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February IS. 1993 I hereby certify that the attached copies of Ceramic Abstracts. Volume ,1947, are true and accurate copies, which are maintained in the normal course of business at the American Ceramic Society, 735 Ceramic Place, Westerville, Ohio 43081. Ceramic Information Center r 735 Ceramic Place Westerville, Ohio 43081-8720 614*890-4700 TWX: 7101109409 SC-ALL-03500 . SCF-ALLF-00961 SC-CER-5500 CERAMIC ABSTRACTS ' ' Compiled by ' The American Ceramic Society 1947 Cbakus S. Pbakcb, Editor Maxy j. Cub, Assistant Editor Doxothy Holbbook. Editorial Assistant CommitUt on Publications: K. C. Lyon, Chairman; E. E. Mabbaxbb, Kant, Scmwaxtzwalobb, R. E. Buck, C. & Pbakcx, ex-offirio A. H. Adam* F. C. Arnnce Wilfred Ashworth Aracatnl Tecbni* cal SerefeesX. X. Ash Walter Bank L. R. Barrett R. Barta L. Bareaghi W. R. Beck J. J. Bdnlich A. C.Bevan ABSTRACTERS Associated Technical Services A. J. Biddolpb R. H. Bollinger laa Campbell L. C. Chadwick M. V. Condoide VT. D. Fotter R. A. Gregory F. Grodrinstd Max Hartenhdm J.J. Hard F. G. Hcck I. Hocbnian R. H. Hooker F. Honor !. Hoseh E. E. Howe F. J, Huribul G. Si. Hutt J. F. Hyde L. J. Jacob* B. 2. Kamich G. A-.Kirkendale M. M. W. Kielman X. J. Kreidl S. M. Lang B. D. Maker V. S. de March! F. R. Matson L. R. McCraght L.M. Merritt J. O. Mohr O. Mom J. M. Xoy 5. S. Obenshain T. G. Fett D. O. Fierce Alexis Pincus W. J. Ftankeuhorn M. E. Poor k E. Priestley K. Richardson Margaret Roach H. Salmang X. Schrewdbu A. B.Searle kO. Seawielman C. Shaver F. P. Shonkwfler A. J. Strod . Hans Thumauer Samuel Zcrfost G. H. Zink Editorial OMco: 2325 North High Street, Columbus 2, Ohio Publication Offltt: 20tb and Northampton Streets, Easton. Pa. IDO Ceramic Abstract; by each branch. During IIH4 scientific investigation! were at the Kaiser Wilhelm Institute tor Silicate Research at ondertaicen in two principal direction!: (I) the develop, Berlin-Dahtem and Ostheim Rhoen. Germany. A process menc of theoretical and practical method! of physical and for the production of synthetic mica on a laboratory scale chemical analyst! of new alloys, the.processing of complex was developed. In PB 2l).,V)0, practical details involved in multimetal ores, and the study of domestic mineral re* a the synthesis nr* set forth. Potash-magnesia mica and sources: and (2) investigations relative to the basic chemis barium mica were made in small crucibles. To produce try of complex compounds and the development of effec well-oriented crystals, particular importance was placed on tive methods for the recovery of rare metals and their well-regulated temperature gradient in a vertical direction alloys, Of special interest to the ceramic industry are the--, during, the first ol the cooling period and a magnetic field studies undertaken by the Laboratory for Silicates and iu surrounding the crucible in a horizontal direction. In PB reports on the chemical stability of glass and the diffusion of 20,531, the basic crystallographic theories ore discussed gases in molten glass. . A.J.S. with complete descriptions of the results of various melts in the phiogopite series. PB 20.532 gives the results of Febrile crystallographic studies of synthetic phiogopite. and the P. .. . . . . rules governing intergrowth of phiogopite and bumitc 7 pp. (Aug. 1045): abstracted in Bibliot. Sci. tad. Repts., crystals are derived. Tables, diagrams, and explanatory 112211341 (1046). Price photostat 31.00, microfilm 50c.-- photomicrographs. This is a report of the process for extracting alumina from-- . Synthetic Sapphire and Spinel Production In Germany. coal ashes, based on a discussion with personnel of the M. H. Bas*ss. FIA T Final Rept., 655; PB 17,549, 17 Oyclcerhoff works and examination of some analytical pp. (1945); abstracted in Biblinf. Sri. Ini. Repts., 1 ;2nj records. Essentially, the process consists in burning an 1204 (1946). Price photostat 32.00. microfilm 504.