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FILE NAME: Power Generation (POW) DATE: 1939 DOC#: POW101 DOCUMENT DESCRIPTION: Colorado Board of Health Noting that Workers at Electric Light and Power Companies Were Exposed to Dust 440 C7l9e 1939 Evaluation o f the Industrial Hygiene Problem o f the State o f Colorado S tate of Colorado BOARD OF HEALTH D enver, Colorado 1939 TABLE OF CONTENTS Page Introduction ........ ....... ......... ........................................................................... 1 Summary ................................................................ .... ................. ................... 2 Conclusions......................................... 4 Discussion...................... ........................................ ........................................ . 5 A c k n o w led g m en ts................. Scope and Plan of Survey.......................................................... 6 ................ 7 Methods Used in the Study.............................................. ............. ...... 8 Results of the Study.......................................................................................... 8 Type of Industries Surveyed................................................................ 8 Size of Plants..................................... ........................... ........................ 9 Industrial Health Provisions......................................................... 10 Safety Provisions........................... 10 Medical Provisions ... ................... ................... ..................... ....... 11 Control of Venereal and other Communicable Diseases ......... 11 Disability Benefits and Records....... ......................................... 13 Comparison of Health Services in Small and Large Plants.. 13 Sanitary Facilities .............. 14 Occupational Exposure to Specified Materials........ 16 Extraction of Minerals.............................................................................. 17 Chemical and Allied Industries............................. 18 Clay, Glass and Stone Industry............. .................................................. 18 Clothing Industry .............................................................. ............. .... 19 Food and Allied Industries......................................... 19 Iron and Steel Industry......... ........................... 19 Metal Industries, Except Iron and Steel................................... .......... 19 Leather Industries ........................................... Lumber and Furniture Industries.................. ....... 20 .................... 20 Paper, Printing and Allied Industries________ ______ ____ 20 Textile Industries .............................................................. 20 Miscellaneous Manufacturing Industries .............................. 21 Transportation and Communication............. 21 Domestic and Personal Service Industries ............... 21 Summary of Material Exposures................................ 22 Application of Control Methods.............................................................. 23 Appendix A. Material Classification Groups...... ....................................... 24 Appendix B. Definitions of Control Measures........................................... 31 References .......................................................................... 32 3b68fil TAULES Table No. Number of plants and employees surveyed in Colorado mining, indus trial and service groups........................................................................... 1 Number and percentage of workers surveyed by industry or service group ................................................................................................... ....... 2 Industrial health service provisions (all plants) safety services......... 3 Industrial health service provisions (all plants) medical services____ 4 Number of plants in each industrial group giving specified venereal disease service.......... ...................... .................. ................................ ..... 5 Number and percentage of plants and workers having venereal disease service in plants with 100 or more workers as compared with plants having less than 100 workers...--......................... ................ ..... 6 Industrial health service provisions (all plants) disability benefits and records ................................ .........................................................- ........... 7 Health services in plants with 100 or more workers compared with plants with less than 100 workers.............. .......................................... 8 Comparison of the industrial health services in Colorado industries with similar data from other states and areas................................... 9 Industrial health service provisions (all plants) sanitation facilities__ 10 Distribution of sanitary facilities according to size of plant_________ 11 Number of workers in each industry or service group exposed to speci fied m aterials...... .................................................................................... 12 Percentage of total number of workers in each industry or service group exposed to specified materials................................................... 13 Percentage of total exposures to specified materials occurring in each of the industrial groups studied........................... 14 Extraction of minerals: Number of workers exposed to specified ma terials .......................................................................................................... 15 Extraction of minerals: Percentage of workers exposed to specified materials ............... 16 Chemical and allied industries: Number of workers exposed to speci fied m aterials...................... 17 Chemical and allied industries: Percentage of workers exposed to specified materials................................................................... 18 Clay, glass and stone industries: Number of workers exposed to speci fied m aterials........................... 19 Clay, glass and stone industries: Percentage of workers exposed to specified materials..... ....... 20 Clothing industries: Number of workers exposed to specified materi als ............................................... 21 Clothing industries: Percentage of workers exposed to specified ma terials ............................................................................. 22 Pood and allied industries: Number of workers exposed to specified materials .................................. _..... ....................................................... 23 n TABLES-- Continued Table No. Food and allied industries: Percentage of workers exposed to specified materials .................................................................................................. 24 Iron and steel industries: Number of workers exposed to specified ma terials ........................................................................................................ 25 Iron and steel industries: Percentage of workers exposed to specified materials ................... 26 Metal industries, except iron and steel: Number of workers exposed to specified m aterials...... ............. ...... ..... ........................... ................ 27 Metal industries, except iron and steel: Percentage of workers ex posed to specified materials................... 28 Leather industries: Number of workers exposed to specified materials 29 Leather industries: Percentage of workers exposed to specified mate rials.................................................... ........................................................... 30 Lumber and furniture industries: Number of workers exposed to specified materials.................... 31 Lumber and furniture industries: Percentage of workers exposed to specified materials...... ....................................................................... 32 Paper, printing and allied industries: Number of workers exposed to specified materials.................................................................. 33 Paper, printing and allied industries: Percentage of workers exposed to specified materials........................................................................... 34 Textile industries: Number of workers exposed to specified materials.. 35 Textile industries: Percentage of workers exposed to specified mate rials ...................................... 36 Miscellaneous manufacturing industries: Number of workers exposed to specified m aterials...... _................................... ................................... 37 Miscellaneous manufacturing industries: Percentage of workers ex posed to specified materials...................................................................... 38 Transportation and communication: Number of workers exposed to specified materials....................................... 39 Transportation and communication: Percentage of workers exposed to specified m aterials................................................................................ 40 Personal service industries: Number of workers exposed to specified materials .................................................................................................... 41 Personal service industries: Percentage of workers exposed to speci fied materials .......................................- ........................................- ........... 42 Materials in each industry or service group to which 10 percent or more of the persons were exposed........................... .............................. 43 Number and percentage of persons, in the sample studied, exposed to some of the important materials............................................................ 44 Expected number of persons in the industries studied exposed to some of the important materials................................. 45 Percentage of workers exposed to specified materials having indicated type of hazard control.................. _......................................................... 46 in EVALUATION OF THE INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE PROBLEM OF THE STATE OF COLORADO INTRODUCTION Industrial Hygiene Service may be defined as the application of public health methods to the protection and improvement of the health of industrial workers. The elimination or control of industrial health hazards is the ultimate goal of all persons inter ested in the subject, since the worker is more interested in the maintenance of his health than in compensation for injuries lo that health, and the employer knows that the cost of prevention of occupational disease injuries is far less than the cost of com pensating for such injuries. The State Board of Health has a natural interest and concern in the problem since its primary func tion is the conservation and improvement of health among all classes of people in the state. The first step toward solution of this problem is the evalua tion of the problem. In order to determine the nature and extent of occupational diseases in the State of Colorado it would he neces sary to conduct a study of the health of an adequate sample of the industrial population of the state. Such a study would include a complete medical examination of the workers involved, an engineering study of the working environment in order to deter mine the exact degree of exposure to certain materials and con ditions of health significance, and a statistical study to determine if any relationship exists between the working environment and the health of the employees. In addition, all existing records concerning occupational disease prevalence and morbidity and mortality among workers would be analyzed. The magnitude of such an undertaking becomes apparent when we realize that the State of Colorado has approximately 402,894 gainful workers, of whom about 170,981 are employed in the mining, manufacturing, mechanical, transportation, and domestic and personal service in dustries. It is evident that, in order to conduct a comprehensive study in a representative sample of the above population, con siderable time, funds, and trained personnel would be needed to achieve the desired objectives. In the absence of these necessary requisites and upon the advice of the United States Public Health Service, the problem was approached by means of a preliminary survey to secure information on the potential problems in indus trial hygiene in Colorado. Similar surveys have been found to lie of value in other states not only as a guide to constructive legislation but also as the basis for an applied program for the control of industrial health hazards. 1 This report, based on data which were secured during such a preliminary survey, furnishes information on industrial health service facilities and sanitary provisions in the various industries surveyed, shows the number of persons potentially exposed to various materials and environmental conditions in the different industry groups, and shows the relationship between the use of recognized control measures and potential exposures. It is desired to call attention to the limitations of the data which are presented here. Since no quantitative evaluations of the working environ ment. or medical examinations of workers were made, the informa tion obtained disclosed only the potentialities involved and does not necessarily indicate actual injury. Likewise, the reported presence of a control measure associated with a potential exposure merely indicates that such a control measure was available, but does not imply either that it was necessary, or that it was adequate or properly employed. SUMMARY As the first step toward evaluating the industrial health prob lem in Colorado the State Board of Health made a survey lo determine the availability of health services and sanitary facilities in Colorado industrial establishments and to determine the extent to which workers were exposed to specified types of potentially hazardous materials. In all, 526 plants and mines, employing a total of 31,130 workers, were surveyed. This report is based on an analysis of the data which were collected during these plant surveys. According to the 1930 census,1 Colorado had 402,894 workers gainfully employed, and of this number 170.981 (42.5 per cent were employed in the industrial and service groups from which the sample for study was selected. The industrial groups repre sented in the sample were: (1) extraction of minerals, (2) manu facturing and mechanical industries, (3) transportation and com munication, and (4) domestic and personal services. Only limited sections of the last two groups were selected, and certain indus tries in the other groups as well as the remaining census classifi cation groups such ns agriculture, forestry, fishing, trade, etc., were omitted from the present survey due to time limitations and the realization that the application of the survey technique to these industries would give little information not elsewhere avail able. Moreover, experience has shown that workers engaged in the majority of the omitted occupations are not exposed to specific occupational disease hazards. The industrial establishments surveyed were selected at ran dom from a complete industrial index, but the sampling method insured a representative distribution according to size of plant, type