voter-aide Corrosion and Water reatment Tesent-Day Feedwater Treatment sr High-Pressure Boilers. P. Hamer. ngng. Boil. Ho. Rev. 1959, 74 (Dec.), o8-71,374. . An abridged version of the author's aper to the I.M.E. is presented which iscussed: (1) Control of steam uritv: (2) deaeration of boiler feed- ater-: (3) solids in steam and de- osits; (4) steam washers: (5) control corrosion in boilers; (6) corrosion the absence of oxygen: (7) idle :>ilers; (8) acid cleaning. he Water in Power Station Operaon. P. Pracht. Energie 1959, 11 nov.), 514-20 (in German). A review dealing with: (1) Com ments of boiler water: (2) acid eaning of-boilers on site or of boiler trts in the works; (3) feedwater quirements; (4) steam-water sepation in the drum; (5) feedwater eatment methods; (6) feedwater eatment in industrial power stations; ) cooling water treatment; (8) idi' - to the feedwater. ide-Out Effect and Decomposition tenomena in Heating Surfaces of earn Generators at High Heat alease Rates. E. A. Ulrich. Tech, term. 1959, 11 (Nov.), 395-S (in :rman). The occurrence of hide-out and m evaporation, their dependence on at release rate, mass flow and salt ntent of the boiler water, and their ect on scale formation and tube lure are discussed. lubility of Ferric and Cobalt Oxides Dilute Hydrazine. R. S. Young. d. Chem. 1959. 35 (Nov.), 549. Experiments have shown that the Dtection against corrosion of a mdby boiler filled with water con ning hydrazine at normal tempera-e and pressure is due to direct action of hydrazine with dissolved 'gen rather than with ferric oxide. ctors Determining the Purity of mpletely Demineralized Water. Richter. Tech. Mitt. 1959, 52 ov.), 409-12 (in German). Tb "ollowing factors are conert (1) genuine ion exchange; ion exchange with subsequent ctions; (3) adsorption processes; 'MBUSTION June 1960 ESPECIALLY DESIGNED FOR HIGH PRESSURES the ideal HIGH PRESSURE fuel oil pump for mechanical or steam atomizing oil burners requiring from 500 -, to 1200 PSI pressure . r .1, I , -t '^ v * -* ,'r ' f'-. <- ,'*** r\ A > r- ^ <..v ' UIRRREn S3 TYPE CB L SCREW PUMP h' Specifications for High Pressure Fuel Oil Service: Body--Heavy walls for high pressures. Two intersecting body bores ground parallel to close tolerances along entire length. Suction and discharge flanges standard ASA. Center Bearings--Two fixed double-row, heavy duty, roller bear ings at middle of span control possible shaft deflection at high pressures. Bearing housing bores ground with body bores insure concentricity. All bearing parts are ground to close tolerances for low operating clearances. Pumping Screws--Two, opposing pairs of intermeshing screws maintain pump in axial hydraulic balance regardless of discharge pressure. A specially generated straighfline profile between screws results in minimum slip. Screws are machined for close tolerance between body and screws, and between intersecting screws. Timing Gears--Have increased face width for high pressure service. Proper positioning at factory prevents metallic contact between screws, eliminating vibration and noise while transmitting power smoothly. . Inboard and Outboard Bearings--Standard, and selected for maximum life based on pump's maximum operating conditions. Each timing gear is supported by a pair of double-row, heavy duty roller bearings to isolate radial loads from screws. Shafts--Designed for both high speed and high torque applications. Stuffing Box--Under suction pressure only. Valve control can be provided for pressure lubrication and sealing. Mounting--The pump is adaptable for horizontal, vertical or in clined installation. For complete details, including Selection Nomograph, write for Bulletin 252. & & S' yjf % is I & St UIRRREn PURIPS, IRC. WARREN, MASSACHUSETTS 65 For LOW TEMPERATURE APPLICATIONS UP TO 1200F. NEW, IMPROVED INSUL-FELT BLANKETS UNIFORM THICKNESS AND DENSITY Low K factor. Rosin-bonded min eral fiber felt. Laminated and specially bound. Full body and thickness. SHARP EDGES AND CORNERS Blanket sections can be butted closely against each other for tight fit over surfaces. WOOL WON'T TEAR Wire mesh or lath can be re moved and wool handled with out tearing. LIGHTWEIGHT/ STRONG/ FLEXIBLE Easier to apply than mineral wool block. ATTRACTIVE IN APPEARANCE REFRACTORY & INSULATION DORP. sate i - --~s .^tpes* .. , . #1 Coilabl* end Bonding tfrcctori*; FURNACE tlOK; Monufacfor*r*of|gIanktH# Wwk# r,ollle ond FiU insulations. 66 (4) change of charge; (5) chromate graphic effects. Their influence o. the final quality of the water is dis cussed. Fundamentals of Complete Demin eralization Plant Circuits. H. Lis and J. Tregt. Tech. Mitt. 1959, 5; (Nov.), 417-23 (in German). Arrangements of complete demin eralization plants for obtaining and maintaining maximum efficiency and economy are discussed and illustrated by some actual examples. Semi- or Fully-Automatic Demineral ization Plants. H. V. Nodel. Tech Mitt. 1959, 52 (Nov.), 428-32 (in German). Both semi- and fully-automatic plants are described and the difference in their operation outlined. It is argued that although the capital costs of a semi-automatic control are 9 per cent and that of a fullv-automatic control system are 2S per cent higher than a manually controlled plant it is almost always economi cally justifiable to install an auto matic control svstem. Flue Gas, Ash and Dust The Residual Oil Ash Corrosion Problem. C. J. Sunder. Corrosion 1959, 15 (Nov.), 61-6. This review is mainly concerned with the problems of high temperature corrosion and their prevention. It is believed that steels containing silicon and aluminum may be developed and/or coatings resistant to corrosion temperatures above 1200 F. Oil addi tives giving equal protection for all variations of impurities, operating conditions and materials are less likely to become available. Control of Air Pollution from Oil Burning Power Plants. H. C. Austin and W. L. Chadwick. ASME Pre print No. 59-A-71, 1959 (Dec.), 4 pp. Pilot and full-scale plant tests are reported on reducing the amount of particulate matter, SOj, SOj and NO in the flue gases emitted from oilfired boilers. Particulate matter and SOj can be separately removed in newly designed precipitators, the SOj also by adding a stoichiometrical amount of ammonia. SOj can be removed by oxidation over a vanadium catalyst; this method is very expen sive. For the separation of NO, two-stage combustion has proved best and is at present under extended investigation in a large boiler. An infra-red gas analyzer has been de veloped for continuous recording of SOs, SO* and NO which is much more accurate and reliable than pre vious instruments. June 1960 / COMBUSTION n me I)esign oi i^ust-'V^unc^i.oi ?as Duct Systems for Coal-Burning ile.-tric Generating Stations. E. F. .Volf, H. L. von Hohenleiten and \f. B. Gordon. A.S.M.E. Preprint so. 59-A-305, 1959 (Dec.), 5 pp. Improved dust separation by han :n design of the. gas ducts to .nd _,n the collectors. have been ecured by means of transparent nodels. The difficulties experienced n a particular plant and the medi cations introduced after model tudies are described in some detail. . Superior Collecting Plate for Elec- -ostatic Precipitators.- H. J. White nd W. A. Baxter. A.S.M.E. Pre- rint No. 59-A-279, 1959 (Dec.), 7 P- . Experimental studies have shown aat the performance of a solid plate s collecting electrode is far superior 5 an expanded or perforated metal late. The design of the plate with s baffles is described. . ulverized Fuel Ash as a Concrete .dditive. R. Hammond. Mach, loyd (Europ. Edit.) 1960, 32 (Jan. ), 19-23. The advantages and disadvantages f using fly ash in concrete construc- on are discussed and some applica- ons in heavy foundation work and .rge dams described. Fly ash in increte is particularly useful where s resistance to aggressive water can e ut'"7ed and early strength is of lint jportance. ' he Use of Fly Ash in Concrete by ntario Hydro. .J. N. Mustard and . Macinnis. Engng J. 1959, 42 Dec.)-, 74-79. The properties of fly ash concrete e discussed and the use of fly ash both high- and low-pressure groutg mixtures at Niagara .and to re ace from 20-30 per cent of the vceent in appropriate mass and structral concrete applications at the .. Lawrence, Carribau, Whitedog id Otter Rapids - projects are deribed. An account is given of the ethod developed for batching the .h as a slurry. From C.E.G.B. Digest 1960, 12 an. 30), 2S6. aat Recovery Plant ynamics of Heat Exchangers and eir Models. H. Thal-Larsen. A.M.E. Preprint No. 59-A-117, 1959 )ec.). 12 pp. Simple mathematical models are ed to analyze the dynamic characristics of heat exchangers and paramers, such as dwell time of the fluid th- ''eat exchanger and the metal d i time constants, are estabhed to describe these characteris- DMBUSTION / June 1960 RETURN LINE CORROSION BE LICKED! Drastic reduction of return line corrosion in an easy, effective and economical way has been the unanimous experience of hundreds of plants throughout the country using Bird-Archer's Amine Treatment. A plant in New York State, generating approximately 500,000 lb. of steam a day, had a normal condensate pH value of 6.3 that resulted in almost constant piping replacements. Only 6 lb. per day of Bird-Archer's Amine Treatment cut maintenance costs to a new low by raising the pH value to the safe range of 8.0 to 8.5. A plant in New England, generating 600,000 lb. of steam a day, did not have an open feedwater heater which would mechanically eliminate the exceedingly high CO2 content of their makeup water, consequently, the pH value of their condensate was sometimes as low as 5.9. Less than 12 lb. of Amine Treatment a day raises the pH value of the condensate to 8.5, eliminates excessive corrosion. After two years of experience with Amine Treatment a power plant in Massachusetts, making 250,000 lb. of steam a day, enthusiastically reports that they eliminate over 75r of their piping replacements through the use of only 2 or 3 lb. a day of Amine Treatment. Return line corrosion has been licked at these plants. Let a Bird-Archer Service Engineer help you solve your corrosion problems. Write for Bulletin CP100 and the name of the Bird-Archer Service Engineer nearest you. . BIRD-ARCHER WATER TREATING CONSULTANTS The BIRD-ARCHER Company 4337 N. American St., Phila. 40, Pa. New York Chicago The BIRD-ARCHER Co, of California, 415 Brannan Si., San Francisco Offices in Canada and Mexico 67 IlifiSl itfii W t I w w W w C i t$ w W s, </O O i> C-5 WHIRLEX ID FANS High Erosion Resistant design and high erosive Fan Wheel Assures resistance, WHIRLEX Longer Life... heavy duty induced draft Minimum Maintenance fans were chosen to handle The largest furnace in the country producing merchant pig iron was re cently placed in service as part of an expansion pro gram by a major Southern mill. The new furnace has a rated capacity of 1000 tons per day and is one of the most modern in the country with respect to mechanization and auto* the hot blast furnace gas. The three units shown here carry approximately 150,000 cubic feet of gas per minute. Preliminary fan examinations show wear to be less than a third that of ordinary fans designed for this purpose. A Whir/ex fan installation may solve your problem. Write or wire us. matic controls. . Because of their unique | Fly Ash j Arrestor Corp. | 203 North 1st. Stroet j Birmingham, Ala. 68 acs. --v Mngic aynamic parameter'll' proposed which is easily adjusted different operating conditions believed to be useful in the design** use, classification and standardly j tion of heat exchangers. * ! Systematic Approach to the Design j of Compact Heat Exchangers. W. g. : Hendry. A.S.M.E. Preprint No. 59. A-193. 1959 (Dec.), 7 pp. . Equations are developed for de signing a direct-transfer, cross-flow, single pass heat exchanger of mini mum volume or minimum weight. I Design Performance of The Low j Level Economizer. J.- H. Potter and ] R. C. King. A.S.M.E. Preprint No. ! 59-A-222, 1959 (Dec.), 12 pp. ' i The low-level economizer is in stalled behind the air preheater to remove further heat from the flue gases. Performance studies are pre sented which show that its installa tion is an economic proposition. The Low-Level Economizer. S. Jewson. A-.S.M.E. Preprint No. 59-A226, 1959 (Dec.), 8 pp. The design of the economizer, installed behind the air preheater and used to preheat feedwater, control of surface temperature, use of corrosionresistant cast iron, and special washing equipment for the cleaning of the low-temperature heating surfaces are described. Power Generation and Power Plant Economic Selection of Steam and Power Supplies for Refineries and- Petrochemical Plants. D. L. E. Ja* '' cobs and \V. B. Wilson. A.S.M.E. Preprint No. 59-A-330, 1959 (Dec.), 12 pp. . A general consideration is pre sented of the factors involved in selecting boiler size, pressure and temperature, choosing between extrac tion-back-pressure or condensing tur bine and pressure reducing stations, between turbine and motor drives, etc. Two case studies demonstrate how to arrive at the most economic solution in a given case. Steam Power Plants for Peaking Service. A. R. Lebailly. ASME Pre print No. 59-PWR-S, 1959 (Oct.), 0 pp. The calculations presented show that considerable reductions in invest ment can be achieved if units for supplying peak load (maximum 1500 h/year) are designed for lower pres^;'su'res and temperatures, higher furnace,^ heat release rates and simplified^ accessories. Based on a 100 Mw 1 conditions compared are 850 psi, 900 F, 1250 psi and 950 F, 1800' and 1000/1000 F and 1450 psi., June 1960 / COMBU .0${pH c. McCABE, Editor and fra*" l % HINDENIANG, Associate Editor gOBERf D. TAFT, Business Manager FIORAJEAN PARK, (fration Manager led monthly fay COMBUSTION PUBIftklNG COMPANY, INC, 200 Madison *. New York 16. A SUBSIDIARY OF combustion engineering, INC faritt McDonough, President *4wr J. Santry, Jr., Vice-President Ono Strauss, Treasurer toaas X Ennis, Secretary COMBUST*'* is sent gratis to engineers in 0 U, S. A. in charge of steam plants from jgOOO lbs per hr capacity up,- and to vnilring engineers in this field. To others subscription rate, including postage, is B4 in the United States, $5.50 in Canada, d J8 in Latin America and other countries. copies: Domestic, 40 cents, Foreign, 40 cents plus postage. Copyright 1960 by C*nbustion Publishing Company, Inc. Pub- Xenon Office, Easton, Pa. Issued the middle l fft* month of publication. Acceptance under Section 34.64, P.L & R, tMrtiorized by United States Post Office. COMBUSTION publishes its annuo) index in * June issue and is indexed regularly by fgifleering index, Inc and also in the Applied Science & Technology Index. ft* magazine is now reproduced and dis- mbutcd to libraries on microfilm by University feoofilms famed in of U. Ann Arbor, S. A. Michigan, j BPA COVER PHOTO The ever handsome Cutler Station of the Florida Power ef Light Co. is viewed from across the river. moJulyvolume 32 number 1 ASA Standards for Pulverized Fuel Systems ... 26 The American Standards Association presents an up-tothe-minute guide for design, installation and operation of pulverized fuel systems. Presentation of these standards prepared by NFPA is complete and unabridged. interference of Organic Contaminants with ion Exchange Processes-- Occurrence, Prevention and Cost ... 37 Hilary E. Bacon and W. J. Lewis . The authors discuss one phase of ion exchanger performance from the important standpoints of "when," "how" and "how much?". Utility Management Speaks Out ... 43 Management representatives from major investor-owned utilities state their cases at the EEI Convention held in June at Atlantic City, N.J. Advances in Flyash Control ... 45 ' Herman E. Alford After lengthy research into the general area of fly ash control Mr. Alford tells the development story--takes a look into the future with some surprising results. Steam and Power Plant Clinic--Part XVill ... 51 . Igor Karassik ' The author answers questions--an excellent discussion on how to evaluate reliability, positioning heaters between stages of a feed pump; then engages in a controversy over "anti-flash baffling" in deaerators. Abstracts from the Technical Press--Abroad and Domestic ... 55 ` Editorials: Independence Day--1960 ... 25 Advertising Index . . . 62, 63 from ine iecnnicai Press--Abroad and Domestic t ' the Monthly Technical Bulletin, International Combustion, Ltd., London, W. C. 1) Properties and Prepara- cture and Properties of -The Carbonization of P. M. J. Wolfs, D. W. 1 and H. I. Waterman. 39 Gan.), 25-38. of Coal. B. N. Bose, J. -dhya, N. N. Das Gupta and .- BrennstChemie 1900, 41 P-4 (in German). . ' ihown that there is a close up between aromaticity of a lts carbon content and heat of ion the one hand, and with 2;and strength values of the : from these coals as deter- ithe Micum, Haven and Characteristics and jjs on the Design of Steam "Units, A. F. Duzv. fteprint No. 59-A-242 1959 si-of coal characteristics Jly, their ash constituents tjjjion temperatures on the ^performance of bunkers, Lers, pulverizers, burners, avection surfaces, air preJ dust collectors are conJmiting values of coal size "1 ash properties are given jous types of equipment. wp" ` 8tion of European Coals in ennan Steam Generators. , H. Henneke and G. __ J\ASME Preprint No. 59J%(Dec), 11 pp. "b,cneral review of the influ- ?;;Use of low-grade German ^design of boilers and their --noma on the Autoxida^V,t|;Coal. W. Pruss. Brennst*S*jt*v.i960, 41 (Tan.), 14-8 (in .woratory tests of treating coals fMeous ammonia or ammoniacal T^i^utiqns have shown that the autoxidation is thereby Completely suppressed. Suby^ptjlarge-scale tests at a colliery J"** Confirmed these findings where a r~j tPjlc .of high volatile coal fines a temperature of <50-70C reduced by treatment with ^**el}J,atninonia to 45C within a few , 'oxf^occasional treatment was *-- to keep the tempera-' / July I960 tine at this level. Similar reports have been received from other col lieries with large stock piles. The economics of this treatment method are discussed briefly. Mechanical Handling Flow of Coal in Hoppers. Yee Lee. Combustion 1900, 31 (June), 20-7. Based on a review of the theory of flow of dry and wet granular materials in hoppers a hyperbolic design was evolved and tested in which arch formation and stoppage does not oc cur. In comparative tests at Peipu power station hoppers with stainless steel lined outlets, 70 side-wall angle and electrical vibrators suffered 353 interruptions of flow when handling coal with a surface moisture of 14.3 per cent whilst the hyperbolic hopper had not a single stoppage. AH the other hoppers have now been replaced by the new design reducing operators by 13 men per day and increasing the plant output by 5 per cent. Aluminum Chute Stops Coal Blockage. Anon. Engineering I960, 189 (Feb. 5), 200. Aluminum chutes have proved much more wear resistant against coal than mild steel chutes and because of the mirror finish they acquire in serv ice also 'reduce blockage. At Early power station such a chute has been in operation for over 28,000 h and con veyed more than 00,000 t of coal; it is believed that it will have double the life of that of a steel chute. Their cost is the same as one made of mild steel. The Effect of Fines Content, Moisture and Added Oil on the Handling of Small Coal. D. A. Hall and J. O. Cutress. J. Inst. Fuel 1959,33 (Feb.) 63-72. A vibrating cone was used to meas ure the effect on emptying time and bulk density of moisture, fines con tent and oil. The time to empty in creases with moisture to a maximum and then decreases. The bulk dens ity decreases to a minimum and then increases. Decrease of fines decreases emptying time at all moisture con tents. Oil addition to high-rank coal reduces emptying time but has little or no effecting in low-rank coals. Oil generally increases the bulk density. Heat: Cycles and Transmission Heat Transfer from Solid Bodies to Liquids with Steam Formation taking into account the Flow Conditions. H. Buhler and F. J. Schmidt. Atomkernenergie 1960, 5 (Jan,), 18-22 (in German). The determination of heat transfer coefficients evaporative cooling is dis cussed together with the influence of flow velocity of the coolant, surfacefinish of the heated body, additives to and temperature of the coolant. The processes during boiling and film phase and the transition from one to the other are. described. Heat Transfer to Heat Exchangers in the Moving Bed. R. Ernst. Chem. Ing. Tech. 1960, 32 (Jan.), 17-22 (in German). Experiments were carried out on heat transfer to staggered heat ex change tubes over which particles passed in cross-flow and compared with results obtained in tests in which the particles passed axially through the tubes. In the former case the heat transfer coefficients are consider ably higher and smaller heat exchange surfaces are required. The optimum values decrease with increasing particle size. Steam Generation and Power Produc tion Location and Size of Transition Zone in a High-Pressure Once-Through' Boiler. G. I. Aleinikov and I. i] Koshelev. Energomashinostroenie 1960, 6 (Jan.), 7-10 (in Russian). ; Choice of the position of the transi-i tion zone is generally guided by the average quality of feed water, any sharp increases in impurity content being ignored. If the transition zone is in the region of reduced thermal flow (irrespective of pressure) no harm is done to the heating surface in the case of sharp deterioration of feed water quality; in the contrary case*.boiler shutdown is possible. C.E.G.B. absiract. The Temperature Distribution in the Wall of Cooling Tubes of Technical Furnaces. J. Bohm. Energie 1960, 12 (Jan.), 6-12 (in German). Strict and approximate solutions are presented for the calculation of wall temperatures of radiant heating sur faces in pulverized coal fired furnaces. High Capacity Gas and Fuel-Oil Boiler Unit for Outdoor Installation. A. A. Parshin, Y. I. Reznik and Yu. A. Kharkin. Energomashinostroenie I960, 6 (Jan.), 11-16 (in Russian). A description is given of a prototype Soviet boiler unit, TGM-94 ( 500 t 'h at steam pressure 140 kg/cm.1 with main and intermediate superheat tem perature 570 C), manufactured at the 55 Taganrog "Red Boilermaker" works, which was designed for outdoor con struction and firing with natural gas and fuel oil. C.E.G.B. abstract. Space Age Hydrostatic Test. R. A. Nickerson. Combustion I960, 31 (Jan.), 30-1. It has been found that the use of a vacuum pump to extract all entrapped air has resulted in considerably reduc ing the time required to bring the boiler water to the pressure required for the hydrostatic test and pinhole leaks can be more easily detected. Water-Side Corrosion and Water Treatment The Removal of Rust and Scale from Steam Generators. E. Sevb. B.ir.A'. 1960, 12 (Jan.), 9-13 '(in German). After discussing the various acid treatment methods a new method originating from Sweden is described using a proprietary reagent called "Komplex-All" based on ethylene- diaminetetraacetate. This amine re acts alkaline and thus avoids risks of corrosion; it reacts with calcium, mag- 1 t nesium and the scale. The generator, was filled with 50m* condensate to* which 2.5m1 of the reagent was added, resulting in a pH of 12. heated to 240 C and 8 atii and 25ms conden sate was continuously added to re place the steam passed into the open. The Fe content was increased from 170 ppm in the first sample to 250 ppm in the last and a total of 36 kg FejO, was removed. The drum and tubes were then free of scale and the boiler water remained completely clean. About 40 steam generators of' up to 240 t h and pressures of up to 100 atii have been successfully treated by this method. Con Edison Tests Prove High-flow rate Demineralization. I. B. -Dick'* and P. L. Silliman. Power I960, 104' (Jan.). 78-81. i Tests in a pilot plant have shown'' that flow rates of 100 gpm per sq. ft! are possible in a demineralizer plant* without detriment to the quality of; the effluent if larger resin bead sizes! are used. t Treatment of Boiler Feed Water byj Physical Means. E. Schumann? B.W.K. 1960, 12 (Jan.), 13-5 (i German). Treatment of feedwater and boiler] water by electrical radiation, mag netic fields or ultrasonics has prove' successful for waters of medium an high carbonate hardness and low coni tents of sulphate ions and silicic aci These methods are applicable only t< shell-type boilers and not to wate: tube boilers. FULLY AUTOMATIC ... FORCED DRAFT PACKAGED ROTARY BURNER 6 SIZES--7 TYPES fit all automatically fired boilers or furnaces ... burning all grades of fuel oils, gaseous fuels or combination of both. TODD ROTO-PAC is equally efficient when applied to Scotch boilers, firebox boilers, steam and high temperature water generators. This complete burning system is engineered for extra economy, lowest maintenance costs . . . one self-contained unit including burner, forced draft fan, air-fuel controls, enclosed electric panel, prewired and mounted on base assembly. Also TODD "SAV-PAC" Register Type Burner System. Write for complete details and specifications SHIPYARDS CORPORATION PRODUCTS DIVISION Sales and Service Departments: Columbia and Halleck Sts., Brooklyn 31, N. Y. Plant, Sales and Service: P. O. Box 9666, Houston, Texas Flash Evaporators for the Production of Boiler Make-Up in Power Plant; Cycles. E. F. Stalcup, E. F. Coxi. and R. L. Coit. ASME Preprint No. 59-A-203 1959 (Dec.), 7 pp. # The design and application of large flash evaporators for converting sale water into potable water is described? The scaling problem has been largel# overcome and flash evaporators cai operate for a whole year without red quiring cleaning. The distilled wateS contains less than 0.25 ppm impurities and is thus suitable for make-up watt# in power stations near the sea whew, fresh water is not available. Sever* schemes using either extracted steam or warm condenser cooling water arc illustrated. Gas-Side Corrosion and Deposits The Influence of Factors of R&E Materials, Design and Operation c the Fouling of Heating Surfaces, w Gumz. Mill. V.G.B. No. 63 19j (Dec.), 450-3 (in German)... An attempt is made to clarify tiC mutual influence of fuel propertiw boiler design and its operation on tls 56 July I960 f COMBUSTION Bg surfaces and to indiions.in .which .further., 'be carried out. ion of Superheater Tubing. J. Jonakin, --,J. T-. Reese. ASME B^'59-FU-o 1959 (Oct.), 8 corrosion of superheater and tfksiii*.'tubes of up to half the wall fhfrfrtiMt has led to extensive investi gation into the causes and the search for remedial measures. The wastage at stainless steel is directly associated with ash constituents having low melting temperatures. The relation 01 metal wastage to metal temperature was a bell-shaped curve with a maxi mum at 1050-1150 F. The wastage can be reduced by selection of coals, finer grinding of the coal and the installation of shields of stainless steel on the tubes most exposed to corrosion, the good results obtained by this latter method is ascribed to the skin temperature of the shield being above the temperature (1300 F) at which heavy wastage occurs. Details are given of the nature and composition of the deposits on the tubes. Corrosion .of Superheaters and Reheatefs of Pulverised-Coal-Fired Boiler*. W. Nelson and C. Cain. ASME Preprint No. 59-A-89 1959 (Dec.), 8 pp. r `led studies of the deposits on up. .ater and reheater tubes have shown that on the tube surface a layer of *oft, crystalline, cream-white mass > formed consisting of water-soluble iron, potassium, sodium and sulfate. The formation of these molten com plex sulfates takes place in a deposit *ben catalytically formed SOs comnes with potassium sulfate and iron I aide from the coal ash. These mbl- m complex sulfates decompose again 'hen the temperature exceeds their j nermal stability limits and/or the mcentration of SOj becomes too ,w- The iron of the metal reduces le sulfate radical to sulfide and the on is converted to iron-oxide scale, hjs reaction explains the rapid cor's`n rates found in the laboratory >d field tests. eternal Corrosion of Superheaters in 'ilers Firing High-Alkali Coals. P. dor, E. K. Diehl and D. H. Barn- rf- ASME Preprint No. 59-A-T6 (Dec.), 10 pp. Severe corrosion with over 50 per d wastage of superheater tubes in -'lone-fired reheat boilers (1050 *0 F) fired by coal with ash contain- 4-6 ` - cent S, 0.63 per cent total 0.35 per cent chlorine is orted. Metallographic examina- ^BUSTtON / July 1960 INSET with super bond Revolutionary new mortar gives you a stronger bond-protects your brick dollars tion showed this ,to be pitting corro sion accompanied by surfacecarburiza.tian and subsurface sulfide .formation where the surfaces had been at a temperature of 1250-1300 F. On the tube wall was found a white layer composed mainly of alkali and alka line-earth sulfates, fiv ash and corro sion products, the water-soluble frac tion of the layer being particularly corrosive. The steel of type 321, IS--S was susceptible to corrosion by this white layer in the temperature range 1200-1400 F with a maximum at 1300 F; type 310, 25-20 steel was less susceptible to this attack and the tubes in the most exposed region were clad with this steel. In addition, the gas temperature was reduced by an increased slag screen, higher excess air was used, MgO injected and the position of soot blowers altered. This reduced the corrosion rate to 5-10 per cent. Rttfsts Joint Hn*tr*tion-htt iew iron plot itvo othor mturas. It doesn't make sense to be careless about your bonding material when you're so careful about your brick. Particularly when brickwork is only as strong as its joint. But you can protect your Company's brick dollars with Franset With Super Bond. It's the first and eniy mortar with this special colloidal bond having twice the bonding strength of many well known joint materials. Franset With Super Bond has even more benefits. lew iron-less than 1% iron means greater resist ances to carbon and reducing atmosphere, high sulphur oils, etc. high or low duty sorvko-lt can be used up to 3000F. workability plus--It's easier to trowel, adhere and to work because of unusual plasticity, no settling or remixing either. non-shrinking joints--There's no shrinking of joints either. torindon-kyanlt* combination--Corindon- Kyanite combination base materials give added stability, higher fusion and higher slag resistances. It's qual ity controlled too with consistency from drum to drum--unlike some well known mortars. Don't let us alone convince you of the merits of the first mortar with colloidal Super Bond. Join our hundreds of users! Protect your Company's brick dollars now- before you have a joint failure. Test it yourself. Write for a sample on your letterhead today. Don't wait until it's too late! jp>J. H_____ RANCE REFRACTORIES COMPANY OhiipnirttMiHt P IIZJ Frmet R*< - Snow Shoa, Pennsylvania' In Canada: Standard Hafracttrlaa Ud,, Hamilton, Ortt Oil-Ash Corrosion of Superheater Alloys in a Pilot-Scale Furnace. N'. D. Phillips and C. L. Wagoner. ASME Preprint No. 59-A-281 1959 (Dec.), 8 pp. The tests were conducted to eluci date the effect of a number of vari ables on the corrosion of superheater steels (18 Cr-8 Ni, 25 Cr-20 Ni, 16 Cr-13 Ni-Mo, IS Cr-8 Ni-Ti) and of drv additives (MgO, Mg(OH)s, Ca COj-MgCOj, AliOj SiOj 2HjO) on reducing corrosion. The variables included: 1. Time; 2. Temperature; 3. Oil composition: 4. Metal tempera ture; 5. Gas temperature. The effec tiveness of the additives were about the same, kaolin producing the least amount of deposit and dolomite the most. ; Their application is thus a matter of economics; the most effec tive ratio of additives can be calcu lated from the formula: ratio by weight = sum of cations in additive divided by the sum of Na and V in oil. Of the steels tested the 25 Cr-20 Ni steel appeared to be more corrosion resistant than the others. Flue Gas, Ash and Oust Effect of Operating Variables on the Stack Emission from a Modern Power Station Boiler. G. C. Jefferis and J. D. Sensenbaugh. ASME Pre print No. 59-A-308 1959 (Dee.), 8 pp. Tests were carried out on a twinfurnace boiler with tilting corner burners supplying steam at 1050/1000 F to a 186 Mw tubogenerator into the effect on dust loading, combustibles in the dust and oxides of nitrogen content in the flue gases of air admittance, oil temperature, burner tip size, burner tilt with and without flue gas recircu lation, excess air and gas recirculation. The greatest effect in reducing dust 57 i i i i Ii !1 I I I ii I: loading, combustibles and NO content had an increase in oil temperature, whilst increasing the excess air over the range of 2--4 per cent reduced the dust loading by SO per cent and com bustibles by 17 percent, but increased NO content from 184 .to 258 ppm. The smaller burner tips also reduced the dust loading and combustible con tent. In comparisons with front fired boilers it was found that the NO con tent of the flue gases from these boilers was always much higher than that from tangentially fired boilers. Austrian Fly Ash as Binder Additives. O. W. Bliimel. Mitt. V.G.B. No. 63 1959 (Dec.), 421-31 (in German). Most Austrian flv ash results from the burning of brown coals and the tests were therefore almost entirely restricted to this type of fly ash. The fly ash either as received from the separators or finely ground was used with hydrated lime and/or Portland Cement to produce various kinds of mortar and with the latter to produce concrete. Ttye strength of mortars and concretes containing various ratios of fly ash has been tested and the re sults are presented in graphs. For mortars a mixture of 40-60% fly ash and 60-40% hydrated lime is recom mended, for concrete an addition of 20% fly ash. Influencing the Properties of Concrete by Partial Replacement of Portland Cement by Fly Ash. J. D. McIntosh, J. P. R. Jordan and \V. O. Callaghan. Mitt. V.G B. No. 63 1959 (Dec.), 432-9 (.in German). Large-scale tests have shown that up to 25 weight per cent of Portland cement can be replaced by fly ash to obtain the same strength after one year as concrete without fly ash. Compressive strength is improved bv a high specific surface of the fly ash and its grinding before use may be necessary. A high content of com bustibles has an adverse effect on strength: this should be restricted to 10 per cent. Power Generation and Power Plant Steam-and-Gas Plant with HighPressure Generators with 170-200 Mw Unit Capacity. M. I. Korneev and V. P. Drobot. Energomashinostroenie 1960, 6 (Jan.), 17-21 (in Russian). Details are presented of a steamand-gas installation in a high-capacitv unit with two high-pressure steam generators having each an output of 210 t/h with gas turbines GT-700-12 and steam turbine PVK-150. Tech nical and economical characteristics and equipment layout are explained. C.E.G.B. abstract. 58 NEEDS DEOXY-SOL to remove 02 reduce oxides raise pH Fairmount deoxy-sol, a solution of hydrazine, is a high efficiency oxygen scavenger designed especially for high pressure boiler water treatment. deoxy-sol removes oxygen, reduces oxides and raises pH of the conden sate all at the same time ... yet adds no solids. Stocks in Newark, N. J., Chicago, 111., Los Angeles, Calif. Investigate its advantages for your system. Write for Bulletin BW. Fairmount CHEMICAL CO.. INC. 136 Liberty St..-New York 6. N. Y. New 5-MW Gas Turbine will Bui Coal Gas. Anon Elect. World 196 153 (Feb. 1), 26-9 At the Muskingum River powt station a 5 Mw gas turbine will 1 added to one of the four 215 M boilers to increase the efficiency of th cycle; this is only a prototype plar to gain experience whilst a lull-sea', plant is expected to improve efficient' by 4 per cent. The plant consists of coal carbonizer. a separator for th char and gas, a combustion chamber a two-shaft gas turbine one driving th< compressor and the other the genera tor, and a cyclone attached to th> boiler in 'which the char and exhausgas are burned, the combustion gasepassing into the boiler. . Test Results of the First Pulverized Coal Fired Hot Air Turbine Plant for Power and Heat Generation. K Bammert and C. Keller. .11'.A', 1960, 12 (Feb.), 62-4 (in German). .After more that 10,000 h of opera tion tests were made on the hot air turbine plant at Ravensburg and the results are compared with the calcu lated data. It was found that after the various modifications had been carried out the efficiency of the plant of 24.S per cent at full load matched almost exactly the figure predicted. The graphs give details of input and output balance, pressure losses, genera tor output as a function of the air pressure at the turbine inlet, air heater efficiency, total efficiency, coal consumption, operating hours, elec trical output and heat supply, i Towards the Automatic Power Sta tion--Little Baiford B. Anon. Elect. Times 1960. 137 (Feb. 4), 168-70. This station consists of two 60 Mw units each served by a 550 klb/h boiler with steam at 950 psi and 910 F. The boilers are of outdoor design, only the burner face in the front wall (8 burners) and part of the basement being enclosed and the drum ends and water level detectors enclosed in a penthouse. Steam control is by hol low tube surface condenser. Ash is removed by a dry vacuum system. The turbine condensers are split into'two sections each fed by a pump with variable-pitch blades. Each set has.its own cooling tower. The automatic! electronic control is used only for the|' steam side where steam pressure and* temperature, water, air and steam? flow are measured and adjusted by| 3-term controllers incorporating pro-portional, integral and derivative! controls and analogue computers. f Computers to Automate Huntington? Beach Units. \V. L. Chadwick.? Elec. World 1960, 153 (Jan. 18), 50-4,1 59-60. I My 1960 / COMBUSTION* __ 1 ____ I-Mw units No. 3 and 4 jjon will be provided ^-supervised controls to /improve continuity of ace fuel and manpower olid-state digital comKjoOO word magnetic drum ^"continuously scan 900 ; rates up to 300 points flog periodically 50 critical f&twill automatically startt-down each unit and super ^operation. The extent to controller is used in the 0{ tj]e power station functions it carries out are J in detail. n ''^i'^^Tiatine Plant has 100-MW j, T. Ingledow. Elect. f firtflfleO, 153 (Feb. 1), 3G-9, 75. :AtPort Mann a power station con- Ubdllgionr 25 Mw gas turbines has bm-bnOt which is remotely con- "ttdRdi.feom Vancouver 15 miles twiiy+tLfitarting, normal operation ud.Stippping is completely automatic: ind tfc<| *idilEculties are automatically trans calcut ' ;'tctthe control center. The gas it i natural gas fired with oil d beci and require only 20 min. e plan'? fras&Hmd to reach full load. latche dieted^ ,. . enne-au-Pont Power Sta ut- ar.:- tion (Belgium). E. Maryssael and genera-} MvMiWtjart. Voire ElectriciU 1959. the anp et. (*n French). 7nM,C4jjcity of the existing 27 Mw station has been increased by reheat unit. The boiler tTM^"bine alternator, auxiliaries SJM?htrm equipment are described. :r SUEIk 71). i() M' klb: 910 desicrlt "'a.' .enict ds ar.* ! in >v In* Ash ystef it in* p wit-1 is 350 t /h. 540/540 C, 131 with slurry containing 19 cit moisture which is reduced "flashdrving." Thebin system.is used. The coal *"*Jte area is semicircular, in shape, and reclaiming being carried ul,i:7ua gantry P*vted at the center P*riphery^ ^raC^S runn'nK round the Die'" " and Power Station J^WJaisburg. H. Eickemever. C^g/le60, 12 (Feb.), 51--02 " (in et b*` nnat'- or t* re a": ste3s ed W r pfl' rati'* `/Operation of the new 10 Mw %Dg^^^'Ptiiiarj" 14 Mw tubogenera- irti^^iSPStract 5205. 1959) together i.adjacent older heat-power t1 Wl65tuf/v8 tthhrreeee bbooiilleerrss rraatleedd Pib 1850-1150 psi, 935 ife<i Peak-load boilers rated pSi and 710 F> and a aC**n~condens`ng turbo^itraction at 284 psi and 93 g?j"*i*num electrical and mini- fl^tnand, minimum electrical heat demand and inter- STK / July i960 Permutit Precipitator treats sewage effluent to provide cooling-tower make-up water at the Municipal Electric lighting & Power Plant, Rich mond, Ind. Consulting engineers: Block & Veatch of Kansas City, Mo. Consider sewage effluent as a second source of cooling water Problem: This generating station needs plenty of water for its cooling tower. The river supply fluctuates. It must be augmented. Solution: Working together, the Munic ipal Electric Lighting & Power Plant, Richmond, Ind., and its consulting engineers came up with a potential 7,000,000-gallon-a-day additional source: the city's sewage-plant effluent. Now there's no question about water supply--even in the future, when the plant reaches its ultimate design ca pacity of 150,000 kw. Cooling-tower make-up mav now come from the river, from the waste effluent, or be a mixture of both. How? To turn sewage-plant effluent into usable cooling-tower water, you must stabilize the water and remove turbidity. Clarify, stabilize, give it the right chemical characteristics--process it in large quantities at low cost. The Pennutit Precipitator you see in the picture above does this job. It was chosen because of its unique solidscontact features, which insure complete treatment at economical installed and operating cost. Bulletins available: Operating details on Permutit Precipitators are contained in Bulletin 2204. Also available: "Out line of Water Treatment Equipment," Bulletin 4433, and our waste-treatment guide. Bulletin 4486. For copies, write to: Pennutit Division, Dept. CO-70, 50 West 44th Street, New York 36, New York. In Canada, the Pennutit Company of Canada, Ltd., 207 Queen s Quay West, Toronto, Ontario. FLUIDICS is the Pfaudler Pennutit program that integrates knowledge, equipment and experience in solving problems involving fluids. PFAUDLER PERMUTIT inc. Specialists in FLUIDICS . . . the science of fluid processes 59 mediate stages is described. A fur ther 10 Mw turbogenerator is to be added in the new power station to utilize steam at 93 psi and condense this in a calorifier for the planned hot water supply mains. Space in the new power station is also provided for two 15 Mw gas turbines for peat Testing of Two Zirconium -S. Kass. Corrosion 1960, 16 337-43. bsion properties in high tem- water and steam and the surface preparation and test -ements on the results have been power supply and a-further 100 Mk condensing turbogenerator. The de for Nuclear Reactors. H. F. scription also includes starting andif^ y. Nucl. Set. Engng. 1960, 7 shut-down of the first 100 Mw unit. 21-5. control of feed water flow, coal feed.'.j^j thods of fabrication, mechanical air supply, temperature in the mill. 4 > y data and compositions of steam temperature and pressure, auxili--. and alloy including low man- ary electrical requirements, the mai.- low residual element steels are turbine and its operation at various 'ttminarized. The use of low man- steam loads, the condenser, coolin; ganese steels for various reactor parts water supply, and auxiliary turbine 'll discussed in some detail. When completed, the capacity of the new power station will be 252.S M' Qualification of Inconel for Nuclear The cost of the first unit, auxiliary turbogenerator and turbogenerator Bower Plant Applications. H. R. Copson and W. E. Berrv. Corrosion for hot-water supply is 554 DM k*_, MW; 16 (Feb.), 123-9. ' (37,'lew) at rated capacity and oSi'f- 3$$The resistance of Inconel to corro- DM/kw (49.5/kw) at maximuir'- Jtln primary and secondary reactor capacitv. The built-over area iff 'Inner ' circuits has been studied. 0.324 sq.' ft/kw and the buildiw^.jgjfifcr all conditions a tightly adher volume 35.31 cu. ft/kW. r- ent"flm formed on the specimens and Operational Experience with (T ^rsion rates were similar to those of - Fired, Fully Automatic Three-Pass Boilers. H. Diehl. Energie 196' 12 (Jan.), 17-20 (in German). enitic stainless steels. InterttUlar attack and stress corrosion did not occur. Four packaged three-pass smoker* tube boilers were installed in a motor,,a car works to provide process and spacf;;^| heating steam when the high pressure * * boilers were unable to supply the de .'Creep and Rupture Properties of Chromium-1 % Molybdenum Steel. A Summary of |l Data (1% Creep Strain and J. D. Murray, J. S. Blair m,--mand. The boilers have fully ant* Roster, H. W. Kirkby and j! matic controls of the on-off type au <r3ua&ha'iiirrcstt. JT. Itr_o__n_ &sl*. Steel Inst. loads below 30 per cent and of tii*";*; *93 (Dec.), 354-9. modulating type from 30 to 100 ^jj^j^-^ailable data are presented in cent load. Each boiler is rated a'- -jj&fiwjn of scatter bands and extrap- 15,500 lb -'h at 140 psi and their the:mal efficiency at full load is 90 pt: wwwt'la 1in0n0,n00n0n vh,. cent. Materiols and Manufacturing Process'* Effect of Velocity on Corrosion. H. ? Copson. Corrosion 1960. 16 (Feb. SfofiA.Corrosion of Steel. H. Ger1959, 13 (Nov./ ^33-72 (in French), t ? review of the mechanical _P--ysical aspects of stresses and watprtions in metals and their infiu- 130-6. g^V?n corrosion. The characteris- A general discussion of the problem is presented and the results of tests 0'- htm^ - |ress corrosion cracking in car99B`*od stainless steel in various cor- iron and other metals given in table Ve media are described and stress and graphs. High-Temperature, High-Pressub Oxidation of Alloys caused by Carb! Dioxide. J. C. Bokros and \V. i methods considered. Where ^J^huess steel is required the use of * jtts*en)'tic-ferritic steel containing T&wrecommended Wallace. Corrosion 1960, 16 (Feb 117-22. Corrosion tests were carried out on' austenitic stainless and 10 ferri'1' steels. 6 nickel-base and 4 miscella*1*' ous alloys exposed to CO> at a prc; sure of 1000-2000 psi and temperat**1* from 1100 to 1740 F to investign11 their possible use in high-press*1^ high-temperature gas-cooled reacted The results are presented in tables ^ discussed. of Creep in Welded Heat-Resistant Steels. Re- Structurai Changes in 15 .^4 during Creep. X. L. utom- Weld. 1959 (June), Transl. ' <?eeP conditions used in the form , P'astic deformation takes the sh^r and is accompanied by Ration of a substructure of g-grpms which tends to strengthen July 1960 / COMBUSTI gnON / july 796o NOW Standard's heavier wall thicJ extremely unifon Wall tnicknesse and smaller can b above 2,500 lbs. tubes absorbing supplied up to .2 The smooth s stresses and perm Nowhere will y< and complete faci facture and inspe sure tubing than For complete Standard produci free 8-page foldei THESTANDARD TUP 244-00 F- Welded stainless tubing Exclusive rigiduEight Weight Pi Stainless Pipe LcpH C MeCABE, Editor and JhM' . M "./< 6^ HlNDENLANGr'A,,o'af Editor,. p|tRT D. TAFT, Butinas* Monogmr .1 ` i^MARY MONGAN ^ jn Manager , ", ; . ` ELd monthly by COMBUSTION PUB- EZc COMPANY, INC, 200 Madison York 16. ' A SUBSIDIARY OF gjjUSTION ENGINEERING, INC _ K^s MtDonough, President .' ` Sgntry, Jr., Vice-President ' . Jtrausr, Treasurer r/l. Ennis, Secretory . ~ , ' , . -jrp^w^nON h sent gratis to engineers in Jij jjL i a. in charge of steam plants from pfiOO lbs per hr capacity up/ and to engineers in this field. To others - ^ ' *cripHon rate, including postage, is | United States, $5.50 in Canada, m latin America and other countries, copies; Domestic, 40- cents. Foreign, 10 cnts plus postage. Copyright \ 960 by (ptfevrttion Publishing* Company, Inc Pub*grt Office, Easton, Po. issued the middle # month of publication. touprartce under Section 34.64, P.L. & R, ^monied by United States Post Office. (CmJUSTION publishes its annual index in u A*e issue and is indexed regularly by fcf*tnng index, Inc. ond also in the Science & Technology Index. V magazine is now reproduced and dis- to libraries on microfilm by University wofllmi of Ann Arbor, Michigan, j fcv**d in U. S. A. BPA COVER PHOTO Sc'xard Station, Pennsylvania Electric Co., capped a smoking stack ivith a ten-ton Venturi nozzle. See p. 57 y* t* ;<Ci .v.'BEYOttO TO THE ADVANCEMENT^Of STEAM PLANT DE^ON ANB. OPERATION A ..I V1T > '" < * '< ; - : . ' . J>. ?,f sp v ' volume 32 number 2 - 6 -V : 7'^w-v- -r,.-',,;;. / 'fr/yi nr 1 . ~ " :>" 7. C -r ` * y .. ^ .... ., - . S;. , -&* T*-'* <*3 ' ' '* -c ~ k'vs -%';3 '..3. 7 3" -r V. r .37 v A. ; -; `r ,|Y ;* , ; August I960 Direct Conversion of Energy to ^Electricity .t; :j i--v j c . . . .. * R, C Ulmer arid il. D.'Sensanbauqh Y . 30 1-- ' : i'-\ . fh&many new and hopeful ideas being widely discussed V `'r' '- ' 7 ore;appraised by twd research men whh a major boiler ' * ... .^company With a view to.practicability. . **'* . . . .* , ' ' . - ,,V a - iv ' ? '*-> ' ; \ _t ... Instrumentation for Peaking . . -. 39 . > . ", * -f ... : W. J. Burnt ' ' * : .'7 *' ^ ' ... - ' ' " The use of a simplified, compact peaking unit offers ' ' reduced instrumentation and control safeguards Plant Design Considerations Utilizing Largest U. S. Raw- Lignite-Fired Boiler ... 49 ' T. Y. Mullen ... . Low heating value and high moisture content of the fuel presented special design challenge Economics of Generator Shutdown and Startup ... 55 R. T. Drew The recent heavy increase in steam and power capability has created situations where units are shut down and started up daily The Invisible Stack ... 57 ............. .. A venturi nozzle is employed to save a required additional[ stack height Abstracts From the Technical Press--Abroad and Domestic ... 60 Book Reviews Y John H. Cruise . 64 Editorials: Too Much Security? ... 29 Advertisers' Index . . . 66. 67 Abstracts From the Technical Press--Abroad and Domestic (Drawn from the Monthly Technical Bulletin, International Combustion, Ltd., London, W. C. 1) Fuels: Sources, Properties and Preparation Change of Rank, Rank Criteria and Classification of Coals on the Basis of Vitrain Analyses. Pt. I and II. K. Patteiskv and M. Teichmiiler BrennstChemie I960,41 (Mar.), 79-84 (Apr.), 97-104 (in German). It is known that the change of rank of vitrain is not a straight but a broken line, the most important break occur ring at 87 per cent C and 29 per cent VM. With these changes of rank the usefulness of rank criteria varies and the best criteria for various ranges or rank are discussed. The analysis dia grams are evaluated for a coal classifi cation on vitrain basis. The bound aries of the large rank stages, espe cially between the various types of brown coal and between brown and bituminous coal for which previously no quantitative data were available, have been demarcated. The Removal of Chlorides from Coal by Leaching: H. Weathering in Stockpiles. E. W. F. Gillham. J. Inst. Fuel 1960, 33 (Apr.), 193-8. In follow-up studies washed and un washed coal of high chlorine content was exposed to normal weathering conditions in stockpiles. After three years the chlorine content of the washed coal had fallen from 1 to 0.3 per cent. Unwashed coal takes a con siderably longer time to achieve simi lar results. Physical and Economic Problems in the Transport of Solid Particles in Liquids and Gases. W. Barth. Chem. Ing. Tech. 1960. 32 (Mar.), 164-71 (in German). After outlining the problems en' countered in pneumatic and hydraulic transport of solid materials an attempt is made at defining the conditions in which this type of transport is economical. The Handling of Solid Fuels and the Removal of Ash in Private Power Sta tions. E. Dordain. Tech. Mod. 1960, S3 (Feb.), 46-58 (in French). The various types of equipment used in France for moving solid fuels such as conveyors, elevators, cranes and hydraulic and mechanical ash re moval installations are described. Coal Handling Plants in Steam Power Stations. W. Fraass. Elektwirtsch. 1960, 59 (Mar. 20), 148-52 (in Ger man). 60 The boilers at the Schwandorf power station are fired by brown coal which arrives in special wagons and is discharged into two bunkers of a total capacity of 10,000 tons. From these the coal is transported by a series of belt conveyors to the storage area or the boiler house bunkers. The various installations and their controls are briefly described. Dust Control at Milliken Station. W. R. Wise. Combustion 1960, 31 (Mar.), 39-40. Spraying of dust with a solution containing a wetting agent is carried out at the car dumper, discharge from 'the pan feeders to the stocking out conveyor, discharge from vibrating feeders to the reclaiming belts and from the crushers to the boiler house conveyors. Steam Generation and Power Production Determination of Stresses in Pressure Vessels. H. Jung. Chem. Ing. Tech. 1960, 32 (Mar.), 217-22 (in German). 'A simplified theory of a shell resist ant to bending forces has been de veloped and solutions are presented for the cylinder, sphere and cone. The equations are tabulated. A calcu lated example shows good agreement between theoretical and experimental results. ' Flow of Fluids. M. Murray. Ind. Engng. Chem. 1960, 52 (Mar.), 257-61. The annual review of literature pub lished in 1959. The Effect of Temperature Drop Be tween Components of a Boiler Drum and the Stresses Set Up in It. Yu. A. Magnitskii. Teploenergetika 1960, 7 (Mar.), 48-51 (in Russian). Methods are suggested for consider ably reducing the drum stresses by means of a change of water level dur ing start-up and shutdown. -. - C.E.G.B. abstract Features of the Operation of the 67-4-SP Once-Through Boiler on High-Ash-Content Fuel. A. L. Bychkovskii. Energomashinostroenie 1960 (Feb.), 21-5 (in Russian). A brief description is given of the basic features of operation of the 67-4-SP once-through boiler when high-ash-content fuel is used, with particular reference to stability of fur nace operation, optimum firing oo tions, thermal conditions of the ing surfaces and boiler economics. C.E.G.B. abstrjfc Shot Cleaning of Convection Heat, exchange Surfaces. D. Humphrey J. Inst. Fuel 1960.33 (Apr.), 173-9.-4' The design and installation of shot cleaning equipment is described ao<j the advantages of this technique, e*. peciallv the cleaning during full loa4 conditions, set out. Liquid and Gaseous Fuel Firing ; The Use of Heterocyclic Tertiary Amines for the Control of Corrosion caused by Flue Gases. E. Brett Davies and B. J. Alexander. J. Fuel 1960, 33 (Apr.), 163-73. ' The theoretical basis for the use of tertiary amines as corrosion inhibitor in oil-fired boilers is explained and ex. perjmental and field experiences de scribed. It was found that the injec- tioh into the flue gases of 0.03 per ceht of these amines by weight of the rated fuel capacity afforded protection economizers, air heaters and ancillary equipment, but that difficulties may arise in their uniform distribution |n the flue gases. Deposits on air ht& ers can be removed by water washing as also any accumulations of carbon deposits. "ft Furnaces and Combustion General Combustion Nomogram far the Assessment of Flue Gases and their Calculations by Means of m Coefficients. H. Viereckl. Enerpc 1960,12 (Mar.), 89-95 (in German)^-, A simple nomogram has been cmstructed for flue gas compositions and excess air determinations. The noriSP gram enables to rapidly assess t& quality of the combustion from ue fuel or flue gas analysis. The calcula tion of the various coefficients from the fuel or flue gas analysis is givenJn a first table and average values are given in a second table and graph. further table gives the equations (or the calculation of the gas and air v<4umes and their weights. An example shows the application of the no: ' gram. The Release of Sodium Aerosols 1 ing the Combustion of Pulver Coal: a Laboratory Investigati D. Ounsted and J. Schoen. J. Fuel 1960, 33 (Apr.), 199-206. - The furnace for firing 100 gr of j verized coal per hour and its eqq ment are described. The effec ash content of the fuel and its pa size on the formation of sodium ; sols has been studied; this incre with increasing particle size andj creasing ash content. Suggest August 1960 / COMBUS- e aide to reduce deposit formation .used by sodium aerosols by burning Combustion Controls>al of high ash content, reinjection fly ash or finer grinding of coal. 'ate- 'e Corrosion and Water satire . Ultra-Pure". Boiler Feedwater. , . N. Hill. Heat Engng. I960, 35 an./Feb.), 104-6. Tests carried out by the TYA at the' >hnsonville power station's No. 9 and ' units have shown that suitable de nned evaporators are able to produce nsistently feedwater with a vapor irity below 0.1 ppm (0.008-0.071). edwater Treatment for Low-Presxe Boilers. W. F. Gerrard. Steam igr. 1960, 29 (Apr.), 236-40. One method for internal and one for ternal treatment are described. The st uses anhydrous trisodium phoslate, anhydrous sodium sulfite, soum hexametaphosphate, tannin or dium alginate and anhydrous or ystalline magnesium sulfate. The lantities required and the manner of eir application are stated. The secid consists in preliminary base exange, treatment of the water with lphuric acid to partially convert the dium bicarbonate to carbonate, forcg the partially- neutralized water rough a polythene spray to remove '.rt ' the C02 and then pass the ate. .ough a bank filled with granar magnesium oxide to absorb the sidual C02 and tconvert any bicarmate into carbonate. The adintages of the process over lime-soda ftening are outlined. arrosion in Power Station Feed /stems. A Trial of Cyclohexylaine and Morpholine and their Evalition as Corrosion Inhibitors. B. uck and E. M. Osborn. Chem. and d. 1960 (Mar. 26), 326-31. . Both cyclohexylamine and morloline at an amine concentration of 2 ppm reduced the iron content'of e_ boiler feedwater from 20 pptm 0 pptm, but the copper content only m 20 pptm to 10-12 pptm. Mor>oline was slightly more effective in mtrolling metal pickup. amage to Boiler Tubes due to Cop:r deposits from Boiler Water. Splittgerber and F. Borsig. Masch-. enschaden I960, 33 (Feb.), 21-4 3 German). Investigation of the internal de- *its of corroded tubes of a 140 atm age) boiler revealed, in addition to agnetic iron oxides, considerable Jar 's of copper which was deot't lTOni Ibe boiler water due to ? ^local thermal stresses of the pff er and led, by a catalytic action, creased oxidation of the tube wall GMBUSTION / August 1960 New developments and substantially expanded facilities prompt us to tell friends and customers what's new at Reliance Instrument. 1 . In succeeding months, this column will announce many new products--and many product improvements --in wide variety and of special interest to combustion engineers. Meantime, we urge you to send us any inquiries you may have in the area of combustion controls. Attention to detail at sales and service levels has characterized Reliance Instrument's history and will continue to be a major factor in our job. Proved Dependability Safety-Engineered Maximum Efficiency Let us meet you at the Annual ISA Show: Booth 1705, New York Coliseum. September 26-30. RELIANCE INSTRUMENT (formerly RIMCOR) Division of ELECTRO-MECH Corp. 55 Osk Street, Norwood, N. J. CLoster 5*6770 61 through decomposition of the steam. The observations made on investiga tion of this damage agree in nearly all respects with the results obtained in other countries and, recently, in Ger many in similar cases. From C.E.G.B. Digest 1960, 12 (Apr. 23), 1040. Investigations of Impurities in the Cooling Water of the First Nuclear Power Station. P. N. Sljurasev, V. A. Ivanov and L. N. Nesterova. Kernenergie 1960, 3 (Mar.), 248-51 (in German). ' The investigation concerned the cor rosion of steel in the first Russian nuclear power station near Moscow and the rate at which the corrosion products were carried out by the cool ing water. The rate of carrying away these products is a function of the flushing of the primary circuit by light water and the reactor output. Irra diation in a light water cooled reactor causes formation of nitric acid by oxi dation of the dissolved nitrogen. It could be shown that the water con tains ions of Na, Ca, Mn, Ni, Co, Cr and Si, but Fe and Cu are present as colloids. Flue Gas, Ash and Dust Testing the Rotary Regenerative Air Preheater. Part I and II. J. Waitkus. Combustion 1960, 31 (Mar.), 30-7 (Apr.)-, 60-5. This first part deals only with meth ods, equipment and procedures for the flue gas analysis. The second part deals with difficulties in measuring flue gas, air and metal temperatures, pressure and draught and the most suitable instruments for each applica tion. Heat Recovery Plant Thermal Calculation of Steam-Heated Feed Water Preheaters. H. Kerwat. Energie 1960, 12 (Mar.), 98-101 (in German). The difficulties of determining the heat transfer coefficients in the sub cooling, condensation and condensate cooling zones are discussed and values obtained in extensive tests tabulated. An example illustrates the application of these coefficients in the calculation of the area of each of the three zones. Hydraulic Analogue for Studying Steady-State Heat Exchangers. J. Prochazka, J. Landau and G. Standart. Bril. Chem. Engrg. 1960, 5 (Apr.), 242-7. Hydraulic analogues for counter and mixed flow heat exchangers are pre sented and the results presented in tables and graphs. 62 Power Generation and Power Plant Power Station Heat Cycles. P. J. Cameron. Elect. Rev. 1960,166 (Apr. 8), 675-80. The heat cycles of conventional and nuclear power stations are compared. The possibility of using reheating in nuclear stations are explored and a particular scheme involving a back pressure turbine driving a circulator is outlined; the gain in efficiency is dis cussed. Conduction and Radiation Losses and Ventilation in a Power Station. M. Sack. Elektwirtsch. 1960, 59 (Mar. 20), 142-8 (in German). - Investigations into the conduction and radiation losses in a power station and efforts to improve comfort condi tions for the personnel are reported. It is shown that a considerable re covery of the losses can be combined with improved working conditions. Efficiency Plus. E. R. Knight. Elec tricity 1960,13 (Mar./Apr.), 76-7. Spondon H is the first CEGB sta tion specifically built to supply proc ess steam to an industrial consumer (Brit. Celanese Ltd.). When finished it will contain four 180 klb/h stoker fired boilers supplying steam at 900 psi and 875 F to three 10 raw turbo generators exhausting at 160 psi and 510 F. The thermal efficiency of this station exceeds 60 per cent. . Big Power Comes to Staten Island. M.. L. Branin. Coal Utiliz. 1960, 14 (Feb.), 14-8. The first unit of the Arthur Kill No. 2 station consists of a boiler rated at 2400 klb/h at 2100 psi and 1050/ 1000 F and a 335 nw cross-compound turbogenerator. The boiler has twin furnaces, one containing the reheater and the other the final superheater. Each furnace has 16 burners for coal, oil and gas firing supplied from 8 mills each with a capacity of 38,400 lb/'h at 63 Hardgrove and a fineness of 77/200 mesh. Furnace ash is removed by a hydraulic system, fly ash by a vacuum system. The combined multicyclone and precipitators have a separation efficiency of 99 per cent. The furnace operates under positive pressure and there is no i.d. fan, but cold flue gas can be recirculated from the mizer outlet to the furnace boti The air is preheated by steam befi entering the rotary preheater. Progress of the Tennessee ValW Authority. Anon. Engineer 1960, 2flt (Apr. 8), 626-8 (Apr. 15), 66$S (Apr. 22), 700--1. .rS The power system of the TVA increased by 775 mw during 1959 aag 66 per cent is now generated in ste&^ and 34 per cent in hydroelectric sf*. tions. At the' Johnsonville Station three 150 mw units were completed and a fourth nearing completion giving a total capacity of 1275 mw. ^t Gallatin station a 275 mw unit w commissioned and a second 275 m* unit almost ready bringing- the total capacity to 1050 mw. At WidoSJ Creek the first 500 mw unit is toJbe commissioned in October 1960, ctaj. sisting of a cross-compound double flow turbine with two 275 mw genetstors and a controlled circulation boiler rated at 3850 klb/h at 2450 psi and 1053/1003 F with feedwater at 530R The calculated heat rate is 8913 B kwh. A further 500 mw unit is to-J* installed at Colbert station. Fui developments are outlined. The Second (French) Nuclear Pos Station. Bienvenu, B. Saitcevs F. Bourdillat, C. Tourgeron, R. Millg Lamiral and L. Laurent. Xucl.. 1960, 5 (Apr.), 118-23. EDF2 to be in operation in 19621 have an output of 791 mw (th) and lj| mw (e) using natural uranium Mg cans, grafite as moderator and G at 368 psi as coolant with an inlet te perature of 195 C and an outlet tea perature of 365 C. There are 4 he* exchangers producing h-p steam ati C and 473 psi and 1-p steam at 126.jp and 340 C. Two 115/125 mw turn generators will be installed. Det of the design are presented. Kahl Nuclear Power Station. Kornbichler. Engineer 1960, (Apr. 8), 624-5. This first German power reactor'Jb rated at 60 mw (th) and 15 mw (e) aft is of the boiling water type. Primi steam flow is at the rate of 118.5 tj at 71.3 at and secondary steam flow Editor's Note: As we point out each month, the maleraial for this department is drawn from the International Combustion Ltd. Monthly Technical Bulletin. The Bulletin's editor, K. R. Lenel, advises us of a new publication, "Fuel Abstracts and Current Titles," published by the Institute of Fuel, 18 Devon- ^ shire St., Portland Place, London, W.l, which does a very comprehensive job. We have seen it and endorse it for individuals and libraries of univer- j sities, consulting engineers, manufacturing organizations. Write to the ; Institute direct for subscription rates. August 1960 / COMBUSTKJ r'- lPJ^h at 47.8 at. Details are given of tteieactor building, turbine hall, of ficeClock and water purification plant. Instruments and Controls The .termination of the Optimum Desigh Data of the Steam Power Process by Electronic Computers. K. Knizia. Elektwirtsch. 1960, 59 (Mar. 20), 137-41 (in German). The determination of the optimum process efficiency as a function of tem perature and pressure of the super heated and reheated steam, enthalpy of the feedwater entering the boiler, number of preheating stages, thermal jffidency of the turbine, increase of jnthalpy of feedwater in the pumps and saturation temperature in the con denser can only be effected by a cornouter. The preparations necessary or its use are described. Automatic Power Control Improves Precipitator Efficiency. L. L. Little and C. R. Zink. Pwr. Ettgng. 1960, >4 (Mar.),'64. The improvements in electrostatic >recipitator efficiency due to the inroduction of automatic control of jower input are outlined. The Behaviour of the Venturi Pneuaatic Pyrometer in Industrial Fur naces. R. E. Holland, R. Jackson nd n O. Thurlow. J. Inst. Fuel 1960 3 .), 180-7. The application of this pyrometer n open-hearth furnaces, converters, lass tanks, oil and pulverized coal red boilers is described. The advan ces of this type of pyrometer are hat it is accurate at all temperatures, as a rapid response, is only slowly locked by dirty gas and can easily be leaned. letallic Thermocouples for the Meas- rement of Temperatures above 1600 Anon. Metallurgia 1960, 61 Mar.), 141-2. Thermocouples with iridium-60 per Jnt iridium-40 per cent thorium are -Utable in oxidizing atmospheres up ) 2000 C. Irridium-tungsten couples in be used in neutral (argon or ilium) atmospheres up to 2300 C. ungsten-tungsten-rhenium couples in iutral or reducing atmospheres can aasure temperatures up to 2800 C. ast Iron from Steel Scrap. Anon. etatturgia 1959, 60 (Dec.), 261-2. Instead, of pig iron Ferranti Ltd. m use steel scrap with added recar insing compounds, silicon and man- mese in a 3 t capacity electric fur- ^5 the production of non-mag,L spherical graphite cast iron 1 _*a combination of both. Econnies and flexibility are the chief `vantages of this new process. " 3MBUST10N / August 7 960 LOWEST COST INSURANCE (ONLY 3/10* PER BRICK!) -- Assume the cost of firebrick to be obout $175.00 per thousand.* -- Figure about 350 pounds of bonding mortar per 1000 brick. -- Difference in cost between 2nd best mortar and SUPER #3000, the "NO EQUAL" mortar, is about $ 17.00 per ton,- or 3/10e per brick! -- Only 3/7OF per brick for maximum insur ance against expensive joint failure and resultant down-time.* -- Only 3/70? per brick for maximum insur ance against high maintenance labor and brick replacement outlay.* Using SUPER #3000 costs far less in the long runfar less considering the labor and material replace ment necessary when or dinary mortars fail. SUPER #3000, the "NO EQUAL" mortar, is the lowest cost insurance you can buy. WRITE FOR SUPER #3000 SERVICE RE PORTS, TECHNICAL DATA, FREE SAMPLE. 1 fe * Cost of SUPER 3000 "insurance" is only tlSO the cost of the brick! On carbon, chrome, insulating, high alumina and other more ex pensive brick, "insurance" can be as little as 11300 the brick costI "REFRACTbRY&INSULATION:.. Monulocturar, oil *"* I Blmkth, Blvck, ntk nNAC! BlOK, nil ImvJmImh. 63 C MeCABE, Editor and g HINDENLANG, Associate Editor (jjIRT 0" TAFT, Business Manager -.ssmarymongan Ration Manager monthly by COMBUSTION PUB- COMPANY, INC, 200 Modiion York 16. A SUBSIDIARY OF "^lUsnoN engineering, inc McDonough, President . j. Jontry, Jr., Vice-President Straua, Treasurer %emCt A. Ennis, Secretory rA^iUSTlON is sent grotis to engineers in llu. $ A.,n c^or9e f pionts from '^000 lbs per hr capacity up; and to engineers in this field. To others ^ wbtcription rate, including postage, is 4.* the United States, $5.50 in Canada, w tin America and other countries. Domestic, 40 cents. Foreign, ; cents ptus postage. Copyright 1960 by ^busHon Publishing Company, Inc Pub' jfton Office, Easton, Pa, issued the middle *e month of publication. .pronce under Section 34.64, P.L & R, *>onzed by United States Post Office. mSUSTIOM publishes its annual index in Arne issue and is indexed regularly by veering index, Inc and also in the sued Science & Technology Index. magazine is now reproduced and dis ced to libraries on microfilm by University 'oAfmj of Ann Arbor, Michigan, j -**d in U. S. A. BPA COVER PHOTO Impressive shot of the Eddystone Station of Philadelphia 'ciric, home of the highest pressure steam generator yet built. volume 32 number 3 September 1960 Preventing Furnace Explosions ... 26 W. L Livingston ' The pressing problems of furnace explosions are looked at and their causes analyzed. A suggested solution is analyzed A Look at Generating Station Automation ... 36 ft. A. Baker The role of a digital computer as an aid to operation initially and as the focal point for eventual automatic control is reviewed. Anticipated costs and capitalized savings are weighed Steam Powei*PIant Clinic--Part XIX ... 41 Igor Karassik Suction line vibrations are a recurring plant operating problem. Here are two case histories the author dealt with personally Development of Remote Fuel Burner Control and Flame Protective System ... 46 John Dunn The flame proven ignitor is advanced as a most vital element in a safely operated automatic boiler plant Technical Book Reviews ... 50 John H. Cruise Interesting Technical Papers ... 51 Five fundamentals essential to a good audience reaction are developed for future speakers Abstracts From the Technical Press ... 57 Editorials: A Moment's Thought ... 25 Advertising Index . . .66, 67 :|*fc*ads from the Technical Press--Abroad and Domestic i from the monthly Technical Bulletin, International Combustion, Ltd., London, W. C. 1) bib. ources, Properties and Preparation ' fbfmtral Structure and .Properties f Coal XXVI--Studies on Artificial Codification. J. P. Schumacher. F. J. Hnntjens and D. W. van Krevelen. Fuel 1960, 39 (May), 223-34. By hydrothermal earbonification of plant material and peat the natural coalification has been imitated. Cellu lose thus treated in an acid medium is rimilar to vitrinites, lignin to micrinite, rood to vitrinite. When treated in an alkaline medium, cellulose,'wood and peat become similar to natural as- phaltites. . Remarks on the Study of the Pyrolysis jf Bituminous Coals by Differential thermal Analysis. A. F. Boyer and P. Payen. BrennslChemie 1960, 41 Apr.), 104-6 (in German). The sharp rise in the curves of a lifferential thermal analysis of swelling oals between 420 and 450 C is >elieved due to a sudden increase of he thermal conductivity of the coal t the moment the coal particles flow ogether. T>eF ' ability of Home-produced and orei, Fuels for the Operation of -lagging Furnaces. Bituminous oal: Pt. 2. T.. Geissler. Energie 960, 12 (Apr.), 136-47 (in German). The following are discussed: (1) ifluence of slagging furnace design; -) Influence of burner design; 3. lame temperature in the slagging irnace; (4) New characteristic coficients for the different designs of egging furnace. Examples are given the application of the previously -veloped (see abstract 5635) and the - w coefficients to estimating whether coal is or is not suitable for slagging oration. *Hiugton Power Station. Anon. & Coal Tr. Rev. 1960. 180 (Apr. '). 867-8. The coal supplied to this power arion consists mainly of 2" X 0 ick and an admixture of slurry so at its moisture content may reach Per cent. For this reason vibrators II \lbratofy feeders have been in- all important transfer points, j. as the wagon tipplers, bunker ets and the grid covering the re- l,tnmg hoppers e88i- 'ation of Granular Solid > so L N-Aref A SME Preprint ^a'A-150 1959 (Dec.), 12 pp. e advantages and disadvantages, especially power loss, wear and sealing are compared of: (1) Lock hopper; (2) Lock hopper with a moving wall; (3) Positive displacement ram pump; (4) Solid extrusion; (5) Slurry pumps; (6) Positive displacement gear pump: (7) Multistage centifugal compression with air; (8) Peristaltic or rubber pumps. Steam Generation and Power Production ` Assessment of Resistance to Brittle Fracture in Pressure Vessel Design. Pt. II. K. Schaar. Tech. Cbervi. 1960, 1 (Apr.). 159-64 (in German). The conclusions with regard to steel selection, design and construction of pressure vessels are set out. Prediction of Creep Failure Time for Pressure Vessels. F. P. J. Rimrott, E. J. Mills and J. Martin. ASME Preprint No. 60-APM-7 1960 (June), 6 pp. The creep-failure time for a thickwalled pressure vessel is defined as the time at which the true creep strain reaches infinity and used to predict the time to fracture. The solution is presented in the form of graphs. Simplified solutions for very thinwalled and very thiek-walled vessels are presented. Recent Boiler Design Practice. W. H. Rowand and E. G. Kispert. ASME Preprint No. 59-A-176 1959 (Dec.). 31 pp. - A review of American Babcock and Wilcox designs dealing with: (1) Jet ignition grate; (2) Mills: (3) Burners; (4) Cyclones; (5) Coal feeders and distributors; (6) Wall constructions; (7) Drum and drum internals; (8) Natural circulation and once-through boilers of which 18 different designs are shown. Steam Generators. A. Bachmair. B.W.K. I960, 12 (Apr.), 144-5 (in German). In Germany 61 per cent of boilers above 335 klb'h output are of forced flow design and the largest on order for firing by bituminous coal is a Benson boiler rated at 1100 klb-'h at 3000 psi and 990 F. Controls for these boilers have been improved so that they are no longer at a disadvantage compared with natural circulation boilers. Aver age output has risen from 400 to 405 klb/h, average efficiency is 90.3 percent pressures vary between 2200 and 3000 psi. One supercritical boiler rated at 4400 psi, 1120 F is in operation, another rated at 580 klb/h, 4630 psi and 1040 F under construction. Al though 19 boilers with steam tem peratures above 1100 F are operating new orders did not exceed 1040 F. Prefabrication of boiler parts and gastight casings are making progress. Removal of Slag Deposits from Screen-type Superheaters by Vibra tion Methods. L. I. Kropp and D. L. Itman. Elekt. Stantsii 1960 (Mar.), 2-7 (in Russian). The paper deals with the application of the method to a 160 t/h, 120 kg ' cm5, 500 C boiler: the vibration device is described and a test and its results are discussed. The working conditions of the metal are considered. The method effectively ensures long- period non-slagging operation and substantial reduction in ash deposits. Regular operation of the vibration equipment considerably increases the heat absorption of the screens. The screen heating surfaces can be kept clean in a gas-flow temperature up to 1350-3400 C and boiler efficiency is improved. C.E.G.B. abstract. Designing Boilers for Gas-cooled Realtors. B. G. Ediss. Nttcl. Pwr 1960.5 (May). 101-4. Ways of reducing the work involved in calculating the most important di mensions of a boiler associated with a nuclear reactor using standard meth ods of heat exchange design are out lined. Liquid and Gaseous Fuel Firing Industry's Battle with Fuel Ash. R. C. Bellas. Power 1960, 104 (Apr.) 83-8. A brief review of the causes of oil ash attack in boilers, gas turbines and diesel engines and of the counter measures available. Boiler Problems Associated with Use of Bunker C Fuel. J. J. McMullen. Combustion 1960, 31 (Apr.), 42, 46-7. Deposit formation on high and low temperature boiler surfaces caused by the ash constituents of Bunker C oil are discussed. It is contended that washing of the oil to reduce the sodium content and the addition of watersoluble magnesium sulphate to the - washed oil at a ratio of 3:1 Mg/V would solve most of the problems. Experience in ships with gas-turbines and oil fired boilers is cited where the effect of these measures has been pro nounced. Water Wash of Bunker C Retards Boiler Slag on Atlantic Tanker. W. A. Walls and W. S. Proctor. Com bustion 1960, 31 (Apr.), 43-5. / September J 960 57 1 Ill i- : I r i : *: ;i M r In the American S/S Atlantic Sea man operating at a steam temperature of 1020 F at the superheater outlet slagging difficulties in the superheater were experienced. When using specially prepared oil containing up to 250 ppm of V but less than 10 ppm Na no slagging was found. An oil washing plant has now been installed on board ship to enable all bunker C oils to be used; experience after 0 months has been excellent. What Oil Burning System for the Automatic Package Boiler? P. D. Goggin. Pwt Engng 1960, 64 (Apr.). 76--7. The advantages and disadvantages of various types of burner (rotary cup, air atomizing, steam atomizing, me chanical pressure) for installation in different kinds of packaged boilers are discussed. Furnaces and Combustion Dimensionless Coefficients of Mixture Formation in Combustion Chambers. Pt. V. W. H. Fritsch. Eiiergie 191)0, 12 (Apr.), 156-61. The determination of the coef of mixture formation is illustrated}!? (1) Pressure and rotating-cup btJ|?* (2) Pulverized coal fired furnaces; (.1) Pulverized coa^|j steam generators. 4! . . Water-Side Corrosion and Water Treatment 5-v k' Feed Water Treatment. K. B.H-.A'. 1960. 12 (Apr.), 155-tfr German). Wa German experience during the'rjo year has shown that difficulties*? complete demineralization . Pfaots. treating surface water can "uee.ov*,. come by using strongly ba<i e* changers. Since these strangely resins are sensitive against Surfar, and pore fouling by iron salt^jo organic substances they must u frequently regenerated with a I(j j cent sodium chloride* solution'1''and ' flushed with caustic soda. The-watcr has in many plants to be preheated to 1Q0 F to obtain the desired Evaporators supply water of ajpurity equal to demineralizers. Conh^ tubes should no longer be copper; aluminum has superior. FORCED DRAFT-REGISTER TYPE PACKAGED BURNER SYSTEM fully automatic or semi.automatic .. . this high efficiency system is manufactured in a wide variety of sizes and models, arranged for firing steam boilers and high temperature hot water generators of all types up to the equivalent of 100,000 lbs. of steam per hour. Available with axial flow blowers or centrifugal blowers fitted with electric motor or steam turbine drive as required. is"sav-pac" built for trouble-free performance, extra economy using all grades of fuel oils, gaseous fuels or com binations of both. Self-contained unit includes register-type burner, forced draft fan, air-fuel controls, wiring and piping in separate enclosed panels, mounted complete. Also available todd roto-pac fully automatic forced draft rotary burner systems. Write for complete details and specifications SHIPYARDS CORPORATION PRODUCTS DIVISION Sales and Service Departments: Columbia and Halleck Sts., Brooklyn 31, N. Y. Plant, Sales and Service: P. O. Box 9666, Houston, Texas Corrosion Prevention by thi oxygenation of Water by the tion Method. P. A. Akol'zinf rosion 1960, 16 (Apr.), 114-6. A Russian method of freeing from oxygen dissolved in i^ scribed in which the oxygen < into a gas (free of oxygen) mixe^fin the water in an ejector. Wi " gas are subsequently separat* desorber. The results of test&Mt given in a series of graphs. 40k Tests on the Corrosion ResistaH^tf Russian 12 XM Steel in Water at 330 C and 130 V. V. Gerasimov and A. I. G) Teploenergetika 1960, (Apr. (in Russian). The method and results a vestigation into the corrosion anism and corrosion resistani low-alloy steel subjected to the;) of distilled water saturated wil gen, with air and with the ad hydrazine, at 330 C and 130 are discussed. Results obtaini other steels and drawn from A; and Russian literature so; quoted. C.E.G.B. Embrittlement A Modern O. H. Preis. Pwr. Engng j (Apr.), 68-9. It is pointed out that ment of steels' used in boile occurring quite frequently >.| the causes and remedial have been known for a lq The existence of embrittleme >i i.. G, C; P' v fir ii i- ir a te 58 September 1960 / COMl cc Mi i tib-feS&b* detected by an embrittlemtaW*&ctT containing a test piece od deeding of sodium nitrate or toorfjnated pH-phosphate control prevent embrittlement. 5^ , Corrosion and Deposits investigation, of Corrosion Damage in Slagging Furnaces. K. Baatz, K. ipih and H. W. Thoenes. Tech. Cbenv. I960, 1 (Apr.). 156-8 (in Vennan). Two cases of corrosion damage on he gas-side of slagging furnaces are iescribed and discussed. The wateroluble fraction of the deposits conained sulfates and chlorides which letermine at higher temperatures the ate .of corrosion, but a reducing inmence is also likely to have taken iart in the reaction. ower Generation and Power Plant -trge-Scale Power by Direct Con- ersion. B. C. Lindlev. Engineer- ng 1960,189 (Apr. 22), 567-9. . Possibilities of direct conversion of eat (1500-3000 C) into electricity reconsidered. These are: (1) Ther- noelectris; (2) Thermionic; (3) Mag- :etohydrodynamic. Design consid- rations are presented. . Experiences with Gas Turbines in rep ~)ower Stations. P. Chambaal- JME Preprint No. 60-GTP-l 960 (Mar.), 11 pp. Gas turbines and free piston gen rating plants have been installed in veral French power stations to meet eak load demands. The problems of sing heavy fuel oils and remote con- '1 are discussed in some detail. r*s-Steam Power Generation. P. Martinuzzi. ASME Preprint No. "-GTP-6 I960 (Mar.), 12 pp. The possibilities of a gas turbine roducing power and its exhaust -nerating steam for a steam turbine ave been examined and the efficiency 1 such cycles calculated. The study as been extended to include closed- c e gas-steam power generation in 'nnection with a high-temperature as-cooled nuclear reactor. The re'ble^ ^6Se calculations are given in vri ^Ur^TMe~^'x^aust Heat-Recovery f, , G- L- Morris. ASME Pre- No. 60-GTP-9 i960 (Mar.), 8 pp. asfnUs schemes of gas turbine, "edb recover.v and separately- i er were considered to provide Js V1 Ustrial plant as efficiently as >i a ^''OO lb/h steam at 425 additional to auxiliaries lrb,Star*ng turbines for the gas es and 100,000 lb/h of deaer MfiUSTlON / September 7960 ated water at 550 psi.for process. The optium solution was found to be the installation of two 7500 hp gas turbines for driving process equipment, two 30,000 lb/h pressurized waste- heat boilers with stack economizer for feedwater heating and a separate economizer for process water and two 40,000 lb/h water-tube oil fired boilers using either air or turbine exhaust gas for combustion. The heat balance calculations are presented. j ) | j j j j I ! BE "IN THE KNOW" ON WATER TREATMENT! Economics of the Steam-Gas Turbine Exhaust-Fired Cycle for MediumSize Utilities. M. Eisler and W. M. Sybert. ASME Preprint No. 60GTP-15 1960 (Mar.); 9 pp. It is suggested that in many smaller networks the addition of a gas turbine exhausting directly into a steam generator will save considerable capi tal costs compared with a complete new unit. The results of calculations for various sizes of networks are tabulated assuming an average annual peak load growth of 8 per cent. i ; . ! How Deere Plant Pressure-Fires a Spreader-Stoker Installation. H. H. Reisman. Pwr Engng 1960, 64 (Apr.). Is good boiler housekeeping in 89-91. The advantages of pressurized firing are briefly enumerated and the special design details required for pressurizing described. The lower part of the boiler is surrounded by an airtight enclosure with revolving door. The fd fan passes the air to the windbox from which it flows through the grate in volumes controlled by a damper, Sufficient coal is kept in the duct from bunker to hopper to prevent, outward : j I ! j I . j j ; your plant beset by sludge, scale- and corrosion? Are these enemies of efficiency increasing downtime and maintenance costs, fighting company profits and your own. career? The Power Show can help you find better ways to fight back; It ` can help you keep your company's .. profits growing and your own job - on the upgrade by keeping you up-to-date on water softeners,: de mineralizers, dealkilizers, filters, leak of air. Overfire air is taken from j deaerating heaters and clarifiers the ash pit and injected from the rear. The ash pit has its own en closure and door and the ash is removed pneumatically. At an average load of 87,000 lb/h the boiler efficiency has been 85.64 per cent with a C02 of 12.8 per cent when firing coal of 10 856 Btu./lb. ! \ j I : ! -- PLUS a broad line of other power and allied equipment.'