--Two alumina-containing raw material with limestone; extract- e plants in Germany produced synthetic sapphire and spinel ing the pulverized material with water by a countercurrent boules during the war. the f. G. Farben plant at Bitterfeld method; precipitating the alumina and Ume-from this and the Wiedes Karbid W'erke at Freyung. Both plants solution by treatment with carbon dioxide, and then subse employ the basic Verneuil process, the principles of which quently extracting the alumina from the mix of these two__ ore known in the U. S. The details of German apparatus solids by treatment with soda. Initially, in the pilot-plant and process are revealed here (or the first time. A process' trials, the Siailles water extraction method was used, but for hardening spinel .benrings so that their-performance it was later abandoned In favor of the alkali extraction approached that of sapphire and so that only one fourth as method. Details of the process, analysis of the materials, much diamond was needed for fabrication was developed. and economic considerations are discussed. The residue " Temperature Interconversloa Tablet end Melting Points from the alkali extraction process proved quite satisfactory of the Chemical 'Elements. .Vat. Bur. Standards Mite. for use in Portland cement manufacture. Pub., M183, April 10. 1947 (supersedes Mite. Pub. 1(1261. Synthesis of Fluorine-Mica of the Phiogopite Group; Price 5f from Supt. of Documents, Washington 25. D. C. Crystallochealcal and Microscopic Investigations of Syn S.M.L. thetic Phiogopite*; Regular Intergrowth of Synthetic X-Rays in Practice. W. T. Sntoou. McGraw-Hill Pblogopits with Hydrous Mica. W. Errxt.. FIAT Pinal Book G>., Inc., New York. 1946. 615 pp. Price 34.00. Repti^ 747, 74S, and 749; PB 20,550, 41 pp.; PB 20,531, Reviewed in Meek. ng.. 69 (21163 (1947). F.C.H. 32 pp.; PB 20,532. 34 pp. (March 1946); abstracted in , Bibltof. Set. Tad. Repts.. I (48) 984 (1946). Price (each) 1 See ibafoUomnt additional abttraett * photostat 33.00, microfilm 50c.--This Is a series of three re Sect XIX: Colloid chemistry of the day mineral ottapul- ports on synthetic mien research by Eitel and his coworkers gite. C 5. sc G tl ro- a: b o a- aa- a ( c a e 1 XtV--General Central Glass and Ceramic Research Institute. Axon. consumers* goods, and buyers' resistance to out-of-line Jour. Sci. Ind. Rtttarek (India), 4 (71387-83 (1946).--The J prices, including construction. The going will be harder for foundation of this Institute in Calcutta is the first of the new or rapidly expanded concerns than it was during the five national laboratories to be established in India. Cf. . war and the postwar boom. It will be harder for everyone Ceram. Abt., 1947, July. p. 151r. M.Ha. who cannot meet competitive costs. The test of the situa Employing an engineer--hiring practices analyzed.__ tion in the coming months will be the state of employment Joint Economic Status Coxmittss. Amtr. Estp., 17 and the output of goods and services to promote the general [4| 2. 12-13 (1947).--A preliminary report b given of a welfare. R.H.8. survey being made to answer questions which both the Histology of asbestosis. L. Mono. Acta Path. Micro* / employer and the prospective engineering employee ask. bid. Scand., 25 (11 53-59 (1946); abstracted in Jour. 4 The survey indudes the type of engineers hired, how young Amtr. Mrd. Assoc., 155 [9| 652 (1947). D-G-P- engineers are recruited, how experienced engineers for How to tell your story to worker*. Anon. Modern Ind.. specific openings are obtained, the most important factors 13 (5] 44-48 (1947).--The widening gulf between labor and taken into consideration in hiring an engineer, and bow management shows the need for better understanding. much newly employed engineers are paid. The median -- That gulf has led to Communism in some countries and to answer for the last question was found to be 3207 per Socialism in others. Thus far it has led only to crippling month in a range of approximatdy 3175 to 3250; however, strikes and generally reduced worker productivity in this the salary depends on the individual in 20% of the indus country. Communications from mangagement to workers, tries and upon prevailing wages or special factors in ths the smooth flow of information, facts, instructions, and other 80% of the industries polled. The glass industry was educational material, b today's No. I industrial-relations induded in the Ibt of those paying the highest wages for problem. Methods of shaping employee opinion inetude recent graduates. In general, the answers to other ques the following mediums: (i) Supervisory word-of-mouth. tions were based on too little data to be conducive as yet; (2) bulletin boards, (3) pay-envelope inserts. (4) news some trends, however, were indicated. L.R.M. -- letters. (5) employee publications, (6) employee meetings. General business conditions. Anon. National City (7) public-address systems, (8) plant-city advertisements Bank Monthly Letter (June 1947).