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MEMORANDUM DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH, EDUCATION, AND WELFARE PUBLIC HEALTH SERVICE HEALTH SERVICES AND MENTAL HEALTH ADMINISTRATION National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health 550-Main Street Room 7017- FOB Cincinnatis Ohio 45201 TO Director, DATE: February 14, 1972; Division of Field Studies Clinical Investigations FROM subject: Assistant Sanitary Engineer Environmental Investigations Branch Trip Report Place Visited Date of Trip Persons Making Trip : Persons Contacted Purpose of Trip Raybestos Manhattan, Manheim Division 123 East Stiegal Street Manheim, Pennsylvania 17545 Phone: (717) 665-2211 November 15-16, 1971' Kenneth M. Wallingford John M. Dement Herman F. Anspach R.A. Bates J. Wronski Walter J. Kissel Manager - Engineering Services Manager of Manufacturing Section Head - Physics Manager - Industrial Relations To make a walk thru industrial hygiene survey of the plant and to assist the Pennsylvania State Health Department in beginning their survey. John M. Dement ASBESTOS DUST AND PRELIMINARY INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE SURVEY Raybeatoe - Manhattan Manheim} Pennsylvania Survey Conducted By: PENNSYLVANIA STATE HEALTH DEPARTMENT Report Prepared By: John M. Dement Environmental Investigations Branch Division of Field Studies and Clinical Investigations National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health 1014 Broadway Cincinnatiy Ohio 45202 November 15-16 1971 Introduction On November 15 and 16, 1971, Ken Wallingford and the writer made a visit to the Manheim Division of the Raybestos-Manhattan Company. Under a contract with the U.S. Public Health Service, the Pennsylvania State Health Depart ment was at the plant to take asbestos dust samples. After a short conference with plant management and a rapid tour through the plant, Mr. Wallingford worked with the State Health Authorities in beginning their survey while the writer continued a walk-thru Industrial Hygiene Survey of the plant. During the two day visit, several more conferences were held with plant management to discuss plant health practices and housekeeping procedures. The rather long delay between the plant visit and this report has been to allow the Pennsylvania State Health Department time to analyze the samples which were taken. With these results and those of past P.H.S. surveys, more specific recommendations can be made. A summary of the results of all surveys is given in the appendix. Description of the Plant The plant is located in the northern part of the town and employs approximately 1000 persons. The plant is the only major manufacturing concern within the local area. Products of the plant include textiles, friction products, and packing materials. Some of the major product lines include the following: 1. Asbestos textiles (cloth, tape, rope, wick and braid) 2. Woven and wound clutch facings 3. Woven and extruded brake linings 4. Disc brake friction pads 5. Dry process brake linings 6. Various types of packing materials including rubber-asbestos materials and extruded materials. Description of the Processes The Manheim Division of the Raybestos-Manhattan Company is a very large plant dealing in many product lines. The following paragraphs will attempt to briefly describe some of the major operations carried on at the plant. A. Asbestos