of industry and geographical distribution by county. Of the 526 plants surveyed, 92.4 per cent employed less than 500 worker, and 78 per cent of the total number of workers surveyed were employed in these smaller plants. Since the survey was representative of the size distribution of all industrial plants in Colorado, and since the American College of Surgeons'* has shown that, establishments employing less than 500 persons could not carry on as economical a medical service as the larger plants, it is obvious that consideration should be given by a governmental agency to an industrial hygiene program which will take care of the workers in these smaller plants. Data obtained regarding industrial health provisions in Colo rado are presented for all industrial plants surveyed and also for plants employing 100 or more workers as compared with plants employing less than 100 workers. This comparison was made to emphasize the difference in facilities offered by small and large plants. This study showed that only 30.8 per cent of the workers had the services of a full-time safety director although nearly 02 per cent received some type of safety service from insurance com panies. Only 24 per cent of the employees had the services of a full-time medical practitioner and 9 per cent the services of a part time physician; and while 89 per cent had a first-aid kit available, only 47 per cent were employed in plants having a trained first-aid worker. Sick benefit associations were available to 44.5 per cent of Ihe workers but less than 40 per cent of the workers were employed in plants keeping sickness records. Approximately 00 per cent of the workers were employed in plants keeping accident records in accordance with the provisions of the Colorado Compen sation Law. Approximately 80 per cent of the plants studied re ceived their drinking water supply from municipal systems, but the provisions for supplying safe drinking water to mine workers were inadequate. Moreover, while about 80 per cent of the work ers were reported as having fountains for drinking purposes, over 11 per cent were permitted to use common drinking cups. Fifteen per cent of the plants employing 0 per cent of the workers sur veyed provided no lavatory facilities and more than 20 per cent of the workers used common towels while an additional 25 per cent bail no towels provided, it appears that those safety, medi cal. and sanitary services which are known to have such an im portant influence on the health of industrial workers need to lie improved in this state. An important phase of the investigation was the recording of the number of persons exposed to specified materials and condi tions which might he injurious to health. The numerous materials and conditions encountered in industry were classified under fiftyone headings. The data presented show the number and per cent of workers in each industrial group who are exposed to the various materials. An estimate was made of the lotal number of exposed workers in the industrial groups from which the surveyed sample was selected. Tltis estimate shows that in these Colorado indus tries one might expect to find more than 20,00(1 workers exposed 1o silica dust, more than 17,500 workers exposed to silicate dust ami over J0,500 exposed to bituminous coal dust. Over 7,000 workers were exposed to lead or lead compounds and nearly 27,000 ex posures to other metal dusts or fumes were recorded. More than 26,000 workers had potential exposures to carbon monoxide gas, over 2,000 to sulphur dioxide gas, and over 27,000 were credited with exposure's to gases not otherwise classified. Exposures to substances which may produce dermatitis or allergic reactions, to organic solvents, and to other toxic chemicals are also important industrial hygiene problems in Colorado. Information was recorded regarding the methods used for controlling occupational exposures to toxic materials, i.e.. meth ods for protecting potentially exposed workers. Since no scientific determinations of the efficiency of these control measures were made, the provision of such measures merely indicates that the hazard had been recognized and an attempt had been made to control it. The percentage of exposed workers receiving any one type of protection was extremely small. While the data on control measures must be considered with respect to individual material classifications to he interpreted correctly, it. is interesting to note that of the 89,000 exposures recorded only 6.3 per cent were con trolled by local exhaust ventilation, only 6.3 per cent by enclosure of process, and less than 1.3 per cent by some type of personal respiratory protection. While 12.4 per cent of the exposures were controlled by general pressure ventilation. 12.1 per cent by gen eral exhaust ventilation, 4.1 per cent by wet methods and 12.9 percent by use of protective clothing, it must be remembered 1lit many exposures were provided with more than one control meas ure and that 1lie majority of the exposures were not controlled in any way. CONCLUSION This survey has indicated that: 1. The information obtained regarding the various materials and conditions to which workers are exposed in Colorado indus tries shows a potential problem of sufficient magnitude to be of public health significance. Although it was not possible to deter mine the degree of exposure nor the effects of such exposure on health, it is felt that these data will be found useful as a guide in the consideration of occupational disease legislation. 2. The study discloses the fact that health services in Colo rado industries are far from adequate when viewed in the light of present day standards. This is partly due to the fact 1hat the majority of the plants are small and hence find it impractical ami uneconomical for them to provide such services to Iheir employees. Since over 75 per cent of the gainful workers are employed in plants employing 500 or less persons, the need for some practical method of furnishing industrial services to the majority of the gainful workers in Colorado is evident. One method now exten sively employed in this country to meet this need is through gov 4 ernmentaL ageneies. It is of interest to note that other states have recognized this need for industrial hygiene services and today there are twenty-six state industrial hygiene units actively en gaged in this work. Twenty-four of these units are in state departments of health, while two are in departments of labor. 3. A large percentage of the gainfully employed persons in Colorado is handling materials in the course of employment, which may be a health hazard. The study also showed that in most instances there has been little recognition of the need for con trolling these potentially hazardous exposures. All of these data clearly lead to the conclusion that there is a need for a preventive program with regard to the protection of the health of the workers in Colorado industries. DISCUSSION The improvement of the general health of the industrial worker is an important phase of industrial hygiene. The control of occupational diseases is an important part of an industrial hygiene program, but only a part, and the field of industrial hygiene is important enough to justify its consideration as an integral portion of any public health program. Sufficient data have been published to indicate that morbidity and mortality rates are high in the industrial population and that excessive sickness and mortality are experienced by certain occupational groups. Information is available concerning specific occupational diseases caused by various toxic materials and environmental conditions and, what is more important, our knowledge of the methods for the control of these diseases has reached a point where it may be applied suceessfidly. The prevention of industrial health hazards, as indicated in the introductory remarks, should be the ultimate goal of all those interested in and concerned with this problem. The facts set forth in this report indicate clearly that industrial hygiene is pri marily a program of health conservation and occupational disease prevention and that as such it is definitely a public health function. This fact is recognized by most students of the problem and the present trend is to bring public health programs to our adult population by using industrial groups as a point of approach. One of the first steps in any program is to define the problem involved. This lias been accomplished in Colorado, since this survey shows definitely the various health hazards associated with certain occupations, the methods now used for their control, and the health service facilities now provided in some of the industries in the state. This information is available for each industrial group, by plant, and by occupation, and should form the basis for a future program, when such a program is made possible. The program should involve a systematic study of various industrial health hazards in order not only lo evaluate these, but also to perform the more important function of devising methods for their control. This program can best be accomplished with properly trained medical and engineering personnel working in close cooperation with the other public health services. To supplement these epidemiological studies in industy, a complete and effective system of reporting absenteeism from vari ous types of disabilities should be established. A knowledge of absenteeism with respect to frequency, duration, and cause in each numerically important occupational group would reveal to those responsible for the industrial health program the type of action which should be taken to obtain the maximum reduction in the amount of time lost from work because of disability. Fur thermore, such data are necessary to enable one to judge the effectiveness of control methods applied to diseases occurring with excessive frequency. The industrial hygiene program should also provide for ren dering consulting services to various state governmental agencies, and industrial, labor, medical or other organizations interested in industrial hygiene. Any program designed for the improvement of the health of a group of individuals will not become effective until the group under consideration has been convinced of the value and benefits of the plan. Consequently, an educational program designed to acquaint all those concerned with the importance and value of industrial hygiene should be of paramount consideration. The promotion of activities which will result, in general health im provement reaching all the people in the state through the adult industrial population should be one of the objectives in a program of this type. These fundamental activities in industrial hygiene are ac cepted today as the minimum requirements for an effective pro gram of industrial health promotion. In spite of the fact that Colorado may not be classified as a highly industrialized state, one must not lose sight of the fact that the state has approximately 403,000 gainful workers, and, if we consider industrial hygiene as adult hygiene, it is evident that a program striving to bring public health to this group of workers is certainly warranted. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS This survey was made possible by l)r. Roy L. Cleere, Secretary and Executive Officer of the Colorado State Board of Health, who obtained the necessary funds and the assistance of the T\ S. Public Health Service. It was directed and supervised by Mr. B, V. Howe, Colorado State Sanitary Engineer, and conducted by personnel of the Colorado State Division of Public Health and per sonnel from the following county and city health units who made surveys within their districts: Weld County Health Department, Otero County Health Department, Health Department of the 6 City an<l County of Denver, City Health Department of Colorado Springs, and City Health Department of Pueblo. The United States Publie Health Service detailed personnel from the Division of Industrial Hygiene of the National Institute of Health to assist and advise in planning and organizing the survey, training the personnel, analyzing the data and preparing the final report. We are also indebted to the Unemployment Compensation Commission of Colorado for supplying information on the type, location, and population of industrial establishments, and to the State Coal .Mine Engineer, the State Metal Mining Department, and the Denver Station of the U. S. Bureau of Mines for furnishing information as to type and location of metal and coal mines in the State of Colorado. The officials of all the establishments covered by this survey cooperated wholeheartedly in furnishing the information re quested and in opening the plants to the surveyors. The State Board of Health wishes to express its appreciation to all these agencies and to all others who cooperated in this survey. SCOPE AND PLAN OP SURVEY This survey was performed to secure information regarding health conservation measures and sanitary facilities afforded Colo rado workers in their industrial environment, the number of work ers employed in each occupation in each industrial plant, the various materials potentially hazardous to health to which these workers might he exposed, and the control measures available for potentially hazardous exposures. Due to the limited time, funds, and personnel available for the conduct of the study, it was neces sary to resort to a sampling procedure in selected industrial groups. According to the 1930 U. S. census1 there were 402,894 gainful workers in the State of Colorado. Of this number, there were omitted from this study the following census classifications including a total of 231.913 persons: Agriculture ( 100.2341. For estry and Fishing (1,366), Trade (67,139), Public Service (8.716). Professional Service 136,238), and certain unspecified industries (12,220). It was felt, that these industries or service groups could he eliminated from this study since experience indicated that the majority of the occupations connected with them are not exposed to specific occupational disease hazards. The remaining 170,981 workers were classified according to industrial and service groups and sub-groups (Bureau of Census Classification). The building industry (16,661 workers), independent hand trades (3,369 work ers), all of the transportation and communication industry group except street railways, garages and automobile service stations (36,217 workers), and nil domestic and nersonal services except laundries and dry cleaning shops (3f>,066 workers) were omitted / from the survey si nee few data, not elsewhere availa ble, could have been secured by the application of this survey technique to these industries. From the remaining 79,(1(18 workers, a representative sample of 31,130 workers (39.1%>) was surveyed. The method of classi fying industries and service groups, and live technique used in the selection of a representative sample are discussed in Appendix A of Public Health Bulletin No. 23fi2. METHODS USED IN T1IE STUDY The organization of the survey is shown graphically in Figure I, The methods employed in similar surveys have been described in detail in other publications2. Before starting the survey, the surveyors were given a series of lectures on industrial hygiene by J. J. Bloomfield of the U. S. Public Health Service, and in structed