--The opinion that the (9) radio, (10) employee handbook, (It) annual statement peak of the postwar boom has been seen b now fairly gen (12) labor-management activities, and (13) movies. _ eral. Where recession has occurred, however, it is still of R-H-B- tittle weight, so far as the aggregates of production, income, ' Influence of ago on silicosis. E. Mamin and L. Roch* or employment- are concerned. The most significant Presto mid., 54 IJan. 5| 3 (19411); abstracted in Jour. Ind changes that have occurred are in the price trend of basic Hjf Teseicd, 28 [8| 133-34 (1946). D.G.P. commodities, the filling up of shortages of more and more Lamps and tbs spectrum. C. E. Wsrrs. Ohio State nVPABTMENT OF PATHOLOGICAL ANATOMY OF THE UNIVERSITY OF HELSINKI; HEAD: PROFESSOR ARNO SAXEN ON THE HISTOLOGY OF ASBESTOSIS By Leo Noro. (Deceived for publication October 2nd, 1945). In the fall of 1943 two workers of an asbestos factory died under circumstances, which indicated that the cause of death was to be ascribed to their trade, in which for years they had to inhale asbestos dust. In the autopsy asbestosis was found to be the cause of death: a lung disease caused by asbestos dust. When the workers of this factory were examined rontgenologically (Wegelius), the surprising result was attained that asbestosis was found in 65 % of the 167 workers examined. The clinical picture of asbestosis based on observations made in Finland is explained more definitely in Nordisk Medicin 1946 (Lavonius, Noro and Wegelius). In this paper the histological picture of asbestosis and its patho genesis will be explained on the basis of my own observations and literature available in Finland. Survey. The clinical picture of asbestosis has been known only for a short time as Murray's first publication on asbestosis dates back to the year 1899. In 1906 Marchand made the first autopsy of a person who died of asbestosis. But not till 1914 did Fahr and Feige explain the clinical picture thoroughly. In the 1930's research work on asbestosis got a good start in England, the United States, Germany, France, South-America, and Italy, and up to the year 1943 about 150 publications on asbestosis had appeared (Lenke). Up to the year 1939, however, observations had been published on fifteen autopsies only (Wedler), so that there is full reason to publish two of my own cases. The Appearance, Use and Characteristics of Asbestosis. Asbestos is a fibrous mineral, which is found in Siberia, South- America, Italy, and Finland, where the quarrying and refining of asbestos has been going on for more than ten years. Asbestos is a poor conductor of heat and electricity so that it is used mainly for insulation purposes, among other things in fire-proof curtains (asbestos materials), in the making of fire-proof tiles (asbestos tiles), fire-proof paper (asbestos paper), and roofing shingles. " Art* path. Vol. XXIH. 1. 5 SC-ALL-03263 SCF-FA-2750 54 Asbestos has a fibrous structure, so that it can to some extent also be spun. The Finnish asbestos as to its quality is amphibole asbestos. Acids have no effect on it and it is poorly dissoluble. Its fibres are on the average one inch long. They are harder and more elastic than in the foreign asbestos in general. Because of this quality the Finnish asbestos dust is to be considered very dangerous. The chemical consistency of Finnish asbestos is the following: ; 1 [ ; s ; Silicic acid (SiOa) ................................... 56,27 % Aluminium oxide (Alu0.i) ...................... 2,50 % Ferro-oxide (FeO) .................................. 4,18% Calcium oxide (CaO) ............................. 0,25 % Magnesium oxide (MgO) ................. . 31,44 % | Pathogenesis. Asbestos dust is found everywhere in the air where asbestos is quarried or refined. The finest dust, invisible to the eye, gets into the lungs along with the inhaled air, mainly into their lower parts, where the circulation of air is largest. Only dust particles, the dia meter of which is not more than 10^: s can penetrate into the vesicles of the lung. In order to find out the quality of the asbestos dust in my cases I had the lung specimens examined in the following way!1) First the paraffin was separated from specimen through melting. After that the organic matter was dissolved with hydrogen peroxide and strong nitric acid and then the inorganic rest was examined. When examining the rest microscopically it was noticed that it was composed of small particles which resembled knitting needles, Mostly their size urns about 9 p or a little smaller. The thickness could not be determined exactly with the instruments available, but it was always less than 1 p However, some with the length of 45 p. were observed, but only one with the length of about 65^. Also some clusters of needles were seen whose