- Only at the Power Show do you- have the opportunity to investi gate, compare and get the right answers, face-to-face, from the manufacturers themselves. Only at the Power Show can you see over 250 leading suppliers' prod- - Ferrybridge B-300Mw Station. Anon. Elect. Times 1960, 137 (May 5), 722-4. This recently commissioned station contains three units each consisting j j j ucts, all conveniently grouped to gether at one time. Make sure you're there.' Every one else will be! . of a boiler rated at 760 klb/h at 1600 psi and 985/953 F and a 100 Mw turbogenerator. Overall building volume is 31 cu ft/kw installed and overall cost of about $137.50/kw installed. j j j ; Consider Simplified 100 Mw Gener- - 24th NATIONAL EXPOSITION OF POWER & ating Unit for Peaking. W. Welch. Elect. Wrld 1960, 153 (Apr. 4), 28-31. MECHANICAL The growth of peak load at a higher rate than the average load causes con ENGINEERING cern to American networks since the supply of this peak load by reheat ' AUSPICES ASME NEW YORK COLISEUM units designed, for high efficiency at full load is very expensive if these units operate at low loads. The Long NOV. 28-DEC. 2,1960 MANAGEMENT: INTERNATIONAL EXPOSITION COMPANY 480 Lexington Ave.r New York 17, N, Y 59 Skid-mounted package demineralizers vailable promptly from Permutit Just connect the influent, effluent and waste lines, and this "package" de mineralizer will go to work for you. No field assembly costs, no delays, no capi tal tied up in construction. It's one of several demineralizing systems now available as pre-assembled packages from Permutit. They're skid mounted, and most models can be shipped promptly from stock. . You save testing expenses, because these package units are pretested, fac tory-guaranteed units. Here are some of the "package" units now available: . 12", 15", 20", 24" Mixed-Bed De mineralizers provide flow rates up to 20 gpm (50 gpm for polishing). All of these units are capable of producing demineralized water with an average of over 6,000,000 ohms specific resist ance. or about 0.05 ppm dissolved solid content--all available from stock. 16", 24", 30" Diam. Single Bed De mineralizers are available as cation exchangers and as anion exchangers-- both strong base and weak base. Flow rates up to 30 gpm. All components are carried in stock--permitting prompt delivery of two-bed systems for simple field assembly--or available as a pre- fabricated package, similar to picture above. Non-Regenerable Demineralizers are available for those applications where it is more economical to discard the resin and replace it than to regenerate it. For example, demineralizers used for radioactive waste clean-up, and for polishing ultra-pure or ultimate" water, may be or this type. Available from stock. MBD-6A Mixed-Bed Demineralizer for laboratory use, demineralizes 1 to 2 gpm of water to a low total solids, low COj and low silica content. Unit is 6" in diameter. Available from stock. More detailed information on Per mutit Packaged Demineralizers is given in Bulletin 4721. For your free copy, write our Permutit Division, Dept.CO90, 50 West 44th Street, New York 36, N. Y. In Canada, The Permutit Com pany of Canada, Ltd., 207 Queen's Quay West, Toronto 1, Ontario. *FLUIDICS is the Pfaudler Permutit program that integrates knowledge, equipment and experience in solving problems involving fluids. PFAUDLER PERMUTIT inc. Specialists in FLUIDICS . . . the science of fluid processes 60 Island Lighting Co. is therefore stalling a 100 Mw peak load unij minimum cost. It operates at < conditions of 850 psi and 950 F,; single heater for preheating feed* to 250 F and without air preht single full-load pumps for the water, condensate and circuli water. The boiler has a pressu furnace fired by heavy oil to elimia* equipment required for coal-firinj both boiler and turbine are inst out-of-doors and as closely together* practical. The condenser is desin* for water at 50 F in winter and tk loss of 4-5 Mw output with water* 85 per cent F in summer is regard* as less important. Similar cost ductions have also been effected the generator and electrical equr> ment. The total cost of the unit ri be about 60 per cent of a 1S5 M heat unit. The Second Extension of the Mu* dovaerk, Denmark. H. Billescht* Elektroteknikeren 1960, 56 (Mar. 96-106 (in Danish). The third and final section o( tk station has a 250 t 'h (m.c.r.) Ben* boiler with reheat and a SO Mw threecylinder double-flow condensating t bine driving a hydrogen-cooled 1 mva 0.8 p.f. alternator. The house is of light steel construe' with 5m X 75 cm aluminium pl> assembled at ground level into 15 cladding sections with fastenings' signed for installation from ind scaffolding. Provision is made for and p.f. firing using slurry up tc per cent moisture content with drying. The condensate circuit a' complete demineralization pi and purification equipment (``P* filter"). The hydraulic ash and Hr ash-removal equipment, feedwat treatment plant, electrical equipmei* and control room and automatic boil* control system are described. . From C.E.G.B. Digest 1960, ** (May), 1274. New Stockholm Plant Generates! Mw of Power and Heating for 60Wj People. Anon. Purr Engng i960' (Apr.), 80-1. The plant contains three boil supplying steam at 1100 psi and F to three turbines. The steam fr^ two of the turbines is condensed heating the water for the dist^y heating system to 155-250 F, , third turbine has a regulated W point for water heating. Hot water stored in three accumulators and * expansion tanks under air pres5 and distributed to consumers v three miles away. Coal is st partly below and partly above level in a basin forming also the loading dock. September 1960 / COMBUSTl nd Manufacturing _ Theory of Metals. B. % Research 1960,13 (May), IT ^W, theory is described by .IJs possible to explain con- A*ct*ncs,' semiconductors and' the theory eJ alloys. 9tteU for Energy Plants. K. Kreitz. AfFX i960, 12 (Apr.),. 142-4 (in German).. A review of recent developments in iteel compositions for temperatures between 1000 and 1100 F, 1100-1200 P and for higher temperatures, con nections between ferritic and austen itic steels, of standards and specifica tions, of basic research, cast austenitic steels and relaxation. . Electric Furnace Steel for Nuclear Applications. C. Jamieson and J. Mowat. Nucl. Engng 1960, 5 (May), 207-11. Preliminary data are tabulated to *how that steel - produced in electric etc furnaces is likely to have improved ofoperties for nuclear reactor applica.kms than o.h. steels. Creep test data ire not.yet available. Ureas' Corrosion of Austenitic Staineu Steel by High-temperature Solu- ions and Contaminated Steam. F. 3. Snowden. J. Iron c1 Steel Inst. 96r 4 (Feb.), 181-9. Tu .avestigations concerned stress -orrosion in 18-9 Nb-stabilized steel xposed to chloride and caustic soluions at various stresses and temperanres. The rate of attack dependedn stress level, solution strength and rmperature. Specimens contamiated with chloride and caustic were xposed to high-temperature, high ressure steam. The attack by -somm and potassium hydroxides can e either inter- or transcrystalline, dditions of sodium phosphate or 'trite greatly reduced the rate of ttack. Aging of some Russian Austenitic iler Steels. ' I. N. Laguntsov and P. Zlepko. Teploenergetika 1960, Pr-), 38-42 (in Russian). ' x est data are given relating to the '^Oge in impact strength, hardness m elongation of three Russian boiler eT?naiter aging for periods up to >jU00 h; all three showed consider- 5 change in properties after aging. ? Ottlement during aging did not Uce the impact strength below a in8erous level. C.E.G.B. abstract. ^ Is and Controls Ultrasonic Test Instrument for aler and Apparatus Construction. V. Deutsch. VDI-Z. 1960, 102 (Apr. 21), 457-8 (in German). A new instrument is described which enables to test steel plates and welds of more than 5 mm thickness with great accuracy. The instrument is put on wheels to facilitate making tests in less accessible places. Cyclone 02 Analysis Checks Combus tion Efficiency. J. J. Osochowsky and E. A. Schempp. Power 1960, 104 (Apr.), 92-4. A water-cooled probe able to with stand gas temperatures of'3000 F has been developed which can be installed at the outlet of the cyclone throat and allows continuous 'monitoring of the O. content of the combustion gases. It is hoped to develop from this an automatic control system for the optimum adjustment of the fuel and air ratio at all operating conditions. Nuclear Energy AEC Puts Together a Long-Range. Power Reactor Program. Anon. Nucleonics 1960, 18 (Apr.), 71-82. The program put forward to make nuclear power economic by the year 1968 is outlined. Research is to be concentrated on large reactors of around 300 Mw size and the 8 reactor concepts, their capital and power costs are presented. These include the pressurized water, boiling water, organic-cooled, sodium-graphite, gascooled, fast breeder, aqueous homo geneous and heavy-water moderated reactors. The main problems con cerning the development of each type are set out, common to all are further developments in fuel elements. The Instability Problem in GasCooled Reactors. A. Fonda. Nucl. Pwr 1960, 5 (May), 93-6. In addition to instability caused by temperature and xenon poisoning the control system may also cause in stability if the control parameters are inappropriately chosen. The control system studies of the C.E.G.B. and the results obtained of kinetic response to three different control settings are described and discussed. Small Power Reactor Survey. J. S. Burkett. Nucl. Pwr 1960, 5 (Mav), 97-100. ' A brief survey of small reactors available or planned in t'.S.A.. Gt. Britain, Germany, Italy and Switzer land. Even Smaller Reactors. Anon. Engineering 1960, 189 (Apr. 15). 515 6. A review of small American station ary and portable reactors. Study of 4 BWR Concepts Shows One-Unit 300-Mw Plant Feasible. ! | ! I j WHAT COMES UNDER j ENERGY CONTROL? [HuD a&s 88 % -------------------------- --** On paper it's just a phrase, but at work with you and your company it's important. Everything from fuel savings to calculating nu clear fuel costs comes under the heading of "energy control"--a subject of profit to you and your company. . Constant changes in the field make it imperative that you see such exhibits at the Power Show as temperature controllers, pres sure and draft controls, liquid heat controllers and many others . --PLUS a broad line of other, power and allied equipment. Only at the Power Show do you have the opportunity to investi-' gate, compare and get the right answers, face-to-face, from the manufacturers themselves. Only at the Power Show can you see over 250 leading suppliers' prod ucts, all conveniently grouped to gether at one time. . Make sure you're there. Every one else will be! 24th NATIONAL EXPOSITION OF POWER & MECHANICAL ENGINEERING AUSPICES ASME NEW YORK COLISEUM NOV. 28-DEC. 2, 1960 MANAGEMENT: INTERNATIONAL EXPOSITION COMPANY 480 L.xingten Av., N.w York 17, N. Y. 5MBUST10N / September I960 61 FURHACE BLOK* REPLACES FIREBRICK FURNACE BLOK MAKES SUPERIOR SERVICE MONO LITHIC REFRACTORY WALL AND ROOF CONSTRUC TION ECONOMICALLY FEASIBLE. NO WOODEN FORMS REQUIRED. NO SKILLED LABOR. 3 TO 10 TIMES FASTER INSTALLATION Time and labor saving almost unbelievable. No individual trowelling and bonding. No exacting operations. One 9" x 13y2" x 13 FURNACE BLOK equals the volume of sixteen standard 9" firebrick. BETTER SERVICE No brick-to-brick joints. Less spalling. Better insulating value. Lower heat storage. CASE HISTORY: FURNACE BLOK used in walls of ash hopper. Salt water quench. Previous firebrick lasted 6 months. After one year of service, FURNACE BLOK still satisfactory. . FURNACE BLOK, wh.n fllltd, produc* o monolithic structure. FURNACE BLOK INFORMATION KIT Contains technical information, installation photos, cost compari sons and prices. Write for your KIT today. FATENT NO. 183597 - -tri REFRACTORY & INSULATION CORP. :;V104 WALL'STREET NEWYORK 8, N. Y. . Manufacturers cfl OB< **,"di"* FURNACE BLOK; I Blank.h, Bleck, Fluillc wirf Fill Iniulallent. 62 H. C. Ott and R. H. Gordon Wrld 1960, 153 (Apr. 4), 33-6 80 84. . ' ' The four cycles considered (1) NIS natural circulation with ternal steam separation: (2) X natural circulation with external for steam separation; (3) FSC f circulation with external drum, FDC forced circulation, dual with external drum. Calculi were made for a 200 and a 300 unit which showed the FDC cycle Mw unit to be the most efficient able to produce 1 kwh .at 1-11 . higher cost than a coal fired unit: fuel cost of 35 cents per million Hu Development of nuclear superheat _ has not yet been developed sufficient* to be taken into consideration sic fossil fuel superheating does not dx an advantage. Improvements mbe obtained by combination- *' natural and forced circulation. A Closer Look at the Real KIWI4 Anon. .Vucleonics 1960, 18 (Apr.). I A few details are given of the de of this reactor, a prototype built! use in nuclear rockets. The core ct| sists of graphite fuel plates imparl nated with uranium, cooled by hy4t*l gen and with control rods in the cenJ The performance of the reactor is i classified. Grinding, Screening ond Filtering Test on a Tubular Ball Mill PuIm* ing System for Low-grade Coal Supplementary Fanning of Ov Product. S. P. Tsigankov. Stantsii 1960, (Mar.). 10--17 (in Rsian). Supplementary fanning of the o size product of low-grade coal tubular ball mills improved the formance only for screen R > * I per cent with a gravity type class*1 and Rst > per cent with a ce fugal classifier. For Rjs = cent an improvement in perform* of up to 13 per cent and a power ing of up to 5 per cent were obtai* with a gravity-type classifier'' improvement was only 6'/= Per 1 with increased power consuntp** with a centrifugal classifier. I" cases, supplementary fanning can * improve the performance of tu6 . ball mills for pulverizing hard co* other tvpes of coal. * C.E.G.B. AM* Fuels: Sources, Properties arid oration Carbonization Studies. Fluid**?* Technique. Anon. Coal Res- ** S.I.R.O. 1960, No. 9 (Feb.), 2-'- The laboratory plant with *j3 bonizing capacity of 50 lb/h of September 1960 ' COMBU511 ad si air abul bit iihigb ;as 'i Hanc few. V 3, 52 nual fin 19: r. lication leal Han fandl. V. ^Cations a ro if'to the ilbf mate ; a Coa deal Sho (Centra! 5-19 (ir. lithe co; ` and a nt, coi ! of a n ages ox ,, ate expla ; are. diffei ver |S by t tly one the . *.* ' , Trans frdern (in Qtial Lransl; led t "by a st yiht relai [ttof fine irted 'A Cost I only Bratio lent tacture yPt I. 960, l <r-' |Viaed G Iteels v srifeture m the .to stee The 'note) S 'rate r' 5N /: una some oi tne results obair or recycle gas at 400- __ tabulated. The char is to |sfor blending with coals to ji high-quality metallurgical tars as a base for a variety of j Handling. J. -R. Arwood md'^EU. W. Wesson. Ind. Engng. Ck&rUflQbO, 52 (Feb.), 181-8. The annual review of literature mblished in 1959. te Application of Vibratory Power to iechanicalHandling. T. D. Latham. feck. Handl. 1960. 47 (Mar.), 132-5. Applications of vibratory power, ased on a rotary motion (Vibrolotor), to the handling of a wide ariety of materials are described. perating a Coal Storage Area with a .echanical Shovel. J. Oliver. Bull. Inf. des Centrales Electriqties 1960, 27 an.), 15-19 (in French). . When the coal yard equipment (a slldozer and a scraper) were due for placement, consideration was given the use of a mechanical shovel and advantages over the former system ; demonstrated and the method of rking is explained. The main rea- i for this is due to the nature of the rl storage area and the fact that a rnber of different quality coals are eked. Over large distances in a d served by fixed installations and ring ->ly one quality of coal the ape s the advantage. 'rom C.E.G.B. Digest 1960, 12 ar. 26), 765. Iraulic Transport of Lump Coal. >n. Fordern u. Hebett 1960, 10 t>-), 91-3 (in German), he essential details of a Russian cle are translated. The investiga- s concerned the transport of large pieces by a suspension of fine coal ater, the relationship between conration of fines in water and size of transported, frictional resistance wear. Cost of transport by this nod is only Vs to V- of that by ray. " m Generation and Power Produc- Assessment of Safety against le Fracture in Pressure Vessel Bn- Pt. I. K. Schaar. Tech. I960. 1 (Mar.). 101-8 (in an). ;e revised German standards for steels with regard to their e fracture performance is exsd and the application of these ards to steels for pressure vessels 386 The physical basis, the ct notches, residual stresses, irature, rate of deformation, for- SUSTION ' September 1960 Insure safe, continuous boiler operation with Reliance Water Columns Models and sizes for every boiler need to 2500 psi working pressure Reliance High and Low Alarm Water Columns are widely known for their sensitive trouble-free alarm mechaaism. Action of the float and whistle valve assembly is direct -- foolproof. Short, unhindered float travel assures prompt response to slight water level variations. Reliance Alarm Columns, available to 900 psi, are completely assembled at factory and thoroughly tested before shipping . . . Above 900 psi, forged steel columns can be equipped to supply electric alarm service and other safety controls . . . Reliance also makes gage cocks, gage valves, gage inserts, illuminators and vision-focusing hoods in various styles to suit all needs. Engineer representatives in all principal cities. The Reliance Gauge Column Co., 5902 Carnegie Ave, Cleveland 3, Ohio Reliance HSf 65 yAdutiids t TM 25 Advanced Design Features LARGE ACCESS DOORS EASILY REMOVABLE FEEDER DOOR SEALS FLUSH INSIDE--NO DUST SPILLAGE LARGE. FREE FLOW INLET EXTERNAL DISCHARGE MECHANISM FREE SUSPENSION HOPPER ADJUSTABLE ii on H-39C COAL SCALE HINGES AND CATCHES--MAINTAIN SEAL EXTERNAL DOOR CATCHES--NO CORROSION NEOPRENE DOOR.SEALS SELF-POWERED 3Y-PASS STEEP BY-PASS PLATE--NO CLOGGING JAM-PROOF BY-PASS SELF-CLEANING . PULLEYS MICROMETER .COMPENSATOR NO INTERNAL MECHANISM TO - GATHER DIRT JAM-PROOF ' SKIRT PLATES* EASY- ' ACCESS BEAM SYSTEM * . ; SIMPLE RATIO TESTING RIGID TUBULAR BEAM Y STRETCHER MEETS HAND BOOK H-44 NBS DUST-TIGHT J.I.C. CONTROLS ANTI-' - . BOUNCE BEAM SWITCH FULL POWER SOLENOID DISCHARGE DIRECT-'' .. COUPLED COUNTER .. EXTERNAL GEARMOTOR DRIVE ' ` Only Richardson builds all 25 advanced-design features into one automatic coal scale. Result: The last, word in accessibility, simplicity, and accuracy ... long-term trouble-free operation ... and low maintenance. For the whole story on the new Richardson H-39C write or phone Richardson Scale Company, Clifton, N.J. Free technical bulletin with dimension sheets. : 0 * Wl Sales and Service Branches in Principal Cities Also manufactured in Europe to U.S. standards Richardson Beales conform to U.S. Weights and Measures H-44 for your protection. MATERIALS HANDLING BY WEIGHT SINCE 1902 62 eign atoms and the significance c notch impact test, transition tern tures and susceptibility to agin; presented. The Edge Value Problem in the culation of Thermal Stresses in tor Pressure Vessels. D. Rt Atomkernenergie 1960, 5 (Feb.), (in German). An equation is derived for cal. ting the stresses caused by the ferential thermal expansion of cylindrical shell and the semt-sphe ends. The validity limits of the b formula are given. Sulzer Steam Boilers. H. Vo Sulzer Tech. Rev. 1959, 41 No. 2, 73. ' The development of steam, gen tors from the first built in 1841 to . latest monotube boiler of 750 klb, 2420 psi and 1110/1060 F is descri'. Steam Generators for the Paper dustry. Anon. Energie 1960, (Feb.), 74-5 (in German). Two boilers are described b rated at 149 klb/h at 1950 psi , 975 F with reheat to 825 F. Oni the boilers includes a slagging furn for the firing of pitch coal, bitumin coal and oil and an upper radi. furnace with additional oil burnt the upper part of the walls of radiant furnace are superheater s faces. The reheater is installed in t damper controlled convection pa The Ljungstrom air preheater is the two-stage type and has an air 1 pass to increase the flue gas tempe; ture from normally 320 F to 375 wb burning fuels of high S content. T other boiler is exclusively oil-fir with the burners in the front wall ai radiant superheater in the front wall Damage to Superheaters and Preve. tive Measures--Part 1. R. Malic* A.P.A.V.E. Bull. 1960, 41 (Jan 3-35 (in French). A number of superheater tube fa: ures that have occurred during oper. tion are described. These are divide into the following categories: those du to (a) the composition of the boilt water, (6) the result of increase i steam temperature, (c) irregular cii culation, (d) external erosion, (e) sht down of plant, and (/) manufacturin faults. Some thirty cases are dt scribed and discussed. From C.E.G.B. Digest 1960,12 (Mil 26), 759. Distortion of a Radiant Superheat* Panel. J. Simonne. Bull. d'Inf. 4* Centrales Electriques I960, 27 (Jauj 30-4 (in French). ... 4 The radiant superheater of a 4* t/h boiler was found to deform.^ break loose in the burner zone./ September 1960 / COMBUS I C- McCABE, Editor and ^ H1NDENLANG, Associate Editor l^||RT D- TAFT, Business Managor -rtSMARYMONGAN OvMon Managor . l-^d monthly by COMBUSTION PUB * *rJuG COMPANY, INC, 200 Madison York 16. A SUBSIDIARY OF JJaUSTtON ENGINEERING, INC McDonough, President Sontry, Jr., Vice-President Jwussp Treasurer A. Ennis, Secretory $0rtlU$TlON is sent gratis to engineers in * U. $. A. in charge of steam piants from Y lbs per hr capacity up; and to ^ j engineers in this held. To others to inscription rate, including postage, is |l * United States, $5.50 in Canada, 041$ *n lafin America and other countries. copies: Domestic, 40 cents, Foreign, ID c*s plus postage. Copyright 1960 by (ettostion Publishing Company, Inc Pubfctoon Office, Easton, Pa. Issued the middle ^to Month of publication. to*ptonce under Section 34.64, P.L & R, totonzsd by United States Post-Office. COmJUSTION publishes its annual index in to to* issue and is indexed regularly by fctormg index, Inc and also in the toftod Science &. Technology Index. Magazine is now reproduced and dis- -W*d to libraries on microfilm by University tottflnu qf Ann Arbor, Michigan. ] in U. S. A. BPA COVER PHOTO Cutaway sketch of Swedish Shite Power Board's underground Slenungsund steam plant planned .tor an ultimate capacity of 700,000 kw. volume 32 number 4 October 1960 Code Testing of Large Boilers--Input-Output or Heat-Loss Method? . 34 J, A Bostic and W. F. Long . The recent trend towards a finer accounting of heat losses in determining boiler efficiency is held up to comparison wtih traditional input-output gauge of efficiency. Unique Swedish Steam Station in Operation ... 40 Details are furnished for the world's largest fully underground steam power station Non-Destcuctive Techniques in Power Plant Inspection ... 44 Peter W. Sherwood One highly attractive advantage of non destructive inspections is the ability to get at areas not within reach by other methods Steam Power Plant Clinic--Part XX Igor J. Karassik 49 The precautions the plant operator should take before returning pumps to service after heavy electrical repairs are cited ' Radiant Heat Exchange in a Boiler Furnace Fired with Natural Gas . 54 F. L Kazakevitch, A M. Krapavin, G. /. Anofriev, /. G. Vesely The authors state their belief that for small capacity boilers operating on natural gas the so-called "norm" method gives adequate performance checks Abstracts From the Technical Press ... 62 Editorials: The Promised Land Beyond the Facts ... 33 C. J. Freund I I -' 1 iI f< k is Is Abstracts from the Technical Press--Abroad and Domestic separated regions; (5) transfer mecha nism; (fi) natural convection; convection from rotating surface* i (Drawn from the monthly Technical Bulletin, International Combustion, Ltd., London, W. C. 1) (8) combined heat and mass transfer' (9) change of phase; (10) radiation(11) liquid metals: (12) low density i heat transfer; (13) measurement tech, Fuels: Sources, Properties and Preparation various times have shown that the decisive phase in the coke formation niques; (14) heat transfer applies tions. Fuel Technology in Canada. A. Ignatieff. J. Inst. Fuel 1960. 33 (May), 223-7. The following are discussed: (1) Coal industry; (2) oil, natural gas and associated hydrocarbons; (3) research on fossil fuels; (4) uranium industry. Coalification Progress, Coalification Scales and Classification of Coals Based on Vitrain Analyses. Pt. HI. K. Patteisky and M. Teichmiiller. BrennstChemie 1960, 41 (May), 133-7 (in German). The various coalification scales have been checked and it is shown that these scales have to be varied with the stage. The limit values (C, O, H contents, V.M., moisture, C.V.) for the 4 large coalification stages are given. Structure of High-Rank Coals De duced from Helium Densities. T. S. Polansky, H. J. Donald and C. R. Kinnev. Nature 1960, 186 (June 4), 792-3.' It is shown that the density gives a is the plastic phase. The rate of heating in the plastic zone determines the mechanical properties of the coke, as well as the amount of Assuring. Mechanical Handling Coal Storage and Handling in the National Coal Board. S. Weinberg and D. G. T. Davev. J. Inst. Fue 1960, 33 (June), 283-4. Storage of coal is today almost universally carried out by crawler tractors with a bulldozer blade which enables larger stock piles to be made and compacted and thus reduce the risk of selfignition. The piles are up to 40 ft deep with a density of 80 lb/ ftJ and contain 1-in. vertical tubes for daily temperature measurement. New Equipment for Stockpiling and Reclaiming. H. R. Keller. Fordern und Heben 1960. 10 (May), 319-26 (in German). A newly developed mobile machine, a cutter-disk loader, is described which is used mainly for reclaiming. It operates either directly or with Thermodynamics. G. M. Brown. Ind. Engng Chem. 1960, 52 (May) 451-5. `' The review of the literature pub. lished in 1959. Pressure Drop in a Duct with Heat Transfer. J. S. Turton. Engineer 1900. 209 (May 27), 902-3. A mathematical analysis. Steam Generation and Power Production Fluid Dynamics. C. A. Sleicher, R. A.-Stern, L. E. Scriven and A. K. Oppenheim. Ind. Engng Chem. I960 52 (Apr.). 347-5S. ' The annual review of literature of 1959. Temperature Recovery Factors in Steam. H. Barrow and D. J. Ryley. Engineer 1960,209 (May 27), 903-6. Temperature measurement of the boundary of a fluid in motion is dis cussed and the results obtained with two different probes are presented. closer correlation with hydrogen for high rank coal than specific volume other mobile intermediate belt con veyors and applications in iron and Steam Generators and the equation deduced from a line steel works, gas works and similar Development of a Diagram for the drawn through the densities of some plants are illustrated. The economics Calculation of Natural Circulation in high-rank coal is: y = 2.26 -- of such installations are discussed. Water-Tube Boilers and Boiling- 0.23 x, where y is density and x per centage hydrogen. This equation does not hold for bituminous coals for which the equation y = 0.442 + 0.064 * (y is specific volume or the reciprocal of density) is deduced. Structure Parameter of Coal Based on Oxidation Experiments. S. K. Chakrabartty, B. K. Mazumdar, S. N. Roy and A- Lahiri. BrennstChemie 1960. 41 (May), 138-42 (in German). The aromaticity in the range of 80 90 per cent C increases from 0.7 to 0.8 and approaches 1 in the anthracite stage. The aromatic hydrogen in creases from 30 to 50 per cent of the total hydrogen and reaches 80 per cent and more in anthracite. The average size of the aromatic nucleus does not increase much and possibly consists of 4-5 benzene rings.' Hydraulic Transport of Coal. A. Wright. Sheffield Univ. Min. Mag. 1959, 47-70. The whole subject of hydraulic transportation of coal is covered very fully from the fundamentals of solids flow in a pipeline and the methods of introducing solids into a pipeline, to descriptions of installations abroad and pilot installations in Great Brit ain. The future of this method of moving coal is discussed and in the appendix three sample schemes are costed in comparison with other methods of transport. (N.C.B. ab stract.) From C.E.G.B. Digest 1960, 12 (June 4), 1433. Heat: Cycles and Transmission Heat Transfer. E. R. G. Eckert, Water Reactors. K. Jaroschek and F. Brandt. B.IV.K. 1960, 12 (May), 189-96 (in German). The equations for constructing the diagram are developed. The numeri cal values for a range of parameters obtained by computers are entered in the diagram which facilitates the cal culation of the circulation if the tube friction coefficients are known or can be assumed. The diagram can also be applied to boiling water reactors if the resistance of the fuel elements is known. A New Method for the Rapid Analyst! of Results of Thermal Calculations for Steam Generators. S. Kasprzyk. B.W.K. 1960, 12 (May), 208-11..(in German). A single diagram has been con structed for presenting the essentijl; relationships between operationsE. Investigations into the Processes in J. P. Hartnett, T. F. Irvine and E. M. parameters, heat balance and the Coke Oven. H. Echterhoff and Sparrow. Ind. Engng Chem. 1960, 52 heating surfaces. This reduces^ M. T. Mackowsky. Gluckauf 1960, (Apr.), 327-39. time required for calculating 96 (May 7), 618-26 (in German). The annual review of the literature in flue gas temperatures as a fu~ Extended investigations in which of the past year under the headings: of the design of the heating samples were taken from various (1) Conduction; (2) channel flow; and facilitates comparison of parts of an experimental oven and at (3) boundary layer flow; (4) flow with projects. 62 October 7960 / COMBUS " "Uluvior of Forced Flow Boilers goad Changes. M. Ledinegg. i960, 12 (May), 197-206 (in ^Pfil^cbanges in the heating surfaces jccorp'ng in the economizer, evaporatnj'* superheating sections of a 3en50u boiler during load changes expressed by a variation of the ratio, if- fuel : water), the time elapsing rom one steady state to the next, nd the changes in the temperature >vel of the tubes have been studied, 'he difficulties are discussed in assessig the changes at the transition points hich wander during the load changes, `he times are calculated which elapse ntil a change of the fuel : water itio affects the steam temperature, so for the case in which the feed of ater is completely stopped. igh Pressure Steam Power Plants, olzer Fr&res S.A. The tubes of tube-platen reheaters e protected from the direct effect of -diant combustion gases bv envelopg them with superheater, evaporatg or feed water heating tubes. Reliance EYE-HYE- the first successful remote reading water level gage known to American engineers 24 years old and still going strongI maces and Combustion idging the Gap between Fundaental Science and Industrial Comstion. M. \Y. Thring. Bril. Pwr igng 1960, 1 (June),'88-90. A. brief review of the research car d c nto the mixing and reaction ocessv.s in furnaces, the development the turbulent controlled mixing tory one-dimensional flame and the ults obtained with solid, liquid and seous fuels. Possible application on : industrial scale is discussed. aphical Method for the Determinaa of the Combustion Air and Flue s Volumes of Solid Fuels. I. Luzsa. ergie I960, 12 (May). 189-2 (in rman). ^ nomogram has been developed the rapid calculation of the theocal combustion air volume and the ilting flue gas volume. uensionless Coefficients of Mixture ^nation in Combustion Chambers. Y. W. H. Fritsch. Energie I960, JMay), 192-7 (in German). '>' means of the dimensionless 3icients developed earlier front, opid and corner firing are compared. effect of the central air core in ter firing and the advantages of tsting the burners to circles of difnt diameters are discussed. From nsideration of the relative furnace ht (H/L), furnace hopper depth L) "nd burner mouth diameter, nu dimensions for corner-fired aces are deduced. Insufficient ex mental material has been available ssess the influence of the size and ABUSTION / October 1960 All-liquid operation--simple manometric principle. Liquid column reading--like the familiar boiler gage. Sharp bi-color indication--water level in drum indi cated by a bright green column; steam space indicated by plain water. Generous reading range--latest model EYE-HYEs are clearly read all around your control room. Never quits through power failure; only the illumi nation fails, but gage still functions perfectly-- can be read by daylight, flashlight or temporary room illumination. Never a "sissy"--EYE-HYE has no delicate parts to get out of adjustment. Construction is rugged. Boiler room personnel can't tamper--each EYE-HYE is calibrated at factory for its specific job. No adjustment needed at job site--can't be im properly adjusted on location. Maintenance almost nil--EYE-HYE simplicity makes few demands for service. EYE-HYEs are now serving well satisfied users throughout the world, on land and sea. Models for wall or panel mounting; pressures to 3000 psi. Write for EYE-HYE catalog material. The Reliance Gauge Column Co., 5902 Carnegie Ave., Cleveland 3, Ohio Reliance BOILER SAFETY DEVICES \ 63 position of the rear arch in the upper part of a corner-fired furnace. Some ideas of the development of furnace design on the basis of ideal mixture formation are presented. Finally, it is shown that the occurrence of corro sion and slagging and of smoke forma tion can in many cases be ascribed to faulty mixture formation and improve ments can be' obtained by modifica tions resulting in better mixing. Properties and Prospects of Directly and Indirectly Air-cooled Slagging Furnaces. Contribution to the Real ization of a Slagging Furnace without Dry Operation in the Low Load Range. R. Dolezal. Mitt. V.G.B. No. 65 1960, (Apr.), 108-17 (in German). The temperatures in directly air cooled furnaces would be too high for prolonged operation but such small furnaces might be useful for investiga tions into ash properties and the evaporation of their constituents at very high temperatures. Indirectly air-cooled furnaces are cooled by media of high boiling point (liquid metals) and their heat transferred in part to the air and in part to steam to be reheated; they can be operated at very low loads with liquid slag re moval. Water-Side Corrosion and Water Treatment ALLFLEX VIBRATAMERS! Custom- Engineered FAST to solve your problems. In Stainless Steel, Bronze, Monel write, wire, phone today for "VIBRATAMER" DATAL0G 601 A LLIED METAL HOSE CO. Hit Ninth St, Ln( Island City 1, N. Y. Telephone: STillwell 4-517J Gas-Side Corrosion and De Corrosion Tests on Materials] in Flue Gases from Oil Haneef. J. Inst. Fuel 1960,33 i 285-94. The relative corrosion rates - bon steel, cor-ten, stainless steel normalized or annealed cast iron yi determined under controlled 005 tions. In addition the effecjjj^i machining the surfaces and angle of impingement of the were studied. Annealed castCu^ showed the highest, cor-ten the lptj^ corrosion rates. `75? Problems Associated with Oil of Power Station Boilers. W. ^ Robertson and R. Ruddock-W^jf. Bril. Pur Engng 1960, 1 (JuneL'T^f 80. '\Sv The difficulties experienced when oil firing was introduced in several power stations of the CEGB., are discussed under the headings: (1) Flame i. pingement; (2) superheat temper*, tures; (3) superheat fouling and 'cor rosion ; (4) low temperature corrosiofc and fouling; (5) reduction of ooiTql sion; (6) excess air control; (7 emission. It is shown that therfi cutties could be overcome and sion reduced to acceptable levi using the minimum excess air posstf and complete burning of the oi!3 that the use of additives could be.iS pensed with. 1 I Experiences with Ion Exchangers Op erating on the Counter-flow Methods. K. Hofmann. Mitt. V.G.B. No. 65 1960, (Apr.), 92-101 (in German). By using the counterflow principle of regeneration (water flowing up wards, regenerant downward) less re generant is required. Laboratory, pilot-scale and full-scale plant tests have shown that little more (105 per cent) than the theoretical amount is I actually required. The higher cost of these counterflow filters is more than compensated by the smaller number of filters needed to achieve the same degree of demineralization. The re sults of the tests are given in tables and graphs. Cold Hardening Surface Layers for Corrosion Protection of Feed Water Treatment Plants. E. A. Ulrich and K. v. d. Heiden. Tech. Uberw. 1960, 1 (May), 182-6 (in German). Various kinds of lacquer and varnish were tested with regard to the protec tive effect for tanks and vessels used in feed water treatment. It is sug gested to apply after careful cleaning by sand blasting a basic mass contain ing zinc dust followed by several layers of epoxy resins containing poly amides. The procedure to be followed is outlined. ` FLEXIDIZE YOUR RIGID PIPELINE ^CONNECTIONS Standard ALLFLEX MNH flexible pipe . connectors FROM STOCK in STAINLESS STEEL MONEL BRONZE solve your pipeline flexation problem! write, wire, phone today for your Allflex Datalog 3752 Ninth Street. Long Island City 1. N. Y. STillwell 4-5173 5W Corrosion and Metal Wastage off__ Flue Gas Side of Boiler Plant. W$0j Jarvis. Brit. Pwr Engng (June), Sl-5. A summary of experience on and oil fired boilers in British power stations is presented giving averagfc figure of coal and oil ash analysis^Lt^; the constituents of flue gases assuniyjj^ 30 per cent excess air and illustr^tjtij typical cases of high and low^Jr" perature corrosion. The formatio* SOj and its role in the con:< mechanism are discussed. It is , eluded that by rigid control off: combustion conditions most of.) difficulties can be avoided. Experience of Corrosion and Ei in Slagging Furnaces. H. Bendff Mitt. V.G.B. No. 65 1960 (Apr.), 25 (in German). The occurrence of tube fail boilers with vertical cyclones 26,000 h of operation could be to CO formation at lower loadi the secondary air velocity was ii cient. By increasing second; volume and velocity CO fo: could be suppressed but the of the COi content from 16.5 cent and increase of the Oj cod 3.5 per cent makes slagging o; below 75 per cent of full load 64 October 7960 / COMBU! jg . The secondary air nozzles are to * provided with special dampers to nsure uniform air velocity at all loads. Tje vertical cylindrical arrangement f cvdone and radiant furnace is re aped as particularly suitable for good as fl nd prevention of difficulties ausea oy corrosion and erosion but oilers operating with widely fluctuat- ig loads are better served by dry- ottom furnaces. ' iperience on a Benson Boiler Fired y Blast Furnace Gas and Oil--Essciaily with Regard to Vanadium orrosions. F. Sieverding. Mitt. '.G.B. No. 65 1960 (Apr.), 78-87 (in erman). During the first operating period ith 2550 h of gas firing and 4300 h oil firing only dusty easily removae deposits and no corrosion were und. During the second period with iOO h of oil firing tube failure, heavy, ird deposits, corrosion of tube sup>rts, refractories -and boiler casing ates occurred caused by incomplete >mbustion -due to insufficient pre rating after a change of oil. In conquence dolomite was added in the rnace and preheated air circulated tween the boiler casing and the reictories. After a further 3000 h of firing fouling was much reduced ough the very hard deposits in the led tube air preheater were again esen* and further tube supports :re oded by attack from V2Oslalyses of the deposits are tabulated d discussed. w-Temperature Corrosion in Oil ed Boilers. G. Weber. Mitt. G.B. No. 65 1960 (Apr.), 69-78 (in rman). A review of the literature of mainly nerican. British and Swedish origin. e Gas, Ash and Dust mbined Flue Gas Dedusting in iler Plants. K. Schaff. Mitt. G.B. No. 65 1960 (Apr.), 88-91 (in rman). liter the conversion of the boilers Liinen power station to slag-tap ng it became necessary to supple st the fly ash separation in the -trostatic precipitators bv the in nation of multicyclones. The rea-s for installing these after the preitators are detailed and figures pre fed of total separation efficiency ieved: this varied between 0.977 1 0.88 per cent depending on the `gn of the multicyclones. Wear on cyclones has been very heavv. fe evelopment of Electrostatic cipuators for Flue Gases. H. '-ndt. Tech. Uberw. 1960, 1 (May), ~&1 (in German). This review deals with the design of electrodes, generation of high volt ages, difficulties and limitations of electrostatic precipitation, differences in the dust from slagging and dry bot tom furnaces and correction factors to be applied to the dust removal efficiency where fuel and operating conditions differ from those on which the original design was based. j Influence of Flue Gas Emission on Design of Steam Power Stations. H. Eickemever. Energie 1960,12 (May), 198-206 (in German). The factors influencing flue gas | emission from a chimney and its dis persion in the air are discussed. Wind tunnel model tests for obtaining optimum height of chimney and flue j gas exit velocity for the StuttgartGaisburg power station are described. The optimum solution could not be applied for architectural reasons. Flyash Cuts Brentwood Paving Costs. N. Falkin. Elect. Wrid 1960, 153 (May 2), 42. The site at Brentwood is a center for the storage of vehicles and ma terials belonging to the Long Island Lighting Co. In constructing the base course a 6-in. layer of soil was com- j pacted, a 2-in layer of aggregate added j together with 60 lb/sq. yd of fly ash j Often regarded as the "heart" of a system, pumps and compres sors merit frequent re-evaluation' to determine that you are using and 30 lb sq. yd of hydrated lime j and water, thoroughly mixed and I compacted to 95 per cent density. The | compressive strength reaches 1500 psi. I the right machine for a specific application. ' Listening to the,"heartbeat" of pumps and compressors can best be done at the Power Show, where you can ask questions, investi Power Generation and Power Plant j gate and compare,' get first hand What May Be Ahead in Power Production. G. B. Warren. Mech. Engng 1960, 82 (May), 61-5. It now appears likely that iff the I answers from the manufacturers themselves. There you'll also see a broad line of other power and allied equipment. , ' . ' - , At the Power Show you'll be in U.S.A. the installed capacitv required will be 600,000 Mw by 1980, i.e., 3 to 4 times the 1959 capacity. Turbo generators of up to 1000 Mw will be used, up to 400 Mw cross-compound, above that single shaft or cross-corn- j pound running at 1800 rpm. Neither ! gas turbines nor nuclear power are ' likely to contribute more than 10 per direct contact with manufac turers, enabling you to get spe cific, direct, authoritative answers to your questions. Only at the Show will you see more than 250 leading suppliers' products,, all conveniently grouped together. ... Make sure you're there. Every one else will be! cent to the total demand. ! I European Energy Needs. Anon. Iron & Coal Tr. Rev. 1960, 180 (Mav i 20), 1113. '! E. Hirsch, president of Euratom, : estimates that by 1980 Europe's 1 energy needs will have risen from the i present 450 million to 800 million ! tons coal equivalent. This would re- ; quire the building of more than 250 24th NATIONAL EXPOSITION OF POWER & MECHANICAL units of 150 Mw and their construc tion should start at once. F. H. S. 1 Brown, deputy chairman of the CEGB, ; thought that nuclear power was at i present marginally uneconomic but de- ; velopments promised competitiveness with coal by about 1970. j ENGINEERING AUSPICES ASHE NEW YORK COLISEUM NOV. 28-DEC. 2, 1960 MANAGEMENT: INTERNATIONAL EXPOSITION COMPANY 480 Lexington Ave,, New York 17, N. Y* ^BUSTION / October 1960 65 nn KJ Power for Peaking. C. C. Combustion 19150, 31 (May), A general review of the possil and economics of designing poi tions for peak load supply. American Power Conference in view--I. Anon. Combustion Xicfuirttmiben 31 (May). 43-7. .. Abstracts of papers dealing *4* (1) Concrete chimneys: (2) tube m * in high temperature boilers; (3) jTi TM l l on H-39C lection of boiler feed pumps; (4) bility of austenitic steels at l45oj). 25 Advanced Design Features LARGE ACCESS DOORS EASILY COAL (5) mechanical draught fans: (6) pav"f load supply: (7) packaged oil,- and coal fired boilers for up to 50 nS!* lb h: (X) slag tap boilers. '. Application of Heat Storage in ' REMOVABLE FEEDER DOOR SEALS FLUSH INSIDE--NO DUST SPILLAGE LARGE.FREE-FLOW INLET EXTERNAL DISCHARGE MECHANISM FREE SUSPENSION HOPPER ADJUSTABLE SCALE clear and Conventional Power St*, tions. Fr. Marguerre and Fe. Jvtaj. guerre. Elektivirlsch. 1960, 59 (May 20), 320-15 (in German). ^ HINGES AND CATCHES--MAINTAIN SEAL Heat storage of up to 35 per of the primary output can reduce the EXTERNAL DOOR CATCHES--NO CORROSION cost of a unit from a conventional f. !! NEOPRENE DOOR SEALS! * SELF-POWERED . power station by 5-7 per cent, that BY-PASS STEEP BY-PASS PLATE--NO CLOGGING of a unit from a nuclear power station JAM-PROOF BY-PASS SELF-CLEANING . }> PULLEYS MICROMEJER-COMPENSATOR * NO. ' INTERNAL MECHANISM TO . . ' . i by 15 per cent. Combination of heat storage and superheating by .fossil fuel would reduce the cost of a'-'unit generated in a nuclear station bdow GATHER DIRT JAM-PROOF ' i: - ' that generated in a conventional-sta SKIRT PLATES EASYACCESS BEAM SYSTEM SIMPLE RATIO TESTING ; j-.'f? L'- lj gf tion. Three appendices give the' de tailed calculations. 31" ifi'iV' * Potential Heat in Fuel: Direct Con RIGID TUBULAR BEAM ; version to Electricity. M. W. Thring. . STRETCHER MEETS'HAND- ' J. Inst. Fuel 1960, 33 (June), 294-J), BOOK H-44, NBS* DUST-TIGHT j.I.C. CONTROLS * ANTI- BOUNCE BEAM SWITCH V.` ' Direct conversions in the fuel cell, thermo-electric generation and-elec, trie gas breaking and their prospect!, and limitations are discussed. ,. il> FULL POWER SOLENOID '; . - \ DISCHARGE * DIRECT- ~ COUPLED COUNTER EXTERNAL'GEARMOTOR . - Boundary Dam Generating Station, Canada. Anon. Engng Boil Hoi Ret, 1960, 75 (June), 172-8. This station contains at present Th PL Sti tio two 66 Mw units but is to be extended 12 to a total capacity of 352 Mw. -The two boilers are each rated af-%00 i Only Richardson builds all 25 advanced-design klb/h, 875 psi and 915 F and designed to burn lignite with a C.V. of 6000 I1' nn features into one automatic coal scale. Result: 7000 Btu lb and a moisture of-30- 4 The last word in accessibility, simplicity, and accuracy ... long-term trouble-free operation ... and low maintenance. For the whole story on 35 per cent. The description indudes the coal and ash handling plant, boiler and turbogenerators, contnlli water treatment, electrical systehjjUBd an sti lx the new Richardson H-39C write or phone auxiliaries. ll Richardson Scale Company, Clifton, N.J. Planning of Power Stations inlpw in in Cottbus Region--A Development.^*, Free technical bulletin with dimension sheets. wards Standard Plans for Large PpwafT Stations. S. Kowallik. Energiet"*'"**'" 1960, 10 (May), 188-92 (in Gen Fuel (brown coal) and river ea Sales and Service Brandies in Principal Cities Also manufactured in Europe lo U.S. standards Richardson Scales conform to tl.S. Vfelthts and Measures H-44 for your protection. appear to be sufficient for the en of four power stations of the' fundamental design each of 1! 1800 Mw final output. ThS1 -.MATERIALS HANDLING BY.WEIGHT SINCE 1902 Liibbenau, will have 3 sections, six 50 Mw sets, one of six 100 Mi 6' 66 October 1960 / COMBU and' onc'of four 100 Mw sets. The tecond station, Vetschau, will have 3 sections* .2 with 6-100 Mw sets, the third possibly with 3-200 Mw sets but 6 boilers. Two further stations of 1200 or 1800 Mw are to be erected late: The steam parameters are stam uised at 159 atu and 530/ 525 C, the cooling water cooled in mechanically ventilated towers. The reasoning behind these decisions are outlined. ' On the Line at Lake Creek. E. E. Wawak. Heat Engng 1960, 35 (Mar./ \pr.), 114-7. Unit No. 2 at Lake.Creek Station >f Texas Power and Light Co. conists of a gas-fired, natural circulation wiler rated at 1600 klb 'h at 1935 >si and 1005/1005 F and 160 Mw urbogenerator. Provision is made or lignite firing at a later date, but at resent only 18 gas and oil firing urners are installed. 'he 125 Mw Unit-type Installation at angerbrugge Power Station, Belium. J. Ryffranck. Voire Electricite 960, 31 (Feb.), 10-40 (in French). The 150 Mw station with five irbo-alternators and nine boilers, inuding one Benson boiler, has been ;tended by a 125 Mw unit-type inallatiod comprising a 350/380 t/h, kg/cms, 540/535 C reheat out>or-type natural-circulation pff boiler ' Co'-'-erill-Stein and Roubaix drivg a Mw hydrogen-cooled turboternator by Ateliers de Construction i Meuse and A.C.E.C. A full deription of the plant is given. From. C.E.G.B. Digest 1960, 12 une 4), 1417. ie Steam Generator and Preheating ant for the 100 Mw Unit of the nttgart-Gaisburg Heat-Power Sta n- H. Eickemeyer. B.W.K. I960, (May), 211-7 (in German). The reasons underlying the design the Benson boiler (922 klb/h, 2630 1010/1010 F), controls, air adssion, slagging furnace, electrotic precipitator and regenerative d water .preheating are discussed 3 details of design given. The els used in the various parts of the ler are tabulated. The optimum rmal efficiency when supplying the ximum amount of steam for heat(200 t/h) is 48.55 per cent. lerials and Manufacturing cesses tal Borides and Carbides--Maals of the Future. \Y. R. Benn. Engng Chem. I960, 52 (Mav), -4/ ' on and carbides are extremely ^ and brittle but possess high temtture stability. Ways of over coining brittleness are indicated. The essential properties of various borides and carbides are tabulated. A Creep-resisting Steel Containing 7 Per Cent Cr. G. A. Mellor and S. M. Barker. J. Iron & Steel Inst. 1960, 194 (Apr.), 464-74. A ferritic steel for Operation at 600 650 C suitable for superheater tubes has been developed containing 7 per cent Cr with additions of 2 per cent Mo and 0.5 per cent Ti. The results of tests made with this steel are repro duced and discussed. A New Low-Alloy Steel for High Temperature and . Pressure Boiler Brums. T. M. Slutskava. Autom. Weld. 1959, (Oct.), 125-7". B.W.R.A. Transl. The composition of the steel is: 0.12-0.18 per cent C, 0.3-0.6 per cent Si, 1.25-1.65 per cent Mn, 0.8-1.1 per cent Cr, 0.4-0.8 per cent Ni, 0.05 0.2 per cent V, not more than 0.3 per cent Cu, 0.04 per cent S and 0.035 per cent P. It has high creep strength, and is easier to weld and resistant to corrosion cracking. Recommenda tions for welding by the electro-slag process are given. . Some Characteristics of Integron Mild Steel Tubing for Heat Exchangers in Nuclear Power Stations. F. E. Astburv and L. H. Toft. Metallurgia I960, 61 (May), 193-200. Integron tubing is produced by' 1. C.I. Ltd. by cold rolling plain tubes to obtain circumferential fins. Metal lurgical characteristics and fatigue re sistance in the "as-finned" and in the heat-treated conditions have been studied, as well as effect of service temperature on tensile properties and residual stress and of welding on parent metal. Heat treatment does not appear necessary for the condi tions obtaining at Bradwell and Berkeley. Boiler Model Tests of Materials for Steam Generators in Pressurized Water Reactor Plants. E. Howells, T. A. McNary and D. E. White. Corrosion 1960, 16 (May), 111-5. Heat exchanger models made of stainless steel, carbon steel, Croloy 2I.'<, Croloy 16-1, nickel, Inconel and Monel were tested at a pressure of 2000 psi and 600 F for about 500 hr. The materials were then subjected to metallurgical examination. The oc currence and extent of corrosion and stress-corrosion cracking in these steels are discussed. Semi-Automatic CO: Butt Welding of Main Pipe Lines without Permanent Backing Rings. V. Ya. Dubrovetskii and V. P. Livinskii. Autom. Weld. 1939 (Oct.), 106-10. B.W.R.A. Transl. vABUSTlON / October I960 YOUR STAKE IN REGULATORS & CONTROLS If your company and your job de pend on power generation, you should know all there is to know, about information systems, step- chart recorders, analog computer controls and similar components- of an efficient power system. . You know the part they play in high-efficiency power generation, and you can build and supple ment this knowledge at the Power Show. Exhibitors include manu- facturers of products like auto1 matic pH controllers) control valves, flow controllers,' pressure/ vacuum and absolute pressure , controllers--PLUS a broad line of ' other power and allied equipment. Only at the Power Show do you have the opportunity to investi-'' gate, compare and get the right answers, face-to-face,' from the manufacturers themselves. Only at the Power Show can-you see over 250 leading suppliers' prod- ` ucts, all conveniently grouped to- ' gether at one time. . Make sure you're there. Every one else will be! ' ' 24S3 24th NATIONAL EXPOSITION OF POWER & MECHANICAL ENGINEERING AUSPICES ASHE NEW YORK COLISEUM NOV. 28-DEC. 2,1960 MANAGEMENT; INTERNATIONAL EXPOSITION COMPANY 480 Ltxin0lon Av., Ntw York 17, N. Y. 67 The semi-automatic weldiifi COj as shielding gas of ste^T with a wall thickness of 8-10? described. it Automatic CO- Butt Welding Walled Tubes. D. A. Dudko,.S Litvinchuk and V. S. Mechev. Jfj Weld. 1959 (Oct.), 100-5. 2? ttq' Transl. -jSi . A procedure for obtaining! welds in steel tubes with walF| nesses of 1-1.5 mm is described^ Service Failures of Pipe Weldijl H. Thielsch. Weld. J. I9i ' (May), 488-95. The reasons for defective welij*x3 maining undetected despite tbP^ plication of the usual non-desf~testing methods are discussed, ods relating to design, electn base metal composition to red * possibility of the occurrence of welds are presented. Instruments and Controls Designed for Inplant Testing... Performed by Your Personnel...Backed by Experts Improvement of Pressure Con Steam Generators. H. Zwetz. K. I960,12 (May). 206-8 (in < The new control system is b the relationship between rater ing and steam flow, taking f count the storage capacity boiler. The new scheme also im the temperature control. If you use water for power, process or cooling, it will pay you to look into Bird-Archer's 8 point Water Treatment Service. Every step in this j Service is performed by qualified chemists and engineers whose main i task is to design a system that can be implemented by your own j personnel and at the same time place at your disposal 60 years' S experience in solving water treatment problems. Bird-Archer's 8 Complete Engineering Services j | ; Complete studies of your use of water or steam. Exhaustive analysis of water supplies starting at source. Modem laboratory with seasoned chemists specializing in water analysis and research. Operational changes where necessary. Custom formulated chemical treatments for your specific needs. Complete analysis of savings and benefits where additional equipment . may be helpful. Instruction of your personnel by experienced technicians in accurate control and test procedures. Periodic call-backs by your Bird-Archer Service Engineer to be sure you continue to get the best possible results. - ; i j | j I A Bird-Archer 8 Point Service Engineer is onig a "phone's throw" awag. Call him for greater peace of mind. BIRD-ARCHER WATER TREATING CONSULTANTS The BUtD-ARCHER Compang, 4337 N. American St., Phila. 40, Pa. - New York Chicago The BIRD-ARCHER CO. of California, 415 Brannon St., San Francisco Offices In Canada and Mexico We Monitor Silica Automati 2600-psig Boilers. T. Finnigan Engng 1960, 64 (May), 58-9. -* Since the silica carry-overr steam is largely a function!silica content of the boiler wa" this is easier to determine acc Niagara Mohawk Power Corp) introduced the Technicon An lyser for the continuous takirf analysing of boiler water sam' two boilers, the instrument switched from one boiler to the every 15 min. The silica con" the steam should not excee ppm and the limit for the boiler! is thus set at 0.3 ppm. When. approached the pressure is and the boiler blown down un correct concentration is estab" Automatic Protection for & Cooled Reactor. B. E. Elt1- M. J. Cowper. Nucl. Engng' (June), 243-9. ' Automatic protection agains cessive rise in fuel element te ture and release of fission pr discussed and the instrum' provided for this purpose des Nuclear Energy Nuclear Power Prospects.* Elect. Times 1960,137 (June 9 68 October 1960 / COMB Sir W3i;am Cook has predicted that . advanced gas-cooled reactor the totypc of which is now under con- uction, will be able to produce a t Cheaper than a modern conven- aal r -er station. The prototype ng l at Windscale is described; will operate with a coolant inlet aperature of 250-325 C and an out- temperature of 500-575 C, part inless steel and part beryllium clad ;ter fuel elements and 1.25 per. t enriched uranium dioxide. The station efficiency is expected to be per cent. . clear Power for Ship Propulsion. E. Richards. J: Inst. Fuel 1960, (June), 271-83. 'he following are discussed: (1) ae of ship; (2) tanker economics; nuclear fuel cycles; (4) types of :tors; (5) assessment of reactor es; (6) characteristics of civil plu- ium; (7) plutonium burning fuel ie; (8) application to marine pro- sion; (9) conclusions; these show t no clear line can be drawn of de- jpment' towards an economic reac- for merchant ships. . Nuclear Power Report. D. Brav Elect. Wrld 1960, 153 (Mav 16), 32. ' his report consists of: (1) An outof the plans made by ,AEC to :e. n"olear power competitive by 3; a review of the eight reacbuin., building or planned which v the greatest promise; (3) a com e list of civilian nuclear power and irimental reactor projects built or medin the U.S.A. The eight reactypes are: (1) Pressurized water; boiling water; (3) organic cooled; enriched gas cooled (5) sodium >hite thermal; (6) sodium cooled : (7) heavy water moderated) aqueous homogeneous. jress Review No. 47: The En uring Aspects of Nuclear Power. Gibbs. J. Inst. Fuel I960. 33 y) 238-47. ne review deals.with: (1) Gas-d, graphite-moderated reactors; uel elements; (3) moderator; (4) sure vessel; (5) shielding; (6) ge/discharge equipment: (7) in dentation and control; (8) boilers; CO- ductwork and circulators; future British reactors. rican Nuclear Congress and uc Exposition. No. 1--IV. i- Engineer 1960, 209 (June 3), 3, (June 10), 993-6. (June 17), -2, (June 24), 1086-8. ie gress held in April 1960 . rogress in the nuclear field. Inversion in Gas-cooled Reac H. Benzler. Atomkernenergie BUSTION '' October I960 I960, 5 (May), 165 (in German). It is shown that in gas-cooled reac tors with vertical downward flow of the cooling gas an inversion of the flow at low load may occur. It is suggested that this situation can be avoided if during starting about 5 per cent of the full-load gas volume is recirculated. METROPOLITAN EDISON uses... Grinding, Screening and Filtering Experiments on Determining the Par ticle Motion in Gas Jets and the Stress Mechanism in Fluid Energy Mills. H. Rumpf. Chem. Ing. Tech. 1960, 32 (May), 335-42 (in German). Since the boundary conditions for jet formation and particle motion in such mills are not yet sufficiently de-j fined individual jets have been inves-1 tigated by stroboscopic measure-! ments. From the particle velocity! the jet velocity along the. particle path can be calculated. The maxi-' mum velocity of a particle in the jet j axis can be predetermined. Estimates J of the influence of turbulence on par-! tide motion are presented. Com-J minution in a fluid-energy mill is; mainly confined to the neighborhood! of the nozzle exit. j This graphic con* tro) panel, de Analysis and Testing, Research signed and built by IWT, not only Rapid but Accurate Method of the Determination of the Calorific Value of Coals. Moreau. Chal etlnd. 1960, has all the controls but also a schema tic diagram with indicating lights to 41 (Apr.), 105-12 (in French). An improved method worked out by show the action at all points. Georgiadis is described enabling at Blowdown Unnecessary least 8 determinations per day to be made against 4-5 by the classical method. An estimation of the possible In a New Hlglt-Rressure Once-Ttirougti Boiler errors and correction factors are in cluded. The Portland Station of Metropolitan Edison Company at Portland, Pa., has a oncethrough type of boiler for which the purity Recommended Practice for Radio graphic Inspection of Fusion WeldedJoints. Circumferential Butt Joints in of make-up water is particularly critical. IWT Mixed-Bed* De-Ionizers were selected to purify the make-up water to the required degree -- and they succeeded, even beyond Steel Pipes up to 2 in. (50 mm) Wall Thickness. Intern. Inst. Welding. Brit. Weld. J. 1960, 7 (June), 410-4. expectations. The total silica in the boiler water is consistently maintained at 0.1 ppm or less. From the Mixed-Bed* De-Ionizer, the silica is normally below 0.01 ppm and log Simplified Method of Measuring Sur face Areas by Gas Adsorption. R. sheets frequently show analyses as low as 0.003 and 0.005 ppm. With such a high purity of make-up water, blow-down is entirely un Haul and G. Dumbgen. Chem. Ing. Tech. 1960. 32 (May), 349-54 (in German). A simplified and rapid method has necessary for extended periodsoft ime. All IWT equipment -- including chemical feeders, gravity filters, cation and anion exchangers, a vacuum degasifier, and the Mixed-Bed* De-Ionizers -- are controlled automatically been worked out on the basis of the from the graphic panel shown above. BET method. Reproducibility is high t'.S. Pat. Xos. 2.B0.VII84, 2.771,421 and the values obtained are 5-10 per cent lower than those of the BET method. | PIONEERING EXPERIENCE Such outitindinf performance is (he result of intensive early and continuint experience, by Illinois Water Treatment Co., with the special problems of ionXchange. To bone/it from thi leader* ! Editor's Note: *hip, call your IWT repreeentative. Due to a shortage of renewable material the section "Technical Book Reviews" by John H. Cruise will appear next month. ILLINOIS WATER TREATMENT CO. 840 CEDAR ST., ROCKFORD, ILLINOIS NEW YORK OFFICE: 141 E. 44lh SI.. New Ymk 17. N.Y. CANADIAN DIST.: Pumps & Softener;.. Ltd.. London.Onl. I 69 ; >e$PH c. McCabe, Editor and 1 ftthor \ KlNDENtANG, Associate Ec/ttor ' lO^RT ^AFT,. Bas/ncsx Manager f 0$ MARY MONGAN, J* Ration Manager ^ed monthly by COMBUSTION PUBSo COMPANY, INC, 200 Madison Hew York 16. A SUBSIDIARY OF JJjUSTION ENGINEERING, INC ^4* McDonough, President gtor i. Santry, Jr., Vice-President J. Gross, Treasurer a. Ennis, Secretary . (0MIUSTION is sent gratis to engineers in |: S A. in charge of steam plants from j* |]^00 lbs per hr capacity up; and to I! H,-ng engineers in this field. To others jscription rate, including postage, is ./ ^*the United States, $5.50 in Canada, pil& in Latin America and other countries, frljlt copies: Domestic, 40 cents. Foreign, 4 ants plus postage. Copyright 1960 by (Station Publishing Company, Inc Publemon Office, Easton, Pa. Issued the middle month of publication. . eupted as controlled circulation publication jEotfon, Pa. | COMBUSTION publishes its annual index in ts June issue and is indexed regularly by Ihfneering Index, Inc. and also in the %9fcd Science & Technology Index. magazine is now reproduced and dis- rMcd to libraries on microfilm by University Acafilms of Ann Arbor, Michigan, j `rted in U. S. A. BPA J` | COVER PHOTO Aerial view of the new ` 113 Mw Holly Streel Station of City of Austin. Texas. Three more units are planned volume 32 number 5 November I960 ` First Performance Trial and First Combustion Mechanism Trial With Pulverized Coal ... 32 E. H. Hubbard ' The techniaues and approaches of pure science are now being brought to bear on the fundamental combustion process. Out of these studies should come the knowledge for future advances. Twenty-First Annual Water Conference ... 46 The largest single meeting in the U.S.A. exclusively on water treatment problems presented another in a series of well rounded programs. Steam Power Plant Clinic--XXI ... 52 Igor J. Karassik The use of pumps in parallel and the handling of very light pump loads are discussed. 115 Mw Semi Outdoor Reheat Station Costs $82.12/kw ... 55 D. N. Higgins One of the lowest cost gos-firing plant installations in the South west is described by the engineering contractors. Abstracts From the Technical Press--Abroad and Domestic . . 59 Editorials: Plain Words ... 31 Capricorn A .1 . ___I . J... acts from the Technical Press--Abroad and Domestic nfrom the monthly Technical Bulletin, international Combustion, Ltd., London, W. C. 1) Olescuk and P. E. Beljakova. Kernenergie 1960, 3 (June), 585-7 (in German). These Russian studies were carried out in the range of pressures from 1 to 208 kg/cm* and temperatures of 25-360 C. Sources, Properties and Prep ' orotiori ' fh^niwii Structure and Properties of YttVIT--Composition- and Mo- -)aealar Weight Distribution of Coal fxtracts. .H. N. M. Dormans and 0 W. van Krevelen. Fuel I960, (July). 273-92. The Dependence of the Swelling Pressure on the Temperature Con ditions during Coking. W. Radmacher and H. L. MariA BrennstCkemie 1960, 41 (June). 166-70 (in German). Since the various methods for the determination of the swelling pressure in the laboratory give very different results a new method has been de veloped in which the coal sample is inserted into a hot coking crucible. The temperature and rate of heating can be varied so that studies of the influence of rate of heating and coal nuik on swelling pressure could be carried out which faithfully repre sented the results of full-scale plants. It could be shown that the swelling pre' -e and drum 'strength are depc> t on the heating conditions. energie I960, 3 (June), 582-4 (in German). The results of Russian investiga tions are reported for temperatures up to 300 C and pressures up to 100 kg./cm*. - Experimental Determination of the Thermal Conductivity of Heavy Water. X. B. Vargaftik, O. N. Strength Behaviour of Thick-Walled Hollow Cylinders under Inside Pres sure in the Fully Plastic Range. Studies by Bursting Tests. K. Wellinger and D. Uebing. Mitt. V.G.B. No. 66, 1960 (June). 134-4S (in German). Bursting tests on thick-walled hol low cylinders in a specially developed oit- V;.--- m \ -- - iaH 1* tsj*-* 'VM *y *; " * F-'ft,**? v I V *. m laboratory Investigations into the Behaviour of Salt-Coal Ash in Steam Generators. K. Wickert. Energie I960, 12 (June), 240-6 (in German). The behavior of the different con stituents of brown coal ash with high contents of highly volatile sodium compounds (up to 25 per cent) .and Wgh S content was studied as a funcUon of temperature, flue gas com position and additives. Conclusions are drawn with regard to the probable deposit formation in furnaces with dry and wet ash removal. Mechanical Handling ^ew Means of Transport in the Euro pean Energy Distribution. H. Winkhaus. B.W.K. 1960, 12 (June), 238- (in German). An attempt is made to assess the ,.auts within which transport of solid, `qmd^and gaseous-, fuels by pipeline would be economic. Several projects - Peration, under construction and n the planning stage are discussed. Generation and Power Producior. ^*Perimental Determination of the ?Pecific Heat of Heavy Water. S. Bivkin and B. N. Egorov. Kern- 'OMBUSTION / November 7960 : -'M.Vr FORCED DRAFT--REGISTER TYPE PACKAGED BURNER SYSTEM fully automatic or semi-automatic . . . this high efficiency system is manufactured in a wide variety of sizes and models, arranged for firing steam boilers and high temperature hot water generators of all types up to the equivalent of 100,000 lbs. of steam per hour. Available with axial flow blowers or centrifugal blowers fitted with electric motor or steam turbine drive as required. is"sav-pac" built for trouble-free performance, extra economy using all grades of fuel oils, gaseous fuels or com binations of both. Self-contained unit includes register-type burner, forced draft fan, air-fuel controls, wiring and piping in separate enclosed panels, mounted complete. Also available todd roto-pacfully automatic forced draft rotary burner systems. Write for complete details and specifications TODD SHIPYARDS CORPORATION PRODUCTS DIVISION Salas and Sarvice Departments: Columbia and Halleck Sts., Brooklyn 31, N. Y. Plant, Salas and Sarvica: P. O. Box 9666, Houston, Texas 59 test rig allowing application of pres sures up to 8000 kg/cm5 are reported. From the results the maximum per missible pressure can be calculated. Calculation of the Laminar and Turbu lent Pressure Drop at a Pipe Inlet. N. SchOlz. Chem Ing. Tech. 19(50, 32 (June), 405-9 (in German). Simplified equations have been developed for the calculation of the laminar and turbulent flow at a pipe inlet; the results agree well with the strict theory and measurements. The transition from laminar to turbulent flow is also treated and suitable equa tions are presented. ` Present State of Steam Generator Technique. Oil Firing in Steam Gen erators in Western Germany. H. Richter. Mitt V.G.B. No. 6G, 1900 (June), 155-8 (in German). Statics of numbers of boilers, year of erection, pressure and temperature ranges, outputs, combinations with other fuels and of coal, brown coal, oil, gas and multifuel fired boilers. FROM BOILER WATER... ] | DEOXY-SOL Fairmount DEOXY-SOL, a solution of hydrazine, is a high efficiency oxygen scavenger designed especially for high pressure boiler water treatment. deoxy-sol removes oxygen, reduces oxides and raises pH of the conden sate all at the same time ... yet adds no solids. 1 ! [ | j ; I j Stocks in Newark, N. J., Chicago, 111., Los Angeles, Calif. Investigate its advantages for your system. Write for Bulletin BW. CHEMICAL CO., INC. 136 Liberty "St.. New York 6, ' N. Y. Firing of Low-Grade Fuels and of Different Fuels in a Single Plant. Wasserrohrkessel-Verband and T. Geissler. B.W.K. I960, 12 (June), 257-66 (in German). Boilers designed for the firing of low-grade bituminous coal, coke and coke breeze, brown coal and lignite, peat, oil, waste wood, blast furnace and coke oven gas either singly or in different combinations are described with special attention to the high efficiency obtained in their operation. The Russian PK-33-83 SP Highcapacity Once-through Boiler. Z. G. Model. Energomashinostroenie 1960 (April), 1-7 (in Russian). The layout, components and fun damental design philosophy of the Russian 650 t/h, 1060 F/2060 psi (reheat to 1060 F/400 psi) oncethrough boiler are examined. From, C.E.G.B. abstract, Prefab Coal-Fired Boiler Wins Out in Navy Tests. L. F. Deming. Pwr. Engng. 1960, 64 (June), 82-4. Two sizes of packaged boiler designed for rapid conversion from oil to coal and vice versa were tested, The smaller one for 12,000 lb/hr was fitted with a longitudinal drum, spreader stoker and vibrating grate overfire air from the front and cinder reinjection at the sides and rear (through the bridge wall), I.D. and F.D. fans and low-draught loss dust collector. At an average rate of 12,994 lb/hr the thermal efficiency was 85.31 per cent. The larger size has two transverse drums, a spreader stoker with oscillating grate and is rated at 30,000 Ib/hr. In tests on oil efficiencies of up to 88 per cent 60 were reached but combustioo^'^V incomplete and carbon deposited1-^the dust collector. In tests witj-* variety of coals efficiencies betwe*^ 78.7 and S4.95 per cent were tained. Further tests were carried out with lignite when the thermt efficiency reached 75.6 per cent. Liquid and Gaseous Fuel Firing *f ' Pressurised Oil Burners for Steam Generators. Pt. I. G. Weber. ]g& V.G.B. No. 60, 1960 (June), 164-7g (in German). A detailed theoretical analysis of oil atomization is followed by a description of the application of the theory to the design of various types of burners and their control. Volume and pressure of combustion air and their control are also discussed. Water Treatment New. Specifications for the Silicic Acid Content of Boiler Water, h. E. Homig. Mitt. V.G.B. No. 66 1960 (June), 158-63 (in German)...,. ' The necessity for new specifications based on the latest scientific studies is explained and recommendations made for new values of the ad, content of boiler waters for pressure up to SO atu and from 80 atft up wards. The new values can be taken from two graphs. .... Heat Recovery Plant Here's a Unique Industrial Blower Installation. W. Bois.' rm. Engng. 1960, 64 (June), 88-9. In an oil fired boiler rated at 40,000 lb/hr at 400 psi and 600 F a conven tional rotary sootblower was used to clean the tube banks above the burn ers. After several years this wa completely burned out and then, re placed by a retractable sootblower oscillating 165 deg installed below the tube banks using steam at 100 psi as medium. The oscillating type was chosen so as not to interfere with the combustion and flame below. The oscillation of the motor was-Ob tained by fitting limit switches... second motor advances and retract* the lance. Because of the mqire efficient cleaning due to the oscilla tion sootblowing is now necessfj only once per 24 hr. " Power Generation and Power Plai American Power Conference in view--II. Anon. Combustion-: 31 (June), 48-54. The second part presents ab: of paper on condetfSers, control of oil and gas burnt large steam turbines. November I960 / COMBI/: .Trends in Steam Power jfcAnon. Teckn. Mod. 1960, -90 (in French). gYelopment since 1921 is _ several tables show the jHojr^^'inade in 40 years with regard to . sncy, reduction in personnel and capital costs. The Direct Generation of Electricity --2. - B. C. Lindlev. Nud. Pwr. i960, 5 (July), 80-3. . The`second part deals with mag netohydrodynamic generation and the fuel cell. . How Coal Can Fuel the Turbo charged Steam Plant. J. L. Yellot. Pvr. Engng. 1960, 64 (June), 68-70. Various possibilities of using coal as uel in a combined gas and steam .urbine plant are discussed: (1) Partial gasification; (2) total gasifi- ation; (3) direct coal firing under ligh pressure. Tie Typical Power Station of 600 dW. S. Kowallik. Energietechnik 960, 10 (June). 239-48 (in German). For the typical new power station f the German Democratic Republic '.earn generators are rated at 350 t/h. 35..atu and 530 C. They will ontain swirl burners high up in the irnace front wall so that the gas aw is downward in the furnace, ward in the 2nd pass containing apo'-~*or and superheater tube plat 's downward again in the invecuon pass. Possibly also boil s with opposed burner ring will installed later! Because of the ?h S content of the brown coal (2.5per cent) the air will be preheated " steam to at least 80 C before tering the air preheater to prevent Toston and clogging. The descripn includes the heat flow' diagram, `out, coal and ash handling plant, `bines and generators, pipelines, d water treatment, controls and atmeat of cooling water and elec-'al installations. ` 2 Chalon II Power Station. F. leurer. Techn. Mod. 1900, 52 ay), 272-83 (in French), his power station has been built Jtilize mainly Blanzy coal with an content of up to 45 per cent, content of up to 33 per cent a moisture content of up to 11 cent. Because of the high ash tent boilers with four cyclone 'aces have been chosen which aly 125 Mw turbogenerators. Steam Power Station at Cham- le - Sur - Oise. M. Mascarello. -n. ''od. i960, 52 (Mav), 260-3 5r * . ' a>s ts one of the first French ir.Stations in which a 250 Mw 13 being installed. Steam is 'BUsr/ON / November 1960 generated at 141 atu and 565 C with reheat to 565 C, a feedwater tempera ture of 260 C and a flue gas exit tem perature of 120 C. The calculated net heat rate is 2240 kcal/kwhr. The Brown Coal Power Station "Citta di Roma." Anon. Energie 1960, 12 (May), 219 (in German). . . This power station 20 miles south of Perugia utilizes brown coal with an average C.V. of 2340 Btu/lb in two Benson outdoor boilers each rated at 270 klb/hr at 2060 psi and 986/975 C and two 36 Mw turbo generators. Each boiler is supplied from 4 mills with an individual out put of 23 t/h. Electric power' is transmitted to Rome at 158 kv over a distance of 94 miles. . The Lacq-Axtix Power Station. F. Scheurer. Tech. Mod. 1960,52 (May), 241-5 (in French). This power station is being con structed to supply energy to a new aluminum producing factory. It will contain four units of 125 Mw capacity, each supplied by natural gas fired boilers rated at 360/400 t/h at 140 atii and 542 C with reheat to 542 C: the flue gas exit temperature at the air preheater is 110 C. The Recovery of Expansion Energy at the Artix Power Station. H. Lescoeur. Techn. Mod. 1960, 52 (May), 246-51 (in French). The gas is supplied to this station at a pressure of 568 psi and a tempera ture of 10 C. The gas is preheated .to 350 C and then passed through a gas turbine generator of 3500 kw capacity in which the pressure is reduced to 31.3 psi at a temperature of 150 C before it is supplied to the burners of the boilers. The gas is first heated by exchange with feed water and then by steam. Conversion of the Nantes-Chevire Power Station to Natural Gas Firing. T. Mabilleau, M. Delorme and R. Liebrav. Techn. Mod. I960, 52 (May), 264-9 (in French). The modifications necessary for firing natural gas in boilers previously fired by coal and oil are described, especially with regard to the auto matic controls for firing each fuel alone or in any combination. Portishead "B" Power Station. Anon. Petrol. Times 1960, 61 (June 17), 423. Boilers 8-12 in this station were supplied with retractable corner burn ers and despite high turbulence of the flame no impingement of it on the wall has occurred. The air to the burner is subdivided into primary, secondary and tertiary air to obtain optimum atomization and complete DON'T OVERLOOK STEAM SPECIALTIES If you believe that it's often the little things that count, you will pay attention to such items as steam specialties. Often used in . large volume, their performance can contribute substantially to , profit or loss in yourfcompany's / operations. . You will see at the Power Show , such steam specialties as; steam traps, strainers and separators, steam cleaners,/controllers: and . regulators, temperature and pres- sure instruments, indicating and recording devices, as well as a ' complete range of power'and allied equipment ready, for/yo'ur \ inspection. ` , Here is your opportunity to in vestigate, compare, and get the right answers, face-to-face,..from the manufacturers themselves. Only at the Power Show cap you see over 250 leading suppliers' products, all conveniently grouped together. It's important to your job to be there. 24th NATIONAL EXPOSITION OF POWER & MECHANICAL ENGINEERING AUSPICES ASME NEW YORK COLISEUM NOV. 28--DEC. 2, 1960 MANAGEMENT: INTERNATIONAL EXPOSITION COMPANY 480 Ltxtnglon Av.f Ntw York 17, N Y 61 JtCHER'S mWATER T .POINT -MENT PROGRAM Designed for Inplant Testing... Performed by Tour Personnel... Backed by Experts If you use water for power, process or cooling, it will pay you to look into Bird-Archer's 8 point Water Treatment Service. Every step in this Service is performed by qualified chemists and engineers whose main task is to design a system that can be implemented by your own personnel and at the same time place at your disposal 60 years' experience in solving water treatment problems. Bird-Archer's 8 Complete Engineering Services Complete studies of your use of water or steam. Exhaustive analysis of water supplies starting at source. Modem laboratory with seasoned chemists specializing in water analysis and research. Operational changes where necessary. Custom formulated chemical treatments for your specific needs. Complete analysis of savings and benefits where additional equipment may be helpful. ' Instruction of your personnel by experienced technicians in accurate control and test procedures. Periodic call-backs by your Bird-Archer Service Engineer to be sure you continue to get the best possible results. A Bird-Archer 8 Point Service Engineer is only a "phone's throw" awag. Call him for greater peace of mind. RIRD-ARCHER WATER TREATING CONSULTANTS The BIP-ABCHEB Company, 4337 N. American St., Phila. 40, Pa. New York Chicago The BIRD-ARCHER CO. of California, 415 Brannan 5f., San Francisco Offices In Canada and Mexico 62 burning out of the 6000 sec. wood No. 1 oil with an S contefe 4-4.7%. No acid corrosion or:* emission has occurred, the avej*LJJ'i efficiency has been 85.5 per cent toA 3 the availability 96 per cent. * The St. Andra II Steam Power Station, Austria. Anon. 0.2. in 60, 13 (April), 102-184 (in German) The issue is devoted to artftj dealing with the station, which ha* a 330 t/h. 207 atm. (gage), 530 Benson boiler, with reheat to 539 C. and a 125 MYA hydrogen-cooled turbo-alternator. Cost was appro*;, mately 42/kw. From C.E.G.B. Digest I960 i (July). 1720. ' ] 1 ; How We Modernized Our Plant and Saved Money. M. Buhner, Engng. 1960, 64 (June), 74-5. At the Fox River Paper Corp. ft was found possible to install new plant and operate it at a much lower cost than estimated by consultant*. The new boiler is rated at 40,000 lb/hr and fitted with a Vibra-Grate stoker including automatic combustion con trols and a pneumatic ash handling system; no new buildings or found*." tion work was required. The new plant is operated by four shift men and ' one utility man on the day-shift,' i.e., not more than would have bear required by an oil-fired boiler. ' ' < Benson Boiler at Steelworks. Anon. Elec. Times 1960, 137 (June 16), 961-3. , ' The new plant recently completed at the Margam Steelworks cphSfiffiBffi of a three-pass semi-outdoor Benson boiler (240 klb/'hr) and a 9.5 nnr back-pressure turbogenerator. - The " steam is generated at 3300 psi and 1060 F and the turbine exhaust steant''.; reheated to 836 F before being passed into the existing 625 psi main*.' The main fuel is blast furnace ga^ ,, with oil as standby. Combustion . control is obtained by control of the, ' F.D. fans as a function of the fad supplied to the furnace. 1 Extensions to Power Plant at tha Mersey Mill of the Bowater Paper Corp. Ltd. Anon. Pwr. fir Write Engng. 1960, 55 (June), 444-9 : The new extension comprises three, spreader-stoker fired boilers each rati^i - at 90 klb/hr at 925 psi and QlO.JJf easily convertible to oil firing. A&i 30 per cent of the coal is bumeai suspension, the remainder 0: forward moving grate; fly grit from the superheater hi and grit arrester are returned part of the secondary air in' furnace. The 15 Mw turbine extraction points at 75 and The make-up water is treal hydrogen-ion starvation, November 7960 / COMBUS] -* plant with caustic soda addi0 foe pH adjustment and passed irotiglf two evaporators. The connsnfe and make-up water are passed rough a deaerator to reduce the 0 mtei 0.005 cc/1. .aterials and. Manufacturing Processes Comparative Method for Testing raphite for Nuclear Reactors. I. Zezerun. Kernenergie 1960, 3 une), 538-42 (in German). A method-worked out in Russia is scribed for assessing the suitability a graphite for use in reactors based a comparison of the weakening of e flux of thermal neutrons by the aphite under test and a standard 3phite. ilationship between Thermal Prop ies and Atomic Molecular Strucre of Carbon in Homogenising aphitisation. V. I. Kasatockin, K. Zamoluev and A. T. Kaverov. menergie 1960, 3 (June), 570-2 ; German). Results of Russian studies of specific at, thermal conductivity and x-ray termination of degree of graphitizan of petroleum coke under isormal conditions are reported. sorption Cross-Section of Graphite F. Nichols. Nucl. Sci. Eiigng. 