Document mpveVeO7Dw9R0m69jB5Gpd2yZ

ed very iance to ver two one rehe duct illy. The 1 almost at was has now problem. to he U4LS THE I 2) with special Reprinted " December, radiation in Principles of from "Lead ing red lead ely.'l commended ej for Red inf High*7 rVTI-NpT-a:6aRED- ints including itended applb F. HE UNITED iemand in tbe ook for 1958* ning Journal". ;GE, :MS. u. S. A. c o mp a n y . I>C; CITY The architect's drawing of the new 52-story Union Carbide Building on Park Avenue, Sew York. Above, the lead anti-vibration pads being set in place in the concrete pier and below, the pads in place, ready to receive the buildings sup port columns. New Union Carbide Building `Floating On Lead" I I pLOATING on lead" would be an r apt description for the 52-story Union Carbide Building, two-thirds of v/hich straddles the New York Central Railroad's trackage into Grand Central Station in New York. The statement is not too farfetched as each of the 115 steel columns sup porting the new skyscraper rest on lead anti-vibration pads. The function of these lead pads will be to cushion the building against vibrations created by the hundreds of railroad trains running in and out of Grand Central Station every day. The effectiveness of these lead anti vibration pads is due to the resistance to transmission of vibration through dissimilar materials in contact. The accompanying drawing illustrates the construction of the pads which are the manufacture of John F. Abernethy & Co. Inc., of Brooklyn, N. Y. Lead, because of its excellent vibra tion damping properties and resist ance to corrosion, is ideally suited for the shell. Also because it is an easily fabricated metal, the edges are simply and economically joined while the assembly is under manual pres sure of 200 psi., forming a watertight envelope that will protect the asbestos and steel from deterioration. The method used to isolate the vi bration from the building itself is shown in the accompanying drawing of one of the support columns. As illustrated, the foot of each column and associated substructures are set in a concrete protective pier. The column itself rests on a grillage of "I" beams laid over the lead pads. Shoulders of the grillage on many of the main support-columns are covered with additional lead pads which, in turn, are covered with 6-in. of rein forced concrete. This concrete sup ports ballast and railroad tracks which pass directly over both sides of the piers. Interior sides of the con crete piers are lined with cork. Cross-section of foundation structure for the supporting columns of the new Union Carbide Building and at right, a detail of the lead pads. LEAD-ASBESTOS ANTI-VIBRATION MAT 2-- -- 0 12 3 4 \ f T bide and eral Co., T und one isoh othe Par lie. Lab s seat the vers T fror plisi 195' abo\ As s raF the far for T is e.' paii pair Stri Spe forr text secti Paii hibi i Where support col umns do not extend beneath tracks, these smaller lead pads are being used as shown at left. In the plant of John F. Abernethy & Co., as shown at the right, the edges of the lead anti vibration pads for the Union Carbide Building are sealed by lead burning. many of covered | hich, in * of reinete sup- j 1 tracks r i sides o( , the con- jrk. The architects for the Union Car bide Building are Skidmore, Owings and .Merrill, New York, and the gen eral contractor is the George A. Fuller Co., also of New York City. The use of lead anti-vibration pads under major structures such as this one is not new. They were used to isolate the Waldorf-Astoria Hotel and other buildings along New York's l'ark Avenue from the same rail traf fic. The Bell Telephone Company Laboratories Building on the west side of New York City is also isolated from vibration created by freight trains running through the building between the second and fifth floors. Other buildings shielded against vi bration from train traffic by lead pads include the Queen Elizabeth Hotel and Canadian National Railways Building and Station, both in Mon treal, and the 30th St. Station Build ing of the Pennsylvania Railroad in Philadelphia. There are also numerous applica tions in buildings housing heavy machinery such as printing plants, commercial laundries and rubber mills. As illustrated, these lead anti vibration pads are adaptable to all types of construction. Where vibra tion from train or truck traffic and vibrating machinery may be detri mental to the life of the building or equipment