in securing information and filling out survey forms. Copies of the three forms used in making plant surveys (See forms 3, 3-A, and 41 show that form 3 dealt with health service data and form 3-A dealt with venereal disease data and data on sanitary facilities pertaining to the plant as a whole, while form 4 dealt specifically with the different occupations hi an individual work room. Much of the information was supplied by the plant management but the surveyors inspected the plant, located each occupation and checked the information supplied by the person interviewed. A personal letter signed by the Executive Secretary of the State Board of Health was sent to each establishment prior to the appearance of the surveyor, informing the management of the purpose of the survey and enlisting its cooperation. Completed plant surveys were sent to a central office where they were checked, classified according to industrial groups, and edited to determine potential exposures associated with each occupation. The data on the edited surveys were transposed to special tabulation forms and the results of an analysis of these data form the basis for this report. RESULTS OP THE STUDY Type of Industries Surveyed Table 1 shows the number of establishments in each industry or service sub-group, and gives the number of male and female workers in these establishments. It may be seen from this table that fit) establishments, employing 4,fi0fi workers, were included under the Extraction of Minerals; 377 of the 7>2fi establishments surveyed were in the Manufacturing and Meehanieal group, and 22,972 of tlie 31,130 persons included in the survey were in Ibis industrial group. The largest manufacturing groups studied were the Pood and Allied Industries, consisting of 13fi plants with 8 8,911 workers, and the Metal Industries including 55 plants with (1,878 workers--of which 41 plants with (1,272 workers were in the Iron and Steel Industries and 12 plants with 60(1 workers were in the Non-ferrous Metal Industries. The manufacturing and mechanical industries surveyed were divided into 11 broad classi fications. The service groups were represented in this survey by a sample of 60 establishments with 2,020 workers in the Transpor tation and Communication group and 89 establishments with 1.532 workers in the Personal Service Classification. The surveys in this group were limited to the sub-groups specified in Table I, since experience has shown that these are the most important divisions from (tie viewpoint of occupational exposure to specific health hazards. The data presented in Table 1 is summarized and compared with 1930 census data in Table II This table shows that the sample included 39 per cent of the total number of workers in the industrial sub-groups surveyed, although it included only 18 per cent of the workers in the census classification groups sur veyed and slightly less than 8 per cent of the total number of gainful workers in the state. SIZE OF PLANTS Of the 526 plants surveyed, 92.4 per cent (522 plants) em ployed less than 500 persons, and 78% of the total number of workers surveyed were employed in these smaller plants. As shown in figure 2, the size distribution of plants in this sample approximately represents the size distribution of industrial plants in Colorado. The reason for selecting a plant of 500 workers as the dividing line in this discussion is based on the fact shown by the National Industrial Conference Board3 and substantiated by the American College of Surgeons4, that establishments employ ing less than 500 persons could not carry on as economical a medical service as the larger plants. It is obvious that in order to take care of the workers in these smaller plants, which in Colo rado predominate not only in numbers but also employ over threefourths of the total working population, consideration should he given by a governmental agency to an industrial hygiene program. Since accurate size distribution data were not available ex cept for manufacturing and mechanical industries, and since plants employing less than five workers had been intentionally omitted from the sample, insofar as possible, the comparison be tween census and survey data shown in Figure 2 is based on manufacturing and mechanical plants employing 5 or more work ers. The Census Bureau also lists 844 Colorado manufacturing and mechanical plants employing less than 5 workers and 20 of these plants were included in the survey. Figure 2 shows the distribution of workers with respect to size of plant, and the dis tribution of plants with respect to the number of workers em ployed for the manufacturing and mechanical industries only. 9 The distribution of plants and workers in the various counties of the State of Colorado are shown in Figures 3 and 4 respectively. Data on total number of plants and workers in each county were supplied by the Unemployment Compensation Division of the Industrial Commission. INDUSTRIAL HEALTH PROVISIONS In view of the far-reaching and favorable influence which industrial health programs have exerted in industry, and since such programs are a very important industrial hygiene service, information was obtained on the extent of industrial health pro visions in the plants tinder consideration. This information has been classified under the headings of safety provisions, medical provisions, benefits and records, and sanitary facilities. In addi tion to the general information regarding medical provisions specific information was recorded regarding the methods used by Colorado industries to control the venereal disease and other com municable disease problems. SAFETY PROVISIONS--The services of a full-time safety director, one who devoted more than half his time to safety work, were available to 30.8 per cent of the workers, while 21.1 per cent had the services of a safety director who devoted at least part of his time to such work. Approximately 40 per cent of the workers had the benefit of some type of shop organization engaged in promoting safety. Safety service from an insurance company was reported for 91.6 per cent of the workers and some type of safety service from organizations other than insurance companies, such as the National Safety Council, etc., were reported for 35.3 per cent of the workers. Unfortunately, while reporting on in surance service was supposed to be limited to cases where the workers benefited from an organized safety program sponsored by an insurance company, the reports included all plants where any type of accident insurance, no matter how limited in scope, was available. Consequently we cannot assume that 90 per cent of the workers actually receive such a safety service. Analysis of these data for individual industrial groups (sec Table 3) shows a wide range In the availability of safety provisions. However, in most instances, those industries known to have the highest accident hazards were found to have the best safety organizations. Since it was not possible to interpret the significance of these data in terms of the number of lost-time accidents, no direct con clusion can be drawn as to the effect on accident rates of the safety services disclosed in this survey. However, students of this problem realize that adequate safety supervision during the past 20 years has more than paid for itself, especially due to the reduction in injuries and deaths. In fact, accident rates com puted by the U. S, Bureau of Labor Statistics4, for a group of steel companies which had followed the best practice and bad 10 achieved tiie most pronounced success in accident prevention, showed that the aceident frequency rate for this group of com panies was 8.1 industrial accidents per million man hours worked against 18.1 for the industry as a whole. It is obvious that ade quate accident prevention programs enable the attainment of minimum accident rates. MEDICAL PROVISIONS--A company hospital was available to nearly 23 per cent of the workers in the sample studied, while 11.3 per eent were employed by companies having a definite service contract with some hospital which was not operated by the company (see Table 4). However, since in several cases the companies operating their own hospitals also had contracted serv ice from general hospitals, only about 25 per cent of the workers had definite hospital services available. Of course this does not mean that the other 75 per cent would not receive necessary hos pital service, but it floes mean that no preparatory provision had been made for such service. A first-aid room was available to 36 per cent of the employees and nearly 90 per cent had the use of a first-aid kit. The services of a trained first-aid worker were available to less than half of the employees. However, due credit should be given to the mining, mineral processing and transpor tation industries for their extensive first-aid programs. This study showed that 24 per cent of the workers had the services of a full-time plant physician and 9 per cent had the services of a part-time plant physician. A physician on call was reported for 65 per cent of the workers. However, this last group includes the plants having a part-time physician who is also on call at all times, as well as all plants where some provision was made to call a special physician in ease of accidental injury. Nearly 30 per cent of the workers had the services of a full-time nurse and an addi tional one per cent had the services of a part-time nurse. In practically all cases the service was rendered by a registered nurse. CONTROL OF VENEREAL AND OTHER COMMUNI CABLE DISEASES--Syphilis is a contagious and communicable disease and unless treated as such, it will continue to he second only to gonorrhea in prevalence in the United States. It attacks four times as many Americans as the next most common disease, scarlet fever; ten times as many as diphtheria, and one hundred times as many as infantile paralysis, In fact, we now have reason able evidence to show that over 500,000 Americans contract syphilis each year. Every year in the United States there are 40,000 deaths from syphilitic heart disease, 4,500 deaths due to general paralysis, and another 1,100 deaths due to locomotor ataxia, all caused by syphilis. Tt is conservatively estimated that at least 25,000 babies are horn dead each year due to the activity of this treacherous spirochete. Because syphilis is such a major public health problem, the Colorado State Division of Public Health has attempted to deter 11 mine how much interest industry has taken in this problem. Thus, in making the Industrial Hygiene Survey, plant owners or super intendents were asked the following questions pertaining to syphilis control: 1. Were serological (blood) tests made on all applicants for employment? As noted in Table No. 6, out of a total of 526 plants surveyed, 41, or 7 per cent of the total number of plants require blood tests on applicants at the present time. 2. Were serological tests made on employees annually, every 6 months, or at other times? (" Other times" generally meaning whenever the industry deemed it advisable for the employee to lake such an examina tion.) it was found that 36 of the 526 plants, or 6.8 per cent an swered this question in the affirmative. Of the 36 plants which required serological (blood) tests on employees, 7 plants require blood tests annually, 19 plants require blood tests every 6 months, and 8 plants require blood tests at other times. 3. What disposition was made of recognized cases? Seven plants stated that infected employees were treated at the plant ; 16 plants stated that infected employees were referred to family physicians; 7 plants stated that their employees were treated at clinics; only 3 plants stated that employees were dis charged if found to be infected. In no instance were known in fected employees ignored. 4. Were plants willing to cooperate with the State Board of Health ill a Venereal Disease Prevention Program? In answer to this question, 483 out. of 526 plants, or 93 per cent, signified that they would cooperate with the State Board of Health in a Venereal Disease Control Program. In conclusion, it is apparent that very little is being done by industry at the present time to discover and treat cases of syphilis. However, as has been pointed out already, the majority of plants surveyed indicated their willingness to cooperate with the State Board of Health in a Venereal Disease Control Program. Before starting a cooperative program of Venereal Disease Control be tween industry and the State Board of Health, it is deemed neces sary to sound a voice of warning. Because an individual lias a positive blood test does not mean that lie or she is a public health menace. Even an early infectious case that has received five or six injections of arsphenamine and continues under treatment is not a public health menace. Only the person who refuses treat ment for early syphilis or whose treatment is irregular, should lie considered a public health menace to the community. At present, some employers are requesting Idood tests on their employees 12 and then immediately dismissing all with positives, regardless of the duration of the infection or the amount of treatment which the individual has received. This practice is ill-advised enthusi asm, not based on scientific grounds. The patient who is being treated, or a late ease of syphilis, is safe to employ as far as the spread of syphilis is concerned. Therefore, if the patient is taking proper treatment, for a sufficient length of time, and is not physi cally handicapped by the complications of late syphilis, the in fected individual is as good a risk to the employer as the nouinfected. Unless this attitude is assumed by the health worker, and instilled into the administrative personnel of industry, not only will any venereal disease control program in industry fail, but a grave injustice will also he done to the able worker. Medical Science knows the cause of syphilis, how to discover eases, and how to adequately treat it. With this knowledge, it is possible through the cooperation of all agencies--professional, public and private, to eventually eradicate this devastating disease. An attempt was also made by means of the Industrial Hygiene Survey to determine what was being done about the immunization of employees against contagious diseases. This phase of public health in industry has also received little attention, as there were only 13 plants out of a total of 526 that conducted any type of an immunization program against contagious diseases. The data summarized in tliis discussion have been presented for individual industrial and service groups (see Table 5) and with respect to size of plant for all groups (see Table 6). Of the 31,130 workers and 52fi plants surveyed, 37 per cent of the workers were employed in the 80.5 per cent of the plants employing less than a total of 100 workers per plant. DISABILITY BENEFITS AND RECORDS -- The value of keeping accident and sickness records is well recognized. Sueh records serve to indicate the extent of the problem and at times have been the means of initiating studies designed for the correc tion of those conditions revealed by an analysis of the records, A typical example of such a case is the study of the pneumonia problem in the steel industry, undertaken by the United States Public Health Service as the result of the