Textiles Asbestos textile production consists of basically six steps. These steps are: 1. Fiber preparation 2. Carding Asbestos Dust and Preliminary Industrial Hygiene Survey Raybestos-Manhattan Manheim, Pennsylvania February 14, 1972 Page 2 3. Spinning 4. Twisting 5. Winding 6. Weaving These steps are common to all asbestos textile plants; therefore, the reader is referred to the literature for detailed discussions of each of these processes. Fiber preparation is done on the first floor. Some final crushing of the asbestos fiber takes place. Opening of the asbestos fiber is done on a cone willow and asbestos mixing is done in a "Proctor" mixer. Cotton "lap" for carrying the asbestos fiber is also made in this area. Also located in the area is a W-3 Waste Machine. Carding and spinning operations are done on the second floor of the building and are in adjacent rooms. Spinning is done at speeds up to 1800 rpm. Twisting, winding and weaving are in another area and are in close proximity to each other. During the visit only crysotile was noticed being used in the textile operations. However, amosite may be used two to three times per year as stuffing for braided packing. When amosite is being processed lap cards are used in a wet operation. This wet operation was started in 1955. B. Dry Process Brake Linings The process by which dry process brake linings are made consists of the following steps: 1. Mixing 2. Preforming 3. Hot Pressing 4. Cutting and trimming 5. Bending 6. Curing 7. Final Drilling and inspection At Manheim, raw materials are first crushed in a Williams Crusher, screened, and mixed in large mixers. All raw materials used in the process are dry. After the raw materials are throughly mixed, thin sheets approximately 2' x 3' are formed by pressing the dry raw materials in a pneumatic hot-press. Following the hot-press, the edges are trimmed and the sheets cut into strips of the proper width on a Cambell cutter. Asbestos Dust and Preliminary Industrial Hygiene Survey Raybestos-Manhattan Manheim, Pennsylvania February 14, 1972 Page 3 After the strips have been cut, the surfaces are sanded in a Gardner grinder and then bent into the proper form and placed in an oven for curing. After having been cured, the linings are drilled, finish sanded and inspected. C. Extruded Brake Linings The process by which extruded brake linings are made consists of the following steps: 1. Mixing and grinding 2. Extruding 3. Baking 4. Cutting 5. Final curing 6. Final grinding and drilling , After the final curing, dry process and extruded linings are finished in the same manner. Raw material mixing is done in a manner similar to dry process lining production the only difference being that a paste is formed. After mixing, the material is extruded in the form of a tape, cut to length, and bent to form on one machine. After extruding, the shoes are clamped in shape and cured in a lunette. Final grinding and drilling is done in the same facility as dry process linings. D. Woven and Wound Clutch Facings Woven clutch facings are made in the following steps: 1. Cloth weaving 2. Cloth treating 3. Cloth slitting and calendering 4. Hot pressing 5. Baking 6. Sanding and drilling Rolls of woven asbestos cloth are received from the textile department and treated with a coating containing rubbers, resins (JPolyrez), litharge, graphite, zinc oxide, solvents, and a retarder. The cloth is