or have an effect on the well-being of the building's occupants, the use of lead anti-vibration pads should be considered. estos iuge steel -estos j d concrete ation mat ! .New Steel Deck Of Stadium Primed With Red Leas! SPARTAN Stadium,formerly Mack- ting ability, good durability when Iin Field with 50 per cent more weathered for normal periods before -e ating rapacitv, is the new name forfinish coating, but requires about 72 tin- linim- of the Michigan State Uni- ui-il\ football team. I In- increased seating capacity, from 51.000 to 76,000 was accompli-luil by the construction during PCi. of a second deck of steel placed ahu\e the present concrete stadium. -lum n in the accompanying photo STEEL STRUCTURES PAINTING COUNCIL PAINT SPECIFICATIONS* No. 1. Red Lead and Linseed Oil Primer SSPC-Paint 1-55T graph. the second steel deck is along ihi- -nle lines only, thus permitting far more ``choice" 50-yard-line seats fm all future engagements. Pigment: Red Lead (97% PbaO-t) Aluminum Stearate Per Cent by Weight 99.6 0.4 I In -p el work of the second deck 100.0 i- lApo-cil to the weather and red lead p unt wa> selected as the primer. The p unt -elected is similar to the Steel Vehicle: Haw Linseed Oil Driers and Thinners 94.0 6.0 S|n" lures Painting Council Paint 100.0 ''pecilieation SSPC-Paint 1-55T, the 1,11 miil.ition of which accompanies the t' m. \- pointed out in the "Scope" - ten of this specification "It (SSPCI nut 1 551) has excellent rust inGl on, i haracleristics. excellent wet Pigment (per cent by weight) 77.5 Vehicle (per cent by weight) 22.5 Weight per gallon (pounds) 25.0 Drying time (hours) 72 * Volume 2 --Steel Structures Painting Manual, 4400 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh 13, Pa. --3-- hours for drying." For some applica tions this long drying time may rule out this paint with excellent wetting ability and in that event a number of other fine red lead paints with much faster drying times are of course available. This new steel deck of Michigan State University's stadium kas in creased seating capacity by 50 per cent. ' t. Newly-Designed Electrostatic Precipitators In Acid Regeneration Plant Use Lead AUNIQUE variation of chemical is broken down to S02. The SOn gas construction practice involving is first passed through a lead, acidthe use of acid-brick linings has beenbrick lined scrubber where the dust utilized by Western Precipitation Cor particles are removed. The gas then poration on two recently completed passes to the electrostatic precipitators Cottrell electrostatic precipitators. where an objectionable mist consist New construction methods were neces ing of tiny droplets of acid is removed sary in this case to withstand the in from the gas stream. The removal of creased pressures resulting from an the acid mist is accomplished by pass operating vacuum of twice that nor ing the droplet laden gas from the mally encountered in precipitators of lower chamber through the 10-in. this type. These precipitators are a diameter precipitator tubes into the part of a spent acid regeneration upper chamber. Discharge electrodes plant, designed and erected by the in the tubes in the form of centrally- Chemical Construction Corporation located wires carry about a 50,000 for the Stauffer Chemical Company. volt potential. A high voltage corona This new plant, which is nearing com discharge ionizes the droplets and pletion in Hammond, Indiana, has drives them to the walls of the tubes. been designed to produce fresh, clean, The collected mist is then accumu strong sulphuric acid from refinery lated at the bottom of the tank. At sludges and spent acids. Stauffer's Hammond plant, two pre The basic operation of this plant is cipitators are used in series to remove to remove the hydrocarbon impurities over 98 per cent of the corrosive acid and to recover sulphuric acid values mist from the gas. This "mist-free" from the refinery sludges and spent SO2 gas can then be transported in acids. This is accomplished in a com steel flues and equipment requiring bustion chamber where the impurities no special corrosion protection where are burned off and the sulphuric acid it will subsequently be reconverted to sulphuric acid. As does most equipment of this type, these precipitators rely on the excellent resistance lead has to sul phuric acid attack to protect their structural components. Normally, cage construction methods would give ade quate strength. However, this