10, 7 'May), 395-99. ^m> ,n, French and British iphites were tested and their absorp- n cross-section measured and com- 'ed with values obtained in their mtries of origin. con Nitride. N. L. Parr. Ke rch 1960, 13 (July). 261-9. silicon nitride has excellent oxida1 resistance up to 1600 C, is tensionally stable, resistant against rmal shock and can be produced ply and cheaply. Its properties tabulated and discussed. fote on the Relationship between -mical Composition and Hotching in Mild and Alloy Steels. K. B. Marshall. Brit. Weld. J. 0, 7 (July), 451-3. ertain elements (e.g., sulfur, phosrus and silicon) present in the 1 are now recognized as primary ;k formers, while others depending their solubility in austenite and ite may increase or reduce the lency to hot-cracking. ct of Elevated-Temperature Ex on Heavy Section Pressure- 3eI Steels. A. V. Pense, J. H. ss and R. D. Stout. Weld. J. ]> >r 'une), 231s-5s. -udii.^ on the embrittlement of on? and alloy steels due to aging lo temperature and at 500 and Effect of Chromium Depleted Surface on Corrosion Behavior of Type 430 Stainless Steel. R. V. Trax and J. C. Holzwarth. Corrosion 1960, 16 (June), 105-8. Causes of depletion, its effect on corrosion behavior and means of alle viating depletion are considered. Growth of Uranium Rods in Agres- sive Gas Media. I. V. Batenin, A. N. Rudenko and B. V. Sarov. Kernenergie 1960, 3 (June), 532-5 (in German). 1 Russian investigations into the growth of uranium in air, nitrogen and carbon monoxide'as a function of temperature, gas pressure, rod diam eter and previous state of oxidation of the rod surface are reported. A possible mechanism of this growth is proposed. Modem Welding Methods Applied to Power Station Engineering. D. P. Tait. Brit. Pwr. Engng. `I960, 1 (July), 41-4. Some of the latest developments in arc welding pressure vessels and pipes are described. Ultrasonic Welding. B. E. Noltingk. Weld. Met. Fabr. 1960, 28 (July), 260-6. Some recent British investigations, in the field of -ultrasonic welding, its advantages and difficulties experi enced are reported. The various techniques developed for spot and seam welding are described and illus trated by examples. Thin materials, dissimilar metals or those of unequal thickness are particularly suited to ultrasonic welding. Piping. T. W. Edwards. Power 1960, 104 (June), 51-66. This survey deals with: (1) Ma terials (steel cast iron, wrought iron, copper alloys, copper tubing, others); (2) supports and fittings; (3) fluid losses; (4) ASA piping standards. Instruments and Controls Automatic Boiler Control. F. Marchand. Tech. Mod. 1960, 52 (May), 300-3 (in French). Recent trends in French power station control equipment are dis cussed. The "synchrolisseur" has been developed, an electronic instru ment, which is used to set servomotors in their correct position. The Control of Sulzer Monotube Steam Generators with Reheating. M. Diethelm. Sulser Tech. Rev. 1959, 41, No. 4, 3-9. The English version of the paper previously abstracted (abstract 4371, 1959). ` Control of Power Reactors--1. R. H. MUSTION / November 1960 .4 ' * Transformer capacities up to 400,000-KVA . . . Nuclear Reac tors. . . . Once-Through Boilers to haifdle higher pressures--ail point to one thing:Jthe demand for even better power equipment. Record economic forecasts mean even greater responsibilities and demands on the men who will grow with the power boom. Keeping up-to-date, with the latest developments provides you with the information you need to know to grow.-.'That's-why the Power Show is so vitally impor tant to you. There you will "see up-to-the-minute developments in hundreds of power specialties widely used in the power industry. Only at the Show will you have the opportunity / to investigate, compare, and get the right-an swers, face-to-face, from the manufacturers themselves. At the Power Show you'll see more than 250 suppliers' products, all con veniently grouped together. Make sure you're there. Every one else will be! 24th NATIONAL EXPOSITION OF POWER & MECHANICAL ENGINEERING AUSPICES ASME NEW YORK COLISEUM NOV. 28-DEC. 2,1960 MANAGEMENT: INTERNATIONAL EXPOSITION COMPANY 400 Itxington Av., Nw York 17, N. Y, 63 i f I ;i i! FURNACE BLOK "IN" AT LARGE EASTERN UTILITY OIL-FIRED BOILERS Nine months ago, a large eastern utility replaced fire brick with FURNACE BLOK in the burner and target walls of oil-fired boilers. As a result of drastically lower erection costs and excellent service life, utility will now standardize on FURNACE BLOK in these walls. Campbell. Nucl. Furr. 1960,5 68-72. The problems to be considered^p the design of controls for po^ reactors are set out. Recording Electrical Resistance Cor. rosion Meters. E. C. Winegartner" Corrosion I960. 16 (June), 99-103. * The design of the instrument, pjj. cautions to be taken and results obtained are described. Radioactive Equipment for Dire# Measurement of Coal-bunker and Reservoir Levels. V. G. Segalin, P.\ Lopotskii and S. I. Libson. Eiefc/ Stantsii I960 (April), 20-30 (in R^ sian). A radioactive source of what ap. pears to be an alloy of cobalt, barium and nickel in the form of a vertical wire in a protective sheath and with radioactivity uniformly distributed along its length is located inside the bunker. The radiometric receiver is fixed on the outer wall or inside the bunker or reservoir. Formulas de rived show that the intensity of radia tion induced by the radiometric equipment is related only to.the length of the radioactive wire not covered by coal, i.e., with the level of filling of the bunker or reservoir. The equipment can operate- satis factorily in very dusty and humid conditions, these factors having little effect upon the measurements..... From C.E.G.B. abstract. . FURNACE BlOK is a specialty shaped, patented, hollow refrac tory unit. When BlOK units are placed and filled, they produce a true monolithic structure. NO FORMS REQUIRED. FURNACE BlOK INFORMATION KIT Contains Technical information, in stallation photos, cost comparisons and prices. Write today. *U.S. Parent No. 183597 REFRACTORY ' Manufacturer, ofl FUtNACE * I Blanlrels, lleclt. Plastic end Fill Insutetiens. Nuclear Energy '--5SS World Power Conference. Anon. Nucl. Engng. 1960, 5 (July), 317-9. A digest of the papers dealing with all aspects of nuclear power presented to the Madrid meeting is given. Present State of Projects for Nuclear Power Stations in the European Community. H. Schult. B.WX. 1960, 12 (June). 252-4 (in German). In the countries of the European community about 75 research .and experimental reactors are in operation or under construction. A brief sur vey of research and power station reactors in France, Germany, Hol land, Belgium, Italy and Gt. Britain it presented. . -* -i&y The Engineering Design of wmr Reactors. N. J. Palladino and Davis. Nucleonics 1960, 18 (jtjijS, 85-110. ' The subject is discussed undtf^flw headings: (1) Conceptual am (2) steps in the design pro (3) reference design; (4)- pli ceptual design; (5) design-: and initial estimates; (6) cat design criteria for power (7) parametric studies; (8) 64 November 1960 / COMBUi (9) temperature flat- enmti' iio) reference fuel design and IcvdOpment; (11) reactivity requireaej^i and control rods design. V'*ine Boiling Water Reactor. 1 mith. Bril. Pwr. Engng. 960,1 (July), 26-33. The design worked out by the Nuclear Power Group for a' 65,000 on tanker with a 20,000 shp power nit is described. The reactor power 60 Mw" and it operates with a oolant at ,1000 psi and an outlet ;mperature of 546 F, fuel pellets .inched by 2.5 per cent and a maxi mal temperature of 3992 F and a iaximum can temperature of 572 F. he steam is passed directly to a hp id a 1-p turbine in series. he Brown Boveri-Krupp High-Tem- irature Gas-Cooled Reactor. R. rhulten and E. Jantsch. Brc-wrt .overt Rev. 1960, 47 (Tan./Feb.), V-96. ' .' The prototype reactor with a net ectrical output of 15 Mw is of the -eeder type using in the second lase uranium-carbide and thorium- irbide graphite spheres freely heaped the core. The coolant gas is He He + Ne entering at 200 C and aving at 850 C at a pressure of 10 ;/cm! generating steam at 505 C id .75 kg/cm'at a rate of OOt./h. ne reactor, core, fuel elements, gas id n circuits, controls given. ragon Objective. Anon. Nucl. tgng. 1960, S (July), 300-1. The objectives are steam conditions mparable to those in conventional wer stations, compact core and low pital .costs and exploitation of the orium-U233 breeder cycle. The Terences between this graphite modited and helium-cooled reactor - Calder Hall AGR are set out. agon General Description. Anon. (d. Engng. 1960, 5 (July), 302-5. This includes: (1) Core; (2) cond; (3) reactor vessel; (4) coolant; i charge machine; (6) fission prodt removal; (7) shielding and connment; (8) ventilation; (9) auxili- buildings and supplies. agon Control System. J. R. Dean. ici- -Engng. 1960, 5 (July), 306-9. agon Fuel Elements. E. Smith. 'cl. Engng. 1960, 5 (July), 310-3. agon Graphite. R. A. U. Huddle. P- Arragon and M. S. T. Price. cl. Engng. 1960 5 (July),, 314-5. frogen as a Reactor Coolant. N iray. Nucl. Pwr. 1960, 5 Jy,. j--9. ^he properties of hydrogen which or its application and also its advantages are set out. MBUSTION / November 7960 What could be simpler? Your boiler water is a conductor; Its rise and fall can be made to make and break circuits; Simple efficient control to 1, 2,3 (below) operate alarms . actuate fuel cut-out start and stop pumps RELIANCE ELECTRODE LEVALARMS GIVE YOU INSTANT ACTION -- at exact pre-set water levels. Minute transformer-isolated currents pass through boiler water in the column -- actuate controls through relays. From one function (fuel cut-out or low water alarm) to combinations of up to five or more are possible with a Levalarm: low or/and high water level alarm, fuel cut-out, start and stop pumps, etc. Electrode Levalarms are entirely electrical; they do not depend on vacuum tubes or magnets -- have no stuffing boxes or bel lows. Models available for every pressure or temperature. It will pay you -to get full information on Reliance Levalarms. Write the factory or contact nearest Reliance Representative. The Reliance Gauge Column Co., 5902 Carnegie Ave., Cleveland 3, Ohio Reliance BOILER SAFETY DEVICES 65 JOSEPH C McCABE, Editor and publisher A. W. HINDENLANG, Associate Editor ROBERT D. TAFT, Business Managor M1SS MARY MONGAN, Circulation Manager . Published monthly by COMBUSTION PUB* jSHING COMPANY, INC, 200 Madison Ave., New York 16. A SUBSIDIARY OF COMBUSTION ENGINEERING, INC Charles McDonough, President Arthur J. Santry, Jr., Vice-President Lambert J. Gross, Treasurer [bomas A. Ennis, Secretary COMBUSTION is sent gratis to engineers in rtie U. S. A. in charge of steam plants from 20,000 lbs per hr capacity up; and to suiting engineers in this -field. To others subscription rate, including postage, is $4 in the United States, $5.60 in Canada, and $8 in Latin America and other countries. Single copies: .Domestic, 40 cents. Foreign, 60 cents plus postage. Copyright 1960 by Combustion Publishing Company, Inc Pub lication Office, Easton, Pa. issued the middle of the month of publication. ictioo oend- ns or. aloit HCC. Accepted as controlled circulation publication ot Easton, Pa. COMBUSTION publishes its annual index in fhe June issue and is indexed regularly by engineering Index, Inc and also in the Applied Science & Technology Index. lie magazine is now reproduced and dis- ributed to libraries on microfilm by University Microfilms of Ann Arbor, Michigan, j 'tinted in U. S. A. ' BPA COVER PHOTO Construction workers pause for that fleeting moment on a Fluor Carp, refinery installation volume 32 number 6 December 1960 Effects ef Heated Discharges on the Temperature of the Thames Estuary--I ... 32 A. L H. Cameson, H. Hall and W. S. Freddy . In this first part of a two part report the British Water Pollution Research Laboratory discusses its temperature data on the Thames going back to 1949 and the way of interpreting the information it reveals. Precipitators In New Operating Range ... 42 C. C Shale, A. 5. Moore The pulverized coal fired gas turbine under study at the Bureau of Mines required a dust collector operating at 1350 psi and 80 psig. Here is the report of a successful laboratory pilot model. How to Get Maximum Protection For Your Feedwater Pumps. . . 44 W. G. Hegener An effective pump protection system at low cost and yet flexible piping arrangement is described. Consulting Engineer For Small Industrial Plants ... 47 Ralph D. Abercrombie and T. Edward Walkama The dollar saving from consultant services for the industrial power plant is advanced and o detailed break down is shown for several examples. Eddystone .Philadelphia Electric Boilers Stay Indoors ... 51 Wm. E. Snyder The decision on going to indoor boiler construction is briefly mentioned and the insulation application is spelled out. ASME Annual Meeting Highlights--I ... 57 Editorials: Progress Through International Cooperation ... 31 J. H. Keenan . _ i.j.,, Ad AS i- I, II l! I acts from the Technical Press--Abroad and Domestic from the Monthly Technical Bulletin, International Combustion, Ltd., London, W. C. 1) \ustso: fuels: 'Sources, Propel lies and Preparation Reactivity of Coke. K. Hedden. BrennstChemie 1960, 41 (July), 193 203 (in German). . The reactivity is determined by passing CO2 at constant velocity through the furnace in which it reacts with the coke at a temperature kept constant at 1 C. From the velocity of formation of CO the velocity con stant defining the reactivity can be determined. Differences in reactivity of cokes and changes in the reactivity during burning are discussed. In a series of tests the relationship between reactivity and production conditions of the coke could be clarified. The Transport of Solids in Pipe Lines is (^Collieries. M. Coeuillet. Tech. Hod. I960, 52 (June), 312-8 (in French). Examples of hydraulic and pneu. matic transport of solids, such as sand, ad rock, are described and the o._utages and disadvantages dis cussed. Sampling of "Difficult" Coals: Trials ~ an Automatic Sampler. A. TNorman. J. Inst. Fuel 1960, 33 (Aug.), 402-5. The sources of size segregation in loading and unloading coal wagons an^ Jhc difficulties experienced in ob taining representative samples for ash analyses are discussed. The American sampling device for installation at the tipler is described and results are tabulated. It is concluded that al though there may exist a bias in favor lower specific-gravity particles in the larger size fractions this sampler preferred to other methods for hmg samples from wagons. ^eat: Cycles and Transmission Radiant Heat-Transfer Analysis of a urnace or Other Combustion Enasure. J. t. Bevans. ASME Pre^No. 60-HT-12 1960 (Aug.), 7 pp. _ Ananalysis more complete than that and - ant* vans but less difficult U ' time consuming that that of ttcl or Oppenheim is -presented. jL , transfer to Water in Turbulent jjf:.-;;i.tn Internally Heated Annuli. Stationary Flow; Pt. 2. 'STION / December I960 X*ion Pulsating Flow. Z. Rotem and I. Shai. ASME Preprint No. 60-HT20/21 1960 (Aug.), 4 and 5 pp. The results of experimental investi gations of local heat transfer and fric tion in turbulent stationary and pulsat ing flow of water through a circular concentric annular duct- are presented. The Effect of Density Variation on Heat Transfer in the Critical Region. Y.-Y. Hsu and J. M. Smith. ASME Preprint No. 60-HT-8 1960 (Aug.), 6 pp. A method has been developed for predicting the influence of density variations on transfer of momentum and heat in the critical region. The results show that in heating the veloc ity and temperature profiles are flattened and the heat transfer coeffi cient at a given Reynolds'number is increased. Investigations of the effect of natural convection showed that only "COMPACT"... "SILICA: 0.003 ppm. OTHER SOLIDS UNMEASURABLE..." With some doubt ts to the outcome, the de-iont2i- tion units pictured above were installed outdoors at a Texas power aod light company, to replace evaporation equipment as a means of purifying feed water for a high-pressure boiler. After three years, results far exceeded guarantee and expectations. From raw water containing 27 ppm of silica and dissolved solids totaling 365 ppm, the quality of the effluent is reported as: "Silica, zero to 0.005 ppm, average 0.003 ppm. Other solids are unmeasurable."--This is a good example of what modern ILLCO-WAY ionXchange can accomplish. BOILER FEED WATER FOR POWER PLANT BURNER CONTROLLERS feature . . . Indicating faceplate Plug-in connector 7 0 AMP. contacts Both standard and custom timing periods Adaptable to any flame-safeguard relay and interlock system Suitable for use with any type burner FOR COMPLETE INFORMATION WRITE ... COMPACT CONTROLS CO. me. II ROOSEVELT AVE* SYOSSET, NEW YORK The particular plant shown above consists of a cation exchanger, an aerator, and a mixed-bed de ionizer. The large tanks in the background hold a supply ofregenerants. Operation is manual through out, a preference of the purchaser. Results have proved even more economical than expected ILLINOIS WATER TREATMENT CO. 140 CEDAR ST. ROCKFORD, ILLINOIS NEW YORK OFFICE; 141 E. 44th St., N*w Y*vfc 17, N.Y. CANADIAN MSTj Pmp A Soflanatt, Ltd., Landen, Ont. 61 i II I i l i j: i ! tt i; i ! this also flattens the velocity and increases the heat-f * efficient. itdAen 25 Advanced Design Features LARGE ACCESS DOORS EASILY .REMOVABLE FEEDER DOOR SEALS FLUSH INSIDE--NO DUST SPILLAGE LARGE.FREE-FLOW INLET - EXTERNAL DISCHARGE MECHANISM ' FREE'SUSPENSION HOPPER ADJUSTABLE . , HINGES AND CATCHES--MAINTAIN SEAL . . ` ' . . EXTERNAL DOOR CATCHES--NO CORROSION " .* NEOPftENE DOOR SEALS SELF-POWERED - BY-PASS * STEEP BY-PASS PLATE--NO CLOGGING * JAM-PROOF BY-PASS SELF-CLEANING PULLEYS MICROMETER-COMPENSATOR NO INTERNAL MECHANISM TO ' . GATHER DIRT JAM-PROOF ' ' " ` SKIRT PLATES EASY- 'V * - ACCESS BEAM SYSTEM 3.'? - ` - SIMPLE RATIO TESTING RIGID TUBULAR BEAM . . STRETCHER 'MEETS HAND- g K' j H: : J BOOK H-44 NBS *.. DUST-TIGHT H; ?:J.I.C. CONTROLS * ANTI- I' BN ' . L ; 'BOUNCE BEAM SWITCH * -., IB / ' ' FULL- POWER SOLENOID ' ' .. K \ N * . DISCHARGE DIRECT- ' ' H ! ;, COUPLED COUNTER V: ' EXTERNAL GEffl?MOTOR ' ' A; H-39C COAL SCALE mmm%'tf ? 'TV - S33 ............ Only Richardson builds all 25 advanced-design features into one automatic coal scale. Result: The last word in accessibility, simplicity, and accuracy ... long-term trouble-free operation__ and low maintenance. For the whole story on the new Richardson H-39C write or phone Richardson Scale Company, Clifton, N.J. Free technical bulletin with dimension sheets. ^ eft Sales and Service Branches m Principal Cities Also manufactured m Europe to U.S. standards Richardson Scales conform to U.S. Weights and Measures H*44 for your protection. MATERIALS:HANDLING BY WEIGHT SINCE 1902 62 Steam Generation and Power Production Determination of the ViscotifiP^ Steam at Supercritical Preatahj? E. Ljelland-Fosterud. J. Engng. Sci. 1959, 1 (June), 30-S-^- The viscosity of steam hasijgL measured at pressures of 200 to IQqj atii and temperatures of 370 to 540'^ The apparatus used is described the results are tabulated. An Equation of State for Liquid Watir Valid up to 300 C and 1200 atu. j> Plank. B.IY.K. i960,12 (July),frpg, 4 (in German). --r.yjBp*"' The new semi-empirical equagj has been deduced from the table* the specific volume of water published bv the Moskow Institute of " " ' Energy Diagrams for Water' Steam. Z. Rant. B.W.K. I960;'12 (July), 297-301 (in German). Exergy diagrams show much Hester than energy diagrams where thelmiej -j in the steam power process occuK&j where the greatest scope for imp5 ments still exists. The new in combinations with the earlier for air and flue gases are used tositow the energy and exergy flow in .ihra examples, one a steam generator-J the other a power station. Photo-Elastic Exploration bt^& Stresses in a Design for a Ftill-Bqri Closure for a Reactor PressureVjSSlE C. Snell and H. T. Jessop. /.AfiJJ, Engng. Sci. 1959, 1 (Sept.), 144^p- The Turbo-Furnace. J. D. Wtlliitnt J. Inst. Fuel 1960, 33 (July), 32&4fe ,, This boiler was first developetjf^Sr -slag-tap firing of low-grade coal di&Jl characterized by the opposed,(ddiflt* wardlv inclined burners in thdmtift \ and rear wall: Despite the absenepf soot blowers the furnace has remained clean. One of the largest boilt'j'il rated at 1550 klb/h at 1925 p&'llJDi^. 1005 F with a water-cooled funSfcV floor lined with castable refractcq^ ` Other boilers have been designed fatgas and oil firing, and one rated at 800 klb/h at 1600 psi and 1005/1005 J'Jpfoil firing is to be installed at side "B" power station. Towards Cheaper Steam. Pwr. & Works Engng. 1960,55. 499-502. " At the N.C.B.'s Central Bi ing Establishment at Bretby house has been erected to find way of burning low-grade out- smoke emission in boilers. The fuel used is December 1960 / COMBI j^ffiiwashed slack which is condiwater on' a conveyor belt f dmrefcd to bunkers with a glassthe chutes to the jjr^gppers are also glass-lined to ft&nfpiold-ups. A bailie is inled?* Ve furnace flue behind the Ige v .event dust accumulation. ; induced draught fans have shunt-, e scroll vortex grit arrestors with mdary centrifugal collectors to imire gritemission. Packaged Boiler and Its Applica. D. F. Brice. Brit. Pier. Engng. 3,1 (Aug.), 37-40. review of packaged, oil-fired, fire- water-tube and monotube ers, their ratings and applications. FLUIDICS* AT WORK .005 ml/1 OXYGEN it it Takes in Piping for a Supercal Unit. C. A. Dauber. Pier, ng. 1960, 64 (July), 51-3. rief information is given of ma ils and sizes used for various pipe5 and valves at Avon No. S unit of Cleveland Electric Illuminating ipany's supercritical monotube er at 3500 psi and 1100/1050 F. GUARANTEED by this new i Fuel Firing A. Standards for Pulverized Fuel :ems. Anon. Combustion 1960, July), 26-36. complete reprint of the latest :rican Standards Association Code 1-7- 59 for the installation and ation of pulverized fuel systems, -ontains the following chapters: ntroduction; (2) General requirets; (3) Installation of pulverized systems; (4) Lighting and operatpulverized fuel systems: (5) Fire ention and fire protection. bustion Research and Fuel =y; A New Look in Combustion sarch. M. W. Thring. J. Inst. I960, 33 (Aug.), 406-9. brief outline is given of the fields hich research into the combustion al, oil and gas appears most ful. ' Patterns in Three-Dimensional ; }es- A Background for Furnace S* N. P. Bacon, J. H. Chesters I- M. Hallidav. J. Iron fr* Steel I960, 19S (July), 2S6-92. udies of flow patterns in cubes, res- cones, cylinders and other --dimensional shapes are de ed and the behavior of enclosed free jets compared. Flow in the can be taken as the prototype for urnaces, that in the sphere and sphere for gas holders during F for ignition hoods, that in ot- / a burner quarl. that in the dej- for Lancashire boiler, flame els and rotary kilns. 'BUSTION December I960 Permutit ^TT=7.;-^>4v % *7':: Deaerator The picture above illustrates the new Permutit Tray Deaerator, which is guaranteed to reduce oxygen to .005 ml/1, or less, and to remove all the free C02. This sectioned illustration shows the stainless steel trays and inner chamber. Steam passes upward through them, while the water spills down from tier to tier, constantly being exposed to the steam until, fully deaerated, it reaches the reservoir at the bottom. The highest temperature incoming steam contacts this final deaerated water. It is' also the purest, oxygenfree steam, and as it sweeps upward it takes to the vent all the freed corro sive gases. The highly efficient internal vent condenser saves B.T.U.'s by reducing vented steam to a negligible wisp which is just enough to carry-, off all the non-condensable gases. Guaranteed Water These and the other design aspects of the Permutit Tray Deaerator enable us to give you a guarantee that you11 always get feedwater with (a) less than .005 ml of oxygen per liter of water, and (b) no titratable free CO... And just off the presses is our Bul letin 4732, containing information on the construction details, operation, and other advantages of the Permutit Tray Deaerator. Send for a copy. Permutit Division, Dept. CO-120, 50 West 44th Street, New York 36, N. Y. In Canada, The Permutit Com pany of Canada, Ltd., 207 Queen's Quay West, Toronto 1, Ontario. FLUIDICS is the Pfaudler Permutit program that integrates knowledge, equipment and experience in solv ing problems involving fluids. PFAUDLER PERMUTIT inc. Specialists in FLUIDICS. . .the science of fluid processes 63 JOSEPH C McCABE, Editor end Publishor a! W. HINDENLANG, Associate Editor ROBERT D. TAFT, Business Manager MISS MARY MONGAN, Circulation Manager Published monthly by COMBUSTION PUB LISHING COMPANY, INC, 200 Madison Ave., New York 16. A SUBSIDIARY OF COMBUSTION ENGINEERING, INC Charles McDonough, President Arthur J. Santry, Jr., Vice-President Lambert J. Gross, Treasurer Thomas A. Ennis, Secretary COMBUSTION is sent gratis to engineers in the U. S. A. in charge of steam plants from 20,000 lbs per hr capacity up; and to r'-'-ulting engineers in this held. To others l jbscription rate, including postage, is j . ,n the United States, $5.50 in Canada, ; and $8 in Latin America and other countries. ! Single copies: Domestic, 40 cents. Foreign, 1 60 cents plus postage. Copyright 1961 by Combustion Publishing Company, Inc Pub lication Office, Easton, Pa. issued the middle of the month of publication. Accepted as controlled circulation publication ot Easton, Pa. . COMBUSTION publishes its annual index in the June issue and is indexed regularly by Engineering Index, Inc and also in the Applied Science & Technology Index. The magazine is now reproduced and dis tributed to libraries on microfilm by University Microfilms of Ann Arbor, Michigan, j Printed in U, S. A. BPA COVER PHOTO Attractive view of the Porcheville power plant of the Electricite de France on the Seine River, near Paris volume 32 number 7 January 1961 # American Optical Merit ... 24 A W. Hindenlang Takes First industrial Power Plant Award of This report on the first COMBUSTION Award of Merit for industrial power plants describes the award winning plant of American Optical Co. at Southbridge, Massachusetts Memories of the Good Old Days ... 35 Leslie G. Smith The author reminisces over fhe power plant problems, perplexities and satisfactions of yesteryear. The i fulfillment of an operating man's ambition is presented in verse. Effects of Heated Discharges on the Temperature of the Thames Es tuary--II ... 37 A. L H. Gameson, H. Hall and W. S. Preddy Part Two of a report of the British Water'Pollution Research Laboratory describes heat exchange analysis and application in a study of thermal pollution of *he Thames. ASME Annual Meeting Highlights--il ... 45 Abstracts From the Technical Press--Abroad and Domestic ... 55 Editorials: Shakedown for Automation? ... 23 Advertising Index . . . 58, 59 ads from the Technical Press--Abroad and Domestic fi from the Monthly Technical Bulletin, International Combustion, Ltd., London, W. C. 1) :e Rejearch and Advancement !iJir|''xperiments on Models of Furnaces. F. N. Scheubel. " "t.- I960, 12 (Aug.), 347-50 (in Jan). T$jje' problems encountered in the ivestigations of flow problems in cold lOdets, especially the development of isflarity laws, are discussed. The Milt essential parameters are the ^lds number and a "dust" pa ct characterizing the relative inent of pulverized coal and gas. .tgiriments are in progress to obtain stjic-of the turbulent mixing process st#een a dust-laden and a dust-free Examples of model tests are (taented. WiFactory Fabricated Coal Fired Oiler. L. F. Deming. Amer. Pwr. X;.-1960 (Mar.), 24 pp. development of and test regobtained on two boilers, one at' 12,000 lb/hr, the other at 588),.- are reported.. The first is royided with a longitudinal drum, >reader stoker with vibrating grate id <* 'er reinjection and' operated 'tisi ,rily from 4,000 to 14,000 lb/ ' with an efficiencv of 85.31 at 12,999 /hr, but cinder reinjection was satisfactory and smoke density The other boiler is of the trans**/drum type, has a spreader oker with oscillating grate and was sted with a wide variety of coals up outputs of 53,568 lb 'hr, efficiencies wd-with coal and load between MjSLand 84.85. **arch on Pulverized-Fuel Flames ' the International Flame Research nudation: 1. Summary of Work ^ed Out by G. G. Thurlow; 2. ^Aerodynamic Trials on a Fifth*1*'Model of the Ijmuiden Pulver- Furnace by G. Tissandier; The First Performance Trial and fst Combustion Mechanism Trial Pulverized Coal by E. H. Hub- 4. Microscopic Examination of ples taken from a Pulverized- by B. Alpem, P. Courbon, plateau and G. Tissandier. J. &Fvel I960, 33 (Aug.), 366-402. fhe first article presents a descrip'^d^the plant, test procedures used, J"SF of the tests, input variables, 'uts obtained to date and practical 5" n. The second article deals * analytic and experimental "ation of the problem of pre Velocity and concentration profiles in an enclosed jet system. The third paper details the results of the first test series and discusses the effect of the different variables on flame radiation, temperature and heat transfer and the combustion mech anism. The fourth article describes the examination by the electron and light microscopes of particles taken at . various stages from the flame and draws some conclusions on the com bustion process derived from it. Investigations of a Pulverized Coal Flame in a Model. H. Effenberger. B.W.K. 1960, 12 (Aug.), 351-5 (in German). Dried and pulverized brown coal ' was injected from below into a cylin drical vertical furnace and particle size and air ratio varied. Tempera ture, gas composition and particle size were faieasured overthe furnace length. The results suggest that all the oxygen required for combustion should be added in front of or at the burner mouth. Remarks on Research Work on Pulverized Coal Flames. R. H. Essenhigh. B.W.K. 1960, 12 (Aug.), 356-8 (in German). A very brief outline is given of the work on pulverized coal flames carried out in Sheffield, preliminary results obtained and future research envis aged. Water-Side Corrosion and Water Treatment Corrosion in Circulating Water Sys tems. C. 0. Smith. Brit. Pwr. Engng. 1960, 1 (Aug.), 61-4. Occurrence and protective measures are discussed. Interference of Organic Contaminants with Ion Exchange Processes--Occur rence, Prevention and Cost. H. E. Bacon and W. J. Lewis. Combustion 1960, 32 (July), 37-41. The nature of organic fouling of anion resins is discussed and the vari ous methods for preventing losses listed. It is generally necessary to apply more than one and it is impos sible to predict which may be success ful in a given case. Corrosion of Heat-Resisting Alloys in the Presence of Fuel-Oil Ash. Pt. 1. Council of Brit. Manuf. of Petrol Equipment's Corrosion I Ctte. Brit. Petrol Equip. News 1959, 7, No. 4 (Autumn), 54-69. NEEDS DEOXY-SOL to remove 02 reduce oxides raise pH Fairmount DEOXY-SOL, a solution of hydrazine, is a high efficiency oxygen scavenger designed especially for high pressure boiler water treatment. deoxy-sol removes oxygen, reduces oxides and raises pH of the conden sate all at the same time ... yet adds no solids. Stocks in Newark, N. J., Chicago, 111., Los Angeles, Calif.' Investigate its advantages for your system. Write for Bulletin BW. Fairmount CHEMICAL CO.. INC. I 36 l.il}.-rty St. Ni-.v York 6 N Y ION / January 1961 55 ! l! I: -! i I J #1. I> I I * ,: i Hi'. 'I i I i mt cneci. 01 various amoums 01 v and Na and their ratios on the corro sion resistance of ferriticand austenitic steels containing different percentages of Cr, Ni and Fe have been studied. Specimens were exposed to flue gases at Bankside and Haifa power stations and those of the boilers of S. S. Nestor. The ferritic steel (26 per cent Cr) was most-resistant to deposits, austenitic steel with low Ni' content more resist ant to deposits of low V:Na. ratio and steels of high Ni content more resist ant to deposits of high V:Na ratio. The corrosion mechanism due to the deposits is discussed. Corrosion by Vanadium-Pentoxide So dium Sulphate Mixtures in Labora tory Tests: Correlation with Corro sion by Oil Ash in Field Tests. Pt. 2. H. Lewis. Brit. Petrol Equip. News 1959/60, 7, No. 5 (Winter), 48-55. The laboratory tests on the same steels were carried out with synthetic oil ash and various mixture ratios of sodium sulfate and vanadium pentoxide at temperatures of 650 to 850 C. The results largely confirmed the field tests. Fire-Side Corrosion in Oil-Fired Boilers. L. K. Rendle, R. D. Wilsdon and G. Whittingham. Corr. Prev. and Contr. 1960, 7 (Aug.), 42-5 "COMPACT" PURGE CONTROLLER CHECK these ORIGINAL features VIndicating faceplate f/ Plug in connector tf "Ready Period"limiting allowable time to start burner after purge V Interlocked requiring continuous air flow proving during purge Optional Interlock to prove fuel valves closed during entire purge VInterlocked to operate only if all burners have shut down for details: COMPACT CONTROLS CO. inc. 18 ROOSEVELT'AVE., SYOSSET, NEW YORK 56 Tne second part describes the result of metallographic examination of heatresistant alloys and presents tables of data on fuel oils, deposit and corrosion rates for low vanadium fuel oils, loss in weight and analysis of scales pro duced of heat resistant alloys and effect of dolomite injection on corro sion of Swedish superheater steels when firing high vanadium fuel oils. Flue Gas, Ash and Dust The Reinjection of Fly&sh into a Pulverized Coal Fired Boiler. G. Massip. Chal.eilnd. 1960,41 (June), 161-72 (in French). . The installation of a reinjection sys tem for fly ash from the dust collector hoppers and beneath the air preheater in a boiler rated at 92 t/hr at 80 atii and 570 C with roof burners is de scribed. A considerable reduction of combustibles in the fly ash has been obtained and thus the thermal effi ciency has been increased. Intermittent Release of Smoke from Chimneys. J. S. Turner. J. Mech. Engng. Sci. 1960, 2 (June), 97-100. Theoretical and experimental studies indicate that a considerable increase in height may be obtained by the smoke if it is ejected in discrete puffs at high velocity. Numerical values for final height, size of chimney, optimum storage and release times are pre sented. Industrial Gas Cleaning. N. Pilpel. Bril. Chem. Engng. 1960, 5 (Aug.), 542-50. A review of: (1) Filtration; (2) Electrostatic precipitation; (3) Iner tial separation; (4) Washing and wet scrubbing; (5) Agglomeration; (6) Choice of plant. New Advances in Fly-Ash Control. H. B. Alford. Combustion 1960, 32 (July), 45-9. Due to the improved combustion conditions in modern boilers the ash has a high resistivity and a low SOj content so that its precipitation has become difficult. A new "finned" plate has been developed to increase collecting efficiency. Improved rap per controls are described which re duce re-entrainment of collected ash. Automatic controls allow operating the precipitator at optimum efficiency for a given ash; high resistivity ash requires fewer sparks at greater intensity. Power Generation and Power Plant Sites for Coal-fired Power Stations. Anon. Electricity 1960, 13 (July/ Aug.), 204. - Owing to the scaling down of the nuclear power program and f<> of higher loads for 1965/ coal-fired stations will havet built. Consent is sought f< 2000 mw stations at West Burton/ Holme Pierrepoint and a 14ryy: , station at Tilbury. Further stat&J are likely to be constructed in the\^3 Riding of Yorkshire. Bandour Power Station. An|*. Electricity 1960, 13 (July/Aug.J^jjj^ The first section of this station oo|L sists of a monotube boiler rated at 750 klb/hr at 2432 psi and 1112/1057 F and a 115 mw turbogenerator The thermal efficiency of the boiler is 93.1 per cent and the nett heat rat. 7591 Btu/kwh at M.C.R. . , %* V' Supercritical Plant at Drakeiow5Sjj> Anon. Electr. Rev. 1960, 19), 296-8. . " Two 375 mw units have been ordered for installation at Drakelow "C" station by 1965. The boikm one of Benson and the other of Sulzer design, will provide 2500 klb/lir of steam at 3650 psi and 1110'JEt'Kj{^ single reheat to 1055 F. One.'of th* turbines will have one h.p., one ip. and two l.p. cylinders with a double* flow exhausting into twin condehsent the other quadruple flow l.p. cylinder arranged in double-flow l.p.'.casings* both are in-line tandem-compound machines running at 3000 rpm with 8 stages of feedwater preheating to F. The generators have hydrogen cooled (45 psi) rotors and water-copied stators and a M.C.R. of 37 0.85 p.f. generating at 19 less The Use of Milled Peat Boilers for the Generation tricity. J. F. Cullen. J. Inst. Pud 1960, 33 (July), 317-28. ' `` " The experience gained pulverized milled peat in thre^l of German make is describe^ first boiler has roof firing and InuiMt beater mills, the others corner 'firing one H.G.S., the other KeUe&niBt, Auxiliary oil burners are inst$rai|i stabilize combustion. The pdat^nGatt moisture content of 40-65- perioedt'k dried in the mill by hot flue gas tabs from low down in the furnace to which cold flue gas, hot or cold air 'art ad mixed. Slagging difficulties Jow moisture content and furnac^Vpttld tions at high moisture contenfywi* encountered and the counte ' are discussed. Backfiring ini ers, breakages of the mill hams fouling of the cold-end of heaters are commented ous modifications of the mills were introduced, the first boiler gave a the ency of 81.3 per cent at " peat of 54.9 per cent mo C.V. of 1780 keal/kg. January 7961 / COM Geothermal Power Plant. 1960, 104 (July), 80-2. oles at Geysers, Calif., 1,000 lb/hr of steam which it 115 psi to a turbine driving for generator. If experience is jf|-a second turbine is to be fair Use for Coal. T. S. Spicer. CMlVtitis. 1960, 14 (July), 12-5. I Pittsburgh has erected a new plant lot the^drying and burning of sewage Judge.'-* The sludge is heated in tasks for five days at a temperature of 15 F by steam generated in two Spreader stoker fired boilers (each rated at 40,000 lb/hr, 125 psi, 400 F); the sludge floats to the top and leaves dean effluent. The warm odorous Aim the tanks is used as combus tion iur to destroy the smell. The .Judge with 18-20 per cent solids con tent is pumped to feed tanks, mixed with dry sludge in a mixer and dried In duaTcage mills by hot gases at lOOftifSOO F. The drv sludge is then bttrifSFih an incinerator assisted by firing'of pulverized coal, the hot com bustion' gases are used to dry the * * 1 are returned also to destroy Fly ash from the incintfseparated in a cyclone, reinremoved in the molten Insure safe, continuous boiler operation with Reliance Water Columns Models and sizes for every boiler need to 2500 psi working pressure T 'ap Boiler Performance Associt*~_with Power Plant. Fly Ash Dis- KjEL M. Ravner and L. P. Amer. Pwr. Coni. 1960 (Mar^30 PP. Western Electric Co. installed' a Turbo Furnace boiler rated at 250 Mb/hr at 900 psi and S35 F with slag .tap to-convert the ash of this and tatM other, dry-bottom furnace boilers *ato,8lag. The boiler is able to operW'fr&m 65,000 to 250,000 lb/hr with aiteu slag removal. The results of . . with no reinjection and with flection from one, two and three ^krs,;, are tabulated and discussed. J|$of dust loading before and tile collector are presented. ^^Keness Nuclear Power Station. Nucl. Pwr. I960, 5 (Aug.), 66. j^the sixth nuclear power station to J>Uilt at Dungeness will have an lPUt of 550 mw produced in two with a thermal output of 840 _^2|-ach at an efficiency of 32.9 per jj^fejThe CO2 inlet temperature is he outlet temperature 410 C. tis produced at 1410 psi and 392 kjyJSS, at 550 psi and 391 C with a * temperature of 180 C. jiv1 3876 fuel channels with 7 '-`--4*frt3each per reactor. The steam. I to 4 main turbogenerators, .5 mw output. USTION / January 1961 Reliance High and Low Alarm Water Columns are widely known for their sensitive trouble-free alarm mechanism. Action of the float and whistle valve assembly is direct -- foolproof. Short, unhindered float travel assures prompt response to slight water level variations. Reliance Alarm Columns, available to 900 psi, are completely assembled at factory and thoroughly tested before shipping . . . Above 900 psi, forged steel columns can be equipped to supply electric alarm service and other safety controls . . . Reliance also makes gage cocks, gage valves, gage inserts, illuminators and vision-focusing hoods in various styles to suit all needs. Engineer representatives in all principal cities. The Reliance Gauge Column Co., 5902 Carnegie Ave., Cleveland 3, Ohio Reliance BOILER SAFETY DEVICES 57 Abstracts from the Technical Press--Abroad and Domestic (Drawn from Hio Monthly Technical Bulletin, International Combustion, Ltd., London, W. C. 1) Fuels: Sources, Properties and Preparation Coal: A Colloid and a Chemical. The Eighth Coal' Science Lecture. Sir Eric Rideal. B.C.U.R.A. Quart. Gas. 1959, No. 39, 1-11. The evidence produced by many in vestigators of the colloid nature of coal is discussed and possibilities dis cussed of using coal as a chemical raw material. Pyrolysis of Coal and Shale. M. Gomez and C. H. Prien. Ind. Engng Chem. 1960, 52 (Aug.), 717-23. The annual review of the literature published in 1959. Laboratory Investigations into the Behavior of Salt Coal Ash in Steam Generators. Pt. n. K. Wickert. Energie I960, 12 (Aug.), 328-35 (in German). , The second part deals with: (1) Experiments on the melting and ad hesion behavior of this ash; (2) Influence of SO3 on the melting be havior; (3) Reaction of the ash with SO; and SO3; (4) Formation of Na2- S2O7; (5) Heating surface fouling; (6) S02 oxidation of SO3; (7) Solidifi cation of the ash and the influence of sulfides on the solidification; (8) Combustion experiments with salt coals. The Production of Improved Metal lurgical Coke. The Use of Fluidized Bed Char as a Blend Component. P. L. Waters and W. R. Hesp. C.S.I.R.O. Coal Res. Sect. T.C. 41 1960 (Mar.), 8 pp. The results of earlier investigations are analyzed with regard to the factors influencing coke quality (oven tem perature, charge density, blending) and coke strength (shatter strength, abrasion hardness, particle size of inert material, other factors). It is shown that the coking behavior of blends of high-volatile coals with chars or coke fines can be predicted from the bulk density, amount of inert ma terial added and V.M. content of the inert material. The Suitability of Home-produced and Foreign Fuels for the Operation of Slagging Furnaces. Pt. HI: Brown Coals. T. Geissler. Energie 1960, 12 (Aug.), 336-48 (in German). The third part discussing brown coals with: (1) Economic limits; (2) Range of proximate analyses of Ger man and foreign brown coals; (3) Factors influencing the use of brown coals in slagging furnaces; (4) Chemi cal composition of the ash of brown coals found in various countries; (5) Slagging and melting character of the ashes; (6) Establishment of character istic coefficients analogous to those for bituminous coals for the rapid as sessment of the suitability of a brown coal for use in slagging furnaces; (7) Boilers with slagging furnaces for brown coal. It is concluded that slagging furnaces for brown coal should be used only if the problem of fly ash removal makes this imperative. Gasification of Brown Coal with Hy drogen in a Continuous Fluidized-bed Reactor. T. J. Birch, K. R. Hall and R. W. Urie. J. Inst. Fuel 1960, 33 (Sept.), 422-35. Studies of the continuous gasifica tion of Australian brown coal with "COMPACT" ANNNUCIATORS ill STANDARD AND |||| III) CUSTOM DESIGNS ( Whether your system needs a stand ard or custom design--every "com pact" annunciator has plug-in relays with auxiliary contacts for inter locks. Cabinets are designed for either panel or surface mounting. Standard options include: Hermetically sealed relays Built-in lamp tester Weather proof enclosure for details* COMPACT CONTROLS CO. inc. 18 ROOSEVELT AVE., SYOSSET, NEW YORK 50 hydrogen m reactor with bed 1 diam and 3-ft depth are The variables were temperate pressure, hydrogen partial coal feed rate and gas cotnpo3|| Two well defined stages were obs which are set out in detail. A ` tical process for producing a piV'ii", high methane content is described^' <&:- Mechanical Handling Pressure Drop in Pneumatic Tr. port. W. Konrath. Fordern und TT ben 1960, 10 (Aug.), 609-13 (in C*I* man). ' A review of various investigation. followed by equations and graph* the calculation of the pressure droou horizontal and vertical pipe lhjjffcmB: a diversity* of materials. * ** >* Investigations of the Traritpcrt Process in Vertical Screw Conveytn, A. Vierling and G. L. Sinha. -. Ff/iam . und Heben 1960, 10 (Aug.),^gjCgj - (in German). "* A theoretical and exocrihS^ study of the transport of particle and of bulk material has beea carried out; the theoretical perimental results show gooij^aaee- ment. The equations permit`calc*. lation of transport velocity, degli$ (jfV filling and the volume moyed^heaT screw dimensions, friction coefficieatal and angle of repose are given. Heat: Cycles arid Transmissioj The Theory of Radiant ! change in Unidimensional V. N. Adrianov. TeploenerjgeMkt 1960 (June), 63-66 (in Russia * " Solutions are given of sop lems regarding the theory heat exchange in symmetricaT i terns under conditions of local m&aat ' equilibrium on intermediate bodies. C.E.G.B.aland ` Heat Transfer in Flowing Me Horizontal Tube with NatiuL. .. vection. B. Metais. cW-lftf., Tech. 1960, 32 (Aug), 535-i9,(ij German). In the theory of convectiyp^T transfer the influence of thejp ship between temperature mi stance parameters (viscosity/^ or the heat transfer coeffide transition zone between turbulent flow has not yetj tied. A semi-empirical been developed for heat tr horizontal tube and exp suits of measurements of he coeffirients of water on he cooling in a horizontal .d have shown good agreei March 1961 / CO/i Insulation. Some Basic J. W. Dawson. Engng I960, 41 (Sept.), ^Conduction and Its Special rfon to Thermal Insulation, ittle. Chem. Proc. Engng Sept.), 397-405, 423. &} Fuel Firing iwsurement of Pulverized Coal aw in Pipe Lines. E. Hubei. Mitt. .G.B. No. 67 1960 (Aug.), 230-42 a German). The difficulty of uniform distribuan of pulverized coal from a mill rough branch ducts to several oners led to the initiation of these jasurements. The first part deals th'"the difficulties of accurately :asuring particle size distribution d density over the cross-section of a ct and presents the results obtained ththree different instruments. The plication of such measurements in actual case and the improvements tained by the modifications carried t are described in the second part. id Gaseous Fuel Firing Pressure Burners for Steam Gen'-tors. Pt. EL G. Weber. Mitt. S.B "o. 67 1960 (Aug.), 248-61 Gt n). rhe second part describes in detail ypical plant: (1) Design: (2) Day *k;'.(3) Pumps; (4) Preheater; Automatic shutdown: (6) Air mission; (7) Control of oil and air; Combustion chamber; (9) Instaln; (10) Start-up. y-Cup Oil Burners. - H. A. ^etham. Pwr Wrks Engng 1960, (Sept.), 651-5. 'he Hamworthv rotary-cup oil ner, its application to shell-type ers and oil and air metering equip- are described. Wtrfcr,'- ler-Side Corrosion and Water 3hnent *1 Features of Large-scale ter-treatment Plants for Power 30ns with High Condensate Loss. Hrupchitskii. Teploenergelika ^ (June), 58-62 (in Russian), toblems in the selection of efficient hgements of large-scale water^nent plants for power stations `high condensate loss are outlined, -uons arrived at regarding layout 1 anization of storage aren^_ts for these plants are dis- tfe- S'- C.E.G.B. abstract PX--- gUSTlON / March 1961 Development of Water Treatment Plant with Cation and Chemical De mineralizing Combined with the Use of Magnesia for Silica Removal. J. M. Sokolov. Teploenergelika 1959 (July), 59-65. D.S.I.R. Transl. RTS 1516. Russian projects for feed water treatment plants are described and their economics discussed. .. Continuous Quality Control of Boiler Feed Water and Condensate. F. K. Evzerova.* Teploenergelika 1959 (July), 65-9. D.S.I.R. Transl. RTS 1517. A salt concentrator providing a concentration factor of 18-20 with a basic rate of flow of 25 kg/h for the control of condensate, superheated and saturated steam is described. Technology of Thermal Deaeration. H. Laban. Mitt. V.G.B. No. 67 1960 (Aug.), 261-5 (in German). The various types of deaerators are described and their merits discussed. Studies on Humic Adds in Ion-Ex change Plants. H. Kurapkat. Mitt. V.G.B. No. 67 1960 (Aug.), 242-7 (in German). Premature exhaustion of a weakly basic anion exchanger led to a study of its causes and the r61e played by humic adds contained in the raw water. New specifications for the determination of humic adds have been drawn up and recommendations made which anion exchanger material to use for different humic add con tents of the raw water. , Gas-Side Corrosion and Deposits Report on the Use of Dolomite as a Fuel Additive at the Emilia Power Station. F. Cremonesi, G. Maranzana and P. Sturla. Termotecnica 1960, 4 (June). 275-80 (in Italian).- Information is given on the deposits and corrosion arising in the 500 klb/h 1500 psig 970 F boiler of the Emilia power station, Italy. The boiler is equipped for oil-, p.f.- or natural-gas firing and the results quoted relate to the use of Bunker "C" oil. The use of other additives is touched upon. From C-.E.G.B. Digest 1960, 12 (Aug. 13), 2155. Operating Experience with Dust- collectors at Reduced Gas Temper atures. M. S. Samokhin and I. L. Tarnavskii. Teploenergelika 1960 (June), 45-7 (in Russian). Results obtained from testing dust- collector comprising a cyclone collec tor and an electrostatic predpitator in series at reduced gas temperatures are given. Recommendations are made for ensuring high-effidency per formance. C.E.G.B. abstract Here's Why Thermal-Aire Fans NEVER GET HOT UNDER THE COLLAR! You're looking at an G Air-Cooled Shaft used in Thermal-Aire Fans. Featuring exclusive chamber-and- slot design, it keeps bearings cool... protects them against excessive heat, over expansion and burn-out. It requires no water, slingers or other circulatory systems to do the cooling job... just its own rotation. That's why Thermal-Aire Fans never get hot under the bearing collar--and one of many reasons why reliable, dependable Thermal-Aire Fans get specified for so many of industry's critical, high-temperature air-moving jobs. INTERNAL CHAMBER Write today for Bulletin 960 THERMAL-AIRE FANS Garden City Fan A Blower Co., 829 N. Eighth St.,Niles, Mich. 51 Power Generation and Power Plant Mobile Thermal Power Stations. B. Kretzschmar. B.W.K. 1960, 12 (Sept.), 390-7 (in German). Mobile power stations up to 10 Mw output are used at large building sites, in emergencies, and during mainte nance or repair work in power stations.- They may consist of a steam generator and turbogenerator plant, gas turbine or diesel plant installed on specially designed railway cars or lorries or in ships. German, Czech, Spanish, Rus sian and American examples of the various types are described. Hyperbolic Cooling Tower. T. W. Edwards. Power 1960, 104 (Sept.), 67-72. The first American natural draught hyperbolical cooling tower (320 ft high, 245-ft diam at bottom) is under construction at Big Sandy power sta tion, Kentucky, to serve a 265 Mw unit. New Desuperheater Controls Steam Temperature to Fuel Oil Heater. T. J. Feneis. Pwr Engng 1960, 64 (Aug.), 82-3. At the Burlington station of Public Service Electric and Gas Co. residual fuel oil has to be preheated from 223 to 335 F and the steam available for oil heating has to be reduced in pres sure from 1200 psi and temperature from 950. Pressure reduction to 650 psi is carried out in a single pressure reducing and flow control valve, tem perature reduction in a variable orifice desuperheater containing a springloaded ball and cooling water admis sion at the orifice seat; pressure drop at all flows is constant at 3-4 psi. Plant Design Considerations Utilizing Largest U. S. Raw-Lignite-Fired Boiler. T. Y. Mullen. Combustion 1960,32 (Aug.), 49-53. At the Hoot Lake station a 53.5 Mw unit has been installed. The boiler is rated at 400 klb/h at 1500 psi and 1000/1000 F fired by raw lignite pul verized in three bowl mills each of 32,700 lb/h capacity (plus one re serve), and injected through 16 tilting corner burners. The lignite analyzes 36,97 per cent moisture, 27.9 per cent V.M., 29 per cent fixed C, 6.13 per cent ash, 0.72 S, and 6900 Btu/lb. Because of the clogging tendencies of the ash, the spacing of the superheater elements is wider than usual and horizontal surfaces have been elimi nated as far as possible. The dust collector is sectionalized to maintain high gas velocities at low loads, the air preheater has a cold air bypass and steam preheater. The ash removal system is of the pneumatic type. . The Invisible Stack. Anon. Com- 52 bustion 1960, 32 (Aug.), 57-9, At the Seward station a china25 214 ft height has been provided % a stainless steel nozzle to increase t flue gas exit velocity from 30 to j ft/'s and thus reduce air pollution ne the station. The design and constn tion of the venturi nozzle are scribed. c The Biggest Pressure Vessel Test t Far. Anon. Engineering lggg / (Sept. 16), 388-9. ' The procedure adopted for testis the pressure vessel at Berkeley nucle power station is described. The te proved entirely successful and tl vessel has been passed for operating 137.5 psi and 340 C. In a sinfiL way the spherical pressure vessel Bradwell power station has been testt with equally satisfactory results. Materials and Manufacturing Process High Temperature Materials. G. F Ramsden. Mach. Lloyd (Burnt Edit.) 1960, 32 (Sept. 17), 29-31. A general review of steels, ceramic and cermets and their limits of appL cability, advantages and disadvu tages. It is concluded that graphs could find wider application with tb improvement of its oxidation resist ance. Graphite. K. F. Anderson, F. j Harp and S. Shapiro. Chem. Proc Engng 1960, 41 (Sept.), 409-15. The properties of graphite for use in the construction of chemical plant are set out and examples of appliestion given. in boiler feed water yet adds no solids -- and that may be a good reason to select DEOXY-SOL for treatment of your boiler water. But it provides other advantages also. DEOXY-SOL is a high efficiency oxygen scavenger, since it is a solution of hydrazine. And it raises the pH, sup plementing any amine treatment. Stocks in Newark, N. J., Chicago,* 111., Los Angeles, Calif. Write for informative Bulletin BW. Fairmounl CHEMICAL CO.. INC. 136 Liberty Street. New York 6. N. Y. Graphite for Heat Exchangers. A Hilliard. Chem. Proc. Engng I960, 41 (Sept.), 416-8. r The French Polybloc system of oak blocks of graphite for the construction of heat exchangers is described. Effect of Elevated-Temperature K> posure on Heavy-Section Pressure* Vessel Steels. A. W. Pense, J. E Gross and R. D. Stout.~' Wddi*t Res. 1960, 25 (June), 231-5. Previous Pressure Vessel Researek Committee investigations have ind^ cated the suitability of high-streaftk*. steels for pressure-vessel appHcatioM in conventional thicknesses and alsoS| heavy sections, particularly if Aft heavy sections are spray-quenched I stress-relieved. However,-; cone has been expressed regarding?' effect of extended exposure iff! temperatures on the mechanic erties of heavy-section pi steels in applications suclf and nuclear and chemic The present investigation? the effect of exposure at ro ature, 500, and 700 F for March 7961 j CO} on the tensile properties and ductility of simulated sprayand normalized carbon and ivy-section pressure-vessel '.E.G.B. Digest 1960, 12 2254. ____ bntion to the Thermal Shock IdttKtor of Steels and High-Temper- jai'Resistant Materials. F. Eich- am.'.' Stahl u. Eisen 1960, 80 (Sept. J), 1275-83 (in German). . A method for rapid thermal cycling [ tube samples (medium-frequency tating, cold water cooling) is de- jibed to study the development of icks due to repeated thermal shocks . various steels and Cr-Ni alloys, oe ferritic, one low-alloy, one aus- mitic and four Cr-Ni (Co) alloys ere tested of which Nimonic 95 gave i outstanding performance. The suits are presented in tables and aphs and illustrated by photomicro- aphs; Vm-Phase in Austenitic Stainless 'L R. F. Hills and D. R. Harries. urn. Proc-. Engng 1960, 41 (Sept.), >1-6. In the application of stainless steel fa&can material the occurrence of e sigma phase and its effect on the operties of the steel may be detri- tntal. The literature of the subject revie- . look at Caustic Stress Corrosion. C. Wheeler and E. Howells, 'wer 1960,104 (Sept.), 86-7. The causes of chloride-free stress fTosion of stainless steel are disssed and means for preventing icking described. sam Pipe Sizing. E. Ingham. Ain Engr 1960, 29 (Sept.), 412-4. The equation for calculating the e of a pipe and the pressure drop for ssures up to 250 psi are developed, commended flow velocities for satrted steam are 100-133 ft/sec and superheated steam-133-200 ft/sec. *atiag Cast Iron Melts by TJltra1|C8- A. Kolorz. Giesserei 1960, _(Aug. 25), 447-51 (in German). irons of different composition re treated for various periods by tasonics before pouring. Tensile enSth, Brinell hardness and bend- strength were not different from >Se of untreated cast irons. drogen in Welding. P. G. Bastien. il J. 1960, 7 (Sept.), 546-57. ue Houdremont Lecture 1959 to n IX of the International ^tu. of Welding in which were (1) Effects of hydrogen in *JJ|ht, cast or welded steel; sources gas in the metal; (2) Basic '^BUSTION / March 1961 Aerotec Industries offers more than a half century of world wide experience in engineering and manufacturing equipment for efficient and economical cleaning and handling of air and gas. Single responsibility for complete systems, from design to final installation, assures management that overall performance guarantees will be met. Write for information on the products of interest. V=rc?7-"C? /iV47/Sr/7/9 INCORPORATED EXECUTIVE OFFICES GREENWICH, CONN. Plants at Bantam, Greenwich and So. Norwalk, Conn. Canadian Affiliate: T. C. CHOWN LIMITED, Montreal and Toronto DrWtfeas; INDUSTRIAL Electrical and Mechanical Duet Collector* *Wet Collector* Eon* Fa/i-Stackx llowers Go* Scrubbers Air Preheaters Curtain c Dampers. .J % *i fc,. 53 FURNACE BLOK "IN" AT LARGE EASTERN UTILITY OIL-FIRED BOILERS Fifteen months ago, a large eastern utility replaced fire brick with FURNACE BLOK in the burner and target walls of oil-fired boilers. As a result of drastically lower erection costs and excellent service life, utility will now standardize on FURNACE BLOK in these walls. characteristics of hydrogen embrittle ment; (3) Tentative explanation^* the mechanism of this phenomenot (4) Consequences in the welding. Aluminum Welding and Manipuj, tion--Swedish Methods. U. Alfred son. Nucl. Engng 1960, 5 (Sentl 405-8. '' The fabrication and welding of jy tanks, pipes and heat exchangers nuclear reactors are described. Botjj tungsten and metal arc inert-gaj shielded welding are used, the forme for the root and the latter for the sub sequent passes. Argon Arc Welding (WIG Method) Low Cost. Anon. Schvxtsstech 1960, 10 (Sept.), 338-40 (in German) A new nozzle has been designed which can carry up to 200 amp with, out water cooling. A further sim plification has been obtained by omitt. ing the control instrument. Despite this, good results have been achieved in welding alloy steels, copper and brass. - Fundamental Studies of Ultrasonic Welding. N. E. Weare, J. N. Antone- vich and R. E. Monroe. Weld. J 1960,39 331s-41s. ' The bending mechanism, effect of welding variables and of material fac tors have been studied experimentally. The factors controlling the strength of ultrasonic welds are set out.. FURNACE BLOK is a specially shaped, patented, hollow refrac tory unit. When BLOK units are placed and filled, they produce a true monolithic structure. NO FORMS REQUIRED. FURNACE BLOK INFORMATION KIT ' Contains Technical information, in stallation photos, cost comparisons __ _ and prices. Write today. ----- - *U.S. Potent No. 183597 Instruments and Controls Limits of Control Possibilities of Large Boilers. P. Profos. Mill. !V.G.B. No. 67 1960 (Aug), 211-21 (in German). . After briefly discussing the quanti ties to be controlled, the meaning of quality of control is explained and the limits of different arrangement* i set out. Continuous development* in I the field of control design and applies- - tion are widening these limits, the positive and negative effects of that developments are discussed and ss attempt is made to draw a balanct j between these. It is concluded th*l i economics determine in the last Ttsort ) the extent to which refinements i be applied. Automation in Thermal Power.Sts*^ turns. E. P. Stefani. TifjfSjlj*j| getika 1960 (June), 3-7 (in Ru Results of automation of: power stations are briefly The need to calculate the 16 characteristics of generating the process of their design is and the application of computers in thermal P/S eng is examined. C.E.G.BA 54 March 196 1 / COMIBUStlO" iion for Large Thermal Power D. I. Rabkina. Teplo- ka 1960 (June), 7-12 (in Rus- sderation of the amount of #tion, remote regulation and ; followed by discussion of acion circuits and systems, the ^concepts of power-station autoJ1 and organization of the def automatic equipment for power ` . C.E.G.B. abstract Analytic Supervision of the ir-Steam Circuit in High-PresPower Stations by Automatic ents. H. Fuhrmann. Mitt tGJB. No. 67 1960 (Aug.), 269-75 nl|erman). Instruments for the automatic anali^jtif the boiler water (silicic acid, dgihate, conductivity), steam (salts dsjother solids) and condensate udness, Salt, oxygen) and complete i&Ji*ol stations are described. egress in Process Instrumentation. Ind. Chem. 1960, 36 (Sept.), i review deals, in part, with ret-developments in the measure- *of fluid flow, especially the ulj&c flow-meter. b lectronic Automatic Regulators. S^Mironov. Teploenergetika 1960 pie), 20-7 (in Russian), fro' ns connected with the de c of electronic regulators for | automatic control of thermal proc- l are reviewed.. C.E.G.B. abstract \: j^ar Energy i'Economic Prospects of Nuclear Per in New States. T. A. Jukes. 1*1960 (Sept.), 13-20.' "attempt is made at assessing the litions under which the provision dear power in New States may ft economically justified. ^Relative Advantages of Advanced j Cooled Reactors and Magnox P. D. Murphy. Brit. Pwr fe I960,1 (Sept.), 61-4. "ft capital and fuel costs for both are estimated and compared. &e development of new fuel eletts of the Magnox type should the expected cost down to that 5ft advanced gas cooled type it will gfficult to decide which one will be * economical in operation. *arch Reactor Fault Analysis. J. "foore. Nucl. Engng 1960, 5 <0 "5-90. ^ .em adopted at Harwell for Tfting the main features of faults %$>ing during the operation of re reactors is described. WSTION /March 796 7 Install a fast-acting, positive fuel cut-out control at low cost Unki Reliance Levalarm EA15R W\^ adds this function to low and medium pressure water L!i columns by simple hook-up !>A 47, FUEL RELAY TO FUEL CUTOUT CIRCUIT ii ii {to a cl suepv, LINE 1 |1 1) Two electrodes extend into boiler water in the Levalarm chamber. Water surrounding them completes a closed circuit carrying special current supply from a transformer. When water level drops below the electrodes, the relay circuit to the solenoid-operated fuel valve is broken. Action is immediate. An auxiliary alarm can be actuated at the same time. This Levalarm may be installed on any water column having gage centers not less than 12^"; maximum 450 psi. Very easy to install... Another model is designed for pressures to 900 psi. * Up to FIVE functions possible with other Levalarms Broad protection for your boiler's safety can be realized through multipleelectrode Levalarm models that install in the water column cap. Model EA18 has enough electrodes to provide fuel cut-out, low and high water alarms, and start and stop feed pump. To comply with insurance com pany rulings requiring dual fuel cut-out facilities, an extra electrode can be added to the Levalarm. Thus no additional piping needed. It will pay you to get details on Reliance Levalarms. Write for Bulletin D2 or contact nearest Reliance Representative. The Reliance Gauge Column Company 5902 Carnegie Avenue Cleveland 3, Ohio eai6 r HIGH RED - GREEN LOW RED - # Wfg*V ir. *ldw* U 'r ,,? .9 r I * sr>r, * 7` o s "::!! S S, i ' * .( 1*1* lit' i tUClKMI Relianc'e BOILER SAFETY DEVICES 55 Abstracts from the Technical Press--Abroad and Domestic ftawn from the Monthly Technical Bulletin, International Combustion, Ltd., London, W. C. 1) & Sources, Properties and paration . . fl. Derivatives. Anon. Coke and ;1960, 22 (Oct.), 421-5, 44S. The ``Wilson'.' report of the Comtee on Coal Derivatives" (Cmd. 0) is analysed in detail and :usses the following sections: (1) il carbonization and the gas intry; (2) developments in com. gasification; (3) industrial gas; synthesis of oil from coal; (5) ! as a chemical raw material; (6) eral conclusions. .vimetric and Volumetric Measureits During the Degasification of Is. H. Luther, 6. Abel, A. Kett K. C. .Traenckner. . Brennslmie 1960, 41 (Sept.), 257-63 German). he investigations into degasilica* of coals and their softening and r mutual relationship were carried by measurements of the degasificarate as a function of mechanical :k density, particle size distribu),. phvsical- (pressure, rate of ting' d chemical (preoxidation, a gas^.a) factors. Discrete ranges decomposition were found which v the presence of- chemical groups i certain dissociation energies; analysis of the decomposition lucts confirmed this. The prop:s of coking coals depending nly on the extent of release of id products between 350 and C and of methane between 450 500 C. contracted and the cushioning effect when transporting large lumps. Automatic Coal Transfer from Wagon to' Ship. Anon. Engineering 1960, 190 (Oct. 7), 4S5. Two identical plants have been installed at Immingham for the un loading of wagons into ships. Each can handle 55 wagons, of 10 to 24.5 ton. capacity and consists of a com bination of wagon haulage and tip pling plant connected by a belt conveyor to a loading tower with ad justable boom for discharge into the ship's hold. The installations operate automatically and each requires only 2 men for supervision. . The Transport of Pulverised Coal by Carrier Gas in Pipe Lines and its Influence on the Control of the Com bustion Conditions. A. Schneider. Energie 1960, 12 (Sept.), 378-88 (in German). Starting from the movement of a single particle and a particle mixture the flow in a pipe upwards or down wards, horizontally and in bends has only "COMPACT" hanical Handling ding Coal and Dirt at Lea Hall Anon. Engineering 1960, 190 >t. 23), 420-1. , he power station under construc- near Lea Hall Colliery with a 1 capacity of 600.Mw is exclusively died by conveyor direct from the sry which sorts and washes coal dirt from its own production and i several other mines in the ict. The coal and dirt handling, ng and washing plant is described. dling Lump Coal on Belts. D. C. s. Mechanisation 1960,24 (Sept.) a in?4-nation able to transport up 2,C . per shift of large coal a mine to the wagon loading t if described. Ropeside frame conveyors were chosen because *-can easily be extended or a*; IBUSTION / April 1961 BURNER CONTROLLERS feature . . . Indicating faceplate Plug-in connector 70 AMP. contacts Both standard and custom timing periods Adaptable to any flame-safeguard relay and interlock system Suitable for use with any type burner ~ for dttiili: COMPACT CONTROLS CO. INC. 19 Muwtll At, Oyttw Bay, LI. N.Y. been studied and equations for cal culating the transport time have been deduced. Recommendations are made with regard to the planning and design of pipe lines and, especially of the bends, to reduce the total transport time. The influence of the transport time on the control of the combustion conditions is discussed and illustrated by an example. Steam Generation and Power Production Tests on the Thermal Conductivity of Water Vapor. H. B. Vargaftik and A. A. Tarzimanov. Teploenergetika 1960, 7 (July), 12-16 (in Russian). The results are given of tests on the thermal conductivity of water vapour in the temperature range of 600F to 1040F and pressures from 70 psig to 7100 psig. C.E.G.B. abstract. Design and Construction of Pressure Vessels. J. J. Haftke. Chem. Proc. Engng 1960, 41 (Oct.), 437-44. The factors to be considered in designing a pressure vessel for a nuclear reactor are discussed- (1) fatigue; (2) excessive deformation; (3) corrosion; (4) brittle fracture; (5) creep rupture. Also discussed are accuracy' limitations, economy, speed of construction, radiation effects and constructional considerations. Design of Reinforced Cylinder for Nuclear Reactor Pressure Vessel. R. W. Lakin and S. S. Gill. Engineer 1960, 210 (Sept. 23), 495-9. The reinforcement consists of layers of thin plate around the main cylinder, the joints being welded. This permits the use of higher pressures and greater heat production without proportion ate increase in costs. The design is described and results of tests on two l/10th models presented. Hydrodynamics of Fprced Circulation Boilers. A. A. Davidov and B. I. Sheinin. Teploenergetika 1959 (Nov.), 53-7. D.S.I.R. Transl. RTS 1584. Data on the resistance of tubes in the water and steam circuit, pulsation in tubes, differences of temperature between tubes and header, distribu tion of the steam-water mixture and its stratification is forced circulation boilers. Boiler Design for Low Grade Coal in Power Plants. B. Limpouch. Tech nical Digest (Czech) 1960, 2 (Mar.), 43-6. Czechoslovakia's extensive ex perience in the field of steam-boilers for high-moisture fuels and ash con tents of up to 60 per cent is illustrated with the numerous design examples described. Lignites and brown coals as well as high-ash black coals are 59 PATHWAYS OF A PIONEER burnt successfully. Good results have been obtained with stoker-fired and particularly with pulverized-fuel fired boilers. Both dry-bottom and slagtap boilers are used and boilers fitted with double-pass combustion chamber developed in Czechoslovakia have proved most successful and versatile as regards both fuel composition and ash properties. From C.E.G.B. Digest 1960, 12 (Sept. 24), 2573. Furnaces and Combustion Control of Reaction Rate in Dust Flames. J. M. Beer and R. H. Essenhigh. Nature 1960, 187 (Sept. 24), 1106-7.' Recent investigations on pulverized anthracite flames tend to show that a chemical rate control is important in the combustion process and the pre vious theory of diffusional control is not valid. Water-Side Corrosion and Water Treatment This picture was taken in 1943 of a Con* tinuous 600 gpm IonXchanger during in stallation at a midwestern chemical plant. The tanks are shown being loaded with ionXchange resins. Blazing the Trail for De-I Developments When the photograph above was made, IWT already had well over 50 large in dustrial ionXchangersin successful opera tion -- yet ion-exchange in those days was still considered a "new and untried" process! Many of these pioneering IWT installations are in use today, and most of the early users of IWT ionXchange have added to and modernized their equipment as new developments became available. Even today IWT is still pioneering -- adding to its great stock of knowledge in this specialized field, designing and building up-to-date ionXchangers of all types and sizes for application to a wide variety of processes as well as all kinds of water-treatment, experimenting with and carefully testing new ionXchange uses, and constantly improving existing designs. THIS EXPERIENCE CAN MEAN A LOT TO YOU If you need pure water for high-pre*ure boiler make-up or process use, or if you are considering the use of ion-exchange for purification or concentration of chemieal products, be sure to take ad vantage of IWT pioneering experience and specialized knowledge. Call your IWT representative, ILLINOIS WATER TREATMENT CO. 840 CEDAR ST., ROCKFORD, ILLINOIS NEW YORK OFFICE: 141 E.44th St.. Now York 17, N.Y. CANADIAN DIST.:Pumps4Softeners, Ltd.. London. Ont. Water-treatment with Hydrazine for Protecting Boiler Metal against Cor rosion. P. A. Akolzin and N. M. Mikailova. Teploenergetika I960, 7 (July), 59-64 (in Russian). The results are described of an investigation on the development of the use of hydrazine in the treatment of boiler water to protect boiler metal against corrosion. C.E.G.B. abstract. Laboratory Investigation of Water Side Scale and Corrosion in the Presence of High Process-Side Tem peratures. H. Kerst. Corrosion 1960, 16 (Oct.), 131-7. The tests were carried out with 130 F water and 350-395 F hotside temperature to investigate corrosion and calcium phosphate scale deposi tion. Use of polyphosphates at residual levels high enough to give corrosion protection produces calcium phosphate scale. Chromates reduce the amount of this scale and also carbonate scale. Gas-Side Corrosion and Deposits Some Properties of Ash Deposits Accumulated on the Screen Tubes of Boiler Furnaces. A. M. Gurvich and R. S. Prasolov. Teploenergetika 1960, 7 (July), 80-6 (in Russian). . Measurements were made on the thickness of the layer and weight of ash deposits on boiler screen tubes. The growth of deposits over time and their effect of heat transfer in the furnace were determined. It was found that in some definite cases the thermal conductivity of the initial layer of deposit may be lower thsdTVi of air. C.E.G.B. abstteta Linden Combats Boiler Tube'Cor rosion with Mg(OH)5. R. A. Baker Pur Engng 1960, 64 (Sept.), 58-9. The oil used at this power statioc contains between 100 and 500 ppnj vanadium, on average 350-400 pptE and this in conjunction with sodium and sulfur caused severe, very sticky and corrosive deposits in the boiler. After tests it was decided to us, magnesium hydroxide in preference to the oxide which tends to take up moisture and clog pipelines and nozzles. The Mg(OH)j is injected into the furnace just above tht burners at a ratio of 2 parts to 1 parl vanadium. The magnesium is ground to 90 per cent through 325 mesh and maximum consumption is 160 lb/h per furnace. The deposits though increased in amount are now dry and fluffy and easily removed by soot blowing. Corrosion of the air heater has not been reduced and they ate , i ______ n_____ iL- Corrosion of Steel in Hot Gases. H. Keller. Chem. Ing. Tech. I960, 33 (Sept.), 582-4 (in German). Corrosion of ferritic steels by sulfur and vanadium pentoxide is discussed and results of tests of the corrosion resistance of various ferritic chromium steels presented. It is shown that in many cases these steels are superior to austenitic steels though their heat resistance is lower. ' *':V ? Flue Gas, Ash and Dust ' Recommendations on Heights fet New Industrial Chimneys. G. Nonhebel. J. Inst. Fuel 1960, 33 (Oct) - 479-511. It is recommended that: * (1) Chimneys for large plants be so high that the calculated 3 min-max con centration of SO- at ground level does not exceed 40 pphm (by yd) is \ areas of heavy industry or;- high ? density of population and 50~pphm in other areas and the maximum ratt of deposit of grit and dust not exceed ing 1000g/100 m1 month with a wind direction constant within an octant; i (2) A sliding scale of chimney heights . from 60 to 120 ft for boiler plsnts from 5000 to 33,000 lb/h. Rate d dust deposition will generally contid j the chimney height and not tbe.Stfc concentration. It is import; particles larger than 76 a shfijSMTM", be emitted from chimneys.^ mendations are also madeX design of chimneys (comb flue gases in one or two, avoidance of down draught ig wash). The first appendix| the methods of calculat 60 April 1961 / COM! pTand the second appendix with inula for threshold visibility of plume. Selection of Optimum TemperaBoiler Flue Gases. M. A. .h, G. A. Matveev and V. I. ev. Teploenergeiika 1960, 7 ^), 27-32 {in Russian). J&e optimum temperatures of flue & are determined from the "finical and economic aspects, for jh-capacity boilers operating on als of different prices. ','i" C.E.G.B. abstract. T'X-ray Study of Pulverized Fuel h. H. S. Simons and J. \V. Jeffrev. ft.l. Chem. .I.. 1960, 10 (Aug.), 32S- Pjilverized fuel ash has been subied to X-ray examination and sinical analysis and the main .neralogical and physical characterks have been determined. It is own that the ash is a very corn ua material in which the overall gnical composition varies from rfide to particle. It is tentatively aduded that there is a positive rrdation between pozzolanic tjyity and glass content. The types Combination of iron present in the iyhave been determined and the Set of hydration examined. from C.E.G.B. Digest 1960, 12 -pt , 2577. at.Recovery Plant ^ xte Heat Exchangers. Flow xracteristics. E. L. Watson, A. A. =Killop, W. L. Dunkle and R. L. tty. Ind. Engng Chem. 1960, 52 tpt.), 733-40. k study of velocity patterns, resi- aCe times and pressure drop has carried out to assist in design and ^ The results are presented in tphs. e. Heat Exchangers. Heat Utsfer. A. A. McKillop and W. L. 'Jkley. Ind. Engng Chem. 1960, ISept.), 740-4. V - theoretical and experimental % showing that turbulence pro- >tors and flexible plate arrangements "It in high rates of heat transfer ^low pressure drop. ver Generation and Power Plant ^aok at Big-Power Cycles for 40 * ^nt Thermal Efficiency or Better. 8. Knowlton. Steam Engr. 1960, (Oct.), 16-21. fnri- -s ways are considered in thermal efficiency of power Ration could be increased. 1mSj&ient in the steam cycle, apgtjon of the binary cycle, superSjjon of the gas turbine cycle f&USTION / April 1961 FLUIDICS* AT WORK New way to shrink yearly maintenance costs--improve heat exchanger operation Here is a new wrinkle in cooling-tower Costs nothing to operate: To sweeten operation: your savings a little more, the Permutit Side stream filtration. It can appreci Valveless Gravity Filter is automatic, ably cut your yearly bill for cleaning in every sense of the word. It operates fouled heat exchanger surfaces and itself, backwashes itself. Has no moving condenser tubes. parts, requires no attendant, no power, Between the cooling-tower and the no extra pumps. The water used to heat-exchange operation stands a new wash serves as part of the system blow- comer to the system -- a Permutit off--at no extra cost. Automatic Valveless Gravity Filter. Its job is to clean up a small portion of the main cooling water stream, roughly 1% to 5%. By continuously filtering this small side stream the tur bidity of all the cooling water is re duced and held to an acceptably low level. In the system shown here, suspended matter dropped from 2.0 ppm to 0.5 ppm in just one week, and continued to Now in use: Proved in this new applica tion, the Permutit Automatic Valveless Gravity Filter is already saving money for several companies. All you need, to join them, is a little space near your cooling tower, and a Permutit Automatic Valveless Gravity Filter. For more facts, write: Permutit Division, 50 West 44th Street, New York 36, New York. decrease thereafter. Less turbidity in the cooling water means less fouling of heat exchange equipment. Less fouling, fewer clean ings, more efficient operation. FLUIDICS is the Pfaudler Permutit program that integrates knowledge, equipment and experience in solv ing problems involving fluids. PFAUDLER PERMUTIT INC. A world-wide companywith plants in Germany.Great Britain,Canada,Mexico,Japan,as well as the U.S.A. 61 over the steam cycle, gas turbine cycles alone and fuel cells are dis cussed. Which of these would con stitute the best approach to high efficiencies is left open. Off-Load Efficiency for Boilers. Gas- Tight Sealing of Plant Provides Many Economies. P. E. Jents. Fuel Effic. 1960, 8 (Oct.), 59-60. . . Tight sealing off of a boiler plant during longer shutdown periods or during low-load operation together with intermittent firing greatly in creases the efficiency and reduces smut or smoke emission. This also reduces the danger of corrosion. Steam for Japan's Chiba Power Station.z J. Grindrod. Steam Engineer 1960, 30 (Oct.), 22-3. * This station contains two 125 and two 175 Mw units with a total consumption of coal of 1,650,000 t. No. 1 boiler by C.E. is rated at 960 klb/h at 1825 psi and 1005/1005 F; No. 2 boiler is a Japanese copy of No. 1 but for a pressure of 1880 psi; No. 3 boiler by Babcock and Wilcox is rated at 1300 klb/h at 2467 psi and 1060/1010 F; No. 4 boiler is identical with No. 3 but made by Babcock Hitachi. The Elektrim (Warsaw) 360 Mw Steam Power Station: First (220 Mw) Stage. H. Scheldt. Siemens Zeit$. 1960, 34 (July), 410-421 {in German). The station, one of the most economical in Poland, has four 55 Mw sets in the first stage of construction and two 70 Mw reheat sets in the second, with natural-circulation and Benson boilers respectively; these will be pf fired. From C.E.G.B. Digest 1960, 12 (Sept. 24), 2563. Kincardine Power Station. Anon. Elect. Times 1960, 138 (Oct. 13), 565-7. Kincardine power station, officially opened on Oct. 12, 1960, now has three 120 Mw sets in operation and two 200 Mw sets under construction to provide a total capacity of 700 Mw. The three boilers in operation (1 by International Combustion, 2 by John Brown Land Boilers Ltd) are each rated at 860 klb/h and 1010/ 1005 F. The first boiler is provided with 5 roller-type pulverizers (1 reserve) and four tilting burners in each corner, spray-type desuperheater for the superheated steam and burner tilt control for the reheated steam. The second and third boilers are each provided with four high-speed attrition pulverizers (1 reserve), 16 burners in the front wall, spray de superheaters for the superheated steam and control of gas flow over 62 FURNACE BLOK "IN" AT LARGE EASTERN UTILITY OIL-FIRED BOILERS Fifteen months ago, a large eastern utility replaced fire brick with FURNACE BLOK in the burner and target walls of oil-fired boilers. As a result of drastically lower erection costs and excellent service life, utility will now standardize on FURNACE BLOK in these walls. FURNACE BLOK is a specially shaped, patented, hollow refractory unit. When BLOK units are placed and filled, they produce a true monolithic structure. NO . . . . i " FORMS REQUIRED. ,_ FURNACE BLOK INFORMATION Contains Technical infonectioe. Is* stallation photos, cost coeiMiMM and prices. Write today. jffi&spSr - U.S. Palest 6TREE Manufacturers _o,fl|C|](om,,la(tbHl*# ein)#ddB[(ending Re^fractories,,nF|uU|otN|>AMCHf April 1961 / COh ieater and primary super ior the control of the reheated , Steam Power Station, Belgium, ibeV and F. Bachmaver. Sulzer l-I 960,42 No. l/l3-21. ; p0wer station contains two 60 j^nnits each served by a Sulzer jotube boiler- rated at 408 klb/h, 0 psi and 1015/1015 F. The reling of the steam is based on the lux system and the reheated m temperature is held constant n to 30 per .cent of full load, er thermal efficiency on nett C.V. ae fuel is 90.3 per cent at 20 Mw load) and 92 per cent at full load; all net thermal efficiency of the on is over 37 per cent. La Spezia Thermal Power Station Edisonvolta. Anon. Quaderni , 16 (July 16), 553-61 fin Italian), ae projected station will have one Mw unit which will be the largest installed or being installed on :ontinent. Steam will be generated .e boiler,' designed by Combustion neering, at 2520 psig. 1050 F, reheat to 1000 F. The 3000 ` Tosi-Westinghouse turbine will : two 170 MVA hydrogen-cooled nators manufactured by Marelli r Westinghouse licence. am C.E.G.B. Digest 1960, 12 :. 