then slit and the strips wound in coils and pressed into shape on a hot press. The resulting clutch facings are then deburred and baked in a curing oven. After the facings have cooled, the surfaces are sanded and the edges ground. The facings are then drilled, dusted, inspected, branded, and packed for shipment. Asbestos Dust and Preliminary Industrial Hygiene Survey Raybestos-Manhattan Manheim, Pennsylvania February 14, 1972 Page 4 E. Packing Materials Many different types of packing materials are manufactured at this plant. Some of the major product lines include sewer packing, "Veeplex" gaskets, and high pressure packing materials. Each of these materials makes use of asbestos fiber as a strengthening agent. Asbestos sewer packings are made by treating asbestos wick with a lubricant. After being treated with a lubricant, several wicks are formed into a reel which is prepared for shipment. Braided packings are also made. "Veeplex" gaskets are made by first coating asbestos cloth with neoprene rubber and then cutting the material on bias in a cutter. After having been cut, the ends are glued together and a roll started by hand and finished tight in a machine. Following the rolling operation, the roll is cut to lengths and the ends dipped in cement. Finally, the strips are hot pressed to form the desired shape and the inside and outside of the ring trimmed. High pressure packing material is made in a manner similar to that of "Veeplex" gaskets. First, asbestos cloth is treated with rubber and cut on bias into strips about 4" wide. The strips are then sewed to gether and then coated with rubber cement. The strips are then rolled around an extruded core on a hose machine. The material is then calendered, lubricated with graphite, wound in a spiral, and boxed. Inspection of the Plant Potential Health Hazards: The potential health hazards which were noted during the survey were: 1. Exposure to asbestos dust 2. Exposure to lead and lead compounds 3. Exposure to carbon black 4. Exposure to zinc oxide 5. Exposure to various kinds of resins (see raw materials list) Potential exists for exposure to almost all the raw materials especially in raw material mixing operations. Personal Protection and Medical Programs: Respirators are presently worn In the plant on a voluntary basis. The plant provides two types of approved Asbestos Dust and Preliminary Industrial Hygiene Survey Raybestos-Manhattan Manheim, Pennsylvania February 14, 1972 Page 5 respirators for any worker who desires to wear a respirator. During this visit respirators were worn in all asbestos mixing operations as well as the fiber preparation area of the textile mill. Safety glasses and safety shoes are presently worn only by workers in the machine and maintenance shops. The plant encourages the use of safety shoes and has a program of financial assistance for their purchase. Hearing protection is provided for every worker in a noisy area. During this visit, it was noted that all weavers in the textile mill wore ear plugs. Personal clothing is provided for only those persons working closely with lead or lead compounds. For these workers, three (3) complete changes are provided per week. The plant has a new medical facility with four examining rooms. A nurse is on duty full time and a local doctor visits the plant daily. The facility is equipped with X-ray equipment as well as a new audiometric testing booth. Each