equip ment has been designed to operate at a substantially greater vacuum involv ing pressures which cage construction would be unable to w ithstand. A vari ety of construction materials and methods were studied by Western Precipitation Corp. before deciding on the construction design illustrated in the accompanying drawing and pictures. This method was chosen on the basis of least expense while still providing a safe margin of strength. The resulting structure is able to with stand even greater pressures than the design requirements of minus 40-in. water gauge suction. The upper and lower chambers of the precipitator are supported by ex ternal steel framing. Both chambers are steel shells with lead lining. The side walls are lined with 10-lb. sheet lead with one course of acid-brick for support. The top plate of the lower chamber and the bottom plate of the upper chamber are steel, each plate containing a number of holes 10 in. in diameter. These holes are for the lead precipitator tubes which connect the upper and lower chambers. These plates have been lined with 12-lb. sheet lead lapped around the holes to the outside surface where it is burned y-le Gas outlet Lead encased discharge electrodes -------10" dia. pipe of 10 lb lead See insert Cottrell electrostatic precipitators under construction for Stauffer Chemical Company's new sulphuric acid regeneration plant at Hammond, Ind., and cross-sectional details of the lead construction. INSERT -Burns -81b lead Gas inlet Bgggg -Acid brick n 1 1 '-Steel plat* 1 ? 11 12 lb lead-/ 1 1 1r---------10" dia. pipe Steel shell 1 of 10 lb lead -10 lb lead -- 4-- iyi| !j*r; LIA26143 At left. 10-in. diameter holes jor the precipi tator tubes are being cut through the leadlined floor of the upper chamber. At right, the tube holes in the bottom chamber have been completed. One course of aridbrick, as shown, has been placed over the lead-lined side walls. Vestern I eciding f istrated J ig and F risen on t ile still [ trength. L to with- 1 han the | - 4fl-in. ` ibers of 1 1 by ex- f rambers ; ng. The j b. sheet | irick for t ie lower j e of the J ch plate s 10 in. ; for the : connect ' s. These h 12-lb. holes to - burned X to 8-lb. sheet lead present on the ex ternal surface. Due to the short span between the 10-in. holes and the sup port provided by strategically located 11/16.in. diameter plug welds, the structure is sufficiently rigid to with stand the pressure without any addi tional support. The precipitator tubes, containing tin* discharge electrodes, are 10-in. diameter tubes constructed of 10-lb. sheet lead. A pipe structure, because of its symmetry and its curved sur face, is able to withstand the vacuum pressure without support. Care has been taken in the fabri cation of the precipitator tubes to assure concentricity to a high degree of accuracy. This concentricity is also required to assure a uniform corona ,-Level Slop Sinks Use Lead Pans Tlll-i ultra-modern 38 - story Sea terrazzo and to prevent damage by gram Building on Park Avenue, carts, a stainless steel kick plate has New 1 nrk. is depending on the metal,been placed in front of the sink. lead, in an important area of interior The sheet lead pan itself is coated waterproofing. Sheet lead is being with asphaltum, a necessary precau u-ed under floor-level slop sinks as tion to protect it against corrosion an impervious membrane to prevent during the curing stage of the mortar -eepage to the floor below. used within the pan. The asphaltum These built-in floor-level slop sinks provides the interim protection until are located in tiled service closets on the free lime, corrosive to lead and -1*'li of the 38 floors and are designed other common metals, is cured or to eliminate lifting of buckets and carbonated. other sanitation equipment for filling Architects for the Seagram Build and rinsing and to permit easy clean- ing are Mies van der Rohe and Philip 'II.- "f the sinks themselves. The in- C. Johnson, and the George A. Fuller teiior dimensions of the slop sinks are Co. was the general contractor. 