length was from 30 to 90 The length of the asbestos needles found in the lungs naturally depends on the quality of the asbestos. According to Wedler the length of the asbestos needles usually varies from 25 to 150 ft-, the thickness being 3 Part of the needles may, however, be smaller, the length ranging from 2--6ji and the thickness from 0,006--0,01^. According to Beger their length is 25--110, on the average 50^., and their thickness 0,5--1 Beintker again gives the length as 150 /i and the thickness as 1--3^,. The needles of the Finnish asbestos then are noticeably smaller than the above-named qualities, with the exception of the Kind with still smaller needles mentioned by Wedler. s i 1) This research work was performed in the Geological Department. I am very grateful to the Head of the Department, Professor Aame Laitakari and to mag. phil. Toini Mikkola for the opportunity to make these examinations. s Like other sti cause a reaction i cases. Characteris things, especially particles to fagoc; is seen. The asbestos needl ii The asbestos culty, so that th When the needh in the alveolar formation of con irritation causec thickening of th' picture is taken Gradually thi until a wide for as seen in Fig. The changes glands and the 1( most easily. He) tially in that in appear around tl in the latter th< foreground. In When comparin In a asbestos extent itos. ; fibres elastic lity the ving: 55 Like other strange objects the sharp asbestos needles and dust cause a reaction in the organism which is to be seen also in my own cases. Characteristic of this reaction are exudate cells and among other things, especially the appearance of giant cells containing strange particles to fagocyte strange substance. In Fig. 1 this kind of reaction is seen. estos is ;ts into r parts, :he diavesicles iy cases melting, jeroxide ined. that it needles, ss could t it was ft. were clusters aturally Her the ) fl; the smaller, --0,01,*. ),*., and s 150 ft smaller nd with jnt. I am .kari and linations. Fig. l- The asbestos needles have caused an exudate infiltration in the lung tissue, in which also a few giant cells are found. The asbestos needles are however, only dissoluble with great diffi culty, so that the fagocytose happens slowly, if it is at all successful. When the needles move in the lungs injuries most likely occur also in the alveolar epithelium, the result being hemorrhages and the formation of connective tissue. This again, together with the state of irritation caused by the foreign particles, gradually leads to the thickening of the epithelium, of a kind which is seen in Fig. 2. The picture is taken in polarized light. Gradually the formation of connective tissue increases diffusively until a wide formation of connective tissue in. the lungs has arisen, as seen in Fig. 3. The changes begin and reach their largest extension in the hilus glands and the lower parts of the lungs, into which the dust penetrates most easily. Hence asbestosis is distinguished from silicosis essen tially in that in the former necrose nests which resemble tubercles appear around the lymphatics under the influence of silicic acid, which in the latter there is a diffusive connective tissue formation in the foreground. In Fig. 4 a microscopic preparation of a Silicose lung. When comparing it to Fig. 3 the distinct difference is apparent. Asbestos bodies. ,, In a asbestos lung one can see here and there peculiar club-shaped, 5 . >X 56 rod-shaped or bamboo-like bodies, asbestos bodies. They make a pretty Berlin-blue reaction of a kind bare asbestos needles do not make. Fig. 5 asbestos bodies are to be seen. In the asbestos bodies the frame is constituted by an asbestos needle, around which there is a coating. This contains albumins and Fig. 2. The epithelium of the alveoli has noticeably thickened. (Picture taken in polarized light). iron, which most likely originate from the hemoglobins freed from the hemorrhages in the surroundings. The shape of the asbestos bodies can be most varying. The forms of the most usual ones are seen in Fig. 5. Asbestos bodies disintegrate gradually in the tissues. Such a phase of disintegration is shown in Fig. 6. Fig. 3. Diffusive interstitial connective tissue formation in the lungs. 