worker at the plant is given a complete pre-employment physical. A voluntary program of annual back and chest X-rays is also conducted at the plant for those workers in exposure areas or doing extensive lifting. Office workers are given physicals every 3-6 years. Monthly blood tests are also given to workers who are exposed to litharge or other lead compounds. Ventilation: The plant makes quite extensive use of local exhaust ventila tion. Mr. Anspach, the plant engineer, indicated that they were pulling a total of approximately 300,000 cfm from the plant. He also acknowledged the problem of insufficient make-up air but said that they were working on the problem. Probably the area which needs the most work in relation to ventilation is the textile mill. Exhaust ventilation is provided on almost all machines and transfer points; however, in some cases the volumes appeared to be low. A rough measurement of one asbestos dumping station in the fiber preparation area showed a velocity of only 25 fpm through the hood. The filling end of the carding machines also appeared to have low velocities. Housekeeping: Cleaning is done on a daily basis by janitors in each work area. In the textile mill a six hour clean-up is carried out each week. Sweeping is not done with vacuum sweepers. While at the plant, I did not notice compressed air being used to clean production machines. Asbestos Dust and Preliminary Industrial Hygiene Survey Raybestos-Manhattan Manheim, Pennsylvania February 14, 1972 Page 6 Survey Procedures and Results The Pennsylvania State Health Department conducted the asbestos dust survey under a contract with the U.S. Public Health Service. All sampling equip ment was furnished and calibrated by the Public Health Service. A total of 335 personal samples were taken in the textile, friction, and packing areas of the plant. The breakdown was: 117 samples in textile, 149 samples in friction, and 69 samples in packing. In addition, high volume samples were taken at most operations. All personal samples were collected on Millipore Type AA membrane filters at a flow rate of 1.7 liters per minute. The samples were analyzed by counting asbestos fibers using phase contrast illumination. The counter was trained by the U.S. Public Health Service. The results of the survey and a comparison with past P.H.S. surveys are given in the appendix. An emergency standard for asbestos dust was published in the Federal Register on December 7, 1971. The standard is as follows: "The 8-hour time-weighted average airborne concentration of asbestos dust to which employees are exposed shall not exceed five fibers per milliliter greater than five microns in length, as determined by the membrane filter method at 400-450X magnification (4 millimeter objective) phase contrast illumination. Concentrations above five fibers per milliliter, but not to exceed ten fibers per milliliter, may be permitted up to a total of 15 minutes in an hour for up to five hours in an 8-hour day." The present survey results show that concentrations in the following jobs exceeded the average standard: 1. Waste Machine Operator (textile) 2. Fiber Preparation Stocker (textile) 3. Carding Stocker (textile) 4. Ring Spinner (textile) 5. Machine Brander (friction) In addition to exceeding the average standard, three of the above mentioned jobs had concentrations which exceeded the peak standard. These jobs are: 