3 ft. In in. by 2 ft. 4 in. Installing these floor-level slop 1 lie -inks are finished in black sinks is similar to the widely used lead shower pan except that the up- stands are much higher, in this case 14 in., and the weight of lead used is heavier, 6-lb. sheet lead versus 4-lb. sheet lead. The making of the corners is similar in that they can be pig eared or cut out and soldered or burned. discharge throughout the volume of the tubes. The discharge electrodes themselves are encased, in star-shaped extruded lead pipe. The points of the stars increase the discharge efficiency of the electrodes. The result is an interior completely protected by lead with the exception of the roof of the upper chamber which is rubber lined. A detailed drawing of the method of installation used at the Seagram Building by the plumbing contractor, Eugene Duklauer. Inc., accompanies the text. For further details and speci fications for lead shower and safe pans, write to the Lead Industries Association for Lead Building Con struction Bulletin No. 2. These built-in floor-level slop sinks installed in New York's Seagram Building are convenient and sani tury. At right, the roughed-in lead slop sink pan coated with asphaltum. --5-- LIA26144 LnuI in Isotope Utilization CITIES Service technicians at the newly-constructed Cities Service Research and Development Co. Labo Technicians at the ratory at Cranbury, N. J., are con ducting experiments while peering ('.ities Service Product Development Lahora- tory, Cranbury, .V. /. through 12 in. of leaded glass, weigh are protected by 4'2-in. ing 7.500 lb., only a few feet from a lead door 12 in. thick, weighing of leaded glass while moving by remote con trol a supply of radio .10.000 lb., enclosing 3 lb. of Cobalt active cobalt-60 from 60 transported to the site in a 6,000lb. lead pig. This weighty emphasis its protective lead con tainer. on lead is. significantly, telling the storv of similar isotope shipment, re ceipt. handling and utilization epi sodes throughout the country. Cities Service is using this big-little source of radiation energy as a new and powerful tool in a long-range re search program now under way. The investigation into the unknown of tency of the world's supply of radium. petroleum science will add to the store This difference reflects the volume of knowledge being accumulated on savings afforded also by lead isotope the effect of radiation induced ioniza shipping containers used by the AEC tion reactions on petrochemical pro to transport this and many similar cesses and products. The door guarding the entrance to the cave with walls of high-density isotopic sources. The shipment to Cranbury worth $30,000 was the larg est of sixty similar shipments from concrete, 42 in. thick, presents with equal success only 12 in. of lead as a barrier to 5,000 curies of radiation, Brookhaven National Laboratories to industrial and University laboratories over the past seven years--handled which is roughly 2% times the po all the way by lead. The omnipresence of lead can be keyed to a combination of properties. Lead for shielding gamma radiation is the practical choice where you must see through the shielding, as in the case of leaded glass, move it or make it compact. It would not be an exag geration to say that in isotope and in propulsion reactor shielding lead con tinues its job on land, on sea, and in the air, wherever protection from gamma radiation is required. At left, view of the 15-ton monolithic lead access door to the concrete lined cave containing 3 lb. of cobalt60 used by Cities Service Laboratory at Cranbury, N. J. to investigate radia tion effects on refinery pro cesses and products. The door rides on six 3-in. grooved wheels and is op erated hydraulically from a control panel. At right, technicians ready a lead shipping container carrying 6 cobalt-60 radio active sources at AECs Brookhaven National Lab oratory, Uptown, N. Y. for shipment to Cities Service Laboratory. Photoe bjr Cities Service Co. 6-- -- UA26145 1 cc li gl ai P ti tc n E a< 11: L m C cl w bl A si w ti a i S3****"BBSSi| 5SBSBB5fiBsSSSSlSIiSlpEsiisSs ss-BskWhiSifsiUiisiJh aJ 5 Si! sasRa^|fSHssiiBg ! or Spoilt 1,181 sagj fcfeSiglWBIIlf Spandrel areas in the .Xortkeast Junior High School, Minneapolis, shown above, are in alternating "Spandrelite" panels of four sections, each in vivid red, green and blue. Architects are Thorshov and Cerny, Inc., Minneapolis. Minn. Load-Bearing Color Enamels f On Spandrelite * can be perties. diation >u must in the r make a exagand in ad conand in i from j i I i | f j I l THE multi-colored glass buildings in jewel-like tones that are being constructed these days owe their bril liant color palette to lead-bearing class color enamels. These enamels are being used by the Pittsburgh Plate Glass Company on their struc tural plate glass product. Spandrelite, The National Carbon Company's Research Laboratory, Parma, Ohio, is faced with green "Spandrelite." Architects are Skidmore, Owings & Merrell. to provide a wide variety of colors ranging from pastels to chartones. enamel formulation, excellent color compounds. The basic ingredient of Enamels of this type are resistant to uniformity is obtained from piece to these enamels is a lead boro-silicate acids and alkalis and. in fact, are piece. In addition, these colors are glass or frit with a melting point used extensively as Applied Color permanently fused into the glass and around 900 deg.