58 Which factor is more important in the pathogenesis of asbestos, the mechanical or chemical, is a question still debated. *? ` The theory of the mechanical origin of disease is represented, among others, by the Swedish geologists Suntlius and Bygden and the Italien de Biasi, They , are of the opinion that the matter in question is a purely mechanical tissue lesion. The iron coating of the asbestos bodies has, accord needles, which m; the injuries of tb consideration, whi forming connectiv If as Beger cl: one would think reaction in the suj There dissolving graphed in polari nearly so strong with a mechanics Under these c pathogenesis of a portant, although in a later phase. The writer de: on the basis of fa cases. After describir asbestos, and tht writer explains tl ing to them, originated from the hemoglobin of the blood. Needles always cause small hemorrhages when the lungs stir. The other elements of the coating are mainly coagulated calloids, which, because of a surface tension, have got stuck on the needles. Sundius and Bygden justify their opinion by pointing out the rutile needles (TiOa), which do not contain silicic acid, cause the same kind of formations in the tissue. Their opinion, then, is that of this is: A reac comes manifest ir giant cells contai interstitial connet an asbestos body is the result of a reaction in the tissue caused by a poorly dissoluble, foreign particle. Beger represents the opposite point of view. He thinks the origin of the disease is a chemical process, in which the tissue injury characteristic of silicic acid is the most important. He is of the opinion that the lymph first detaches the metal ions from the asbestos needles, while the frame con taining silicic acid remains. Only then does the actual chemical influence begin when the silicic acid dissolves. Beger explains the fact that asbestosis does not appear in all people in the following way: Depending on individual circumstances, mainly on the reaction of the reaction of the tissue, the Beger: ref. Saupe. de Biasi: ref. Saupi Lenke, 0.: Arbeitss< Saupe, E.: Rontger Sundius and Bygdi Wedler, H. -- W.: J Wegelius, C.: Acta dissolving of the silicic acid takes place with varying rapidity. If the dis } solving is slow a large enough percentage of acid is not developed in the tissues to injure them. According to him a fibroid originates only -ivhen the asbestos bodies are dispersed, but not already when they are born. This fact would, also speak for the chemical pathogenesis of the disease. Both theories have their strong points. Personally, I am inclined i $ to combine both theories in the following way: The emphasis in the pathogenesis of the disease is to be laid on mechanical factors and on the reaction caused by foreign particles in the tissues. In Fig. I one can clearly see a reaction caused by asbestos asbestos, ed, ' among ,he Italien s a purely as, accord- lies always Hits of the tee tension, eir opinion silicic acid, sen, is that Dy a poorly igin of the icteristic of lymph first frame contl influence t asbestosis t individual tissue, the If the disjped in the y when the n. This fact m inclined be laid on (articles in >y asbestos 59 needles, which may be compared to an inflammation. Besides this, the injuries of the tissue caused by the needles is to be taken into consideration, which, as in other parts of the body, will heal while forming connective tissue. If as Beger claims, the chemical influense was the main factor, one would think that, when the asbestos bodies dissolve, a stronger reaction in the surroundings would arise than that seen e. g. in Fig. 6. There dissolving asbestos bodies are seen which have been photo graphed in polarized light. The reaction in the surroundings is not nearly so strong as in Fig. 1, in which to my mind we have to do with a mechanical irritation phase. Under these circumstances 1 am inclined to think that in the pathogenesis of asbestosis the mechanical factors are the most im portant, although the chemical factors mag have some significance in a later phase. Summary. The writer describes the histology and pathogenesis of asbestosis on the basis of facts derived from available sources and his own two cases. After describing the characteristics of Finnish asbestos, amphibole asbestos, and the size of asbestos needles found in the lungs, the writer explains the histological picture of the disease. Characteristic of this is: A reaction caused by the needles in the tissue, which be comes manifest in exudate cell infiltration, accompanied by numerous giant cells containing foreign particles and an increase of diffusive, interstitial connective tissue and fibrosis. BIBLIOGRAPHY Beger: ref. Saupe. de Biasi: ref. Saupe. Lenke, 0.: Arbeitsschutz 1943: 3.9. Saupe, E.: Rontgenatlas der Asbestose der Lungen 1938. Leipzig. Sundius and Bygden: ref. Saupe. Wedler, H.-- W.: Klinik der Lungen asbestose. 1939, Leipzig. Wegelius, C.: Acta radiolog. 1945.