1. Waste Machine Operator (textile) 2. Fiber Preparation Stocker (textile) 3. Machine Brander (friction) Asbestos Dust and Preliminary Industrial Hygiene Survey Raybestos-Manhattan Manheim, Pennsylvania February 14, 1972 Page 7 Conclusions and Recommendations In general, the only areas of the plant which appear to have a serious asbestos dust problem is the textile mill and the finishing area of friction products. The following are recommendations which are necessary to lower asbestos exposures 1. A thorough evaluation of existing ventilation in the fiber preparation and carding areas of the textile mill should be made as present volumes and velocities appear low. This evaluation should include a thorough study of the present make-up air system. 2. Spinning operations should be provided with ventilation immediately. 3. Although dusting of clutch facings and brake linings is done prior to machine branding, all surveys indicate that branders experience rather high concentrations. Local exhaust ventilation should be provided at these machines. Table # 1 2 3 4 APPENDIX Title Production Raw Materials List Number of Employees by Areas Results of Asbestos Dust Survey Conducted by Pennsylvania State Health Department Comparison of Past U.S.P.H.S. Surveys and Present Survey RAYBESTOS MANHATTAN INC. Mariheims Pennsylvania 1. Asbestos Fibers P--R-O-D-U--C-T-IO--N--R-A-W---M-A-TrERtyIApLeSs-L--I-S---T- 20 Grades 2. Cements and Adhesives 6 Products - Phenolic and/or Hycar 3. Chemicals Processing Aids (organic) Processing Oils (hydrocarbon) Rubber Antioxidants Rubber Accelerators Lubricants Hexamethylenetetramine Ammonium Bicarbonate Magnesium Oxide Anhydrous Ammonia Ammonia Chloride Wetting Agents Talcs Sodium Silicate Zinc Stearate Zinc Oxide Aluminum Stearate Lead Acetate Sodium Chloride Sodium Acetate Chrome Oxide Aluminum Oxide Antimony Oxide Molybdenum Di Sulfide Triethanolamine 9 2 3 6 22 2 Grades 2 2 4. Coloring Agents Iron Oxides Organic Pigments Dyes 5 5 2 TABLE I PRODUCTION RAW MATERIALS LIST # TYPES TABLE I Organic Fibers Cotton Flax Jute Rayon Dacron Nylon 2 Grades 4 Grades 5 Grades 4 Grades 1 Grades 2 Grades Fillers and Compounding Ingredients Graphites Litharges Carbons Waxes Silicates Barium Sulfates Corks Micas Starches Sulfurs Cryolite Calcium Carbonate Wood Flour 9 4 12 3 9 3 2 2 2 2 1 1 1 Fluorocarbon Products TFE Resins and Compounds FEP CTFE Dispersions Filament 21 1 1 2 3 Metals Brass Copper Zinc Iron Lead Sodium Aluminum Monel Stainless Steel Inconel Steel 7 Forms (Powder, Chips, Wire, etc.) 3 Forms (Powder, Chips, Wire, etc.) 5 Forms (Powder, Chips, Wire, etc.) 3 Forms (Powder, Chips, Wire, etc.) 7 Forms (Powder, Chips, Wire, etc.) 1 Form (Powder, Chips, Wire, etc.) 1 Form (Powder, Chips, Wire, etc.) 2 Forms (Powder, Chips, Wire, etc.) 6 Forms (Powder, Chips, Wire, etc.) 1 1 PRODUCTION RAW MATERIALS LIST 9. Resins # TYPES TABLE I Phenolic Drying Oils Bitumens Silicone Terpene 40 2 3 2 1 10. Rubbers NR SBR NBR HR CR Viton 3 4 4 1 1 1 11. Solvents Hydrocarbon Oxygenated 6 4 12. Miscellaneous Fiberglass 4 Forms (Cloth, Roving, Tape, etc.) Cloth 4 Metal Brake Shoes, rivets Polyethylene and other wrapping. and separators, films Nylon and Steel Strapping Operating supplies - lubricants. abrasives, cutting tools, etc. NUMBER OF EMPLOYEES BY AEEAS First Shift Only TABLE II I. II. III. TEXTILE 1. Fiber Preparation 2. Carding 3. Spinning 4. Twisting Speeders 