-1.000 deg. F. to Labels on glass containers used for will not fade with time. This material which is added the necessary coloring nianv familiar products such as Pepsi is exceptionally resistant to man-made compounds. Cola. where they withstand repeated corrosive atmospheres. It is non-ab In addition to forming the basic cleaning and sterilizing. sorbent and stainproof and is easily low melting glass, lead compositions The resulting spandrels for curtain cleaned. make possible livelier colors over a wall construction are tough and dura The fundamental requirement of wider color palette than can be ob ble. Although a true glass composition a glass enamel is a fusing temperature tained with any other kind of flux. throughout, they are remarkably re- below the softening temperature of Furthermore, the lead contributes low 'islant to shock and will withstand a the glass to which it is applied. Gen surface tension and low interfacial wide range of temperature fluctua erally, glass enamels are based on the tension properties to the enamels on tions. Due to the control of color excellent fluxing properties of lead glass. Low surface tension is that : Typical Compositions of Glass Fiuxas PbO t 0*B2O3 Si02 AI2O3 I/:'* CdO N02O TiOj ti20 Zr02 No2SiF$ (F 1 Firing Temperature Coefficient of Expansion (xlO-7) |- fc ~ * ISO ' t *50 f 454 ! ?. 510 7 104 , 45 L*od Solubility (porta pot >ilUon) . * , * cs Alkali Resistance i- k-rl * ' ^ t w t Not*: ct indicates complete lotefafllfy. Ll . L :rv' r.'-t'V''*1"tr- a |L 4 . fey*.'" :; ev -* - * rw* -- - V - -- ' - j. J9J . - 55.5 K45J - 53.1 49.4 ~'t: IX ' - 3J) n 7* 2.0 5.2 ' fcr--" 36J fc- - jh 31J s-- 26.4 9 4J> & 3X k; 4^ W 3.3 10 4S.6 6.9 25.0 l v. i! \3i-as" In the production of "Spandrelite" sheets of glass are first fed through wash and dry cycles before they enter the spray booth. In the spray booth, vitreous color coatings contain ing lead-bearing fluxes are automatically applied to the glass surface under exhaust ventilation. The glass then moves through an anne lehr where it is ^semi-tempered and leaded ceramic color boating is fusee important property that is chiefly responsible for the smooth flow and generally high gloss of these leaded enamels. Low interfacial tension con tributes greatly to good wetting of the glass plate surface thus promoting good adherence. The lead in the frit also plays an important role in ob taining the proper co-efficient of thermal expansion for the enamel. By adjusting the composition of the frit, the color enamel can be tailored to fit the glass panel. As shown in the accompanying photographs, the manufacturing pro cedure for applying the color enamel is basically simple and lends itself to a horizontal production line. The lead bearing frit and required pigments are thoroughly mixed and ground to gether, and mixed with water and alcohol as a carrier. This suspension is sprayed on the glass plates after they have passed through a thorough washing and drying cycle. The glass panels then pass into the lehr where they are gradually heated until, as they enter the firing zone at about 1,150 deg. F., the color melts and fuses to the glass. When the plates emerge, the semi-tempering treatment they have received has heat-strength ened them giving the entire structure far greater shock resistance than ordinary plate glass. There are a variety of lead-bearing glass color compositions to meet spe cific requirements of the user as shown in the accompanying table. . of Technical Information : The following article* and reprint* contain information, drawings and specification* on the use of lead products helpfnl to architects, engineers and others interested. They are available free of eharge except where otherwise indicated, upon request to the LEAD INDUSTRIES ASSOCIATION, 60 EAST 42ad STREET, NEW YORK 17, N. Y. MATERIALS