information disclosed by an analysis of records furnished by a group of steel companies. The existence of accident records was reported for only 90 per cent of the workers despite the fact that the compensation law for accidental injuries in Colorado requires the keeping of such records in all plants employing five or more workers (see Table 7). The existence of sickness records was reported for 39 per cent of the workers surveyed. Sick benefit organizations were found in plants employing 44.5 per cent of the surveyed workers. COMPARISON OF HEALTH SERVICES IN' SMALL AND LARGE PLANTS--The data on health services in plants employ 13 ing 100 or more persons have been compared with those for plants with less than 100 workers (see Table 8). The choice of plants employing 100 workers as the dividing line in this comparison is based upon the precedent established in reports on state-wide industrial hygiene surveys conducted in other states. It lias been shown that the per capita cost for health services increases as the size of plant decreases below 500 employees, but since only four of the 520 establishments included in this st udy employed more than 500 persons, the comparison presented gives a more representative picture of Colorado conditions. The plants employing less than 100 workers comprised 86.5 per cent of the establishment surveyed and included 07 per cent of the workers surveyed. For practically all the listed industrial health facilities previ ously discussed, the larger plants had the greater percentage of workers furnished with such provisions. However, even some of the larger plants are deficient in providing these services. In Colorado, as well as in the United States as a whole, the majority of the plants employ less than 100 workers; and it is the so-called small plant which is most noticeably lacking in those provisions which play an important role in a constructive program of indus trial hygiene. The industrial health services recorded in the present survey have been compared with similar records from five previous studies made by or in cooperation with the United States Public Health Service*'7s " 10 {see 'fable 0). While in most instances the services for workers in Colorado compare favorably with those reported in these other studies, it is evident that there are still many workers in this State who are not provided with adequate medical care or safety services, SANITARY FACILITIES--With the cooperation of the Sani tary Engineering Division of the State Board of Health, informa tion was obtained relative to water supply, sewerage systems, and general sanitation. Specific information was obtained regarding drinking, washing and toilet facilities; the type of sewerage sys tem in use; the methods of disposal of such discharge into a stream, lake, or lagoon; and whether separate lunch rooms and individual lockers were provided for employees. This informa tion is presented in tabular form for industrial and service groups (see Table 10) and on the basis of plant size (see Table 11). Approximately 80 per cent of all the plants studied received their water supply from municipal systems. Practically all the municipal water supplies in Colorado arc safe for domestic uses. Workers listed as having a chlorinated water supply include only those using water for human consumption other than that coming from a municipal water system, in other words, workers in plants that maintain their own water supply and see to it that, it is chlor inated. With one exception, there were no provisions for supply ing safe drinking water to mine workers, and while individual bottles of water are generally carried, miners often drink water 14 directly from the mine tunnels, and these tunnels are subject to contamination with human excreta. Approximately 80 per cent of the workers were reported as having fountains for drinking purposes, 8 per cent were provided with individual cups, and over 11 per cent were permitted to use common cups. Other drinking facilities, such as the use of a hose or hydrant were reported for 4 per cent of the workers. Many plants, particularly the larger ones, were found to have all of the first three types of drinking facilities, namely, fountain, individual cups and common cups. It is almost unnecessary to state that the use of the common cup contributes to the spread of various dis eases and infections. Approximately 9 per cent of the workers were without lava tory facilities. In fact, no lavatory facilities for the employees were provided in 15 per cent of the plants surveyed. Moreover, more than 20 per cent of the workers used common towels and 25 per cent more had no towels provided--only 56 per cent of the workers having individual or sanitary towels provided at the plant. The use of towels in common by several workers is a poten tial method for spreading infection. The majority of the plants were found to have flush toilets, more than 82 per cent of the workers being so provided. The establishments using pit privies or other means of disposal were mainly mining; clay, glass and stone; or lumber industries. How ever, 34 per cent of the workers in the metal industries other than iron and steel were reported as having pit privies as well as flush toilets available. While pit privies were available to many of the mining camps, the majority of these camps did not even have this type of disposal. In some of the mines no means of disposing of sewage was provided, and it was found that excreta was deposited at any convenient place in the mines, which contributed a very definite health hazard. It was determined whether plants had municipal sewerage systems, their own treatment plants, or discharged sewage directly to streams, lakes, lagoons or other places. Over 64 per cent of the workers were, employed in plants connected to municipal sewerage systems, but all of these systems cannot be classed as proper disposal methods since all municipalities have not con formed to the Colorado State Health Department's requirements as to sewage disposal. Those plants that, discharge raw sewage into streams, etc., create a definite hazard to community health since people working in these industries may be carriers of typhoid or other intestinal diseases. This type of sewage disposal may affect not only people near the plant but also people farther down the stream at points where the same water is used for drinking purposes. Of the plants employing 100 or more workers. 37 per cent had separate lunch rooms, while only 9.9 per cent of the plants employ 15 ing less than 100 workers had this service. Of all workers sur veyed, only 30.5 per cent had this facility. 68.2 percent of the plants employing 100 or more workers had individual lockers, while only 26.7 per cent of the plants employing less than 100 workers provided such lockers. How ever, 65.4 per cent of all workers surveyed were reported as hav ing individual lockers and these workers included 79.7 per cent of the workers in the larger plants and 37.3 per cent of the workers in the smaller plants. When interpreting the data shown in Tables 10 and 11, it will be necessary to remember that some plants had more than one Ivpe of facility under each division. Consequently, the per cent or number of workers receiving any type of service under each main heading will in practically all cases, be less than the sum for those receiving each individual type of service. OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURE TO SPECIFIED MATERIALS Numerous materials incidental to industrial processes are at times causative factors in the production of occupational diseases. Tn view of the possible influence of these materials on the health of workers, one of the important objectives of this survey was the recording of processes, raw materials and by-products and en vironment associated with each occupation, in the plants studied. In order to simplify the tabulation the numerous materials and environmental conditions encountered in industry were classified under 51 main groups. For further information on the grouping of materials the reader is referred to Appendix A. In the following tables (Tables 12-45) the data are presented for industrial or service subdivisions in sufficient detail to give a broad perspective of the entire problem. The listed material ex posures are based upon observation of possible contact between the worker and these materials, Since no engineering determina tions of exposure or medical studies of actual damage were pos sible at this time, these findings are presented only ns an indication of the location and extent of potential hazards. Tn other words, a material exposure as recorded in this survey indicates a possible source of danger, but an engineering study of each potential hazard would be necessary to show whether or not the exposure was of sufficient concentration and duration to be an actual hazard; and a medical examination of each worker would be neces sary to show whether or not the hazardous exposure had caused actual injury. Although exposures to materials have been tabulated in de creasing order of the number of workers exposed, it must be re membered that, the different groups of materials vary in toxicity, and the material causing the greatest number of exposures is not necessarily the greatest potential industrial health hazard. More 16 over, certain materials have been given separate specific grouping while other similar materials are listed under one general heading. For example, we have listed specific exposures to " sulphur dioxide gas," " chlorine gas," " hydrogen sulphide" and " carbon mon oxide," while other toxic gases have been grouped under the heading of " other gases." Table 12 presents, by industrial or service group classification, the number of workers exposed to the 51 classes of materials and conditions encountered in this study. Potential exposure to only 47 of these classes of materials were recorded, since no exposures to " amines," " Selenium and its compounds" or " anthracite coal dust" were reported, and exposures to " accelerators" used in the rubber industry were tabulated under more specific classifications. High percentages of workers surveyed were found to be poten tially exposed to certain mineral dusts such as silica dust--20.5 per cent; silicate dust--17.1 per cent, nonsiliceous dust 9.4 per cent; ore dust--7.9 per cent; metal dusts such as lead--8.9 per cent, metals not otherwise specified--28.5 per cent, and dermatitis producers such as petroleum products--15.2 percent, organic dust 18.5 per cent, and dermatitis producers not otherwise specified-- 22.0 per cent, but a sufficient number of workers were found to be in contact with the other classes of materials to show the need of consideration of these materials as an industrial hygiene problem. The percentage of persons in each industrial group exposed to each specified material is shown in Table 13, and the percentage distribution of the exposures to each specified material among the various industrial groups is shown in Table 14. For example, 2,546 of the 6,374 workers exposed to silica dust were employed in the extraction of minerals industry (Table 12); and this was equivalent to an exposure rate of 55,3 per cent in the extraction of minerals industry (Table 13), although this industry con tributed only 39.9 per cent of the total number of observed ex posures to this dust (Table 14). (The material contained in Table 14 is, obviously, merely applicable to the distribution of exposures observed in this survey, since the ratio of workers surveyed to workers employed varied for each industrial group--sec Table 2.) The following tables (Tables 15 to 42 inclusive) present in more detail the problems pertaining to each industry investigated. Since many individual workers had potential exposures to several materials, the total number of " exposures" is considerably greater than the total number of workers in several instances, and in all eases the total number of exposures is greater than the total number of workers having one or more exposures. EXTRACTION OF MINERALS--The number of workers exposed to various materials in the different subdivisions of the mining and quarrying industry is shown in Table 15. For this industry, four subdivisions arc presented. The classification " other mines" includes a zinc mine, a molybdenum mine, and a 17 vanadium mine and vanadium concentrating mill. These estab lishments were included under one heading to avoid revealing statistics for an individual plant. The establishments classified under the heading of `'Petroleum" were primarily oil refineries which could have been as readily included in the Chemical and Allied Industry group. In these industries, 36 types of exposure, of a possible 51, were observed. The principal exposures were to mineral dusts, gases, and dermatitis producers. Of special in terest are the 76 workers exposed to radioactive substances, which in this case refers to radium and allied compounds. Colorado is almost unique in these United States in being a prime producer of the radioactive elements. The percentage of workers in each industrial subdivision ex posed to the specified materials is shown in Table 16. In this group, as well as in the other groups considered, indus trial establishments have been classified according to their chief product. Consequently, all the operations in an industry will not be common to that industry alone. Coal mines include not only underground workers but also outside workers in machine shops and offices. Moreover, while we have considered most of the ore refining plants under the metal industry classifications, several crushing and flotation mills were operated in such close connec tion with the mines that they were necessarily included as an integral part of the mine survey. No attempt has been made to subdivide industries into departmental divisions, or to present information on individual occupational exposures in this report, since the consideration of the exposures peculiar to each industry as a whole is of primary importance at this time. CHEMICAL AND ALLIED INDUSTRIES--1The findings on exposure to specified materials for the chemical and allied indus tries show that over 60 per (rent of the surveyed workers were included under the classification of " Other Chemical Factories." These other chemical factories included a soap factory, three plants preparing compressed gases, three plants manufacturing drugs and patent medicines, a wood preserving plant, a plant making roofing and coal tar products, a plastics manufacturing plant, a cinema production company, and plants manufacturing chemicals for fire extinguishers, sheep dip, vinegar, tree spray, insecticides, ammonia and mineral acids. Potential exposures to 41 of the 51 specified material groups were recorded. While organic dust exposures (23,0 per cent), dermatitis producers not otherwise specified (16.8 per cent), and organic solvents (16.2 per cent) were the most prevalent, the wide variety of exposures observed is of primary importance. (See Tables 17 and 18.) CLAY, GLASS AND STONE INDUSTRY--Exposures to 22 (lasses of materials were reported for tiie Clay, Glass and Stone Industry, Exposures to silica, silicate, and nonsiliceous inorganic 18 dusts are the major considerations in this industry. (See Tables 19 and 20.) It is also of interest to note that 