24^ 2561. itz _s Turbine Power Station peration. Anon. Energie 1960, ept.), 377 (in German), is power statjon contains 2 gas nes each generating 25 Mw ovide peak load in the morning evening and in emergencies. >art of the gas turbine drives the -ompressor, the other the Ip ressor and generator. The therfficiency is 25.7 per cent. len Nuclear Power Station, us Authors. Nticl. Ettgng 1960, :.), 434-41. . Outline design; (2) design iophy by V. D. Nixon; (3) aspects bv V. D. Nixon; (4) )wer operation. Savannah. Various Authors. Engng 1960, 5 (Oct.), 447-9. General description; (2) con od operation; (3) refueling by D. McDaniels. e Atomic Electric. Various rs. Nucl. Engng 1960, 5 (Oct.), * General description by J. N. -rick; (2) reactor vessel by P. B. 1 initial core by A. G. ; (, .ontrol rod drive mechaoy^T. F. Widmer; (5) reactor 1 system by C. F. Obermesser; .1 handling by H. A. Smith. USTION / April 7967 ROCKWELL-REPUBLIC High pressure globe valve withstands pressure drops up to body ratings Backing ring Sealing head Stainless steel overlay \ Retaining Metal gasket Pressure seal bonnet provides metal-tometal seal. Virtually eliminates bonnet leakage and gasket problems. Seat Replaceable seat is not threaded. Flexitallic gasket assures tight seal. Threads hold re taining ring only. Rockwell-Republic high pressure globe valves are available in 114", 2", and 3* sizes for 1500, 2500 and 4500 psi standards. In addition to removable seat and pressure seal bonnet, these valves are available with bolted bonnets and quick-change trim. For more information about this and other Rockwell-Republic compo nents and systems, just mail the coupon below. RF-23 REPUBLIC INSTRUMENTS AND CONTROLS ROCKWELL jRrt li*i products by Please send latest literature on the tollowing: Control Valves Q Process Transmitters Controllers Q Computing Relays Control Stations _ Recorders Flow Meters O Drive Units ' Desuperheating & Pressure Reducing Systems V-S Gauges Electronic Control Systems Pneumatic Control Systems Name____ Company. Address_ City______ -Title. .Zone. .State. _ Republic Flow Meters Co. (SubsHItry ofRockwell Mtnuftclurlng Comptny) 2240 Dlversey Parkway, Chicago 47, Illinois 63 Abstracts from the Technical Press--Abroad and Domestic : (Drawn from the monthly Technical Bulletin, International Combustion, Ltd., London, W. C 1) E. A N, jRjels: Sources, Properties and 'Preparation 1 coal in storage piles, observations on stock piles, laboratory tests of coal A Correlation between Helium Den sity and Hydrogen Content of Coals. M. Mentser and S. Ergun. Fuel _ properties before and after storage, methods of storage and protection of stocks. J960; 39 (Nov.), 509-10. Further investigations have con firmed that there is a linear relation ship between the specific volume of coal and their atom per cent of hydro gen with natural graphite having zero hydrogen content. Both hydrogen content and specific volume can thus be used, to establish the degree of coalification of high rank coals. Hydraulic Transport of Solids in Pipe lines. A. Redeker. Fordern u. Helen 1960, 10 (Oct.), 755-9 (in German). After a brief review of existing pipe lines in Russia, U.S.A. and Europe the equations developed by various authors for calculating the friction coefficient, water velocity, power re quirements and specific gravity of the mixture are discussed for vertical and The Composition of the True Com bustible Coal Substance. H. Romovaekova and F. Kessler. Erdol uni Kohle 1960, 13 (Sept.), 639-46 (in German), The different methods of conversion of coal to dry, ash-free substance are critically discussed. Studies of the horizontal transport. Recommended values are tabulated. Means for entraining the material into the trans port medium are described with special reference to the lock invented by Zansler which appears to be the most economic and simplest apparatus available at present. changes of oxygen, carbon and hydro gen as a function of ash content are reported. It is concluded that it is jimr' -t to carry out the conversion of t content of the individual ele ments of the same sample in two frac.ions of different ash content by a inear equation. 4 Heat Transmission with Boiling. G. S. Emmerson. Nucl. Engng. 1960, 5 (Nov.), 493-500. The various theories of boiling heat transfer are presented, especially the transfer from nucleate to film boiling and burn-out. The application of the theory to pressurised and boiling ^ew Calorific Value Formulae for Bi- water reactors is discussed. uminous Coal. W. Gumz. B.W.K. .960,12 (Nov.), 484-5 (in German). Three new quadratic equations are iroposed for calculating the gross and let C.V. of a bituminous coal. In he first the C.V. is a function of carion content, in the second a function f volatile matter content and in the hird a function of both C and M.V. The equations are believed to be Transient Natural Convection from Vertical Elements. B.Gebhart. ASME Preprint No. 60-HT-33 1960 (Aug.), 13 pp. Equations are derived which give an accurate description of natural convection transients for vertical ele ments with time dependent internal energy generation. nore accurate than any existing equa- ion. Steam Generation and Power. Joke Combustion and Coke Reactivy. M. F. R. Mulcahy, A. Cameron nd W. 0. Stacey. C.S.I.R.O. Coal ies. Rej. M. 163 1960 (July), 10 pp. The influence of the porosity of a oke on its reactivity is discussed and xperiments described in which the enetration of COj into the pores was etermined. It was found that this epends markedly on the reaction Production A Survey of P-V-T- Data for Water in the Critical Region. E. S. Nowak, R. J. Grosh and P. E. Lillev. ASME Preprint No. 60-HT-25 I960 (Aug.), 13 pp. A review of data for water from 2700 to 4000 psia, spec, volume from 0.025 to 0.125 cu ft/lb and tempera tures from 630 to 800 F. There is a imperature. Preliminary results are resented. lack of smoothed or computed values for the spec, volume of superheated oai .orage. D. E. Shipley. B.C.- T.R.A. Mon. Bull. 1959, 23 (Oct./ ov.), 433-46. . . This review deals with oxidation of vapor and it is therefore difficult to derive accurate values of density and - coefficients of expansion and com pressibility. Data for superheated steam differ greatly. Smoothed Pressure-Volume-Tem perature Data for Water in the Criti cal Region Derived from Experi mental Measurements. E. S. No wak, R. J. Grosh, and P. E. Lilley. ASME Preprint No. 60-HT-26 1960 (Aug.), 13 pp. Data derived from American, Rus sian and Czech, measurements by a graphical method are presented for pressures from 3000 to 4000 psia, spec, volume of 0.030 to 0.12 cu ft/lb and temperatures from 690 to 752 F. The Equation of State of Heavy Water on the Basis of Experimental P-V-T Data. A. M. Mamedov. Teploenergelika 1960, 7 (Sept.), 71-5(in Russian). The equation of state of heavy water is considered for heavy water in the range from 480 F to 700 F and 570 psig to 14,200 psig. C.E.G.B. abstract. The Viscosity of Steam and Water at Moderate Pressures and Tempera tures. J. R. Moszynski. ASME. Preprint No. 60-HT-29 1960 (Aug.), 12 pp. The viscosity of water has been measured from 3 to 340 atii and 20 to 186 C, that of steam from 1 to 42 atu and 137.5 to 270 C. New Tables for the Specific Volume of Water to 1200 ata and 300 C. G. Sarukhanian. B.W.K. 1960, 12 (Nov.), 492-8 (in German). The tables based on latest inter national research are those originally published by M. P. Voukalovich, B. H. Drampoff, D. S. Rasskasoff and S. A. Remisoff in Teploenergetika 1960 (July) 4-12. Development Trends in German Steam Generator Design. H. Seidl. V.G.B. No. 68 1960 (Oct.), 285-96 (in German). After a review of developments be tween 1920 and 1950 with the rapid increase of boiler size, steam pressure and temperature, introduction of pul verized fuel firing, of the forced-flow boiler and of slagging furnaces, boilers designed in recent years, all of forcedflow design, are described. A special feature is their prefabrication in the workshop; the advantages of this are outlined. The largest boilers installed at present for are 150 mw units, but those for 250 or 300 mw and larger are under consideration. The problem in Germany is the ability of operating during the night at 20-30 per cent of full load and for this reason two boilers to one turbine are of ten preferred. The application of tem peratures above 100 F depends on technical developments and econom ics; only a few plants with steam tem peratures of 100 F and above are OMBUSTION /May 1961 55 operating, it appears possible that boilers for 1000 mw, 7000 psi and 1300 F with multiple reheat and in corporating a gas turbine cycle might be developed. Development Trends in English Steam Generator Design since 1950. K. R. Lend. Mitt. V.G.B. No. 68 1960 (Oct.), 297-310 (in German). The position of the electririty sup ply industry at the time of nationalisa tion is outlined and the reasons for the rapid increase of unit and power sta tion size in the years 1950-1960 pre sented. Designs of boilers from 180 to 3750 klb/h, mills, burners, casings and ash handling plant are described. The introduction of forced-flow boil ers, especially those operating at supercritical pressure, is discussed. Future developments are difficult to forecast in view of the uncertain trends of nuclear power generation. FROM BOILER WATER... DEOXY-SOL Fairmount DEOXY-SOL, a solution of hydrazine, is a high efficiency oxygen scavenger designed especially for high pressure boiler water treatment. deoxy-sol removes oxygen, reduces oxides and raises pH of the conden sate all at the same time... yet adds no solids. Stocks in Newark, N. J., Chicago, 111., Los Angeles, Calif. Investigate its advantages for your system. Write for Bulletin BW. Development Trends in the Design of Steam Generator Plants of the French Public Energy Supply. Y. Teste. Mitt: V.G.B. No. 68 1960 (Oct.), 310-21 (in German). The position of public steam power stations, hydro-electric generation and power plants of the coal mining, iron and steel and other works supplying the public network is outlined. Ex amples of standardised boilers rated at 800-885 klb/hr, 1800 psi and 1004/ 1004 F for 125 mw units and those rated at 1550-1700 klb/h, 2760 psi and 1050/1050 F for 250 mw units are described. The fuel is mostly coal, but oil and natural gas are increas ingly used. Details of designs of controls, air preheaters (tubular), finned tubes for superheaters and re heaters prefabrication and multi-tube heat exchangers for nuclear reactors are presented. Development of the Benson Boiler in Germany. R. Mutke. Heat Engng. 1960, 35 (Sept./Oct.), 168-73. Examples of Benson boilers de signed by VKW from its first incep tion to the present time are presented. The TPP-110, a New High-output Boiler. V. S. Patychenko, I. N. Goldenfarb and L. A. Ostrovskii. Energomashinostroenie I960, 6 (Aug.), 1-11 (in Russian). Full details are given of the boiler which has an output of 935 t/h at 3750 psig and 1080 F. The plant is built up as a series of self-contained units of exceptional size. C.E.B.G. Digest 1960, 12 (Dec. 3), . 3169. CHEMICAL. CO., INC. 136 Libsrty St;. New York 6. N. Y. Boiler Blowdown. W. F. Gerrard. Pwr. Wrks. Engng. 1960, 55 (Nov.), 870-6. The reasons for the necessity of blowing down boilers are explained. 56 The various methods used for this and the determination of the amnnut to be blown down are described and illustrated by an example. Liquid and Gaseous Fuel Firing The Economic Combustion of Sulfur Containing Fuel Oil, a Means of Avoiding Dew Point Difficulties in Boiler Operation. F. Glaubitz. Mitt V.G.B. No. 68 1960 (Oct.), 338-13 (in German). Severe difficulties in the operation of boilers fired by heavy fuel oil with high S content could be overcome by redesign of the burners which re sulted in rapid ignition and complete combustion with minimum excess air. Part of the air is introduced into the burner as core air, the larger part at high velocity parallel to the oil jet and without swirl to prevent the air from flowing away from the flame. The CO- content of the flue gas aver ages 15.3 per cent and the O, content 0.2-0.4 per cent. It has not been found necessary to use the soot blow ers and steel shot cleaners; all heat ing surfaces including the tubular air preheater have remained clean. Water-Side Corrosion and Water Treatment Present-Day Feed-Water Treatment for High-Pressure Boilers. P. Hamer. Proc. Inst. Meek. Engrs. 1960, 174 No. 1, 69-94. The quality of feedwater required by industrial boilers operating at 1000-2000 psi is discussed and present treatment methods described.-' The control of steam purity, concentration of salts and silica in the boiler is dealt with. Corrosion in high-pressure boilers and preventative measures are discussed, especially for boilers stand ing during erection and normal opera tion. Possibilities of Application of Filter Aids in Water Treatment H. Han- nig. , Mitt. V.G.B. No. 68 1960, (Oct.), 332-8 (in German). The various filter aids, filter in stallations and their operation are dis cussed. Specially developed plants for mechanical filtration and removal of iron from water, removal of oil from condensate, reduction of or ganic substances from water by filter aids are described. Control of the filtrate is obtained by measuring the turbidity with an instrument baaed on the Tyndall effect. - Corrosion of Boiler Tubes Subjected to Temperature Changes. B. Y*. Kagan and L. S. Zhuravlev. ,.Tepto* energelika 1960 (Feb.), 60-7, D.SJ.X* Transl. RTS 1602. Corrosion of tubes in the tratu^^^.- ^ May 1961 / COMBI monotube boilers was found to be due to the destruction of the oxide Sim by sharp variations of wall tem peratures during phase changes. Simi lar ov 'vations were made in Russian forct. jw boilers. 3os-Side Corrosion and Deposits tn Aspect of the Corrosion of Mild Steel by Combustion Gases. T. K. Aoss, A. J. Macnab and B. E. Ley- and. J. Inst. Fuel 1960, 33 (Nov.), .40-2. The corrosion of mild steel by SOj a-a reducing atmosphere above dew oint with. pure N2 and added H. nd Oj has been studied. The scaling .ates are expressed as a function of ulfur concentration and temperature. ;iectro Precipitators: Practical De ign Aspects. J. E. Sayers. J. Inst, uel 1960, 33 (Nov.), 542-50. ' Precipitator performance factor, ictors outside and under designer's ontrol and designs for power staons and steel works are considered. onsiderations on the Usefulness of pplication of Electrostatic Precipi.tors and Mechanical Fly Ash Sepaitors Upstream or Downstream for se .Cleaning of Flue Gases. R. F. einrich. Mitt. V.G.B. No. 68 1960, )ct.), 322-32 (in German). Tb 'anges in the composition of :e j.sh over the years is traced id its effect on the separation ef.iency of electrostatic precipitators ised on studies carried out by Simonarves Ltd. described. Improvement the separation efficiency by the in illation of cyclone separators upeam or downstream of the precipitor is discussed; the decision which mbination to employ will depend the properties of the fly ash and :al conditions. In many cases escially in new plants, better results 11 be obtained by using a multi-stage ecipitator than a simple precipita and cyclone combination. 'te: Experience with Shot-cleaning int for Air Preheaters. A. C. Kjaer. Inst. Fuel 1960, 33 (Nov.), 553-4. Attempts were made in stoker-fired lers with additional - oil firing to ircome tubular air preheater clogg by either steam soot blowing or >t cleaning. The former increased ut emission and was abandoned, latter with 3 X 2 h operation in h kept the heater clean when firing to 10 per cent of oil on a Btu basis, above this the shot became covered Ulfl'--'US soot. :e: experience in the Cleaning of momizers on Power Station Boil- by the Shot-cleaning Method. W. Board and J. P. -Holmes. J. Undergoing laboratory testing at Croll-Reynolds: one oj the ClaRite `Wedgewire' filter elements for three 415 square-foot units designed to filter condensate in a high-pressure generating station A ClaRite filter removes particles down to 1/10 of a micron by the precoat method -- saves you money and floor space too This picture offers proof of precoating efficiency that no other filter tube can match. The `Wedgewire'* tube is 9 feet long by 2% inches in diameter--yet it retains an even precoat over its entire length. As the effective length of the filter tube increases, the number of tubes needed to meet filter area specifications decreases proportionately. Fewer filter tubes are needed in a ClaRite filter assembly and the pressure vessel may be smaller. You save three ways --on installation costs, on the cost of the pressure vessel, and on floor space. Another feature of a ClaRite filter: It can be cleaned effectively and completely by the backwash method. Disassembly is not necessary. A ClaRite filter has no moving parts. Rugged, permanent filter elements, heavy duty construction and high quality accessory com ponents slash maintenance costs and permit operation at extreme pressure drops. The exclusive design of the `Wedgewire' element as sembly allows faster flow rate than other types of equipment of equal area. For a booklet describing the ClaRite filter, write to the Croll- Reynolds Engineering Co. .crou-j^noids- trauma* Croll-Reynolds Engineering Co.f Inc. 1122 MAIN STREET, STAMFORD, CONNECTICUT in principal citUt MBU5TION / May 7967 57 Inst. Fuel 1960, 33 (Nov.), 554-8. The shot-cleaning system and fuH automatic control gear at Battersea I It's the law"! power station are described. It ^ (ASME Power Boiler Code) estimated that the regular on-load cleaning of the economizer will lea(j Reliance reminds you of an important rule to a fuel saving of 1.1 per cent. Further Corrosion Tests on Materials Remember that the Boiler Code requires the use of two water gages per boiler on installations operating at 400 psi or over (Par. P-291). You can in Regenerative Air Preheaters. J. p Barkley, H. Karlsson and C. F. Stark U. S. Bureau of Mines. Report No comply by using one of these combinations: 1. provide two water columns, one at each end of the drum -- a gage on each. 2. one water column having two sets of gage connections; use "twin" gages. 3. one column at one drum end, and a direct-to-drum water gage assembly at the other. 4. two direct-to-drum assemblies, one on each end of the drum. 3. use one conventional gage, either direct-to-drum or on water column, and two manometric-type remote gages (the Reliance EYE-HYE) if operating over 900 psi. (Case No. 1155.) The combination you choose needs only to meet connection rules of the Code -- besides, of course, the use of column and gage equipment of adequate capacity 5471, 1959, 28 pp. ` Field tests were made on the rate of corrosion of 30 materials used in air preheaters under regular operating conditions, and the buildup of de posits was observed. Twenty-three materials were tested with coal as the fuel on an underfeed stoker and seven with oil, including a short period with pulverized coal as fuel. The plant equipment is described, and pertinent plant operating data are tabulated. and conforming to the general rules of the Code covering materials and welding. You can be sure of complete safety From C.E.B.C. Digest 1960, 12 (Nov. 19), 3156. and Code conformance when you specify Reliance Water Column and Gage Equipment. It has been Power Generation and Power Plant accepted as "standard" by boiler Central Station Design. Survey. manufacturers and consultants for Anon. Power 1960, 104 (Oct.), 161 75 years. Standard and custom-built products for every pressure range. Check with your consultant, or call in the Reliance Representative for your area. 72. The annual review of units planned, under construction and starting opera tion. It is now predicted that capa city will grow at a rate of 5 per cent annually. Industrial Plant Design Survey. Anon. Power 1960, 104 (Oct.), 89 108. The annual review covers electrical systems, steam conditions, fuels and firing appliances, boiler and turbine sizes, controls, subdivided into plants over and below 150 psi. Combina tion gas and oil firing is still preferred, whilst coal firing by underfeed and spreader stoker declines. More small than larger boiler sizes are being in stalled and electric combustion con trols are on the increase. i Above -- single window welded direct-to-drum gage assembly. Upper left -- double window unit. THE RELIANCE GAUGE COLUMN CO. 5902 Carnegie Avenue, Cleveland 3, Ohio RgIIBiIicg BOILER SAFETY DEVICES The Supercritical Power Station Unit Asserts Itself. K. Schroder. B.W.K. 1960,12 (Nov.), 499-500 (in German). A brief illustrated description of the unit in Breed power station originally rated at 450 mw and now uprated to 475 mw is given. The net heat rate is 8500 Btu/kwh, the thermal ef ficiency 40 per cent and the volume 12 cu ft'/kw. The orders for super critical pressure units at Drakdow `C' and Russian intentions of install ing 28 300 mw units at 3356 psi and 1076/1050 F are discussed and Ameri can, British and German unit*, i*. operation or on order tabulated git* ing output, pressure, temperature* turbine output and boiler supp 58 May 7967 / COMI Aberthaw Power Station. W. Wilde. Proc. Sth Wales Inst. Engrs. 1960, 75 ;Oct), 117-32. The Aberthaw power station is de signed for a capacity of 600 mw con sisting of six 100 mw turbogenerator jnit The single drum, natural cir:ulat,_^ 755 klb/hr boilers are rated at .600 psig and 985 F reheat. The Hrculating ' water system, p.f. firing ystem, dust and ash handling plants, urbines, generators, feed water sysem, and electrical plant are described, 'he economy in space and cost eficted by building larger units is adicated by tabular data and graphs. From C.E.B.G. Digest 1960, 12 Nov. 19). 3026. iomeuburg Power Station. Anon. Engineer 1960, 210 (Nov. 11), 815-6. This power station on the banks of re Danube in Austria contains two 5 mw double-shaft gas turbines, red by natural gas; two waste-heat oilers fired by hot exhaust gases and dditionally by oil or gas each supply 10 klb/h at' 213 psi and 842 F to a rmmon 25 mw turbogenerator, here is further a Benson boiler rated . 530 klb/h at 1877 psi and 995/ 36 F to supply a 77 mw turbogenator; this boiler is also oil or gas ed. Coal-Fired Thermal-Storage Boilerruse Anon. Pwr. Wrks- Engng. )60 (Nov.), 880-9. At tne British Oil and Cake Mills td.'s Olympia mills the highly fluciating steam demand is met by fouravelling grate stoker fired shell-type filers each rated at 17,000 lb/h at '5 psi and 530 F, the water space ring large enough to allow a fall or ;e in the water level of 2-3 ft. The ntrols keep the pressure within 1 i. Sootblowers are installed in the mace, in front of the smoke box d behind the bridge wall of the rker. The flue gas are cleaned by a ction type grit arrestor and a secdary collector. The b.oiler ash is moved by ash extractor under each iker into a hydraulic system. The filers are continuously blown down :o a flash tank, the steam being used heat the feed water and condition j coal. The water is treated by cculation, settling and filtration lowed by an ion starvation, base exange plr nt. velopments in the U.S.S.R. Anon. ild. Met. Fair. 1960, 28 (Nov.), 7-64. , Impressions of the welding art as ictic"d today in Russia are given iov a visit of a team of British rerts. Of special interest have been progress in electroslag welding i automatic submerged arc welding. >MBUSTION /May 1961 "continuous analysis of the dissolved oxygen in boiler feedwater?" "Sure...and without any scrubbers, chemicals or tanks of gas." This is the Hays Dissolved Oxygen Analyzer to measure in the parts per billion range. Built-in calibration check . . . simple construction .. . low maintenance ... accurate--full-scale range as low as 0 to 20 ppb... unaffected by DO scavengers. Reduce your corrosion problems caused by dissolved oxygen in your feedwater. for further details write for Bulletin B625 CORPORATION MICHIGAN CITY, INDIANA 59 Abstracts from the Technical Press--Abroad and Domestic (Drawn from the Monthly Technical Bulletin, International Combustion, Ltd., London, W. C 1) ower Generation and Power lant ' [igh Efficiency Boiler Plant at a ievon Pottery Works. Anon. Steam .ngr. 1960, 30 (Nov.). 47-52. Candy and Co. Ltd. have installed a entrax boiler for providing 25001 b/hr f steam at 100 psi which is provided ith a Riley (IG) Type HL (highiw-off) burner which consists of a mall burner for lighting off and low>ad and a large recirculating burner )r full load. The oil (950 sec) is reheated to 220 F before being adlitted to the burners which operate t a pressure of 300 psi. The oil retering and control installation is Iso described. The thermal efciency of the boiler is up to 85 per ent. 5 Mw Gas Turbine Alternator for 'eak Power. Anon. Elect. Times 960,138 (Nov. 17), 255. A 15 Mw gas turbine set is to be nstalled at Hams Hall for operation n the autumn of 1962. Fuel conurn' n is estimated to be 0.752 lb/ :wh. America's H.T.G.C.R. Anon. Nucl. Znergy 1960, (Nov.), 539-41. The reactor under construction at Jeach Bottom and to be completed in 963 will have a thermal output of 115 \lw and an electrical output of 40 Mw .nd produce 336 klb/hr of steam at 450 psi and 1000 F. The fuel is nriched uranium and thorium carbide nixed homogeneously with graphite n graphite sleeves. Coolant is heiiim at 20 at. pressure with an inlet emperature of 660 F and an outlet emperature of 1380 F. The overall let thermal efficiency is 34.8 per cent. Materials and Manufacturing Processes bracking in Welded Joints of Austentic Steel in C.E.G.B. Power Stations. -. E. Asbury, B. Mitchell and L. H. Toft. Brit. Weld. J. 1960, 7 (Nov.), 567--78. Examination of cracks in the heatiffected zones of welds of 18 per cent Ur-12 per cent Nb steel showed these ,o be in a hardened condition due to ;trr g and hardening by precipita.ion . niobium carbide leading to a -eduction in ductility, particularly at ow rates of straining. The Heat-Affected Zone of ArcWelded Iron. E. F. Nippes, W. F. Savage and W. A. Owczarski. Weld. J. I960, 39 (Nov.), 465s-72s. Based on the results of an investiga tion into the changes of microstruc ture and' physical properties it is recommended to avoid fusion of the base metal because of the resulting embrittlement. Braze welding or arc welding with electrodes with melting points around 2000 F is suggested. Particularities of Austenitic Trans formation and Formulation of "Cold" Cracks in Fusion Welding. N. N. Rykaline and M. K. Chorchorov. Soudage 1960, 14 (Sept./Oct.), 335 47 (in French). The structural changes in base and weld metal have been studied as a function of heating and cooling rates. Welding processes and conditions ex cluding any possible formation of "cold" cracks are indicated. Creep in Steel. Technological Aspects of the Subject. J. D. Murray. Iron and Coal Tr. Rev. 1960, 181 (Nov. 4), 1007-13. ' A review of recent investigations into the effect of various alloys on the creep resistance of steel. Heat-resistance of Austenite Alloys Under Non-Stationary Test Condi tions. L. B. Getsov and M. G. Taubina. Teploene'rgetika 1960, 7 (Sept.) 40-44 (in Russian). The paper discusses the fatigue strength of two types of austenitic steel and two nickel-base alloys sub jected to cyclic changes of tempera ture and stress up to 1550 F and 59500 psi. C.E.G.B. abstract. Designing Very High-Pressure Steam Piping for Strength. A. V. Ratner and M. Ya Aristov. Teploenergetika 1960, 7 (Sept.) 44-9 (In Russian). A description is given of an experi mental determination of the compen sating forces and bending moments in steam piping for. steam up to 980 F and 3380 psig. Suggestions are made for a more accurate method of design ing steam pipes for strength. C.E.G.B. abstract. High-Temperature Steel Welding Problems. Pt. H. E. Kauhausen, P. Kaesmacher and S. Sadowski. Werksl und Betr. 1960, 93 (Oct.), 238-43 (in English). COMBUSTION / June 1961 The second part deals with: Ul Fields of application and properties of austenitic steels; (2) Additional all-austenitic welding materials; (3) Formation and cause of cracks; (4) Welding; (5) Welded joints between ferritic and austenitic steels. Welding of Nickel-Chromium-Iron Al loy for Nuclear Power Stations. C. E. Witherell. Weld. J. 1960, 39 (Nov.), 473s-8s. For the welding of 15 per cent Cr- 7 per cent Fe nickel alloy a new nickel- chromium-iron alloy electrode and inert-gas filler wire have been de veloped which produce crack-free and porosity-free welds in all positions. The electrode can be used also for welding the alloy to carbon and stain less steel. . Shop Fabrication, for Hinkley Point. Anon. Weld. Met. Fabr. 1960, 28 (Nov.), 424-33. The fabrication and welding of the pressure vessels, heat exchangers and diagrid are described including: (1) Inspection of plate material; (2) Pressing of plates; (3) Welding; (4) Fabrication of steam raising units; (5) Inspection; (6) Stress relief; (7) Fabrication of diagrid. "CDMPACT" PURGE CONTROLLER CHECK these ORIGINAL features VIndicating faceplate V Plug -in connector ^"Ready Period"limiting allowable time to start burner after purge Interlocked requiring continuous air flow proving during purge V Optional Interlock to prove fuel V valves closed during entire purge Interlocked to operate only if all burners have shut down for details: COMPACT CONTROLS CO. INC. 19 Maxwell Ae,, Oyster Bay, L.I., N.Y. 47 rockwell-republic V-5 gauges combine small size with big-gauge readability Shop Fabrication at Hinkley pgjjg Anon. Weld. Met. Fdbr. 1960, 28 (Nov.), 434-47. A detailed description of the as. ! sembly and welding of prefabricated i parts of the pressure vessels and heat ' exchangers, inspection methods used | and final installation is presented. | Instruments and Controls TRY THIS "CUTOUT TEST" For a true demonstration of the readability of Rockwell-Republic V-5 gauges, cut out the actual-size photo at the right. Mount it on any wall or panel board. Step back and see how easily the scale can be read, even from 10 or 12 feet away! BIG-GAUGE ACCURACY, TOO Compact V-5 gauges are equipped with electric re ceivers or full sized dia phragms, bellows, and nelixes for maximum accu racy and sensitivity. Yet these Rockwell-Republic gauges require one-fourth the panel space needed for standard gauges. GROUP MOUNTING INCREASES VERSATILITY _ As many as eight gauges can be grouped in a single mounting case. Types can be mixed to meet individual panel requirements. Mount ing is simple, too. Just a panel cutout is required in most cases. There's a V-5 gauge for almost every process meas urement. Mail the coupon today for the 12-page bulle tin on these easy-to-read gauges, and for available literature on other Rockwell-Republic instruments, controls, and valves. RF-22 REPUB t/C INSTRUMENTS AND CONTROLS mor* line product* by ROCKWELLTM Please send latest literature on the following: V-5 Gauges Computing Relays D Flow Meters D Process Transmitters p Control Stations O Drive Units Controllers Recorders Q Control Valves Q Desuperheating & Pressure Reducing Systems D Electronic Control Systems Pneumatic Control Systems Name___ Company. Address. City_____ Title. ZoneState Republic Flow Meters Co. fSubsidiary ofRockwell Manufacturing Company) 2240 Diversey Parkway, Chicago 47, Illinois 48 ! Automation--Boiler Operation, q i W. Kessler. Mech. Engng. I960, 82 ) (Nov.) 68-71. [ Although it is known what is re quired of complete automatic control of boilers it is considered that com puters presently available are not yet reliable enough and also very expen sive to install and maintain, Com puter programming, methods of auto mation, boiler design for automation and simulation of boiler automation are discussed. Automation--Economic Justification. W. T. Hess. Mech. Engng. I960, 82 (Nov.), 74-5. Complete automation would in crease safety and reliability, full and maintenance economy. Flame Monitoring--Important Key to Unit Automation. Anon. Power 1960, 104 (Oct.), 151-4. One of the most important items to be monitored in a power plant for reasons of safety of operation is flame failure. Various types of flame sen sors are described. Equally important are flue gas and combustibles analyser* to obtain early warning of the foriiiation of an explosive mixture in \he furnace. A combination of flame fail ure and flue gas analyser appears necessary for automatic control. Pressure and Velocity Measurements on a Double-Venturi and a StandardVenturi Orifice. W. Kiihnel. Energie 1960, 12 (Oct.), 446-9 (in Ger man). The results of pressure and velocity measurements on a double and a standard venturi orifice and the in fluence of a length of pipe upstream 1 are reproduced in curves. Simul taneously, the point of maximum negative pressure was located in both orifices. Measurement of Flow Coefficients and Pressure Drop in Double-Venturi Orifices. R. Speer. Energie 1960,12 (Oct.), 449-52 (in German). Flow coefficients and pressure drop were measured in 5 double ventun orifices with opening ratios of largest to smallest diameter of 0.1, 0.255, 0.35, 0.475 and 0.6. The flow cod* ficients of the new orifices are I(H 15 per cent lower than those of fli*, original double venturi and it is thtltf T June 1961 / COMBUSTION. ossible to use larger opening ratios nd lower pressure ' drops. After a mall initial decrease of the coefficient nis remains constant over a large ange of Re numbers. FLU I DIOS* AT WORK 'he i Image Microscope. R. L. jregorv. Research 1960, 13 (Nov.), 22-7. ` The general principles and design f the solid image microscope are decribed and possible applications disussed. luclear Energy J lynamic Programming and Nuclear :eactor System Design. N. Kallay. Set. Engng. 1960, 8 (Oct.), 15-25. Applications of dynamic programling techniques to nuclear reactor ptimization problems are considered. j ml I.005 j OXYGEN GUARANTEED .ome Aspects of Fluid Fuel Reactor development. ' A. M. Weinberg. sucl. Sci. Engng. 1960, 8 (Oct.), 346 0. ' ` A detailed review of the merits and isadvantages of fluid fueled reac- ors and the -need for further exped ients to assess their value as breed- rs. by this new Permutit `ower Reactors--The Next Ten "ears. F. K. Pittman and U. M. ,taeHr. 'Meek. Engng. 1960, 82 Me 76-9. Thu development of nuclear reac- ors for power stations as seen by the ". S. Atomic Energy Commission is .iscussed. The various types of re ctors and their probable applicability re described. ' Structural Materials for Nuclear Re.ctors. J. L. Bernard. Tech. Mod. 960, 52 (Oct.), 467-75 (in French). The structural materials considered re those employed for the core, pipetries, heat exchangers, supports and truts and fuel element cans. The ntrinsic quality required for each ap>lication (nuclear, mechanical), and he extrinsic quality (corrosion reistance) and effects of irradiation are liscussed and French can design, '.'elding of beryllium and zirconium .nd the production of fuel element lusters described. Design and Testing of Large Gas ! Ducts. A. T. Bowden and J. C. Drumm. Proc. Inst. Mech. Engrs. 960.174. No. 3, 119-57. The problems encountered in de igning and testing large gas ducts for tuclear reactors are outlined. The nos* "conomic way of meeting the lee r high flexibility and low flow tressure loss is discussed and the olution, a combination of tied expan- ' .ion bellows and cascaded corners, lescribed. Deaerator The picture above illustrates the new Permutit Tray Deaerator, which is guaranteed to reduce oxygen to .005 ml/1, or less, and to remove all the free C02. . This sectioned illustration shows the stainless steel trays and inner chamber. Steam passes upward through them, while the water spills down from tier to tier, constantly being exposed to the steam until, fully deaerated, it reaches the reservoir at the bottom. The highest temperature incoming steam contacts this final deaerated water. It is also the purest, oxygenfree steam, and as it sweeps upward it takes to the vent all the freed corro sive gases. The highly efficient internal vent condenser saves B.T.U.'s by reducing vented steam to a negligible wisp which is just enough to carry off all the non-condensable gases. Guaranteed Water These and the other design aspects of the Permutit Tray Deaerator enable us to give you a guarantee that you'll always get feedwater with (a) less than .005 ml of oxygen per liter of water, and (b) no titratable free C02. And just off the presses is our Bul letin 4732, containing information on the construction details, operation, and other advantages of the Permutit Tray Deaerator. Send for a copy. Permutit Division, Dept. CO-61, 50 West 44th Street, New York 36, N. Y. In Canada, The Permutit Com pany of Canada, Ltd., 207 Queen's Quay West, Toronto 1, Ontario. FLUIDICS is the Pfaudler Permutit program that integrates knowledge, equipment and experience in solv ing problems involving fluids. PFAUDLER PERMUTIT INC. Specialists in FLUIDICS . . .the science of fluid processes COMBUSTION / June 1961 49 ichardson Automatic Coal Scales are.. KEEPING PEAK PERFORMANCE in the nation's power stations FINE-INSTRUMENT ACCURACY EASY ACCESSIBILITY , LONG, TROUBLE-FREE OPERATION LOW MAINTENANCE Fuel Element Shapes. Anon. Rifa Times 1960. 138 (Nov. 17), 769-70. ' A summary is given of a paper by H. H. Gott, j. Brown and J. p. Bond presented to a symposium organized bv the Inst, of Mech. Engineers in which the influence of heat transfer on the performance of gas-cooled power reactors was reviewed. Exist ing designs of fuel element cans for optimum transfer of heat from the core to the gaseous coolant were described and new designs outlined. CANDU Fueling Costs--Breaking the 1-Million Kwhr Barrier. A. J. Mooradian and T. A. L. Robertson. Nucleon ics 1960.18 (Oct.), 60-6. The design developments of the fuel elements for the NPD and CANDU reactors are described and the efforts made to reduce fabrication and oper ating costs are presented. On-Power Refueling. J. S. Foster, W. M. Brown and H. E. Tilbe. Nu cleonics I960, 18 (Oct.), 66-8. The refueling scheme and ma chines developed for the NPD and CANDU reactors are described. . Only Richardson gives you all 25 advanced design features in one scale... LARGE ACCESS DOORS EASILY REMOVABLE FEEDER DOOR SEALS FLUSH ' INSIDE. NO DUST SPILLAGE LARGE FREE-FLOW INLET EXTERNAL DISCHARGE MECHANISM FREE SUSPENSION HOPPER ADJUSTABLE HINGES AND CATCHES MAINTAIN SEAL EXTERNAL DOOR CATCHES. NO CORROSION NEOPRENE DOOR SEALS SELF-POWERED BY-PASS STEEP BY-PASS PLATE. NO CLOGGING JAM-PROOF BY-PASS SELF-CLEANING ' PULLEYS . MICROMETER COMPENSATOR NO INTERNAL MECHANISM. TO GATHER DIRT JAM-PROOF SKIRT PLATES EASY-ACCESS BEAM SYSTEM SIMPLE RATIO TESTING RIGID TUBULAR BEAM STRETCHER MEETS HANDBOOK H-44 NBS . DUST-TIGHT J.I.C. CONTROLS ANTI-BOUNCE BEAM SWITCH FULL POWER SOLENOID DISCHARGE DIRECT-COUPLED COUNTER EXTERNAL GEARMOTOR DRIVE . , . Ask for Bulletin 0359. Write or phone Richardson Scale Company, Clifton, N. J. fltilJlilAMt Salts a-d ser.ire Bunches in Pnrci&ai Ottes. -atfooinsrauoyAomSuuasr-WntprjairtaoilRictaethuclRrsteioiOa;hnna.dmrdVfsnecganisaSuncictasj.l.eHFsr-a4cn4ccne.frrm . MATERIALS HANDLING BY WEIGHT SINCE 1902 50 Grinding, Screening and Filtering A Study of the Size Reduction Mech anism of Swing Hammer Mills. T. G. Callcott. J. Inst. Fuel 1960, 33 (Nov.), 529-39. From the evidence provided by high speed cinema photographs and other tests it is concluded that the hammers break the coal in a mild way and that near the gap between ham mer tip and breaker bar the size re duction mechanism is a form of local ized closed-circuit grinding. Ni-Hard Grinding Balls Far Outlive Steel. R. H. T. Dixon. Engineering 1960,190 (Nov. 4), 589-9. Comparative tests of steel balls and those made of Ni-Hard (white cast iron with 4 per cent Ni and 2 per cent Cr, tempered for 4 h at 450 C and 4 h at 275 C) showed the latter to have a vastly superior life. It is claimed that Ni-Hard balls last more than 14 times longer than steel balls. Analysis and Testing, Research Code Testing of Large Boilers--Input --Output or Heat-Loss Method? J. A. Bostic and W. F. Long. Combus tion 1960, 33 (Oct.), 34-7. The two methods are compared and a new test code proposed. The new equations for calculating the efficiency by either method according to the new code are given. It is concluded that ash pit and radiation and convection losses should be more closely studied to arrive at more accurate figures. .?>&& June 1961 / COMBUSTION* Comparative Dew Point Measure ments. H. Rogener. Mitt. V.G.B. <o. 68, 1960 (Oct.), 343-7 (in Gernsn). T'ne measurements were carried >ut v ' 5 different instruments (2 of 1CI3 design) in the flue gas duct f an oil fired boiler. Maximum diference of dew point temperatures was 5 F. None of the instruments is ufficiently accurate for present-day equirements and advice for their mprovement is given. Improve ments in measuring technique are also .iscussed. 'ractional Thermogravimetric Anal -sis. P. L. Waters. Anal. Chem. 960, 32 (June), 852-8. This method gives a continuous ecord of the tar and liquor, CO* and IsS, heavier gaseous hydrocarbons .nd noncondensable gases evolved luring carbonization. In a modified orm the carbon and hydrogen evolvng in volatile form can be determined aid it is thus possible to calculate the iverage density of the gases evolved luring decomposition. Low Cost protect/on application of the Thermogravinetr Balance to Studies of the Pyoly. f Solid Materials. P. L. Wa.ers. C.S.I.K.O. Coal Res. Ref. T.C. 14, 1960 (July), 19 pp. The method itself and its applicaion to the determination of the rate )f evolution and chemical composiion of tar, liquor and gases evolved rom coal on pyrolysis are described. The application to materials other .han coal is discussed. Steam Sampling in Russia. J. Jackion. Engineering I960, 190 (Nov. 4), 327. Russian methods are described and ,'ompared with American tests. The same conclusions are reached in both .ountries with regard to the best sampling point, i.e., where the steam eaves the drum. Non-Destructive Testing in Power Plant Inspection. P. W. Sherwood. Combustion 1960, 33 (Oct.), 44-8. It is shown that many of these methods can be successfully used in ns; on work and would permit and>..0 faults not detectable by pre vious methods. The practical ap plication of these methods is outined. COMBUSTION / June 1961 that helps you to avoid water level accidents What Reliance Levalarms can do for you: 1. operate alarms -- low or high water level. 2. actuate fuel cut-out -- single or dual. 3. control pumps -- start and stop. Both low and high liquid levels in boilers and various tanks and vessels need "watch-dog" service, as you know. Reliance Levalarms help maintain control by signalling dangerous conditions or by actually motivating fuel cut-outs, pumps, etc. Illustration above shows Levalarm EA-15R on a water column. It can serve as fuel cut-out, or cut out and alarm. Under the cap on top of the column are terminals of electrodes that extend into the column. They form a Levalarm capable of handling a combination of duties such as listed above. Other members of the valuable "Levalarm Family" are shown at right. Ask for more complete informa tion on these versatile devices that insure positive, economical warnings and control. The Reliance Gauge Column Company S902 Carnegie Avenue Cleveland 3, Ohio Relianc'e EA-7, float'actuated switch; low and high alarm. EA-100P. float and electrodes; single or dual fuel cut-out. EA-101, electrode: alarms, fuel cut-out or pump control. BOILER SAFETY DEVICES 51 OSEPH C* M'cCABE, Editor and Jfohtr H. HINDENLANG, Associate Editor OtERT D. TAFT, Businmss Manager iiss MARY MONGAN, rtvhfoti Manager oiyied monthly by COMBUSTION PUS HING COMPANY, INC, 200 Madison , New York 16. A SUBSIDIARY OF jmBUSTION' ENGINEERING, INC erie* McDonough, President <wr A Santry, Jr., Vice-President ,btrt A Gross, Treasurer Mas A Ennis, Secretary imJUSHON is sent gratis to engineers in U. $. A in charge of steam plants from 000 lbs per hr capacity up,- and to suiting engineers in .this field. To others inscription rate, including postage, is the "'ited States, $5.50 in Canada, <18 i America and other countries. ?( co*. .. Domestic, 40 cents. Foreign, cents plus postage. Copyright 1961 by ^bastion Publishing Company, Inc Pub' ton Office, Easton, Pa. Issued the middle n month of publication. pled as controlled circulation publication atton, Pa uSUSTIOM publishes >its annual index in June issue and is indexed regularly by neering index, Inc and also in the ied Science & Technology Index. magazine is now reproduced and dii red to libraries on microfilm by Universit sfilms of Ann Arbor, Michigan. [ =d in U. S. A. BPA COVER PHOTO Striking night view of the Roy S. Nelson Station, Gulf States Utilities Co. DEVOTED TO THE ADVANCEMENT OF STEAM FIANT DESIGN AND OPERATION mivolume 33 .number 1 July Atomization of Liquid Fuel for Combustion--I ... 22 By Paul Eisenklam A British government financed research project pays off in factual data on the mechanics of fuel oil atomization. Detecting Service Failures in Power Plants--II ... 32 By Helmut Thmlsch Conc/us/on of Mr. Thielsch's excellent work on detecting potential or developing failures in the power plant. Putting the Digital Computer to Work at the H. B. Robinson Plant.. .38 By Vf. B. Kincaid andH. Wachtel A design and performance story on the MARC (monitoring and results) computer at work with first con tinuous recording of net plant heat rate. Repeated Acid Cleaning of Boilers ... 45 By J. K. Rice Pointing out instances of corrosion from repeated cleanings, the author describes his experiments that indicate nature of the deposit as a prime factor in safe cleaning frequency. Abstracts from the Technical Press---At Homs and Abroad ... 51 Editorial: On Intuition ... 21 Advertisers' Index ... 54 and 55 from the Technical Press--Abroad and Domestic #' Hi* Monthly Technical Bulletin, International Combustion, :$&**> Ltd., London, W.C1J The difficulties involved in calculat ing the heat transfer surfaces required in steam raising plant for nuclear power stations by the exchange of heat by forced convection from hot gas to water and steam are discussed and some equations found useful in this respect are given. -Properties and tad Chemical Properties etural Components of 'Coal. XL X-ray Dif,'Macerals and Maceral ^Kroger and G. Mues. 1961, 42 (Feb.) 33-40 h. jpation of the diffraction yen new insight into the atic lamellae, the per|^tion and proportion of ' erals. The examinakes has shown the rela_! temperature of coking (growth of the lamellae. enln Coals. J. D. Brooks ''th. C.S.l.R.O. Reprint apportion of the nitrogen ige of coals occurred in ' `Me primary, secondary fnine groups. These ;<5lic structures. indling ^jTJrotection Equipment for System. H. W. Buus. 161, eS (Feb.) 72-4. for removing tramp iron |tonveyor belts prior to ^.Pulverisers is described way installation dispvharts for the selection of irfuspended magnets and Ig^ihagnetic pulleys are pro motion and Power feteam Cycles. B. Wood. WePh- Engrs 1960, 174 No. ' TebS; present knowledge of p|^of wet steam and the damage caused by it in s|Sg cycle. from Nuclear Practice. I. Brit- Nucl. Energy sJ.$,CJan.) 27-35. ^es`Sn improvements *w"ssels made of steel and pnerete are discussed. * are outlined. Weed and Layer Built easels, p. j. paimer. 61, 8 (Feb.) 51-7. _ orced vessels the tructed from thin plates and carry only hoop load, in layer built vessels the bands are jointed by circumferential welds and carry longitudinal loads. The theories relating to these vessels and their merits are discussed. Design for mulae are presented. Lobed Pressure Vessels. J. P. Dun can and N. W. Murrav. Engineer 1961, 211 (Feb. 3) 169-72. A new form of pressure vessel is proposed consisting of a special frame, cage or three-dimensional structure from whose members spring three dimensional membranes or domes. Experiments on models are described and the results of stress investigations presented. Welded Boilers and Pressure Vessels. Anon. Engineer 1961, 211 (Jan. 27) 122-5. Lengthy abstracts are given of two papers: 1. A Comparison of United States, Eureopean and British Com monwealth Codes for the Construc tion of Welded Boilers and Pressure Vessels by J. F. Lancaster; 2. Pres sure Vessel Design Requirements in the Near Future by W. B. Carlson. New Design of Tower Boilers. O. von Swietochowski. Energie und Technik 1961, 13 (Feb.) 59-61 (In German). A single-pass tower design was chosen for a Benson boiler rated at 50 t/h at 127 atu and 500 C and pressurized cylindrical furance with a single burner in the centre of its floor because of the very restricted space available at a chemical factory. The steel chimney is placed on top of the boiler. The furance walls consist of helically wound evaporating tubes; at the top end of the furnace a square pass follows containing the final evaporator, superheater, economiser and tubular air preheater. The con trols including starting are completely automatic. The heating surfaces are lined on the outside bv a thin layer of chamotte and this surrounded by a leak-proof casing to avoid acid cor rosion; escape of flue gases is pre vented by air under pressure flowing between the inner and outer casing. A similar natural circulation boiler is under construction. Design of Heat-Exchangers for Nuclear Plants. B. F. Ridal and J. H. Wilson. Chem. Proc. Engng 1961, 42 (Feb.) 55-8. Calculation of the Water Circulation in Natural Circulation Boilers. H. Sebulke. Techn. Z'berw. 1961, 2 (Feb.) 51-4 (In German). A simplified method of calculating the circulation is presented in which a circulation diagram is used to deter mine the pressure difference at the inlet and outlet of the riser tubes as a function of the water velocity and heat uptake. From these values the water volume and conditions can be easily computed. Preservice Cleaning of Power Plants. B. Tuck. Brit. Pwr Engng 1961, 2 (Feb.) 62-4. The main reasons for preservice cleaning of boilers are the removal of welding slag, mill scale, silica, oil and grease and other foreign matter. The methods using 5 per cent hydrochloric acid suitably inhibited, sulphuric and/or citric acid and that developed by' Siemens-Schuckertwerke in Ger many are briefly outlined. Such cleaning has been carried out in the once-through boiler at Margam steel works and recently in a 120 Mw boiler at Rugeley station where the econo mizer, boiler, superheaters and re heaters, all feed water and steam lines, low and high pressure feed heaters, deaerator and tank and the condenser were included. Refractory Performance in Oil-Fired Boilers. D. P. Peplow. Brit. Pwr Engng 1961, 2 (Feb.) 31-6. Experience with various refrac tories in false bottoms and ignition belts of boilers at Marchwood and Poole stations has shown that those with high alumina content and high refractoriness have performed best, have a good spalling resistance and are least affected by' oil ash. Hand ramming is preferred to gunning by giving a denser structure. Flameless Combustion. Anon. Chem. Proc. 1961, 7 (^lar.) 18-9. In this process for dealing with the waste liquor of pulp and paper mills a heated mixture of liquor and water is oxidized by compressed air at low temperatures (260-315 C) and pres sures of 1400-1500 psi and the result ing steam and hot gases are passed to a turbine, whilst the liquid residue is fed to separators and heat exchangers to generate additional steam and hot water. The efficiency is stated to be up to 95 per cent. Water-Side Corrosion and Water Treatment The Development of Boiler Feed Water Treatment--1. A. G. D. Emerson and F. R. Jarrett. Steam Engineer 1961, 30 (Feb.) 147-51. ' An historical review outlining the reasons for water treatment and a description of the troubles experi enced in the past, methods of treat ment and testing and control. Phosphate Water-Conditioning. Anon. Pwr IFr&j Engng 1961, 56 (Feb.) 108-110. A brief account of its advantages, methods of application, precautions, threshold treatment. Corrosion Prevention by Water Treat ment. Anon. Fuel Efficiency 1961, 9 (Feb.) 38. Prevention of corrosion of evapora tors, condensate lines and heat ex changers can be obtained by adding Hagafilm, an octade cyclamine to hot water at rates varying from 3.5 to 10 ppm. This agent has a dispersing action on iron oxide deposits and thus increases heat transfer; it also pro motes ' dropwise condensation and keeps surfaces clean. What Causes Corrosion in the Con denser Steam Space. R. A. Wilson. Pwr Engng 1961, 65 (Feb.) 57-9. Ammonia is regarded as the main contributor to stress corrosion of' Admiralty, aluminium, brass and copper alloys when oxygen, moisture and stress are present. Since these can never be entirely excluded the use of stainless tubes in condensers is advocated. Gas-Side Corrosion and Deposits Acid Deposition in Oil-Fired Boilers: Comparative Trials of Additives and Testing Techniques. P. A. Alex ander, R. S. Fielder, P. J. Jackson, E. Raask and T. B. Williams. J. Inst. Fuel 1961, 34 (Feb.) 53-72. The results of extensive tests with various additives at Bromborough and without additives at Ince power station are reported and discussed. It is concluded that; 1. Short-term methods of tests should include meas urements of acid deposition rate and determination of sulfur oxides; 2. Excess air to be a minimum to sup press SO3 formation; 3. Magnesium carbonate and zinc both to be con sidered in future trials and feeders made more reliable; 4. Injection of p.f. ash is effective only at SO3 con centrations below 10 ppm; 5. Re search into the relation of SO3 forma tion and S content of the fuel to be instituted; 6. Research on the role of economizer and air heater deposits on the oxidation of SO2 to be carried out. 52 NEEDS DEOXY-SOL to remove 02 reduce oxides raise pH Fairmount DEOXY-SOL, a solution of hydrazine, is a high efficiency oxygen scavenger designed especially for high pressure boiler water treatment. deoxy-sol removes oxygen, reduces oxides and raises pH of the conden sate all at the same time ... yet adds no solids. Stocks in Newark, N. J., Chicago, 111., Los Angeles, Calif.' Investigate its advantages for your system. Write for Bulletin BW. CHEMICAL CO., .INC. 136 Liberty St.. New York 6. N. Y. Reactions of Magnesium with Inc ganic Constituents of Heavy Fuel < and Characteristics of Compound Formed. W. D. Niles and H. Sanders. A.S.M.E. Preprint No 60-WA-278 1960, (Dec.) 8 pp. After checking the literature on thj sodium-vanadium-sulfur system th magnesium-vanadium-sulfur systes was investigated and the compound formed analyzed. Predictions of th compounds likely to be formed unde operating conditions were made an checked against actual deposits boiler and gas turbines. The influencj of the SOs partial pressure and ter perature on the type of compoun formed is stressed. Control of Sulfur Corrosion in Boile: H. N. Wigan. Fuel Effic. 1961, (Jan.) 50-2, 54. After discussing the causes a: measures of prevention of high an! low temperature corrosion and di posit formation in small and mediul sized oil and coal fired boilers mode of action of Desulforol in ad ture to fuel oil (1:1000) is explainer It affects the internal cohesion of ti oil and thus improves atomizatid and combustion, retards oxidation j SO- to SO3, neutralizes sulfuric ad vapor, reduces deposit formation an makes any deposits easily removab! and also removes any scale alreai formed. Mechanical Dust Collectors of LoJ and Medium Efficiency. R. Jacksoj B.C.U.R.A. Monthly Bull. 1960, (Aug./Sept.) 397-427. The design, mode of action efficiency of the following are viewed; 1. Louvered dust arrestor 2. Scroll type collectors; 3. Fan lectors; 4. Low loss swirl collectors.] Power Generation and Power Plant! The Electric Power Industry of Cl Yu. M. Avsenel. NLL Transl. B* 1961, 3 (Mar.) 173-8. Generation of electric power China has increased by 963 per between 1949 and 1959 and son details are given of new installation new transmission lines and futu installations. New South Wales Develops Cc field Power Stations. Anon. Eh J. 1961, 166 (Jan. 13) 110-1. Brief details are given of futu extensions to the Wangi, Tallawar Wallerawang and Vales Point steq power stations in New South Wa The Wangi station has a pres capacity of 270 Mw; this is to i increased to 330 Mw. The 120 Tarrawarra station is to be increa to 320 Mw. The 120 Mw Walle wang station is to be increased to ! Mw by 1962. The first set of the Vq July 1961 / COMBUSTH Point station is to be commissioned in t963 and the station will have an ultimate capacity of 1000 Mw. from C.E.G.B. Digest 1961, 13 (Feb. 18) 457. Fuel and Energy Required for Steeltr ng by the VLN Converter Proces G. G. Fletcher and R. A. Pullen. J. Inst. Fuel 1961, 34 (Feb.)-46-52. A detailed analysis of the various fuels or power required in the VLN (very low nitrogen) steel process is presented. The Breen Plant Story. P. Sporn and S. N. Fiala. Elect. Wrld 1961, 155 (Jan. 16) 47-9. New Boiler Concepts Meet High Expectations. G. IV. Bice, P. H. Koch and E. M. Griffin. Elect. Wrld 1961,155 (Jan. 16) 50-3. The design of the supercritical boiler for Breed station rated at 3250 klb/h at 3500 psi and 1050/1050/1050 F is described and the reasons for various modifications outlined. The boiler is fired by eight 10 ft dia. cyclone furnaces in the front and rear wall and recirculated gas is introduced at the top of the lower furnace. This is followed bv the upper furnace, convection section with the secondary superheater, primary superheater, re- SmSmS^ 3sai HE3S9I I FLEXIDJZE I YOUR RIGID I PIPELINE 'CONNECTIONS Standard ALLFLEX MNH I I B flexible pipe connectors I i IFROM STOCK IN STAINLESS STEEL IMONEL BRONZE solve your pipeline Iflexation problem! Iwrite, wire, phone today for your Allflex Datalog 611 co.Allied metal hose 3752 Ninth Stract, Long Island City 1. N. Y. STiliwall 4-5173 . beaters and economizer in vertical arrangement. Three regenerative air preheaters are installed on top of the convection section. The boiler is of the outdoor type and pressure-fired. Details are also given of furnace design, membrane furnace wall design, start-up by-pass system and steam temperature control. Heat Cycle Refinements Yield 8376 Btu Heat Rate at 480 Mw. T. T. Frankenberg and J. A. Tillinghast. Elect. Wrld 1961, 155 (Jan. 16) 58-61. The . various factors . which have contributed to the exceptionally low heat rate are detailed. Station Controls are Closely Co ordinated. A. S. Grimes and \V. S. Morgan. Elect. Wrld 1961, 155 (Jan. 16) 62-4. The control system for the boiler and turbogenerator is outlined. The central control room contains also the controls for a substation, switchyard and coal handling plant and an analogue computer for calculating and monitoring thermal performance. Clean-Up System Prevents Feed water Contamination. E. B. Morris and A. G. Lloyd. Elect. Wrld 1961, 155 (Jan. 16) 65-7. ' The cleaning of the boiler prior to start-up was carried out by using 3 per cent citric acid for the reheaters, alkaline phosphate solution followed by 5 per cent hydrochloric acid for the condenser and feedwater cycle and 3 per cent citric acid for the steam generator. The feedwater make-up and condensate treatment plant is described and feedwater specifications tabulated. Piping Design Integrates Factors of Size, Stress and Material. G. E. Lien and A. J. Breugelmans. Elect. Wrld 1961, 155 (Jan. 16) 68-70. Details of piping layout planning, stress calculations and materials used for main and reheated steam lines, feedwater, by-pass system and con densate are presented. . Semi-Outdoor Structure Houses 500 Mw Compactly. H. A. Kammer and E. A. Kammer. Elect. Wrld 1961, 155 (Jan. 16) 75-8. By placing the boiler and bunkers outdoors and a semi-outdoor type of superstructure for the other plant the enclosed part is only 13.3 ft3/kw. The chimney has a height of 597 ft from base to top. Also described are: 1. Coal supply and handling arrange ments; 2. Coal sampling and storage; 3. Cooling water supply. Utilization of Blast Furance Gas in the Boilers of the Farciennes Power Station. J. Godfroid. Votre Electr. 1961,31 (Nov.) 13-30 (In French). The boilers are rated at 72-90 t/h at 75 atu and 500 C and are fired by a mixture of coal and blast furance gas, the ratio depending on the availability of the gas. The gas burner used in this installation, the automatic con trols and safety measures are de scribed. The efficiency of the boiler is 88.7 per cent on coal and 85.1 per cent on a gas-coal mixture. The Colliery Steam Power Station of Farciennes to the East of Charleroi. J. Godfroit. Voire Electr. 1960, 31 (Nov.) 31-8 (In French). For the utilization of the low-grade coal produced in the coal treatment plant, such as dust of high ash content, middlings and slurries the Farcienne power station has been built by a group of collieries. It contains at present a boiler rated at 290/350 t/h, 150 atu and 540/540 C and a 100/110 Mw turbogenerator. The boiler is provided with burners for pulverized coal and blast furance gas. The Paradise Steam Plant of the TVA. J. C. Voorhees. Civ. Engng' 1961, 56 (Feb.) 192-3. The construction has started of this power station which will contain the largest units ordered so far. It will consist of 2 units each. "COMPACT" PHASE IHDICATING PROGRAM TIMER This "brain" ot fine furnace safeguard systems offers more stages in less space than any other timer (faceplale --3% in. sq,; 5% in. deep, 13 stages). With no-slip square shaft plus snap-adion, heavy duty, 10 amp. contacts. At surprisingly low cost. t-------------- r" UL Application Approval Awarded for details: COMPACT CONTROLS CO. INC. 1 Mtxw.ll Ate, Oyster Bty. LI., N.Y. -OMBUSTION / July 1961 53 rads from the Technical Press-^-Abroad and Domestic from the Monthly Technical Bulletin, International Combustion, vrB*-n Ltd., London, W. C 1) "CDM PACT" Fueh: Sources, Properties and Preparation ' Getting the Best out of Coal. Anon. Steam Engr, I960, 30 (Dec.), 75-80. The papers presented at the Confer:nce of the Combustion Engineering Conference at Harrogate, November S and 9, 1960 and the discussions are eviewed. These included: (1) Choosng the right coal by A. H. Slade: .2) Sampling of coal by R. C. Tominson; (3) Operating and Maintainng the Plant by F. L. Griffiths; (4) Choosing Plant, one by J. E. H. vfoore and one by R. A. Kirby: (5) Jew Developments by G. G. Thurlow. loal to Make 750,000 kw. D. H. Cregg. Pier. Engng. 1960, 64 (Nov.) 2-3. The coal handling plant at the 'hos. H. Allen power station on the ank of the Mississippi consists of win unloading towers with a capacity f 1500 t/h each, a hopper of 900 t apacity, dual belts to the transfer )wer, a traveling conveyor for stackig out two reclaiming hoppers and onv s to the crusher house quipped with two crushers of 1200 'h total capacity and two conveyors >r filling the bunkers on opposite des of the boilers (opposed cyclone ed). The control room is installed the transfer tower containing a imic bus and lights and bunker vel indicators. aal Sampler Gets to Bottom of Heap, non. Elect. Wrld. 1960. 154 (Nov. ), 57. The sampler for taking reprentative samples from a loaded igon consists of a hollow tube pneuitically driven to a predetermined pth when two hinged leaves close, ter withdrawal of the tube the iged leaves open, the sample is in-cted visually and then sent to the 'oratory. 2am Generation and Power eduction draulic Instability in a Natural Ciration Loop with Net Steam Gen-tion at 1000 Psia. S. Levy and Beckjord. . ASME Preprint No. HT-27 1960 (Aug.), 20 pp. ihe 'uses of instability and the of the oscillations were "'ed. It is not yet possible to ob1 a complete understanding of the momena from the test data. Natural-Circulation Tests with Water at 800 to 2000 psia under Nonboiling, Local Boiling and Bulk Boiling Condi tions. O. J. Mendler, A. S. Rathbun, N. E. Van Huff and A. Weiss. ASME Preprint No. 60-HT-36 1960 (Aug.), 17 pp. Natural and forced circulation test data for a closed loop system are pre sented. No.differences in results were found for forced and natural circula tion. Flow fluctuations dining nat ural circulation were observed before burnout heat flux was reached caus ing premature burnout in some cases. A Variable Density Single-Fluid Model for Two-Phase Flow with Par ticularReference toSteam-WaterFlow S. G. Bankoff. J. Heat Transf. 1960. 82 (Nov.), 265-72. Two equations have been derived making possible the prediction of the mean void fraction and frictional pres sure drop for the flow of a steamwater mixture of known quality at a given pressure. Influence of Different Fuels on Boiler Design. O. Engler. Energie 1960. 12 (Nov.), 482-6 (in German). The following are illustrated and briefly described: (1) Benson boiler rated at 1100 klb/h at 2418 psi and 985/985 F, for brown coal with 15 per cent sand, roof fired, with hori zontal low-level convection pass con taining pendant superheater, re heater and economiser, followed by horizontal air preheater and pre cipitator; (2) New mixing burner with tangential coal and air inlets resulting in complete combustion with only traces of CO in the furnace: (3) Boiler with slag-tap furnace and op posed burners, tangent tubes with at tached insulation and boiler casing; (4) Russian boiler insulation and cas ing attached to tube panels before erection; (5) Boilers with circular grate or inclined (Moring) stoker for coke firing; (6) Boiler for gas and oil firing with spring-steel band air pre heater behind Ljungstrom preheater permitting cooling of flue gas below few point without corrosion; (7) Boiler for oil and sulphite lye: (8) Boiler with Martin stoker for refuse burning and slag-tap furnace for coal: (9) Boilers for blast furnace gas and oil or coal. "Oil Fired Comer-Tube Boilers. H. Oestreich. Energie 1960, 12 (Nov.), 494-8 (in German). MBUSTION / August 1961 SINGLE BURNER CONTROLLER Custom systems for supervision of: Flame Safeguard Safety Interlocks Combustion Controls Cycle Programming Fully automatic--Model A61-128 Semi-automatic--Model A61-106 Features: Plug-in Timer Plug-in Relays Ultra-violet Scanner Custom Design Circuits Write for Bulletin No. 128 for details: COMPACT CONTROLS CO. INC, 19 Maxwell Aye., Oyster Bay, LI., N.Y. Examples of oil fired corner-tube" boilers with and without superheater and of different size are illustrated. Burners may be installed in the roof, front wall or bottom of the furnace. The difficulties of designing boilers for alternative firing of coal and oil are discussed. Superheater Supports Made of 40-60 Nickel Chromium Alloy Withstood Corrosion from Marine Fuel Oil Ash for Over 7000 h. Anon. Chem. Proc. 1960, 6 (Dec.), 6-7. Superheater supports of 25 per cent Cr-12 per cent Ni iron base alloy had an effective life of 3000-4000 h while those made of a 60 per cent Cr-40 per cent Ni alloy showed little wastage after 7000 h and have a service life expectancy of 17,000 h. New Chemical Cleaning Concepts and Possible Applications for the Future. C. M. Louks. ASME Preprint No. OO-WA-259 I960 (Dec.), 4 pp. Chemical cleaning methods of boilers at present in use are discussed and possible new methods eliminating time-consuming processes and permit ting cleaning of superheaters, re heaters and steam lines by noncondensed or vapor phases are indi cated. I I >I .i *i Chemical Cleaning with Citric Add Solutions. W. E. Bell. ASME Pre print No. 60-WA-257 1960 (Dec.), 3 PPThe removal of deposits such as scales and oxides by ammoniated 3 per cent citric acid solutions (pH 3-3.5) instead of citric acid is dis cussed ; by using the ammoniated solution no ferrous acid citrate pre cipitation occurs as it does with citric acid. Solid Fuel Firing Progress in the Design of Mechanical Stokers. J. P .Lauder. Engng. Boil. Ho. Rev. 1960, 75 (Dec.), 399-404. Recent improvements on mechan ical stokers are described. In double-flue boilers with low-ram stoker a supplementary gear box has been added to one of the feeders which in conjunction with variable throw crank magnifies or reduces the movement of the other, or two motors are used to drive the feed mechanism and grate bars independently; grate bars are now made of chromium steel to B.S.S. 1648-1950 Grade "C"; a new side sealing plate prevents accumulation of clinker; a new ram with increased travel improves feeding of wet and small coal from the vertical-wall hop per; a newly designed screw-feeder for moving coal from the ground to bunker or hopper is described. For OST modem and efficient chain-grate stokers two methods of M system of removing vola ensuring high-pressure combustion air tile amines, ammonia and carbbeoinngdioaxdidmeitted at the front and low- prior to recording steam conductivity. pressure air at the rear by the "dual zone" or "contraflow" stoker are out This thoroughly effective steam degasser lined. A new control is applied to uses a cation exchange resin for the re underfeed stokers to prevent smoke moval of ammonia, morpholine, cyclo- emission on starting and stopping; hexylamine, and reboiling for the removal the air fan continues running for a of COjI Constant sample temperature is while after the coal supply has been maintained. Taps provided for drawing stopped and is started before feeding sample for other analyses. in green coal. Larson-Lane Steam and Condensate Analyzers make possible rapid and accu Liquid and Gaseous Fuel Firing rate measurement of steam purity, com pletely essential for efficient boiler operation. A smaller, less expensive unit, the CH-16 provides for removal of ammonia and amines from steam condensate with Influence of Combustion Conditions on the Dew Point of Flue Gases of Oil Fired Boilers. K. Cleve. Energie 1960, 12 (Nov.), 486-90 (in German). Based on laboratory and field tests on boilers of different size and type of out the necessity of reheating. Condenser burners the relationships between dew leakage is readily detected with this model point and excess air, load, primary air in the presence of volatile amines or ammonia. admission and uniform flow of oil to the burners are discussed. It is con cluded that the minimum flue gas Write today for complete ^ technical details. temperature is 250 F without addi tives but should preferably be 280 300 F. Minimum excess air and maximum CO2 content of about 15 LnJ Industrial Instruments int S3 Commerce no?! CiCar Gigie. Essex Cojn!,. 3 j per cent should be aimed at. New Insight into the Combustion of Sulphur Containing Fuel Oil. W. Hoffmann. Energie 1960, 12 (Nov.), 491-4 (in German). 50 Recent investigations by the autt and others lead to these conclusfcj (1) The SO content of the flue does not depend on the S conten the oil, it depends on combust5 conditions and all factors influen combustion; coarse atomization good mixing of air produces less than fine atomization with bad ing; (2) The term sulfuric acid d point should be replaced by be ning sulfuric acid deposition; ( Corrosiveness depends on the amo of sulfuric acid formed during comb tion; no relationship exists betw sulfuric acid content of the flue and S content of the oil; (4) Chimn emission of smut and smoke i problem of burner and furnace desi Furnaces and Combustion The Influence of Volatile Matter the Combustion of Pulverized C J. F. Mullen and G. Gould. .45 Preprint No. 60-FU-3 1960 (C ' 4 pp. The evolution, composition ignition limits of volatile matter* coals are considered in general their effect on the combustion of p verized coals of different V.M. cont* in particular. The appearance of tails, blow back, pulsating burners r high carbon losses is discussed as' function of the release and ignition' volatile matter and combustion co' ditions. The Cyclone Furnace. A. G. Rob B.C.U.R.A. Monthly Bull. I960,' (Apr./May), Pt. II, 205-54. This review deals with: (1) M types of cyclone furnaces used { firing boilers: (2) Size of cyclone f* naces and cyclone-fired boilers; Commercial developments; (4) preparation and feeding; (5) moval and disposal of slag; d emission; (6) Suitability of coals; Use of fuels other than coal; Power requirements for cycloneboilers; (9) Maintenance and av bilitv: (10) Safety; (11) Comb tion control; (12) Corrosion, eros and deposition; (13) Cyclone f naces for gas turbine cycles; (1 Other designs and applications of cyclone furnace: (15) Combusti heat transfer and pressure drop in cyclone furnace; (16) The pre position of cyclone firing. Ten Years of Operating Experie of Opposed Burner Slag-tap Furna K. Nuber. Energie 1960, 12 (No, 479-82 (in German). Experience has shown that boilers with this type of slagging nace corrosion, erosion or deposit mation has rarely occurred, esped since the introduction of a mi August 1961 / COMBUST OToer- which has proved equally -nittKT*. for low and high volatile 5_jQ'per cent) coals. , Soot blowers jtd st**1 shot cleaners were not re'tansd'and have often been removed, 'artial load down to 30 per cent can < cs 1 with liquid slag removal, iih tv jtion is deliberately limited o 50-65 per cent, the remaining fly sh being used to keep the boiler iean. ' . ' ". Voter-Side Corrosion and Voter Treatment lternal Corrosion of Power Station oilers. E. C. Potter. Br. Pwr. ngng. I960, 1 (Dec.), 31-3. A general survey of causes of corroon such as caustic cracking and :ygen pitting, failure of protective m and contributory factors, of ethods of detection of corrosion and eans to ensure freedom from corro- venty-First Annual Water Conferxe. Anon. Combustion 1960. 32 iov.), 46-50. Brief abstracts of papers and disssions on different aspects of feed iter and condensate treatment and emical cleaning of boilers and nuar plants are presented. e Conditioning and Control of ed Water in the High Pressure wer ~Nations of Electricity de anc. v. Rath. Chal. et Ind. 1960. (Nov.), 309-17 (in French). The amounts of trisodium phosate and morpholine added to the ler feed water for boilers operating different pressures are tabulated 1 compared with American and tish practice. Automatic control the feed water is supplemented by ular manual control. 9 Control and Measurement of drazine in Thermal Power Stations. Massart and L. Missa. Centre Se d'Etude et de Doc. des Eaux 'l, Trim. 1960. Ill 162-70 (in nch). he paper'deals with the deteriorai of hydrazine, effect of the nature the salts in the water, the part /ed by oxygen in air, prevention deterioration and dissociation of razme in a boiler, with reference the results, given in the form of t>hs, of observations on these mat- carried out at Awirs power sta. Belgium. C.E.G.B. Digest 1961. Jan. 21), 189. "Side Corrosion ond Deposits ct mmonia Injection on Cor311 Jn Air Preheaters. R. Kato B. E. Paris. ASME Preprint No. VA-255 1960, (Dec.), 7 pp. ABUSTION / August 1961 The first trials with ammonia injec tion into the flue gas of a pulverized coal fired boiler (320 klb/h, 840 psi, 850 F) at B.E. Morrow station are reported. The gas inlet and exit temperatures are 420 and 310 F, those of the air 105 and 280 F. The coal has an S content, of 3.9-4.2 per cent. A constant temperature corro sion probe was used. By the use of ammonia at the rate of 0.06 per cent by weight of fuel corrosion at metal temperatures between 150 and 420 F was eliminated, but not below 150 F. Flue Gas, Ash and Dust Pulverized-Fuel Ash as a Structural Material. A. E. Williams. Engng. Boil. Ho. Rev. 1960, 75 (Dec.), 407-9. Some examples of the use of fly ash replacing sand in concrete struc tures, in road construction, dams and building foundations are described. Measures for the Reduction of Dust Emission in an Older Industrial Power Station. F. Bellendorf. Energie I960, 12 (Nov.), 499-502 (in German).. In a power station built in 1938/41 containing 10 boilers generating a total of 1800 klb/h at 1850 psi.and 932 F originally equipped with dry bottom but later converted to slagtap furnaces the chimney (150 ft height) emitted excessive amounts of dust. Experiments were made with the installation of multi-cyclone sepa rators before and behind the existing electrostatic precipitator. Although the tests showed that in this par ticular case the installation of the separator behind the precipitator gave better results and was easier to adopt because of the general ' layout of- the plant it is concluded that this need not always be the case; only if the dust is very fine does this arrangement appear to be more successful. Heat Recovery Plant DETROIT EDISON Four IWT installa tions. the first having been put in 7 years ago, are located in power plants of the Detroit Edison Co., as listed below. The picture at the left shows one of these stations. RIVER' ROUGE POWER PLANT-UNIT NO. 1 Triple Unit Two-Bed De-Ionizers, flow rate 80 gpm each, ordered in 1954. RIVER ROUGE POWER PLANT-UNIT NO. 2 Triple Unit Two-Bed De-Ionizers, flow rate 300 gpm each, ordered in I960. MARYSVILLE POWER PLANT-UNIT NO. 1 Double Unit Two-Bed De-Ionizers, llow rate 170 gpm each, ordered in 1957. DELRAY POWER PLANT-UNIT NO. 2 Double Unit Two-Bed De-Ionizers, flow rate 300 This picture, taken in the Marysville Power Plant, shows the IWT Control Panel which governs all functions of De Ionizer regenera tion. These control cabinets, which in clude indicating de vices and recording instruments, are designed and built by IWT. Thin Tube Plates for H.P. Heat Ex changers. PtI and H. D. E. Hartley. Nucl. Engng. I960, 5 (Dec.), 557-60, 1961, 6 (Jan.), 8-11. Although theoretical predictions would allow thin tube plates to be used it has been found in experimental investigations that it is in fact pos sible to do so without exceeding stress limits. Experimental evidence is pre sented which shows that thin tube plates are in fact stronger than pre dicted by theory. Shell-and-Tube Heat Exchangers: Effect of By-Pass and Clearance Streams on the Main Stream Tem perature. B. E. Short. ASME Preprint No. 60-HT-16 1960 (Aug.), 8 pp. FOR MAKE-UP WATER Marysville Power Plant again. This is part of the tanks piping, power-op' ated valves other elemr are enpi IWTir' rel*' J <f*> pities. /rm 902 53 By-pass is the space between tubes and the shell and dearam space between the baffles and shell. The mixing of the s' flowing through these spaces with main stream and the resultant peratures of the mixed and the stream are considered in their feet on heat transfer coefficient pressure drop. Performance of Stainless-Steel denser Tubes. R. H. Pell. ASj Preprint No. 60-WA-217 1960 (Dec 9 pp. The excellent operating experien|j| is described. Advantages are heat transfer than expected, high co rosion and fouling resistance, tenj ency to self-cleaning and scov ' ~ reduced erosion and wear. DAY DELIVERY ON PERMUTIT BO SOFTENERS AND STANDARD PACKABED DEMINERALIZERS Now you can order "off-the-shelf" de livery of these Permutit units--a com plete line of economy water softeners and packaged demineralizers. They're in stock now--ready for immediate de livery within ten days after we get your order: Model BD Softeners: This complete line of Permutit units takes advantage of standardized mass-produced com ponents and a new design, to radically cut the cost of industrial water soften ing. Shipped in component kit form for easy assembly and fast installa tion. Available in these sizes and capacities: Shell Oiam. 30" 36" 42" 48" Straight Height 6' 6' 6' & Flow Rate Average 40 gpm 56 gpm 77 gpm 100 gpm Softening Capacity 510 kgr 750 kgr 1020 kgr 1380 kgr Standard Packaged Demineralizers: Permutifs skid-mounted, mixed-bed units require no field assembly, no delays, no capital tied up in construc tion. Each is pretested and factoryguaranteed. Just make the plumbing and electrical connections and put the unit to work. Now available on ten-day delivery are the 12", IS", 20" and 24" sizes, giv ing you flow rates up to 20 gpm (50 gpm for polishing). All of them can produce demineralized water averag ing over 6,000,000 ohms specific resist ance, or about 0.05 ppm dissolved solid content A small size mixed-bed demineral izer, model MBD-6A, can also be de livered from stock. Also available for fast delivery: Other types of demineralizers, and fully packaged water treatment sys tems providing flow rates up to 50 gpm, can be quickly assembled from Permutit's standardized components and shipped to you on accelerated de livery schedules. For further details on any of these products, write, wire or call our Permutit Division, Dept CO-81, 50 West 44th St, New York 36, N. Y. (OXford 7-6600). (In Canada, con tact the Permutit Company of Canada, Toronto.) PFAUDLER PERMUTIT inc. Specialists in FLUIDICS.. .the science of fluid processes 52 Power Generation and Power Plant^ Critical and Supercritical Steam Pr{jJ sures. P. B. Silk. Pwr. and Writ Engng. 1960, 55 (Dec.), 939-42. Subcritical, critical and supercriti^ steam cycles with and without rehej are compared and the gain in then efficiency, especially in large un shown. More Economical NewPowerStation K. Schroder. Elektwirt 1960,59 (Ncj 20), 786-91 (in German). Present preferred unit size is 10 250 mw with steam at 2400-2700 pj and 986-1050 F. Possibilities of ducing overall generating costs discussed under: (1) Reduced specj^ heat consumption; (2) Decrease^ specific construction costs; (3) ings in operational costs; (4) Fay? able purchases of fuel. It is suggest^ that installation of supercritical pr sure units would materially improj specific heat consumption and allq larger units to be constructed, duced capital costs would result fr outdoor installation. It is not lieved that increased automatic trol would lead to a reduction of sonnel. A Decade of Electric Utility Fuel perience. M. E. Robinson and W.j Kurtz. ASME Preprint No. 60-Fjj 1 1960 (Oct.), 13 pp. Statistical data are provided on ' consumption and efficiency of co sumption of coal, oil and gas in various regions of the U.S.A. tween 1949 and 1958. It is shoy that the efficiency of burning coal a pressed by Btu/kwh has increa more rapidly than that of oil and ] 6th Steam Station Design Su L. A. Allen. Elect. Wrld. 1960, (Nov. 21), 73-92. Details of 72 new plants are ta{j lated. The trend is towards incre in size, temperature and pressu August 1961 / COMBUSTIC Increased automatic control by com puter is noted. As regards boilers divided furnaces are increasing, twin furnaces decreasing, pressurized fir ing of coal fired plants is increasing and also gas recirculation for super heat ntrol. No supercritical pres- ' sure c is planned. System Expansion Fuel Costs Versus Capital. W. J. Fahrner and C. M. Heidel. ASME Preprint No. 60- WA-156 1960 (Dec.), 5 pp. ' The procedure instituted by Detroit Edison Co. for making decisions on uture plant installation is based on a :omputer-type programme providing short-range and long-range system olans. ' Fhermal Stress Protection in Startng and Loading Boiler-Turbine-Gensrator Combinations. R. H. Reisnger and C. B. Scharp. ASME Pre print No. 60-PWR-3 1960 (Sept.), 8 >p. Procedures developed for starting toiler-turbine units from cold and hot lave been worked out to avoid thermal bock cracking. Richardson Automatic Coal Scales ieat and Power Economy in Dennark. H. Reimer. Energie 1960, 12 Nov.), 459-72 (in German). Denmark has 6 heat-power stations upplying electric energy to the towns nd surrounding districts and heat hot-water) to consumers in the ow- 60 stations supply heat only o t neighborhoods. Condensing tower stations work in close collaboraion with the 6 heat-power stations, 'hese 6 stations, pipe lines, cost diviion between heat and power, house onnections and costing methods for eat are described. nergy Economy in Iron and Steel Vorks. R. Simon. Energie 1960, 12 Nov.), 472-8 (in German). The development of energv-conumption in different types of iron and t-eel works is traced, supply of energy 3 and from the works and losses, jpply of blast furnace and coke-oven as to various consumers is discussed nd generation and consumption of iectric power and preheated air denribed. Waste heat utilization, esecially generation of steam has ineased considerably in recent years. entilation of Eddystone Station--An pproach to Ventilation of Modem team-Electrie Generating Stations. J. Kowalski. ASME Preprint No. j J-WA-44 I960 (Dec.), 8 pp. . is suggested that ventilation of a < oiler room should result in a heat j ss of l per cent of coal burned with a | mr ture rise of 20-25 F and a tur- ' ne im 0.9 per cent of generator . ^ plate rating with a rise of 15-20 j" OF THE B.EIS in the nation's power stations Only Richardson gives you all 25 advanced design features in one scale...LARGE ACCESS DOORS EASILY REMOVABLE FEEDER DOOR SEALS FLUSH INSIDE, NO DUST SPILLAGE * LARGE FREE-FLOW INLET EXTERNAL DISCHARGE MECHANISM FREE SUSPENSION HOPPER ADJUSTABLE HINGES AND CATCHES MAINTAIN SEAL EXTERNAL DOOR CATCHES, NO CORROSION NEOPRENE DOOR SEALS SELF-POWERED BY-PASS STEEP BY-PASS PLATE, NO CLOGGING JAM-PROOF BY-PASS SELF-CLEANING PULLEYS MICROMETER COMPENSATOR NO INTERNAL MECHANISM TO GATHER DIRT JAM-PROOF SKIRT PLATES EASY-ACCESS BEAM SYSTEM SIMPLE RATIO TESTING . RIGID TUBULAR BEAM STRETCHER MEETS HANDBOOK H-44 NBS DUST-TIGHT J.I.C. CONTROLS ANTI-BOUNCE BEAM SWITCH FULL POWER SOLENOID DISCHARGE DIRECT-COUPLED COUNTER EXTERNAL GEARMOTOR DRIVE Ask for Bulletin 0359. Write or phone Richardson Scale Company, Clifton, N. J. Sales and service Branches in principal Cities. Also manufactured in England, France and Australia. Richardson Scales conform to U. S. Weights and Measures H-44 for your protection. MATERIALS HANDLING BY WEIGHT SINCE 1902 EU OMBUSTION / August 1961 53 Abstracts from the Technical Press--Abroad and Domestic (Drawn from Iho Monthly Technical Bulletin, International Combustion, Ltd., London, W. C 1) Fuels: Sources, Properties and Prepa' ration Methane from Coal. F. J. Dent. B.C. U.R.A. Quart. Gas. 1960, No. 42, 1-14. The Ninth Coal Science Lecture in which the development of processes of complete gasification and the produc tion of a gas of town gas quality was reviewed. The Physical and Chemical Properties of Bituminous Coal Macerals. XH. Small Angle X-ray Scattering of the Macerals and their Cokes. C. Kroger and G. Mues. Brennst-Chemie 1961, 42 (Mar.), 77-83 (in German). The inner surface of macerals and their cokes determined by X-ray scattering has been compared with that by the heat of wetting method; they are in good agreement. Reducing Coal - Degradation in Bunkers. Anon. Iron and Coal Tr. Rev. 1961, 182 (Apr. 21), 860-1. An anti-breakage trunking forming a slot or rectangular channel down one side of the bunker is used to guide coal from the top to the outlet without pressure from the weight of the coal in the bunker causing degradation. The installation is specially recommended where a spiral chute is used for feeding the coal. pressure has been determined and the bending moments for one pressure are known. Efficiency of Coal-Fired Industrial Boilers. D. C. Gunn. Engineering 1961,191 (Apr. 14), 534-5. The tests were carried out on a vertical boiler rated at 4950 lb/hr and a horizontal boiler rated at 7000-9000 lb/hr and efficiencies with oil firing and coal firing (on a chain-grate stoker) compared. In the vertical boiler oil firing gave an efficiency of about 82 per cent, the best coal only 1.9 per cent less, in the horizontal boiler oil firing produced an efficiency of 84.9 per cent over a wide range of load whilst the best coal only 1 per cent less but over a much narrower range of load. This shows that with good coal almost the same high effi ciency can be obtained as with oil if a modern appliance is used. COMPACT" Steam Generation and Power Produc tion Acoustic Attenuation and Relaxation Phenomena in Steam at High Tem perature and Pressure. D. D. Eden, R. B. Lindsay and H. Zink. J. Engng. for Power 1961, 83 (Jan.), 137-44. Preliminary investigations were made with a fixed-path acoustic inter ferometer and steam of up to 450 C and 100 atm but the work done so far does not suggest a relaxation process which would have a significant bearing on high speed flow properties of steam. Large Strains of Drum Heads Studied with Silicone Rubber Models. H. Fessler and J. J. Foreman. J. Mech. Engng. Sci. 1961, 3 (Mar.) 42-9. The model experiments have shown that the effect of large strains on the bending moments in a drum head can be calculated" if the relation be tween increase in head height and 54 SINGLE BURNER CONTROLLER Custom systems for supervision of: Flame Safeguard Safety Interlocks Combustion Controls Cycle Programming Fully automatic--Model A61-128 Semi-automatic--Model A61-106 Features: Plug-in Timer Plug-in Relays Ultra-violet Scanner Custom Design Circuits Write for Bulletin No. 128 for details: COMPACT CONTROLS CO. INC. 19 Maxwell Ave, Oyster Bay, LI, N.Y. Thoughts on the Development:*^ German Boiler Design since jggE E. Duis. Ekktvnrtsch. 