5. Winding 6. Weaving 7. Rope, Wick, Braid,Cord Production 7 30 12 19 9 57 1 TOTAL 135 FRICTION (CLUTCH 5 BRAKE) 1. Mixing, Coating Extruding 2. Forming (Chevron Winding,Preforming, etc.) 3. Hot Pressing 4. Baking 5. Grinding and Sanding 6. Cutting and Drilling 7. Bonding and Riveting 8. Inspection and Packing 9. Miscellaneous (Truck, Stock, Service) TOTAL 8 22 18 2 20 16 8 20 30 144 PACKING 1. Braiding $ Yam Winding 2. Mixing 5 Calendering 3. Coating Operations 4. Forming, Pressing, Wrapping, Sewing, Molding 5. Cutting 5 Trimming TOTAL 8 11 7 15 6 57 TABLE III NATIONAL INSTITUTE FOR OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY & HEALTH Division of Field Studies & Clinical Investigations February 3, 1972 Plants 8, 9, <5 10 RAYBESTOS MANHATTAN INC. Manheim, Pennsylvania Textiles, Friction Products, Packing Materials PENNSYLVANIA STATE HEALTH DEPARTMENT November 15, 1971 to December 3, 1971 PERSONAL SAMPLES OPERATION 6 JOB SAMPLE PERSONAL SAMPLE CONC. FIBERS >5p/ml TEXTILE 100 - Fiber Preparation Waste Machine Operator Waste Machine Operator Cotton Machine Operator Cotton Machine Operator Stocker Mechanic Scholfield Crusher Operator Carding Lap Card Operator Lap Card Operator Lap Card Operator Card Tender Card Tender Card Tender Card Tender Fixer Carding Fixer Carding Fixer Carding Stocker Stocker Grinder Grinder Sweeper Sweeper 1 4 2 5 6 3 322 7 12 132 11 136 137 138 15 133 134 10 139 8 9 14 135 23.7 6.6 4.2 5.3 11.5 4.3 2.9 4.1 1.9 4.9 7.6 3.6 1.9 4.1 4.1 1.2 1.2 7.2 5.8 3.7 2.0 3.3 2.3 OPERATION & JOB 120 - Spinning Ring Spinner Ring Spinner Ring Spinner Ring Spinner Ring Spinner Ring Spinner Ring Spinner Speeder Speeder 130 - Twisting Twister Twister Twister Twister 140 - Winding Winder Winder Winder Winder Winder Winder 150 - Weaving Cloth Weaver Cloth Weaver Cloth Weaver Cloth Weaver Cloth Weaver Cloth Weaver Cloth Weaver Cloth Weaver Tape Weaver Tape Weaver Tape Weaver Tape Weaver Tape Weaver Tape Weaver Tape Weaver SAMPLE # TABLE III PERSONAL SAMPLE CONC. FIBERS >5u/ml 16 6.7 17 5.4 18 2.3 19 5. 1 20 3.7 21 6.2 22 6.1 332 2.1 333 2.4 52 1.9 53 1.2 57 1.9 61 2.3 36 0.5 37 0.6 38 1.8 39 1.4 40 1.4 .27 1.4 23 0.3 35 2.8 41 2.0 43 3.1 46 1.7 47 2.2 62 0.6 326 2.5 185 3.4 186 0.1 189 4.7 190 0.4 192 0.3 193 0.8 195 0.4 OPERATION 6 JOB 150 - Weaving (continued) Tape Weaver Tape Weaver Tape Weaver Tape Weaver Tape Weaver Tape Weaver Tape Weaver Tape Weaver Cop Winder Cop Winder Cop Winder Creeler Creeler Creeler Creeler Creeler Creeler Creeler Creeler Stocker Stocker Stocker Stocker Stocker Fixer Sweeper Sweeper Loom Inspector Loom Cleaner Loom Cleaner - Rope, Wick, Braid & Cord Wick Card Operator Slubber Operator Slubber Operator Slubber Operator Slubber Operator Roper Operator - Finishing Cloth Dryer Cloth Dryer Cloth Dryer Cloth Dryer SAMPLE TABLE III PERSONAL SAMPLE CONC. FIBERS >5y/ml 196 0.0 199 1.7 201 0.5 206 0.8 227 0.0 230 0.0 231 0.1 232 0.1 328 1.4 330 2.0 334 1.8 24 1.6 34 2.0 44 1.6 45 0.9 187 0.8 198 0.8 202 1.1 228 0.1 48 0.2 49 2.2 50 1.0 51 1.9 54 1.2 56 0.3 60 1.7 191 0.3 188 0.9 194 0.4 205 0.7 13 5.8 55 1.5 58 1.7 59 3.9 331 2.2 100 1.2 25 3.5 26 2.4 27 4.6 28 2.7 OPERATION & JOB 170 - Finishing (continued) Cloth Dryer Cloth Dryer Cloth Dryer Cloth Dryer Cloth Dryer Packer Packer Clerk Clerk Slitter Operator Slitter Operator Inspector Tape Cutter Tape Cutter Calender Operator Tape Inspector Miscellaneous Foreman (T-3, T-l) Foreman (T-12) Utility Operator Williams Crusher Operator FRICTION PRODUCTS 210 - Mixing, Coating & Extruding Mixer Mixer Crusher Operator Extruder Operator Preform Operator Preform Operator Forming 3-Roll Calender Operator Block Rock Calender Operator Form Fitter Form Fitter Form Fitter Form Fitter Form Fitter Slitter Operator Slitter Operator Slitter Operator SAMPLE # TABLE III PERSONAL SAMPLE CONC. FIBERS >5p/ml 29 6.7 30 2.2 31 3.5 32 3.0 33 4.5 63 0.6 64 0.4 203 0.6 329 1.8 65 0.5 66 0.5 71 0.1 204 0.6 229 0.0 208 0.6 207 0.5 67 0.2 197 0.3 200 0.4 335 6.2 182 2.1 294 2.0 97 0.1 98 0.0 242 0.0 243 0.2 108 1.3 109 2.1 155 1.7 163 0.7 164 1.1 224 0.0 225 0.2 157 2.5 160 1.1 161 0.8 OPERATION & JOB 220 - Forming (continued) Bender Operator Convexor Chevron Winder Chevron Winder Chevron Winder Chevron Winder Chevron Winder Chevron Winder Chevron Winder Chevron Winder Material Handler 230 - Hot Pressing Hot Press Operator Hot Press Operator Hot Press Operator Hot Press Operator Hot Press Operator Hot Press Operator Hot Press Operator Hot Press Operator Hot Press Operator Hot Press Operator Hot Press Operator Hot Press Operator Hot Press Operator Material Handier 2*4(3 - Baking Oven Operator Oven Operator Oven Operator Oven Operator Oven Operator 250 - Grinding 6 Sanding Radius Grinder Operator Radius Grinder Operator Radius Grinder Operator ID G OD Grinder Operator ID 6 OD Grinder Operator OD Grinder Operator Grinder Operator Grinder Operator Grinder Operator Grinder Operator SAMPLE # TABLE III PERSONAL SAMPLE CONC. FIBERS >5y/ml 162 219 233 234 235 237 238 239 240 241 236 140 141 181 244 245 246 247 248 249 251 252 253 295 254 72 73 101 143 279 85 166 218 266 269 147 149 156 217 256 2.2 0.1 0.2 0.4 0.3 0.0 0.2 0.1 0.6 0.0 0.0 1.6 0.8 3.8 0.1 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.5 0.0 0.7 0.9 0.2 2.8 0.5 0.0 0.8 0.6 0.2 0.4 1.1 0.6 1.9 0.9 0.0 OPERATION 6 JOB 250 - Grinding & Sanding (continued) Grinder Operator Edge Grinder Blanchard Operator Blanchard Operator Blanchard Operator Hanchett Operator P$W Sander Operator Buffer Operator Buffer Operator Stocker Stocker Cutting & Drilling Punch Press Operator Arto Cutter Operator Drill Press Operator Groover Auto Drill Operator Auto Drill Operator Hand-Drill Operator Kingsburg Drill Operator Kingsburg Drill Operator Kingsburg Drill Operator Pexto Cutter Operator Pexto Cutter Operator Multiple Drill Operator Drill Set Up Man Slip Spindle Drill Operator Slip Spindle Drill Operator Slip Spindle Drill Operator Slip Spindle Drill Operator Bonding 6 Riveting Bonder Bonder Bonder Bonder Rivetor Rivetor De-rivetor Alpine Debander Stocker TABLE III SAMPLE # PERSONAL SAMPLE CONC. FIBERS >5u/ml 257 0.0 293 1.4 260 0.9 261 0.0 262 0.0 263 0.0 103 1.3 107 0.3 145 1.8 264 0.0 265 0.1 104 0.8 105 0.9 106 1.6 146 0.7 150 2.7 223 0.0 151 1.4 153 0.6 221 0.4 222 0.2 159 1.3 296 1.1 267 0.0 268 0.1 270 0.8 271 3.6 272 3.0 281 0.4 74 0.1 75 1.3 76 0.1 77 0.2 83 0.0 84 0.0 319 0.1 317 1.0 318 0.4 OPERATION 6 JOB 280 - Inspecting & Packing Dipper Inspector Inspector Inspector (F-19) Inspector Inspector Inspector Inspector Inspector Inspector Inspector Inspector Inspector Inspector Inspector (F-23) Spray Painter Brander (Brake) Machine Brander Hand Brander Machine Brander Machine Brander Machine Brander Packer Packer Packer Packer Packer Packer Packer Packer Shipper Dusting Machine Operator Mi seellaneous Stocker Stocker Stocker