18.3 per cent of the surveyed workers had a potential exposure to carbon monoxide gas, and 17.1 per cent to other gases (not otherwise classified). CLOTHING INDUSTRY--Organic dusts were recorded as an exposure for 39 per cent of the 367 workers surveyed in this industry, and 7.9 per cent were found to be exposed to occupa tional sources of infection. (See Tables 21 and 22.) Other ex posures, of special importance due to the toxicity of the material more than due to the number of workers exposed, are to arsenic, organic solvents and coal tar products. FOOD AND ALLIED INDUSTRIES -- The importance of these industries in Colorado was realized and a sample consisting of 8,911 workers was surveyed. This industry was divided into 11 subdivisions to facilitate presentation of the data. (See Tables 23 and 24.) Exposures to 30 different classes of materials were recorded. A majority of the workers were found to be exposed to dermatitis producers (20.6 per cent to organic dust and 60.3 per cent to dermatitis producers not otherwise classified, and 20.4 per cent to possible sources of infection--presumably skin infec tions in most eases). Fruit and vegetable canning plants, sugar refineries, bakeries and slaughter and packing houses included the greatest number of workers and contributed the majority of the exposures. The first two of these subdivisions included plants which are in operation only during part of the year. IRON AND STEEL INDUSTRY--The survey of 6,272 work ers In the Iron and Steel Industries has been analyzed on the basis of four subdivisions, of which the miscellaneous group consists of 5,364 workers. (See Tables 25 and 26.) This " Other Iron and Steel Industries" group included a blast furnace, employing nearly 4,000 workers, as well as steel fabrication plants, machine shops, foundries, plants manufacturing light machinery and tools, and plants manufacturing heavy machinery. While a breakdown of this group was desired, it could not have been presented with out revealing information on individual plants. While 75 per cent of the workers were recorded as exposed to " other metals" it is realized that, many of these exposures were to comparatively nontoxic substances. However, exposures to carbon monoxide gas (47.0 per cent), other gases (50.6 per cent) and silica dust (34.6 per cent) show a very high exposure rate. Moreover, onethird of the workers were subject to extreme temperature changes, and the importance of this environmental factor in relation to the high pneumonia rate in this industry is recognized.11 METAL INDUSTRIES EXCEPT IRON AND STEEL--This industrial classification includes brass mills, lead and zinc fac tories and a sub-group of miscellaneous metal industries including two electroplating shops; plants manufacturing precision instru ments, gunsights, telescope mountings, jewelry, hose clamps and 19 a lead, cadmium and thallium refinery. (Sec Tables 27 and 28.) Extremely high percentages of workers were exposed to other metals (64.5 per cent) and lead (57.6 per cent), but half of the surveyed workers in this group were employed in lead and zinc factories. Exposures to 32 groups of materials were recorded, the most important being to toxic metals, gases, mineral dusts, and adverse environmental conditions. LEATHER INDUSTRIES--This is a minor industry in Colo rado. It includes manufacturing of saddlery and harness, leather goods and belts, and trunks and suitcases. Only 163 of the sur veyed workers were in this group. Orgauie dust exposures were recorded for 53.4 per cent of the workers, while 25.8 per cent were exposed to sources of infection, primarily in handling untreated hides. (See Tables 29 and 30.) LUMBER AND FURNITURE INDUSTRIES -- The lumber and furniture industries were divided into furniture factories, sawing and planing mills, and other woodworking factories. A reanalysis of the industries included in the last classification shows that most of these were plants which contained both sawing and planing mills and woodworking shops. Among the products manufactured were caskets, incubators, skis, barrels, crates, baskets and saddle trees. As was naturally expected, the most prevalent exposure was to organic dust (68.4 per cent), but, due to sanding and finishing operations 17.9 per cent of the workers had potential exposures to silica dust. (See Tables 31 and 32.) PAPER, PRINTING AND ALLIED INDUSTRIES--This in dustry was divided into three subdivisions, of which printing, publishing and engraving contributed nearly 70 per cent of the workers and most of the exposures. (See Tables 33 and 34.) Metals, including lead and antimony; dermatitis producers such as organic dusts and in k ; and organic solvents are the most impor tant potential hazards, Less than 1.0 per cent of the workers surveyed in the paper, printing and allied industries were re ported to have a potential exposure to carbon monoxide gas. It is possible that the reporting of potential exposures to carbon monoxide in this Colorado industry was incomplete in view of surveys in other States. This gas, even when originally absent in natural gas, can be produced by the incomplete combustion of such natural gas, especially if the gas flame strikes cold metal. TEXTILE INDUSTRIES--Organic dust was the most pre valent of the 19 materials to which exposures were reported in this industry. (See Tables 35 and 36.) While exposure to or ganic dust is almost universal, it is believed that, exposures to high concentration of dust from animal and vegetable fibers may cause respiratory irritation and predispose to respiratory infections such as colds, bronchitis and pneumonia. Tinder the " oilier textile mills" classification were included mattress manufacturing, up holstering and bedding manufacturing. 20 MISCELLANEOUS MANUFACTURING INDUSTRIES -- This group includes electrical machinery and supply factories, plants manufacturing signs, makers of optical equipment, a heterogeneous group called " other miscellaneous industries," and a group of 684 workers in Electric Light and Power Companies. While this last group is obviously a public utility, and it has been stated that public utilities were omitted from the survey, an ex ception was made in this case. The " other miscellaneous indus tries" group included dental supply factories, broom and brush factories, plants manufacturing fishing tackle, a " Cclotex" plant, plants salvaging paper and junk, a plant making hand-woven cravats, and a rubber factory. (This rubber factory, a large estab lishment, was included here to avoid separate classification.) Exposures were recorded for 36 of the material classifications. (See Tables 37 and 38.) TRANSPORTATION AND COMMUNICATION--Surveys in this industry were limited to automobile garages and service sta tions and to street railway companies. (See Tables 39 and 40.) A total of 2,020 workers were surveyed in this industry. Petro leum products not otherwise specified (mainly dermatitis pro ducers) were a potential hazard to 34.3 per cent of the workers, while carbon monoxide gas is an important problem (32.3 per cent exposed) and organic solvents (21.1 per cent exposed) must also he considered. DOMESTIC AND PERSONAL SERVICE INDUSTRIES -- Two subdivisions of this industry, Laundries and Dry Cleaning plants, were surveyed. Limited exposures to a wide variety of substances were recorded. (See Tables 41 and 42.) The potential hazards from exposure to organic solvents (including benzene and the halogenated hydrocarbons such as carbon tetrachloride), alka line compounds, organic dusts, and dermatitis producers such as soaps and inks must he considered in this industry, and the possi bility of contracting infectious diseases from handling soiled clothes should not be overlooked. Exposure to " ink '' took numer ical precedence, presumably due to the ease with which this sub stance is detected, but available data do not justify its consider ation as the most important dermatitis producer encountered in this industry. Tables 12 to 42, inclusive, present in detail the exposures to various materials by industrial or service classifications. Table 43 shows the materials in each industry or service group to which 10 per cent or more of the persons in that industry were poten tially exposed. Table 44 shows the number and percentage of persons sur veyed who were exposed to the important materials, irrespective of the industry in which the exposure occurred. It is evident that a large number of persons are exposed to mineral dusts; such as siliea dust (20.5 per cent), silicate dusts (17.1 per cent), bitumi nous coal dust (10.1 per cent), nonsiliceous dust (9.4 per cent). 21 Exposures to metal dusts and vapors are an important problem. Potential exposures 1o noxious gases oeeur frequently, nearly *28 per cent of the workers being exposed to carbon monoxide and 28.3 per cent to gases not otherwise specified. Several of the remaining items and also some of the metals are important sources of dermatitis. Experience has shown that dermatitis is the most frequent occupational malady, and we have no reason to assume that Colorado industries are exceptions to this rule. In each industrial subdivision, the number of worker's to be surveyed was determined after considering the diversity of occu pations in that subdivision and the estimated importance of the health hazards in the industry. It is believed that the sample for each group was adequate in size and representative of that industry in Colorado. However, an estimate of the total number of Colorado workers potentially exposed to the various materials requires an accurate knowledge of the total number of workers employed in each industry. In the absence of such data, and with the knowledge that such figures, if accurate at the time of collec tion, are subject to constant change, we based the estimate of the total number of workers exposed to each material, as shown in Table 45, on the 1930 United States Population Census, corrected according to the industrial classification used in this survey. The choice of the 1930 census figures instead of those of a more recent biennial census was due to the greater accuracy of the decennial census, and to the belief that the 1930 census figures most closely approached the actual employment at Hie time of the survey. Table 45 shows the number of persons, in the industries studied, who are expected to have potential exposure to some of the important materials. These estimates of expected exposures are based on the total working population in those industries sampled, but since those industries omitted from the survey will contribute some exposures, it is probable that the expected num ber of potential exposures for all gainful workers in Colorado will be slightly higher than the values shown in Table 45. From Table 45, it appears that, in the State of Colorado, one might expect to find more than 20,000 workers exposed to silica dust, more than 17,500 workers exposed to silicate dust and over 10,500 exposed to bituminous coal dust. We also find that ex posure to metal dust and fumes is very common in Colorado industries. Over 7,600 workers wore exposed to lead or lead com pounds and over 24,000 workers were recorded as having a poten tial exposure to metals not otherwise classified in the material classification. The other two general groups of classified material which were numerically important were exposures to gases ami exposures to dermatitis-producing substances. More than 26,000 workers had potential exposures to carbon monoxide gas. over 2,000 had exposures to sulphur dioxide gas, and over 27.000 work ers were credited with exposures to gases not otherwise classified. 22 While practically all substances will produce dermatitis in sus* ceptible individuals, exposures were credited only to materials which are known to frequently cause industrial dermatitis. The most important listings were to organic dust (over 13,600 ex posures). Other dermatitis producers not elsewhere classified were credited with over 10,000 exposures. It is obvious from a study of these data that silica and other noil-metallic dusts, dermatitis producers, carbon monoxide and other gases, certain metallic dusts and vapors, and organic sol vents and other hazardous chemicals comprise the most important industrial hygiene problems in Colorado. Any preventive pro gram which may be instituted in the future should give serious consideration to the handling of these substances in a manner to eliminate the possibility of injury to health. APPLICATION OP CONTROL METHODS--As stated previ ously, while association with hazardous materials has been classi fied as a potential exposure, it is impossible to determine the number of persons actually exposed to hazardous concentrations of any material unless accurate engineering studies are made of the workers and their environment. Likewise, the data which were collected on the use of methods for controlling occupational exposures, i. e.; protection of workers who were potentially ex posed, can only be interpreted as meaning that the hazard had been recognized and some attempt bad been made to control it. While, in many eases, the worker may have been receiving ade quate protection it must be remembered that even the most efficient control method can be incorrectly applied, and no scientific determinations of the efficiency of these provisions were made. Table 46 shows the total number of workers surveyed who were exposed to each specified material, and the percentage of these workers having each of the indicated types of protection against exposure. It is obvious that the per cent of exposed workers receiving any one type of protection is extremely small. In tabulating these data, credit for control was given where a control method was available, whether or not the surveyor con sidered it adequate or properly applied. Likewise, single ex posures were frequently credited with more than one type of eontrol. No attempt has been made to analyze these data in such a manner as to show the actual extent of eontrol available to exposed workers, irrespective of the number of potential exposures of any individual worker or the number and type of eontrol methods at his disposal, but it is reasonable to assume that such an analysis would have shown conditions similar to those found in a neighboring state where 87 per cent of the surveyed workers were potentially exposed to one or more of the specified materials, and only 44 per cent of these exposed workers had any one of the specified eontrol methods available.8 23 There is obvious need for an administrative unit in the State of Colorado not only to determine the magnitude and importance of industrial health hazards, but also to advise and assist both employers and employees in the protection of the health of indus trial workers. APPENDIX A Materials and physical conditions of a potentially hazardous nature, encountered by workers in the occupations surveyed, were grouped under the following class designations : 1. Accelerators 2, Alcohols, esters and ethers 3. Aldehydes 4. Alkaline compounds 5. Amines 6. Aniline 7. Antimony 8. Arsenic 9. Asbestos dust 10. Benzene 11. Cadmium 12. Carbon monoxide 13. Chemicals 14. Chlorine 15. Chromium 16. Coal dust, anthracite 17. Coal dust, bituminous 18. Coal tar products 19. Cyanides 20. Dyes 21. Fluorine 22. Halgena!ed hydrocarbons 23. Hydrogen sulphide 24. Infections 25. Inks 26, Lacquer and varnish 27. Lead 28. Manganese 29. Medicines 30. Mercury 31. Mineral acids 32. Nonsiliceous dust 33. Oils, fats and waxes 34. Ore dust 35. Organic acids 36. Organic dusts 37. Organic solvents 38. Other dermatitis producers 39. Other gases 40. Other metals 41. Paint and enamel 42. Petroleum products 43. Phosphorus 44. Radioactive substances 45. Salts, inorganic 46. Selenium 47. Silica dust 48. Silicate dust 49. Sulphur 50. Sulphur dioxide 51. Temperature change The following are examples of materials included under each specific or general classification: 1. Accelerators; In some other surveys, there have been classified under this heading those chemical compounds used in the rubber industry to promote chemical reactions. Since all materials of this type encountered in this survey could be readily classified in other more specific groups, no exposures were re corded under the classification of " accelerators." 