1961,60(23* 21), 183-91 (in German). After a survey of general de^L* trends, especially toward the force<}: flow boiler with high subcritical. . supercritical steam pressure and tea. peratures around 1100 F examples of recent boiler design for larger power stations are described. Most of thtsj are Benson boilers with outputs of 400-500 tons/hr, 190-210 atu and 535-545 C and slagging furnaces. Post-War Development- in British Water-Tube Boiler Design--H. g R. Lenel. Steam Engr. 1961, 30 (Apr.), 225-30. The second part mainly describes boilers for 30 and 60 Mw units as built in large numbers in the early post-war years. The two boilers with slagging furnaces for Padiham power station each rated at 860 klb/hr, 1600 psi and 1010/1005 F and a boiler rated at 830 klb/hr, 1600 psi and 1060 F fora 100 Mw unit at Castle Donington power station are also mentioned. Some Dual Circulation Boilers. R. H. Paddon Row. J. Inst. Fuel 1961 34 (Apr.), 143-52. ' The reasons for introducing the dual-circulation boiler, definition of dual circulation and designs of such boilers are presented. The Ejection of Water from a Tube Beyond the Critical Point of Water. E. M. Shchukin. Energomashino- stroenie 1960, 6 (Dec.), 19-22 (in Russian). t The hydrodynamic parameters of a forced flow water-tube boiler are discussed from the point of view of hydrodynamic stability; a method is given for determining the minimum loading of the boiler. Various as semblies of screen panels are con sidered; graphs are given. U.K.A.E.A. abstract. From C.E.G.B. Digest 1961, 13 (April 15), 1069. Lagging the Open-Air Boiler. Anon. Pwr. Wrks. Engng. 1961, 56 (Apr.), 295-9. A system of boiler lagging has been developed which allows for the ex pansion and contraction of the boiler itself as well as the outside cladding under the effect of sun or cold winds. Particular attention has been paid to electrical insulation between outside aluminum sheets and steel lagging and cleading pins to prevent cor rosion. Solid Fuel Firing . Prevention of Low-Load Smoke fitM Spreader Stokers. R. B. EngdiW- September 1961 / COMBUSTION; jmI W. A. Erion. Coal UtUiz. 1961, 5 (Mar.), 15-16. jg,ir> emission at low loads is by excessive cooling of the jrnace and can be jJreventgd by re- uting overfire air in proportion to the jel f ' and all leakage of air into je i ice. Dust emission at low ads can be prevented by increasing le fuel bed thickness as load is de ceased. quid and Gaseous Fuel Firing comization of Liquid Fuels for Comistion. P. Eisenklam. J. Inst, ud 1961,34 (Apr.), 130-43. Recent research has indicated that ass transfer (evaporation) has a ntrolling influence on atomization . d the factors influencing rate of aporation of drops and sprays are nsidered. The mechanism of disin'ration of a liquid.drop and means obtaining clouds of finely divided ops are discussed. Data on permance criteria of atomizers such flow rate, drop size and spatial ifiguration of the spray are preited. naces and Combustion plication of Flow Research to Instrial Furnaces with Particular Emisis on Soaking Pits. H. Boeke. J. Iron and Steel Inst. 1961, (A- \ 283-95. ier. research into flow in fures by means of models and its lication to the design of industrial rnces are described. sstjgation of a Two-Chamber Cyie Furnace with Intersecting Jets. P. Kovalev and A. S. Ippolitov. rgomashtnosiroenie 1960, 6 (Nov.), 19 (in Russian). model is used for studying the its of velocity and composition of pulverized fuel on the motion near burner. The system has two jets. V.K.A.E.A. abstract. -om C.E.G.B. Digest 1961, 13 -il 15), 1086. er-Side Corrosion and Water tment Development of Boiler Feed ir Treatment--HI. A. G. D. rson and F, R. Jarrett. Steam .1961, 30 (Apr.), 234-6 lis last part deals with methods ater treatment for high pressure rs by evaporation and ion exge, respectively. Waters of low nedium solids content are prefer- treated by demineralization, "s high solids content by irat followed by polishing in ixed-bed demineralizer. Final ment with hydrazine and/or BUSTION / September ?96T in boiler feed water yet adds no solids - and that may be a good reason to select DEOXY-SOL for treatment of your boiler water. But it provides other advantages also. DEOXY-SOL is a high efficiency oxygen scavenger, since it is a solution of hydrazine. And it raises the pH, sup plementing any amine treatment. Stocks in Newark, N. J., Chicago, 111., Los Angeles, Calif. Write for informative Bulletin BW. Fairmount CHTV CAi. CO . INC "J> L'J-crly St*-/-.: Yom 5 N V ammonia is usual to prevent corrosion by traces of dissolved oxygen. Gas-Side Corrosion and Deposits Slurry Spraying for the Control of Corrosion and Deposits in Oil-Fired Boilers. W. F. Cantieri and R. E. Chappel. ASME Preprint No. 60WA-284 1960 (Dec.), 8 pp. Reduction of high temperature corrosion and deposit formation of boilers fired by oil with high vana dium, sulfur and sodium content by additives mixed with the fuel or in jected through the burners or ports not having proved successful the spraying of a slurry of additive and water through soot-blowers on to the superheater and reheater surfaces has been tried out and found to make the deposits sintered, spongy and porous. The deposits fell to the furnace floor in pebbles which did not fuse. Superheater and reheater tubes of the boilers on which this method was tried out first showed no signs of corrosion although some hangers and supports were attacked. Altogether more than 40 boilers of Florida Power and Light Co. are now so treated. Flue Gas, Ash and Dust Key Point Inspection, Electrical In dicators Save Time on Fly-Ash Pre cipitator Maintenance. R. W. Sickles. Combustion 1961, 32 (Mar.), 30-2. It is suggested that maintenance of electrostatic precipitators is often either neglected or done unnecessarily and that it is sufficient to inspect a few important parts and consult electrical records before deciding on a complete overhaul. Power Generation Power Stations Sites in the West Riding. Anon. Engineer 1961, 211 (Apr. 14), 611. Two sites each suitable for a 2000 Mw power station have been found, one next to the existing Ferrybridge power station and the other at Eggborough, both on the river Aire. The Yorkshire coal fields would be able to provide the 5 X 10f tons of coal for each station. A third site on the river Aire at Gowdall is being investi gated and another on the river Don near the Thorpe Marsh power station now under construction. U.S.S.R. Plans Superpressure Plant. Anon. Power 1961,104 (Apr.), 153. A power station containing four units is being planned each consisting of a boiler rated at 3800 klb/hr at 4300 psi and 1060 F with double reheat to 1050 F and 600 Mw cross-com- 55 (ii ; : ii : !i .! i ! !' I- i If i i Fs ii> ! pouna turoogenerator. Fuel is lig nite with a C.V. of 5300 Btu/lb, 35 per cent moisture and 16 per cent ash and annual consumption will be 12 million ton. The overall thermal efficiency will reach 40-43 per cent. Power Plant Developments by the Victoria State Electricity Commission. Anon. Engng. Boil. Ho. Rev. 1961, 76 (Apr.), 104-13. The state of Victoria, Australia, possesses one of the largest known deposits of brown coal, of which at least 17,500 million ton can be eco nomically won in large-scale work ings. ' This brown coal is used to produce gas and briquettes and as fuel in power stations. The plant in stalled at Yallourn `.'A," "B," "C," "D." and "E" stations, Morwell and Hazelwood stations is described. A 330 kv link exists between this generating system and the SnowyMountains hy-droelectric scheme for the exchange of power between Vic toria and New South-Wales. Fuel and Energy Required for Steel making in the Open-Hearth Furnace. R. Mayorcas and I. H. McGregor. J. Inst. Fuel 1961, 34 (Apr.), 153-6. Materials, oxygen and heat balances for the o.-h. furnace operating with different proportions of scrap and hot metal and when using oxygen are presented. The influence of waste heat utilization for steam generation on fuel efficiency is discussed. Adapting the Arrighi Power Station to Firing by Natural Gas from Lacq: Control and Regulation Equipment Pt. II. P. Boulogne and R. Becquet. Tech. Mod. 1961, 53 (Mar.), 95-103 (in French). The electrical controls for the regulation of gas preheat, fuel and air valves, and the burners and flame failure devices are detailed. The operation of the controls when firing coal and gas separately- and simul taneously is explained. Power and Heat for Finland. Anon. K. S.G. Register 1961, No. 5, 7-22 (in German). The new Hanasaari power station near Helsinki in Finland is at present equipped with a 75 Mw A.E.G. turbogenerator supplied with steam by a K.S.G. boiler rated at 550 klb/hr at 1860 psi and 995/995 F. The boiler is designed for the separate or simultaneous firing of pulverized coal, heavy fuel oil and town gas and con tains tilting corner burners consisting of 3 oil burners between 4 coal burners, each oil burner flanked by two gas burners. The convection pass is di vided into two damper controlled passes, one containing the primary superheater, the other the primary 56 DISSOLVED LI OXYGEN U ANALYZER Stable Easy-to-operate Insensitive to flow rate over a wide range of flows No auxiliaries required Highly sensitive in ppb region The Mode! 0A-1 Oxygen Analyzer consists of a mixed bed ion exchanger, a col umn of pure Thallium turn ings and a pair of matched conductivitycells, all housed in a stainless steel chamber. The increase in conductiv ity of the sample on passage through the Thallium bed is directly related to the dis solved oxygen content of the water. Each ppb oxygen adds close to 0.035 micromhos/cm to the water con ductivity at25C. The Model 0A-1 Analyzer and any one of several types of Solu Bridge or conductiv ity recorder provides a complete package for the measurement of dissolved oxygen content of boiler feedwater, etc. Mod els are available for service from high vacuum to 100 psi (Model 0A-1) and 2500 psi (Model OA-2). Industrial FOR FURTHER INFORMATION WRITE Industrial 1 insirumenIS. Instruments inc. 89 Commerce Road. Cedar Grove. Essex County. H. J. reneater. lbe secondary su; is composed of the tubes furnace roof, upper front walls of the furnace and final radiant tube platen superheater, secondary reheater lies in the from the furnace exit to the con' pass. The air preheater is of 3 cast-iron Kablitz design with a st< heated preheater in front to the air entry temperature, blowers are installed in the upper of the furnace and convection which also contains a steel-: cleaner. The electrostatic pi tator has a by-pass for use when oil is fired. The thermal efficii is 90-91 per cent when coal and 92 per cent when oil fired. Bfi details are also given of a traveli grate fired boiler rated at 364 kll>) at 1963 psi and 975 F for a celli works, a vertical-cyclone fired rated at 44 klb/hr at 600 psi 797 F for a nitrogen works pulverized coal fired boiler rat at 243 klb/hr at 1430 psi and 98( for a cement works. The Power Station Mannheim AX W. Ellrich. Energie 1961, 13 (Mari 112-6 (in German). ^ Station I of the year 1923 hatfj total capacity of 12.5 Mw with ste parameters of 284 psi and 680 F| still operational and serves asy reserve. It also contains the high pressure boilers ever inst in a power station, two boilers rated at 132 lb/hr at 1430 psi'i 887 F erected in 1927 which are) as reserves until a new boiler is 3 missioned in 1962. Station II tains two natural circulation, sing pass boilers with slagging furna each rated at 440 klb/hr at 2490; and 986 F with double reheating < steam by- superheated steam to 968j| The steam is supplied to a 43 topping turbine and after reheating two 41 Mw turbogenerators; turbines each drive a 33 Mw th phase (50 c/s) and a 15-18 Mw sin phase (165/j c/s) generator. Su steam from station I at 270 psi is\ panded in a 67.5 Mw condensis turbogenerator installed in statifi II. The net heat rate of station^ with double reheating is only Btu/kwhr. A new boiler rated; 1060 klb/hr at 2500 psi and 1004/(j F fired by 4 horizontal cyclonetfe under construction to supply ajjg Mw topping turbogenerator and 67.5 Mw condensing turbogenerfj for 3-phase (50 c/s) and a 40 condensing turbogenerator for sin phase (lfiVx c/s) operation. Itj intended to continue the use of stati I for peak loads and as a reserve^ cause of its exceptionally low gene ing costs. September 1967 / COMBUST ptrttmng*, the Largest Thermal power Station in South America. Anon. Etectrique 1961, 36 (Jan.), 8-12 (in German). To the two 80 Mw sets of the Jt~ *Qian station have been added two 1 &n sets with two 1000 F, 1740 psig boilers. Heavy oil for firing is pumped from the Petrobras refinery through a 40 km.heated pipeline over a difference in-level of 1150 ft. From C.E.G.B. Digest 1961, 13 (April 15), 1057.. The Rheinhafen Steam Power Station Karlsruhe of the Badenwerk A.G. W. Leitner. Energie 1961, 13 (Mar.), 108-11 (in German). This power station contains at present 3 units with a total capacity of 230 Mw; its ultimate capacity is 500 Mw. The first unit of 64 Mw is supplied by a Benson boiler with steam at 1635 psi and 975 F, the second 66 Mw unit by a Benson boiler with steam at 1635 psi and 1004 F and the third 100 Mw unit by a Benson boiler rated at 665 klb/hr at 2575 psi and 995/995 F; this latter boiler is provided'with an 18-cornered slagging combustion chamber and 3 burners each in 6 corners, a regenerative and a plate-type air preheater to obtain a flue gas exit temperature of 266 F. Availability of the boilers has been 97-99% and the overall average net heat rate 10,300-9,600 Btu/kwhr. Au .ated Plant Has One Operator, L. R. Eddins and J. L. Warmack. Elect. Wrld. 1961, 155 (Apr. 3), 49-51, 84. Riverside station of the Gulf States Utilities Co. is now employed for peak load duty and the installation of automatic controls has enabled the reduction of personnel from 14 to 1 man. The equipment for automatic starting, including burner ignition, operation and shutdown and the operation performed by each part are described. Coal Flow for Power Generation. F. D. Cooper. Coal Uliliz. 1961, 15 (Mar.), 18-9. ' At the H. B. Robinson station of Carolina Power and Light Co. a 182 Mw turbogenerator has been installed -erved by a twin-furnace, controlled irculation boiler rated at 1350 klb/hr t 1900 psi and 1005/1005 F equipped dth 5 bowl mills of 45,500 lb/hr apacity each supplying 40 tangential orner burners. Coal is stored in 5 ilos .with stainless steel bottoms and ccentric conical connectors and assed to the Easy-Flo Bituminous -oal Research units with eccentric UU i the mills. Moisture of the ral uas been up to 9 per cent but no ol<Fup has been experienced. The ation is controlled by a monitor and OMBUSnON / September 1961 ' Insure safe, continuous boiler operation with Reliance Water Columns Models and sizes for every' boiler need to 2500 psi working pressure Reliance High and Low Alarm Water Columns are widely known for their sensitive trouble-free alarm mechanism. Action of the float and whistle valve assembly is direct -- foolproof. Short, unhindered float travel assures prompt response to slight water level variations. Reliance Alarm Columns, available to 900 psi, are completely assembled at factory and thoroughly tested before shipping . . . Above 900 psi, forged steel columns can be equipped to supply electric alarm service and other safety controls . . . Reliance also makes gage cocks, gage valves, gage inserts, illuminators and vision-focusing hoods in various styles to suit all needs. Engineer representatives in all principal cities. The Reliance Gauge Column Co., 5902 Carnegie Ave., Cleveland 3, Ohio Reliance BOILER SAFETY DEVICES 57 Undergoing laboratory testing at Croll-Reynolds: one of the ClaRite `Wedgewire' filter elements for three 415 square-foot units designed to filter condensate in a high-pressure generating station A ClaRite filter removes particles down to. 1/10 of a micron by the precoat method - saves you money and floor space too This picture offers proof of precoating efficiency that no other filter tube can match. The `Wedgewire'* tube is 9 feet long by 2% inches in diameter--yet it retains an even precoat over its entire length. As the effective length of the filter tube increases, the number of tubes needed to meet filter area specifications decreases proportionately. QbEbDb! Fewer filter tubes are needed in a ClaRite filter assembly and the pressure vessel may be smaller. . You save three ways--on installation costs, on the cost of the pressure vessel, and on floor space. Another feature of a ClaRite filter: It can be cleaned effectively and completely by the backwash method. Disassembly is not necessary. A ClaRite filter has no moving parts. Rugged, permanent filter elements, heavy duty construction and high quality accessory com ponents slash maintenance costs and permit operation at extreme pressure drops. The exclusive design of the `Wedgewire' element as sembly allows faster flow rate than other types of equipment of equal area. For a booklet describing the ClaRite filter, write to the Croll- Reynolds Engineering Co. Gnaw*TM*!.' tmdk Croll-Reynolds Engineering Co., Inc. 1122 MAIN STREET, STAMFORD, CONNECTICUT R*pr***ntativu in principal 58 computer supplied by 300 scanwffi points. --iS Plans for 580-Mw Unit Announce? Anon. Elec. Wrld. 1961, 1SS (Mar. 27), 48. A 580 Mw unit with steam at 3500 psiand 1000/1025/1050 F is to be installed in the Tanners Creek station of the Indiana and Michigan Electric Co. to give it a total capacity of Hqj Mw. The unit is to be ready for commissioning in 1964. TVA 900-Mw Equipment Contracts Are Resolved. Anon. Elect. Wrld 1961, 155 (Mar. 27), 76. ' TVA have announced award of an order to CE for a boiler rated at 6100 klb/hr at 2400 psi and 1050 F (with an option for a second boiler) to supply a 900 Mw cross-compound turbogenerator of which two are on order. The actual site has not yet been decided upon but the first unit is scheduled to be commissioned in 1964. Should You Refrigerate Condenser Circulating Water? M. Bjorndal and A. Furreboe. Pwr. Engng. 1961, 65 (Mar.) 58-9. It is suggested that by using a closed condenser circulating water system with evaporation refrigeration added about 50 per cent savings in capital cost, 50 per cent in pumping power and 4-5 per cent increase in thermal efficiency can be obtained. Evaporation of the refrigerant could be by waste heat in the flue gas, bleed steam or live steam. Two sdiemes are illustrated. ' iZMi- Instruments and Controls Automation--The Application of Com puters to Automatic Boiler Operation. G. W. Kessler. Steam Engr. 1961, 30 (Apr.), 221-4. " A review of the advantages to be derived by computer control of boiler operation and the programming of a computer for this particular purpose. Central Control Rooms: Ideas Differ. B. G. A. Skrotzki. Power 1961, 101 (Apr.), 61-5. Present opinions on control room location, layout and equipment differ so widely that it is not possible to establish a clear trend. ` 400-Channel Digital Recorder. I Anon. Chem. Proc. 1961, 7 (Apr.), J 38-9. -M "3 This instrument has been instalKjfc.-jj at Geertruidenberg power statist"Vj near Rotterdam to scan 350 temperifep-Mj tures from 20 to 700 C and 50 otbeR.-|J instruments. The input signal' compared with a reference value i if outside set limits an alarm is giy At certain intervals or by push-buti September 1961 / COMBU: id the printer records one >te scan of the 400 channels. Jar instrument is to be installed >olish power station. at a Large Chemical Works. Anc Pwr. Wrks. Engng. 1961, 56 (Apr.;, 310-7. f Continuous increase in'demand for ileam made the replacement of several older boilers at the Clayton Aniline Co. Ltd. works imperative. In a new boilerhouse three water-tube ooilers each rated at 75/90 klb/hr it 625 psi and 800 F equipped with I.C.L. type L traveling grate were .nstalled to supply two 5500 kw backressure (60 psi) turbogenerators. The exhaust steam is passed to the orocess mains, the high-pressure feed = neater and after reduction to 15 psi, ;o the direct-contact feed heaters and ieaerators. Centrifugal Air Compressors Fill Seeds of Large Central Generating Stations. M. Ragsdale. Power 1961, 104 (Apr.), 82-4. The advantages of centrifugal air compressors for providing air for >oot blowers, pneumatic, instruments and controls and general services are outlined and a few recent installations m power stations described. MR. CONSULTING ENGINEER: ... is industrial power-plant control your spec-writing HEADACHE? DO YOU HAVE DISCORD INSTRUMENTS -FLAME SAFEGUARDS I nCOMBUSTION CONTROLS ?...........IN..T..E..R..L.O...C.K. S { CONTROL VALVES jSENSINfc DEVICES?* *rwaitaa^#K*av When you use subsystems and components by six different manufacturers it's a real headache to coordinate and inte grate--to form the fine, smooth functioning system you want. Even buying "unit responsibility" from a single manufacturer often means that you're paying overlapping profits and getting "underiapping responsibility." Field service costs soar when un-coordinated subsystems clash at assembly and client relations deteriorate at an amazing pace. . OR HARMONY.. . with coordinated components? Nuclear Energy 3a leaning in Nuclear Plants. H. b. fCohrt. Chetn. Ing. Tech. 1961, 33 (Mar.), 135-8 (in German). The various processes of cleaning gas containing radioactive solid or liquid oarticles are discussed with regard to :beir suitability and separation effi ciency. Filters made of various ma terials, -2-stage electrostatic pre cipitators, drying processes, absorp tion or adsorption on activated carbon and molecular sieves and their appli cation are described. Pressurized Subcritical Facility. E. I- Hennelly. Nucleonics 1961, 19 'Mar.), 104-5. ' To obtain higher moderator tem- oeratures Savannah River Laboratory nave installed a subcritical facility with self-pressurizing tank heated by 'team coils to 215 C. Details of design and construction are given. Ceramics-Thermal Conductivity. G. Arthur. Nucl. Engng. 1961, 6 (Apr.), 138-42. The increasing importance of ceramics in the production of fuel dements, moderators and structural dements is discussed and their densi- 'ies> taelting points, thermal neutron crcr sections and thermal conduc- ~n. values of interest in reactor technology tabulated. Ways of in creasing the conductivity- are de scribed. ' COMBUSTION / September 1961 INSTRUMENTS & mitmCONTROL VALVES &SENSING DEVICES & FLAME SAFEGUARDS & COMBUSTION CONTROLS & INTERLOCKS Now you can avoid those hidden incompatibilities-- eliminate the constant fear of overlooking something. Reliance Instrument offers complete systems with single manufacturing control over all subsystems and components. Years of study, adaptation and product improvement in sure that Reliance coordinated components go together like steak and mushrooms. There's no longer any need for hectic, time-consuming matching of units because Reliance supplies everything including the pipe and the wire. So take a' vacation from spec-writing woes. Let the sys tems engineering specialists at Reliance analyse your problem. You'll be pleasantly surprised how coordinated components can simplify your spec. And remember-- cost is low when you cut out overlapping profits. RELIANCE INSTRUMENT (formerly RIMCOR) Division of ELECTRO-MECH Corp. 500 Livingston St., Norwood, N. J. POpIsr 8-5770 i! i ! . adsuqcis irom tne lecnnitai rress--Aoroao ana Domestic (Drawn from the Monthly Technical Bulletin, International Combustion, Ltd., London, W. C Ij simple interpolated lormula: calculating the joint effect of f< convection and the evaporation ess on the intensity of heat emisa is suggested. C.E.G.B. abstn Steam Generation and Power Production Fuels: Sources, Properties and Preparation Liberation of Pyrite from Steam Coals. R. A. Glen and R. D. Harris. Amer. Power Conf. Paper 1961, (Mar.), 26 PPResearch into the possibilities of re ducing the S content of coals of high S content has shown that the major portion of the pyrite exists as particles large enough to be separated after liberation. The major portion is as sociated with the mineral matter and can be separated by coarse pulveriz ing. The microscopic particles em bedded in the coal substance tend to concentrate in the fine fractions below --200 mesh and further re search is required into separating techniques for these small fractions. The Oxidation of Bituminous Coals during Storage and its Prevention. W. Radmacher and A. Hoverath. Brennst Chetnie 1961,42 (Apr.), 97-108 (in German). . The investigations have shown that in the storage of: (1) large coals, the danger of autoignition is very small since the air passing through cools the coal below the ignition point; (2) small coals, autoignition may occur but rarely does the oxida tion proceed to the point of ignition; boreholes to increase ventilation are recommended where the rise of tem perature appears dangerous; (3) fine, uncompacted coals are most liable to autoignition but the maximum auto ignition temperature can be forecast by measurement of gas composition and temperature; (4) fine, compacted coal is not liable to autoignition be cause of the lack of oxygen. Changes in the caking and coking properties of these coals can be slowed up by compaction. - Modem Ore and Coal Handling In stallation in the Amsterdam West Harbour. W. Golawski. Fordern und Heben 1961, (Special Hanover Fair Edition), 183-91. A split stockyard served by a con veyor bridge for stocking and a grabequipped transporter for reclaiming has been added to the earlier installa tion. This permits the simultaneous loading and unloading of ocean-going ships and barges, railway wagons or lorries. A shuttle platform allows both transporters to work on one or the other side of the stockyard or separately. The stockyard area allows the storage of several million tons of ore and coal and can be further ex tended if required later on. The de scription includes the conveyor and transporter, transfer and return sta tions, hopper and tripper cars and the control system which requires only two operators. Potomic Electric Spends $195 Million to Meet Rapid Rise in Power De mand. Anon. Link-Belt News 1961, 28 (Jan./Feb.), 1-3. The coal handling at Dickerson power station containing two 185 MW units is described. It consists of a rotary car damper (1 car every 3 min.) discharging into a track hopper, two 54 in. conveyor belts to the crusher house (750 t/h capacity), the crusher house with a breaker re ducing coal to minus l`/2 and a sampler, a 54 in. conveyor discharging either to the power plant conveyor or to a stocking out stationary boom conveyor. Coal Handling Trials with Specialpurpose Dozer Blades. Anon. Meek. Handl. 1061, 48 (May), 270-1. Stocking out and reclaiming tests with a specially designed blade of U-shape were carried out at Brighton "B" power station and the results are tabulated. Phase Transition in the Supercritical A Region and the Inversion Curve. ^ D. D. Kalafati. Teploenergetika 1961 ',' 8 (Jan.), 72-8 (in Russian). * The conditions of phase transition in the supercritical region are con sidered, the inversion curve of real gases and the line of maxima of the derivative are examined. The com bined analysis of lines of phase tran?^ sition and the inversion curve are**"'' discussed. Twenty references antlT given. C.E.G.B. abstract?* Steam Generators. K. Cleve B.W.K. 1961, 13 (Apr.), 163-4 (in' German). , The largest boilers being built at-., present have a capacity of 500 t/h" with steam temperatures rarely ex ceeding 535 C. Natural circulation boilers have design steam pressures up CDM PACT" Air Panels Keep Win. X 0 Coal Moving in Bunker. R. J. Brandon. Elect. Wrld. 1961,155 (Apr. 24), 78. Inflatable neoprene panels have been installed in the bunkers of St. Clair Power plant to prevent sticking, hanging-up and arching of the coal and were found in excellent conditions after a whole year's service. Six panels are installed on the sloping sides of each bunker and operated sequentially and continuously as long as the drag feeder below the bunker is working. Heat: Cycles and Transmission Thermodynamics. J. M. Smith. Ind. Engng. Chem. 1961, 53 (Apr.), 315-8. The annual review of literature published during 1960. Effect of the Rate of Circulation on the Coefficient of Heat Emission on Boiling in Tubes. S. S. Kutateladze. Energomashinostroenie 1961, 7 (Jan.), 12-15 (in Russian). SINGLE BURNER CONTROLLER [Custom systems for supervision of: Flame Safeguard Safety Interlocks Combustion Controls Cycle Programming Fully automatic--Model A61-128 Semi-automatic--Model A61-106 Features: Plug-in Timer Plug-in Relays Ultra-violet Scanner Custom Design Circuits Write for Bulletin No. 128 ' for detxils: ' COMPACT CONTROLS CO. INC. 19 Mtxwtll Kit.. Oyjltr Br, LI., NX X 52 October 1961 / COMBUSTIOl 10 AWJ o-Lu, iorcea uuv. ooucrt. up to 250 atfi. Thermal efficiencies are "abound 92 per cent. Model tests are b^ng used increasingly to determine tie optimum design of boilers. The Design of Steam Boilers with fw-gewise Evaporation. J. Jackson. Pwr. Engng. 1961, 2 (May), Jiv--33. This is a translation from the Russian of parts of a book entitled "Modern Boiler Units" giving the reasons for the introduction of thissystem of steam generation and some examples of recent developments. A Pre-Engineered Standard Steam Generator Series. D. A. Cassino. 'Heat Engng. 1961, 36 (Jan./Feb.), 8-11. Four standard series of water-tube boilers are described: (1) SC contains 12 sizes of liquid or gaseous fuel fired boilers up to 200 klb/h, 1500 psi and 900 F: (2) SD consists of 8 sizes up to 500 klb/h, 1500 psi and 950 F, also oil or gas fired; (3) SE of 10 sizes of pulverized coal-fired boilers up to 2Q0 klb/h at 1500 psi and 900 F; (4) SF with 8 sizes up to 500 klb/h, 1500 psi and 950 F, also pulverized coal fired. .The Removal of Silicic Acid from New Boilers. T. Samuel. Mitt. V.G.B. No. 71 1961, (Apr.), 104-8 (in German). Tests on a new . experimental boiW of the Centre Beige d'Etude et : Documentation des Eaux (C.ur!EDEAU) have shown alkaline treatment with various hydroxides and phosphates did not result in a rapid removal of SiO- but acid treat ment was very effective. Thorough flushing of the boiler after acid treat ment is imperative to remove any remaining traces of Si02. The SiOj content of boiler water is a function of pressure and heat release rate. The distribution coefficients of Si02 in the water and steam were 30-40 per cent lower than those in the pub lished literature. Solid Fuel Firing Bituminous Coal Firing. A. Sifrin. b-W.K. 1961, 13 (Apr.), 165-6 (in German). About 86 per cent of all boilers above 100 t/h ordered in Germany tn I960 had slagging furnaces, those above 400 t/h exclusively slagging furnaces. New burners have been developed with fewer but higher velocity secondary air jets to obtain oetter mixing and combustion, the velocity being kept constant at all oads. Burners are now also availible W firing a wide variety of coals, ^bc 16 per cent of all boilers >rdeicu can be fired by coal and oil imhltaneously or separately. HOW MUCH AIR is in the picture? It really doesn't matter UNLESS you have a boiler, kiln or process furnace you'd like to operate safely and efficiently. A Reliance-Kent Oxygen Ana lyzer in your combustion air pic ture means an end to costly guesswork about combustion efficiency and safety. 0, ANALYZER Paramagnetic operating principle Automatic--and adaptable for control For continuous, accurate measurement 0; RECORDER I . j J J I ! Null-balance potentiometer type Strip Chart or Circular chart | j I i Ask for Bulletin No. 1002 RELIANCE INSTRUMENT O . X e- cr CltCTAO-eCH C*'. c i>. > j rUiit*. t * -j Brown Coal Firing. A. Frenzke. B.W.K. 1961, 13 (Apr.), 166-8 (in German). Little change is reported in the design of boilers and burners, but in mills there is a trend toward those without classifiers and burning out grates under the furnace hoppers. A new beater mill with increased output and reduced wear by improvement of the axial suction design has been de veloped and proved highly successful. Further Development of Burners for the Vertical Cyclone. H. Hiilsmever. Mitt. V.G.B. No. 71 1961, ` (Apr.), 128-30 (in German). The original burner design having proved unsatisfactory mainly because of the multiple subdivision of the secondary air and the resulting exist ence of points of excess and deficiency of air various changes of design were tried out. In the first, air ports with pivoted dampers were arranged at the side of each burner which was also provided with mantle air; the effect of the pivoted dampers was thus small. In the second, burners and secondary air ports were both arranged tangentially but the ignition delay caused considerable erosion of furnace tubes. In the third, the burners of the two mills were arranged not vertically as before but side by side and in the direction of a secant to the tangentially arranged secondary air ports so that the secondary air meets the coal about 1 m behind the exit. This has led to a uniform furnace atmosphere, a dew point of the flue gas of about 113 F, low load operation down to 35 per cent of full load, increased ash retention and re duced wear and warping of burners and air nozzles. The burning of coke with a temperature of 1,560 1,650 F had to be abandoned because of excessive tube erosion. Liquid and Gaseous Fuel Firing Oil Firing. T. Geissler. B.W.K. 1961, 13 (Apr.), 168-70 (in German). Despite the introduction of a fuel oil tax in Germany in 1960 the consump tion has increased by 30 per cent. Boilers fired with oil only rarely exceed 100 t/h but in many boilers oil firing has been added to support ignition of low grade fuels. Means against high-temperature corrosion by V2Os have not been found but against low-temperature corrosion magnesite has proved superior to dolomite. Furnaces and Combustion Advances in Combustion. M. W. Thring. Brit. Pwr. Engng. 1961, 2 (May), 24-8. ' After complaining about the un- COMBUSTION / October 1961 53 i .i ; i' I i: Longer Service Life 4#^ Lower Maintenance Costs Saving Installation Time Smaller Inventory of Refractories R&l, pioneer and a leading pro ducer of castable refractories, offers MOLDIT. With Moldit--mixed as ordinary concrete--you pour, cast or gun your own refractories in any size and shape, fast. There's no ram ming or pounding. No high-cost inventory of special shapes to main tain. MOLDIT LASTS--outlasts the rest. It's stronger, more resistant to ther mal shock and abrasion, impervious to moisture. Plant after plant re ports reductions of as. much as 90% in repair and maintenance costs when Moldit Castables replace other refractories. Ashpit of large coal-fired boiler completely "gunned" with R&l Moldit. Records show not a single repair required in 11 years of constant service. Gunning a SVi' thickness of Moldit Chrome Refractory on a boiler floor for maximum resistance to molten slag. Such floors have bean in service for 6 to 7 years without a failure. FOR EVERY REQUIREMENT There ore Moldit Refractory and Inwhling Refractory Cemenlt for all requirementt. Send for catalog an Moldit Casfobfet. Also get the story on R&l Super f3000, the truly "wonder" refractory bonding mortar. 54 willingness of British industry-; support research and exploit its 1 ings and citing various exami (Benson and La Mont boilers, lines of development for coal bu in domestic, central-heating and smaQ$$* industrial appliances, kilns, pulverire<ji|| coal fired furnaces and cyclone fu^^S naces, oil and gas firing are outlinetjM? Improvements in steel and iron mak5v&- ing based on recent research are dfe--^ scribed. Possibilities of direct eleci?--^ tricity generation are discussed. ` Preventing Furnace Explosions. Pt,.- 3. W. L. Livingston and P. Gray.' Amer. Power Conf. Paper 1961, (Mar.), 9 pp. . A practical protection philosophy i|v'r presented which describes and defines'1-' the unique service ideal flame de-lS tection can provide. The general"?-' application of presently available flame sensors and their relationship to this ideal is discussed. .. Water-Side Corrosion and Water Treatment New Clues in the Boiler Tube Pitting ' Puzzle. F. E. Clarke and A. J,, Ristaino. 1st Internal. Congr. Met. Corros. Paper No. I', London 1961, (Apr.), 129-33. . Remarkably similar boiler pits canf result from entirely different corrosion" mechanisms. Dissolved air pitting ` is confined primarily to heavily aerated condensing systems and idle boilers. High temperature chemical^ pitting that requires no free oxygeni^, appears to. predominate in steamioifst boilers. No known practicable chen&Jr- cal treatment will control corrosion^" adequately in a cold partially filled - boiler. Alkaline phosphate solution localizes attack, the extent of damage^ increasing with increase in chloride', ion content. Sodium sulfite treat ment is better since it prevents pitting of submerged areas and yields sodium sulfate which tends to inhibit caustic attack under sludges. The effect of dissolved oxygen in steaming boiler*- probably is small, but has not yet been thoroughly assessed. ; From C.E.G.B. Digest 1961, 13 (May 13), 1343, Behavior of Stainless Steels and Other Engineering Alloys in Hot Ammonia' . Atmospheres. J. J. Moran, J. R.r*\ Mihalisin and E. N. Skinner. Cor^ rosion 1961, 17 (Apr.), 115-9. Nickel-base alloys were more re^- sistant to nitrogen attack than allort&v richer in iron and chromium. -'t|. Composition of Corrosion ProdnphftS" Formed on Metals in Steam densate. R. D. Eberhardt, E. Arneson and C. E. Imhoff. Com: 1961, 17 (Apr.), 95-6. October 1961 / COMBU1 Admiralty metal, Muntz metal, alu0iwm 35 and zinc in condensate pH of 5.1 to 9.6 and temp^tores of 100 and 212 F was On steel' and cast iron gugoetite and basic ferric oxides *xmed, on Admiralty and Muntz ital cuprite at a pH of 6 or below, on ""f oxides over the whole pH range. Corrosion of Metals by Weak Acids under Heat Transfer Conditions. N. D. Groves, .C. M. Eisenbrown and L. R. Scharfstein. Corrosion 1961, 17 (Apr.), 97-100. Various stainless steels, Inconel and Monel were exposed to acids differing in concentration at temperatures be tween 230 and 284 F. Carpenter No. 20-Cb and Hastelloy were most resistant, Monel's resistance de creased with increasing temperature. Operational Experience with Hydra zine Hydrate in a Steam Power Station. G. Gutperle. Milt. V.G.B. No. 71 1961, (Apr.), 136-7 (in Ger man). Since the introduction of hydrazine the contents of iron and copper in the condensate have been much reduced, corrosion on feed pumps and feed heaters has ceased, deposits on tubes and slurry in the drums do no longer occur so that it is not necessary to use blow-down. In consequence ** v,e-up required has been reduced to -r cent. If the boilers are to be stopped for up to 30 h the NjH4 in jection is increased to 0.7-0.8 mg/I, for longer periods to 10-15 mg/1 with subsequent addition and circulation of the water to keep . up a N2H4 excess. The savings have far ex ceeded the cost of the N2H4. The Use of Condensed Phosphates as Protection against Corrosion and Scale Formation in Hot Water Pipe rs. E. Herre. Mitt. V.G.B. No. 71 1961, (Apr.), 90-8 (in German). Tests with a number of condensed phosphates have shown that disodium phosphate, tripolyphosphate, hexametaphosphate and their mixtures form a fast adhering, nonporous pro tective layer provided that the water temperature does not exceed 75 C (167 F), formation of air bubbles is avoided and the pipelines are not corroded already. The admixture of metasilicates is not recommended. Gas-Side Corrosion ond Deposits How Coal Properties relate to Corro sion of High Temperature Boiler Su- -es. J. T. Reese, J. Jonakin an . G. Koopman. Amer. Power Conf. Paper 1961, (Mar.), 5 pp. COMBUSTION / October 1961 A DISCUSSION OF COUNTERFLOW" REGENERATION THIS PATENTED METHOD PROVIDES MORE EFFICIENT OPERATION OF ION-EX CHANGE EQUIPMENT. Conventionally, in ion-exchange equipment used for chemical pro cesses, the resin bed is exhausted, or "loaded," by a downward flow of liquid and then regenerated, or "stripped," by a downward flow of acid or alkali. As a result, the lower part of the resin bed is inadequately regener ated, unless a great excess of re generant is used. Then, during the service cycle, the impurities thus left near the bottom of the resin bed will be leached off into the product. Or, if the resin is used to pick up valuable materials, an incomplete separation will occur. The logical solution would be upflow regeneration, but normally, due to the low density of ionexchange resins, the bed would rise or expand and there would be insufficient contact of regenerant. With COUNTERPLOW*, how ever, Illinois Water Treatment Company has achieved successful up-flow regeneration by introduc ing a. "barrier" to prevent bed expansion. For example, one method is to introduce water at the top and regenerant at the bottom, drawing both off just above the resin bed. Substantial improvements result from COUNTERBLOW*--resin capacity increased as much as 25%, leakage of impurities re duced as much as 75%. Where the resin is used to pick up valuable materials, COUNTERFLOW* "stripping" gives more complete separation without increased dilution. 'COUNTERBLOW is lit trade mark of Illinois Water Treatment Com pany equipment utilizing an up-flow methodof regeneration with a ,,barrier,t to keep the bed from expanding. 17.5. Patent No. 2,891,007. For detailed Information, address: ILLINOIS WATER TREATMENT CO. 840 CEDAR ST., ROCKFORD, ILLINOIS NEW YORK OFFICE* 141 E 45ih Si.. Nr* York 17. N Y. CANADIAN DIST: Pumpi & Sofirnrr**. Ltd.. London. Can. Tests of five boilers of identical design and operating conditions with 5 different cods using corrosion probes have -shown that water-soluble alkalis and their molar ratio are the only coal properties which appear to be critical factors in deposit-type cor rosion. Elevated Temperature Corrosion of Type 310 Stainless Steel by Vana dium Compounds. H. L. Logan. Corrosion 1961, 17 (Apr.), 109-11. Catastrophic attack by a mixture of 67 wt. per cent V205 4- 33 wt. per cent of NaVOs occurred at tempera tures of 1900-2000 F if the steel bad previously been oxidized and air and water vapor were present. An in vestigation of the slag suggests that nickel is selectively absorbed by the slag prior to the general attack. Power Generation and Power Plant District Heating and Heat Power Stations. F. H. Ebert. B.W.K. 1961, 13 (Apr.), 159-61 (in German). Demand for supply of heat by dis trict heating continues to increase in Germany and several new combined heat and power stations are com missioned, under construction or planned. In the Oberhausen heat power station a coal fired hot air turbine has been started up, near Hanover an extraction-condensing sta tion is being built to supply heat to the whole inner part of the town, in Mannheim and network is being en larged to supply more customers and in Munich a large plant is under con struction to supply an industrial area, new suburb and hospitals containing natural gas fired turbines with heat exchangers and waste heat boilers. Near Cologne a plant for supplying heat to a new suburb is to be fired with pulverized coal supplied in tank wagons. In several towns refuse burn ing plants are being planned in con junction with district heating. Initial Operation of Avon No. 8. A Supercritical Plant. N. F. Gill and N. D. Flack. Amer. Power Conf. Paper 1961, (Mar.), 21 pp. Performance availability, problems encountered and solved and findings during a complete overhaul are de scribed. The economics of a super critical unit are compared with that of a subcritical unit. Supercritical Boiler Operating Ex perience at Avon No. 8. J. I. Argersinger and G. C. Smith. Amer. Power Conf. Paper 1961, (Mar.), 15 pp. The description includes: (1) boiler design and operation; (2) boiler con struction ; (3) performance; (4) prob lems; (5) special components; (6) controls. 55 rm ROCKWELL-REPUBLIC High pressure globe valve withstands pressure drops up to body ratings Backing ring Body Sealing head Stainless steel overlay \ ' Retaining 'ring Metal gasket Pressure seal bonnet provides metal-tometal seal. Virtually eliminates bonnet leakage and gasket problems. Seat Replaceable seat is not threaded. Flexitallic gasket assures tight seal. Threads hold re taining ring only. Rockwell-Republic high pressure globe valves are available in 04', 2", and 3' sizes for 1500, 2500 and 4500 psi standards. In addition to removable seat and pressure seal bonnet, these valves are available with bolted bonnets and quick-change trim. For more information about this and other Rockwell-Republic compo nents and systems, just mail the coupon below. rf-zj REPUBLIC INSTRUMENTS AND CONTROLS jmore lint products by ROCKWELL Please send latest literature on the following: O Control Valves Computing Relays Flow Meters Process Transmitters Control Stations O Drive Units Controllers Recorders O V-5 Gauges Desuperheating &Pressure Reducing Systems Electronic Control Systems Pneumatic Control Systems NameTitle Company m Address CityZoneState_________________ Republic Flow Meters Co. (Subsidiary ofRockwell Manufacturing Company) 2240 Diversey Parkway, Chicago 47, Illinois | * I _ m 56 Generator Unit. C. C. Franck J. A. Carlson. Amer. Povoer Paper 1961, (Mar.), IS pp. The design of this 250 Mw operating at 22 kv, 0.S5 p.f. and 45S& psi hydrogen pressure with internal cooling of the stator through VenTi tubes and the rotor through the con~^:- ductors is described. The turbip^^ control system, starting procedure ' and loading procedure are outlined. A few problems which occurred during operation are discussed. ' The Water and Steam Circuits of the Reheat Boiler-Turbine Unit at the Drogenbos P/S., Belgium. ^ Schouls and F. Decelle. Yotre Elec- triciti 1961, 32 (Feb.), 21-32 (fc^- French). i&W Results are given of observation*?^" made during four years operation of the Babcock and Wilcox 210 t/h 1500 p.s.i.g., 1000 F (reheat 985 F)' p.f.f. boiler and the Brown Boven-- 62 Mw reheat turbine. The methock. developed over a number of years foci low-pressure units, of feeding very-'.' pure untreated water v. ithout the. addition of hydrazine or morpholine has been applied to the reheat unit. Make-up water is obtained from blow/ down from the m.p. and h.p. sections.1 C.E.G.B. Digest 1961, 13 (May 27),i. 15Q5,; Ellund. Anon. Elect. Rev. 1961,168' (May 5), 783-5. . This station recently commissioned officially contains 3 units of 60 Mw-- output and as an overall efficient; of 30.17 per cent and a cost of - tririty sent out of 0.407 d/k wh. boiler of one unit is of two-drum'' design with corner-fired furnace and - tilting burners for superheat control/ the boilers of the other two units have*" a single drum, burners in the front/' wall and superheat control by dampen. *. regulating the flow of flue gas ovef' the primary superheater. All three boilers are also provided with spray desuperheaters for final steam tem~-v- perature control. Steam conditions/-' at t.s.v. are 900 psi and 900 F. Furnace hopper and fly ash are re moved hydraulically. Condenser cooling water is either provided by the river Calder or by 2 cooling towers. The turbines are of the 2-cylinder type, the generators hydrogen cooled at 15 psi. Ground Broken for APS 350 MW Plant Anon. Elect. Wrld. 1961,155-.. (Apr. 10), 38. The Four Corners plant of the Ari//r zona Public Service Co. is located 1 a coal field in the Navajo reservati: and will contain two units each off boiler rated at 1270 klb/h at psi and 1005 F and a 175 Mw t October 1961 / COMBOS 4200 t/aay. au aruuciai rant oi 1200 acre will supply condenser coolluf water. The station is to be comniiiSbned in 1963. Extension at Oak Creek. F. M. "-rton. Heat Engng. 1961, 36 (Jan./ 2-7. ' r Unit 5 of the Oak, Creel station of Wisconsin Electric Power Co. is rated at 275 Mw and served by a boiler of 1780 klb/h output at 2425 psi and 1050/1000 F with feedwater at 488 F. The furnace is L-shaped with 16 inter vane burners in the roof of the hori zontal part of the L served by two ball mill pulverizers; the single fur nace is divided into four cells by water-cooled division walls. The all radiant reheater constitutes furnace side and rear walls, the radiant superheater part of the rear wall and the division walls, the convection superheater of the pendant type being installed in the transition pass, while the second pass contains boiler con vection surfaces. The economizer, boiler and convection superheater are supported at the top and expand downwards, the waterwalls, radiant superheater and reheater-are anchored at the bottom and expand upwards, being kept in tension by springs. Materials and Manufacturing Processes Choice of Materials for Service at h Pressures. A. V. Ratner and - J. Leonova. Teploenergetika 1960, 7 (Dec.), 14-8 (in Russian). The article is concerned with the choice of materials for the component parts of accessories for service at high pressures and super pressures, and subject to wear. The results are given of an investigation of materials provided with different forms of hardening (boriding. nitriding, sul phiding) and also metals built-up with hard alloys. The use of one or other form is recommended for accessory ' flaps and spindles. Ten references ate given. (A.E.I. abstract). From C.E.G.B. Digest 1961,13 (Mav 13), 1340. ' Stresses in Steam Lines for High Operating Conditions. D. P. Elizarov. Teploenergetika 1960, 7 (Dec.), 19-23 (in Russian). A new method is presented for the experimental determination of me chanical stresses in the walls of steam piping of pearlitic steel during the warming up process and under service conditions, and also, the distribution f the stresses set up in the line. (A.E.I. abstract). . C.E.G.B. Digest 1961,13 (Mav l-,, 1338,. ' COMBUSTION / October 1961 KEEPING PEAK PERFORMANCE in the nation's power stations FINE-INSTRUM ENT ACCURACY EASY ACCESSIBILITY LONG, TROUBLE-FREE OPERATION LOW MAINTENANCE - in! :' III Only Richardson gives you all 25 advanced design features in one scale... LARGE ACCESS DOORS EASILY REMOVABLE FEEDER DOOR SEALS FLUSH ' INSIDE. NO DUST SPILLAGE - LARGE FREE FLOW INLET EXTERNAL DISCHARGE MECHANISM FREE SUSPENSION HOPPER ADJUSTABLE HINGES AND CATCHES MAINTAIN SEAL EXTERNAL DOOR CATCHES. NO ' CORROSION NEOPRENE DOOR SEALS SELF-POWERED BY-PASS STEEP BY-PASS PLATE. NO CLOGGING JAM-PROOF BY-PASS SELF-CLEANING PULLEYS MICROMETER COMPENSATOR NO INTERNAL MECHANISM TO GATHER DIRT JAM-PROOF SKIRT PLATES EASY-ACCESS BEAM SYSTEM SIMPLE RATIO TESTING RIGID TUBULAR BEAM STRETCHER MEETS HANDBOOK H-4-T NBS DUST-TIGHT J.I.C. CONTROLS ANTI BOUNCE BEAM SWITCH FUU POWER SOLENOID DISCHARGE DIRECT-COUPLED COUNTER EXTERNAL GEARM0T0R DRIVE Ask for Bulletin'0359. Write or phone Richardson Scale Company, Clifton, N. J. ^tckaida ett iSiSjlCcV a'-; sin f*>?-. ;*? jr-J 4js!>3.-4 Pi "I'fivcr S:3 ft Jo U S c; * (or your protection. MATERIALS IHANDLING BY WEIGHT SINCE 1902 57 , Abstracts from the Technical Press--Abroad and Domestic /Drawn from the Monthly Technical Bulletin/ International Combustion/ Ltdv London/ W. C 1) showed that both decrease with in creasing number of rows. The Re number of the flowing medium has a large effect only on the heat transfer coefficient. Mechanical Handling , Coming.. The Automatic Coal Pile. L. E.- Stewart. - Power 1961, 105 (June), 93-5. Automation of coal handling from the supply point to the boiler bunkers and/or stock pile is discussed and three plants with increasing order of automation described. At the River Rouge plant two operators are re quired, at Tait station one only and at Portland station the whole operation is automatic after the selection of the rate of feed for each bunker. Coal--From Mine to Boiler. Han dling and Receiving Facilities. A. S. Drummond. Pwr. Engng. 1961, 65 (May), 52-4. The various facilities employed by the Detroit Edison Co. and their power consumption for the unloading of water-borne coal and from railway wagons are described. Automatic Coal Sampler and Divider. 0. Wirthwein, Mitt. Y.G.B. No. 72 1961 (June), 200-4 (in German). ' e Liinen power station an auto mat.. coal sampler has been developed consisting of a slotted case passing to and fro a falling stream of coal and a riffler for subdividing the sample. Extended tests have shown that the samples thus obtained are suitable for the accurate determination of the coal properties. Investigations into the Transport Process on Vibrating Troughs. Pt. I. K. H. Wehmeier. Fordern und Heben 1961, 11 (May), 317-27 (in German). This first part deals with the theo'etical side of the problem, such as general considerations of the vertical tnd horizontal movement of the tough and the material to be trans ported, the transport speed and its graphical determination and the inluenee of changes of amplitude and requency on the speed. The influnce of the properties of the material 'emg handled on the transport process 5 discussed. avestigations into the Transport Tocess on Vibrating Conveyors. - H. Wehmeier. Fordern und Heben 961,11 (June), 375-83 (in German). This second part deals with the tPe `ntal investigations and their ;suk_ and discusses the reasons for -rtein discrepancies between theory "d experimental results. ` OMBUSTION / November 796? Vibrating Conveyors in Coal Pulveriz ing Plants. J. Hengstebeck. Mitt. V.G.B. No. 72 1961 (June), 204-8 (in German). At Hiils power station the coal is transported from the bunker outlet to the downcomers to the mill by hori zontal tubular vibrating conveyors of 12.6 in. diam. Each mill has two feeder tubes which can be operated simultaneously or separately and at different feed rates. They contain instruments indicating stoppage of coal flow. The control of the feed rate of each tube is described in detail. The cost of this installation is much lower than that of belt conveyors and repairs and exchange of worn parts easily and quickly done, but they are easily clogged by wet coal, especially the polyester elbow between bunker outlet and tube. The life of the tubes is 8000-10,000 h. . Heat: Cycles and Transmission A Review of Heat Transfer Literature I960. Pt. 1. E. R. G. Eckert, T. F. Irvine, E. M. Sparrow and W. E. Ibele. Meek. Engng. 1961, 83 (Julv), 34-42. " The first part reviews literature dealing with conduction, channel flow, boundary layer flow, flow with sepa rated regions, transfer mechanism and natural con%'ection. The Melchett Lecture for 1960. Radiative Transfer in Combustion Chambers. H. C. Hottel. J. Inst. Fuel 1961, 34 (June), 220-34. A mathematical analysis of furnace gas radiation is presented. Both rigorous and simplified equations have been developed and their application is discussed. Using machine calcula tions the systems of simultaneous linear equations can be solved and the simplified equation tested against the rigorous treatment. Thermal and Flow Investigations on Finned Tube Bundles in Cross Flow. Pt. II. Influence of Fin and Tube Arrangement. H. Brauer. Chem. Ing. Tech. 1961, 33 (May), 327-35 (June), 431-8 (in German). Heat transfer on finned tubes is disturbed by unfavorable flow condi tions in the corners between fin and tube. The influence of the number of tube rows on heat transfer and pres sure drop was investigated; this Steam Generation and Power Production Pressure Reduction of Water and Water-Steam Mixtures in Orifices. H. Friedrich and G. Vetter. Energie 1961, 13 (May), 201-7 (in German). Tests on orifices of small diameter with subcooled and boiling water, water-steam mixtures and saturated steam are reported and compared with other published data. Formulas are developed for different conditions. The Movement of an Individual Drop let during Atomization. H. Hauschildt. Energie 1961, 13 (May), 207 11 (in German). The movement of an individual droplet has been studied for various Re numbers obtained in tests. It is shown that although the conditions in an atomized cloud are much more complicated some fundamental laws are equally valid for a single droplet and a cloud. The equations permit an investigation of the influence of initial velocity which is a function of the atomizing pressure, of the specific gravity and of the dynamic viscosity of the air on the movement of the droplet. An example is calculated. Post-War Developments in British Water-Tube Boiler Design--V. K. R. Lenel. Steam Engr. 1961, 30 (July), 338-44. The last part of this review surveys boiler auxiliaries such as drums and their internals, pulverizers, burners, superheaters, economizers, air pre heaters and electrostatic precipitators. The State of the Steam Generator Technique. Evaluation of the Boiler Index ot the V.G.B. Pt. 5. H. Richter. Mitt. V.G.B. No. 72 1961 (June), 211-4 (in German). The changes in the boiler statistics between 1957 and 1961 are tabulated and discussed. Total output in creased by 22 per cent; the number of new natural circulation boilers in stalled is higher than those of forcedflow boilers, but the latter have the higher overall output. The forcedflow boiler is predominant above 125 t/h output. Although pulverized coal fired boilers constitute SI per cent of the total output increase, the number of oil-fired boilers has more than doubled and 243 boilers were provided with additional oil firing. The in stallation of slagging furnaces is in creasing still. 55 wirciuation in Water-tube Boilers. T. Widell. Tekn. Tidskr. 1961, 91 (Mar. 17), 253-6 (in Swedish). A new method of calculating the water circulation in the two new boil ers for the Stenungsund power station, Sweden, based on a "working pressure efficiency," is described. Comparison between calculated results and meas uring results is made in a further article. From C.E.G.B. Digest 1961,13 (June 10), 1669. , Measurement of Water Circulation in a Boiler. R. Carlson, B. Cederberg and K. Ljunggren. Tekn. Tidskr. 1961, 91 (Mar. 17), 257-62 (in Swed ish). ' Measurements of water circulation in the boiler for a 150 Mw set in the Stenungsund P/S, Sweden, are dis cussed. The methods used included current meters with radioactive cobalt and injection measurements with radioactive ammonium bromide. The .measured results are compared with calculated results. From C.E.G.B. Digest 1961,13 (June 10), 1670. Flow Resistances in the Heated Evaporator of a Benson Boiler. O. Schwarz. Mitt. V.G.B. No. 72 1961 (June), 143-55 (in German). Measurements were carried out on a Benson boiler of the Hamburg Elec tricity Works to obtain an insight into the influence of volume and heat con tent of the flowing medium on the pressure drop coefficient of heated evaporator tubes and to compare these with those of unheated tubes. The highest values occurred at the start of evaporation and low flow rates caused by the formation of steam bubbles on the tube wall. The results should be useful for the control of forced-flow boilers. Dynamic Behavior of Forced-Flow Evaporator Systems. P. Profos. Sulser Tech. Rev. 1960, No. 4, 5-12. A combined graphical and mathe matical method has been developed by which the transfer characteristics can be determined from the design data of the boiler. Calculation of the Dynamic Behavior of Heat Exchangers with the Aid of Analogue Computers. L. Acklin and F. Laubli. Sulser Tech. Rev. 1960, No. 4, 13-21. The development of the method and its application to the control of a superheater are described. Simple Method of Calculation for the Steam Temperature Control of Boil ers. G. Klefenz. Mitt. V.G.B. No. 72 1961 (June), 191-200 (i German). The dynamic behavior of the final 56 for draft production Aerotec Fan-Stacks integrate the stack base, fan, breeching and stack in a single unit. It can be installed directly at the boiler outlet. ' State your actual operating require ments and receive in a single self-sup porting integrated package the assurance of unit responsibility for your draft producing .equipment. No excessive safety factors need be added. Standard accessories such as drives, couplings, dampers, etc. may be in cluded. This simplifies engineering and pur chasing and assures dependable pre determined draft production. Aerotec Fan-Stacks are available with a single fan (Type-1, illustrated), an "out-of-circuit" fan for handling cor rosive or high temperature gases (Type-2) and a twin fan design (Type-1 A) for stand-by or for handling two boilers with a single stack. For further information write: In dustrial Division, Aerotec Industries, Inc., Dept. C, Greenwich, Conn. In Canada: T. C. Chown Limited, Montreal Toronto. /AKD/Sr/7/Sv fMC. INDUSTRIAL DIVISION 0#Ar Divisions AIRCRAFT EQUIPMENT Etetf^Wsehin'wMor the Aucrsft, MtoilMnd Nuclear IndtnUm AEROTHERM AitctiU Uuntw. Paswnttr md Crew Selling superheater is considered anjfCe^jjET tions are developed for the determt^ tion of-the maximum control deviation using only data available in the design stage. A practical example shows the application of the equations. Load Dependent Influence on Heat Exchange in Boilers by Heat Re circulation. K. Becker. Energy 1961,13 (May). 212-8 (in German). Possibilities of keeping the tem perature of the superheated steam constant at all loads by flue gas re circulation from the furnace to the convection pass and vice versa, re circulation of steam or air from heat exchanger exit to its entry, by-passing of steam, air or feed water and their effect on overall efficiency and total cost are discussed. The advantages and disadvantages of each system or combination are outlined and equa tions developed with which an esti mate of the results of the application of the different means can be ob tained. It is shown that their appli cation has different effects in natural and assisted circulation boilers and in forced flow boilers. Damage to High-temperature Super heaters. R. Lemaire. Bull. d'Inf. des Cent. Elect. 1961 (Apr.), 13-15 (in French). A brief account'is given of damage arising in the Combustion Engineering boiler at Harnes power station after 56,009-60,000 hours' operation. Cracks developed on the internal wadis of' superheater tubes near the smm&L weld and spread lengthwise foflowuigi,^ the generatrices, and depthwiseto become transverse, attaining a length of IV2 inches. Micrographic exam ination revealed a wide area of ferrite grain enlargement caused by super ficial decarburation, probably due .to the high silicon content of the steel.-f: From C.E.G.B. Digest 1961, 13 (July 22), 2131. Thermal Insulation Guarantees Jp<:` Boiler Insulations. W. F. Cammerer and J. Achtziger. Mitt. V.G.B. No. 72 1961 (June),180-91 (in German). .' Theoretical considerations and ex perimental temperature and heat flow measurements on a boiler insulation have shown the unsuitability of thh previously used guarantee quantified i.e., heat loss of housing and its surface; temperature. The measuremenfatV confirmed that the heat conductantey coefixeient unequivocally chara izes the boiler insulation and quantity is now specified as the ' to be guaranteed in the new V.C specifications for boiler insulatf' Details of the temperature and ! flow measuring methods used*1 results obtained on a 100 t/h eye fired boiler are given. November 1961 / COMBUST j^mr Repairs on Boilers--Their pennissibility, Assessment and Test ing, H. Hocker. Tech. Oberw. 1961, 2 (July), 246-9 {in German). Kinds of failure and their causes are lated for vertical, fire-tube, t .gp-tnhe and water-tube boilers. The points to be considered in per mitting or refusing repairs, assessment and testing of repairs carried out are discussed. Chemical Cleaning of Boilers, Steam Turbines, Nuclear Reactors etc. E. A. Ulrich. Energie 1961, 13 (May), 231-5 {in German). Some practical advice is given on the chemical cleaning of shell-type, sectional and vertical water-tube boil ers, superheaters, steam turbines and nuclear reactors. Examples of suc cessful cleaning are cited. Rtmaces and Combustion ' Radiating Capacity of Furnace In stallations. A. M. Gurvich and V. V. Mitor. Teploenergetika 1960 (Nov.), 66-9. D.S.I.R. Transl. RTS 1830. New calculations are developed for the radiation in boiler furnaces taking into account that the tubes are prac tically always covered by fine ash particles offering high resistance to the passage of heat and causing an "in trinsic" radiation. Calculations are r 'ed out on a fuel-bed type furnace ' . heat receiving surfaces uniformly distributed over all the walls. Predicted Burning Times of Solid Particles in an Idealized Dust Flame. R.'H. Essenhigh. J. Inst. Fuel 1961, 34 (June), 239-44. Burning times have been calculated on the separate assumptions of reac tion control by a diffusion film (square law) and by surface chemical reaction (linear law). By combining both factors simultaneously the two solu tions are found to be additive. The significance of the findings and their effect on calculating burning times are discussed. Refractory Arches and Walls. W. J. C. Shears. Pwr. and Wrks. Engng. 1961,56 (July), 563-71. Examples of recent installations in boiler and other furnaces are de scribed. Wafer-Side Corrosion and Water Treatment Considerations Regarding Demineralttation and Flash Evaporation of Trigh-Pressure Boiler Makeup Water. E. Qilwood and J. G. Mack. ' '-Pwr. Conf. Paper 1961 (Mar.). ,_Coniparison of demineralizatioir versus flash evaporation in large highpressure steam-generating plants is "COMBUSTION / November 1961 FROM BOILER WATER... DEOXY-SOL Fairmount deoxy-sol, a solution of hydrazine, is a high efficiency oxygen scavenger designed especially for high pressure boiler water treatment. deoxy-sol removes oxygen, reduces oxides and raises pH of the conden sate all at the same time... yet adds no solids. Stocks in Newark, N. J., Chicago, 111., Los Angeles, Calif. Investigate its advantages for your system. Write for Bulletin BW. Fairmount CHEMICAL CO., INC. 1 36 Liberty St. Ne York 6. N Y. made on grounds of (1) Water quality; (2) Reliability; (3) Economics; (4) Labor; (5) Maintenance; (6) Corro sion--to name but a few. Economic comparison showed equipment-cost advantage for demineralizer with wa ters having over 1300 ppm total elec trolytes (as CaCOj). Total annual cost advantage for demineralizer starts at about 500 ppm total electrolytes-- both figures based on 20,000 lb/hr unit capacity. Demineralizer's addi tional advantage: improved heat rate and availability of high-quality water for plant startup. From C.E.G.B. Digest 1961,13 (July 8). The Effect on Water and Steam Qual ity of Colloidally Dispersed Particles. H. Kurapkat and E. Walther. Mitt. V.G.B. No. 72 1961 (June), 163-70 {in German). Heavy silica deposits in a topping turbine were traced to a breakdown of the demineralizer beds after heavy rainfall in the neighborhood and con sequent increased turbidity of the river water used for feed water make up. Adsorption flocculation proved successful in preventing breakdown of the demineralizer beds but difficult to operate under varying loads. A pro visional system of filter aids proved equally successful without the attend ing difficulties and a full-scale plant has been ordered. Details are given of measurements of suspended iron oxides, behavior of silica, measuring and determination of colloids, super vision of adsorption plants and the effect of reduction of colloids on the water-steam circuit. Experimental Investigations of a Few Problems Arising in Once-Through Forced-Circulation Steam Generators Operating at Supercritical Pressures. J. Kagi. Sulser Tech. Rev. 1961, 43, No. 1, 29-35. Studies of salt deposition in tubes of supercritical pressure boilers at tem peratures up to 1200 F are reported which gave some unexpected results. Salt deposition occurred although the salt concentration in the feed water was far below the maximum solubility level and the deposits remained stable only at certain temperatures. Low ering of the temperature caused ex isting deposits to vanish in a short time. Various alkalizing agents were tried of which only ammonia remained stable at 1200 F. The Solubility of Silicic Acid in Steam. R. Feitsma. Mitt. V.G.B. No. 72 1961 (June), 170-6 {in German). On the basis of equations and data published by various authors' new formulas for the distribution coeffi cient of silicic acid in water and satu rated steam and its solubility in 57 and two diagrams constructed. Their Chats oh Ine recently developed use of an outet shield of bright aluminium sheet validity will be checked experimen spaced away from the chimney proper tally. appears to be the best solution in pre The Examination of Oxide Scales on Iron-Chromium Alloys by X-ray Scan ning Microanalysis. G. C. Wood and cohductivity venting corrosion and emission of sticky smut deposits. | Baghouse Cures Stack Effluent c. D. A. Melford. J. Iron and Steel Inst. j O'Connor and G. Swinehart. Pwr. 1901, 198 (June), 142-S. ' Engng. 1961, 65 (May), 5S-9. I ACCURATE TEMPERATUREOxide scales on iron-chromium alloys in steam at 950-1000 C were To meet air pollution regulations a baghouse filter plant was added to the examined by X-rays and two major scale layers werefound, the outer one COMPENSATION ' Pasadena incinerator installation. The filter bags made of silicon treated consisting of Wiistite and the inner one of a complex distribution of oxides of iron and chromium. Chromium depletion in the alloy next to the allov/scale interface has been ob served. Flue Gas, Ash and Dust Cold Corrosion in Oil-Fired Boilers. Various Authors. Schweiz. ' Arch. The overall accuracy of an electrolytic con fibreglass with a permeability of 81 ductivity system is governed to a larger extent by the accuracy of its temperature compensator than by any other single factor...and probably ...by all other factors combined. filter velocity of 5 fpm, pressure drop , of 3-5 in. w.g. and flue gas flow of 375 j cfm reduce the dust content front A prime requisite for high accuracy in conduc 1 13.4 gr/ft3 to 0.031 gr/ft3, an effi- tivity measurements is a good match between ! ciency of 99.77 per cent. The filtered the temperature coefficient of conductivity of the ! flue gas contains 1.6 ppm SOj, the solution under test, and the characteristics of the temperature compensator. A small departure mul tiplied by a large number of F can produce an | unfiltered flue gas 27.3 ppm SOj. 1 Despite flue gas temperatures of up to impressively large error. ! 750 F no deterioration of the bag material has been observed. 1961, 27 (May), ISO-220 (in German). The papers presented at a Swiss Conference held at Zurich on Septem ber 16, 1960, are published as follows: (1) Physicochemical Considerations of the Gas-Side Corrosion in Boiler Operation, by A. Bukowiecki; (2) Prevention of Corrosion and Deposits in Boilers Fired by Fuel Oil of High S Content, by E. Zehnder; (3) Prob lems of Corrosion, Deposit Formation and Air Pollution in Oil-Fired Boilers, by J. Greenwood and G. R. Wade; (4) Design Measures for the Preven tion of Low-Temperature Corrosion in Oil-Fired Boiler Plants, by G. Peter; (5) Discussion. The Influence of Dolomite on Acid Dew Point and Low-Temperature Corrosion in Oil-Fired Boilers. H. Draaijer and H. J. Pel. B.W.K. 1961, 13 (June), 266-9 (in German). Measurements on two oil-fired boil ers of acid dew point by the Degussa dew point meter and economizer tube surface temperature by resistance thermometer with and without dolo mite addition are reported. It is The above curve demonstrates the extent to which the temperature-conductivity characteris tics of four common solutions differ from each other. Q,,, shown as the vertical coordinate, is the ratio of the conductivity of a solution at tC to the conductivity of the same solution at 25C. A temperature compensator designed to match any one of these solutions would fail miserably if used for any of the others. Industrial Instruments, for many years, has rec ognized the need for close matching of the tem perature compensator to the service requirements of the conductivity equipment. Over 500 different manual temperature compensators and 200 auto matic temperature compensators are immediately available for applications ranging from ultra-pure demineralized water to fuming sulphuric acid, and from 20 F to above 300 "F. Effect of Tube Spacing and Arrange ment upon the Fouling Characteristics of Banks of Tubes. P. Profos and H. N. Sharan. Sulcer Tech. Rev 1960, No. 4, 31-43. ' Tests are described which enabled obtaining mathematical data relating to the effect of pipe geometry on the fouling of tube banks. In-line banks have a smaller relative fouling tend ency than staggered spacings and generally give higher heat transfer coefficients. Power Generation and Power Plant Generating Plant Design. C. TV. Priest. Elect. Rev. 1961,168 (June 9), 1005-8. A review of the increase in size of i power stations, boilers and turboj generators since 1920 to match the in i crease in the annual consumption of electricity per head of population of 90 kwhr in 1920 to 1900 kwhr in 1960. Increase in size beyond the 500 Mw single-line units just ordered for com missioning in 1965 is possible, espe stressed that dolomite does not reduce the acid dew point but reduces corro sion on certain points but not through out the boiler. Despite regular soot blowing with steam heavy deposits formed necessitating thorough clean ing after 1500 h. Reduction of corro sion by increasing the feed water inlet temperature is recommended so that the wall temperature of the econo mizer tubes is above the acid dew point. Industrial Instruments stands ready to serve you with authoritative information and the best in Electrolytic Conductivity Equipment...Electrolytic Conductivity is Our Business! Solu Bridges... Continuous Indicators... Electrode less Conductivity Systems. ..Battery-Operated Re corders... Larson-Lane Steam & Condensate Ana lyzers... Thallium Dissolved Oxygen Analyzers... Circular & Strip Chart Recorders...Conductivity Cells... Platinizing Kits & Supplies...Sample Cool ers & Cell Holders...Therma Bridge Gas Analysis Equipment. cially if two-line sets were adopted, but an early decision is not expected. Condensing Power Stations in Russia. B. v. Gersdorff. Elektwirtsck. 1961, 60 (June 20), 414-23 (in German). A summary of recently published Russian literature on the planning of power stations for the period 1959/ 1965 is presented. Eight standard ized power stations of 1200 Mw with 6 X 200 Mw units and 640 t/h boilers are being built, and 22 power stations, Thermal Insulation for Steel Chim of 2400 Mw output with 8 X 300 MwV neys. J. D. Blakeley. Pier. Wrks. and boilers of 950 t/h are to be bu3t.V., Engng. 1961, 56 (July), 551-4. Their main characteristic is the anjviy Protection of steel chimneys against tral pulverizing plant outside thcr|^- erosion and corrosion is discussed and actual power station and the use"&'- the various methods in nse compared. intermediary bunkers between boile 58 November 1961/ COMBUSTION irith a 2 h reserve. The mills are generally of the ball type and have capacities of 50 t/h. The steam parameters for the smaller stations axe 140 atu, 570/565 C, those for the i -r stations 250 atu and 585/565 C. a . also planned to build 18 out-of door stations of 600 Mw capacity with 4 X 150 Mw units and boilers rated at 500 t/h at 140 atii and. 570/565 C. VOTE HERE Power Industry's Leaders Exchange Information at American Power Con ference. Anon. P'lL'r. Engng. 1961, 65 (May), 45-8, 82, 84. The papers presented at the 1961 American Power Conference are sum marized: (1) Transmission, distribu tion; (2) Nuclear power development; (3) Central stations (Avon and Breed plants); (4) Paradise plant; (5) Com bined cyde; (6) Binary cycle; (7) Boiler feed pumps; (8) Electrical apparatus; (9) Automation and con trol; (10) Fuels; (11) Water; (12) Industrial plants; (13) Flue gas sampling;. (14) Peaking symposium; what use can you make of this (15) Air pollution. Study of Double Reheat. H. Beyer- DIAPHRAGM lein and H. Mitschel. B.W.K. 1961, 13 (July), 320-6 (in German). Fifteen different variations of a 200 Mw unit with steam parameters, pre heater stages and number of reheats as variables were compared with a basic U"'"- employing steam at 2560 psi and * '1005 F. The savings in fuel are in most variations negatived by increased capital costs and payment of interests on the excess capital used. A nomogram has been developed as a basis for diagrams by which the cal culation of the optimum design for given local conditions is facilitated. ! The Theory of Combined Steam and Gas Turbine Installations. C. Seippel and P. Bereuter. Brown Boveri Rev. I960, 47 (Dec.), 783-99. A comprehensive and unbiased sur vey of the combinations worth con sidering is presented and the basic thermodynamic relationships are de rived. Thermal efficiency, capital costs, safety,- ease of control, fuel properties, running hours are also considered. The economics of a typi cal example are investigated. VALVE? Check one or more of the following As a power-operated line valve of any kind, normally-open or nor mally-closed, with better-than-average low pressure-loss and high How-rate characteristics. As a remotely-operated flow-control valve in an inaccessible location where reliability and long life are important. As automatically-controlled units in a complexity of flow circuits, where rapid and certain response to control signals is significant. As a large power-operated control valve where the actuating power is the actual line pressure, and re lease is accomplished by simply bleeding this pressure to drain with a small solenoid, pneumatic, or manual valve. INSTRUCTIONS 1. After "voting," write your name, com pany, and address in the margin. 2. Tear out this page and mail to: Practical Examples of Utilizing the Waste Heat of Gas Turbines in Com bined Installations. W. P. Auer. Brown Boveri Rev. 1960, 47 (Dec.), 800-25. INC. 2408 GRANT AVE., ROCKFORD, ILLINOIS Four stations, Korneuburg, Cornighano steelworks, Dudelange steel ' and Yahr district-heating sta- j . with different combinations of and steam turbines are described.Results of acceptance tests are tabu lated. COMBUSTION / November 1961 One Prime Contract-One 350-Mw Plant Installed. H. R. Drew. Par. Engng. 1961, 65 (May), 70-1. The 350 Mw addition at the Hand ley station of Texas Electric Service Co. has been awarded under a turnkey contract to Westinghouse and will consist of a pressurized furnace out door boiler rated at 2486 klb/hr at 2465 psi and 1005/1005 F fired by natural gas or oil as standby with provision for conversion to solid fuel firing and an outdoor tandem com pound four-flow turbo-generator with 7 extraction stages. The full capacity boiler feed pumps will be driven via a hydraulic coupling from the turbine end of the shaft. The net heat rate is expected to be 7892 Btu kwh and the total costs less than $80/kw. Ptolemais Greece's Largest Brown Coal - Power . Station. T. Geissler. Energie 1961. 13 (June). 254-62 (in German). Ptolemais Power Station in Greece. C. Koch and W. Stamm. Brown Boveri Rev. 1960, 47 (Dec.), S26-44. The former article deals mainly with the characteristics of the brown coals, the design of the boiler and its auxiliaries, the latter article mainly with the electrical installations. The boiler is rated at 625 klb/h at 1260 psi and 955 F with natural circulation and corner burners supplemented by oil burners for ignition and low load operation. The brown coal has a moisture content of up to 60 per cent, ash content of up to 24 per cent and a gross C.Y. from 2000 to 2400 Btu/lb. Otto de Lorenzi Accorded Honor Otto de Lorenzi, formerly educational director of Combustion Engineering, Inc., was given the Percy N'icholls Award at the Solid Fuels Conference of the ASME at Birmingham, Ala., on October 5, 1961. In granting the award Julian Tobev, consulting engineer, cited these com mendable facts about Mr. de Lorenzi: "His patient studies led to the de velopment of a technique for producing colored motion pictures that permitted the recording of actual furnace operat ing conditions with various types of fuel burning equipment using many dif ferent fuels. "His comprehensive and authorita tive reference text. Combustion Engi neering, served greatly in the dissemina tion of new techniques and practices in fuel burning throughout the world. "Moreover, his manifold services to the engineering societies, his many papers and articles greatly enhanced the role of the societies and the tech nical press in furthering the overall knowledge of his fellow engineers." 