OF CONSTRUCTION ANNUAL REVIEWS--LEAD AND LEAD ALLOYS Lead and lead alloys io design and construction including research progress, engineering applica tions, and technological advancements. With bib liography, 1957 and 1956 reviews (editions are not cumulative) available. Reprinted from "Industrial and Engineering Chemistry." September, 1957 and September, 1956. REST DESIGNS FOR LEAD INSTALLATIONS A special report on the applications of lead and lead alloys in the chemical and metallurgical in dustries. Recommended practice for joining lead sheets, and the construction of wood stave tanks, launders, towers and flues where lead ia involved are included. Reprinted from "Chemical Engineer ing." March, April and May, 1956. RADIATION PROTECTION The place of lead in shielding against radiation in \-ray and atomic energy applications. Principles of lead shielding construction. Reprinted from "Lead In Modern Industry." PORTABLE RADIATION. SHIELDING MATERIALS A special report on commercially available shield ing forms that can be used to build readily as sembled, hand stacked shielding wails. Prepared by the editors of "Nucleonics," May, 1955. LEAD WORK FOR MODERN PLUMBING SI.30 Postpaid, $1.00 per copy la quanti* ties of 10 or more Profusely illustrated with over 140 photographs and drawings, the textbook presents clearly to the plumbing student the necessary tools, procedures and the methods required for lead work. LEAD IN MODERN INDUSTRY $1.00 Postpaid A fully illustrated, 230 page, cloth bound book describing ail phases of the production and use of lead, lead alloys and lead compounds. LEAD BUILDING CONSTRUCTION BULLETINS A series of specifications for the use of lead in building construction. (Available separately.) BULLETIN NO. 1 Specification for Lead Waste Connections for Plumbing Fixtures with Integra! Traps (Water Closets--Pedestal Urinals--Service Sinks). BULLETIN NO. 2 Specification for Lead Shower and Safe Pans. BULLETIN NO. 3 Specification for Lead Chemical Laboratory Drainage Systems. FEDERAL SPECIFICATION WW-P-325 For Pipe, Benda and Traps: Lead Dimensions and weights of lead products used in the plumbing and water works fields are given. Published by the Government Printing Office. LEAD WELDING An informative as well as practical guide to lead welding. Reprinted from the "Welding Handbook, Third Edition" published by the American Welding Society. LEAD FLASHINGS IN MODERN CONSTRUC TION Lead flashings as used in an ultramodern house in Randolph, Vt. Reprinted from "National Roofer," October, 1954. THE STORY OF LEAD -- MATERIALS THE RAILROADS BUY (Parts l and 2) Lead from mine to finished product with special reference to its uses by the railroads. Reprinted from "Railway Purchases and Stores," December, 1954 and February, 1955. RED LEAD TECHNICAL LETTERS A series of technical letters containing red lead paint formulations. (Available separately.) Teehnieal Letter No. 11 --- Recommended Surface Preparation of Steel for Red Lead Paints. Teehnieal Letter No. 12---Painting Highway Structural Steel. FEDERAL SPECIFICATION FOR PAINT: REDLEAD-BASE, READY-MIXED TT-P-86a Covers four types of red-lead-base paints including two fast drying formulations. Many intended appli cations listed. PAINT GALVANIZED SURFACES? Why galvanized surfaces should be painted, the kind of pretreatment that should be given, and the correct painting systems are discussed. Reprinted from "Factory Management and Maintenance." April, 1956. IVEW LITERATURE USE LEAD TO CONTROL REFINERY CORRO SION Latest practices in lead construction for the petro leum refining industry are described. How to avoid the difficulties sometimes experienced with leadlined equipment is also outlined in detail. Re printed from "Petroleum Refiner." April, 1958. SHEET LEAD FOR ROOFING AND FLASHING Preferred installation methods for the new 2*4 and 3-lb. hard lead are given along with detailed draw ings. Reprinted from "Sweet's Catalog," 1958. LEAD FOR MODERN PLUMBING Preferred installation methods for lead pipe and fittings in the plumbing systems of today's indus trial and residential structures. Detailed drawings are included. Reprinted from "Sweet's Catalog," 1938. UPON REQUEST. THE LEAD INDUSTRIES ASSOCIATION WILL BE GLAD TO MAIL "LEAD" REGULARLY, FREE OF CHARGE, TO THOSE INTERESTED, AND WILL COOPERATE WITHOUT OBLIGATION IN THE SOLUTION OF YOUR LEAD PROBLEMS. PRINTED IN U. 9. A. BY ISAAC GOLDMANN COMPANY,. INC20 NEW YOBK CITY 1*7