24 2. Alcohols, Esters and Ethers: Alcohols: Amyl, Butyl, Ethyl, Methyl Ethers: Ethyl, Methyl, etc. Esters: Amylaeetate, Butyl acetates, Ethyl acetate 3. Aldehydes: Acrolein Formaldehyde 4. Alkaline Compounds: Ammonium hydroxide Barium hydroxide Barium oxide Calcium hydroxide Caustic soda Cleaning compounds (alkaline) Lime (calcium oxide) Potash Potassium carbonate Potassium hydroxide Sal soda Soda ash Sodium carbonate Sodium hydroxide Stripping compounds (alkaline) Trisodium phosphate and washing powders and commercial cleaners, such as Oakite or Wyandotte when they contain caustic alkalies. 5. Amines: No exposures were recorded under this heading. 6. Aniline: (Aniline and its compounds) Aniline Acetanilide Dimethylaniline Paranitroaniline 7. Antimony: (Antimony and its compounds) 8. Arsenic: (Arsenic and its compounds) 9. Asbestos Dust: Asbestos fiber Asbestos roofing and insulation dust 10. Benzene: (Benzene and similar compounds) Benzene (benzol) Toluene (toluol) Xylene (xylol) 11. Cadmium: (Cadmium, its compounds and alloys) 12. Carbon Monoxide 13. Chemicals: (Chemicals not otherwise specified, or an ex posure to a wide variety of chemical compounds) 25 14. Chlorine; (Chlorine gas only) 15. Chromium: (Chromium and its compounds) Chrome ore Chromic acid Chrome alum Potassium dichromate Other chromates 16. Coal Dust, Anthracite: (No exposure recorded in Colo rado Survey) 17. Coal Dust, Bituminous: Bituminous coal, coke 18. Coal Tar Products: (When not covered by other specific groups) Coal tar Coal tar products, not otherwise specified Creosote Cumar resin Hydroquinone Naphthalene Phenol and Phenol resins Pyridine 19. Cyanides: Cyanogen Hydrocyanic acid Potassium cyanide Sodium cyanide Zinc cyanide 20. Dyes: All dyes except aniline or coal tar products classified elsewhere Stains 21. Fluorine: (Fluorine and its compounds) Fluorine gas Hydrofluoric acid Calcium fluoride Cryolite Fluorspar 22. Halogenated Hydrocarbons: Chloroform Carbon tetrachloride Tetraehlorethane Dichlorethylene Chlorinated waxes 23. Hydrogen Sulphide 26 24. Infections: Anthrax Tetanus Tularemia All cases where the occupation caused a definite risk of contracting a specific disease 25. Inks: Printers' inks Stencil inks 26. Lacquer and Varnish: Duco Shellac Other lacquers and varnish 27. Lead: (Lead and its compounds) Lead Babbitt metal Litharge Type metal White lead Tetraethyl lead Other lead alloys and compounds 28. Manganese: (Manganese and its compounds) 29. Medicines: Drugs and pharmaceuticals, not otherwise specified 30. Mercury: {Mercury and its compounds) 31. Mineral Acids: Nitric acid Hydrochloric acid Sulphuric acid Phosphoric acid Other inorganic acids, not elsewhere classified 32. Nonsiliceous Dust: (Nonsiliceous inorganic dust) Under this heading were listed minerals, metal oxides and mineral salts not elsewhere classified. Aluminum oxide Emery Alundun Corundun Aloxite Puller's earth Calcium carbonate Limestone Marble Magnesite Plaster of Paris (Gypsum) Polishers' rouge 27 33. Oils, Fats and Waxes: Vegetable and animal oils, etc. Lard Tallow Cottonseed oil 34. Ore Dust: Recording of this exposure shows presence of dust from mining or mineral concentrating opera tions. Its only significance is in showing need for study of the composition of atmospheric dusts in rela tion to these operations, since the proportion of the various mineral constituents of the dust may be quite different from that in the ore. 35. Organic Acids: Acetic Formic Oxalic Picric Tannic 36. Organic Dust: Dust from all organic substances not elsewhere classified, as cotton, dextrin, felt, fiber, fur, grain, gums, Ivapox, leather, paper, rags, rayon, resin, rosin, rub ber, sawdust, sisal, spices, straw, starch, wool. 37. Organic Solvents: Acetone Cleaners' liquids not elsewhere classified Gasoline Kerosene Naphtha Ethylene glycol Turpentine 38. Other Dermatitis Producers: Under this heading were classified a group of substances important in industrial hygiene because they may produce dermatitis. Many of the other materials may produce dermatitis but were classified under different headings because they also have other hygienic significance. Examples of materials in cluded under this heading are: Animal products Chocolate Organic cutting compounds Dough Sugar Vanilla Vegetable products 28 39. Other Oases: Gases not elsewhere classified, as: Acetylene Ammonia Carbon dioxide Oxides of nitrogen Ozone Phosgene 40. Other Metals: Metals, not elsewhere classified Toxic metallic oxides, not elsewhere classified 41. Paint and Enamel: Zine paint Japan compounds Lithopone 42. Petroleum Products: (Not elsewhere classified) Asphalt Lubricating greases and oils Mineral oils Paraffin Petroleum tar and pitch 43. Phosphorus: lied phosphorus White phosphorus Phosphorus sesquisulphide 44. Radioactive Substances: While this group should include only the radioactive elements and their compounds, such as radium, uranium, etc., extensive exposures to Roentgen rays (X-rays) were classified under this heading, since these exposures occurred only in the Miscellaneous Manufacturing Industry Group. 45. Salts, Inorganic: Industrial exposures to technical and analytical grades of chemical salts, such as: Alum Ammonium chloride Brine Calcium chloride Nitrecakc Sodium bisulphite Sodium hypochlorite Sodium chloride Sodium nitrate, etc. 29 46. Selenium: (Selenium and its compounds) No exposures to this extremely toxic material were re corded, although its nonindustrial significance is well recognized in Colorado. Although not re corded in this survey, industrial exposures to this material are increasing in the United States, 47. Silica D ust: Exposure to dust of the various forms of silicon dioxide or mineral dusts containing this compound, as: Agate Chalcedony Cristobalite Diatomaceous earth Flint Gannister Granite Jnfusiorial earth Jasper Onyx Opal Quartz Sand Triehymite Tripoli 48. Silica Dusts: (Silicate dusts arid other silicon com pounds, such as carborundum), not elsewhere class ified Ashes Carborundum Clay Feldspar Ferro silieon Fireclay Class Jlica Portland cement Pumice Slate Soapstone Talc 49. Sulphur: (Sulphur and alkaline sulphides) Sulphur Bari uni sulphide Calcium sulphide Sodium sulphide Potassium sulphide 50. Sulphur Dioxide 51. Temperature change: Exposure to extreme temperature change or extremely high or low temperatures. 30 APPENDIX B CONTROL MEASURES The following definitions of control measures are presented to explain the column headings given in Table 4fi. Positive Ventilation.: This applied to general ventilation of a workroom where air was supplied under positive pressure (blown in by a fan-blower). Negative Ventilation: This applied to general ventilation of a workroom where air was removed under negative pressure (drawn out by an exhaust fan). Local Exhaust Ventilation: This referred to provisions for ventilating a particular section of the workroom through air suc tion ducts, for example, an exhaust system attached to a grinding wheel. Enclosure: This referred to physical enclosure of an opera tion, machine, or process so that the operator could not come in contact with the materials used or produced by the process. For example, use of a sealed chamber for the mechanical mixing of chemical compounds. Wet Methods: This referred to the use of water or other liquids, as in rock drilling or hydraulic knock-outs for the purpose of allaying dusts in the process. Respirators: This referred to the provision of filter type dust masks. Gas Masks: This referred to the provision of chemical car tridge type face masks for protection against gases, fumes .and vapors. Air Line Respirators: This referred to the provision of pro tective masks to which fresh air is supplied through a hose or tube from a source outside the workroom. Protective Clothing: This referred to the use of goggles, aprons, gloves, rubber boots, etc. Other Protective Measures: This refers to any type of con trol measure not listed above, such as protective salves or oint ments, prophylactic treatment for infections, etc. 31 REFERENCES 1. Fifteenth Census of the United States: 1930. Population Re ports by States, Vol. Ill, Part I, Table 10, p. 299. 2. Evaluation of the Industrial Hygiene Problems of a State. Bloomfield, J, J., and Peyton, M. F. Public Health Bulletin No. 236, Washington, June, 1937. 3. Medical Supervision and Service in Industry. National Indus trial Conference Board, Inc., New York, 1931. 4. Medical Service in Industry. Newquist, M. N. American Col lege of Surgeons, Chicago, 1938. 5. Accident Experience in the Iron and Steel Industry. Monthly Labor Review. Bureau of Labor Statistics, U. S. Department of Labor. Vol, 37, No. 3, September, 1933. 6. The Pneumonia Problem in the Steel Industry. Brundage, D. K., and Bloomfield, J. J. Journal of Industrial Hygiene, Vol, 14, No, 10, December, 1932. 7. The Potential Problems of Industrial Hygiene in a Typical In dustrial Area. Bloomfield, J. J,, Johnson, W. S., and Sayers, R. R. Public Health Bulletin No. 216, Washington, December, 1934, 8. Evaluation of the Industrial Hygiene Problem of the State of Utah. Page, R. T., and Bloomfield, J. J. U. S. Public Health Service, Washington, 1938. 9. Evaluation of Industrial Hygiene Problems of Virginia. Tillson, W. D,, Homewood, R. T., and Worsham, H. I. Virginia Bureau of Indus trial Hygiene, 1938. 10. An Evaluation of the Industrial Hygiene Problem in South Carolina. Wilson, H. F., and Brown, R, M. South Carolina Bureau of Industrial Hygiene, 1938. 32 COLORADO I INDUSTRIAL HYGIEIIE SURVEY ORGAHIZATIOtl flCURF 1 Form 3. Name o f P l a n t . . . ................................... C o u n ty .................................... .. P l a n t Owner............................ .. P l a n t O f f i c i a l ..................................... P roduct M anufactured o r S erv ice COLORADO INDUS 1RIAL S /S I n d u s tr ia l H ealth S erv ice Data . . . . . . . .....................................I n d u s t r y Code and No. . C i t y .................... ............. .... ..L o c a t i o n ..................... .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A d d r e s s .- .T .. . . . . . . . . .............. ......................................T i t l e ...................................... ............... Safely F u ll t i m e .. .. .. .. . . . . D ire cto r: P a rt time . . . . . . . . . . . . None......... ......................... .. Swp C o a ittee :N o ........... ................. Tp s . r r ................... S e rv ic e : No.......................................... rHhnrl Yp s ___ ______ . . . . . . . . . Ho ........................................ Remarks: H o s p ita l: Company................ C ontract* ..* .* N o n e .................... F i r s t Aid T e s .. . ........... . .... Room; N o * ,* ................ F i r s t Aid Y e s.. . . . * . * . . * . K its No........................... Trained F ir s t Yes. . . . . . . . Aid Worker: N o .- * - * .... Physicians F u ll tim e. P a rt tim e. On c a l l . . _____________ N o n e ........... N urse: F u ll tim e. P a rt tim e N one..... P .H ... R .N ... O ther. Remarks: P age.- . . . . . . .o f. S u rveyed b y .......... Date. No. Employees M................ BENEFITS AND RECORDS Sick B en efit O rganization: Y es.. . . No . . . . S ic k n e ss Yes. R e co rd s: No. . W aiting p e rio d .. . . . . . A ccident R eco rd s: Y es. N o.. S e a s o n a l: ................. O perating p erio d :. Remarks: Check in blank which a p p lie s 'C o lo rad o S ta te Board o f ti'a H l', D iv isio n o f I n d u s tr ia l H ygiene. Form S-A COLRAD INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE SURVEY I n d u s tr ia l H ealth S erv ice Data (continued) P a g e .............. .. Surveyed by. \ o f. Mane o f P l a n t ...........................................................................................................I n d u s t r y Code and No. .D ate. C o u n ty ....................................................................C i t y . I n f o r m a n t . ................................... .L ocation. VENEREAL D ISU SE INFS RATION S e r o l o g i c a l T e s te (M assennan, e t c . ) on a p p l i c a n t : Yes ............ P o sitiv e Cases (N on-infcctious) accepted No ............ Yes ............ No . . . . . . S e r o l o g i c a l T e s ts on em p lo y ees: Yes ............ A n n u a lly ................... No ............ 6 m onths . . . . . . . . . D isposition: O th e r .......................... a . T r e a te d a t p l a n t ...................... b . R e fe r r e d ........................................ F am ily P h y s ic ia n .............. C l i n i c .............. ...................... c . Di s c h a r g e d ................................... d . I g n o r e d .......................................... Tfculd you bo w i l l i n g to c o o p e ra te w ith th e S ta te B oard o f H ealth in a Ven e r e a l Di s e a se- p r e v e n tio n p r o gram? mmurilzation Program a g a in s t C ontagious D iseases a t p re se n t tim e? Yes ................ No ................... Remarks: Remarks : Wat e r S u p p ly '* Drin k in g ^ I L 31 W ashing 9; f .. cp; o3 I1cIo r I ____ Check i n b la n k w hich a p p l i e s S-iliTARY FACILITIES ^ T o ile t Sewerage System VDi; ;c h a r g e .J V p RemarIts : C o lo ra d o S t a t e B oard o f He u l t i . , D iv is io n o f I n d u s t r i a l H ygien e. Porn 4 COLORADO IribUSTfcjiL ilifc SdKVL ftOPK ROOtl SUfiVFY DATA Page .i -. Namn o f H u n t ................................................................................................. . . . . . . L o c a t i o n . . . . - ............. ............. I n d u s t r y Code end No. D e p a rtm e n t................................................ ...................................................... ........................................f o r k Roo ..................................................... .Informants Name..............................................Surveyed by . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .D ate. O ccupation ['unter of Pprscns MF T Neturn of Neb General V en tilatio n P ositive Negative Control {fcasyc Ku* i i a t c r i a l s unu B y -P ro d u c ts n -M3li M aterial Code .1"!. i_L.il T otal C olorado S tn te Board o f H e a lth . D iv isio n o f In d u s trie 1 one TABLE I , MUriBER OF FraNI'S aNL EMPLOYEES SURVEYED IS COLORaDO MINING, INUFSTRIAL AMD SERVICE GKOCJPS In d u s try o r S e rv ic e Group Number of P lants Number o f Workere T otal M ale Fem ale HIKING E x tractio n o f M inerals Coal M ines Gold en d S i lyr M ines O ther M ines Q uarries P etroleum R e fin eries T otal 18 1525 1525 0 1202 1198 3 1568 1540 7 235 231 2 76 75 (50) (4606) (4569) 1 0 ! 