59 Abstracts from the Technical Press--Abroad And Domestic (Drawn from the Monthly Technical Bulletin, International Combustion, . Ltd, London, W. C. 1) Fuels: Sources, Properties and Preparation The Physico-Chemical Behaviour of Bituminous Coal Structure Compo nents. Xnl. The Heat of Decom position of Bituminous Coal Macerals of Different Rank. C. Kroger and J.J. Das. Brennst Chemie 1961, 42 (July), 223-30 (in German). A newly developed high-tempera ture calorimeter is described and the results of measurements of heat of reaction of the various macerals as a function of rank and temperature presented. It is shown that the macerals can be distinguished by their heat of reaction. An equation for calculating the decomposition tem perature has been deduced. Integrated Coal-handling Scheme Re places Obsolete Unit Plants at North Wilford Power Station. J. M. Beskine. Mech. Handl. 1961, 48 (Aug.), 423- ' J. cailed description is presented of the unified coal handling recently completed for supplying coal to the B, C, D and E stations and possibly further extensions. The main equip ment comprises a traveling wing tripper, a traveling reclaiming crane and hopper, wagon tippler, inter connecting belt conveyors and bull dozers. Coal Storage and Reclaim. A. S. Drummond. Pwr. Engng. . 1961, 65 (June), 69-71. 'The second part describes two Kinds of stackers for very large coal storage plants, a traveling and a swiveling stacker, with bulldozers used for compacting the piles and re claiming. ^yroelevator. Anon. Chem. Proc. 1961, 7 (Aug.), 36-7. This device has been developed for -he feeding of fine slack coal from storage to the hopper of a chain lets stoker and consists of a spiral elevator in a tube with one or two agitators with large diameter spirals -o loosen the coal and feed it towards -he intake of the spiral elevator. x y Pipeline. A. N. Sharp. -oke and Gas 1961, 23 (Aug.), 336-S. A~survey is presented of: (1) The development of coal transportation Jy pipeline in U.S.A., France and -OMBUSTION / December 1961 Russia; (2) Design calculations, specific gravity and solids content; (3) Pipe materials; (4) The possi bility of constructing a network in Gt. Britain to supply Coal to power stations from the Midland coal fields: (5) Economic factors. Heat: Cycles and Transmission A Review of Heat Transfer Literature 1960 Pt. 2. E. R. G. Eckert, T. F. Irvine, E. M. Sparrow and W. E. Ebele. Meek. Engng. 1961, 83 (Aug.), 50-7. The second part reviews: (1) Convection from rotating surfaces; (2) Combined heat and mass transfer; (3) Change of phase; (4) Radiation; (5) Liquid metals; (6) Low-density heat transfer; (6) Measurement tech niques; (7) Heat transfer applica tions ; (8) Thermodynamic and trans port properties. Boiling Heat Transfer. H. K. K. Muthoo. Chem. Proc. Engng. 1961, 42 (Aug.), 348-50. A generalized equation for boiling heat transfer has been developed. Agreement between theoretical and experimental data has been good. Thermal Radiation Characteristics of Cylindrical Enclosures. E. M. Spar row, L. A. Albers and E. R. G. Eckert. A.S.M.E. Preprint No. 61SA-23 1961 (June), 7 pp. Solutions of the radiant flux balance equations are presented for various length to diameter ratios of the cylinder and apparent emissivities. Local and overall heat loss have also been calculated. Heat Transfer by Simultaneous Con duction and Radiation in an Absorbing Medium. R. Viskanta and R. J. Grosh. A.S.M.E. Preprint No. 61SA-34 1961 (June) 10 pp. The solution is presented of the problem of simultaneous heat transfer by conduction and radiation between two diffuse, non-black, infinite, iso thermal, parallel plates separated by a space filled with a thermal radiation absorbing and emitting medium. Forced Convection Heat Transfer from a Uniformly Heated Sphere. W. S. Brown, C. C. Pitts and G. Leppert. A.S.M.E. Preprint No. 61-SA-26 1961 (June) 8 pp. An integral method of solution for the local heat transfer of a sphere with uniform beat flux has been developed and the results compared with measurements with water over a wide range of Re and Pr numbers: the agreement is good. From the experimental data average heat trans fer coefficients were computed. The problem is of interest in the nuclear field where spherical fuel elements are to be cooled by a liquid or gaseous medium. Steam Generation and Power Production The Evaporation Process with Self Circulation in the Vertical Tubes. E. Kirschbaum. Chem. Ing. Tech. 1961,' 33 (July), 479-84 (in German). In the lower part of a vertical evaporating tube steam bubbles are generated which are immediately con densed in the liquid core and thus influence the heat transfer in the whole tube. The tube wall and liquid temperatures were measured and pressures determined sub sequently. Conclusions drawn on origin, disappearance or increase of these bubbles, and other movements of the liquid-steam mixture were con firmed by film and slow-motion pictures. It is shown that up to 80 per tt COMPACT99 llll STANDARD AND |||| "" CUSTOM DESIGNS mi Whether your system needs a stand ard or custom design--every "com pact" annunciator has plug-in relays with auxiliary contacts for inter locks. Cabinets are designed for either panel or surface mounting. Standard optics include : Hermetically sealed relays Built-in lamp tester Weather proof enclosure for details* COMPACT CONTROLS CO. inc 18 ROOSEVELT AVE.. SYOSSET, NEW YORK 51 cent of the total heat available is transferred from the tube to the water by the formation of bubbles and their subsequent condensation. Pressure Vessels for Gas-cooled Graphite-moderated Reactors. M. J. Noone and R. F. Bishop. /. Brit. Nucl. Energy Conf. 1961, 6 (July), 253-65. The design, fabrication and installa tion of steel pressure vessels for various reactors are described. The New High-pressure, Cyclone Boiler at Wilton. E. Holmes-Smith, J. Lister and P. V. Liddell. J. Inst. Fuel 1961, 34 (Aug.), 307-23. The boiler is rated at 530 klb/h at 1700 psi and 1065 F and provided with 2 cyclone furnaces in which the primary coal-air mixture is injected at a secant to the tangentially injected secondary air. Each cyclone is directly fed by two beater mills, each supplying alternate ports (6 in all). The slag from each cyclone flows through a discharge slot into a secondary furnace with a slag hole near the front wall and midway between the two cyclones. Details are given of ash fusion points of coals used, auxiliary power required, ash retention, tube erosion and iron attack and measures taken against this, and on pressure drop in the cyclone vortex. Where possible com parison is made with the performance of a pulverized coal fired boiler of the same size and for the same, steam conditions. Czechoslovak Cyclone Furnace for Low-grade Fuels. ' B. Lumpouch. Czech. Tech. Digest (SNTL) 1961, 3 (June), 15-19. Design details are given of: (a) an outdoor vertical-cyclone boiler delivering 75 tons steam per hour at 588 psig and 788 F; its open pulveriz ing and drying circuit permits a large variety of fuels to be burnt; and (6) a horizontal-cyclone boiler delivering 75 tons steam per hour at 940 psig and 932 F equipped with an auxiliary hot-air cycle which effects a 6 per cent saving in fuel. From C.E.G.B. Digest 1961, 13 (Aug. 5), 2295. The Vekos-Powermaster Boiler. Anon. Steam Engr. 1961, 30 (Aug.), 377-80. The boiler is designed as a packaged unit for solid fuel firing and consists of a Vekos stoker fitted inside a threepass dry-back economic boiler. It can use practically any type of coal and achieves efficiencies above 80 per cent without economizer or super heater. The boiler has a built-in multi-cell grit arrester "and double firing of the collected grit and thus 52 ADVANTAGES OF COUNTERFLOW" A Better Method of Regenerating De-ionizers THIS PATENTED METHOD PROVIDES MORE EFFICIENT OPERATION OF WATER PURIFYING EQUIPMENT. In conventional ion-exchange equipment (demineralizers), water flows downward through a bed of ion-exchange resin until the resin is "exhausted" or loaded with ions. Then, the resin is regenerated by downward passage of acid or al kali. During the service cycle, the ions most difficult to exchange concen trate near the bottom of the bed -- sodium in the cation resin and silica in the anion resin. Down flow regeneration means these ions are contacted by partially-spent regenerant, unless large excesses of regenerant chemicals are used. As a result, they are not completely eluted from the bed, and are grad ually leached out during the follow ing service run. In COUNTERFLOW* equip ment, service flow is down, but regenerant flow is upwards, with a "barrier" to prevent fluidization of the resin. The result -- greater regenerant economy, and leakage of un wanted ions reduced by 50% to 75%. COUNTERFLOW* IonXchangers are now pro viding high quality low-silica boiler feed water in central power stations. The original results observed! in the first large installation in 1956 have been shown to be typical. (t Caskey and Harding, American Power Conference, 1957). 'COUNTERFLOW is the trade mark of Illinois Water Treatment Com pany equipment utilizing an up-flow method of regeneration with a "barrier" to keep the bed from expanding. U.S. Patent No. 2,891,007. For detailed information, address: ILLINOIS WATER TREATMENT CO. 840 CEDAR ST., ROCKFORD. ILLINOIS gW YORK OFFICE: 141 E. 44th SI.. Htw York 17. N.Y. _ WOlAH Q1ST.: Pumps & Solleners, Ltd., London, Can. conforms to the requirements Clean Air Act. It can easily.. ^ converted to oil or gas firing w equipped for firing any combination of coal, oil or gas. A table gives test results obtained on a prototype boiler Testing of a 3000-kW (th), LiquidMetal, Model Steam Generator, j, J. Webster, D. E. Fletchall and jf. Logan. A.S.M.E. Preprint No. 61SA-46 1961 (June), 12 pp. Two designs of heat exchangers for transferring heat from liquid sodium to water and steam are described and the results of tests presented. One heat exchanger contained a natural circulation evaporator, the other a kettle evaporator, and both the same superheater. The occurrence of cor rosion and weld cracks and their causes are discussed. The heat trans fer mechanism in the evaporator and superheater is analysed. Steam Boiler Damage through Failure of the Automatic Controls. H. Peters. Tech, tiberw. 1961, 2.(Aug.), 297-301 (in German). The number of boilers damaged through non-functioning of automatic controls (water level and firing rate) is increasing because insufficient at tention is paid to feed water treat ment and maintenance of boiler and control fittings. Some typical examples are illustrated. Recom mendations are made with regard to improving maintenance schemes and supervision and to better design of controls and their installation. Repeated Acid Cleaning of Boilers. J. K. Rice. Combustion 1961, 33 (July), 45-8. The occurrence of corrosion in boilers acid cleaned several times, especially those without proper feed water treatment, has been studied. It was found that certain types of organic dispersants in deposits ab sorb or react with the inhibitor and thus cause the corrosive attack by the acid cleaning medium. It is stressed that acid cleaning should not replace correct feed water treatment. Water-Side Corrosion and Water Treatment Feed Water Preparation by Complete Demineralization in the Power Stations of Electricity de France. R, Rath. Chat, et lnd. 1961, 42 (July). 207-9 (in French). - Of the 20 most productive Frenc^ power stations 11 or 63 per cent of tj" total capacity installed use total;' demineralization. The first , gives the principal cbaracteristf of these 11 stations (total capa steam pressure and temperature, cap ity, number of trains and output)/!^ December 1961 / COMBUSTI Ptdff"*"g Corrosion of Power Plant Condenser Tubing with Ferrous Sul phate. T. W. Bostwick. Corrosion 1961,17 (Aug.), 12-19. Severe corrosion by river cooling wr of condenser tubes made of ak -iium brass tubes was completely stopped by admixture of ferrous sulfate to the water. Details are given of amounts used, frequency of additions, effect of chlorination, acid cleaning (liquid and foam) on pro tective layer formation. The causes of the corrosive attack are discussed. Gas-Side Corrosion and Deposits Effect of Sunlight on Corrosion. L. C. Rowe. Corrosion 1961, 17 (June), 93-4. High energy ultraviolet light in creases the corrosion rate, infra-red light reduces the effect of subsequent exposure to ultraviolet light. Visible light has little effect on corrosion rate. Introducing Boron Silicide. E. Colton. Nucl. Engng. 1961, 6 (Aug.), 324-5. Boron silicides have a high corrosion resistance once a thin protective boron silicon-oxygen film has formed on the surface. The powder can be formed by oxide bonding or self bonding and in its final form, e.g., control rods, has an excellent thermal shr ' resistance. Ash and Clinker. T. X. Williams. Pwr. and Wrks. Engng. 1961, 56 (Aug.), 655-9. ' The difference between ash and clinker, the formation of hard and soft clinker and the influence of ashfusion temperature on the formation of clinker are discussed. Characteristics of pulverized fuel ash and problems involved in its disposal are described. Power Generation and Power Plant Detecting Service Failures in Power Hants. Pt. II. Examples. H. Thielsch. Combustion 1961,33 (July), 32-6. The various types of defects leading to failure are discussed. Examples are given of notches initiating cracks, cracks produced by forming, fabrica tion, welding or heat treatment, fatigue failures, corrosion, metal lurgical "notches" (brittle condition m the metal), incorrect base metals and casting defects. The prevention of these failures by the most suitable detection method is indicated in each case. tie' Power Station West. Anon. Boil. Ho. Rev. 1961, 76 (July), 228-33. The total capacity of this recently completed power station is 240 Mw COMBUSTION / December 7967 VOTE HERE what use can you make of this DIAPHRAGM VALVE? Check one or more of the following As a power-operated line valve of any kind, normally-open or nor mally-closed, with better-than-average iow pressure-loss and high flow-rate characteristics. As a remotely-operated flow-control valve in an inaccessible location where reliability and long life are important. As automatically-controlled units in a complexity of flow circuits, where rapid and certain response to control signals is significant. As a large power-operated control valve where the actuating power is the actual line pressure, and re lease is accomplished by simply bleeding this pressure to drain with a small solenoid, pneumatic, or manual valve. INSTRUCTIONS 1 After "voting," write your name, com pany, and address in the margin. Tear out this page and mail to: INC. 2408 GRANT AVE., ROCKFORD, ILLINOIS comprising two 30 Mw and three 60 Mw units with four 180 klb/h and nine 220 klb/h boilers. The small boilers operate at 650 psi and 925 F and are of tridrum design, the larger ones at 950 psi and 925 F, three of single drum and six of bidrum design, all are stoker fired. All boilers are provided with automatic combustion and superheated steam temperature control. The total coal consumption is 2000 t/dav or 60,000 t/year. The 30 Mw turbines are two-cylinder, the 60 Mw turbines three-cylinder machines, the former with four, the latter with 5 stages of feed heating. The 30 Mw generators are air-cooled, the 60 Mw generators hydrogen cooled in a closed circuit. 1200 Mw Station for E. Lothian. Anon. Elect. Times 1961, 140 (Aug. 17), 239. Consent is being sought for a 1200 Mw power station near the village of Cockenzie on the Firth of Forth to be supplied with coal at a rate of 10,000 t/dav from Monktonhill and Bilston Glen. Four units of 300 Mw each are to be installed. Refiring Grit at Kingston. Anon. Elect. Times 1961, 140 (July 27), 113. On the chain-grate fired boilers at Kingston power station the proportion of coke breeze in the fuel has been increased from 25 to 65 per cent and the coal used is mainly washery fines and slurry. Oil burners and hot gas recirculation are used to improve ignition. The increased grit is bri quetted with low-grade coal and pitch and refired and results in the pro duction of clinkers for which there is a ready sale. The cost per unit sent out is only 0.54 d compared with 0.74 d when burning coal of a C.V. of 10,000 Btu/lb. Ptolemais Greece's Largest Brown Coal Power Station. Pt. II. Opera tional Results. T. Geissler. Energie 1961, 13 (July), 297-306 (in German). The characteristics of the brown coal are detailed which caused flame pulsation, delayed combustion and excessive superheater temperature but no deposit formation and a good cleaning of all surfaces, including economizer and air preheater without erosion. To stabilize combustion and reduce ignition time separation of pulverized coal and mill vent gases was introduced, a refractory lining in the burner zone installed and the burner design altered. This resulted in a stable flame down to 20 per cent full load without additional oil firing, constant superheated steam tempera ture down to 25 per cent full load with a maximum employment of spray desuperheating of 7 per cent and a thermal efficiency at full load of 86 53 CLEAR UP THIS PICTURE AT AMAZING LOW COST AND SAVE FUEL DOLLARS Reliance Smoke Density Meters and Alarms are unsurpassed for versatility. They succeed where others fail. They monitor boilers, incinerators, air conditioning ducts -- they mount almost anywhere, simply and accurately--and they indicate, record, sound alarm and control burners, air jets, fans, etc. Check these features which mean trouble free equipment: Compensated electronic circuit-- no voltage regulator required. Ringelmann meter indicating smoke density Simple, inexpensive installation. Unique mounting brackets assure permanent alignment and minimum dust problem. Rugged industrial components de signed for extra long life. Only three simple steps to set equipment in operation. Standard units include: Clear or excess smoke signal lights Terminals for alarm or recorder Compensator for dust accumula tion Sealed beam light source--good for years of service. Added options: Plug-in Time delay relay Recorders Agents are located across the nation. ' Call or write for bulletin on our complete line of automatic com bustion controls. RELIANCE INSTRUMENT - Division of ELECTRO-MECH Corp. 500 Livingston St, Norwood, N. J. POplar 8-5770 54 per.cent. It was possible to operate the boiler for over 10,000 h without cleaning. Putting the Digital Computer to Work at the H. B. Robinson Plant. W. B Kincaid and H. Wachtel. Com bustion 1961. 33 (July), 3S-44. The MARC (Monitoring and Re sults Computer) system installed at the Robinson station of Carolina Power and Light Co. is described. It can scan up to 396 variables at a rate of 5 per second and prints out an alarm if any value is not normal, logs up to 100 variables on 2 typewriters and averages or integrates selected variables every 24 h. It also produces on request, gives a trend record and can make modifications to the stored program. The equations developed' for calculating performance are re produced. The establishment of the computer program and its modifica tions based on actual performance data is described. W. H. Sammis Power Plant Unit No. 3 Undergoing Tests. R. L. Criswell. Heat Engng. 1961, 36 (Mav/June) 34--10. '' The \V. H. Sammis power station of Ohio Edison Co. is planned for a total net output of 692 Mw from four 173 Mw units. Each boiler is rated at 1250 klb/h at 24.50 psi and 1050 F with reheat to 1000 F. Superheated steam temperature can be held constant bv coolers from 1/j to full load, reheated steam temperature from Vi to full load by by-pass dampers. The boilers are equipped with 15 intervane burners in the front wall supplied with coal from 5 bowl-type mills. Each furnace is subdivided by 2 steam-cooled parti tion walls into 3 cells, the walls representing radiant superheater surfaces. Difficulties were experi enced with steam flow reversal at low loads in some division wall tubes; installation of orifices to increase full load pressure drop was successful. Heat Power Station with Hot Water Supply over a Long Distance and a Difference in Level of 406 ft K. Viktorin. R.IT.A'. 1961, 13 (Aug.), 362-8 (in German). In an Austrian textile firm with several works sited on a small river over a distance of 1.5 miles and a level difference of 406 ft the problem, of adequate heat and power supply, arose. After extensive studies. ;t, was decided to build a new power, station at the lowest level with they easiest access to the railway for thp)': incoming coal and fuel oil andj^; supply the works with high-pressfiMgS hot water in closed circuit, an expfcS December 1961 / COMBUl . xfoa tank under nitrogen pressure at highest level keeping the system Viatder constant pressure. Two boilers, "jew* rated at 26,500/32.000 lb/h at .fl25 psi and 935 F supply a 3 MVA ' -bogenerator operating against a k-pressure of 85 psi. Steam at this pressure is used to heat the water to 320 F, preheat the water for storage and for process in the adjoining works. The flow and return lines are above ground for most of their lengths to save installation costs. ' The boilers are provided with traveling grate stokers and oil burners for the separate or simultaneous firing of coal and oil but because of the much lower cost of the fuel oil (77 Austrian shillings per 1 X 105 Btu for oil as against 90 Austrian shillings for coal) this has been used exclusively in recent months. A dolomite-like additive is injected into the furnace; neither deposits nor corrosion (high or low temperature) have been experienced during 2 years of operation. Modernizing a Steam Power Plant. Anon. Steam Etigr. 1961, 30(Aug.), 368-73. The new boilerhouse at the London works of Bryant and May Ltd. contains two horizontal drum, double pass, double header, natural circula tion water-tube boilers each rated at 16,000 lb/h at 250 psi and 550 F, ' 'pped with economizer and pressure ., .til burner for a turndown ratio of 4:1 firing 950 sec oil. The thermal efficiency of .the boiler exclusive of economizer and air heater is over 80 per cent. The steam is supplied to 380 kw turbogenerator running in parallel with the Grid. Part of the condensate is used in unit heaters for space heating. The exhaust steam from the boiler feed pumps is used cither for heating the fuel oil or the feed water. A Canadian Chemical Company Chooses Coal. Anon. Coal Utilisa tion 1961, 15 (July), S-10. . Coal for the Sarnia works of Dow Chemical Co. of Canada is brought by self-unloading lake ships from Lake Erie up the St. Clair river and dis charged into a large hopper at the water's edge from which it is moved by belt conveyor to a cantilevered radial stacker at a rate of 2500 t/h. The stacker can travel through an arc of 150 deg. and repositions itself when a pile has reached a predeter mined height. Crawlers and stackers compact the coal and reclaim to a central hopper from which it is ti" oorted to a crusher house and t- e to the boiler house bunkers at aerate of 440 t/h. The whole coal' unloading system is automatically controlled. Two boilers are each COMBUSTION / December 7967 ROCKWELL-REPUBLIC MP-12 Analogger combines continuous integrator with 3-15 psig square root extracting receiver Rockwell-Republic's MP-12 Analogger is a one-to-four pen, 12* circular chart pneumatic receiver recorder. It offers a 3 15 psig square root extracting receiver and a continuous inte grator, making it ideal for flow measurement. The receiver converts a 3-15 psig differential pressure signal to a linear flow record. The integrator, based on RockwellRepublic's time-proven watthour meter principle, catches swings and integrates all of the flow to provide an up-to-themoment total. INTERCHANGEABLE PLUG-IN RECEIVERS The MP-12 Analogger's quadrant design permits a wide variety of recording and integrating combi nations to meet your exact needs. For example, up to four completely unitized plug-in receivers may be quickly and easily installed for recording process variables. Or, Rockwell-Republic continuous inte grators may be employed in either or both of the upper quadrants. LIGHTWEIGHT AND COMPACT Every aspect of the MP-12 Analogger's design from its aluminum case to its compact (requires only 155-1' x 1754' of panel area) con struction makes for efficient panel utilization. All connections are at the rear of the case. ACCURATE CALIBRATION The MP-12 Analogger's basic re ceivers are factory calibrated to within 0.5% of chart range span. All adjustment points require only a screwdriver to make receiver out put settings. For more information about the MP-12 Analogger and other Rockwell-Republic instruments and controls, just mail the coupon, rf-27 Please send latest literature on the following: REPUBLIC INSTRUMENTS AND CONTROLS Tt matt line tattucil ay ROCKWELL MP-12 Analogger Process Transmitters Controllers VRC Ratio Computer Control Stations Recorders Control Valves Drive Units Desuperheating & Pressure Reducing Systems V-S Gauges Flow Meters Electronic Control Systems Pneumatic Control Systems Name_____ Company. Address_ City_______ .Title. .Zone. .State. Republic Flow Maters Co. {SubsUUry of Rockwtll Manufacturing Comptny) 2240 Oiversey Parkway, Chicago 47, Illinois 55 ' > `I n f: !*1 {t [1 i i .> i* i! longer Sendee life 0# Lower Maintenance Costs Saving Installation Time Smaller Inventory of Refractories R&I, pioneer and a leading pro ducer of castable refractories, offers MOLDIT. With Moldit--mixed as ordinary concrete--you pour, cast or gun your own refractories in any size and shape, fast. There's no ram ming or pounding. No high-cost inventory of special shapes to main tain. MOLDIT LASTS--outlasts the rest. It's stronger, more resistant to ther mal shock and abrasion, impervious to moisture. Plant after plant re ports reductions of as much as 90% in repair and maintenance costs when Moldit Castables replace other refractories; Ashpit at large coal-fired boiler completely "gunned" with R&l Moldit. Records show not a single repoir required in 11 years of constant service. ru Gunning a SVt' thickness of Moldit Chrome Refractory on a boiler floor for maximum resistance to molten slag. Such floors hove been in service for 6 to 7 years without a failure. FOR EVERY REQUIREMENT Then an Moldit Refractory ond Insulating Refractory Commit for all requiramunit. Send for catalog on Moldit Castables. Alto get the tfory an RSI Super #3000, the truly "wonder" nfraetory bonding mortar. 56 rated at 300 klb, h at 1415 pst amj 880 F, the third at 300.6 klb/h at 475 psi and 935 F, but all operated at 475 psi and 575 F until back-pressure turbogenerators are installed. The boilers are equipped with Turbo Furnaces with liquid slag removal and fly ash re firing. 57 Varieties Rely on Coal. T. S. Spicer. Coal Utilization 1961, 15 (May), 14-17. The greatly increased steam demand of the H. J. Heinz Co.'s food factory at Pittsburgh neces sitated the replacement of the old boilers by new ones. First two spreader stoker fired boilers each rated at 70,000 lb/h at 600 psi and 750 F and a thermal efficiency of 82.7 per cent were installed, later 5 boilers rated at 40.000 lb/h at the same steam conditions and an ef ficiency of 85.5 per cent. These latter boilers are equipped with jet ignition chain-grate stokers which do not require refractory arches but rely on overfire air jets in the front wall for rapid ignition and complete combustion. The V,-in. coal is tem pered by steam to a moisture content of 10-12 per cent. The steam is expanded in two 3000 kw turbo generators exhausting at 115 psi and 450 F to the process mains. Atomic Plant is Announced by PG and E. Anon. Elect. Wrld. 1961,156 (July 10), 54. Pacific Gas and Electric Co. is applying for a licence to build a 325 Mw gross and 313 Mw net nuclear power station at Bodega Bay. The reactor will be of the direct-cycle, boiling water type with forced circula tion and internal steam separation, the fuel 75 t of uranium oxide pellets, 2.5 per cent enriched, in stainless steel tubes. The turbine will receive steam at 1000 psi and 544 F. The thermal efficiency will be 32.5 per cent. It is estimated that power can be produced at 5.62 mills per kwh against 5.77 mills/kwh when using, oil and a load factor of 90 per cent. Materials and Manufacturing Processes Iron, Carbon Steel, and Alloy Steel. H. S. Link and R. J. Schmitt. Ind. Engng. Chem. 1961, 53 (July), 590 5. A review of the literature published during 1960 dealing with new or improved alloys, their welding and corrosion. Stainless Steels and other Ferrous Alloys. W. A. Luce and J. H. Peaf v cock. Ind. Engng. Chem. 1961,'`^5;.; (July), 586-9. December 1961 / COMBUSTION ' This review of the literature of the p.t year deals with: (1) General; (2) Corrosion; (3) Mechanical prop erties and structure; (4) High tem perature properties; (5) Welding; (6) Manufacture, metal working and sur treatment; (7) Miscellaneous iron _j.se alloys. Corrosion of Carbon and Low-Alloy Steels in Out-of-Pile Boiling-WaterReactor Environment. D. C. Vreeland, G. G. Gaul and W. L. Pearl. Corrosion 1961,17 (June), 95-102. Data and metallographic and visual observations of specimens tested in saturated steam, saturated water and a steam-water mixture at 545 F and 1000 psi are reported. No appreciable difference of corrosion rates between carbon steels, high-strength low-alloy and alloy steels were found, but these vere higher than those of Type 300 tainless steel. The Connection of Zircaloy-2 with Stainless Steel for Operation over a Vide Temperature Range. C. G. luff. Nucl. Set. Engng. 1961, 10 Tuly), 278-84. A method of joining Zircaloy-2 nd stainless steel using a controlled epansion transition section is escribed. xidation of Iron-Chromium Alloys 750-1025 C. D. Lai. R. J. Borg, '. J. Brabers, J. D. Mackenzie and E -chenall. Corrosion 1961, 17 uly,, -J9-10. Alloys containing from 0.2 to 10 r' cent Cr were exposed in an oxidiz' atmosphere to temperatures of 0-1025 C, the corrosion rates asured and the corrosion products imined. Oxidation rates decreased .h increasing Cr content, but no tple rate law could be deduced. ;h Temperature Aqueous Corro- ! a of Aluminium-Plutonium and minium Silicon-Plutonium Alloys. C. Bowen. Corrosion 1961, 17 ly), 12, 'he tests carried out in water at C showed that the corrosion stance increased with increasing percentage. Addition of silicon eased the corrosion resistance. a Temperature Aqueous Corrosion Uuminium-Uranium and Alumin-Silicon-Uranium Alloys. H. C. en and R. L. Dillon. Corrosion ,17 (July), 9-11. uminium-urahiumandaluminium>n-uranium alloys were sheathed in *-loy and then exposed to de ed water at 350 C through a in. hole in the cladding. A1 s ` Id contain more than 6 rent uranium, Al-Si alloys with 3 ff-per cent uranium were also actorv. BUSTION / December 1961 A SEAL OF INTEGRITY BIRD-ARCHER WATER TREATING CONSULTANTS (SINCE 1900) ENGINEERING + CHEMISTRY = BIRD-ARCHER SERVICE Ask yourself . . . "What can I get from Bird-Archer Water Treating Service that I may not be getting now?" The answer is in the Bird-Archer "8-Point" Service Program This is not merely a check-off program; it involves the personal interest of the Bird-Archer Man. It is his integrity and attention that makes the big difference for you in keeping your plant free of water problems for power, process or cooling. 8 Ways You Can Be Helped Complete studies of your use of water or steam. Exhaustive analysis of water supplies starting at source. Modern laboratory with seasoned chemists specializing in water analysis and research. Operational changes where necessary. Custom formulated chemical treatments for your specific needs. . Complete analysis of savings and benefits where additional equip ment may be helpful. Instruction of your personnel by experienced technicians in accurate control and test procedures. Periodic call-backs by your Bird-Archer Service Engineer to be sure you continue to get the bgst possible results. BIRD-ARCHER WATER TREATING CONSULTANTS The BIRD-ARCHER Compmy, 4337 N. Ameriein St.. Phili. 40. J New York Chicejo The BIRDARCHER Co,of California, 415 8rann&n$t.,SanFr&ncisco*OfficesinCanadaand Mexico 57 TS JOSEPH C. McCABE, Editor and Publisher fit. W. HINDENLANG, Associate Editor ROBERT D. TAFT, Business Manager MISS MARY MONGAN, Circulation Manager published monthly by COMBUSTION PUB LISHING COMPANY, INC, 200 Madison Ave., New York Id. A SUBSIDIARY OF COMBUSTION ENGINEERING, INC Charles McDonough, President Arthur J. Santry, Jr., Vice-President Lambert J. Gross, Treasurer Thomas A. Ennis, Secretary ws simpliS angementfl ed to ttS g th neH COMBUSTION is sent gratis to engineers in the U. S. A. in charge of steam plants from 20,000- lbs per hr capacity up; and to consulting engineers in this field. To others the subscription rate, including postage, is $4 in the United States, $5.S0 in Canada, and $8 in latin America and other countries. Single copies: Domestic, 40 cents, Foreign, 60 cents plus postage. Copyright \ 962 by Combustion Publishing Company, Inc. Pub' tication Office, Easton, Pa. Issued the middle of the month of publication. Controlled circulation postage paid at Easton, Po. COMBUSTION publishes its annual index in the June issue and is indexed regularly by Engineering Index, Inc. and also in the Applied Science &. Technology Index. The magazine is now reproduced and dis tributed to libraries on microfilm by University Microfilms of Ann Arbor, Michigan, j BPAPrinted in U. S. A. COVER PHOTO Aerial view of the Little Gypsy Station of Louisiana Power & Light Co. as it appeared in late Fall of a year ago volume 33 number 7 January 1962 Power Station Optimization ... 18 A. Sherry Every plant superintendent feels the need for a yardstick to ' help him in getting the optimum returns from the many million dollars his power plant represents. Here is one of the very few attempts we have seen to date. Highlights of the Annual Meeting---II ... 33 The Annual ASME Meeting initially reported in our December issue is given a further paper abstract report. Observations Regarding Eddystone No. 1--First Year of Operation at 5000 Psi and 1150 F ... 37 J. F. Harlow . The title conveys the overall treatment by the author whose direct responsibility and involvement in this precedent setting station gives this paper the depth of detail and background to establish it as a most important bench mark for future power generation plant design. Steam Power Plant Clinic ... SO Igor J. Karassik In this issue of a long-standing reader favorite the author describes the effect of turbine boiler feed pump drive on conditions at the boiler feed pump suction. Abstracts from the Technical Press--At Home and Abroad ... 53 Editorial: Conveying the Maximum of Truth . .'.17 By Dr. W. F. 6, Swann Advertisers' Index ... 58 and 59 Abstracts from the Technical Press--Abroad And Domestic (Drawn from the Monthly Technical Bulletin, International Combustion, Ltd, London, W. C. 1) Instruments and Controls- * Aspects of Power Plant Automation. M. Birnbaum, G. Kotnick and D. M. Sauter. A.S.M.E. Preprint No. 61- SA-65 1961 (June), 8 pp. An investigation has been carried out based on an actual plant unit (Crombie No. 2, Philadelphia Electric Co., 200 Mw) to establish which ' parts of the system should or should not be automatically controlled and ' how far a digital computer could be used to: (1) Data logging, monitoring and results printing; (2) Sequencing the plant through starting, stopping and operation; (3) For proportional, reset and rate actions required for stability of plant variables during disturbances and load changes. It is concluded that all parts of the system can be safely automated with the exception of coal firing. The economics of a computer controlled plant are discussed. amic Representation of a Large wder-Turbine Unit. J. H. Daniels, M. Enns and R. D. Hottenstine. A.S.M.E. Preprint No. 61-SA-69 1961 (June), 16 pp. A mathematical analysis has been made of the entire boiler, turbine and heat cycle of a large unit based on the 200 Mw Crombie No. 2 unit of Phila delphia Electric Co. to develop tech niques for the construction of dynamic models from which controls can be designed. Results of digital com puter solutions for a number of im portant plant variables are given as functions of time in response to plant actuators. The appendix gives the assumptions and development of the equations used. Measurement of Corrosion. Anon. Coke and. Gas 1961, 23 (Aug.), 344. The "Corrosometer" of American 0rjgin now available in Gt. Britain is suitable for measurement of corrosion f metals and alloys in the laboratory, process and storage plants by giving a direct reading of the corrosion rate in less than a minute. The readings trom the probe are direct in mieromches or centimeters. .stiring Microgram Quantities of .dissolved Oxygen. Anon. Pwr. and Wrks. Engng. 1961, 56 (Aug.), 667-8. , The instrument is completely "COMBUSTION / January 1962 specific to oxygen down to concentra tions below 1 gram in 2000 million grams of water, operates on the gas transfer method of analysis and is un affected by the presence of impurities or chemicals used in feed water treat ment. The analyzer can be combined with a recorder with two ranges of reading, 0-0.01 ppm and 0-0.10 ppm. Nuclear Power Control. F. H. Belsev. AE1 Engng. 1961, 1 (Julv/Aug.), 260 70. ' The characteristics of a power reactor on load are set out and the requirements and methods of func tioning of its control system described. Nuclear Energy Reactor Materials and Radiation Damage. G. E. Darwin and A. A. Johnson. Nucl. Pwr. 1961, 6 (Aug.), 69-75. A survey is presented of the contents of papers read at the Con ference organized by the C.E.G.B. at their new Berkeley Nuclear Lab oratories. These dealt with damage flux determinations, focusing col lisions, direct and indirect methods of observing defects, irradiation harden ing. fracture, corrosion, growth and swelling. The Safety of Research Reactors. J. F. Croft. Nucl. Pwr. 1961, 6 (Aug.), 76-9. The dangers involved in fission chain reactions, the hazards arising from it and the possibility of guarding against them are discussed. The safety measures incorporated in various types of reactor . and their reliability are described. ' On-Load Refueling Problems. K. H. Dent. Nucl. Pwr. 1961, 6 (Aug.), 69-74. The problems and especially the hazards which may arise in on-load refueling of nuclear reactors are discussed and the economic ad vantages and disadvantages set out. Experimental On-Load Fueling of Calder Hall Reactors. Anon. Engi neer 1961, 212 (Aug. 11), 241. Experiments simulating on-load fuel charging as to be carried out in the civil reactors were conducted at the Calder Hall reactors to check if the fuel elements would withstand the temperature changes. No significant effects were found. Similarly, the effect of thermal cycling on fuel elements was studied at Calder Hall and again no ill-effects were found. Basic Radiation Effects Reactor. Anon. Nucl. Pwr. 1961, 6 (Aug.), 75. The BRER has been designed to provide a high-level, high-energy neu tron flux with low thermal neutron and 7-rav background and a neutron energy spectrum peak between 10 and 1000 keV. The reactor is rated at 1 Mwt and has a core volume of 6.9 1 with fuel elements of U235 4 2 per cent Zr clad in Zircaloy-2, a maximum surface temperature of 210 C and a lead + steel reflector. Coolant is NaK with an inlet tem perature of 60 C and an outlet temperature of 177 C. Some details of the design are given. Belgium's Novel Research Reactor-- BR-2. Anon. Nucl. Engng. 1961, 6 (July), 276-SO. . The shape of the reactor vessel is that of an hour glass due to the bun dling of the core access channels in the centre and their splaying out along the generating lines of revolution of hyperboloids to maintain a negative tr COMPACTTf llll STANDARD AND 1111 CUSTOM DESIGNS Whether your system needs a stand ard or custom design--every "com pact" annunciator has plug-in relays with auxiliary contacts for inter locks. Cabinets are designed for either panel or surface mounting. Standard optics include: Hermetically sealed relays Built-in lamp tester Weather proof enclosure for details: COMPACT CONTROLS CO. INC. IS Maiwell Ave., Oyster Bay. LI. N.Y. 53 coefficient ana to ootatn a minimum critical size mass. This also allows sufficient space between channels to make good seals where they pierce the reactor pressure vessel. The fuel is 90 per cent enriched uranium alloyed with 75-80 per cent A1 in Al sandwich. The core moderator and reflector is light water and beryllium, the coolant light water at 174 psi and 40 C at the inlet and 142 psi and 47 C at the outlet. The research facilities are described. Compact Reactor Development for Ground Nuclear Power Applications. M. A. Rosen, T. W. McIntosh and R. A. Duval. A.S.M.E. Preprint No. 61-SA-42 1961 (June), 11 pp. The development of nuclear power plants in the range of 3 to 8.2 Mw (th) of the boiling water type and of 10-28 Mw (th) of the pressurized water type for the American army is outlined. These plants have to be so compact that they can be easily transported to their fixed destination or can be transported intact and moved from site to site. Symposium on the Dounreay Fast Reactor. Various Authors. J. Brit. Nucl. Energy Conf. 1961, 6 (July). 159-252. The complete tests of the contribu tions to the symposium are presented: (1) Introductory paper by R. V. Moore and R. Hurst; (2) Design and construction of the DFR core, re actor vessel, fuel handling equipment and shielding, by J. Tatlock, A. G. Frame, P. K. Richards and R. Bellinger; (3) Design and construction of the DFR heat-transfer circuits, steam-generating plant and reactor control system, by R. R. Matthews, W. G. Hutchinson, P. K. Richards, A. S. Fenemore and M. H. Ewbank; (4) Dounreay Fast Reactor metal lurgical problems, by C. R. Tottle, D. S. Oliver and K. Q. Bagley; (5) Dounreay Fast Reactor physics, by R. D. Smith and D. C. G. Smith; (6) Testing, commissioning and initial operation of the Dounreay Fast Reactor, by J. C. Phillips, R. R. Matthews and W. M. J. Davies. "Dragon" High Temperatures Re actor Project. Anon. Engineer 1961, 212 (Aug. 11), 237-9. The main contents of the second annual report on this project published by the O.E.E.C. European Nuclear Agency are summarized, giving details of research and development on graphite and fuel elements, reactor design and construction. NEEDS DEOXY-SOL to remove 02 reduce oxides raise pH Fairmount DEOXY-SOL, a solution of hydrazine, is a high efficiency oxygen scavenger designed especially for high pressure boiler water treatment. deoxy-sol removes oxygen, reduces oxides and raises pH of the conden sate all at the same time ... yet adds no solids. Stocks in Newark, N. J., Chicago, 111., Los Angeles, Calif.' Investigate its advantages for your system. Write for Bulletin BW. Long-term - Behavior of a Homo geneous Spherical Natural Uranium Heavy Water Reactor _ with Outer Control Rod Zone. D. Schwalm. Fairmount CHEMICAL CO., INC. 136 Liberty St.. New York 6. N. Y. 54 Atomkernenergie 1961, 6 (July/Aug.Y 273-85 (in German). ^ The problem of so dimensioning the reactor that it has a long life has been studied. Burn-up, poisoning and conversion have been taken into account in determining the change of control rod position with time in the critical state. Nuclear Reactor Accident in Idaho. Anon. Engineer 1961, 212 (Aug. H) 250-3. ' A further report with more details of the reactor design and operation prior to the incident has been issued. Evidence to the extent of damage caused has been obtained and from this the most likely cause of the Fuels: Sources, Properties and Prep aration Research and Development on Coal. C. M. Cawley. J. Inst. Fuel 1961, 34 (Sept.), 375-81. Lines of research and development in winning, storage, handling, trans port, preparation and utilization of coal are reviewed and it is suggested that the greatest scope lies in the com bustion field. Means of increasing combustion, e.g., slagging (cyclone) furnaces and fixed bed with counter flow, reduction in the harmful effects of the mineral constituents of coal, e.g., finer grinding, and automatic mechanical handling of coal and ash in small and medium size boilers are discussed. The aim should be a new system of combustion with greater, heat release rates, lower capital costs and higher efficiency to obtain lower overall costs. Coal Research. J. S. Shannon. Re print from Proc. Roy. Austral. Chem. Inst, i960 (Apr.), 164-75. The vari ous techniques used for investigating the chemical structure of bituminous coal are described briefly and the often contradictory results obtained criti cally reviewed. The influence of structure on coal carbonization is discussed. The Chemistry of Sulfur in Coal. P. H. Given and W. F. Wvss. B.C.- U.R.A. Monthly Bull. 1961,25 (May), 165-79. * . The review contains the following chapters: 1. Introduction; 2. The chemistry of certain sulfur compounds; 3. Decomposition of organic sulfur compounds; 4. Alkylation of stllvf fides and its use in the study of sulfur in coal; 5. Desulfurization of coals. . and cokes; 7. Appraisal and con- elusions. It is thought unlikely tbat';,v an economic method of sulfur removal^ from coal and coke will become avaiNg*1 able. January 1962 / COMBUSTION!' 'Analysis of the Shatter Breakage of :Coai Using a Matrix Method. R. "iBerenbaum. J. Inst. Fuel 1961, 34 ^Set*.), 367-74. The matrix analysis technique has *-*>n applied to shatter tests of coal. as been found necessary to apply a modification to allow for the variation of probability of breakage of coal in shatter tests with particle size. It is thus possible to classify and predict the shatter breakage of coal assemblies of mixed size by a single parameter.. Pyrolysis of Coal and Shale. M. Gomez and C. H. Prien. Ind. Engng. Chem. 1961, 53 (Aug.), 674-9. The review of literature published in 1960 deals with: 1. Pyrolysis of coal (mechanism, kinetics, thermo chemistry); 2. Low and high tem perature carbonization; 3. Oven operation, products, by-products; 4. Pyrolysis of oil shale (general); 5. Basic research; 6. Retorts and re torting processes; 7. Shale oil and by-products. Properties and Behavior of Greek Brown Coals in the Furnace and Con sequences for the Design and Opera tion of Boilers. K. Lefas. Mitt. V.G.B. No. 73, 1961 (Aug.), 243-51 . (t German). The various brown coal fields and the properties of the coal and their ash are described. The higher quality ' wn coals are mostly used for mak- briquettes and as fuel in small boilers provided with compartmented traveling grates, under-grate and over fire air; shell-type boilers are less suitable than water-tube boilers. The low quality coal is used in pul verized form in power stations built near the mines and requires pre-drving. Difficulties caused by deposits and corrosion have not been experi enced. Heat: Cycles and Transmission Analysis of Film Boiling on Vertical Surfaces. J.C.Y. Koh. A.S.M.E. Preprint No. 61-SA-31, 1961 (June), 8 pp. Discrepancies between analytical and experimental results made it de sirable to solve the film-boiling prob lem exactly within the framework of the laminar boundary-layer theory and thus to provide a basis for tests on the accuracy of the approximate solutions. The results of this new analysis are compared with previous approximate solutions. Steam Generation and Power Pro * on Spaerical Vessels Thermal and Presnre Stresses. A. Omerod. Engineer 1961. 212 (Aug. 25), 313-4. COMBUSTION / January 1962 FURNACE B LO K "IN" AT LARGE EASTERN UTILITY OIL-FIRED BOILERS Fifteen months ago, a large eastern utility replaced fire brick with FURNACE BLOK in the burner and target walls of oil-fired boilers. As a result of drastically lower erection costs and excellent service life, utility will now standardize on FURNACE BLOK in these walls. ", >_> J, .M`- ./! - J. :? i :. -^T ft. 7^ jarAii '. - I?-.I ' Target wall, 20 ft. high x 26 ft. wide.of oil-fired boiler.FURNACE BlOK washcoated with Super #3000 Refractory Mortar. After nine months' service, washcoat brushmarks still visible. FURNACE BlOK is a specially shaped, patented, hollow refrac tory unit. When BLOK units are placed and filled, they produce a true monolithic structure. NO FORMS REQUIRED. FURNACE BlOK INFORMATION KIT Contains Technical information, in stallation photos, cost comparisons --. and prices. Write today. ~ *U.S. Potent No. 183S9P 55 Unbiased Approach To Your Dust Control Problem Thirty-five years of diversified experience in the design and manufacture of various types of dust control equipment assures you of an unbiased approach to. your requirements. . If your plant needs are best served by a mechanical collector, the Aerotec 10" Design 104, cast iron tubular collector could be the answer. This collector consists of multiple high efficiency tubes. Gas is essentially introduced tangentially through airfoil ramps with both vertical and horizontal component forces. The tubular' elements were developed specifically to produce smooth gas flow for higher efficiency. Tubes are easily washed down where sticky material is handled, and the unique assembly of removable tubes simplifies replacement if excessive abrasion should occur. For Catalog AI-103 write: Industrial Divi sion, Aerotec Industries, Inc., Dept. C,_ Greenwich, Conn. In Canada: T. C. Chown Limited, Montreal, Toronto. g i: Induitrm ftt ctttmnc mutiits. tftc. Offttr Divisions: >4,/7or'c iisiDusrmes, //va INDUSTRIAL. DIVISION AIRCRAFT EQUIPMENT Electro-Mechanical for the Aircraft, Missile and Nuclear Industries AEROTtlERM Aircraft Lounges, Passenger and Crew Seating' .-v uesign lormma lor tne required wall thickness of pressure vessels in terms of fluid pressure, temperature difference between inside and outside walls and maximum permissible stress in the material has been developed. | Thermal Stresses in the Wall of a i Reactor Vessel with Inner Heat ! Source in Non-Steady-State-Operaj tion. B. I. Maksimenko, K. Is'. Nikitin and L. I. Baskirov. Krrnenergie 1901, 4 (July), 569-73 (in . German). Starting from the solution of the non-steady-state thermal conduction equation with inner heat source a comparative analysis of thermal stresses occurring during transition periods is carried out for plane and cylindrical walls of a reactor. The equations can be used in the calcula tions of fuel elements, reactor vessels and other parts for transition periods, starting and shutdown. Modem Forced Circulation Waste Heat Boiler in the Trier Gasworks. G. Anders. Energie 1961, 13 (Ag.), 343-6 {in German). At the Trier gasworks a vertical forced-circulation boiler for the gen eration of 2540 lb/hrat 184 psi and 572 F has been installed in place of two smoke-tube boilers. Because of the S content of the waste gases with acid dew point of 293-302 F the tem perature at the boiler exit was fixed at 365 F and this is obtained by ad mixing water from the drum to the incoming feedwater. Both passes of the boiler are cleaned by steel shot. The output of this boiler is 60 per cent higher than that of the two previous boilers. The Merits of a Single Stage Solvent for Simultaneous Removal of Copper and Iron Oxides. J. P. Engle. Com bustion 1961, 33 (.4g.), 41-4.' The theoretical basis of using a complexing agent (thiourea) together with an hydrochloric acid solution for removing both iron and copper oxides is presented and the results of field tests described which confirmed the soundness of the theory. Copper bearing iron oxide matrices have been removed much more easily by the ad dition of the complexing agent and cor rosion has not been increased. Liquid and Gaseous Fuel Firing ' Operational Experience on Oil-fired Boilers during Firing of Fuel Oil with Lowest Excess Air. F. Glaubitz. Mitt. V.G.B. No. 73, 1961 (Ag.), 289-96 {in German). . Following an earlier account on the prevention of clogging and corroaoS of air heaters of oil-fired boilers by. thftNjj modification of the burners and thfe n 56 January 7 962 / COMBUSTION^ mum this report deals with the opera-tional experience of boiler No. 4, a '/radiant boiler rated at 110/140 klb/hr 626 psi and 887 F operated under -pressure and provided with corner bnmers of the improved design. Dur ing the acceptance tests the excess air js 3.2 per cent and the thermal efficiency 91.4 per cent; since then the excess air has been reduced to 2 per-cent, the flue gas temperature from- 381 to 284 F and, together with the closing down of the steam-air preheater no longer required, the effi ciency increased to 94.8 per cent. A total of 12,000 hr has been reached without' corrosion or clogging with blank metal surfaces in the convection ' pass and only a slight dust film on the superheater. The soot blowers and steel shot cleaners were never used. Contributing to this success was close attention to the whole oil and air con trol system. Experience on Oil-Fired Boilers with Comer and Front Wall Burners. P. Ensink. Mitt. V.G.B. No. 73, 1961 (Aug.), 297-303 (in German). The first boiler rated at 70/88 klb/ hr at 953 psi and 932 F was originally equipped with slagging furnace and p.f. coal and oil corner burners and these later supplemented by corner burners near the furnace roof firing downward. Corrosion and clogging of the air preheater occurred when part of the flue gas was used for drying ite lye and the flue gas was re-_.ned to the air preheater. It is con cluded that corner-fired boilers can be operated without difficulties, using oil of any kind, origin and S content if the excess air is kept below 5 per cent. The new second boiler designed for oil firing and rated at 55/70 klb/hr at 953 psi and 932 F had to be re-equipped with modified front firing burners. Furnaces and Combustion The Shock Tube as a Tool in Fuel and Combustion Research. H. B. Palmer. J. Inst. Fuel 1961,34 (Sept.), 359-67. The use of shock tubes for the elu cidation of the kinetics of fast gaseous reactions and some of the results ob tained in such studies are described. It is suggested that a shock tube may also prove a valuable tool in research f ignition and combustion problems of liquid and solid fuels. Incinerator Furnace Temperatures-- How to Calculate and Control it. H. G. Meissner. Combustion 1961, 33 C4g.), 35-9. The calculations necessary to ob tain optimum furnace conditions for tbp fuming of municipal or industrial r . are presented in tables and graphs. - COMBUSTION / January 1962 70bo 90100 ns % load Here is graphic proof of VARIAX Boiler Fan Economy The diagram above shows characteristic curves True, demonstrable economy plus speedy for a Variax axial flow fan with controllable regulation without sluggishness at varying boiler blade angle and constant-speed motor. The top loads are inherent characteristics of Variax section of the diagram relates pressure and air fans. Further advantages are: short overall volume; points are indicated for various boiler length and ideal parallel operation. loads. Variax fans are dimensioned to work at Specify Variax. Write for our booklet "Axial highest efficiency at 100% boiler load. Flow Fans for Boiler Draught Requirements". In contrast, a high-efficiency centrifugal fan normally has to be so dimensioned that the maximum capacity corresponding to 115% boiler load is equal to maximum efficiency. This clear-cut Variax superiority leads to de creased power consumption both at 100% load and at part load (see lower diagram). A calcu lation based on a power consumption of 1,000 hp at 115% boiler load shows that a Variax provides a saving of 200-300 hp, under all nor mal working conditions compared with the best centrifugal fans. NOVENCO INC 40 Exchange Place, New York, N.Y., Tel: HA 2-5470 57 Abstracts from the Technical Press--Abroad And Domestic . (Drawn from the Monthly Technical Bulletin, International Combustion, Ltd, London, W. C. 1) Fuels: Sources, Properties and Prep aration Fuel Technology in the United States. H. Perry and C. C. Anderson J. Inst. Fuel 1961, 34 (Oct.) 421-39. A broad review is presented, sup ported by many tables of statistics, of coal, petroleum and natural gas resources, their winning and prepara tion methods, transportation and utili zation. Research on coal and on petroleum and associated hydrocar bons is outlined. Coal Science. I. G. C. Drvden. Nature 1961, 192 (Oct. 14) 116-9'. The 53 papers presented to the fourth International Conference on Coal held at Le Touquet during May 30--June 2 are reviewed under the headings: (1) chemical properties; (2) physical properties, (3) thermal decomposition. The Selection and Utilization of In dustrial Coals--I. A. C. Dunningham. Steam Engr. 1961, 31 (Oct.) 16-9. The first part tabulates and discus ses properties and classification of coals. The Tensile Strength of Coal. I. Evans. Coll. Engng. 1961, 38 (Oct.) 428-34. The various methods used for de termining the tensile strength are de scribed and their suitability discussed; the disk' method is regarded as the best. The results of tests of tensile and compressive strength are com pared. The low tensile strength is caused by the brittle nature of coal owing to the multiplicity of cracks in the material. Development of and Experience with Coal Loosening Devices in Boilerhouse Bunkers. H. Kruger. Energietech. 1961, 11 (Sept.) 410-5 (in German). The bunkers of the Theissen power station (East Germany) containing coal with up to 58 per cent moisture suffered from frequent arching, clog ging, and funnel formation leading to complete stoppage of coal feed to the grates. This has now been solved by installing on the lower part of each bunker a number of_ compressed air (10 at) nozzles which are operated in 54 sequence as soon as arching and clog ging is observed. Steam Generation and Power Pro duction ' Behavior of Metallic Thick-Walled Cylindrical Vessels or Tubes Subject to High Internal or External Pressures at Elevated Temperatures. A. E. Johnson, J. Henderson and B. Khan." Inst. Mech. Engrs. Preprint 1961, 29 pp. The first part of the paper develops theoretical relations between stress, strain rate and time, the second applies these relations to several alloys at temperatures within their practical working ranges. A complete example is worked out in detail. Notes on Incremental Collapse in Pressure Vessels. H. G. Edmunds and F. J. Beer. J. Mech. Engng. Sci. 1961, 3 (Sept.) 187-99. An analysis is presented of simple cases of incremental collapse which may be significant in pressure vessel design. Both incremental collapse limit of strain and the magnitude of the incremental strains after exceeding this limit can then be predicted. The differences between analytical and experimental results are discussed. Rim Reinforced Openings--Pt. II. R. Kitching and J. Perkins. Nucl. Engng. 1961, 6 (Oct..) 423-5. The methods described in the first part have been extended to allow calculation of the stresses around a branch subject to a bending moment. Strength of Rim Reinforcements for Manholes in Welded Storage Tanks. R. T. Rose. Brit. Weld. J. 1961, 8 (Oct.) 491-501. The replacement of a doubler plate by a tubular rim for the reinforce ment of circular manholes has been studied and found to provide equal safety but to require only V5 the material and much less welding. Re sults of tests and stress calculations are presented. Calculation of the Thermodynamic Differential Quotients for Water Vapor. L. S. Dzung and W. Rohrbach. B.W.K.. 1961, 13 (Oct.) 441-5 in (German). Graphs have been computed for compressibility factor, isentropy ex ponent, isenthalpy exponent, ratio of specific heat, isobaric expansion co efficient, isochoric stress coefficient, isothermal modulus of elasticity for pressures up to 500 bar (7000 psi) and temperatures up to 800 C (M70 F). Diagrams for the Calculation of the Tolerance of Enthalpy Differences for Water Vapor. O. Seibert. B.W.K. 1961, 13 (Oct.) 446-56 (.in German). The tolerance Ai = it -- ij valid for the generating and reheating of steam is discussed if it and i. are taken from the steam tables. The actual errors in the measured values are evaluated by statistical methods and their effect on the enthalpies and their differences determined. It is argued that the "Table Tolerances" for the enthalpies in the International Steam Tables do no longer meet present requirements and that the Table Tolerances should be defined as error limits or as stand ard deviation. Factors Affecting the Choice of New Boiler Plant--I. W. Short. Steam Engr. 1961, 31 (Oct.) 13-5. This first part deals with practical efficiences of various types of shelltype boilers, target efficiencies and possibilities of increasing the effi ciency of boilers in operation. Fire-tube Packaged Boilers. A. G. Nuttall. Pwr. and Wrks. Engng. 1961, 56 (Oct.) 835-42. Oil-fired packaged fire-tube boilers of 2, 3 or 4-pass design, ratings and efficiency are reviewed, gas flow pat terns, burners, control, service and maintenance described and their ad vantages and disadvantages are dis cussed, These boilers are now avail able for outputs of up to 37,500 lb/h, pressures of 250 psi and efficiencies of over 80 per cent. # Water-Side Corrosion and Water Treatment Flash Evaporator Competes with De mineralizer for Feedwater Treat ment. Anon. Power 1961,105 (Oct.) 150-2. Flash evaporators originally de veloped for sea-water conversion are proving .competitive with demineral izers where highquality feedwater is available for start-up. It is also sug gested to use flash evaporators in place of condensers to produce potable water from seawater where such water is in short supply. Water Treatment. Packaged Sys tems Take on More Jobs. Anon. Power 1961,105 (Oct.) 82-3. In America, packaged filters, sdfr' teners, demineralizers, chemical feed* February 1962 / COMBUSTION gjid'deaerators are now available and tised increasingly in small and med ium-sized boiler plants. The reduced cost of such plants has made the in ; tion in smallerboiler installations o__.omicallv attractive. Removal of Humic Acid, Iron and Oil .from Ion Exchangers. K. Dickels. Energie J961, 13 (Sept.) 391 (in Ger man).- . ' It is shown that humic acids can be removed by repeated application of solution of sodium chloride and caustic soda in water, iron by the use of hy drochloric acid and traces of oil by the use of benzene. Gas-Side Corrosion and Deposits The Occurrence of Corrosion on the Fire Side of Modern Boilers. W. D. Jarvis. Chem. and Ind. 1961 (Oct. 21) 1687-95. A review of recent laboratory and -field research of the caures of gas-side corrosion and its preventron. Measurement of Solids in Flue Gases. P. G. W. Hawksley, S. Badzioch and J. H. Blackett. Brit. Coal Utilization Res. Assoc. 1961, 214 pp. The book is divided into three parts and eleven appendices. Part One "A routine method of sampling" gives detailed procedures for measuring gr id dust with an accuracy of 2u per cent. Part Two "Practical aspects of sampling" deals with meth ods and conditions for accurately de termining the mass rate of flow of solids (or of grit, dust and soot sepa rately). Part Three "Theoretical aspects of sampling" discusses the physics of sampling and methods of studying the flow of solids through flue ducts. The Appendices (almost naif the contents of the book) deal 'vith: (1) construction of cyclone nrobe; (2) construction and use of 'itot tube; (3) volume flowrate of lue gases; (4) specific gravity of flue :ases; (5) efficiency of sampling cy- lone; (6) calibration of flow meter; 7) conditions for isokinetic sampling; 8) range of flowrates for sampling; 9) terminal velocities of particles; 10) tabular method of analysis of ariance; (11) optical density of moke. * xperience with Steel Shot Cleaners - Boilers. R. Hamm. Tech. Uberw. 161, 2 (Oct.) 374-6 (in German). Damage to tubes and brickwork .used by unsuitable installation of eel shot cleaners and remedies inodr ' are described. mtuii Scrubber for Waste Gases, loirr Brit. Engng. and Transp.1961, (Nov.) 114. In this new venturi scrubber water introduced into the gas stream up IMBUSTION / February 7962 New! Reliance Simpliport Bi-Color Direct Reading Boiler Water Level Gage Simple to Read-- Green is water... Red is steam. Simple to Maintain -- Unscrew one nut . . . Insert one glass assembly ... Screw on one nut. The unique, new Reliance Simpliport is the simplest, safest, most reliable ported gage ever developed. A single nut secures each individual port. No torque wrench required. There is no possibility of harming precision glass inserts by improper wrenching. All-around, belleville support for glass inserts assures even sealing . . . means longer life. Simpliport is available in five visibility lengths from 10Vi" to 19%". Ports are spaced closer together than other brands available. Each port is bril liantly illuminated by its own lamp. Quality constructed with forged stainless steel, segmented body... designed for service to 3,000 p.s.i-- yet exceptionally light (a six port, 12% " visibility unit weighs only 16 pounds). For new installations or bringing older equipment up to date, install the new Reliance Simpliport. Send for complete information and prices. The Reliance Gauge Column Co. 5902 Carnegie Avenue, Cleveland 3, Ohio Reliance BOILER SAFETY DEVICES 5* birccun ut uic venturi so mat me gas must pass through two cones of water. The droplet size of the water can be varied by moving the spray nozzles toward or away from the nozzle. Efficiencies of 99.89c in the range of 5 to 0.05 n and dust densities of 0.03 gr,cu. ft. can be obtained.. Fly Ash Concretes Meet Road Specs. F. M. Reinhold. Elect. Wrld. 1901. 156 (Sept. 25) 50. The Connecticut Light and Power Co. has tried out several mixtures of fly ash and cement on an access road to determine their suitability for high way construction. The mixtures were: 6`/2 bags cement--no fly ash, 51/2 bags--158 lb fly ash, 4!/2 bags-- 130 lb fly ash, 3'A bags--133 lb fly ash, 4*/2 bags--128 lb fly ash per cubic yard. All the mixes with the excep tion of the 3 Vi bag mix would meet the authority's requirements. Ex perience over several years is required to prove that roads made of these mixes keep as well as those made of concrete only. Chimney Design for Industrial Boiler Plant--II. W. N. Varlow. Steam Engr. 1961, 31 (Oct.) 20-3. The second part discusses design and construction of brick chimneys. hear Recovery Plant Air versus Water Cooling. F. Molvneux. Mech. Wrld. 1961, 141 (Oct.) 343-9. The method developed by Murtha and Friedman is used to establish the dimensions required for an air-cooled heat exchanger. Design of Heat Exchangers by Digital Computers. D. K. Houtbv. Chem. Proc. Engng. 1961, 42 (Oct.) 442-6. At Bradford Institute of Technol ogy a universal program for the de termination of heat exchanger size by digital computer is in progress. Re sults obtained so far are outlined. A New Aluminum Heat Exchanger. L. Forgo. Allg. Warmetech. 1961, 10 (Aug.) 149-56 (in German). The heat exchangers for the air cooling of the condensate in power stations by the system developed by Prof. Heller are made of aluminum. The inventor of these heat exchangers gives the reasons for choosing alu minium instead of copper, describes the various types of exchanger de veloped, discusses heat transfer and ventilation power, indicates the fabri cation methods employed and com pares his design with usual heat ex changers. Prevention of vibration has required careful research; the solutions adopted are described. gH That are furnace safeguard SyStemS SAFE-SENSIBLE-COMPLETE Systems Include; Engineering thr burners Annunciator Interlocks Flame Detectors Programming Drawings Bulletin 61-80 gives full information and specifications t 19 Maxwell Avenue Walnut 2-6262 Oyster Boy, N.Y. 56 Power Generation and Power Plant 1961 Industrial Plant Design Survey. Anon. Power 1961, 105 (Oct.) S5-95. Details are tabulated of 189 indus trial and institutional plants with regard to boilers, firing equipment, coal and ash handling, fans, pumps, water treatment, turbines and con densers, boiler controls and total ca pacity. The trend is toward increased gas and oil firing, higher heat release rates, larger boiler and turbine sizes, pneumatic ash handling and more tubular air preheaters. 1961 Central Station Design Survey. Anon. Power 1961, 105, (Oct.) 159 69. ' This survey of 75 steam power sta tions shows that the trend toward higher steam pressure and tempera tures, large boilers and turbines and the employment of pressurized fur naces continues. Pulverized coal is still the main fuel, but gas and oil com binations are advancing. The num ber of outdoor boilers is also increas ing. In coal-fired boilers furnace heat release rates are generally below 20.000 Btu/cu ft h, in oil and gas fired boilers these are mainly between 22.000 and 30,000 Btu cu ft h. 12th Steam Station Cost Survey. D. Bravmer. Elect. Wrld. 1961,156 (Oct. 2) 69-84. ' The main features of 57 new or ex panded steam power stations, includ ing data on space factors, are tabu lated and analyzed. The energy costs at the busbars dropped on average from 7.15 mills in 1956 to 6.9 mills in 1960, with 5.63 mills for 500 Mw stations. Average cost has increased by $12 to $152.5/kw. Operating costs have decreased by 6 per cent since 1958, wth the average plant factor increasing to 65 per cent, aver age fuel costs decreasing 3.5 per cent and labour costs averaging 0.19 mills/ net kwh against 0.25 mills in 1958. Coal-fired stations required 1.36 to 2.8 times more manpower than gas' or oil-fired stations. Average net heat rate was 10,356 Btu kwh, the best 8975 Btu/kwh. Small Coal Utilization. P. Tate. Coll. Guard. 1961, 203 (Sept. 28) 377 86. The efforts made to improve the efficiency of burning small coal (--'A in.) slack with 15.5 per cent moisture, 12.1 per cent ash, 31.1 per cent,-, V.M; 1.42 per cent S and 9950 Btu//-? lb C.V. in two 5500 lb/h and one ? 11,500 lb/h economic boilers are de^.3 scribed. The average annual' effi-7 J ciency is 75.7 per cent, the cost 5/7.0d.^ per 1000 lb of steam with no smotojjj emission and 0.16 grn/cu ft of grit irfil the flue gas. Details are given of thfel February 1962 / COMBUSTION'! .................. . fralKtij? test for coal conditioning (moisture content), glass lining of bonkers and chutes, fuel bed depth, ffr flow adjustments, prevention of deposit formation by modification of the bridge, installation of baffles and >t blowing. Binary Cycle Proposes to Boost Ther mal Efficiency. Anon. Power 1961, 105 .(Oct.) 149. A' binary cycle using steam and Payon 12 (dichlorodifluoromethane) is described which in a 200 Mw plant would lower the heat rate by 180 Btu/ kwh and increase' the net output by 5.4 Mw. Steam would be generated at 3500 psi and 1100 F, reheated to 1050 F. and the exhaust steam from the ip turbine divided to heat the Payon 12 to 230 F at 500 psi driving a 50 Mw turbine and to drive a 8 Mw non-condensing turbine, both turbines on the same shaft driving a 58 Mw generator. The steam from the non condensing turbine would be used to preheat the Payon 12 and then com bined with the condensate from the Payon 12 boiler, the combined con densate being preheated by steam extracted from hp and ip turbines be fore being returned to the boiler. Silencing Steam Exhaust Systems. W. L. Martin. Brit. Pwr. Engng. 1961, 3 (Oct.) 44-9. The various points at which noise is r ted in power stations by steam v .ust systems and remedial meas ures are discussed. The main sources of such noise,are the vent pipes on blow down vessels, boiler drains and safety valves and advice is given how to achieve silent operation in each case. Magnetoplasmadynamic Electrical Power Generation. B. C. Lindlag. Brit. Pwr. Engng. 1961, 3 (Oct.) 30-- t. Papers presented to the "Second Symposium on Engineering Aspects of Magnetohydrodynamics" in America are reviewed and the prospects of the actual application of this principle of electricity generation discussed. Carry-over in Boilers at Cowes Gen erating Station. J. Solari. J. Inst. Fuel 1961.34 (Oct.) 447-50. Loss of chemicals, reduced super heater temperatures necessitating fort nightly washing, superheater tube failures and turbine deposits led to a lengthy investigation into the causes of carry-over. After modifications to the steam washing and scrubbing de vices had proved unsuccessful it was four''* that the carry-over was caused 1*3 ;ssive circulation in some boiler tubes which was remedied by the in sertion of ferrules into the tubes to restrict the flow. Although carrv-over COMBUSTION ' February 1962 DOES A MIXED-BED DE-IONIZER PRODUCE WATER WITH LOWEST SILICA CONTENT? Silica is removed by ion-exchange as a weak acid (HjSiOj). In a twobed, cation-anion system, silica removal in the anion exchanger is dependent upon thorough removal of all cations, so that all anions are converted to their respective acids. It can readily be demonstrated that silica leakage will increase if sodium leakage from the cation unit is allowed to increase. Since any properly operated Al/re</-Bed IonXchanger will produce lower sodium than any other method, it is reasonable to expect that silica leakage will also be lower. Most power engineers now specify Mixed-Bed IonXchangers, often as "polishing" units to remove traces of residual minerals from boiler feed water and condensate. Only a few years ago, when Illinois Water Treatment Company introduced the Mixed-Bed IonXchanger, many were skeptical and remained so until user comments like the following began to appear in the literature: "Silica, zero to 0.005 ppm, average 0.003 ppm" (from a well water containing 27 ppm of silica!). Another power plant engi neer made this statement in print: "This demineralizer continually supplies water with a silica content of 0.001 ppm and below; consider ably better than the 0.01 ppm guar antee". (This from a unit operated on surface water since 1955.) In short, since it is conceded that a Mixed-Bed De-Ionizer is the most effective method of removal of the easily measurable minerals, all the evidence then indicates that it is also most effectivefor removal of silica. Writ* us for literature on ony aspect of ion-*xchange, or far recommenda tions to m**t your water-treatment r*quir*m*nts. Or, s** your IWT representative. ILLINOIS WATER TREATMENT CO. CE0AR ST-- ROCKFORD. ILLINOIS C*Uao?au 0FF,CE' 141 E- MIH SI. Ni Yurt 17. N Y. Pairs* 4 SoUffim. Ltd. London. Can. was not entirely prevented it was sufficiently reduced to operate the boiler without superheater washing; no further tube failure has occurred. The design and application of the Salagraph to continuously measure the conductivity of the steam are described. Mica Creek Power Station--Queens land. Anon. Engng. Boil. Ho. Rev. 1961, 76 (Oct.) 330-5. This new station is being built by the Mount Isa Mines Ltd. to supply power to their mines and preparation plants and the town of Mount Isa. It contains at present one unit in operation and one under construction but can be enlarged to four units. Each unit consists of a boiler rated at 250 klb/h at 950 psi and 870 F and a 30 Mw turbogeneration both in semi- outdoor design. The boilers are pulverized coal fired supplied by 3 E- type mills per boiler. The feed water is treated in a mixed-bed demineralizer. The turbines are single-cylinder ma chines with 4 stages of steam extrac tion. The circulating water is cooled in a five-cell forced-cooling tower. Con Ed Orders First 1000 Mw TJnit. Anon. Elect. Wrld. 1961, 156 (Oct. 2) 63. Consolidated Edison Co. which is part of a 40,000 Mw generating sys tem has ordered a 1000 Mw turbogen erator to operate at 2400 psi and 1000/1000 F with the hp and ip sec tions on the 3600 rpm shaft and the three lp sections on the 1800 rpm shaft. The unit is to be installed in a new station next to the East River station and to be commissioned in 1966. Paradise Plant Designed for 1300 Mw in First Two Units. R. A. Elliott, W. F. Emmons and H. T. Loft. Elect. Wrld. 1961, 156 (Sept. 11) 48-51, 84. The two 650 Mw units will each con sist of a cyclone-fired, once-through boiler rated at 4900 klb/h at 2450 and 1053 F with reheat to 1003 F, pres surized furnace, feedwater entry tem perature of 533 F and tubular air pre heater and a cross-compound turbo generator, each shaft driving a 325 Mw generator. Raw river water will be made up in flash evaporators to ! save primary water treatment plant, j The equipment will include storedi programme data - processing digital ! computors for performance calcula! tion, partial automation and monitori ing; it can later be expanded to comJ plete automation. The net heat rate | is calculated to be 8775 Btu/kwh. I A 120 Mw Unit after 20000 Operating Hours. T. Suthoff. Tech. Mitt. 1901, 54 (Sept.) 368-70 (in German). 57 VARIAX Boiler Fan Economy The diagram above shows characteristic curves True, demonstrable economy plus speedy for a Variax axial flow fan with controllable regulation without sluggishness at varying boiler blade angle and constant-speed motor. The top loads are inherent characteristics of Variax section of the diagram relates pressure and air fans. Further advantages are: short overall volume; points are indicated for various boiler length and ideal parallel operation. loads. Variax fans are dimensioned to work at Specify Variax. Write for our booklet "Axial highest efficiency at 100% boiler load. Flow Fans for Boiler Oraught Requirements". In contrast, a high-efficiency centrifugal -fan normally has to be so dimensioned that the maximum capacity corresponding to 115% boiler load is equal to maximum efficiency. This clear-cut Variax superiority leads to de creased power consumption both at 100% load and at part load (see lower diagram). A calcu lation based on a power consumption of 1,000 hp at 115% boiler load shows that a Variax provides a saving of 200-300 hp, under all nor mal working conditions compared with the best centrifugal fans. NOVENCO INC. 40 Exchange Place, New York, N.Y., Tel: HA 2-5470 58 The 120 MW unit of Rauxel power station supplies electricity to mines and to the public network. It con sists of two Benson boilers with hori zontal cyclones, each rates at 200 t/h at 180 atii, 527,-527 C, a flue gas exit temperature of 130 C, air preheating to 450 C and feed water preheating in 8 stages to 256 C. The minimum load of each boiler is 40 per cent of m.c.r. = SO t/h and it is thus possible to operate the turbine at 20 per cent load. The fuel is a mixture of middlings, dust and slurry and analyses 5005 kcal/kg, 26 (maximum 33) per cent ash, 11 per cent moisture, and 16-24 per cent V.M. Owing to the faulty arrange ment of the dust nozzles in the cyclone the dust passed unburnt into the secondary furnace and its combustion took partly place in the radiation chamber; this led to severe fouling of the secondary superheater in the transition section to the convection pass. After modifications in the cy clone 4000 h of continuous operation were possible as against a cleaning of the boiler surfaces every 3 weeks re quired previously and the primary retention was increased from 63 to 81 per cent. Tube erosion in the corners of the secondary furnaces could be prevented by replacing the eroded plain tubes with studded tubes lined with a vanalized SiC mass. Accumu lation of iron and tube failure in the bottom of the secondary furnace could be traced to steel shot being carried with fly ash from the hoppers of the second and third pass into the furnace; the steel shot has now been replaced by gravel. Starting Up a 150 MW Unit-Type Installation. A. S. Paliiehuk, O. I. Chaban, V. N. Shvets, M. Kh. Guse inov, M. Ya. Sluchishkin, V. S. Bobkov and L. A. Kurtsev. Teploenergeiika 1961,8 (July) 8-12 (in Russian). The first Soviet 150 Mw outdoor unit consists of a TGM-94 gas-oil boiler, a PVK-150 turbine and a TGY-200 generator. The boiler out put is 500 tons per hour and the rated parameters of the live steam in front of the turbine are 130 ats abs and 565 C, a'nd of the secondary steam are 27.5 atm abs and 565 C. Described in this article is a simplified system for starting up the installation without a reduction cooling apparatus, and with out initial heating of the boiler by extraneous steam, which was proved superior to the method employing re duction-cooling installations. (A.E.L abstract). From C.E.G.B. Digest 1961, 13 (Oct. 14) 2967. ' ">>i i Calder Hall 1956 to 1961. G. D. ~ Ireland and J. R. Treharne. BritZy.. Pwr. gg..l961, 3 (Oct.) 50-5. --rj-'if ^rV/ February 1962 / COMBUSTION -* Maintenance of the reactor and anollary equipment is described, espe cially the precautions necessary in handling contaminated materials and in working in contaminated areas. r far no signs of deterioration or in- ;nt failures have been observed and the plant utilization factor is as good as that of conventional stations. Indian Point. Con. Edison's Thorium Converter. Anon. Nucl. Engng. 1961, 6 (Oct.) 413-23. Indian Point nuclear power station on the Hudson river 24 miles north of New York city is expected to reach criticality by the end of 1961 and full power operation in'1962. It has a gross output of 275 Mwe of which 112 Mw is produced from oil-fired super heat. The pressurized water reactor has an output of 585 M with a fuel mixture of highly enriched ura nium oxide and thorium oxide, the core being divided into three concentric zones with different uranium-thorium ratios. Details are given of the fuel and its arrangement in the core, the controls and control rod drives, pres sure vessel, coolant system, pressurizers and boilers, secondary circuits, superheaters, turbogenerators and auxiliary machines. Superheated Steam at Indian Point. E. C. Koch. Heat Engng. 1961, 36 (July/Aug.) 55-9. e development of the design of t. 2 separately-fired radiant-con vection superheaters is described. Steam inlet conditions are 395 psi and 447 F and outlet conditions 360 psi and 1000 F; the pressure in the furnace is 25-in. H20. The superheating of the steam raises the output of the reactor from 163 to 275 Mw. Each super heater is arranged to be fired by 8 steam-atomizing oil intervane burn ers, but provision is made for future coal firing. Steam temperature con trol is by variations of the fuel and air input. fastenings (bolts, studs, etc.) subject to temperatures of 565 C and 580 C in turbines, etc. (A.E.I. abstract). From C.E.G.B. Digest 1961, 13 (Oct. 14) 2974. High-strength Austenitic Stainless Steels. K. J. Irvine, D. T. Llewellyn and F. B. Pickering. J. Iron and Steel Inst.' 1961, 199 (Oct.) 153-75. The production of austentic stain less steels with tensile strength levels of up to 70 t/in5 using precipitation reactions is discussed and the results of a large number of tests are pre sented. Analysis of experimental steels, mechanical properties of steels in solution-treated condition and me chanical properties of C-N, C-P, C-NP, Ni-Al, Ni-Ti and Ni-Al-Ti steels after aging are given. The preferred composition is suggested to be one containing 25 per cent Ni, 15 per cent Cr, 1 per cent A1 and 2.5 per cent Ti which has a good all-round combina tion of mechanical properties. Coating Systems for Steel at 250 to 1200F. G. Norman. Corrosion 1961, 17 (Sept.) 12-4, 16, 20. Tests carried out over a period of 31/* years of different coatings for steel at temperatures up to 1200 F are re ported. Silicones, aluminum coated steel, aluminum sheathing, alkyds, zinc rich organics, catalyzed epoxy, air drying phenolics, inorganic zinc silicates and others were tried. Best results were obtained by an inorganic zinc silicate primer followed by a top coat of silicone or inorganic silicate with zinc oxide pigment. Inhibition of Stress-corrosion Crack ing of Austenitic Stainless Steel. P. P. Snowden. Nucl. Engng. 1961, 6 (Oct.) 409-11. The effect of several inhibitors on the stress-corrosion behaviour of an 18/9 Cr-Ni, Nb stabilized, austentic stainless steel has been investigated under different conditions and the results are presented in tables. Tensile Stress Corrosion and its Prevention. PL I. Nature and Fun damentals. I. Class. Tech. Vberw. 