Stocker Stocker TABLE III SAMPLE ft PERSONAL SAMPLE CONC. FIBERS >5u/ml 79 0.0 86 0.0 87 0.0 102 0.4 142 1.6 143 1.1 169 0.6 171 3.1 172 0.0 176 1.4 184 0.0 278 9.5 282 8.0 283 2.2 284 3.3 88 0.0 89 0.2 168 0.2 170 3.1 286 7.3 287 6.7 288 10.3 90 0.0 99 0.0 177 0.4 178 0.3 179 0.0 289 3.3 290 6.5 292 2.4 91 0.0 275 2.3 80 0.0 81 0.0 94 0.0 158 1.3 165 1.0 OPERATION b U u w 290 - Miscellaneous (continued) "Tumblast" Operator "Tumblast" Operator Foreman (Brake) Foreman (F-19) Foreman Mechanic Mechanic Mechanic Supervisor (F-29) Tool Mechanic Stocker Maintenance Sweeper Stock Serviceman Stock Serviceman Group Leader (Packing) Cement Machine Operator Cement Machine Operator PACKING 400 - Braiding Lattice Braider Lattice Braider Lattice Braider Braider Braider Braider Square Braider Flax Jute Braider Yarn Service 410 - Mixing 6 Calendering Weigher Calender Operator 420 -Coating Ring Preform Dipper Yam Lubricator Lubricator Vulcanizer 91 92 95 111 149 110 276 277 291 273 173 250 255 258 259 180 174 175 117 118 119 209 210 213 215 299 212 313 316 131 214 305 309 0.2 0.3 0.0 0.2 0.3 0.5 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.4 0.0 0.2 0.3 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.3 0.9 0.1 0.1 0.0 1.4 0.5 0.4 0.0 1.7 0.1 0.0 3.0 0.7 0.3 0.2 0.1 OPERATION 6 JOB MO - Forming Spiral Operator Spiral Operator Packing Maker Preformer Preformer Spiral Press Operator Hot Press Operator Hose Machine Operator Hose Machine Operator Lead Wrapper Rubber Machine Operator MO - Cutting 6 Trimming Spiral Trimmer Hand Ring Cutter Cloth Bias Cutter Preform Cutter Unit Ring Cutter Punch Press Operator MO - Inspection 6 Packing Ring Inspector Ring Inspector Inspector Inspector Inspector Inspector Packer Packer Packer Box Maker Mo - Mi seellaneous Sweeper Stock Servicer Machine Cleaner Foreman SAMPLE ft TABLE III PERSONAL SAMPLE CONC. FIBERS >5u/ml 125 0.2 307 0.0 112 0.1 114 0.0 128 0.3 126 0.2 127 0.7 129 0.3 311 0.0 303 0.0 312 0.0 116 0.1 120 0.0 121 0.0 131 0.8 300 0.6 301 0.0 122 0.0 124 0.2 216 0.3 297 0.1 304 0.0 306 0.0 115 0.0 314 0.0 315 0.0 308 0.0 113 0.3 123 0.0 211 0.2 298 0.0 TABLE IV COMPARISON OF PAST U.S.P.H.S. SURVEYS AND PRESENT SURVEY OPERATION TEXTILE Fiber Preparation Carding Spinning Twisting Winding Weaving Finishing FRICTION Mixing, Extruding Forming Hot Pressing Baking Grinding 8 Sanding Cutting Drilling Bonding Riveting Inspection Packing PACKING Braiding Mixing 8 Calendering Coating Forming Cutting Trimming Weaving Inspection CM ro i i O 1 MEAN CONCENTRATION (FIBERS >5w IN LENGTH/ml) AND NUMBER OF SAMPLES ( ) -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- AUGUST AUGUST JANUARY NOVEMBER 1964 1967 1971 1971 00 --* 00 /-- \ "vj 2.5 (7) 2.8 (42) 1.9 (17) 3.3 (27) 2.9 (8) 2.3 (70) 6.9 (6) 8.5 (7) 5.8 (5) 2.6 (6) 2.2 (11) 11,,0 (2) 6.,1 (14) 6,.9 (6) 3,,2 (8) 2,.0 (5) 4,,8 (12) 2,,5 (3) o CM 8.4 3.7 (16) 4.4 (9) 1.9 (4) 1.2 (6) 1.3 (45) (20) /--N 00 _' ' 4,,1 (4) 1,.4 (13) 1..1 (14) 1,.0 3,.2 (23) 1,,2 (25) 0..8 (6) 3,,3 (20) 0,.7 (2) 2,.1 (8) 1..4 (5) 0,.6 (4) 1,.3 (9) 2,.7 (6) 0,.2 (2) 6, (1) 5,.3 (2) 0,.5 (6) 0,,5 (7) 0,,4 (2) 1.,1 (10) 4,.0 (12) 2,.8 (4) 3,.3 (13) 0,.7 (6) 0.,7 (21) 0,.5 (14) 1,,0 (5) 0,.6 (21) 1,.1 (18) 0,.4 (9) 2,,3 (32) CM v--t 00 3.1 (ID 0.2 (13) 0.4 C7) 0.2 (10) 1.3 12.8 (1) 2.1 (1) 2.4 (5) 0.6 Cl) 0.3 (5) 0.2 (3) 0.6 (1) 1.3 (9) 1.6 (8) 13.6 (5) 0.9 (2) 0.5 (9) 1.5 (2) 0.3 (4) 0.2 (ID 0.3 (6) 0.1 (10)