4 28 4 i (37) ~ MANUFACTURING M MECHANICAL INDUSTKI Chemical and A llie d I n d u s tr ie s E x p lo siv es, Ammunition, Flrevxirks F e r tilis e r Factory P a in t and V arnish O ther Chemical F a c to rie s T otal Clay, G lass and Stone In d u s tr ie s B rick . T ile and S tone in d u s t r i e s G lass Lime, Cement and A r t i f i c i a l S to n e M arble and Stone Yards P ottery T otal C lothing In d u strie s C oats, S u its k O veralls Furs O ther C lothing F acto ries T otal Food x A l l i e d I n d u s t r i e s B ek eriee D airy P roducts Candy P e o tu rie s F lour and G rain M ills F ru it and V egetable Canning S lau g h ter k Packing Houses Sugar F acto ries k R efin eries Ice M anufacturing Spices, Coffee, etc. O ther Food F acto ries L lo u o r tc B ev erag e I n d u s t r i e s T otal Iro n and S te e l In d u s trie s Auto R e p air Shops Autom obile F a c to rie s Cer and R a ilro a d Shops O th e r I r o n . S t e e l at M a c h in e ry T to ta l ES 2 4 4 16 (28) 11 3 2 zz (20) 5 3 3 ill) 20 27 6 21 19 8 11 5 3 5 11 (136) 3 4 286 ...u u (c o n tin u e d ) 141 56 102 462 [761) 545 35 133 39 192 (944) 227 80 60 (367) 1185 886 309 387 243 1026 1979 254 63 186 393 (8911) 34 135 739 5364 (6272) 131 56 79 343 (609) 539 34 131 39 103 (846) __ ^ 36 13 (106) 850 706 123 367 1193 824 1963 248 41 95 373 (6783) 32 132 731 5245 (6140) 10 0 j 23 119 (152) 6 1 2 0 89 i M ) I ____i U- .J 170 44 47 ( 26lT 335 180 186 20 1050 02 16 6 22 91 20 Ts'iTe'i : 2 3 8 119 (132) TABLE 1 NUMBER OF F u liT ANS hiPLOYEES SURVEYED IN COLOMADU MINING, INDUSTRIAL aND ( Con *t J oEitVlCE GROUPS. Number In d u s tr y o r S e rv ic e Group of Number o f Workers P lants T otal M ale F em ale W etals o th e r than iro n und s te e l Breas m ills Leed and zinc O ther m etal products T otal r a T l4> 17 303 86 1606) 16 299 67 (58) ... " . i 4 "1 n 1 19 * ... U 4 J ._ . L eaiher In d u stries S a d d le r y <x H arn ess Goods L e a th e r b e l t s &, i*0E th r?r Goods T anneries Trunks and Bags T otal Lumber and F u rn itu re F a c to rie s Furniture F actories 3 2 3 dio> . . . 6 40 46 54 3 (163) 97 38 11 35 47 v 1 2 ; ( 0 D ... (8X 66 11 San BUS P la n in g Sills 8 O th e r AoocLvorking F a c to r ie s 17 400 393 1 380 328 52 T otal (31) (877) (807) P a o e r , P r i n t i n g A- A l l i e d I n d u s t r i e s Blank Hooks E nvelopes 5 3E1 11 no P a p e r Box F a c t o r i e s 3 70 59 11 P rin tin g , P u b lish in g & Engraving _ j" 890 708 18E T otal l4 E j (18D (978) r-- (303) j T ex tile In d u stries T en ts and Awnings 3 64 43 1 O ther T e x tile W ills 7 21 113 99 T otal M iscellaneous M anufacturing ln d u s tri'es (76) (156) (120) E l e c t r i c L ig h t at Power E le c tric a l M achinery 7 634 663 21 5 57 50 7 M iscellaneous in d u strie s 14 1637 11 515 S ig n e O ptical 2 66 58 ,, 0 3 70 51 19 T otal T o ta l riR n u fe c tu rin g at M ech an ical (31) __ ( 5i i ) . (1944) (570) In d u strie s (377 ) ( 297) (19032) (3940 f TRANSPORTATIOHit CaUjUNICATION i Garage, Auto *-aundriej, and i G reasing S ta tio n s 58 1149 1047 102 S tre e t R ailroads 871 818 53 T otal (60) (00) (1865) (155) PERSONAL SERVICE C le a n in g , D yeing tic P r e s s in g Shone 15 543 L aundries 24 989 T otal (3d) | (1532) 238 303 (546) 305 681 (.306) GANDTJTAL _____ 526) 1 (31130) 1 (6012) (5118) : T a b le Mo* 2 . - Number and p e r c e n ta g e o f W orkers su rv e y e d by i n d u s t r y o r se rv ic e group. (P ercentage based on com parison w ith d a ta from t h e 1930 U. P o p u la tio n C ensus f o r C o lo ra d o ). I n d u s try o r S e rv ic e Group 1930 Census G ain fu l Workers Number Surveyed rj P e rc e n t Surveyed T o ta l No. o f G ain fu l Workers 402.894 31 130 T o ta l No. o f Workers in th e I n d u s tr ia l Groups L iste d 170.981 31.130 T o ta l No. o f n'orkei`s i n th e I n d u s tr ia l Sub-groups Surveyed (1) 79,668 (I) 31,130 7 .7 18.2 39.1 E xtraction o f m inerals M anufacturing and M echanical B uilding Industry Chemical and A llied In d s. C lay, G lass and Stone In d s. C lothing in d u strie s Food end A llie d IndsIro n and S te a l la d s. M etals, o th e r than Iro n & S teel L eather In d u stries Lumber and f u rn itu r e Mfg. Paper* P rin tin g and A llied Inds* T extile In d u strie s In d ep en d en t Hand T rades M iscellaneous ttfg. Ind. T ra n s p o rta tio n and Communication S tre e t R ailw ays, G arages, and Automobile S erv ice S ta tio n s O th e r T r a n s . & Com. In d . Dom estic and P erso n al S erv ice L au n d ries, and C lean in g , Dying and P ressin g Shops O ther D om estic and P e rso n a l S e rv ic e s 0,045 * 6 8 ,7 8 5 16,661 ,iao * .070 * .527 * 10, 36 * 16,411 * 913 * 559 * ,109 * 4,116 * 34 * 3,369 7,35 * 4,859 6,64 * 36,217 39 , 9 4,26 * 35,066 4 ,6 0 6 22,972 None 761 944 367 8,911 6,7 606 163 877 1,281 276 None .514 2,020 ,020 None 1,542 1,532 None 23.0 33.4 _______ 35.9 45.6 1 4 .5 87.1 38. S 66.4 29.1 4 1 .6 31.1 8 0 .7 -- 3 4 .2 4 .7 30.4 -- 3 .9 3 6 .3 (1) T o ta l w orking p o p u latio n in in d u s tr ia l groups o r sub-groups from which su rv ey sam ple was s e le c te d . {*) P o p u la tio n in in d u s tr ia l group o r sub-group from which survey sample was s e le c te d . FIGURE 2 P e r c e n t a g e D is t r ib u t io n o f P l a n t s a n d W o r k e r s /n M a n u f a c t u r in g /n d u s t r /e s A c c o r d in g t o t n e N u m b e r o f /Yo r k e r s E m plo yed Pl an ts Wo r k e r s t-- i-- i-- i-- i-- i-- i i-- .-- i____i____i____ i 6-20 21-50 Nu m b er orWo r k er s E m plo yed 51-100 101-250 251-500 5 0 / i- 0 JO 20 3 0 40 SO 0 0 10 20 3 0 40 SO P e&cfn t PeS?CA/T m m k CENSUS* M B SURVEY [* U.S B ureau of th e C e n s u s -1929 M f& Census - S tat $pis:Colorado] C e n s u s d a ta b a s e d o n w age ea rn ers only w h i/e su r v e y d o ta /s b a s e d on b o t h s a h r / e d e m p l o y e e s a n d wage, e a r n e r s ,,LUlVvPhlkln, tl iilb T IO M O' i R i k j I wQuOkJjO iSiiUlKlJS 19.38 REFER TO FIQ U Bf B T tu l n im b e r 1' Wotabi*i- i n eia. I n d u s t r i a .. Pl a n t a p e r c e n t o f V.or i e r a c o v e re d In p r e lim in a r y su rv e y FIGURE 4 MFFAT RIO BLANCO GARFIELD! cupio 13 WELD ROUTT: JA C K SO N S; -s'- - Tv? ^VrVi^i! EAGLE iTKi If OUGLAS E L B E R T EDGWICK PHILLIPS WASHINGTON KIT CARSON DELTA' MONTROSE! SAN MIGUE D O L H'E' ^ MONTEZUMA R E MO N T1 CUSTER X$:* |S A G U A C H E i S RIOv" ^ _ \ ' G \ R r. A ;Nv>DrE i X< m.'/q ARCHULETA jsfc : PASO LINCOLN CHEYENNE V-' KIOWA EROJ>* i04 L A S A N I M A Sj BACA GSOhfrtXCAL ilTRItiUTlOW Oi IhLUsThllfc, IN COLORaK) 1958 INUISkI aL rl lilv , OlitVi.1 REFER TO FIGURE 4 tlu n b er o f I n d u s t r i e s em p lo y in g 5 o r m o rt wo r k e r s I d I n d u s t r i e l i i W M Percent of P la n ta Surveyed. C olorado S ta te Boord of H ealth HEALTH SERVICE IN PLANTS KITH 100 OP WORE WORKERS AS COMPARED V,ITH PLANTS WITH LESS THAN 100 V.OPKERS. P e r c e n t o f W orkers t o Whom S p e c i f i e d S e r v ic e I s S afety S ervicest F u ll Time S a f e t y D i r e c t o r P a r t Time S a f e t y D i r e c t o r Shop Committees A v a ila b le in P la n ts With 100 o r More W orkers Less Than 100 W orkers 0 20 40 $0 80 100 0 20 40 60 80 100 l l I J ------- O ther S afety Service m on FIGURi. M edical P ro v isio n s! H o s p ita l - Company W H ospital - C ontract F i r s t Aid Room CJ> F i r s t Aid K it T rain ed F ir s t Aid Worker F u ll Time P l a n t P h y s i c i a n . P a r t Time P l a n t P h y s ic ia n P h y sln in n on fittH F u ll Time P l a n t TIurse P a r t Time P la n t TIurse | D is a b ility B enefits & Records: Sick B enefit A ssociation S ic k n e s s R e c o rd s _____ ___________ A ccident Records , ih h h b h b b h i r i T I T~H 0 2 40 60 80 100 P ercen t o f Workers P e rc e n t o f Vforkers TABLE 3 . IiibUSThlAL HEALTH SERVICE P&JVISIOI' i 1 1 Industiy or Service Grouo | ^ . _______ A l l Industries Studied Extraction of Minerals Chemical and Allied Industries Clay, Glass and Stone Clothing Food and Allied Industries Iron and Steel Industries Metal Ind. except Iron and Steel Leather Lumber and Furniture paper and Printing Textile Wise. Manufacturing Industries Transoortation Personal Service Humber of Plants 526 50 23 20 11 136 41 U 10 31 45 10 31 6o 39 IS (ALL PLANTS) - SAFETY SERVICES Nunber of Workers 31.130 4*606 761 944 367 3,911 6,272 606 163 377 1,231 276 2,5H 2,020 1,532 Percent of workers to thorn Service is Available Safety Director FUlJy Part Time Time Shop Insurance Committees Other Safety Service 30.8 21.1 40.3 21A 2h2 34.8 25.5 37.6 100.0 37.6 5.0 73.2 17.7 37.0 59.1 0 46.4 0 98.3 20.2 0 0 0 90.2 0 4.0 30.3 35-4 96.5 21.9 74.4 13.2 82.0 74.3 68.3 34.3 40.3 50.5 99.3 16.2 0 3.0 0 82.2 0 0 2.9 14.5 85.2 21.3 0 9.3 0 92.6 5.0 0 19.9 0 80.1 0 76.3 2.2 77.2 98.0 76.9 39.5 3.1 0 96.1 4.2 0 15.3 0 94.2 0 TABLE 4 . INDUSTRIAL HEALTH SERVILE PROVISIONS (ALL PLANTS) - MEDICAL SERVICES Industry or Service Group t All Industries SWrveved Extraction of Minerals Chemical and Allied Industries Clay, Glass and Stone Clothing Food and Allied Industries Iron and Steel Industries letal Ind. exceot Iron and Steel L eather Lumber end F u rn itu re Paper and P rin tin g T extile Mi3c. wlanufHcturing I n d u s tr ie s T rans o o rt;.tio n P ersonal S ervice Contract First Aid Room First Aid Kit Part Time Percent of Workers to Whom Service is Available |+> u0) 4uo Hospital Physician N urse 1 1 *o 0 u h$ =3 opBo. a u PXm) M<UU ) 0) Oi *1 i E-* 5aJ* rt -UP o ! 3 ( 3 SSk 31.130 i l i 2 ^ 2 89.2 ! & l \] .23.8 2ai 64*8 1 Ail 50 4,606 34.0 13.4 24.4 98.3 85.1 42.2 0 57.8 34.0 4.9 28 761 6 29.0 51.2 93.7 22.7 15.9 28.1 50.9 28.1 0 20 944 0 0 12.3 88.9 21.1 0 12.3 69.3 0 0 11 367 0 0 35.1 45.5 O 0 0 96.5 0 0 136 8,911 0,3 0 23.9 83.3 23.1 0.1 8.4 90.3 14.1 1.4 41 6,272 65.0 6.3 71.4 96.5 83.7 60.2 0.2 36.9 63.8 0.8 14 6C6 0 16.2 52.3 90.1 57.6 0 63.3 34.8 0 0 10 163 0 0 0 71.8 0 0 85.9 0 0 31 877 0 0 30.4 65.5 5.4 26.5 0 72.3 0 0 45 1,231 0.9 0 0 66.7 0 0 0 95.6 0 0 10 276 0 0 0 62.7 3.3 0 0 L0.0 0 0 31. 2,514 52.3 52.3 52.3 .92.8 73.9 52.3 22.9 25.2 !52.8 0 60 2)020 0 43.1 39.5 8 3 .7 4.2 0 39.5 55.4 !39.5 0 39 1,532 o 0 11.4 87.1 0 0 . 0 56.1 1 0 0 FIOURJC 6 YiUMtlAL b l E * t> * JiltVIG IN ' WITH pl ^ T o ihlTH WITH 100 O H M O K E QKkJuj COMPARES Than 100 WQwihho Type o f S ervice S erological T ests on A pplicent Yea - No S eroiogioal T ests on Hnployee Yes . a n n u a lly . 6 M onths, O t h e r ____ D iap o ait ion (a) T reated a t P lan t, lb} R e fe rre d to iam ixy p h y sic ia n . C l i n i c ----------------- ( c ) Discharge (d) Ignorer No. W illing to c o o p w ite ltb S te te Boero o f h e a lth Yes . No Unicnovn _ iH E unitation ag ain st Contagions D iseusee Yes No,, P ercen t o f Woraern Having L isted S ervice A v ailab le, in P lan ta w ith. 100 o r More W orkers Lese than 100 Workers 0 40 I 80 100 0 0 40 60 80 100 _l J ____I__ _ r0 40I I 60 80 100 0 20 T 40 ~r 60 80 100 ` l e s s th a n 1.0JE ^ThBO^JS^--A LI SiL-ioL NiUrfJdT J P^ANT-J *11ULN PLClfIL INLUoTrtl^ LmJuP^ GIVING VNlKLAx LtriEn.i. oERVICE In d u stry S e ro lo g ic a l Testet on A p p lic a n ts E3 No. of No. Of No, o f No. o f P la n ta W orkers P la n ts Workers Nc>. No. o f No. o f P xants Workers E xtraction o f M inerals 50 4605 1 470 49 4151 Chem ien & A llied In d u strie s isB 76i 1 14 7 t>47 Clay, G lass & Stone In d u strie s L 944 X li6 19 813 C lothing In d u strie s 1JL L67 - - 11 367 Food & /il- ic d I n d u s tr ie s 1S6 d 9 li 6 348 110 6565 Iro n and S te e l, M chy., V ehicle In d u strie s 41 oL7L b 7bO 36 551E M etals oth-r than Iron and S te e l 14 606 x 78 10 528 L eather In d u strie s 10 165 - - 10 163 Lumber & f u r n itu r e In d u s tr ie : 31 877 - - LI 877 P a p e r , P r i n t i n g &. A llie d I n d u s t r i e s 4b iia i - - 4ti 1181 T ex tile In d u stries 10 76 - - 10 76 M iscellan eo u s Mfg. In d u s tr ie s 3i (514 1 . 189* *9 6 T ra n s p o rt itio r . ana Coarnunic t ia n 60 lOlO 1 7c t>9 1947 lomes t i c & P erso n al S erv ice 59 155k. - - 09 155E lOl'-iL-rtiJi* iL o T al eiL> b.6 wlllrO . be - 59-6 48 15i84 N uinii or .l i x i i .i .j'kO J.i'lj*- j.-.j-OwJn!/.^ jihi-.:.-.. o I i l .w i .l m u . lo i T : l.r- 3-H. ^ m i n j i c i , i'R.^tii on imn.nyeea In c u strv fes TTo. o f No. o l' P1fin t h lEorkei's NO No. o f Pxant s VorkcrL O o A n n u a llv ______ No. o f N o.of Pinnte forkera S t I Souths ______O th e r_________ No. o f No. o f No. o f No- o f P la n ts V,orkeia P la n ts l orn pm E x tractio n of M inerals 3 1568 47 2028 1560 Chanlcpi * A llied In d u strie s a 235 : 36 46 k 33b - - - - Clay, G lass & tone In d u strie s i 116 19 SkQ ; - - - - 1 Ii6 C lothing In d u strie s Food & A llie d In d u s trie s - - 11 367 - - - - - - 15 057 x ll 6854 4 581 L0 1446 1 30 Iron i S te e l, itchy,, V ehicle In rtu strlea 3 4220 28 l9 4 i : - - 1 339 c 3991 M etals o th e r than Iro! and S te e l 1 78 IS 5L8 i 78 - - - - L eether In d u strie s - Lumber & I tim itu r e I n d u s tr ie s - - 10 163 - > - - 31 877 - - * - - - - - P a p e r , P r i n t i n g <& A llied In d u stries - 45 181 - - - - - T extile In d u stries - - 10 376 - i- - - M iscellan eo u s Mfg, In d u s tr ie s i 1337 30 1187 - - - - - - 1 1217 T r a n s p o r t a t i o n and Commun!c ^ t i o i 1 Lomestic and P erso n al S ervice _ 72 59 1947 - - - - . 39 15c fc _ - - 1 73 - - 'iOT.iL - jiU , INLUHTlUiS :-7 884 4HQ 1.1346 __ 7 994 ii - L i a i -- -- 9------ 7 i n * NUMBKit Of j-'Lru'iTo l i 'hlN opj&ol.f'Ir-l' 1NLUc-A'i\1i`JLj GchOJr'o u lV i^ u VIN I i-Hmi. LI 5i!Jio.fi. ciLhVlCh Table. 