1961, 2 (Oct.) 361-6 (in German). The difficulties in ascertaining the circumstances and conditions in which tensile stress corrosion may occur and in evaluating other contributory fac tors are discussed. The conditions for the occurrence of this type of corrosion are formulated as the simultaneous presence of sufficiently high tensile stress, a critical medium and a critical state of the material. Laboratory tests to study the causes of stress corrosion and the results are described. Materials and Manufacturing Processes Heat-resistant Steel for Fastenings in Power Installations. L. Ya. Liber man and M. N. Sokolova. Teploenergetika 1961, 8 (May) 28-34 (in Rus sian). The results are given of investiga tions into steels used for securing ele ments in power installations. Four types of steel were studied and details of the composition and types of treat ment are given. The basic steel re sembled the English steel "Durehete 950" and this was alloyed with Nb, W, T' 'd B to give the four different 8* s. One of the four, which con tained Ti and B, was found to be themost heat-resistant and relaxationfree and can be recommended for COMBUSTION / February 7962 Two of four 18-ton cooling-coil units on their way out of the Mitchell shop. They consist of 8' diam. pipe bent on TO" radii. W. K. MITCHELL & CO., INC. Philadelphia 46, Pa. 63 years' SPECIALIZED experience. Ask it in! PIPING FABRICATORS AND CONTRACTORS 59 FLUIDICS Water treatment news spoken here: DOUBLE DISH UNDERDRAIN A new concept in Ion Exchange Equipment design by Ralph C. Adams, Manager, Demineralizing Section, Permutit The inherent disadvantages of con ventional underdrains, using a subfill of gravel or anthracite, have been recognized for many years. The necessity for prolonged rinsing to thoroughly remove regenerating chemicals, the hazard of upset beds, lower effective resin capacity and high waste water requirements, all spurred equipment designers to seek ways to eliminate subfill. The obvious answer was a strainer system, perfo rated to provide proper distribution, and screened, to contain the resin. Such types were developed and many are still in use. But none of these de signs achieved the efficiency desired. Permutit's Double Dish design has none of the shortcomings of either conventional subfill or the strainer- type underdrain. It is highly efficient, versatile and simple. False bottom. Basic feature of the Double Dish design is a second head or false bottom placed above the true bottom, so that the two heads join and are sealed at their outer edges. Both heads are concave and there is a mini mum space between them.This impor tant feature overcomes the objections of other false bottom designs, where a large volume between the two bot toms requires excessive rinses. ' Proper spacing and sizing of the holes throughout the false bottom insures ideal distribution across the entire area of the Double Dish. Easily-removable disc-type strainers of inert plastic (stainless steel where required) cover the holes. Simple but rugged. Permutit strainer discs are substantially more rugged than any fine wire mesh screen used with perforated, screened laterals. And, they leave the bottom of the ion exchanger vessel uncluttered--a con siderable asset when. resin must be flushed out for replacement, treat ment, or external regeneration.' Extensively proved. The success and simplicity of this underdrain design has led to its adoption for Permutit filters and water softeners, as well as all types of Permutit ion exchangers. If you'd like to learn more about our Double Dish underdrain design, write Permutit Division, Dept. CP60, E49 Midland Ave., Paramus, New Jersey. In Canada contact Permutit Company of Canada, Toronto. The Double Dish underdrain is cov ered by U.S. Patent 3,004,668. PFAUDLER PERMUTIT INC. Specialists in fluidics ... the science of fluid processes. 60 Welding in Nuclear Power Stations. . F. S. Dickinson. .Vac/. Pvtr. 1961, 6 (Oct.) 66-9. Established and new welding proc esses are reviewed under the headi ings: (1) process plant construction; (2) gas-cooled reactor construction; (3) reactor vessel construction; (4) heat exchanger fabrication; (5) prop erties of available processes; (6) | electroslag welding; (7) "3 o'clock" I welding. I Some Special Applications of Welding I in Steam, Gas Turbine, and Nuclear Power Plants. J. M. Robertson. Brit. Weld. J. 1961. 8 (Oct.) 463-72. ' Welding procedures and strength | investigations of parent material and j welded joints are described for: (I) welded austenitic steel rotors; (2) butt welded tubes in dissimilar metals . (Ximonic 90 to Mo-Y steel); (3) butt welded steam pipes (ferritic, austen itic and austenitic-ferricitic transition joints); (4) feed water heaters with welded steel tubes; (5) welding of ex pansion bellows; (6) welding fins to heat exchanger tubes. Instruments and Controls Develops Transistorized Burner Con trol. D. R. Whitson. Elect. Wrld. 1961, 156 (Sept. 25) 58. A new system of automatic and remote controls of burner operation and flame sensing devices using transis torized circuits is described. Trends in the Design of Digital Com puters and their Applications. R. L. Grimsdale and J. C. Gladman. Proc. Cont. and Autom. 1961, 8 (Oct.) 427-30. . Digital Computers for Industrial Pro duction Control and Optimization. E. M. Grabbe. Proc. Cont. and Autom. 1961, 8 (Oct.) 431-4. Examples of application of com puters to improve production con trol and to optimise processes are described. The chemical and petro leum, electric power, nuclear power, steel, cement, aircraft and missile in dustries have profited from their in stallation. . Power Station Control by Digital Com puter. H.B. Opladen. Energie 1961, 13 (Sept.) 395-407 (in German). The application of digital computers to the fully automatic control of power stations is described. The design of the comouter and its memory, the calculations necessary for program ming the various control functions and the mode of action of the computer are presented. The difficulties of programming for normal operation and load changes are outlined. February 1962 / COMBUSTION (fompnter Control Starts up at Philaddphia Electric. Anon. Power 1961, 105 (Oct.) 153-4. Philadelphia Electric Co. has in st '-'d a digital computer to control t iutput from 27 steam turbine driven and 7 water-turbine driven generators to obtain the most eco , nomical loading. The controller sam ples desired steam generation every 10 sec., calculates new economic allo cations, sets these values sequentially on differential control amplifiers which hold the output constant by control ling the turbine-governor actuators. Determining Neutron Energy Distri bution. R. S. Hall. Engineering 1901, 192 (Sept. 29) 416-7. The various techniques and appara tus used for determining neutron energy distribution are described. The reievance of such measurements to reactor engineering is outlined. Closed-circuit Television at Trawsfynydd. I. M. Waters and P. Barratt. Nucl. Engng. 1961, 6 (Oct.) 431-2.- The two installations of closed-cir cuit television, one for the charge machines, charge chute test rig and ir radiated fuel disposal room, and the other for the control rod servicing bay, are described: ROCKWELL-REPUBLIC MP-12 Analogger combines continuous integrator with 3-15 psig square root extracting receiver Rockwell-Republic's MP-12 Analogger is a one-to-four pen, 12* circular chart pneumatic receiver recorder. It offers a 3 15 psig square root extracting receiver and a continuous inte grator, making it ideal for flow measurement. The receiver converts a 3-15 psig differential pressure signal to a linear flow record. The integrator, based on RockwellRepublic's time-proven watthour meter principle, catches swings and integrates all of the flow to provide an up-to-themoment total. Nt jr Energy Euratom's Research and Develop ment Program." Anon. Nucl. Engng. 1961, 6 (Nov.) 450-3. . The four Community Centres and the work to be carried out at Ispra (Italy), Geel (Belgium), Karlsruhe (Germany) and Petten (Holland) are described. Work is also sponsored by Euratom on the following projects: (1) dragon; (2) halden; (3) suspop; (4) orpel. Development work is in progress on: (!) elaborate critical assembly (ECO); (2) specific test reactor (Essor) for fuel elements, cool ants and structural materials; (3) fast reactors.' Euratom further co operators in the construction and operation of power reactors, nuclear merchant vessels, a joint development program with the U. S., the Belgium BR-2 high flux reactor operation, con trolled thermonuclear reactions, bio logical and radioisotope studies, auto matic scientific data processing. srance. Anon. Nucl. Engng. 1961, i 5 (Nov). 459-65. ! The French research and test reac- i ors, critical experiments, experi- ; tie' and production reactors and J hei. main data are listed and the ''hale nuclear development program " eviewed. The EDF-3 reactor, 1200 tfw (t) and 370 Mw (e) output, is the rst to have a concrete pressure vessel. INTERCHANGEABLE PLUG-IN RECEIVERS The MP-12 Analogger's quadrant design permits a wide variety of recording and integrating combi nations to meet your exact needs. For example, up to four completely unitized plug-in receivers may be quickly and easily installed for recording process variables. Or, Rockwell-Republic continuous inte grators may be employed in either or both of the upper quadrants. LIGHTWEIGHT AND COMPACT Every aspect of the MP-12 Analogger's design from its aluminum case to its compact (requires only 155-6' x 1756' of panel area) con struction makes for efficient panel utilization. All connections are at the rear of the case. ACCURATE CALIBRATION The MP-12 Analogger's basic re ceivers are factory calibrated to within 0.5% of chart range span. All adjustment points require only a screwdriver to make receiver out put settings. For more information about the MP-12 Analogger and other Rockwell-Republic instruments and controls, just mail the coupon, rf-27 REPUBLIC INSTRUMENTS AND CONTROLS Please send latest literature on the following: ROCKWELL J O MP-12 Analogger Process Transmitters D Controllers VRC Ratio Computer Control Stations Recorders Control Valves Drive Units Desuperheating & Pressure Reducing Systems V-S Gauges Flow Meters Electronic Control Systems Pneumatic Control Systems Name. Company. Address.. City_______ .Title. .Zone. .State. Republic Flow Meters Co. (Subsidiary of Rockwell Manufacturing Company) 2240 Diversey Parkway, Chicago 47, Illinois :OMBUSTION / February 7 962 61 I I I ;r t * i 1 i il'i Abstracts from the Technical Press Abroad And Domestic (Drawn from the Monthly Technical Bulletin, International Combustion, Ltd, London, W. C. 1) Water-Side Corrosion and Water Treatment Proceedings Twenty-First Annual Water Conference. Various Authors. Engineers Soc. of Western Pennsyl vania 1961 (Aug.'), 176 pp. Subjects discussed' at this meeting held at Pittsburgh on October 24 26, 1960 included: 1. A survey of steel corrosion mechanism pertinent to steam power generation; 2. Pre treatment--the key to effective pro duction of cooling water systems; 3. Panel discussion on chemical cleaning of high pressure power station units prior to initial start-up;'4. Water treatment experiences during the start up and initial operation of the Avon supercritical unit; 5. Chemical clean ing of boiling water reactor and steam- water system at the Dresden nuclear power station. . Dissolved Gases in Boiler Water. A Survey of Existing Knowledge and Experience. R. J. Saunders. En gineer 1961, 212 (Sept. 1), 356-9. The Behavior of Silicic Acid in the High-Pressure Circuit Pt. I. Physi cal Processes. H. E. Homig. Mitt. V.G.B. No. 73, 1961 (Aug.), 252-5 (in German). It is shown that in boilers operating above 1400 psi it is not possible to increase the silica solubility at boiler water temperature by increased alka linity, though this is possible to a cer tain extent at lower pressures. In boilers with completely demineralized feed water deposits and tube failures can occur if the local heat release is excessive; values of about 40,000 Btu/ft5hr are regarded as critical. The silica solubility in steam is directly proportional to the pressure, about 0.1 per cent at 700 psi, 1 per cent at 1400 psi and 10 per cent at 2800 psi but the alkalinity (or pH value) has no practical influence at the values common today in high-pressure boil ers. Deposit formation on turbine blades can be reduced by reducing the silica content of the steam but is mainly a mineralogical problem and depends on the total mineralogical composition of the steam. The pre cipitation of silica from the steam is a function of pressure and temperature for which the term "silicic acid dew point" has been coined analoguous to the acid dew point of the flue gas. The Behavior of Silicic Acid in the High-Pressure Circuit. Pt. n. Min eralogical Processes. H. Kirsch. Mitt. V.G.B. No. 73, 1961 (Aug.), 256-60 (in German). The investigations have shown that water-side deposits on tubes contain very little SiO and mainly ferrous oxides and mixed phosphates, but those on turbine blades mainly amor phous Si02 (over 60 per cent), often in the form of silica gel or silica glass, but also sodium-aluminium silicates. It was found that silicates form be tween 250-500. C, silica gel between 50 and 300 C, quartz between 100 and 200 C. Temperature and pressure conditions in the tube system gener ally preclude the precipitation of SiOj, in the turbine the gradually de creasing temperature and pressure favour it. The flocculation of the negatively charged SiO- sol as silica gel is often caused by the positively charged ferrous hydroxide sol, but also by the presence of Na.O. The Electrochemistry of Corrosion, especially Pitting and Tensile Stress Corrosion. H. Grafen. Mitt. V.G.B No. 73, 1961 (Aug.), 2S0-9 (in Ger man). The theory of electrochemical cor rosion is reviewed, passivity of metals explained and the causes of intercrys talline stress corrosion discussed. The conditions are described in which either pitting corrosion or transcrys talline stress corrosion or both to gether may occur. Gas-Side Corrosion and Deposits Thermal History from Corrosion Prod uct. P. K. Foster. J. Iron and Steel Inst. 1961, 199 (Sept.), 18-21. X-ray diffraction analyses of scale from a failed boiler showed that part of the furnace tube had been heated above 570 C not more than 16 hr be fore failure. This non-destructive testing technique can be used to detect prior heating of steel above 570 C in oxidizing media and possibly also roughly the date of overheating. Flue Gas, Ash and Dust The N.I.F.E.S. Chart: A New Method of Estimating the Loss of Sensible Heat in Flue Gases. T. F. Hurley and G. R. Stern. J. Inst. Fuel 1961, 34 (Sept.), 393-405. A series of formulae has been de rived which can be used either algebrai cally with the aid of tables or in the form of two charts. From one of these the sensible heat loss is obtained as Btu/lb of fuel, from the other as per centage of the heat in 1 lb of fuel. A further nomogram has the Oj con tent as parameter instead of COi + SOj and gives more accurate assess ments where 02 analyses are available. Ash and Clinker. Utilization. J. N. Williams. Pwr. and Wrks. Engng. 1961,56 (Sept.), 746-9. The utilization of fly ash for the production of bricks, concrete founda tions, building blocks aggregate and road making and of clinker for breeze block manufacture, filtration and road making is described. ' Chimney Design for Industrial Boilef ' \ ?lant--I. A. F. Webber. Steam Sgr. 1961, 30 (Sept.), 399-401. J March 1962 / COMBUSTION 3 he validity of the formula for smum concentration at ground ivcf the products of combustion, in the Beaver Report, is dis and shown to be of little reli- Reduction of deposition of 5*45" dust and SOj can only be ieved by returning to single stacks lor boiler batteries made of bricks in stead of steel as usual today. Heat Recovery Plant Investigations on Cross-Flow Heat Exchangers with Tubes of Different Shapes. H. Brauer. Mitt. V.G.B. No. 73, 1961 (Aug.), 260-76 (in German). Heat transfer and pressure drop tests were made on a crossflow heat exchanger with circular, oval (long or small axis in direction of flow) and tubes of special cross-sections invented by A. Huet, in different arrange ments. The tests were made with air and flow investigations in open and closed water channels using colored jets and aluminum powder for flow visualization. Heat exchangers with oval tubes gave the best results for heat transfer and pressure drop; an equation has been developed for heat transfer in oval tube bundles valid for any size and arrangement of the tubes and any liquid or gaseous media. The Froth-Contact Heat Exchanger. W. Smith and A. Poll. Brit. Chem. E -. 1961, 6 (Sept.), 614-6. --..periments have been carried out on a new type of heat exchanger in which the fluid "to be cooled is passed through the tubes around which froth is generated by air flowing upward through a tray containing water and fitted with a perforated plate. The heat transfer coefficient is approxi mately the same as that of a shell and tube exchanger. Examples of calcula tion of the size of heat exchanger re quired for various duties are included. Strength Calculation of Structural Parts of Tube-Bundle Heat Exchang es. M. Grashof. Chem. Ing. Tech. 1961, 33 (Sept.), 613-9 (in German). The most important standard equa tions are presented as nomograms and t is shown how these influence the lesign of standard heat exchangers at ugher temperatures and pressures, -he standard equations for the calulation of tube plates are compared 'ith those of foreign standards. dr Versus Water Cooling. F. Molveux. Mech. Wrld. 196k, 141 (Sept.), JO-1. The advantages and disadvantages he" exchange by air and water ml. are discussed and illustrated 7 an example comparing a water 'oled tube and shell heat exchanger SINGLE _____ RESPONSIBILITY... for draft production Aerotec Fan-Stacks integrate the stack base, fan, breeching and stack in a single unit.'It can be installed directly at the boiler outlet. State your actual operating require ments and receive in a single self-sup porting integrated package the assurance of unit responsibility for your draft producing equipment. No excessive safety factors need be added. Standard accessories such as drives, couplings, dampers, etc. may be in cluded. This simplifies engineering and pur chasing and assures dependable pre determined draft production. Aerotec Fan-Stacks are available with a single fan (Type-1, illustrated), an "out-of-circuit" fan for handling cor rosive or high temperature gases (Type-2) and a twin fan design (Type-IA) for stand-by or for handling two boilers with a single stack. For further information write: In dustrial Division, Aerotec Industries, Inc., Dept. C, Greenwich, Conn. In Canada: T. C. Chown Limited, Montreal Toronto. . /Atf7/S7'/7/'S, iiS/d INDUSTRIAL DIVISION #i#r OiV/ifim AIRCRAFT EQUIPMENT Ci*e'r&-Mhameat for th Aircraft. Mruiln4 ftwelur ln<vttfs AEROTHERM Aircraft Uwiftt. Pawnfcr and Cr*w Saatwf and an evaporative pre-cooled air heat exchanger for the same duty. Power Generation and Power Plant Actual Problems of Modern Steam Power Station Design. K. Schroder. Mitt. V.G.B. No. 73, 1961, (Aug.), 227-42 (in German). Present German, American, Rus sian and British design practices and the solutions adopted in these coun tries for the various problems are compared. The problems discussed are: 1 Unit size and heat rate; 2. The key position of the working media streams (air-gas, water-steam, cooling water); 3. The steam outlet of the turbine, the narrowest cross-section of the unit; 4. The pressure level; 5. The layout of the unit; 6. The com pletely automatic unit; 7. Operating personnel; 8. Characteristic curves (cost, heat rate, personnel per kw installed); 9. The European net work. TVA Breaks Own Records for Pro duction, Efficiency. Anon. Elect. Wrld. 1961, 156 (Aug. 28), 37. During the year ended June 30, 1961, TVA generated 64.5 X 10* kwbr of which 74 per cent were pro duced in steam plants. The net heat rate of these dropped from 10,-- 720 Btu/kwhr in 1960 to 9500 Btu/ kwhr in 1961 and on average 0.804 lb of coal was required to generate 1 kwhr. Build First Automatic Coal-Fired Unit. R. S. Talton. Elect. Wrld. 1961,156 (.4g. 21), 41-2, 83. Unit No. 3 at Goldsboro power station (240 Mw, 2400 psi, 1000/ 1000 F) will be provided with a SPARC control system developed from the MARC system used at the M. B. Robinson plant. It is able to start the unit from cold, supervise its running and stop it and includes the ability of arriving at logical predeter mined operating decisions, generating the appropriate signals to execute the decisions and record its action, inputs and outputs. The main core memory will contain 8192 and the auxiliary memory 86,000 words. The controller will operate the plant and auxiliaries so that the lowest Btu/kwhr rate for a given load results. OG and E Combined-Cycle Unit Offers 4 per cent Gain in Efficiency. J. B. Stout, J. J. Walsh, T. D. MeKone and A. G. Mellor. Elect. Wrld. 1961, 156 (Aug. 14), 72-5. Unit No. 7 at the Horseshoe Lake station of the Oklahoma Gas and Electric Co. now under construction will comprise a boiler rated at 1350 klb/hr at 1900 psi and 1005/1005 F, a DMBUSTION / March 1962 57 vii i i i. i r: \ .1 { i i I. I i! i i! I . ! 3 li! j !' ' i: '< ! ! ,1 ( 188.5 Mw steam-turbogenerator and a 25 Mw gas-turbogenerator and have a net heat rate of 9530 Btu/kwhr when burning natural gas. The gas turbine exhaust gases are supplied as combus tion air to the furnace bottom to maintain steam temperatures at low loads and at the furnace top to temper the flue gas. Instead of an air pre heater a primary economizer is in stalled which receives feed water in parallel with three stages of feedwater preheating both flows being combined before passing through the secondary economizer. The gas turbine is an open-cycle, two shaft unit, one shaft driving the compressor, the other the generator. Combined Steam/Gas Turbine Plant for American Power Station. J. Grindrod. Steam Engr., 1961, 30 (Sept.), 402-5. , The generating plant consists of a 5000 lew gas turbine and a 12,500 kw steam turbine, the exhaust from the gas turbine providing combustion and tempering air for the pulverized coal fired boiler and preheating feedwater in a special economizer. This combina tion raises the thermal efficiency from a 26.2 to 28.4 per cent and 29.2 per cent at full load. The gas turbine can supply further combustion air to a boiler generating steam for a 30 Mw turbogenerator and this would raise the overall efficiency of the station to 32 per cent. Utility Selects 2400 Psi for 510 Mw Unit. R. G. Schmidt. Elect. Wrld. 1961, 156 (Sept. 4), 40-3. Unit No. 4 at Will County station of the Commonwealth Edison Co. will consist of boiler rated at 3900 klb/hr at 2400 psi and 1000/1000 F and a cross-compound 510 Mw turbogener ator. The boiler is of tangentially fired, forced-circulation twin-furnace design with steam platen superheaters and 8 pulverized coal burners and four oil ignition torches in each corner. The super-heater platens continue as solid plates down to the economizer water outlet and control the gas flow over the width of the furnace through the convection pass. Because of the pressurized operation the ash hopper will be directly attached to the furnace bottom. The hp and ip sections of the turbine will run on one shaft at 3600 rpm, the double-flow lp section on the shaft running at 1800 rpm. Three boiler feed pumps are driven by non condensing turbines, a fourth motordriven pump is for start-up purposes. A low-level economizer between the precipitator and the chimney heats water in closed circuit to preheat the air to 145 F and reduce the flue gas temperature to 220 F. The stators of the generators will be water-cooled, 58 in boiler feed water yet adds no solids -- and that may be a good reason to select DEOXY-SOL for treatment of your boiler water. But it provides other advantages also. DEOXY-SOL is a high efficiency oxygen scavenger, since it is a solution of hydrazine. And it raises the pH, sup plementing any amine treatment. Stocks in Newark, N. J., Chicago, 111., Los Angeles, Calif. Write for informative Bulletin BW. Fairmount ICHEMiCAL CO.. INC. 136 Liberty Street. New York 6. N. V the rotors hydrogen-cooled. Feed water will be heated in 8 stages. The net heat rate is calculated to be 8947 Btu/kwhr. Saturated Steam Reheater Applied in New Nuclear Power Station. F. w Gettler and J. H. Potter. A.S.M.e] Preprint No. 61-SA-47, 1961. (June) 8 pp. ` The Enrico Fermi nuclear power station of the Italian network will have a pressurized water reactor with an output of 176 Mw (e) and include moisture separation and reheating of the steam by saturated steam be tween the hp and lp turbines. The advantages of this arrangement are presented and the design of the ex tended surface reheater described. From Hinkley to Sizewell. Anon. Nucl. Engng. 1961, 6 (Sept.), 364-7q< A comparison of station parameters costs and design details. Instruments and Controls Operations Research Study of Steam Power Plant Automation. J. K. Dil lard and J. L. Everett. A.S.M.E. Preprint No. 61-SA-66, 1961 (June), 5 pp. As a result of the study undertaken of the sequential .and dynamic actions to be taken by the automatic control installation of a steam power plant a mathematical model has been de veloped for a complete power station and a new scientific procedure con ceived for the design of control sys tems. It is stressed that plant and controls must be designed together to achieve optimum results and that in this way the cost of the whole plant will be reduced. Supervision of Operation of Modern Unit Power Stations. M. Sack. Elektwirtsch. 1961, 60 (Aug. 20), 581-92 (in German). Since the controls used for super vising the correct operation of boilerturbine units are very costly it ap pears necessary to attempt a reduction of indicating and recording instru ments to facilitate their reading and to simplify the layout. Supervision can be improved by applying analogue or digital computers presenting, heat consumption and thermal efficiency calculations in directly usable form. The role of the human operator in highly automated plants is discuss^ briefly. Flow Measuring Instruments in Jaw-.' dustry. V. Chalfont. Pwr. and Writ&J Engng. 1961, 56 (Sept.), 754-62.' A broad review of the various ty of flowmeters, their design, opefati mechanism and fields of application?! March 1962 / COMBU j^cJear Energy Xetctor Future. Anon. Elect. Ttmes 1861, 140 (Sept. 21), 405. 'Sir William Cook, U.K.A.E.A. member for reactors, expressed the opi- that the Canadian heavywat moderated and cooled reactor with pressurized tubes offered the best .prospects for the future and was ca pable of- considerable further improve ments. He urged that a reactor of this type should be built in Gt. Britain to allow experiments to start as soon as possible. Thermal Optimization of Reactor Plants. Pt. I. J. Krebs and L. Gabriel. Energietechmk 1961, 11 Aug. 371-9 (in German). Calculations are presented for opti mum temperatures and flow volumes in the primary coolant and secondary steam circuits of pressurized water reactors to arrive at the lowest price per unit for a given reactor size. Formation and Control of Turbidity in Aluminum-Water Reactor Systems. S. R. Hatcher and H. K. Rae. Nucl. Sci. Engng. 1961, 10 (Aug.), 316-30. The corrosion rate of A1 fuel sheaths in NRU is much higher than expected under static conditions at the same temperature and due to a mass trans fer mechanism of corrosion whereby con-- --`on products are released as dis id oxide. A 'mechanism of crystal growth is responsible for de posits on heat exchanger surfaces and suspended alumina in the water. The turbidity concentration can be con trolled by purification. On the Possibilities of the Operation of a Natural Uranium Breeder Reactor with Fuel Element Reprocessing. K. Fuchs and H. Hessel. Kernenergte 1961, 4 (Aug.), 619-23 (%n German). Calculations have been made and the results obtained are reproduced to show that such a reactor of the homo geneous type with the natural urauium in a suitable solution is feasible and compares well with American and Russian fast reactors. An Economic Fast Reactor. L. R. Blake. Nucl. Engng. 1961, 6 (Sept.), 371-5. The design of a 750 Mw (th) fast reactor is described which could be constructed at much lower costs com pared with the American Enrico Fermi station. The most important item, the selection of the fuel com position, is discussed in some detail. It ' elieved that this reactor would co- o more than 60, kw installed aiULat 0.7 load factor, interest charges f 5.5 per cent and 20 years life could Produce power at 0.32d/kwhr. COMBUSTION / March 1962 12 ways to install aVARIAX Boiler Fan in almost 50? less space Our chart gives you some idea of the versatility of installation a Variax axial flow boiler fan offers you. It fits easily into all boiler arrangements, to meet your requirements exactly. And the shorter Variax length saves you almost 50% of the space a centrifugal fan normally requires. Ease of installation, of course, is only the beginning of Variax advan tages. Others include: 1) proven econ omy due to superior, aerodynamic dimensioning; 2) control of fan during operation through changes of blade pitch--this means maximum efficiency at all boiler loads; 3) Variax fans are ideally suited for parallel working. The Variax is available in a capacity range from B0,000 to 1,100,000 cu. ft./min. Today, Variax fans are giving out standing service throughout the world. Find out how a Variax can pay off for you by writing now for our booklet "Axial Flow Fans For Boiler Draught Requirements." NOVENCO INC. 40 Exchange Place, New York, N. Y., Tel: HA 2-5470 59 nuence. .Uiuu. 192 (Oct. 27), 532. Abstracts from the Technical Press--Abroad And Domestic A report has been issued on the per . (See also p. 50, this issue) ' formance of the Calder Hall `A' reac tor over the past 5 years and the im provements obtained during this time. Output of the station has been in Twn from the Monthly Technical Bulletin, International Combustion, creased by 25 per cent from 180 to Ltd, London, W. C. 1) 225 Mw (t) by increasing the fuel element temperature from 408 to 418 C and increasing the blower output. A more uniform temperature distribu Power Generation and Power Plant furnaces, a 7.5 mw, a 30 mw and a 60 tion has been obtained by the use of Tanners Creek 600 Mw Design Prof its by Breed-Sporn Lessons. P. 'Sporn.' Elect. Wrld. 1961, 156 (Oct. 30), 60-3. . The unit No. 4 ordered for Tanners Creek power station will consist of a forced-flow boiler rated at 3840 klb/h at 3625 psi and 1000/1025/1050 F and- tandem-compound turbogener ators with a total output of 682 mva. The main difference between the Breed and Sporn units and the new- one is the lowering of the temperature of the superheated steam to permit fewer, and larger pipes of ferritic in stead of austenitic steel to be used for the connection between boiler and turbines; by increasing the tempera mw turbogenerator. The boilers are designed for the separate or combined firing of coal middlings and blast furnace gas, of the monotube type and the furnace provided with fixed corner burners for blast furnace gas near the bottom and pulverized coal manually tilted corner burners higher up. The blast furnace gas is preheated in a flue gas heated exchanger, the combustion air in a tubular preheater. The arrangement of economiser, evap orating and superheating surfaces is detailed. In boiler trials efficiencies of 87.88 to 91.6 per cent were obtained and boiler availability was consist ently above 98 per cent, during 1960 it was 100 per cent. ' neutron absorbers in the position of maximum flux. Burn-ups of 3900 Mw days per ton and an average of 2700 mw days/t have been reached. A total of- 4.7 X 109kwh has been' generated and of 3.7 X 109kwh has been sent out. The load factor has been increased to SS per cent and loading time for fuel elements reduced to 3 weeks. Six serious failures of fuel elements and about 200 cans with cavitational leaks were detected. Ex periments have been conducted for the civil nuclear power stations on new fuel elements, element vibration fuel elements, element vibration and effects of charging and discharging elements on load. ture of the reheated steam the thermo dynamic economics and thermal effi ciency are not affected. The boiler is 'peovided with eleven cyclone furnaces, only pendent superheaters and re MUCHELL p!TM. heaters, a tubular air preheater and a lo- ' vel economizer between the P- iter and the precipitator. Only minor changes have been introduced on the electrical side. The net heat rate is estimated to be 8450 Btu/kwh. Wood Waste for Steam Generation at * Plywood Factory. Anon. Steam Engr. 1961, 31 (Nov.), 55-9. British Plywood ManufacturersLtd. have installed a Corner Tube boiler rated at 15,000 lb/h at 210 psi and a Lambion stepped grate for the firing of saw dust, chips, off-cuts, bark and other wastes and obtained an output of 5 lb of steam per 1 lb of waste wood consumed. Because of the high effi ciency of operation and low cost of the *team generated the company now hoys additional wood chips from noighbouring firms. In the winter months steam is also generated in a coal-fired and/or an oil-fired shell-tvpe boiler. ' In the Mitchell shop, integrated tracer aluminum piping gets the same exacting work and quality control as massive heavy-wall power piping. The High-Pressure Steam Plant for he Steelworks of Empresa National Siderurgia S.A., Aviltis, Spain. M. yaravatti. Sulser Tech. Rev. 1961, No- 2, 27-34. The steam plant compr "r (275 klb/h, 1350 psi ,ae driven blowers for W. K. MITCHELL & CO., INC. Philadelphia 46, Pa. 63 years' SPECIALIZED experience. Ask it in! PIPING FABRICATORS AND CONTRACTORS h1 I Abstracts from the Technical Press Abroad And Domestic (See also p. 17, this issue) WHAT REALLY MAKES AN IONXCHANGER "AUTOMATIC" la 1943 we used small index valves on a central panel to operate the valves of a 600 gpm de-ionizer (a job that is still in operation). This was called "automatic" control at the time, but today it would be correctly termed "remote manual." Since then, we have built many different types of "automated" de ionizers, and hence feel we are capable of defining what you should expect in "automatic" ionXchange equipment. A fully-automatic de-ionizer will include bulk storage ofregenerants with no handling of regenerant chemicals; automatic initiation of regeneration by a conductivity meter; automatic service rinse after . shutdown, to restore desired qual ity; and of course, complete auto matic control of all regeneration steps, including dilution of re generants. Since multiple units are commonly used to provide continuous flow, a freshly regenerated unit will usually go on stand-by, to be put into service automatically when another requires regeneration. In terlocks prevent simultaneous re generation of two or more units. Such an installation usually in cludes monitors which will sound an alarm to indicate malfunction. The control circuits are flexible enough to permit simple adjust ments of the regeneration cycle, and the control panel includes visual indicators to inform the operator of the status of all units. While the foregoing indicates the scope of full "automation," it is obvious that many modifications are possible, particularly with small units, whereby certain func tions are initiated or governed manually ratherthan automatically. The extent of our experience is such that we can provide reliable "automation" equipment of any degree or detail that a particular job calls for. See your IWT repre sentativefor details. ILLINOIS WATER TREATMENT CO. CEDAR ST- ROCKFORD. ILLINOIS GWMdSH? 0FFICE: mi e- 4,lh Si Yi.rk 17. N Y. - UNDISr.: Pumps & Softeners. Lid . London. Can. 50 (Drawn from the Monthly Technical Bulletin, international Combustion j Ltd, London, W. C. 1) ' I. | Fuels: Sources, .Properties and PrepI11 aration The Selection and Utilization of In dustrial Coals--n. A. C. Dunningham. Steam Engr. 1961, 31 (Nov.), 60-2. The second part considers the com bustion process and its control by flue gas analysis, the difference between overfeed and underfeed combustion and the conditioning of small coal for combustion. Physical and Chemical Properties of Bituminous Coal Structure Compo nents. XV High Vacuum Pyrolysis and Coal Constitution. C. Kroger and R. Brucker. Brennst Chemie 1961, 42 (Oct.), 305-11 (in German). These investigations of vitrinite, micrinite and exinite by high vacuum decomposition have shown that the macerals contain the same number of structural elements but in different proportions, that the formation of volatile bitumen and consequently of tar is determined by the methylene bridges between aromatic and hydro aromatic structures and that oxymethylene bridges connect the non volatile bitumen with the residual carbon. Coal Briquettes without Binders. A. G.Arend. Coll. Guard. 1961, 203 (Nov. 2), 537-8. Some details are given of the suc cessful briquetting of mixtures of coal and lignites and of coals without binders but it is not stated where the tests were made nor are cost compari sons given. Non-Sticking Sliding Gates for Hop pers. Anon. Engineering 1961, 192 (Nov. 24), 667. The steel plate forming the gate is suspended from two pieces of trolley trapk and can be adjusted on suspen sion bolts to control the distance be tween hopper and plate. In this way dust and fines cannot build up. The movement of the gate is by roller chains, levers, rack and pinion gears or power cylinders. Heat: Cycles and Transmission The C.E.G.B. Studies Heat Transfer. J. A. Hitchcock and J. Lis. Nucl Pier. 1961, 6 (Dec.), 65-8. Heat transfer studies are described carried out on: (1) fuel elements under atmospheric and higher pres sures; (2) rod cluster systems; (3) heat exchangers, both gas and water side characteristics and coefficients. Heat Transfer and Pressure Logs Characteristics of Cross-Flow Tubular Arrangements with Studded Surfaces. N. G. Worley and W. Ross. Brit. Nucl. Energy Conf. 1961, 6 (Oct) 289-99. Experiments with bare and studded tubes in different arrangements are described and the results presented and evaluated. The effect of tube diameter, stud pitch and tube arrange ment on heat transfer and pressure drop is discussed; sufficient informa tion has been obtained for the predic tion of heat transfer performance of a wide range of surface patterns and tube pitches. Heat Transfer and Pressure Drop Performance of Helically Finned Tubes in Staggered Cross-Flow. C. Rounthwaite and N. Cherrett. Brit. Nucl. Energy Conf. 1961, 6 (Oct.), 300-6. - Heat transfer and pressure drop tests have been made on various staggered arrangements and from the results heat exchanger matrices of given duty designed. A relation connecting corresponding heat trans fer and pressure drop results has been deduced. Finned Tubes in a Cross-Flow of Gas. A. Lymer and B. F. Ridal. Brit. Nucl. Energy Conf. 1961, 6 (Oct), 307-13. Experimental results of heat trans fer and pressure drop in finned tube banks in cross-flow are reported. A method of calculating fin efficiency is presented and theoretical results confirmed by experimental results. A water model has been used for flow visualization experiments which helped in the understanding of .the processes involved and in the explana tion of the local heat transfer"w efficient distribution over an anifhwf.' fin. I1 \ * April 1962 / COMBUSTIOTJN,7 Investigations into Heat Transfer to Bailing Water in Horizontal Tubes. H. E. Muller. Warme 1961, <58 No. 2, 50-2 (in German). Cooling of superheated steam in a S'-'ice coolei was studied and the s >{ cooling surface sections deter mined serving preheating, evaporat ing and superheating of the cooling ' water. For the section through which a water-steam mixture flows a rela tionship between heat flow density and inner heat transfer coefficient was obtained valid for boiling water in horizontal tubes and heat flows of 20,000 to 120,000 kcal/sq m/hr. Steam Generation and Power Produc tion Exergy. Various Authors. B.W.K. 1961,13 (Nov.), 481-508 (in German). This issue is devoted to a series of papers explaining the term "Exergy," its meaning, the reasons for its intro duction and its practical application: .(1) the practical importance of exergy by F. Bosnjakovic; (2) energy and, exergy by P. Grassmann; (3) the term exergetic energy by \V. Fratzscher; (4) exergy losses in the steam power process by H. Rogener; (5) the influence of air preheat on the nonreversibility of combustion by Z. Rant; (6) investigations of phase diagrams by means of exergy by G. Gr " i and E. Kaiser; (7) literature or. ,-rgy by N. Gasparovic. The Dispersion- of Water Globules in Steam: A Preliminary Study. D. J. Ryley. Engineer 1961, 212 (Oct. 27), 692-6. The size and space dispersion of water droplets in steam has been in vestigated experimentally and the problems are discussed requiring solu tions before a mathematical descrip tion of space dispersion of globules can be evolved. Pressure Vessel Design in Sweden. E. Jonnerby. Chem. Proc. Engng. 1961, 42 (Nov.),-479-81. A brief review of Swedish design practice and equations used in the calculations of pressure vessel and examples of fabrication are presented. facture and effect of temperature gradients are discussed. Factors Affecting the Choice of New Boiler Plant--H. W. Short. Steam Engr. 1961, 31 (Nov.), 51--4. , The second part discusses the effects of peak load and seasonal load varia tions on boiler size and suggests that it is often preferable to, install boilers of 'different sizes so that each can operate at its optimum efficiency. Although automatic control is today regarded as a matter of course the choice between simple on-off or modu lating control will depend on local conditions. ' Babcock and Wilcox Recommended "Once-through" Boilers on 2000 psi and up. Anon. Elect. Wrld. 1961,156 (Nov. 6), 82. Babcock and Wilcox , Co. consider that once-through boilers provide lower construction costs, increased plant economy and availability and lower maintenance cost's and should thus be advantageous at all pressures above 2000 psi. At present 16 units constituting 6450 Mw generating ca pacity are in operation or on order. A New Large Boiler Unit TPP-110 for High-Temperatures and High-Pres sure Steam Generation. V. S. Pat- ichenko, I. N. Goldenfarb and L. A. Ostrovskii. Energomashinostroeme 1960, 6 (Aug.), 1-11. C. E. Transl. 1985. ' The design, construction and costs of a supercritical pressure boiler rated at 2100 klb/h at 3627 psi and 1085/1058 F is described. The boiler has two furnaces, one containing the superheater, the other the reheater and supplies steam to a 300 Mw turbo generator. Design and Operational Experience with Waste-Gas Cooling Plants in. Oxygen Converter Steel Works. H. Rasworschegg. Mitt. V.G.B. No. 74, 1961 (Oct.), 356-64 (in German). The intermittent production of CO in oxygen converter plants and the utilization of the CO as fuel in boilers installed above the converters is dis cussed. Designs with additional fuel firing and with accumulators for con stant or variable pressure are de scribed, with special emphasis on the design of the hood to permit control of the excess air. The controls re quired for such boilers are more com plicated than for ordinary power station boilers and must be closely linked with those for the converter plant. Heat Transfer and Pressure Drop Characteristics of Concentric Ar rangements of Helical Coils. F. V. Davies and J. Lis. Brit. Nucl. En ergy Conf. 1961, 6 (Oct.), 314-23. Experimental studies relating to the design of boilers for nuclear reac tors of heat transfer and pressure drop of concentric arrangements of finned tube coils and the results are pre sented. Fuels and Firing Distribution of Primary Air in Chaingrate Stokers. T. J. K. Rolfe. J. Inst. Fuel 1961, 34 (Nov.), 481-93. Research into improving the effi ciency of operation of chain grate stokers has led to the installation of fixed vertical baffles in the windbox to obtain uniform primary air distri bution and the adoption of the short ened version with increased combus tion rate sq ft for a given fuel rate. The first improvement led to an in crease in permissible combustion rate of 18 per cent and improved efficiency by 1 to 1`/j per cent. The second permitted a higher boiler efficiency to be maintained at lower fuel feed rates by improving the heat transfer per formance. Combustion efficiency suf fered when low fuel feed rates were obtained by reducing the fuel bed depth below 3-in. INDUSTRIAL POWER PLANT SUPERVISORY POSITION AVAILABLE Design of a Reinforced Cylinder for a Nuclear Reactor Pressure Vessel. 3-- W. Lakin and S. S. Gill. Proc. 'nsi. Mech. Engrs. 1961, 174 No. 29, >13-30., The strengthening of the cylindrical jart of a pressure vessel by thin aminar strips to make it suitable for vor' at the same pressure as the `en. uerical ends is described, 'essel design, effect of practical im- ~ erfections, permissible design stress, tandards and methods of manu ASSISTANT POWER AND STEAM SUPERINTENDENT position available in Industrial Power Plant with large progressive Southeastern Manufacturer. Applicant should have experience in steam turbine (extraction type) operations and maintenance. College graduate preferred but extensive, appropriate experience accepted in lieu of college degree. Prefer age 35-45. Location provides excellent recreational and living accommodations and desirable climate. Liberal starting salary in keeping with experience of selected applicant. Annual salary review, vacation, retirement and insur ance program established. Send recent photo and detailed resume in complete confidence to-- Box 100, Combustion Publishing Co., Inc., 200 Madison Ave., New York 16, N. Y. COMBUSTION / April 1962 51 Experience with Oil Firing in a. Hori zontal Cyclone Boiler. K. Sauerwein. Mitt. V.G.B. No. 74 1961, (Oct.), 373 6 (in German). In a boiler rated at 71 klb/h at 953 psi and 932 C and equipped with a horizontal cyclone furnace coal was gradually replaced as fuel by oil and the boiler operated on oil up to 20 per cent above m.c.r. without any diffi culties. Film boiling on the cyclone tubes did not occur owing to the very high mass flow rate of the water and a heat release rate of 565,000 Btu/cu ft. Excess air was restricted to a mini mum so that the Oj content in the cyclone was below 1 per cent and the dew point of the flue gas around 160 F. Experience with Combined Firing of Oil and Coal in Vertical Cyclone Boilers of an Industrial Power Station. L. Lichtenwalder. Mitt. V.G.B. No. 74, 1961 (Oct.), 3767 (in German). In the two boilers each rated at 188 klb/h at 910 psi and 842 F and equipped with vertical cyclone fur naces, a mixture of 60-70 per cent oil and 40-30 per cent coal is fired at all loads; fly ash is reinjected together with that from 3 other dry-bottom fur nace boilers. The diffusor above the cyclone must be freed of deposits every 6 weeks despite soot blowing in each shift. The oil burners are cleaned every second day. The air is pre heated in a steam exchanger and part of it is bypassed so that the flue gas exit temperatures are between 392 and 446 F. The 02 content of the flue gas is between 1.8 and 2 per cent, the CO2 content between 15 and 16 per cent. No difficulties were experienced during 25,000 h of operation. Research on Turbulent Diffusion Combustion. A Survey of the Present Position with Special Reference to Ijmuiden and Sheffield. M. W. Thring. J. Inst. Fuel 1961, 34 (Nov.), 494-502. Water-Side Corrosion and Water Treatment Water Treatment for High Pressure Boilers. G. I. Early. Brit. Pwr. Engng. 1961, 2 (Nov.), 33-5. A review. Silica Removal by the Magnesia Method. Anon. Brit. Pwr-Engng. 1961, 2 (Nov.), 49-52. Translation of a Russian article describing the magnesia method of water treatment and its advantages and disadvantages. Gas-Side Corrosion and Deposits Furnace Corrosion Taking into Ac count the Mutual Effect of Slags and 52 MOST modem and efficient system of removing vola tile amines, ammonia and carbon dioxide prior to recording steam conductivity. This thoroughly effective steam degasser uses a cation exchange resin for the re moval of ammonia, morpholine, cyclohexylamine, and reboiling for the removal of CO. Constant sample temperature is maintained. Taps provided for drawing sample for other analyses. Larson-Lane Steam and Condensate Analyzers make possible rapid and accu rate measurement of steam purity, com pletely essential for efficient boiler operation. A smaller, less expensive unit, the CH-16 provides for removal of ammonia and amines from steam condensate with out the necessity of reheating. Condenser leakage is readily detected with this model in the presence of volatile amines or ammonia. Write today for complete technical details. Industrial Instruments inc. 89 Commerce R02d. Cedar Grove. Essex Coon!/. 8 J. Refractory Mass. M. T. Mackowsky, D. Hallbauer and H. Kirsch. Miu V.G.B. No. 74 1961 (Oct.), 311-9 (in German). The composition and properties of the most generally used refractory masses and of the slag and the attack of the slag on these masses in various fur nace atmospheres and at different tem peratures have been studied. None of the masses is resistant to this attack at furnace temperatures of 1800 C and fre quently at much lower temperatures. The flue gases, especially sulfur oxides, penetrate the pores of the mass and attack the tube metal. Experiments aimed at finding new refractory masses resistant to slag at 1800 C and above have not yet been successful. Chimney Design for Industrial Boiler Plant--HI. A. F. Webber. Steam Engr. 1961, 31 (Nov.), 63-5. Chimney height on the basis of the recommendations of the F.B.I. Work ing Party is discussed and brick, steel and plastic chimney construction compared. Heat Recovery Plant Air Versus Water Cooling. F. Molyneux. Mech. Wrld 1961, 151 (Nov.), 373-4. The calculation of an example started in a previous article is finished. New Regenerative Heat Exchanger Concept. D. G. Wilson. Engineering 1961, 192 (Nov. 24), 694-5. The new idea is the use of layers or disks of flexible material which is periodically separated to allow cross flow of one medium and squeezed together before entering the duct carrying the second medium to pre vent any carry-over loss and permit higher heat transfer rates to be ob tained. Only a small test model has been made so far. Power Generation and Power Plant Electricity Supply Problems. Anon. Elect. Rev. 1961, 169 (Nov. 24), 841 0. A summary of the 1961 Mitchell Memorial Lecture by Sir Christopher Hinton in which the reduction in capital costs of power station per kwh sent out between 1948 and 1965 through the application of larger units and higher steam parameters was traced, the doubtful advantages of supercritical units discussed and the reasons given for persisting in build ing nuclear power stations despite their higher cost of producing a unit compared with conventional power station. '] Starting-up and Shutting-down of 4 Power Station Unit. A. Stoll. Mitt. 'hl April 1962 / COMBUSTION V.G.B. No. 74, 1961 (Oct.), 345-51 (in German). ' The apparatus and equipment re quired and the conditions to be ob served during starting-up a boilerturbine unit from cold and from hot ar luring normal and emergency sh. .own are discussed with special reference to once-through forced-flow reheat boilers. Measures to be taken to avoid excessive rises of temperature in the superheater and reheater are outlined. Automatic starting and stopping of a unit is touched upon very briefly. Power Station Optimization. A. Sherrv. 3. Inst. Fuel 1961, 34 (Nov.), 466-80.' The factors were considered and tested in a power station containing five 60 Mw sets which could be con trolled so that the highest efficiency at minimum cost was obtained. " Since the cost of the coal is about 90 per cent of the cost of electricity gener ated, the savings obtained by reducing fuel costs are large; -the individual factors affecting fuel costs are de tailed. Other important factors are optimum methods of operation such as load distribution between machines, optimum number of machines in operation, pumping power, boiler optima, air supply, stack loss, auxil ary consumption, unburnt heat loss, nill reject loss, sootblowing, coal fineless 'mber of mills in commission .nd /ner angle, and maintenance ontrol (frequency of cleaning and verhaul). The final step would be a igital controller adjusting the plant ontrollers to arrive at the best setting or given conditions. bservations Regarding Eddystone o. 1 after Inspection following First ear of Operation 5000 psi and 1150 J.H. Harlow. A.S.M.E.-A.I.E.E. outer Conf. 1961 (Sept.), 24 pp. An account is presented of service ilures, difficulties encountered in d remedial measures applied to the earn generator materials, the main Jam system, stop and by-pass valves, rbine rotor, superpressure blading, :am inlet piping and control valves, oper oxide deposits on turbine ides and boiler feed pumps. ircer Generating Station Features, on. Power 1961, 105 (Nov.), 70-1. Mercer station of New Jersey's blic Service Electric and Gas Co. -tains two 320 Mw units each ved by a pulverised coal fired n-furnace boiler supplying steam 2400 psi and 1100/1050 F. The hea* rate is 8636 Btu/kwh but it op o improve on it. The tur;s a*,, indoors but the generators, er^feed pumps and their drives nd through the wall. New bulletins for your FLUIDICS* library PER MO TIT Automatic valueless gravity fitter: Costs up to 45% less than conventional filters. Also saves money after installation, because it operates automat ically without a single valve, agitator, pump, flow control ler, or even an attendant op erator. Bulletin 4351. Standard packaged demineralizert: Factory-assembled, systems ready to connect and operate. For summary of ap plications, plus data on mixedbed, two-step, non-regenerable and skid-mounted units, send for Bulletin 4721. Permutit Q: A sulfonated polystyrene cation exchanger, effective in treating waters with wide pH and temperature range, and in removal and recovery of metallic cations from solution. Bulletin 4840 specifies chemical properties, operating characteristics, operation on sodium and hydrogen cycles, and recom mended design data. Type M Precipitator: For re ducing turbidity, color, sus pended matter, iron, or manganese in water. Produces normal effluent turbidity of 5 ppm or less, under wide tem perature range, even with shock loads. Water jet-pow ered agitator (no mechanical drive). Bulletin 4836 explains operation, gives specifications and construction details. Tray Deaerator: For the effec tive removal of non-conden sable corrosive gasses, such as oxygen and carbon dioxide, from boiler feedwater. Trays of stainless steel, controlled steam and water flow, advanced counterfiow design.. Bulletin 4732. Permutit also offers Spray Deaerator, Bulletin 2357. All-purpose water softeners: Permutit Models BD, MQ and EQ softeners for commercial and industrial use. High out put at low cost. Designed as single units or for use in com binations. Ion exchanger is high-capacity Permutit Q resin. Special features, design specifications, layouts, acces sories for all models are con tained in Bulletin 4825. r New FLUIDICS Buyer's Guide: A survey of latest equipment for water and waste treatment, ion exchange, gas analysis, metering and control. Also equipment for handling corro sives, heat transfer, reactions, centrifuging and packaging. Send for Bulletin 1010. "Fluidics is the Pfaudler Permutit program that integrates knowledge, equipment and experience in solving problems involving fluids. Permutit Precipitator: Saves about 50% in ground space, 50%-75% in time of treat ment, and 10%-40% in certain chemicals and adsorbents, compared to conventional re action and settling tank. Com plete facts on operation and application. Bulletin 2204C. PFAUDLER PERMUTIT inc. Permutit Dlv.,Be|t. C042.E49 Midland Avanua, Paramut. N. J. Ftaaaa und ma tha fallowing bulletins: 4351 Parmutit Automatic Valvalaas Gravity flltar 4721 Parmutit Packaged Darninenliierx j 4840 Parmutit Q Cation Exehangar j 4836 Parmutit Typa M Pracipitator ] 4732 Parmutit Tray Oaaarator J 2357 Parmutit Spray Oaaarator 3 4825 Parmutit Packagt Water Sofianar* J 1010 FLUIDICS Buyer'* Gulp* j 2204C Parmutit Praeipttator Kama ................................................................................. Tttl#...................... .. Company........... ....................................................................... .................... Addrati... ................. .................... ... City---------------------- -------------------------Zana....------.Stata. ABUSTION / April 1962 53 1! I !J 'i :I ti1' ia . if Abstracts from the Technical Press--Abroad And Domestic (See also p. 61, this issue) (Drawn from the Monthly Technical Bulletin, International Combustion, Ltd, London, W. C. 1) Fuels: Sources, Properties and Prep aration A New Approach to the Dense Phase Conveying of Powders. G. H. Zim mer. ASME Preprint No. 61-WA294 1961 (Dec.), 8 pp. A helical-screw pump is used to con vey the powder fluidized by air at the entrance and exit of the pump through the pipelines. The advantages are smaller pipe diameters, lower veloci ties, smaller air and consequently lower compressor requirements, reduced wear and damage to the powder. The limitations of the system are set out. Setting "Difficult" Materials out of 3ins. A. D. Sinden. ASME Pre print No. 61-BSH-8 1961 (Oct.), 9 pp. The various types of flow inducers, nz. vibrators, pulsators, air streams md mechanical dislodgers, are com pared. The planetary arch breaker lesigned for conical hoppers and bins is lescribed which travels round the nsid f the cone and. dislodges and nov .ne contents downward to the mtlet. This breaker has proved su perior to other appliances in moving aaterials which do not easily disharge by gravity alone. ieat: Cycles and Transmission alculation of Radiant Heat Transfer sing Electronic Digital Computers. - P. Detkov. Teploenergetika 1961, 8 Sept.). 33-6 (in Russian). The normal method of calculating idiant heat transfer in furnaces, oilers, etc., is the "zone" method, in hich the surfaces and volumes are ivided into zones which are treated parately. The integral equations >r radiation are replaced by a system " linear algebraic equations. It is mwn how an algorithm can be desed for the calculation, on a digital >mputer. of radiant heat transfer, n example of such a calculation is -scribed (AEI abstract). From C.E.G.B. Digest 1961, 13 Dec. 23). 3924. ye Use of Visible Light Models for e Study of Radiant Heat Transfer Fu'--tces. C. H. Schwartz, S. A. old and A. A. Orning. ASME -eprvtt No. 61-WA-303 1961 (Dec.), PPT In these furnace model tests flame radiation was simulated by miniature lamps, partial wall reflection by strips of high reflectance paint and the meas urements made with an integrating sphere light meter. Glass wool dis tributed within the array of lamps simulated a partially opaque flame. The models represented the gas-fired furnace of the Sterlington and the pulverized coal fired furnace of the Paddy's Run boiler, both front fired, for which measurements were avail able so that comparison between model and actual measurements were possible. The agreement was remark ably close. It is suggested that such model tests which are simple could be carried out to obtain advance informa tion on effect of flame position on dis tribution of radiant heat transfer to furnace walls in new designs. . Rapid Calculation of Radiant Energy Transfer Between Nongray Walls and HjO or COj Gas. D. K. Edwards and K. E. Nelson. ASME Preprint No. 61-WA-175 1961 (Dec.), 6 pp. An approximate method is pre sented permitting the designer to esti mate roughly the coarse spectral dis tribution of the gaseous emission or absorption of the entire range of variables covered by Hottel's cor relations. The methods available for the calculation of radiant heat trans fer to isothermal H5O-CO2-N2 mix tures are reviewed. An Enclosure Theory for Radiative Exchange Between Specularly and Diffusely Reflecting Surfaces. E. M. Sparrow, E. R. G. Eckert and V. K. Johnson. ASME Preprint No. 61Wa-167 1961 (Dec.), 6 pp. A systematic and convenient method has been developed for calcu lating the radiant interchange within an enclosure containing both specu larly and diffusely reflecting surfaces. The application of the method is il lustrated by an example. Heat Transfer by Combined Forced Convection and Thermal Radiation in a Heated Tube. M. Perlmutter and R. Siegel. ASME Preprint No. 61WA-169 1961 (Dec.), 11 pp. This problem occurring in the heat ing of the coolant passages of a nuclear _ reactor is analyzed and a solution of the energy equation governing the heat exchange is provided by two 0MBUSTION ' May 1962 methods which are in good agreement. Combined Free and Forced Convec tive Flow in Vertical Circular Tubes-- Experiments with . Water and Oil. G. A. Kemeny and E. V. Somers. ASME Preprint No. 61-WA-161 1961 (Dec.), 7 pp. Heat transfer and pressure drop data were obtained for water and oil flowing upward in vertical tubes with I.D. of l/r to D/i-in. Flow rates from 10 to 400 lb./hr were investi gated. Non-laminar flow was ob served during many of the tests and its effects are discussed. The Effect of Corrosion by Steam at 1100-1500 F upon the Heat Transfer Through Superheated Tube Alloys.. H. L. Solberg, J. E. Brook and W. J. Rebello. ASME Preprint No. 61PWR-1 1961 (Sept.), 6 pp. Comparative tests on heat transfer through ferritic and austenitic steel tubes, one set with bright, smooth, honed inner surface and the other with scaled inner surface showed that the heat transfer through the scaled ferri tic tubes was reduced by up to 15 per cent, while that through scaled aus tenitic tubes increased by up to 8 per cent over the clean tubes. Steam Generation and Power Pro duction Tables for the Specific Heat Cp of Water and Steam. M. P. Vukalovich, B. V. Dzampov, D. S. Rasskazov and S. A. Remizov. Teploenergetika 1961 (Dec.), 70-7 (in Russian). Tables are presented for the specific heat Cp of water and steam, compiled from all the available experimental data, and extrapolated to p = 1000 kg/cm1 and / = 1000 C. CEGB abstract. Steam Generators Developments and Future Trends in Large Boiler Plant Design. G. H. NEW! GAUGE GLASS For high temperatures and pressures up to 600 psi. DanuN lUGNIHUttON GAUGE GLASS WASHERS for Boiler High Pressure Steam and Water Service MODELIFE MODEL NO. 77 fcjjtjj ^ For more data Bulletin No. 62 Write for it today Prompt Shipments from Slock EUGENE ERNST PRODUCTS CO. rrn/ 140 Walnut Street rrfvi-'V'HGSTOH.HEW 1EHSEY.U-S. TELEPHONE 992-1316 55 tianora, bru. Pwr. Engng. 1902, 4 (Jan.), 32-8. Trends in Modem Industrial Steam Generation and Their Effect upon Boiler Design. C. T. Smith and R. S. Rocheford. AS ME Preprint No. 61WA-298 1961 (Dec.), 11 pp. Designs developed for burning var ious waste fuels such as bark, CO, black liquor, blast furnace and refinery gases are described together with de tails of wall construction and cyclone steam separators. Feed water require ments are also discussed. Factors Affecting the Choice of New Boiler Plant--IV. \V. Short. Steam Engr. 1962,31 (Jan.), 129-13. This last part deals with the in fluence of structural work, labor and finance on the choice of plant. Development of the Smaller Types of Sulzer Boilers. E. Kopfer, Sulzer Tech. Rev. 1961, No. 3, 17-20. Various types of economic and three-pass smoke tube boilers, small water-tube and tubular, drumless boilers for outputs of . up to 30,000 lb/hr at pressures up to 350 psi and suitable for coal, oil or gas firing are described. "COMPACT" ANNUNCIATORS llll STANDARD AND mi m CUSTOM DESIGNS 1111 Whether your system needs a stand ard or custom design--every "com pact" annunciator has plug-in relays with auxiliary contacts for inter locks. Cabinets are designed for either panel or surface mounting Standard optics include: Hermetically sealed relays Built-in lamp tester Weather proof enclosure for details: COMPACT CONTROLS CO. INC. IB Maxwell Ave., Oyster-Bay, LI, N.Y. 56 Survey of PacKaged Boilers. D. E. Fiford. Engng. Boil. Ho. Rev. 1962, 77 (Jan.), 4-11. This survey includes: (1) fire-tube dry-back types; (2) wet-back type units; (3) water-tube types. Steam Generation from Waste Prod ucts. G. H. Johnson. ASME Pre print No. 61-WA-311 1961 (Dec.), 8 pp. Boilers, firing and auxiliary equip ment required to burn bark and wood refuse, black liquor, blast furnace gas, coke oven gas and coke breeze, CO, and bagasse are described. The Dynamics of Steam Generation in the Benson Boiler. J. French and G. Klefenz. -BlF.fi: 1961, 13 (Dec.), 532-7 (in German). Equations of the dynamics of steam generation of a Benson boiler have been developed for use with an ana logue computer so that the controls can be designed for the desired re sponse of the boiler turbine unit to changes of conditions. The same equations can be used for the control of-a drum;type boiler. Developing Techniques for Accel erated Starting of Pulverized-Coal Fired Units. (1) System Economics and Operating Procedures. (2) Prac tical Operating Guides. (3) Plant Design Considerations. O. L. Gann, J. A. Donald, G. G. Halfinger and R. C. Sherrill. ASME Preprints Nos. 61-WA-327, 329 and 328 1961 (Dec.), 7 pp, 9 pp, and 8 pp. Tests of a new starting procedure were carried out initially on eight 285 klb/hr natural circulation boilers op erating on a steam range and later ex tended to a 525 klb/hr controlled circulation boiler supplying a 75 Mw turbine in which pulverized coal suffi cient to sustain combustion and a small quantity of oil are used to light off the boiler and bring it up to pressure. The main alteration re quired was to the fuel feeders by in stalling a 600 rpm feeder drive motor in tandem with the original 1200 rpm drive motor to reduce the fuel feed during the initial starting period. The time required for bringing the boiler and turbine on the line from cold or after various periods of bank ing and consequently the amount of fuel used have been considerably re duced. The procedure, monitoring devices, changes in equipment (mills, feeders) and results are presented in detail. Preventing Boiler-Furnace Explo sions. Report of the ASME Fuels Division Sub-Committee on Flame Safety Devices and Safe Operating Practices. E. R. Mitchell. ASME Preprint No. 61-WA-197 1961 (Dec.), 7 pp. `' The various possible causes of fur nace explosions during light-up, opera tion and shutdown are listed and spe cific solutions proposed. The absence of explosions in English and German boilers is noted, the former being at tributed to improved operator train ing, the latter to the use of slagging furnaces and uniform distribution of pulverized coal to burners of dry fur naces. A "Recommended Practices Code" is now being drafted. Review of Furnace Protection Design Principles. K. W. Hamming, W. L. Livingston, A. W. Hindenlang and R. M. Lundberg.. ASME Preprint No. 61-WA-292 1961 (Dec.), 8 pp. The causes and increasing severity of furnace explosions are discussed and measures for reducing the acci dent rate outlined under improving equipment design, supervisory versus anticipating controls and reduction of number of system components. Faster Chemical Cleaning for High- Pressure Boilers. W: Bell and S. Al- fano. fair. Engng. 1961, 65 (Dec) 66-8. ' After the boiler has cooled to 200 F ammonium citrate solution (1.8 per cent and pH 4.5) is injected to dissolve iron oxides, to form stable iron-citrate chlates, an additional quantity of citric acid injected to increase the sta bility of the solution of iron oxides, more ammonia added and sodium nitrite injected with air to remove copper deposits and convert these into copper ammonium complexes. The whole process including four rinses takes about 14 hr. The boiler is then clean and can be left empty without additives, blanketing, or neutralizers. Natural, controlled and forced circu lation boilers can all be treated equally well. * Chemical Cleaning Can Pay Off. I. B. Dick and J. W. Snyder. Power 1962, 106 (Jan.), 140-2. The Consolidated Edison Co. of New York regularly acid clean all their boilers to remove deposits likely to cause hot spots or corrosion. In addition,- turbines, feed heaters, con densers and air preheaters are chemi cally cleaned. If the occurrence of hot spots is suspected the hydrogen con tent of the steam is measured as in creased hydrogen content indicates break down of steam on hot surfaces. Correct chemical cleaning will not lead to tube metal attack even if it is repeated many times. (Continued May 1962 / COMBUST^N \ Abstracts from the Technical Press {Continuedfrom p. 59, this issue) >olid fuel Firing run ;onc. ns Required to Bum Fuels afely in Boiler Furnaces. R. M. lardgrove.' ASME Preprint No. l-FU-3 1961 (Oct.), 12 pp. The frequency and causes of furace explosions are. reviewed and re mits of tests with pulverized coal prented. The operating instruments quired, air fuel ratio meter, coal >w meter, flame detector, temrature recorder at pulverizer out :, interlocks on fans, pulverizers, 2ders, torches and purge controls e discussed and correct procedures scribed. Use of the procedures in mputer control of burner start-up d shutdown is discussed. ; . Oscillating Grate Spreader Stoker stallation. R. P. Perkins. ASME eprinl No. 61-FU-2 1961 (Oct.), 7 The grate installed in a single-pass ter tube boiler rated at 90,000 hr 12 ft 9 in. wide by 15 ft long, has ee sections and discharges at the nt. It is oscillated by an eccentricght shaft rotating at 1200 rpm for s every 20-30 min. Ash from the ter 't hopper and multicyclone ara hopper is reinjected to intse the efficiency by 2.6 percentage its; although the dust loading is eased by 50-70 per cent, when the c collector ash is reinjected the dust .ent of the cleaned gas is still be- 0.25 gr/ft.3 Thermocouples are ted below the grate surface to dehot spots and to start corrective edures. Excess air is generally at 25 per cent. After overcomsome initial difficulties the grate ,riven every satisfaction. d and Gaseous Fuel Firing -national Flame Research Founn: Some Results of the First s on Pressure Jet Oil Flames in jmuiden Furnace. J. M. Beer. st. Fuel 1902, 35 (Jan.), 3-15. e effects of air velocity, oil pres and a disk stabilizer on position me front, flame shape, gas temure and composition and mixing ; flames, soot concentration and .ion, and jet aerodynamics are bed and discussed. res and Combustion A .Ring of Furnaces and JR.- C. Patterson and R. F. amsen. ASME Preprint No. 1-45 1961 (Dec.), 11 pp. Water and air now and smoke table Throttling valves are installed in the models have been used to study de 12 parallel circuits to equalize the flow sign parameters and predict operating resistance but because of the spiral characteristics of new designs. Flow winding of the circuits in the cyclone distribution, velocity and direction and radiation furnace the heat uptake data and pressure loss prediction have and evaporation by each is very uni been obtained. Correlations between form. Liquid slag removal is possible model and full scale plant data are down to 25 per cent. Ash retention is presented. . 60-65 per cent at full load. The mix A Study of Pulverized Coal Flames. C. R. McCann and A. A. Orning. ASME Preprint No. 61-WA-302 1961 (Dec.), 8 pp. Studies of ignition temperature, ap parent flame velocities, time required . for ignition and effect of changes in flame position on completeness of burning carried out with a venturi-type burner burning about 1 lb/hr of coal are reported and discussed. ing of the flue gases in the gas outlet is so good that the temperatures of the tube walls of the platen superheater do not differ by more than +6.5 deg c and --8 deg C from the average Both boilers were free of deposits after 8000 and 5000 hr respectively, aj. though the soot blowers were used only occasionally. The chrome-ore refractory of the gas outlet had to be replaced after 6000 hr. The time required when starting from cold until Operational Experience with Cyclone synchronization is 50-80 min. Furnace Boilers, 500 t/hr, 211 atii, 535 C with Reheat to 535 C. H. Becker. Mitt. VGB No. 75, 1961 Water-Side Corrosion and Water Treatment (Dec.), 404-11 (in German). . The 7 ft cyclone furnaces of the older boilers at Walsum had tangen tial injection, carbon steel studs and chrome-ore refractory masses and were operated with an Os content of 0.8%. Erosion and corrosion in the cyclone, secondary and tertiary furnace neces sitated replacement of the old by new Industrial Water Treatment--n. W. F. Gerrard. Steam Engr. 1961, 31 (Jan.), 138-40. The second part deals with methods of internal treatment and their super vision, priming, foaming and carry over and treatment of standby boilers to prevent internal corrosion. cyclone furnaces with secant injection The Effect of Polymerous Phosphate of the coal and primary air, of the car on the Hardness Removal of Base Ex bon steel by Sicromal studs with closer changers. G. Peter. Energie 1961, spacing and of the chrome-ore by SiC 13 (Dec.), 541--i (in German). refractory mass. Similar modifica Experiments carried out by Sulzer tions were carried out in the larger 10 in Winterthur have shown that the ft cyclone furnaces of the new boilers. addition of polymerous phosphate up In addition, the Os content was in creased to 2-2.5 per cent and soot NEEDS stream of the base exchanger to water treated by hydrated lime does not in blowers regularly usedvin the tertiary furnace. Since then the boilers have DEOXY-SOLm been in operation for 10,000 hr without crease the residual hardness above the given limits if the addition is re stricted to threshold treatment, i.e., any visible damage in the cyclone or 2-5 mg./l. Larger additions may other furnaces and it is hoped to con tinue 20,000 hr when the major over to remove 02 lead to difficulties in the base ex changer. haul of boilers and turbines is carried out. Experience with a New Vertical Cy reduce oxides raise pH Capacity and Life of Weakly B&aic Anion Exchangers. H. Busch. Mitt. VGB No. 75, 1961 (Dec.), 383-5 (in clone Furnace. L. Spennemann and German). W. Krull. Elektwirtsch. 1961, 60 (Dec. 5), 855-60 (in German). The two Benson boilers at Gerstein power station each rated at 375 t/hr at 210 atii and 530/535 C are equipped Fairmount deoxy-sol, a solution of hydrazine, is a high efficiency oxygen scavenger designed especially for high pressure boiler water treatment. deoxy-sol removes oxygen, reduces The life of anion exchangers depends on operating temperature and the presence of organic substances of larger molecule diameter in the raw water which clog the pores of the ex with vertical cyclone furnaces in which the burners and air ports are arranged in 12 groups in the inclined roof at regular intervals, each group consisting of 4 burners in pairs di rected tangentially toward a circle be tween the outside wall and the gas oxides and raises pH of the conden sate all at the same time ... yet adds no solids. ' Stocks in Newark, N. J.f Chicago, 111., Los Angeles, Calif." Investigate its advantages for your system. Write for Bulletin BW. change particles and cannot always be removed during regeneration. A comparison of an American, Dutch and German exchange material showed that the particles in the Ameri can and Dutch material have small pores and are easily clogged while the outlet. The secondary air (400 C) is particles in the German material hat* injected around each burner, its large pores. In consequence^: tl* velocity being kept constant at all loads by dampers. Full load can be obtained with 3 pr 4_mills depending on the kind of cold being fired. Fairmount CHEMICAL CO., INC. 136 Liberty St.. New York 6, N. i American and Dutch materialslqs^f per cent of their exchange caps ~" the same time as the German i lost only 5 per cent. 62 May 1962 / COMBU Operational Experience with Com plete Demineralization Plants. W. gliimp Mitt. VGB No. 75, 1961 (Dec.), 386-8 (in German). - The plant at the Franz Hanich col liery has a capacity of 100 t/hr for the preppration of make-up water for the higl ssure boiler plant and consists of 3 ><irge and 3 small strongly add cation exchangers in series, 3 weakly basic anion exchangers, a C02 re moval plant, 3 strongly basic anion exchangers and 2 mixed bed exchang ers (100 t/hr each) which latter can be ised separately for condensate polishng. .Each exchanger contains two pedal filters to retain the exchanger nass during operation and regeneraion. All exchangers are regularly erated with compressed air to remove errous hydroxides. The procedure for ae regeneration of the exchangers is iven.in detail. During 4 years of op-ation no loss of capadtv of any exaanger has occurred, the anion exlangers suffered a reduction of their lass of 3-5 per cent per year. xperience with Complete Demineralation Plants in Frimmersdorf Power ation. R. Kretzer. Mitt. VGB No. >, 1961 (Dec.), 388-92 (in German). The methods developed for renerating the two plants each of a parity of 40/50 t/hr and consisting two cation, two anion and a mixedd exchanger are described and the vaf -es in reducing the filter re tan y higher water temperatures inted out. There is also a eonden.e demineralization plant of 350/ 1 t/hr capadtv which can deal with the condensate from a 150 Mw bine during starting or leakage in a idenser: it has proved particularly uable during starting of new units, drazine is added to the treated conisate and make-up water before rage in tanks. )eriences with Hydrazine in rine Steam Generators. J. S. -cher, E. A. Savinelli and J. A. Ul.. ASME Preprint No. 61-WA- 1961 (Dec.), 7 pp. 'hree cases of marine boilers are d in which boiler and superheater j failures occurred caused by over:ing due to deposits of iron oxides, use of hydrazine reduced in all s dissolved oxygen to such low Is that no more corrosion of the boiler section occurred and no j deposits were observed in the r. For Greater Accuracy, Longer Gage Life, Use Reliance Boiler Water Columns Reliance Water Columns Provide All These Advantages Reduce agitation and fluctuation for more accurate readings. Gage glasses last longer when kept clean by blowing down water col umn often and gage glass seldom. Keep dirt out of gage glasses. Provide mounting for glasses, cocks, and electrodes. Permit use of steam whistles or electric alarms. Allow placement of gage glass for best visibility. Reliance Float-Actuated Columns for Service to 900 PSI Reliance Water Column with alarm whistles, try cocks, and water gage insert. Reliance float-actuated alarms respond faster to water level changes than displacement-type units . . . operate either, steam whistles or electric alarms. Each column is completely assembled and tested at the factory before shipping . . . your assurance of accurate, trouble-free operation. Reliance Electrode-Actuated Columns for Service to 3000 PSI Reliance Electrode Levalarm with Simpliport bi-color ported gage and gage illuminator. Changes in water level make or break contacts between electrodes, instan taneously causing any desired response to water level conditions. Reliance Elec trode Levalarms can be used to operate audible or visible alarms for high or low water, fuel cut-outs and water pumps . . . completely automatic. Write for further information about these products and the name of your nearest Reliance representative. erside Corrosion in Oil-Fired BoilC. Janssen. Mitt. VGB No. 75, (P 1, 427-31 (in German), le of oxygen and copper in n^. waterside corrosion of boiler s is discussed. In two boilers.of a .BUSTION / May 1962 The Reliance Gauge Column Co., 5902 Carnegie Ave., Cleveland 3, Ohio Reliance BOILER SAFETY DEVICES 63 ((March R*(poniib3ity R*ulH 3 MAJOR ADVANCES IN ELECTRICAL PRECIPITATION Aerotec has developed three significant improvements in the technology of electrical precipitation: J Resilient suspension of both high voltage and grounded collect ' ing electrodes for greater uniform rapping effectiveness. 2 A power supply control which "looks-at-the-load" 120 times per second (each half cycle) and hence is much more effective in maintaining optimum precipitator voltage. 2 A collecting electrode having drastically reduced shop labor be ' cause of inter-locking panel assemblies, and less field labor because of simplicity of suspending extremely large panels. Thirty-five years of diversified experience in the design and manufacture of various types of dust control equipment assures you of an unbiased approach to your requirements. Ask for Bulletin AI-101. Write to Industrial Division, Department C, Aerotec Industries, Inc., Greenwich, Conn. In Canada: T. C. Chown Limited, Montreal, Toronto. Olfur Division!: IJVJOLSS7-FrfS, iAfG. INDUSTRIAL DIVISION AIRCRAFT EQUIPMENT Electro-Meclunital for tfis Aircraft, Misailo and Nuclear Industries AEROTHERM Aircraft Lounjes, Passenjer and Crew Seatint 64 Dutch power station originally fired by a traveling-grate tube failures oc curred after the installation of oil burners, in the vicinity of the burners and zones of highest heat release These failures were probably caused or accelerated by copper deposits and later avoided by reducing the boiler load and the salt content of the feed water from 30-120 mg/1 to 1.5-9 mg 1 and by adding cvclohexvlamine to the condensate. Selected Corrosion Cases from Power Station Operation. A. Bachmair and H. Kaes. . Mill. YGB No. 75, l%i (Dec.), 411-21 (in German). Tensile stress and pitting corrosion of ferritic and austenitic steels are dis cussed and some typical cases and their causes presented. Cases of fail ure caused by erosion followed by cor rosion and by cavitation are also shown. Measures available for avoid ing these different types of corrosion are described. Corrosion of Boiler Materials in Supercritical Steam. W. Stiefel. Sulser Tech. Rev. 1961, No. 3, 21-7. A large number of austenitic and a few ferritic steels were exposed for twice 500 h to steam at 500 kg/cm* and 490-650 deg C, the two series differing in the hydrogen content of the feed water. The tests showed that supercritical steam is no more ag gressive than subcritical steam. Gas-Side Corrosion and Deposits High Temperature Gas-Side Corro sion in Water-Tube Boilers. J. A. C. Samms and W. D. Smith. BUCRA Monthly Bull. 1961, 25 (Nov./Dec.), Pt. II, 454-84. The subject is reviewed under the headings: (1) introduction; (2) corro sion in coal-fired boilers; (3) corro sion in oil-fired boilers; (4) conclu sions; (5) bibliography. Testing of Various Coatings for Pro tection Against Corrosion by the Flue Gas of Oil-Fired Boilers. H. Mika. Mitt. VGB No. 1961 (Dec.), 431-8 (in German). Various metallic coatings and coat ings on plastic basis were applied to special water-cooled test bodies and exposed to the flue gas of an oil-fired boiler at different temperatures of the gas and the cooling medium. Only one plastic based coating withstood the corrosive attack to a certain ex tent but was not immune against it, all others were destroyed after compara tively short times of exposure. The tests could not be continued became the firing conditions were so much im proved during the tests by the reduc tion of excess air that acid film fpnpation no longer occurred. May 1962 / COMBUSTION External Corrosion Due to Sulfur Compounds on Boiler Tubes in Steamenerators Without Slag-tap Firing. 2. Buchholz and F. Borsig. Maschnenschaden 1961, 34 (Oct.), 141-6 in German). Tu*- damage to three steam-genratc /ithout slag-tap firing is inestigated.. The tube-wall areas afected' by corrosion were in regions of ntensive combustion and high concenration of the combustion products. Provision of an air screen in front of he tube walls prevented, to a considrable degree, corrosion of boiling tubes a steam-generators without slag-tap iring. From CEGB Digest 1962, 14 (Jan. ), 15. iue Gas Ash and Dust The Application of the Roto-Flux Magnetic Separator to Pulverized ^oal Fly Ash. L. J. Minnick. ASME 5reprint No. 61-VA-313 1961 (Dec.), PP- Studies of mam different types of fly .sh have shown that their main differnces are in the content of magnetic nd. non-magnetic fractions each of /hich has distinct properties. It is uggested to remove first the coarse ractions by screening since this conains the free carbon, unfused ash nd mullite which generally have etrim'-ntal effects on the products nad om or including fly ash. "he uon-magnetic fraction is paricularlv suitable for producing a ght-weight aggregate of high softenig temperature and in cementitious ompositions (mortars, concretes, celents, grouting mixtures), the magetic fraction as a heavy media sepration material, ferral cements for ense mortars and concretes for pipene coatings, shielding concrete for Jactors and structural concrete. New Use for Fly Ash--A Light'eight Ceramic Building Material. S. Griffith, J. T. Dusek and E. C. >ailey. ASME Preprint No. 61VA-291 1961 (Dec.), 8 pp. Fly ash is mixed with a foaming gent, water and clay, poured into loulds and dried and then fired. >ricks. blocks and panels containing p to 90 per cent fly ash have been lade which are fire and vermin proof, ave adequate strength and provide eat and noise insulation. -n Analysis of the Vortex Flow in the yclone Separator. J. L. Smith. .SME Preprint No. 01-WA-188 1961 Dec.). 8 pp. A theoretical study of the flow conitic ; presented which gives an exiana..jn for the reentrainment of seprat-ed particles and dust streaks on ie walls of separators. Richardson Automatic Coal Scales OF THE B.EIS in the nation's power stations * BOILER EFFICIENCY Only Richardson gives you all 25 advanced design features in- one SCale... LARGE ACCESS DOORS EASILY REMOVABLE FEEDER DOOR SEALS FLUSH INSIDE, NO DUST SPILLAGE LARGE FREE-FLOW INLET EXTERNAL DISCHARGE MECHANISM FREE SUSPENSION HOPPER ADJUSTABLE HINGES AND CATCHES .MAINTAIN SEAL * EXTERNAL DOOR CATCHES, NO CORROSION NEOPRENE DOOR SEALS SELF-POWERED BY-PASS STEEP BY-PASS PLATE, NO CLOGGING JAM-PROOF BY-PASS SELF-CLEANING PULLEYS MICROMETER COMPENSATOR NO INTERNAL MECHANISM TO GATHER DIRT JAM-PROOF SKIRT PLATES EASY-ACCESS BEAM SYSTEM SIMPLE RATIO TESTING RIGID TUBULAR BEAM STRETCHER MEETS HANDBOOK H-44 NBS DUST-TIGHT J.I.C. CONTROLS ANTI-BOUNCE BEAM SWITCH FULL POWER SOLENOID DISCHARGE DIRECT-COUPLED COUNTER EXTERNAL GEARM0T0R DRIVE Ask for Bulletin 0359. Write or phone Richardson Scale Company, Clifton, N. J. ^ckoiubett SCALE CLIFTON. NEW JERSEY Sales and service Branches in Principal Cities in United States and Canada. DIVISION OF HOWE RICHARDSON CORPORATION and Australia. Richardwson Sic.ales conform to U.S. Weights and Measures H44 for your protection. OMBUSTION / May ? 962 65 Reduced state correlations hav been developed, the two transpot properties based on a review of th literature. Abstracts from the Technical Press--Abroad And Domestic {See also p. 61, this issue) (Drawn from the Monthly Technical Bulletin, International Combustion; Ltd, London, W. C. 1) Measurement of Viscosity of Steer by the Capillary Method. O. V Witzell. .45.1/E Preprint Xo. 61 WA-331, 1961 (Dec.), S pp. Viscosity of steam has been meas ured at 400. 500. and 600 F from at to near saturation pressure by th< capillary method. The results an presented in graphs and compare* with those of other investigators Measurements in the supercritica' region will follow! Measurement of Velocity of Sound at High Pressure and Temperature. Mechanical Handling series of tests the tube had an inside J. Woodburn. ASME Preprint Xo The Motion of Hydro- and AeroMixtures in Pipes. A. E. Smoldyrev. Dokl. Akad. Nattk S.S.S.R. 1961, Xo. 137, 545-8 (in Russian). An attempt is made to find an approximate solution to the problems of calculating the hydraulic resistance and determining the transport capac ity in the piping of coal and other minerals. Three fractions are con sidered namely, 0.03-0.15, 0.15-2.0 helical rib when moderate boiling could be maintained to much higher steam qualities than in a smooth tube. The results are related to the design and operation of large, oncethrough subcritical pressure boiler. A New Method of Calculating the Radiant Exchange between a Gas and a Gray Wall. K. Elgeti. B.W.K. 1962, 14 (Jan.), 1-6 (in German). An exact equation has been deduced 01-WA-293, 1961 (Dec.), 9 pp. Velocity measurements have been carried out in steam at up to 1000 psi and 750 F with a sound source of 750 kc; these are now being extended 2000 psi to include also absorption and dispersion in steam. It is in tended to compare the results with those calculated from the steam tables. The experimental methods and apparatus are described. and material larger than 2.0 mm. Theoretical and experimental results obtained with tubes up to 700 mm in diameter are presented graphically. From CEGB Digest 1962, 14 (Feb. 3), 336. Heat: Cycles and Transmission for the radiant exchange ratio. The values of this ratio are presented for carbon dioxide and water vapor in a single diagram with the absorption ratio of the black or gray radiating wall as parameter. The values ob tained by the exact equation differ con siderably from those obtained by var ious approximate solutions. Comments on Measurements of JouleThomson Coefficients for Water. G. X. Richter, H. H. Reamer and B. H. Sage. -45A/E Preprint Xo. 61WA-330, 1961 (Dec.), 7 pp. Preliminary values of Joule-Thompson coefficients of water between 500 and 800 F and up to 7000 psi are presented and these coefficients, iso- Heat Transfer in a Vertical Evaporator Tube with Natural Circulation. H. A. Leniger and J. Veldstra. Chem. Ing. Tech. 1962, 34 (Jan.), 21-6 (in German). The influence of apparent liquid level, temperature drop and boiling point on the heat transfer coefficient of tubes of stainless steel of 1 and 2 m length and 18 and 47 mm diam was Heat Transfer to Air, Carbon Dioxide and Helium Flowing Through Smooth Circular Tubes under Conditions of Large Surface/Gas Temperature Ratio. J. F. Barnes and J. D. Jack son. J. Mech. Engng. Sci. 1961, 3 (Dec.), 303-14. Experimental results have shown good agreement with theoretical pre dictions. baric heat capacity and enthalpy com pared with published data. Diffi culties with the apparatus made a postponement of further measure ments necessary. Survey of Packaged Boilers. D. E. Fiford. Engng. Boil. Ho. Rev. 1926, 77 (Feb.), 55-9. The second part reviews flash steam, vertical and corner-tube boilers. studied and the circulation rate meas A table presents the names of sup ured. The results are presented in graphs and discussed. Steam Generation and Power Production pliers, trade names and evaporative capacity of packaged boilers available ij >l l n The Effects of Nucleate Boiling Versus Film Boiling on Heat Transfer in Power Tubes. H. S. Swenson, J. R. Carver and G. Szoeke. A SME Pre print Xo. 61-WA-201, 1961 (Dec.), 9 pp. Heat transfer coefficients for forcedconvection film boiling were experi mentally determined for water at 3000 psi flowing upward in a vertical stain less steel tube with an inside diam of Preparation of Steam Tables with the Aid of a Digital Computer. R. W. Bain. J. Mech. Engng. Sci. 1961, 3 (Dec.), 289-94. The use of a digital computer in deriving an empirical equation of state for steam based on experimental data is described. A table of specific volume has been computed but must be regarded as preliminary only. in Gt. Britain. Packaged Boilers. M. L. Jones. .45.1/E Preprint No. 61-WA-89, 1961 (Dec.), 3 pp. Packaged, oil or gas fired watertube boilers with output up to 120 klb/hr are discussed. Their ad vantages are weighed against their many disadvantages and suggestions made to improve the design of such boilers. All boilers should be easily 0.408 in. at heat fluxes between 90,000 Viscosity and Thermal Conductivity convertible to coal firing in view of the and 180,000 Btu/sq ft/hr. Nucleate, of Water; Gaseous and Liquid States. rising costs of gas and oil. transition and stable film boiling oc R. V. Theiss and G. Thodos. ASME curred simultaneously in different Preprint No. 61-WA-204, 1961 (Dec.), Attempt at Calculation of the Tran zones of the tube. In a second 8 pp. sient Performance of Forced-Flow 52 June 1962 / COMBUSTION Boilers for Gas-Cooled Reactors. W. E. Bausa. Atomkemenergie 1962, 7 (Jan.), 16-20 (in German). An attempt is described of finding a method suitable for calculating the transient performance of forced flow boi' ~s used for gas-cooled reactors in wl the change of state of the water in lorced-flow system is taken into account.. Systems including reheaters or two-pressures are also treated. Developments and Trends in Super heater and Reheater Design. K. E. Merefield. Bril. Pwr. Engng. 1902, 4 (Feb.)i 45-51. Comparison of Dynamic Models of a Superheater. M. Enns. ASME Preprint No. 61-WA-171, 1961 (Dec.). 8 pp. ' The requirements a model has to satisfy are discussed with special refer ence to a superheater section of a boiler. Two kinds of models, one with lumped and one with distributed parameters are analyzed and com pared. Conclusions are drawn on the. adequacy of one or other of the models for certain given conditions. . Chemical Cleaning of High Pressure Systems Containing Austenitic Stain less Steels. J. P. Engle and C. F. Reich. ASME Preprint No. 61-WA- 275, 1961 (Dec.), 5 pp. Since austenitic steel is subject to chloride stress corrosion cracking, the usr f hydrochloric acid,- even if inhi i, for cleaning boilers, especially once-through types, is not recom mended. Other acids tried out such as phosphoric, sulfuric, formic and critric acid, did not give satisfactory results either. The new acid, L21, a mixture of several organic acids, which can hold more iron in solution, has proved successful in preliminary trials on various metals used at Eddystone No. 1 unit and has been used there several times since. Liquid and Gaseous Fuel Firing A Burner with an Electrical Discharge Superimposed on the Combustion Flame. D. L. Richardson and B. Karlovitz. ASME Preprint No. 61WA-251, 1901 (Dec.), 8 pp. A burner has been developed in which an electric high-voltage a-c discharge can be superimposed on the flame from solid, liquid or gaseous fuel with 15 kw of thermal combustion and 7 kw of electric discharge power, increasing the specific enthalpy from 1100 to 1000 Btu/lb at stoichiometric air fuel ratios and to 1900 Btu lb with rich fuel flames. It requires ionizing at ves (KC1) to obtain steady op eration. Temperatures of up to 5500 F*have been reached. The burner is" believed to be of advantage where very This green liquid column could be your boi er water level - a true check on your boiler's safety by the Reliance EYE-HYE Easy to read, like the conventional boiler gage, the illuminated green fluid gives you even sharper indi cation of where water levels stand. EYE-HYE can be placed at any vantage point, on panel, post or wall. Manometric operating principle insures perfect meas urement, sensitive to slightest level changes. Easy to install, easy to maintain. With no mechanical working parts to fail -- no gears, magnets, diaphragms or linkage -- it's simple, fool-proof. No adjustments. Each EYE-HYE is factory-calibrated to your water level range and working steam pressure. Various EYE-HYE models fit any remote gage need -- for boilers, tanks, storage vessels -- any visibility length, any working pressure. Wide vision facility makes reading visible from wide area ... For safe, sure check on boiler water levels, write the factory for full EYE-HYE information. The Reliance Gauge Column Co. 5902 Carnegie Ave., Cleveland 3, Ohio BOILER SAFETY . DEVICES COMBUSTION June 1962 53 high temperatures are required pre viously obtained by high preheat, oxygen enrichment or electric furnace or where lower temperatures but very rapid heating rates are required. Development of Burners for Industrial and Utility Boilers. G. Musat and J. M. Racklev. ASME Preprint No. 61-WA-286," 1961 (Dec.). 8 pp. The facilities available at the Bab cock and Wilcox Research Centre, Canton,. Ohio, and their use in the development of burners are described. They include various firing tunnels, water models, high speed cameras, flame spectrum and flue gas analyzers, and heat absorption equipment. The Laboratory experiments are followed by large-scale plant trials and in most cases the latter have confirmed the results of the experiments. Burner atomization, flame impingement on walls, influence of moisture in air on ignition, flame spectra, heat absorption on furnace walls and automatic con trol of burners have been investigated. Water-Side Corrosion and Water Treatment Hydrazine for Preventing Oxygen Corrosion in High Pressure Boilers. G. Weidlich. Energietecknik 1961, 11 (June), 260-3 (in German). Hydrazine is continuously added to thermally degassed boiler feedwater to reduce the dissolved oxygen below 5 ng/\ to prevent pitting. A table is given for determining the hydrazine concentration of a solution from its density. Methods for determining hydrazine concentration using bro- mide/bromate, dimethylaminobenzal- dehvde and picrylchloride solutions are also given. . From CEGB Digest 1962, 14 (Jan. 20), 201. Corrosion Cracking of Austenitic Steels in Power Stations. P. A. Akolzin, V. X. Gulyaev and I. X. Laguntsov. Russia: Symposium-Korroziya Reaktornykh Materialov 1960, 93-102 (in Russian). In two boilers without austenitic bends, operating at 170 atm, and 550 C, intercrystalline crackswere observed initially but later cracks developed along the grain boundaries and across the grain. After the bends had been austenized and the boiler water made alkaline no further cracking occurred. The suitability of various steels for the construction of boilers and the appro priate dosing necessary for the respec tive boiler waters is considered. From CEGB Digest 1962, 14 (Jan. 20), 184. Gas-Side Corrosion and Deposits External Corrosion in Modem Large 54 THIS IS ONE OF OUR ionXchangers Based on experience gained since we first made these units in 1946, a completely new line of "pack aged" de-ionizers is now available. FEATURES If desired later, any model can be converted to automatic by add ing pneumatic operators to valves, plus control panel and pilot valves. If increased capacity is desired later, tank extensions can be added. G Design is compact, yet all parts readily accessible. Tank heads are removeable. G Valves can be serviced from front panel. G Valves are numbered and arranged in con Gvenient straight lines for efficient operation. Tanks are lined with 3/32" sheet Koroseal at factory, and spark-tested.' Q Resins are Gmade to our specifications, checked in our laboratory. Plastic piping is rigidly supported. G Valves are PVC body, diaphragm type, proved against leakage, available as stand ard stock items. Q New literature is available on request, giving full details and specifications of over 20 models in various types and capacities. Ask for Bulletin PKA- 162. COMPLETELY ASSEMBLED IWT "PACKAGE UNIT" Ion Xchangers are completely assem bled, tested, loaded with resins, and shipped in a single box (with breakable flow meters protected), ready for operation as soon as attached to inlet, outlet, and drain lines. ILLINOIS WATER TREATMENT CO. 840 CEDAR ST.. ROCKFORD, ILLINOIS OFFICE: 141 E. 4411. SI.. York 17. N Y. - AN D|ST.: Pumps Sollrncts. Lid., London. Can. Boiler Plant--Pt. I. W. D. Jarvis. Corr. Techn. 1962, 9 (Jan.), 9-13. The various kinds of corrosion found in boilers, the factors contribut ing to corrosive attack, the chemical processes involved and remedial meas ures are described. - The Catalytic SO* Oxidation as a Function of Residence Time of the Gases in the Reaction Chamber. K. Wickert. B. H\K. 1962, 14 (Jan.), 20-1 (in German). Laboratory experiments using plat inum. VOs and oxidized iron as catalysts were carried out with air containing 2 vol. per cent of SO- and the influence of residence time at maximum reaction temperature (plat inum 500 C, Vs05 550 C. oxidized iron 700 C) on conversion rate of SOt to SOa determined. For ViOi the maxi mum rate occurs above a residence time of 1.4 s and since residence times of combustion gases in modern boilers vary between 5 and 2 s a high rate of SOa formation can be expected when burning V containing oil and with tube surface temperatures from 500-1200 C. Corrosion of Superheater Spacers and Hangers. S. P. Castle and D. B. Peplow. Brit. Pwr. Engng. 1962, 4 (Feb.), 59-62. In boilers converted from pulverized coal to oil firing heavy corrosion of superheater hangers and spacers ex posed to gas temperatures of 1400 1500 F occurred. The examination of the corroded parts showed that sulfur, sodium and vanadium in the oil ash were responsible. This type of corrosion can be avoided by either internal cooling of the hangers and spacers or the use of a 60-40 CrNi alloy or ceramics but these mate rials are very expensive. Sulphur Attack on Nimonic 75 in Contact with a Heat Insulating Mate rial at 800 C. S. R. Billington. Metallurgia 1962, 65 (Jan.), 3-9. The attack on Nimonic at a tem perature of 800 C by a silica-magne sium/calcium carbonate insulating material containing 0.04 per cent S is described; within a few hours local penetrations to a depth of 0.05 in. oc curred. It is similar to attack by sulfur containing fuel ash on steel. Heat Recovery Plant Calculation of the Evaporators -in Nuclear Power Stations with Pressur ized or Boiling Water Reactors. V. Ferencik and K. Riebel. Kernenergie 1961, 4 (Oct./Nov.), 793-800 (in German). A method is presented for the com parison of heat exchangers for which the heat transfer coefficients and ther- June 1962 / COMBUSTION lal load are given. Although origlallv developed for heat exchangers of ressurized and boiling water reactors le method is also applicable to other :actor types. Sect of Impurities on Heat Exian{ id Aerodynamic Resistance i an Experimental Air Preheater with Heating Surface of Sectional Plates. . I. Volper and T. A. Savitskii. nergomashinostroenie 1961 (Nov.), --13. (in Russian). The results of an investigation into le effect of gas flow rate and temperaire conditions on heat exchange and jrodvnamic resistance in the unulating channels of an experimental atetvpe air preheater when the lannels are fouled with a soot deposit, -e presented. Data are given on the ficiency of compressed-air soot blowg to. remove the deposit. CEGB abstract. Dwer Generation and Power Plant atisfying the Industrial Power De sand. T. M. Hendrickson. ASME reprint No. 61-WA-114, 1961 (Dec.), pp: . The factors to be considered in iciding whether to buy electric power om the grid or to generate it in the orks are examined. The three main ises are discussed where power onlyDwer and steam and mainly steam e' re :red. The availability of by'odi .uel is also considered in this intext and a few simple rules es.blished as guidance to power engi;ers. raste Heat Recovery from Conden- ite. Anon. Pwr. Wrks. Engng. )62, 57 (Jan.), 38. At the Milk' Marketing Board's eamery at Aberdeen the condensate om the driers at 324 F is flashed into earn which is used in space heaters, he remaining condensate passes :rough calorifiers in which water for le underfloor heating system is proiced at a flow temperature of 140 F. p to 1,800,000 Btu/hr can be proded in this way for various heating irposes. ench Steam Power Stations. Anon. ngineer 1962, 213 (Jan. 26), 205-6. The development of electricity genation since 1946 is briefly reviewed, otal consumption in 1960 was 72,000 whr, 40,300 Gwhr from hydroactric and 31,800 Gwhr from thermal ations. EDF produced 63 per cent this total. The first standard sets are of 60 Mw capacity, the second ts of 125 Mw and the third sets now ing -tailed of 250 Mw capacity, ae .ers of these sets are rated 1ZQD klb/hr at 2360 psi and 1050/>50 F and the turbines of 4 cylinder design. The next step will be 500 Mw units with steam at 4270- psi and 1110/1050/1050 F, and a heat rate of below 8000 Btu/kwhr. Space re quirements would be about 11.5 cu ft/ kw and area requirements 0.01 sq ft/ kw, a saving of 40 per cent on the 250 Mw sets. Multiple Innovations Keep Down Costs at Brunner Island Plant M. D. Engle and B. Van Ness. Elect. Wrld. 1962,157 (Jan. 15), 52-4. The unit consists of a controlled circulation boiler rated at 2100 klb/hr at 2400 psi and 1000/1000'F, the 40 tangentially firing burners in the divided furnace being supplied by 5 mills and a 300 Mw cross-compound 3600/3600 turbogenerator with 7 ex traction stages. There is a central control room but computer control of a coal fired unit was not thought to be sufficiently' developed yet. The chim ney has an inner brick lining and outer concrete shell separated by a ventilated space, an epoxy-tar coating on the inner concrete face preventing damage from acid and a silicone waterrepellent treatment of the outside to prevent moist air entering the con crete through hair cracks. Various new features on the electrical and civil engineering side have reduced overall costs. Highveld Power Station to Reach Final Capacity by 1963. Anon. Sth. Afr. Elect. Rev. 1961, 52 (Dec.), 32-43. This station will have a final capac ity of 480 Mw when the last two of eight 60 Mw units are commissioned in 1963. Four boilers are of Babcock and Wilcox and four of International Combustion design, all of the bi-drum type, pulverized coal fired, the former. each supplied by 4 pressure mill and 16 circular burners in the rear wall, the latter by 4 suction mills and tilting comer burners; each boiler is rated at 550 klb/hr at 950 psi and 925 F. GAUGE GLASSES MODELINE GREEN HEAVY-DUTY No. 602 - By-Green Magnification ( Woter lerel. For high temperature* ood preuvrct up to 600 pti. MAGNIFICATION I for High Pressure Steam Boilers ^ GAUGE GLASS WASHERS HIOH PRESSURE RURRER COMPOSITION ,nd f>1*^ Any !<! <n h* (wrn*>tkrf BY SPECIFYING; ------- \ Scr.k. f"! I A. Injide Diomeier / \ **i Outride Diameter \ V J J \ ' .pEomp,t ih. .pmenl C. Heiaght or Thictnew kVr'fl.J.lf/,1 * tiominxl BULLETIN NO. 62 ^.\ fk - ' ,f. rrp/EUGENE ernst products CO. rri/ 140 WALNUT STREET / IIVINGSTON, NEW JERSEY usa / P.O. lo> SOS Telephone 992*131* Two boilers each are connected to a reinforced concrete chimney of 300 ft height. Coal is supplied direct by 3 belt conveyors of 650 t/hr capacity each from the nearby coalfields. Seven of the turbines are by Brown Boveri, the eighth by MetropolitanVickers, they are all of the twocylinder impulse type with 5 extrac tion stages for feed water preheating. The generators are hydrogen cooled. The Overhavel Power Station, Berlin. Anon. B.W.K. 1962, 14 (Jan.), 21-2 (in German). On November 1, 1961, the first 100 Mw unit of this new power station was commissioned. The Benson boiler with slagging furnace is rated at 775 klb/hr at 2560 psi and 977/977 F and fired by pulverized coal or oil and coal in a ratio of 1:1. The turbine has 3 sections and 9 extraction stages to heat the feed water to 572 F. The feed water pump is turbine driven receiving steam from a 1-p stage of the main turbine. The generator is hy drogen cooled. A second unit is under construction and should be ready- early in 1963. A third unit may- be installed later on but cooling water scarcity will then necessitate the erection of a cooling tower. Design Features of the BONUS Nuclear Power Station. A. S. Jame son. ASME Preprint No. 61-WA235, 1961 (Dec.), 28 pp. The BONUS (Boiling Nuclear Su perheat) power station under construc tion is rated at 50 Mwt and 17.3 Mwe and will provide 152 klb/hr of steam 950 psi and 900 F by internal super heating. Design criteria are pre sented and all essential parts are described in detail. Performance and Operating Experi ence of the Dresden Nuclear Power Station. I. L. Wade and T. Trocki. ASME Preprint No. 61-WA-268,1961 (Dec.), 12 pp. The dual-cycle, boiling water re actor has an output of 180 Mwe net and supplies 1.4 X 10! lb/hr of primary steam at 990 psi and 543 F and secondary steam at 520 psi at full flow and at 950 psi at minimum flow. Various tests prior and during com missioning are described, especially' those concerning the self-regulating ability between half and full load with out movement of the control rods, plant radioactivity (primary and sec ondary water/steam circuits) and feedwater and reactor water operating conditions. The cracking of index tubes and control blades and their replacements by improved materials are described; inspection during shut down of other parts of the reactor and auxiliaries showed these to be in DMBUSTION / June 1962 55 excellent conditions. The reactor is now operated at 192 Mw during the day and 160 Mw during the night, increase and decrease of load being carried out at a rate of 5 Mw. min. The Garigliano Nuclear Power Power Station. M. Covino. Nud. Pwr. 1962, 7 (Feb.), 65-7. ' The reactor for this 150 Mwe sta tion is of the forced circulation, dual cycle boiling water type based on the American Dresden station but con taining many improvements. The following are described briefly: (1) Shielding; (2) Reactor internals; (3) Control system; (4) Fuel; (5) Coolant chemistry; (6) Waste disposal. The Construction of Latina. H. C. Newsome. Nud. Pwr. 1962, 7 (Feb.), 72-3. The progress at this single gascooled reactor station is outlined. It is expected to start the first tests later in 1962. Improvements in the Design of the Selni Nuclear Power Station. F. Castelli. Nud. Pwr. 1962, 7 (Feb.), 68-71. The Enrico Fermi is a pressurized water reactor for an output of 160 furnace safeguard systems That ora SAFE SENSIBLE COMPLETE KnintrinB - Annunciator Interlocks Fl*m Detector* Pretremmlnt Drawing* Bulletin 61-80 gives full Information and specifications 9 7Wttot }-*}*} O WW toy.N.T, 56 Mwe using the multi-region loading and cycling concept. The reactor core, mechanical, thermal and nuclear designs, steam generating system, control and instrumentation, chem istry and radiochemistrv and the conventional plant are described. The SENA Underground PWR. Anon. Nud. Pwr. 1962, 7 (Feb.) 79. Construction of this 242 Mwe pres surized water reactor station at Chooz has started. The main data are tabulated. The fuel will consist of uranium oxide pellets with 3.1 per cent enrichment in stainless steel tubes and a mean burnup of 14,700 Mwd/t; the coolant will be at a pres sure of 2148 psi and a temperature of 267, C at the inlet and 300 C at the outlet. The net efficiency of the station is 29.3 per cent. Shippingport Operating Experience. L. R. Love. ASME Preprint No. Gl-WA-229, 1961 (Dec.) 8 pp. Operation with the first seed of Core I from 18/12/57 to 7/10/59, modifica tions carried out during replacement of the first by the second seed and operation with this from 9/5/60 to August 1961 and replacement by the third seed are outlined. System sta tion compatibility, reactor stability, equipment reliability, refuelling, per sonal qualifications and requirements and radiation exposure and con tamination control are discussed. A table gives the radiation levels meas ured in various parts of the plant. Equipment Performance and Opera ting Experience at the Yankee Atomic Electric Plant. G. A. Reed. Preprint No. 61-WA-227, 1961 (Dec.), Spp. The Yankee reactor is of the closed cycle, pressurized light water type with a closed-system pressure of 2000 psi and temperature of 514 F. The associated turbogenerator is rated at 145 Mw but the plant is probably capable of 175 Mw. The net thermal efficiency at 120 Mw is 29.4 per cent. Operational difficulties of the reactor have not occurred but turbine vibra tion and governor control have caused some troubles. It is believed that with improvements resulting from the operating experience of this plant, a plant capable of producing nuclear power competitive with other fuels could be designed. Materials and Manufacturing Processes Properties of some Alloys and Weld Metal Deposits at Low Temperatures. R E. Lismer. Weld. Met. Fabr. 1962, 30 (Jan.), 19-27. The results of tests carried out at the Research Laboratories of Lloyd's Register of Shipping on Al-Mg, cupro nickel and Kunifer alloys, Nb sta bilized austenitic stainless steel, var ious ferritic plate steels of C-Mn or low' alloy compositions and C-Mn plate materials at temperatures down to --200 C are set out in graphs and tables. Experimental Study of the Vortex in the Cyclone Separator. J. L. Smith. ASME Preprint No. Gl-WA-189 1961 (Dec.), 7 pp. The experimental studies have largely confirmed the theoretical stud ies presented in the previous paper. Corrosion Problems in Stack and Ducts. D. O. Thompson. ASME Preprint No. 61-WA-136 1961 (Dec.), 4 pp. The Commonwealth Edison Co. of Chicago found that their concrete chimneys with corbel-supported brick linings and 2-in. spun glass insulation were leaking, the insulation damaged and coal tar mastic coating had dis appeared where liquid H;SO< had accumulated. A new mastic coating "Staekfas" has been developed which appears to withstand corrosive attack. For new chimneys a Cor-ten lining, possibly with this new mastic coating, is regarded as the best solution. Rec ommendations are made also for in sulation of steel stacks, electrostatic precipitators and ducts. Operational Experience with the Gas Turbines of Vahr Power Station. A. Brandes. BWK 1961, 13 (Dec.), 542-6 (in German). Vahr district heating and power sta tion contains two 25 Mw gas turbinegenerators, four oil-fired boilers for heating peaks, four electrode boilers for night heat supply and two ac cumulators to balance electric and heat demands. The fuel for the tur bines is heavy fuel oil preheated to 320 F containing about 2.5 per cent S and V and Na in a molar ratio of 0.33. An additive called Perolin is used to reduce corrosive attacks. Deposits on heat exchangers and turbine blades re quire regular washing with water fol lowed by careful drying. The ther mal efficiency is 24.5 per cent at full load and a cooling water temperature of 50 F. The measures taken to re duce noise nuisance to the surround ing housing estate and within the sta tion are detailed. Pulverized Fuel Firing at a Dairy Boiler Plant. Anon. Steam Engr. 1962,31 (Jan.), 121-8. The new boilerhouse of the Express Dairy Co.'s works at Appleby has been provided with two economic boilers each rated at 22,000 lb/hr at 120 psi and equipped with an Atritor pul verizing plant and auxiliary oil burn- June 1962 / COMBUSTION 3. A refractory plate was installed the combustion chamber to im- ove the burning out of the fuel and tain most of the ash. The average iciencv of the plant has been 78 per nt. ecu ion Hardening of Stainless eels _u Water-Cooled Reactors. ,C.. Rowland and W. R. Smith. eel. Engng. 1962,7 (Jan.), 14-22. Because" of failures encountered in ictors in which such steels were used 'ther investigations were carried t into the stress corrosion susceptiitv of precipitation hardening stain s steels. The composition and prop ies of these steels are given, the t procedure described and the re ts presented in tables. e Failure of 304 Stainless Steel by ermal Strain Cycling at Elevated mperatures. A. E. Carden and J. Sodergren. A SME Preprint No. -WA-200 1961 (Dec.), S pp. Specimens of 304 stainless steel re subjected to thermal strain cvng tests at 700 to 1700 F and 100 to 1,000 cycles. The test temperature s less influential on the cycles to iure than the plastic strain. aling Behavior of Superheater Tube oys in ASME High Temperature jam Research Tests at 1100-1500 F. Eberle and C. H. Anderson. ASME eprint No. 61-PWR-3 1961 (Sept.), PP . Tht jults of tests on 7 ferritic and austenitic steel tubes exposed to air i steam at 2000 psi and 1100-1500 F ;r periods of 6-18 months are pre ted., Details are given of adence, thermal shock resistance, ckness, structure and chemical com>ilion of the scale and of the resiste of the steels to scaling. , itallurgical Evaluation of Superiter Tube Alloys after 12 and 18 inths' Exposure to Steam at 1200, .0 and 1500 F. C. L. Clark, J. J. B. therford, A. B. Wilder and M. A. rdovi. .45.1/E Preprint No. 61'R-4 1961 (Sept.), 30 pp. The tests reported earlier (see abjct 5694, 1960) were continued and ults obtained after 12 and 18 nths are now presented. All the jls and alloys appeared to be in isfactory conditions after exposure steam at 1200 and 1350 F for 18 nths, but most failed during expoe to steam at 1500 F. The decrease ductility and impact resistance ed after 6 months did not continue, onel showed the least microstrucal change. du i of Weldments Joining >erheater Tube Alloys after Expourelo Steam Temperature of 1000- MBUSTION ' June 1962 1500 F. W. E. Clautice. ASME 537-41 (in German). Preprint No. 61-PWR-5 1961 (Sept.), The bursting pressure and fracture 12 pp. deformation has been determined for In conjunction with the ASME pipes of different- steels and radius sponsored research on steels suitable ratios of 1.5 to 4.0 and the course of for service at temperatures up to 1500 fracture traced by stress analysis, F welds of similar and dissimilar steels microscopic fracture observation and a exposed for 6-18 months to steam at special fracture initiation test. The 1100-1500 F were examined. The fractures may start on the outside or welds were in satisfactory condition the inside. with only minor defects and some indi cation of fissure propagation with time and a function of the temperature. There was some carbon migration in joints of ferritic and austenitic welds and in increase of corrosion with time of exposure. Chart Method for Pipe Stress Calcu lations. H. Porter. Engineer 1961, 212 (Dec. 29), 1074-7. ' A chart has been prepared for ob taining a reasonably precise solution for the stress in two-anchor pipe sys tems by a drawing-board method. Operational Trial of Superheater The results agree closely with those Steels in a CEGB Pulverized-Fuel- obtained bv accepted analytical meth fired Boiler Burning East Midlands ods. The chart may also be used with Coal. A. M. Edwards, P. J. Jackson three-plane pipelines having two an and L. S. Howes. J. Inst. Fuel 1962, chors. 35 (Jan.), 16-28. Eleven ferritic and six austenitic steels (composition given) were ex posed to gas temperatures of 935 to 1240 F for 12,719 hr in a boiler at North Wilford station burning a coal averaging 18 per cent ash, 0.3 per cent Uranium Oxide--Fuel of the Future. B. T. Bradburv. Research 1961, 14 (Nov.), 423-9.' The properties, irradiation behavior and potentialities of VO; as a reactor fuel are discussed. chlorine and 0.9 per cent S. The ferri tic steels at temperatures up to 1125 F showed a loss on the fire and water side not exceeding 0.020-in. had a maxi mum service temperature of 1075 F Contribution to the Problem of the Scaling Behavior of Boiler Steels. A, Rahmel. Mitt. V.G.B. No. 74, 1961 (Oct.), 319-32 (in German). and fireside deposits did not signifi cantly increase the oxidation rate. The austenitic steels suffered severe wastage of 0.06-in. at a temperature of 1240 F caused by attack of the ERNST chromium-containing oxides by alkali- metal chlorides in the deposits. The difference in wastage is due to the PRODUCTS oxidation products on the ferritic steels being adherent and forming a protec tive layer but spalling from the austenitic steels. Wastage Trials of Superheater Steels ! in CEGB Power Stations at West LIQUID LEVEL GAGES GAGE GLASSES & GASKETS wood (Wigan) and Bromborough (Bir kenhead). G. G. Foster and L. H. SIGHT FLOW INDICATORS Toft. J. Inst. Fuel 1962, 35 (Jan.), 28-40. In these trials at temperatures up to 1240 F and with coals containing 0.5 Write for per cent chlorine and 2.5 per cent S and 0.27 per cent chlorine and 1.9 per CATALOG 60 cent S, respectively, the austenitic steels showed less wastage than the ferritic steel and this appeared to be a function of the Cr content. No acidic deposits were found in either trial in | PHONE AREA 221-992-1400 CODE contrast to those at North Wilford station. Wastage on the gas and ERNST WATER steam side was about equal. A reli able quantitative assessment of metal COLUMN & GAGE CO. iwastage of steels of higher Cr content would require a longer trial period than 250 S. LIVINGSTON AVE. that available at Bromborough station. LIVINGSTON, N. J. The Bursting Performance of Pipes. D. Uebing. BWK 1961, 13 (Dec.). U. S. A. 57 FLUIDICS* AT WORK New way to shrink yearly maintenance costs--improve heat exchanger operation Here is a new wrinkle in cooling-tower Costs nothing to operate: To sweeten operation: your savings a little more, the Permutit Side stream filtration. It can appreci Valveless Gravity Filter is automatic, ably cut your yearly bill for cleaning in every sense of the word. It operates fouled heat exchanger surfaces and itself, backwashes itself. Has no moving condenser tubes. parts, requires no attendant, no power, Between the cooling-tower and the no extra pumps. The water used to heat-exchange operation stands a new wash serves as part of the system blow- comer to the system --a Permutit off--at no extra cost. Automatic Valveless Gravity Filter. Now in use: Proved in this new applica Its job is to clean up a small portion tion, the Permutit Automatic Valveless of the main cooling water stream, Gravity Filter is already saving money roughly 1% to 5%. By continuously filtering this small side stream the tur bidity of all the cooling water is re duced and held to an acceptably low level. In the system shown here, suspended matter dropped from 2.0 ppm to 0.5 for several companies. All you need, to join them, is a little space near your cooling tower, and a Permutit Automatic Valveless Gravity Filter. For more facts, write: Permutit Dept CO-62, E49 Midland Ave., Paramus, New Jersey. ppm in just one week, and continued to decrease thereafter. Less turbidity in the cooling water means less fouling of heat exchange equipment. Less fouling, fewer clean ings, more efficient operation. FLUIDICS is the Pfaudler Permutit program that integrates knowledge, equipment and experience in solv ing problems involving fluids. PFAUDLER PERMUTIT inc. Aworld-wide companywith plants in Germany, Great Britain,Canada, Mexico,Japan,as well asthe U.S.A. 58 Scale formation on most metals and alloys is subject to a parabolic time* law though this may also be cubic logarithmic or reciprocal-logarithmicit is also a function of temperature and' atmosphere. Extended studies of the scaling of 7 ferritic and 4 austenitic steels in air and steam at temperatures up to 700 C over several years are reported and the differences in the composition of the scale formed at various temperatures, in the two atmospheres discussed. Corrosion of the steels on the gas-side by deposits, such as ViOj alone and in the presence of alkali metals, by double sulphates and by chlorides has also been studied. It is believed that the development of metals of sufficient strength at high temperatures and high corrosion re sistance has little prospect of success. Tensile Stress Corrosion of LowAlloy Steels for Boiler Construction. W. Radeker. Mitt. F. G.B. No. 74 1961 (Oct.), 332-44 (in German). The literature on tensile stress, fatigue and pitting corrosion of lowalloy ferritic-pearlitic steels is criti cally reviewed and supplemented by the author's own research. It is con cluded that there are possibilities of transitions between the various kinds of corrosion but that many of the problems are not yet solved. It is necessary to investigate the limit stress of metals, limit concentration of attacking media, effect of higher tem peratures and the nature of the at tack. Improved alloys, improved design and fabrication method should also help in reducing the corrosion problem. Tensile Stress Corrosion and its Pre vention--II. I. Class. Tech. Oberv. 1961, Z (Nov.) 482-8 (in German). The second part deals with preven tive measures such as the application of chemical agents, choice of material, artificial generation of compressive stresses on the surface, heat treat ment, design, fabrication and opera tion. Reduction of Fatigue Crack Propaga tion. Anon. Engineering 1961, 192 (Nov. 3), 593. Research carried out by. the U. S. National Bureau of Standards into means of reducing the propagation of fatigue cracks is outlined. It has been found that by applying a coating of an organic liquid such as dodecyl alcohol to a variety of metals access of molecules of oxygen to the notch or crack is prevented and the duration of the crack propagation period con siderably increased. Progress in Welding of Boiler Tuba* in Pipelines for High Pressure Boilers. R. J. Hardress. Weld. Fabr. Des. 1961. 4 (Aug.), 20-30. June 1962 / COMBUSTION le Action of Caustic Soda Solutions Steel in Relation to the Problem of .ustic Embrittlement in Boilers. S. Thornhill. Centre Beige d'Et. et Doc. des Eaux Bull. Trim. 1961/IV, 3-26 (in French). The -rosion of steel exposed to ustic ,,oda solutions and to mixres , of caustic soda and sodium '.rate has been measured to furnish ta- on caustic embrittlement and a preventive action of sodium .rate added to boiler feedwater, .ustic soda solutions are more corroe at high and low concentrations an at medium, and the concentrans at which corrosion occurs are termined for different temperatures tween 20 C and 300 C. Highly ustic solutions attack steel with the olution of hydrogen, giving magcite, hydrogen ferrite and sodium rite as corrosion products. Corron is-not prevented by the addition sodium nitrate and can even be in;ased, but the hydrogen evolved is gelv eliminated bv the reduction of iium nitrate to sodium nitrite. The thor suggests that the prevention of icks of .caustic origin by treating iler feedwater with sodium nitrate actually due to the fact that the icentrated solutions obtained, which responsible for the attack, no ger cause a type of corrosion accomnied by hydrogen evolution. From CEGB Digest 1962, 14 (Feb. >, < rruments and Controls )I/VDE Specifications for the Purase of Controls for Boilers. R. ack. B.W.K. 1962. 14 (Jan.). -9 (in German). The latest drafts are presented for cussion. They concern: (1) Fuel d combustion air control; (2) Drum ter level control; (3) Superheated am temperature control. namic Characteristics of a Feed ntrol System for Once-through ilers Based on the "Heat-water" tio. I. I. Aizenshtat. Energomanostroenie 196.1 (Nov.), 5-9 (in .ssian). A method of feedwater control used high-pressure once-through boilers based on the "heat-water" ratio. Teat" here is the sum of signals loting steam consumption and the :ssure change rate at the superiter inlet.) Factors determining - stability of such a feed control tern are considered, and the effect these factors of conversion from h to supercritical pressures is dis use A means of increasing the ;ree of damping of the system by roducing a further signal into the d regulator to denote the tern- i i j | ` j OMBUSTION / June 1962 |II|IJU 11111111 H1.11,1 'S' AsW^^wXv.v.sw,V.\V.\% .Viw'w DO SECOND BEST MORTARS REALLY COST LESS THAN SUPER # ?3000 NO, and it has been proved hun dreds of times. Initially you may pay on the average of 3/101 more per brick for SUPER #3000 protec tion.* But here's what you get: --Maximum insurance against expensive joint failure and down time. --Maximum insurance against high main tenance labor and brick replacement outlay. When a second best mortar fails because it can't take rough service, the cost is always many, many times greater than 3/1 Qt per brick. The second best mortar is therefore far more expensive than SUPER #3000. More than 25 years of service reports have proved that SUPER #3000 costs far less in the long run. SUPER #3000--the "NO EQUAL MORTAR" is the lowest cost insurance you can buy. Write for SUPER #3000 SERVICE REPORTS, TECHNICAL DATA, FREE SAMPLE. * Figuro about 350 pounds of bonding mortar pr 1000 brick. Diffotonco in cost bafwaon 2nd bast mortar and SUPER #3000, tho "NO EQUAL** mortar, it about $17.00 par ton, or 3/10# par brickl l 59 perature of the medium at one or more points in the steam delivery line ren ders the system suitable for 255 atm 950 ton/hr boilers. CEGB abstract. Flue Gas Temperature Measurement. Anon. Fuel Eff. 1962, 10 (Jan.), 48. At the Central Laboratories of Shell International Petroleum Co. a simple suction pyrometer for use with the Shell Moray smoke meter has been developed. It has two ranges, from 0-500 and 0-1000 C and an accuracy of 2-3 per cent. Its application is .described. Photoelectronic Smoke Density Moni tor. G. v. Hacht. Eleklwirtsch. 1962, 61 (Jan. 20), 46-7 (in German). The instrument developed by A.E.G. consists of a light emitter and receiver, electronic amplifier and re corder or indicating instrument and measures the smoke density in Ringel- mann numbers. Both emitter and receiver are air cooled and a jet of air prevents settling of dust on the lenses. The voltage of the lamp and the bridge circuit is kept constant with an ac curacy of 0.05 per cent. . Instruments and Controls The Problem of Simulating the Dy namic Behavior of Steam Generators in Analogue Computers. F. Laubli. Sulzer Tech. Rev. 1961, No. 2, 35--42. The dynamic phenomena in steam generators are mainly governed by heat storage between tube wall and the flowing medium and the way in which temperature disturbances in the working medium are propagated through the boiler. Three methods of approximation have been derived for single-phase flow through heat storing tube systems and investigated with respect to numerical stability and speed- of convergence. The three methods are described and the third method recommended for use. Saturn. A Large Analogue Comput ing Installation. 1. T. O. Jeffries, C. B. Newport, H. A. Darker and R. A. Flint. Nucl. Pwr. 1961, 6 (Dec.), 80-4. This analogue machine divided into 6 computers is specifically designed for studies of nuclear power station. The first part describes machine and system design, linear computing units and nonlinear computing units. MITCH[ll mis. This 10-ton, 36' shelldiameter heating element in cludes three kinds of material: stain less steel, chromium-molybdenum steel and carbon steel. W. K. MITCHELL & CO., INC. Philadelphia 46, Pa. 63 years' SPECIALIZED experience. Ask it in! PIPING FABRICATORS AND CONTRACTORS 60 New 342 MW Unit to be Control!*! Automatically. R. A. Baker. Wrld. 1961, 156 (Nov. 13), 54-7, 104' Sewaren No. 5342 Mw unit wfij operate on steam at 2400 psi, lioo/ 1050 F supplied by a 2200 klb/h onctthrough boiler fired bv oil which simplifies automatic control. The digital computer has a 4000 word core and a 45,000 word memory and will control starting, operation, normal and emergency shut-down. The vari ous functions the computer has to undertake are set out and the prob lems arising in the application 0f control computers to steam plants are discussed. The Design of an "Everclean Win dow" for the Observation of the Optical Density of Flue Gas. P. A. E- Crosse, D. H. Lucas and \V. L. Snow- sill. J. Inst. Fuel 1961, 34 (Nov) 503-5. '' Two slightly different windows have been developed, one for ducts with subatmospheric and one for positive and/or subatmospheric pres sure. The window consists of an aluminum honeycomb of a large num ber of hexagonal tubes of '/< mesh bonded together and sealed to a glass window with Araldite. The photocell or light is contained in a dust-tight box and fixed to the tube containing the window. These windows re mained dean for over a year. The window is patented under B.P. 877918. ' Capacitative Level Recorders Help to Control Automatically Coal Bunker Charging Plant. H. Madeisky. Handling Convey. Autom. 1961 (Nov.), 429. * Each bunker contains a robust articulated rod made of Zirconiumsilicate through which a silometer unit continuously records the level and switches the feeding conveyor off when the maximum level is reached and switches it on when the contents have fallen to the minimum level. The conveyor carriage has fitted to its front end a chain-rod which stops the feeding operation when the maximum level is reached and moves the con veyor to the next bunker to be filled. Instruments and Controls Use of Electronic Computers for the Calculation of Thermodynamic and Strength Problems of Steam Boiler Plants. W. Schultes. Energie 1961, 13 (Dec.), 553-4 (in German). The German boiler manufacturer Walther und Cie and IBM have to gether undertaken the programming of an IBM 650 digital computer which has solved the following problems: (1) thermodynamic calculation of an oil-fired boiler with tubular air pre* June 7962 / COMBUSTION w and also steel consumption per ton steam generated, space occupied, etc.; 2) calculation of double slagging fur naces for a Benson boiler with reheater ated at 365 t/hr, 190 atu and 535/545 2 'ncluding the performance of the urnaces at two different slag fusion eni| .ures; (3) calculation of water ind b..am circulation in a system for pressures of 135 and 67 atu including he velocities in the various- sections, team and water content, rate of em ulation ahd. entry energy of the mixure into the drum; (4) calculation of ilate thickness of a smoke-tube boiler or various diameters, pressures and naterials: (5) permissible rate of eating and cooling of superheater ubes made of different materials; (6) hermodynamic calculation of smokeube boiler at various pressures and he influence of pressure on flue gas 'mperature and efficiency, ombustion Monitoring of Large lames from Flame Spectra. F. A. -aumgartel and W. T. Hage. ASME 1reprint No. 61-WA-299 1961 (Dec.), pp. The development of a flame detector isponsive only to radiation below 000 A (far ultraviolet) and its unique dvantages over other flame detectors re described. A modification of .eiger-Muller counters operating 1 the glow-discharge region has given lost satisfactory results: it has been amed "Flamon" detector. >iss d Oxygen in Boiler Feed /ater. G. Jessop and H. W. Holy. rit. Pwr. Engtig. 1961, 4 (Jan.), 1-43. ' Two instruments, one working on a nysical and the other on a chemical .isis are described. The results of imparative determinations have been itisfactorv. RETURN LINE CIRROSION CAN BE caLL BIRD-ARCHER Increased return line pipe life Reduced maintenance and replacement costs Elimination of corrosive solids More efficient steam and condensate return systems These are the benefits you get when BIRDARCHER corrects return line corrosion. cc'ccr Energy election of Optimum Parameters of uclear Power Stations. A. J. Hram ov. Kernenergie 1961, 4 (Sept.), IS-- 10 (in German). A system of equations has been ;veloped with which the parameters r the optimum, i.e.. minimum costs r the generation of one unit can be termined. ew Method for the Calculation of arn-up in Reactors. E. Kern. Alommettergie 1961. 6 (.Oct.), 397--408 i German). A general formulation of the ehargg calculation is presented, a method solving the equation by analogue mpter described and an example of e lication of the calculation ven. Protection against corrosion in steam and condensate return systems has been our business for over 60 years. We offer the benefits of these years of experience plus BIRD-ARCHER Amine Treatments, both filming and neutralizing, that have saved so many companies thousands of dollars in repairs and replacements. Write, wire or call BIRD-ARCHER to cor rect return line corrosion. BA-105 BIRD-ARCHER COMPANY Specialists in WATER TREATMENT 4337 North American Street, Philadelphia 40, Pa. GLadstone 5-0700 . Tht BIRD-ARCHER CO. of California, 415 Brannan St, San Francisco officas in Canada and Maxico DMBUSTION / June 1962 61 JOSEPH C. MeCABE, Editor and vtBd*r k. W. HINDENLANG, Associate Editor tOBERT 0. TAFT, Business Manager Wished monthly by COMBUSTION PUBSHING COMPANY, INC, 200 Madison New York 16. A SUBSIDIARY OF COMBUSTION ENGINEERING, INC >ories McDonough, President vmur l Sontry, Jr., Vice-President ,o*bert A Gross, Treasurer >Mt A. Ennis, Secretory COMBUSTION is sent gratis to engineers in U. S. A. in charge of steam plants from 10,000 lbs per hr capacity up; and to :<xwjhmg engineers in this held. To others subscription rate, including postage, is IS the United States, $5.50 in Canada, xtd $8 in Latin America and other countries, jxgie copies: Domestic, 40 cents. Foreign, 43 ctr>-plus postage. Copyright 1962 by Com i Publishing Company, Inc. PubrotM. fice, Easton, Pa. Issued the middle it Hit month of publication. Controlled circulation postage paid at Easton, COMBUSTION publishes its annual index in June issue and is indexed regularly by 07meeting Index, Inc. and also in the sppiied Science & Technology Index. h* magazine is now reproduced and dis- th/ted to libraries on microfilm by University u-crofilms of Ann Arbor, Michigan, j ''nted in U S. A BPA COVER PHOTO Color photography is used at the C-E Kreisinger Development Lab in three dimensional model studies of furnace flow. volume 33 number 9 Marti11962 Second COMBUSTION Industrial Plant Award to PCA's Quincy Plant ................................................................................................................... 20 Once again the editors feel they have come across an out- standing plant operation and attempt to salute it in these pages Steam Power Plant Clinic ... 30 Igor J. Karassik The problems of recirculating operation of pumps during light loads is tackled in this issue What Should We Expect From Future Steam Tables?..................... .35 Dr. Ing. Habil Jos. J. Boehm The advent of the digital computer technique to steam calculations puts a new emphasis on the steam table. The author makes a plea for general agreement on values Steam Turbine Reheat Factors ... 39 J. H. Potter and F. D. Ryan The increase in capabilities, improved design, better blading imposes a critical review of reheat factors. A compilation is made. ' Cooling Towers Benefit From New Thinking and New Materials . . 43 The European continent is now employing asbestos cement for cooling tower packs. In the U.S.A. new design permits a structure-free interior Flow Modeling of Furnaces and Ducts ... 47 R. C. Patterson and R. F. Abrahamsen A quick review of the methods for flow testing by models, plus the use of photography, together with a fine bibliography gives a first-rate round up on this subject Abstracts From the Technical Press--Abroad and Domestic ... 56 Editorial: The Richest Alchemy ... 19 Advertisers' Index . . . 60, 61 Cooling Towers Benefit From New Thinking and New Materials LTHOUGH the cooling tower of today differs considerably in construction from its ancestor of some fifty years ago, the basic principle of ling water by allowing it to fall against a rising air ream remains unaltered. The cooling tower is in effect large chimney through which air is being continually awn by natural, forced, or induced draft from openings ovided in the base of the structure. The bottom of cry tower is packed with a network of slats at a height about 10 to 30 ft above the cill. Radiating sprayer es are fitted over these slats, and it is into these pipes at the heated circulating water is pumped. This water then converted by the nozzles into a fine spray and gins its fall down the tower against the rising air 'cam. The function of the network of slats is to read the falling water into a thin film, or in some cases ray, thereby ensuring that it receives optimum cooling 10 aching a collection pond at the base of the tower >m . aich it is returned to the boiler water cycle, in the se'ef a power plant. ~' The first cooling towers were often of wooden construc tion, being timber framed and boarded. They were rec tangular in shape and at that time performed their func tion adequately. As time went by and the volumes of water involved became greater a number of structure changes occurred. In the U.S.A. the fan, both induced and forced, played a larger role and steps had to be taken for the greater mass transfer under the new draft condi tions. Throughout Europe and the continent, however, natural draft was retained and reinforced concrete was introduced to meet the larger tower sizes. As the towers grew the now familiar hyperbola of revolution was employed for a natural draft designs, Fig. 1, which offered a good shape for resisting wind forces. Today we find cooling tower construction undergoing more changes. The following are two notable examples. In the U.S.A. the Foster Wheeler Corp.1 has announced a recent innovation in industrial cooling tower structural 1 "A New Approach to Cooling Tower Design" by E. E. Goitdn, Heat Engincerinz, Nov.-Dee. 1961. 1MBUSTION March 1962 43 Fig. 2.--Fully atmbl*d fan-powtrtd cooling iowor with itruchira-fra* interior design that they are employing at the Texas Division of The Dow Chemical Co., Freeport, Texas. The new design permits a structure-free interior below the water distribution system. As developed, all support columns are on the exterior of the sheathing, Fig. 2, thus protecting the column material from biological attack or corrosion by the moist atmosphere, as well as making inspection and maintenance of the columns a simple matter. In vidual cells are uniform in size, rectangular in cr section, and designed to effect even and intimate cont of air and water on a counter-flow basis. The paramount feature of the structure is the exten- use of trusses for horizontal beams and columns, effect, the structure consists of a series of rigid be secured to each other by cross bracing. The horizoi trusses support the mechanical equipment, fan st. fan deck, eliminators, distribution system and the racks. In this arrangement, it is possible to lowe complete section of fill members, Fig. 3,' to the b; level. The vertical column trusses are protected fi the hot, moist cooling tower atmosphere by the sheath- The first rigid bent structural design furnished commercial service, the 2-cell tower installed at previously mentioned Dow Chemical Co.'s Free; plant, is successfully performing under the design ope ing conditions specified. The tower was structur completed this July and was placed in operation sho thereafter.' Since then, the tower was subjected to high velocity forces of Hurricane Carla and withst them without damage. Completely prefabricated trusses have been develc as well as factory-assembled fill grids. These g: Fig. 3, were originally held in suspended position monel cables. Nylon rope, however, proved more s. factory and is depicted in the final assembly, Fig. 3 white lines. - 44 March 1962 ' COMBU Abjtoj cement elimmotor slate mI 91 3* corrugated asbestos cement sheeting 6* corrugated asbestos cement sheeting Fig. 5--Schematic of asbestos cement tower interior shows how pieces fit together European Practice One very significant contribution to modem day specialists in the design of cooling towers in the hopes cooling tower construction has been advanced by the of developing asbestos cement packs to compete with the l niversal Asbestos Manufacturing (UAM) Group of traditional timber packing. Out of this work has come Companies.2 Their interest in asbestos cement has a relatively simple cooling pack, Fig. 4, which requires prompted their participation in all possible outlets for neither spacers nor ancillary fixings. In this pack 6-in. dieir products. The advent of the reinforced concrete corrugated sheets, with the corrugations running ver hyperbolic stack for cooling tower service made this tically, are interleaved with 3-in. corrugated sheets, with 'levice a familiar one to the asbestos cement industry. the corrugations running horizontally, Fig. 5. The In fact in addition to the stack itself asbestos cement has many points of contact between the corrugations serve ken used for years in pipe fabrication for the branches, as stiffeners to give added strength and rigidity to the he flange sand spray nozzles and other elements in the packs. - uoling tower distribution system. The first cooling towers to contain these packs are at . ^or some time UAM people have been working with the new CEGB Padiham Generating Station, Fig. 1. The two towers are 300 ft high and have a diameter at Asbestos Cement in Cooling Towers," UGIB 5, Series Three, 1961. pond rill level of 190 ft. Each tower handles 31/* million H------L 7040 45 i; i f i i! i gallons of water per hr and produces a temperature drop the handling and the packing of the individual cor of about 18 F. sheets can be made to go very smoothly and efficient. Precast reinforced concrete columns and bearer beams Six workmen, Fig. 4, succeeded in packing over 100 torn are used to support the* asbestos cement packs which are in a week. Site breakages were relatively minor-- i made up on the. site. By proper storage and transport sheet in every 400. n Saline Water Conversion to Provide all Municipal Water for Arizona Town The town council of Buckeye, Ariz., recently awarded an historical 8297,741 contract for construction of the first saline water conversion plant of any type to treat an en tire municipal supply in the United States. A Phoenix general contracting firm was the lowest of five bidders on the project which calls for installation of a 650,000 gallon-per-day brackish water desalting plant manufac tured by Ionics, Inc., of Cambridge, Mass. The new plant scheduled for completion in the sum mer of 1962 under the supervision of John A. Carollo, Consulting Engineers, will be the largest and lowest cost commercial "electrodialysis" plant ever built. The new plant will be almost three times as large as any commercial electrodialysis plant previously built and will produce fresh water at an estimated average treatment cost of 50 cents per thousand gallons including all charges for operation, maintenance, and bond amortization of the treatment plant, but not including water supply, dis tribution or general water system costs. The 50 cent figure compares with treatment costs of 81.50 or more for other saline water converters currently in operation here or abroad. Reported costs of 90 cents to 31.25 for such plants are actually about 81.50 on a comparable load ba sis, since low winter-time water usage reduces the annual output of most municipal water plants to approximately half of their full capacity. The water costs at Buckeye will decrease in future years as the new Ionics plant, which has excess capacity, serves a larger demand. "This breakthrough in practical saline water conver sion is particularly fitting on the 50th anniversary of Ari zona's Statehood because of the importance of good water to the past and future of Arizona," said Mayor John W. Beloat, a life-long resident of the Buckeye area. "I understand that there are more than one thousand towns and cities which have highly mineralized water like Buckeye, but the Buckeye project is the first to bring modem, large-scale saline water conversion to the community level on a self-supporting basis without any Federal or outside aid." "The Town of Buckey's existing water supply is a hard, corrosive and salty liquid derived from deep wells with a mineral content of 2200 parts per million by weight --about one-fifteenth as salty as sea water," explained George Hamner, Buckeye Town Clerk. "The new plant will remove nearly five tons of excess salts and minerals from the town water supply per day, thereby reducing the total mineral content to 500 ppm--the level recom mended by the State of Arizona and the U. S. Public Health Service. Ninety-four per cent of Buckeye's quali fied voters turned out for a special election last Septem ber 12 to approve a $305,000 water revenue bond issue for the project by a two to one margin. A new water rate schedule was also approved to provide the additional water revenues needed for the project. Water rates weft increased by about 50 per cent for municipal users and 85 per cent to 174 per cent for larger users." IS; "In spite of the higher water rates, we believe most it the citizens of Buckeye will save money on water when the new plant goes into operation," said Leonard Dan. kowski, Chairman of the Industrial Development Coxal mittee of the Buckeye Chamber of Commerce, "p^. many years Buckeye residents have suffered the annoying and costly effects of a highly mineralized water supply-, poor taste, purchasing and handling bottled water, waste of soap, purchase of water-softening agents, corrosion and salting-up of appliances, and rapid deterioration of every thing which the water touches--from plumbing to auto mobile radiators. For every dollar which we spend to purchase the untreated water from the municipal sys tem, we pay about two dollars more in hidden costs totue or avoid the salty water. Our committee conducted a survey in 1960 which reached two-thirds of all the municipal water customers in Buckeye. Fifty-seven per cent of those interviewed reported spending an average of 36.42 per month for the purchase of bottled water for drinking; 9S per cent said they wanted better water; and about two thirds said that they would be willing to pay more for it. We estimate that the hidden costs as sociated with highly mineralized water costs each municipal water customer an average of 810 per month, not counting what he pays the Water Department for the untreated water in the first place." To dramatize the advantages of "good" water, a public demonstration of a small Ionics desalter of 6000 gal daily capacity was organized with the cooperation of local firms and service groups and held in Buckeye last summer, giving all citizens an opportunity to see the "before" and "after" effects of the water in washing machines, dishwashers, evaporative coolers, and bev erages. This small plant has been operated in Buckeye since last May on a 24-hr day, 7-week basis. Citizens of Buckeye and surrounding communities have been driving into the station and hauling away about 1000 gal each day in bottles and tanks to try out the nef water. In the electrodialysis process developed by Ioi excess salt and mineral particles are electrically fore out of the brackish water through special plastic mi branes leaving fresh water behind and producing a on the other side of the membrane. The electricity for the project will be purchased the Arizona Public Service Company, whose W< Division headquarters are in Buckeye, and who operated with other Buckeye firms in the project di stration. r COMBUSTION DCV07E0 TO TiTC aOvaPCOMTorr or CTTAM rUAKT DICJON MI? OrCJUTIOII VOLUME THIRTEEN NUMBER ELEVEN CONTENTS FOR MAY 19-12 i FEATURE ARTICLES Po*l*l JW l* v( 5JU .S!uj> .. , *.! Problem* ir Intrniny P!o#t Furnncc Oft# Umlcr ^te.vr. Moilcri Power n<3 lh<r Mur M'hnt AlvtisS Your f'nnl P*',r^ ^vonitff of / kti .<1. )i, Mtim/vn/..... . . hy i rl/wtf 0!di ` ku /foulard A. Crap____ ip C /!. Rounihwallr . i! 35 19 iU u EDITORIALS *"it*xrlmnn of Pour" I )rfirs/*rt IrC'ifu^ni M**" l'Auvi* Mrrtirtt; AcfrlrriiSril Proihirlici] ' .n ir . , . . . it DEPARTMENTS Steam Ensmeerini! Abroud Changing Fuels. Slsi-Taa Furnace With Peat. War Dam age lu PlttaU, Iced Tump lui Onto- fhryugh Dyilcts. Dt-cuing WyyJ Refuse, Tuibiiic Blade Research Employ* ind fynncl. Compoct Steam Ccncrator Employing High l l*l ........... , .......... , . .................. .. Revievx of Nrw i'tonliH ,x J/ 5/ New Catalogs and Bulletin*. .. ,. ......... 52 Ad\ertiser in This Issue............................. ........................... .............................................. 56 II. OTUART ACtHSOn. AliTKED D. BLAKE, THOMAS & HAMVi ClmvUtfow V*rw PuU'.M rn^stUy *-,v COMBUSTION PUBLISHING COMPANY, INC., 200 M^mh Avim. f" T natfnflTsrr o* Cow^ornoF lyoijmiuFO cottwjrr.urc Y*#k rtodutv A, rifjaloau ~~Mvbvtv;mli. V^KXvPrcwdmt; iL M. &%ny7$vuv\ary dU Tw QOMBUl JOM u at (TkU* t* <0(Imi4 tu clttiw* of plmu 1mm SOD (vc*J b^Ccr liuuio/wa uv . y ^4 coiultiftf dMJRiiZlZ MteifiMTt Ul thll &4la To other* ibft BlhiOtpaBn rml* rvutayf ^ ' *n fnijUftiijd 5t*tto. tl.SO id Cw^ C*Mt Brtbiid tni U is MWwwiimi. $imti 2b Geyrr^bu by C*robu*de Publishing Ccctpwy. loc. Iwuatf the of the nxmA / pabikitiaj, Puhlootv^ oftw. 7I) Mxiiion . HW York t. AMroho ol tlx CoofcolUJ CmltM AyJi't. I I.U S. i. If jrV* .ttr *U0 V' 1 b)r UIM CTvd JnVv .panictcr cr at > the . thr .`rtric sons wascr PS iL> in uc* '.idi tuiiiie 10I A5 sorted ConsMON Dusf Problems xn Burning BlastFurnace Gas Under Steam Boilers By A. R. MUMTORD A turv*Y vl n nur.ibor { Int-taUaitoita Cvmbietion I*ngrln*rin(f Company. Inn. tndleatM that dlrtv uu, wlitn not iup- p)r*ont*d mr.tX ofh^ fuell. 18 ftaUaleulury Cor burning un^<* hnlln*#, avcti*. with r* frnetony ettlno*. Whin #vpj>l*mant/iry Cu;. uch oil or puluortsod col, i* om* ployod. the highor rauitltig trr.per*- hina may ecus* the cult to fu&O cud pro duce layg*ng nn *> henttng #urfacM. In such caa ogri*cr*t*<,m n; tho biinUrig mhm ia dWirablo. Howivir. th* rnnf r>` bviivi cleaning in *uch coud i# uaual.y much low 11 toji that of oubjoctingr the 700 tn primary washing and tv iuotiiy tho uea of "dirty" g* lhrongh u ;.':.<l::"ed cyclone winch i.** termed a dust .-.I'rhiT in the indusliy. In the more modern Wait. fMvn installations the Like.off pipe, from the lumaov to fhr ihst catcher. riv-N vutleally. In aomc easel to n nr ;:! aVive the relief ntaek), IkIotu turning down to mip!: ;hc dust cuiehci. The ncreikK*d lift before the turn imuccs more *jf the mAteri.il, iititmlly :r. tu?pcnnon, to whop luck tmi Lite fuenaev. l*r:im the dual butcher the practice varies but all r p:ir of the gas is ll.vu p.u.vd through u washer. Washer leiigR has Ocvclupcd in the direction of iflcrewing height, ALTlIOl.V.H liUct-fur:i.i'.-v -jiti * ifKrvastn^ nmnlicr >f >!''d Ini' -ill in fhr sli*H *.- *urc effective cmtLtul juifaeen and greater spray eaporh.v. In one of the idant* visited the fine w of the rinr 'Urnnijwlc it nccwry to operate fwn wasl;vt> i:i ftciivs in order to primary wash the got ef fectively. In another plant the use of *alt wat^r m the ^ cht'.irv, tin* greater p:rt of *t 15 hnm-cJ boilers fnr the g*m*nil*on of etram. T::0 next l'*rjy*r mi-. SC*)'. Of the go*: iv bunuul in the ctnvev U:*.t hvil* M"* *. :i\? for On: fuftmrer. while*Wfior |X*rtira arc burned 1*1 writ ing pit::, with or without *.: )V!)niv::t cnti -.*ivi*n t'.K. mid umicr c*d:v mvne. Jvnse il vt1" m };*iv tl)* (jim*, driving Mower* or tie*;'!'*: g*}W-r'tor*, Suf 11)1*5 prac- liv is fust gmmg nlacc to l*,r'b`Ni'.dm*i*T) iv,mjin`*.sors and turbine getuT..\<rv. . Thr degree to u*)n.-h tin* should bn rir'J'uvl lrforr being ti&cd s* u fuel for pti-:.in Wden cannot lv.- j*:rr:il- ired but must be influenced -y loq^l conditions fli*n*.*m.ni the economic efficiency of the combined cIcAiiil'g a**' burning operation am! b*e.i`&e of the. differences in kw* condition.', the uw? cf dirty cr clear. in liOilcr f:*r*i*wr has long invo!vl a ilifft."cncc of nnnuor. in the Steel in. washer nuuie .m additional stage necessary. VTe salt water carried v% from the washer wac removal m n firier" t Where pan or ull of the gas ri to be cleaned further on* of two types :>f uppmatu* Is usually installed. The mnef. tnrmnun type i> v.tlled a dirintegrutor and t a pnwer- drivc.M waslici wjule the other type of xiicond?ry clean- hir devivr is tiie electrostatic Cottrell precipitator WIjcic local iestuctions 00 thr contamination of ml- Jacc:u Unites of water o? sewage systems require thnr thr. riivharpc wata ftum wdshem of both tire primary owt crooa*lar\ tj'pes Uc UciucU of its dust content before dift* p/i^il. Mir usual equipment fer this dc-shidgingproeeii n 11 Omit rhlrkrncr. -. Ti Table 1 the pcifminonce of some of tiie cleaning cr|fnpmrnr is indicated. rttntry, It ir, obvious tliat cos sited *n engines must bo u clean us possible to pnvcul caCC&Vivc wear ya Uio vrJvsj and reciprocating pevtr, but in soaring pits only partly ckrvncd gos ta used ir. oomc coy while thoroughly clcemaJ gas is used in others. In ateves the uso of thor. mtgldy eJeahrd gui; has niddo possible the use of closer oheeber spacing <rr inserts with a rcKultaui lover average flue gas temperature and tr.cruasud efliciency Somn ni the foetort bearing or. the influence of the degree of eJenn- TAVT.V. : !*OUrOAMAfrCV OP CA^CUUNlNn HUl'lKXhnt C^w:a..n Dull ettrSo * Mntk *0 Iwilr irto *! *m to arlkj Oft P*M Iron I'll%n. lIrwm*.iyInvi <V V.V h*m 0 twUa VntMnnf O.O(.* m ` n i.tir u*wt #.fl o0.,sSar O.Olt U.UUI 0.00001 rtt vni M ft 04.2 t U.t 99,4 U.9 hneos of bl05t-fumaoe gas when burned ;e boder fumnere (ia5 discharged hot from the Oust catcher haa been as brought out by discussions with prominent engin**^s found to_ contain approxiiuutely CO %r of moisture per iu the industry during visits to rhnV milk ht given in the foUowing pnragmphM cubic foot of eai. The vuulmx occurring ie.thc wet vnub* HiABMiimam. gas in generally cleaned in tlirtc stores in? peuevas icOucm yr u/ whidi 10 per the moisture content to a toUJ cent is entrained. Stcorufcuy but special conditions may odd one or more stages tu the uig by disintegrttors further redoeee tho nfoistnrR cod* process. The flr^t stasis common tuull blastfuiuaccs bait to about 10 grper eu ft. . . .. . and consists of passing the gas disdwyed Xnnn the fiu* COMBtJBTtO W--My 1MB . * ":SS MAY 14 '98 01:51 PM !vm >!i ? ' . V.l % ,f Af< r\!fx > thatt (Ik lJ(< f(C4t ihfl <tiut d> i x Ihe * itdiV`vP t* remote amt I'Oinpbtn ..aM W Ax'x'tMnpiuhrd i.iIr by ImdH r^lfpin<. r l \ fourth pUot huriu*(t )>Ut (iirtutr* uful|HiNrir*<l .*^S with b*r*i**titklly opjtowH^ N*N%erit s*i in 4*f ..5--! rfuruac*. M^rv, piillit at's t... Ji t*i- lut *: the M.%#t fttm.wr jm nirtithr tlb in j-kdx cfi#<*il mai W4< th^ k- which fonnetk *u.l lrp.4C-i II*. tlir* f**rm << A (Um w)uh Imtlf up Ut b'-irfM t- 1.X Jai H I)iwf thrVlujt in.the -iil.iiimijj ji|jM**T^malrty fJ] per CCtll .<* ik. a.*eil jx .( Rtix 'ii the on'. uh ami I'ffUtetl U lOWx i^ujsrt.amr xl Alv.. it >% pfohaMr ttuit the UltfU fur* .** -n|w (i rTiiiiHjj with pnlvrn;ni coal fUcd the Vi .turf w<l` .itM,vr ill ItMinri nlnt, which wiaiM ...m*.i fur atihcrnirr til (iuit to UlC tulws. Where i;;i Mj.l .:*.> ..! >rru* t J` \*r I ^*.1. S-! ]<! (!** ` *v it xtrj::: X* - V . \ rr1 it S^r k,!*' j |ir J.^tifr** '.*> ah .;! that .* "'tit* *.*y.*'. . - > \i <!;; n *.l:r a*. ..m* Jjfth !h? *f <** >v \ ;ic rar.cc i* xt\sf I if vx.ij'T .::{ ji'itri l-a-c.*;;:-' tit* xii.b*. t*M**x ,s xia^i c*tx*lur w< is i .*. ifjtn.: cwp: m th.^c .JlMedl.*-*** "Isfff .1 |cv,:a! IX ' UirtJ trf.c p*nl >^xiur *vye"\f tt*r mam* !hfi*Sx`,i * *Hi'h. prvv.irv \h.t>!i5 i,ms s> vl*** l<<*Attxc ' ** < vu.1 l*y ;l'y u1.:?, .u.\. * .v *tv vvnxlMtx-xi tr-.-::: ^ -*r tvJJ cm;I:c i, T1'i jTtKVM tp.wi! 'm?* .inp isvVrtx fr.*ia ^ i *'. n* u> fttrft.t 'f n hiirnrtl witiiout <mpplcnieninty fuel, iFintnr:ihirr :r|iw the (iffinn point uf the .li.it It 14 'x**Mnr**$ Miut a! unwthtr ijenlrr house whttc ..mU .by i'lr,iir* wan burned, he tic trouble wui en* rO*l#frfFl . i .ihii-.it iiurnmv pri:iiajy wiiilicO ku1 wi^> pnjvrriTri! ral a. tnc suuylrMjrniifY lurl llic two (ueb wr" !irr<! !!irm:j!i a cutamnn burner ut a ater<oolI ,..fr.iri:iry l:ir}rt -j jliurt OikUnrt (run; l)te burntr <iil- l'llrsarr IrnspentUft'-X <!iO IIUI to be rn.-h -S!;;hrr than !fto in wlllcll Kaj alone .Al burned. nr<vn:i:j- iimiutr only JCC tons ol putvetued toa! was i-i-nmi mi !ii, nvcrjue day in the euliic uh*iit. Little < ij: .irnrmuiatrti on tlte reJntctorv uirnet but the water- i-nuii'i: iinure tubes had a flaky deuo.it ou them which pr.-ll ml on sliiiulown of the boiler, Tl:e luck of serious li,lii-:jii.(. nrAitij. out of the mlxiuj iu tilt- Inuuinit of tilt two f'teis i"\v riAt n\ any nne of a number of factors or a The upp:y ........ .*n!y T`S:r .r.> >t:**.cm ecv:--.fx* i`>f Ihe {irtvt'v* wi.I Uc* jvm! t:|v*i: th f.rT*r< o! C c {`.Ksirril JIlll ;llC .ps.,:s!iv- vf .i> i \t< c!t\****J if -.n'h ilrriV! OSS? well* ii'.forr.ii'i .Hifcv- i'i*:i.tto '?:! if t" '.::r v`U3 fwfi.jev M-r* !?*v clcy^ t 1 H j:f prT c:: ft the cijur.M uvuij cout do>f tl' h iW nafhm (foilui^. llvw* rver. < `Mirtv*' u> frn!:t the duM tr-tOiu to i>f bur.tsrd under Lirf i'n!v per CCHt vf the combination of in-nr oi tlirm. Observations iudicateei t.'iat the furnace appmrtno was about tluit of a furnace bursmij. atone, that `he deposit on Oil' furnace bottom was an1 HaVy, add that the boilers could lx; Oper ated tor .rv until,- witnoui eacessive pluififinx of the xas ti.iti;;..< The amount of excess air. evuUoUed by llic pccd o' b'nwm nti rid; burner. m*y lutve been hijtb and thus tnr'ntained rite iron in an oxldtted eumlitioo. In oits plant depending on underfeed stokers for about total d Row frosi ene Jiimr*1 nnd W rlrAncd for U'iC SC to CC per cent of its ireCtn prndurfinn. some preripiu- to die itCi'vs and u Isviiu--rni'v wi'if; in first vuvu tor cleaned blact-ftimacajja! is intrar.uffd into thl fill' SjxvJ char^ek wo*. I1) fv* i! nacc through four aumert iu the rrnr wall, NO cJeantOK ObsmeJ CendiliotJ troubles are experienced mth the luimrrs seOfch are vt special design. Ailhoejh only small port of the fuel ia &<1 p'anU vipittd t)ir txnlcr itimrr#^ nh'.cn'cO asd the dTects c: difTerer.t quvititios in t`*o j^ls ut dif?tnt pluati r.Ot^d. in one of pl.inte ''dirt>" jao from the cju*t catcher u*at btimr^f ttirhnjit f'iTthtX supply is in the form of gas. significant differences exist between tlioss boilcrv fired by etml alone and those bunt* ing some ga* in addition. The rrtemnl cleaning of the heat absorbing surfaces requires Hm same number of cjeumnjt in ^frictory furmir*e The dust settled out on the bottom*, and wnml.iTrt? in a pile to u depth uf tf t*. u3 t25;fty djys Trie nmimulotion uiw the uiltrion for tnljpg u*e boil#*r pfT rb^Hnr forded:;;;:^. uJthvueb in the mtenna it w prarrirp occosottuUv lu poke the mas hours in aach ease but <hr ctfret of the addition uf gas is shown by the frequency of cleaning. Uiii. for Uic combination fired hmlm, tx about IVcice that-Jur the oCacrs. The proHnhdiry is that the lntroductiua uf even the small quantify of hiast-furuace dliJt rouwiuug m du*t adhenr^tn *\e mive. Thf dustua the fusuuce bot prscipitator<leai]ed gas mrn a high-tempenture furnace, tom o*d nnt ^nnrr ^Mously and couJd be icuioved by band ehnvM*. No wear was avpurenl u the burners, nor wa^ ir practice to drua them. At two*oilfex pkut> piuiiiuywftahcd k%3 woo burned containing ctader in niepeneion from qd underfeed stoker, Sexes the ash in the cinder and Causes it to udlieic to the heating auriacea in larger quantities mid with greater Stmnglh. under the lxrilc;* tuid oil was burned as supplementary Another indication Of the eHeul of supplementary fuels fnd. The Cusie in each o: these was somewhat eleartr was obtained in one plant in paiX ot whkh little ofl and utruiauluUuus uu the furnace bottoms were tsa- wo. Immfd with.the gas that thexus could be said to be Msr'iSO-O 0 K B V 0 tTI 0B MAY 14 'S3 01:5?Ph P.5 ' fuels tie oil to be tow tJlf HUi'V tU*l. < ot.Vv m t?** *<> > %ci'v hiiu'ini; wnb iairi oi *lr mixture and,'for Iwrfjf u a* rm ..* ..) t`'Vrr* >*lh M.*1 (?** " n .::^n rlc.iiuni*. lmml M.i>t|dng. If U'e residual dust is intP^iur>: IJinnijjJj tin* ,i**nt '***5 *l*sv* thr i'h'. onif ('u*' men i*:o dul Tlir f*i.x<*^ ,,<, itl f.ndl c\im-, lyprfrijMtAtt'fc - ti!i iJk lirulmc Milliter* t'i* l<t o.w'W f*. ii-c Ui* u'.J'fUUK pi\ .! .w *<rr t* t hsiw ..1 <vuh1 .`w* *p nimvd hv v.; Mm* r> *nd .tf w*pe<i ilrtmMt*. ,:i \iir .i i rc.i? ivli -md *lr * til* *r tbr }>in;tn<m i:ml m.t .vkc hney-* Kd V ;]:p *,. >i In `^d** ><f 10 ft KVYIl tin* M.mil or ncv* mJ.wv \Jrinl d**l m jr<tp i*.Ol**n*::i* s i:* 0}Kf.Uu*.)T jK'tfiHUUiwr* uj.pp.tr v Itvi !** --TAN in 5lU'iid with o w-Umut .* -Hj'pifiHpnl.oy l;H ]: hJiuOj '..mun: ]itiiurv uaxT'd v..^ t{t}<7 t.'ii' U>.K'J.* thr 1't.ttirf* .ii?J r!i\.h:;' mill diftctrut /r<'pc"*y. S. or ft*utir| 'n )MklWv' *<- JfIMOVr list* h.ikrd tmld, U'jjrfr.ie. nthi'fS pjdvptl w;i|ci i; attain (> fni llu* purjv.vc * !*. i'.iv* curt* w;i.\ .im.I l prevent thr c*.\vjv *f n?iiii:J!srd rut while di*;u.i.'k tl* buiKcr;. v!n.M> fiu iM.lvr c:c.unn .vM''*: mr' **<: Ml'.Y<; (uku $0.(XKM.r* tf )*'* tluMuioft .r:,,r.\ i; KU*.i:u tUpvsMisr.^pvJU'raliv t:jw) *hc :'.uS! Jhr blast (unucc yss m.ihi mttmate contact with the ptilvn;rd omJ asli tin, fuiiim point of the imxlupo ia* ioWfttit l^cconw of tin- iron content of the dU5t ftHfl *l#g will frm. i*j;u.uu\rlv at vfavat*d fvimne^ tcmpwnltifri. !i }** jiImniUU, therefnff, i Nrjcftnrnt^ the *wn flifi* into vp.tsitr huroinc rn<3 m fur n* pneeihlc. In 5UCh Uiv > ,1'oidd 1-- hnnv-.l ni t!ir lower ZO!te SO that ;5, ;.m and heavy iron t\u\> fir^l Mot llppp through the iMt'v^n/ed enl tmrnitig lone bcfmc UMil.mg tin po.lv. linn >* w.n'rr .VfCCtl. Wnlef* v,,!.furmu-cN ems lw; instificd nn thf Imsi) Of the higher fun ..** in ! obtained witJl the JUpplcntruUiy Dli.aniV.s, Uu- uii. f "ilirly ' i>us witii vt|lv`<' i vj..is!.! i-Mj*.lire iii.ir.- ivm-fiil "I Ills twu !,1:11.11.1: /..111--. !n nil run in wtticll prilimry wu.iln.ll |{U3 . i;.,.! li,.- l.iirnrr utiotilri lu- rifnill'^j (or r*ty m'kill/ nr !.isivi::)T |'rt>vi'"n I>..r Omtfinif ')!! Ihr 1(1)1 luiinj; ili j i.n,-. With oil * v.ijiplrmrittary (utl little tluit hill .Iiv.imulntv'm Uti' (iiti., b'lt with ptilveritCd Wul the .mi will li.- cU'poxitMii unis thf tisunl (ntnntuics nl .mil ,iih ri'vininti .hnulr! hr matlc (nr the lane- ute nf IxiUrr Jurf.iri'1 in thf liiiUrr 7.ti:tc5 IttlO Kit swot m liuWhnv ` 'lili.w: r. til tin: enr.'.fr joiimM fuel*. '< *v:ul:i>|r, rr*{ ,r:ty is. :>>inc contain dusle. whirh epptar tu IK more often HJI.'f.tuim',; at ^ Monties of rllivtvncy hy oifftliN' il\Z tilt' ;u:it)uw'. *f .iti|/j>Jcirontuiy Joel T\\<; limit v* Midi :. <f emtn.v. thv c-uiipli le y:ijv of the w.Oi dtpov.t'i < i;j A*, nnc of pJ.n *.. .\pcninrt;vl runs n'erv l!*C t!< * |::/`NNioi, vViif? to drl>!> the !)!'tvi*msi)i pentid hr* l^ten ;)va.nnxM pcrotiUvcl by Inc ;t$e re `>*.\!-fttrtS.Ur tioithnwmv than bticic iron <'ot. pro5a6)y heenuic of the comaoiiiion of the tiutt. That producttl when fciio...j.iiunoi or. i'i u.'.cd i such a ilnet, ft ij reported tu he i.i.\ .idi-.cien*. t Iwilcr surfmre t Han busic Iron du>l ami .-c.i'ar corr nr.jr.t he usl, thffelore. to 1risen the diflirn'tici uri'.mjf out n: the grivii.r tendency of the dmt to ,::;l.t.ri The xuS "'ey Itl'-'f n itfl per cent llichei heating c:ii ahmv >m puWtn^vU ctss* Iokc. co",vi*i i * inn if i .due and u higher flame t.mpi rririirr when hunted, cau- tJu*NC iwy f^r)*,. Xl'o rc5lt^ :i:diCAtr<i that ?hr 'u.ih-r u.e the .lu.it to he more tliehy. COtllU 'JC upt'iatvJ vk tc: sever. tt:r.vs as long Art mw.t fuel .ilth*:*.* amip.uai with them Vwthvr. I *r ive*'- ,!:.* !m.\> iu ttipAroy between c'vaniu^v u\ :.' :!:!< rii (C"> Vherelhc era: of "dir*y"gas>ernnsidered or.wlieie ..tci is scarce or expensive, the <Intn rnllccted thus fui im'.aatt that boiler cleaning, whrr luirninj straight itus, llaiNC iMti-d Nvas about a1.) per root. e.ui be r.iinie so lew in cost that tbr wvir.K over the use of u.im.iry washed gas will Is* large. I'tirthertr.ore u simple CWil.SWKf ini-ler stttii'.g, ns wns suggested under A. will suffice in A study of llu: data and objurgation-* nt w'vrtt ihr fore* :t:oi( cases. ' ktnnj; w^s bastd leads to the jV.lc'.riii^ corc!no.i*vfi (A) Tlc use cf "dirty'' gei utmnxcd with rhi>- i> jjeifvvtlv feasible in boiler furnace* even u*th rsdMr- tui v scUiufC. The principal Operating cast in vih n*r- :u:to is the reioovui of dust accumulating from *hr inf* uatvs ui.J tlhs could uk almost completely chtmnn!^'-. hy Partirtnnt Oil Figrurttfl tlieiusudlution of modem osli honpsrc protected by wvt streeiis wi;b a modem diipos&l or handling system Dust i-vckcU throughout should be amply sired. In suvh cojo Ha*nc temocraturer- arc do&e to or belov thAltivr* point of the dual and further -sratcr cooling bnn(d be- justified on a refractory maintenance hneiv This latter promises to bo di*T:cult. AdbrrtTCC of dust to boiler surfaces is not strong,and *nM hinwr* should be effective. Mo burner cleaning rfiliirT.ries need be ex pected. (5) Tho use of primary wauhKi gas taakts newssajy' tl0 cleaning of moine nncl htjrners. UttUkUy pulveruttl <*ul cr nil u burned ru a supplementary Xud iu suJt fumnoes. Higbw furnace ccmperaturw rrsult ficiu the nwcLn suppieaieotnry fuel xtiieli cuuacs the realdual dust tn nrlhrre tcore strongly tu Uw bolle: surface making I hr average tanker, uteuiding to the Aroenoan Petro- i.-iim ir.emute. tc 1SM0 cturied 80,000 bbl of petroleum o- he products atlfl made u roumi trip to the Culf or to thr Caribbean tr. 20 buys This was ccguivoleat to the dr-ivcry of about 4000 bbl per day. The t,500,000 bbl earned in a veur by u single tanker was about eqiinl to the annual ttveiugc consumption c( lOO^XX) pasvngcr cars or 35,000 domestic oil burners. In JWl IrculluK* wero giealtu but complete figures on laeietng. Hence, for everv luult aur.k or transferred Stem coastal <wrviee, *1 ietul the foiegoing uunsber of cor of oil burners on the Atlantic Seaboard muat cither get their fueTby. other uausportatiou meanr. or, by ihanng with other usd'*, get along with less. From these figures one esu readily understand how this situntinn nfftets oil-fned powerplant boilSre. COK5VSTIO H-hfay IW . 31. /: may 14 '98 01:50PM TO: &Baron Budd A nOFUVONAL CORPORATION ATTORNtTS AND COUNSELORS THE CENTRUM 3103 OAK IARTJ AVENUS SUITS tlOO Dallas, Texas 7S2i9^3Sl (114>52!-105 TELECOPIER (2U> 320-1 111 c i-c^,A<i COMPANY NAME: FAX NUMBER: /" /\ i %v TELEPHONE NUMBER: FROM: TOTAL NUMBER OF PAGES SENT:___ ^ (including cover sheet) ADDITIONAL MESSAGE:____ / A Cc^-Ls.- <>-' u S5S3 P-'' f ^ P.l Ntfist iff QmMmfoEto The information contained in and transmitted with this facsimile is either subject to (he Attorney-Client privilege; Attorney work product; or confidential end is intended only for the individual or entity designated above. You ere htreby notified that any dissemination, distribution, copying, or use of or reliance upon the information contained in and transmuted with this facsimile by or to anyone other than the recipient designated above by the sender is unauthorized artd strictly prohibited. If vim have received this facsimile in error. please notify Baron A Budd bv telephone at jmmedinteh. hny facsimile erroneously transmitted to you should be immediately returned to the sender by U.S. Matt, or if authorization is granted by the sender, destroyed.