5-L. P ia n ta w inin** to C oo p erate vitii The S ta te Board o f H e a lth i n it V e n e re e l L ie e a s e P re v e n tio n Program In d u stry Tea No. o f No. o f P la n ts Workers No No. o f No. o f P la n ts Workers No. Of P lants Unknown No. of . Workers Unknown E x tractio n o f M inerale 44 4387 - - 6 319 C h e m ica ls c a l l i e d I n d u s t r i e s 4 695 - - 4 66 C la y , G la s s dc S to n e I n d u s t r i e s 19 913 - - i 51 C lothing In d u strie s 9 LI 7 i 7 1 13 Food L ,'ljir d In u s t r i e i 6 8460 1 14 9 457 I r o n a& S t e e l , M chy., V ehicle In d u strie s la 595 - - 5 340 M etuis o th e r then Iron snr -teex i4 606 - - - - L eather In d u stries lum ber & b u r n itu r e Imi us tr in o Paper, P rin tin g & A llied In d u stries 9 146 - - 1 17 0 861 - - 5 15 39 1139 i 5 5 117 T extile In d u stries 9 69 - - 1 7 M isc e lla n e o u s Mfg- I n d u s tr ie s 9 488 6 - - T ra n s p o rta tio n and Communication 53 190b 4 55 5 65 L om e.tic & P ersonal S ervice TOTAL*ALL INLUtiTFJILj 37 1457 95 - 478 19573 ii 0 37 1337 ______ wironra of pla n ts M i e S-E. w it h in s p e c if i e d iwntBTRiAi. groups oivma. venereal Ija a u iU aa Pi UQii fr senses onetr npmr e oeni sent, nst tin C s n n ta e lo u a d is e a s e s e r v ic e __ In d u stry ___________________ Yea____________ No. of No. o f P la n ts Workers No No. of P lants No. o f V/orkera E x tractio n of M inerals 6 1225 44 3381 Chemical k A llie d In d u s trie s 1 121 27 640 C la y , G la s s &. S to n e I n d u s t r i e s 1 116 19 828 C lothing In d u strie s Food & A llie d In d u s trie s - - 1 30 11 367 135 8881 Iro n & S te e l, M chy,, V ehicle In d u stries 2 3826 39 2446 M etals other than Iro n and S te e l - - 14 606 Leather In d u strie s Lumber k F u rn itu re I n d u s tr ie s - - i 232 10 163 30 645 Paper, P rin tin g & A llied In d u stries - - 45 1281 T extile In d u stries M iscellan eo u s Mfg. I n d u s tr ie s T ra n s p o rta tio n k Communication Dom estic P erso n al S e rv ic e TOTAL - ALL INDUSTRIES - ' i 1327 - - 13 6877 10 30 60 39 81 a_________ 276 1187 2020 1532 24253 i___________________________ Tati. 6, Serological Test on Applicant Yaa No S erological Teats on Employee Yea A n n u a lly 9 months Other D isposition (a) Treated e t Plant (b) Referred to Family P h ysician C linic (c) Discharged (d) Ignored No W illing to cooperate 1 th S ta te Board of H ealth Yea NO Unkno n Immunisation ag a in st Contagious D isenses Yaa No TOTAL BO. t i OF PLANTS AND WORKERS I'u m a m e m ta ta or wcrkhc hayihb w o w m . wseasi a s m c i m m M m FIAWIS g TH 100 OR MOW Y1PRKSRS and FIAMCS H im LESS T1-1AW 100 WORKERS A 7M U BILI1Y OP LBTOD.3B7YICE ro WORKTOP No. P la n ts N o.P lan ta 'i P lants % P lan ts No. in P ita Ho. In P i t . % of P its of P its No wi th r.ore w ith l e s s * w ith more w ith las* Ko. In w ith mors w ith l e e s * having more having l e s t A ll than 100 than 100 A ll than 100 than 100 A ll than 100 than 100 A ll than 100 than 100 Ila n tB 'Yorker s Workers P la n ts 36 14 24 7 .2 2.6 4.6 5946 5125 *88 53 435 92 .B 10.1 82,7 25104 14461 821 10723 19,1 80.9 16.5 46.5 2.6 34.4 37 16 21 7 .0 3.0 4 .0 9884 9177 7 * 3 1*3 0 .0 0 .5 994 807 22 6 16 4 .2 1.1 3.1 3112 2695 8 6 2 1.5 1.1 0*4 5778 5675 6 6 0 1.1 1.1 0 .0 5673 5673 2* 8 16 4.6 1 .5 3.1 3512 2949 7 2 5 1*3 0 .3 1.0 699 555 5 0 5 1 .0 0 .0 1*0 204 0 0 0 0 0 .0 0 .0 0 .0 0 0 *89 51 438 93.0 9*7 B 3 .3 1246 10401 *79 65 414 9 1 .1 12.4 78,7 9580 19219 14 0 14 2.7 0 .0 2*7 235 0 33 2 31 6.3 0.4 5*9 1315 367 707 187 417 103 0 563 144 204 0 10845 10361 235 948 31.8 3.2 10.0 10.6 18.2 11.3 2.2 0.7 0.0 68.2 95.0 0.8 4 .2 29.5 2.6 8.7 18.3 18,2 9 .5 1.0 0 .0 0.0 33,4 61.7 0 ,0 1.2 2.3 0.6 1 ,3 0 ,3 0.0 1.8 0.4 0.7 0 ,0 34.8 33,3 0 .8 3,0 13 10 3 513 56 455 _ M . _ _ S f l ---------- 480 2.5 97.5 100.0 14.7 8 5 .3 13.9 0.7 99,3 07.1 6877 24253 6745 12841 31130 132 11412 22.1 77,9 1 1 54* ... 1 0 0 .0 34.4 65.6 61.7 1.1 98.9 37.1 T/BE 7 . IKJOTEIAb iil T H SEuVIO PROVIKMS (ALL PLAilTS) - DISABILITY BENEFITS AMD REKORDS Indus t j y o r S erv ice Group A ll In d u strie s Studied E x tractio n of M inerale C he.alctl fr. s a llie d In d u strie s Clay, G la s s and S to u o C lothing Food r-ni A l l i e d I n d u s t r i e s ! Iro n end S te e l In d u stries 1 M etel Ind. exceot Iro n end S te e l L eather Lim ber end F u rn itu re Peoer end P r in tin . T extile * i 'i s c . M nnsT 'cturing In d u s trie s T rans .ortstion i Persons.! Service Number of P lants 26 53 23 20 11 136 41 H 10 31 45 10 31 60 39 ' Number of W orkers P e rc e n t o f W orkers i.'ith L isted F a c ility ___________________ _______ _____ ________ _ S ic k B enefit A ssociation S ic k n e ss R eco rd s A ccident R eco rd s 31.130 U ii 51.9 761 69.0 944 20.2 367 0 3,<?11 26.6 6,272 70.4 606 0 163 14.1 377 32,8 1,231 45.7 276 0 2,514 76.1 2,020 43.7 1,532 17.7 33.9 39.9 55.6 99.1 61.1 90.5 12.3 93.6 0 96.5 16.9 87.1 70.2 97.8 34.3 90.3 17.3 92.0 32.8 95.3 60,6 33.4 0 79.0 55.6 96.3 4.2 46.0 18.3 . . . 3Z TABLE 8. r.ALTri dERVIOrd Iri PLArtTti LTH 100 OH MORE iQhKERS COMPARE!) WITH PL/JTS i.ITii LESS THAN 100 MfflKEK. iy of Service j Safety Service_s: Full Tine Safety Director Part lime Safety Director 1 Shot) Committees Insurance Service J Other Safety Service ! Medical Provisipns: Hospital - Comnany Hosoital - Contract J First Aid Room First Aid (tit ; Ireined First Aid Worker Full Time Plant Plysician j Part Time Plant Piysicien J Physician on Call | Full Time Plant Nurse j Part Time Plant Hurse Disability Benefits sc Records: Sick Benefit A s so c ia tio n Sickness Records Accident Records I Percent of Workers Having Listed Service Available in Plants With! i 1 100 or More V.orkers Less `iban 100 f- * Workers 47.9 21.8 61.9 100.0 47. 4. 1.9 j 20.5 1 6.5 89.6 11.5 37.3 0.8 16.6 4.7 54.4 5.3 99.4 72.5 62.7 19.5 37.6 0.4 11.6 2.0 47.0 39.4 46.6 0.3 2.4 - 62.? 13.7 52.4 11.8 96.4 73.5 * Plants Employing 100 or More Workers Emplqyed 19,575 Workers or 62.9 Percent of the Surveyed Population. ** Plants Employing Less Than 100 Workers Employed 11,555 Workers or 37.1 Percent of the Surveyed Population. T a b le 9* Com parison o f th e I n d u s t r i a l H e a lth S e r v ic e s i n C o lo rad o I n d u s t r i e s , with Similar Data From Other State or Areas Percent of lAorkeJ3 with Listed Facility * ------ 1 ! I Kind of Service Safety organization Safety directorPart time Safety director i\ill time Shop committees Medical provisions Hospital (Co*) First aid room First aid kit Trained firs t aid worker Physician-Dart time Physician-full time Plant nur3e-part time Plant nurse-full time | Disability Benefits it [Statistics Sick benefit ass*n Sickness records Accident records Mary land Typical Utah Virginia So. Indus Car. tria l Are; Colorado' 1 0 .0 37.6 5 9 .3 5 .8 55.8 9 7 .7 6 5 .4 4 2 .4 30.7 0 4 0 .3 1.0 23.8 33.6 (a) 4 8 .5 la) la) 1 7 .3 1 5 .3 .7 34.1 1 7 .4 38.8 4 6 .3 5.5 6. 90.6 7.6 19.0 30.5 4 .9 5. 27.6 4 .1 1 7 .8 61.5 0 55.7 la) la) 50.0 35.0 la) 6 7 .3 la) la) 5.6 4. 21.0 0 1 .9 3 .7 30.6 23.8 1.1 30.9 4 0 .3 : 22.5 36. 89. 46.7 9 .1 23.3 1 .3 9.5 4 7 .8 5 4 .5 9 6 .9 9.4 40.0 98.1 64.6 65.3 98.9 35.1 34.1 98.5 (a) 6.8 9 8 .2 44.5 38.9 39.9 (a) Cuta not available INUJo I'KIaL BEju-TH SSiVICE f#0VIONS (ALL FWiKTa) SjiHITATION FACIuITIEa TABLT. 11. DISTRIBUTION OF SANITATION FACILITIES ACCORDING TO SIZl OF PLANT Kind of Service j Total No* ef Plants u Ysorkers Percentage Total Plants Sr Workers Percentage of Plants and Workers With Listed Service in Plants Employing 100 or ore V-orkers as Compared to Plants Employing Less Than 100 Workers Plants Employing workers in Plants Employing 100 or fore 1Less Than 100 | 100 or able j Less Than 100 66 460 19,575 | 11,555 12.5 ( 37.5 62.9 37.1 Viater Supply: Kunicioel Dell { Stream Chlorineted Settled Filtered Drinking Y.ater: Fountain | Individual Cup Common Cup Other V.aElina: Facilities: Lavatories Other Common To^el Other Tov.el Sborers Toilet Facilities: Flush Pit Privy Other j Sewerage System: I Municipal Treatment Plant Discharge Stream Lake Lagoon Other Senarate Lunch Loom ' Individual Lockers 78,? 90.2 82.0 39.5 25.3 10.2 23.1 13.6 1U.6 2.6 7.9 3.2 3.0 | 2.2 1.9 3.0 2.3 5.3 1.9 10.6 4.6 10.5 3.9 34.3 53.9 90.1 69.3 10.6 13.3 5.1 12.6 9.1 27.4 4.8 22.4 7.6 7.4 3.2 5.3 39.4 31.7 92.9 35.1 3.0 5.0 1.7 3.6 13.6 40.7 11.5 35.7 56.1 34-3 6), 6 39.0 43.5 19.6 67.0 23.0 87.9 87.8 91.6 95-7 | 16.7 10.2 9.0 9.3 12.1 3.7 12.5 4-6 59.1 83.7 52.2 82.1 1.5 2.6 0.6 1.9 15.2 3.5 11.9 3.3 - 0.2 - 0.6 0.4 - 0.9 24.2 3.7 35.3 3.3 31.3 5.9 37.4 lo.6 68.2 26.7 79.7 37.4 .... ..... J SANITARY FACILITIES IN PLANS! WITH 100 CE MORE WORKERS AS COMPARED WITH PLANTS WITH LESS THAR 100 WORKERS Percent of Workers to Whore Specified Service is Available in Plante with W ater Supply: lftm ielpnl W ell ftti-r^Tn .. .. C hlorineted S ettled 11*1l t u r e d 0 10 L I 100 or more Workers 40 60 SO iOO 0 1 1 1 Less than 100 Workers LO 40 60 80 100 wm D rinking W ater: "Fount n i n I n d iv id u a l Cup Common Cup O ther i Washing F a c i l i t i e s : L avatories . O th e r __ Common Towel ... .. O ther Towel Showers T o ilet F a c ilitie s : F lu sh P it Privy Ct.her Sewerage System: M unicipal T re a tm e n t P l a n t -------: D ischarge Stream Lake Lagoon O ther S e p a r a te Lunch Room In d iv id u al Lockers . "I 1 1 ] 1 o to 40 60 80 100 Th.BL-1 1 . UMBSrt OF WORKEHj I.s vCh INDUSTRY R 3r<VIC.i j AUP XJVSD t : SPE C iri JD MaTERI \LS M aterials number o f Workers In Surveyed Planta: T B ta l .umber o f E x p o su r e s! Other M etals Other a&es Garbon Monoxide O ther D erm atitis Producers S ilic a Dust O rganic D ust S ilic a t e Dust Petroleum Products C oal D u st, Bitum inous T em perature Change Non S i l i c e o u s D u st Lead A lk a lin e Compounds Ore D u st O rganic S o lv en ts In fectio n S a lts , Inorganic M ineral A cids O i l s , F ate a v/axea Inks ailp h u r Dioxide F a in t s oc Snaraels Sulphur Other Chem icals C oal Tar T oducts O rganic A cids H alogenated Hydrocarbons L acqu er w. V a r n ish Dyes C yanides Cadmium Hydrogen Sulphide Antimony A rsenic Manganese R ad ioactive ju b stm ca s Benzene C hlorine A sbestos Dust Chromium Fhosphorus A n ilin e M edicines F luorine ftSSK fiU s A lcoh ols, ie te r s , there i.ufflber o f Work e r s i n *ich I n d u s tr y o r 3 e r v ic e G'oup E xposed t o 3p e c i f i e d M a te r ia ls --------------, A ll Sfctrac- Chem ical1Clay jC lo th im Food & \ Iron Indus t rie t l o n o f at A l l i e d G la s s a V.<nufo A l l ie d Surveys! Wine r a la Indus t r ie S to n e t u r ln g Industrie a S t e e l 31130 89119 887o 8795 3581 O8o3 6374 5750 5312 4723 3154 2923 916 2767 2485 2451 2415 2170 1638 1307 1031 370 796 753 619 610 492 446 390 356 282 3o4 38 176 172 157 137 126 106 103 98 39 63 45 n u 19 4606 18601 979 943 2843 97 2646 298 2232 529 1712 52 276 227 522 2133 o4 40 37 102 156 30 2 3 34 123 30 12 159 - 44 - * 76 15 8 So 12 IT T il 1799 80 105 o3 128 22 175 30 86 38 - 19 47 75 3 123 51 106 50 o3 24 30 91 91 33 56 7 26 21 12 5 20 6 4 3 13 21 * 5 5 13 6 1 944 1935 90 lu l 173 301 66 619 62 36 - 199 38 4 4 6 11 12 S 18 8 - a - 30 3 1 . 30 - " 3o7 8911 6272 293 17642 25055 822 4705 1 831 3175 3 856 2947 12 5377 338 - 433 2171 143 1840 197 10 45 150 2 521 1914 i 399 669 17 2077 2 4 38 1280 4 3u 821 - 889 393 - 79 14 70 76 29 1815 - _ 1204 3 _ 380 194 10 48 22 1 110 5 - 33 45b 14 53 268 - 101 m - ISO 45 10 b 204 - 37 31 2 - 2 13 6 84 5 59 - . * 51 . . - m 42 - - - 17 . . 9b _ _ _ 49 _ 31 . 24 - - - - 1? - i P e t a l s , L e a th e r j 1jiinhAP other Ihiri In d u s- A ; Iron d t r i e s pjrnit^xe S te el b06 163 877 foper P rin tin g i allied Industrian 1281 T extile Hanuf.io, tu rin g _J la n e o u e Manufac tu rin g i 2514 tio n 2020 862 391 231 lo8 13 144 83 147 79 01 136 99 349 56 181 18 - 3 92 14 3 132 4 2 14 - 17 . 31 80 70 4 13b b 333 _ 11 - 17 9 87 - 1 . -- 6 12 - 15 42 15 4 26 ,, - 19 9 4 7 5 19 24 . _ . * 1355 41 18 20 1 157 600 31 81 26 2 70 6 22 - 49 9 4 10 25 7 2 64 2 1 14 4 3b 31 1 _ m - I 418 442 95 ? a 151 a 97 5 * 1 436 12 292 - 12 44 16 414 16 17 2 10 19 3 18 . 8 _ m 145 2 60 265 10418 3836 9 87b 439 1 9b4 226 2 797 653 - 347 3 3 407 112 J02 1443 69 2 320 157 1 621 b92 1 2C 72 - 373 - lo4 306 1 587 137 7 213 122 - - - 6 921 426 7 5 5 1 10 2 i 323 91 156 31 i 131 4 58 10 49 142 * 378 *. - 318 - 27 31 - 46 4 - 281 6 5 35 93 3 82 . . 5 2 . 128 _ . _ - 17 - 37 6 1 7 _ - * - - 23 - B - 45 a - - - = : - 21 . I 41 - S e r v ic e 1532 1307 2 33 39 ! 24 11 8o 3b 42 34 16 10 2 153 _ 137 167 35 5 1-1 170 3 16 1 4 63 71 1 54 2 _ - 16 38 - 15 i Tani.il 1 3 . PSttCSI.T.VS OF TOT.U, MJ16EH OF ffiRXZR IK EACH XMD3IHV CH S2RVIC GKOUF 3XP03SH TO SPECIFIED UVT.ii(lAL M aterial P e r c e n ta g e o f T o t a l ihamt e r o f W orkers in than 0 . 1 , shown by { * } / A ll E xtrac DieralcBl Clay C lo th in g h d u striei t i o n o f i A llie d G la s s <i K anufac~ 3urveyei M in erals Industrie: Stone ture Each In d u stry o r S e r v ic e Group Exposed to Food A A llied Industrie Iron & steel M etals DtherThon L ea th er Iron & S te el Lumber S p e c i f i e d M a te r ia l^ B er c e n t a g s , whe r e l e a s Paper &. Frintinja T ex tile M iscel I&nufao lan eou s tu re Manufac tu rin g Trans porta tio n Personal S e r v ic e S'luumrvbeeyredof1P.laonrtkse:rs i n 3 1 130 4 6 0 6 7 6 1 . 9 44 3 6 7 3911 6272 606 133 877 1281 276 2514 2030 1532 Other !tet:ls O ther Gases Carbon Monoxide O ther D erm a titis Producs S i li c a Dust O rganic Dust S i lic a t e Dust Petroleum Products Coal D u st, bitum inous Tem perature Change Mon S i l i c e o u s D u st Lead A lk a lin e Compounds Ore D u st O rganic S o lv en ts In fection s S a lts , Inorganic M ineral A cids O i l s , P e t s .a Waxes Inks Sulphur D ioxide F a in ts & Enamels aiinhu r Other Chem icals Coal Tar Products O rganic Acids H algenated Hydrocarbons Lacquer at V a r n is h e s Dyes C y a n id es Cadmium tydraen a ilp h id e Antimony A rsenic Manganese R ad ioactive Substances Benzene C hlorine A sbestos Dust Chromium fhosphoruB A n iline M edicines F lu o r in e M ercury A ld eh yd es A lcoh ols, E sters, Ethers 2 8 .5 2 8 ,3 2 7 .6 2 2 ,0 2 0 .5 1 8 .5 17.1 1 5 .? 10.1 9 .4 9 .4 3 .9 8 .0 7 .9 7 .8 7.C 5 .4 4 ,2 3 .3 2 .8 2 .6 2 .4 J.O 2 .0 1 .6 1 .4 1 .3 1 .1 .9 .8 .7 .6 .6 .5 .4 .4 .3 .3 .3 .3 .2 .1 .1 .1 .1 .1 .1 2 1 .3 6 3 .9 61*8 2 .1 5 5 .3 6 .5 4 8 .5 1 1 .5 3 7 .2 1 ,1 6.C 4 .9 1 1 .3 4 7 ,5 1 .4 .9 1 .9 2 .2 3 .4 - 1 .7 * .7 2 .7 .7 - .3 3 .5 1 .9 - - 1 .7 - .3 .2 1 .2 .3 .2 .5 .4 - 1 0 .5 1 3 .8 8 ,9 1 6 .8 2 .9 23 .C 7.*9 11.3 5 .0 * 2 .5 9 .9 .4 1 6 .2 6 .7 13.9 6 .6 8 .3 3 .2 3 .9 1 2 .0 1*1.0 4 .3 7 .4 .9 3 .3 2 .8 1 .6 *7 * 2 ,6 .9 .5 .4 1 .7 2 .3 .7 .7 1*7 .8 - .4 .3 9 .5 1 7 .1 1 8 .3 - 3 1 .9 7.C 6 5 .6 6*6 9 .1 - 2 1 .1 4 .0 .4 -- .4 . .6 1 .2 1 .3 . .5 1 ,9 - .3 - * .3 . -- - 3.2 - ,3 .1 - 3 .2 - - .3 .8 3 .3 - 3 9 ,0 2 .7 ,5 .3 - ,5 1 ,1 - - 3 .8 7 .9 - 2 .7 .3 - 3 .3 - 2 .7 .5 3 .5 1 ,4 - 4 .6 - - * - 2 .2 9 .3 9 .6 6 0 .3 5 ,4 2 0 ,6 .5 5 .8 4 .6 2 .4 5*5 l.C 1 0 .0 .8 2 0 .4 1 3 ,5 4 .3 5 .5 1 .2 .4 .6 1.1 1 .7 .1 2 .7 .1 .7 * - 5 - ,2 .1 7 5 .0 S O .6 4 7 ,0 1 3 .4 3 4 .6 7 .9 2 6 .3 3 0 .5 1 0 .7 3 3 .1 2 0 .4 1 3 .1 6 .3 1 .3 4 ,4 3 .1 .4 .1 7 .3 4 ,3 .7 3 .3 .5 1 ,3 ,, .7 1 .6 *5 .4 " - 6 4 .5 3 8 .1 2 7 .7 2.3 2 3 ,8 1 4 .5 2 4 .3 1 3 .0 1 5 .0 3 0 ,7 lo .3 5 7 .6 9 .2 2 9 .9 3 ,0 | - ,5 1 5 .2 2 .3 .5 2 1 .3 ,7 .3 2 ,3 - " 2 .8 - 5 .1 1 3 .2 1 1 .6 ,7 2 .4 1 .0 " " 1*0 1.2 " * * * 6 .7 - 1 0 .4 5 .5 5 3 .4 .6 -- 3 .7 7 .4 9 .2 2 5 .8 9 ,2 2 .5 1 6 .0 1 1 .7 5 ,5 2 .5 4 .3 3 ,1 1 1 .7 1 4 .7 * * - " " ~ .6 " ~ " 4 .7 2 .1 2 .3 .1 17.9 68.4 3 .5 9 .2 3.C .2 8.C 3 .0 2 .5 5 .6 1 .0 .5 1 .1 2 ,9 .8 .2 7 .3 .2 .1 1*6 ,5 4*1 3 ,5 .1 * " " .1 " " " * " 3 4 ,5 7 .4 .5 .5 .6 1 1 .8 .2 7 .6 .4 .1 3 4 .0 ,9 -- 2 2 .8 .9 3 ,4 1 ,2 3 2 ,3 1 .2 1 .3 .2 8 1 ,5 .2 1 .4 * ,6 _ * 1 1 .3 " .2 " 4 .7 " 1 .8 i * " ,o * - 3 .3 .4 .7 - 1 .1 7 3 .2 .7 ,4 .4 .7 .4 2 .5 2 .2 2 .5 .4 .4 .4 3 .6 - : 1 .8 1 .1 " " " " " " " * 3 4 .8 3 8 .3 3 1 .7 1 3 .8 1 6 .2 5 7 ,6 1 2 ,7 2 4 .7 ,8 1 4 .8 6 .5 2 3 ,4 a .5 - 3 6 .6 .2 8 .4 1 2 .8 6 .2 5.U 2. 3 1 ,9 1 5 .0 1 2 .7 1 .1 1 .8 11*2 1 ,4 3 .3 .2 5 .1 ,7 " 1 .5 2 1 ,9 * 2 1 .7 1 1 .2 3 2 .3 .1 5 ,5 3 .4 7 .8 3 4 .2 3 .6 1 5 .1 6 .3 6 .0 -- 2 1 .1 ,2 .1 4 .5 1 .5 .2 7 .0 - " 1.5 .2 ,3 4 ,6 .1 " " " " * .1 2 .2 2 .5 1*6 .7 5 .6 2 .3 2 .7 2 ,2 l.C .7 .1 - 1 0 .0 8 .9 1 0 .9 2 .3 .3 .9 1 1 .1 .2 1 .0 1 .3 4 .1 "4 . 6 1 3*5 .1 " * * 1 .0 4*0 * 1 .0 .2 _L TABLi 1 . PERCENTAGE OF TOT. iL EXP8UK2B TO SPECIFIED MAT5KIAL3 OCCURRING IN BACK OF I d s I haUSTiOAL sOUPS STUDlaJ) M aterials Number o f w orkers In Surveyed P lants: P ercen tage o f Tforkers In Surveyed P lants: Nimbar 0f Sxposures to S p ecified M aterials in A ll In d u stries Surveyed 31130 1 0 0 .0 O ther V-etals O ther Gases Carbon Monoxide O ther D erm a titis itoAj 31 l i e n Dust O rganic Dust S ilic a te Lust Petroleum Products Coal D u st, Bitum inous Tem perature Change Non S i l i c e o u s D u st Lead .A lk a lin e Compounds ure Dust O rganic S o lv en ts In fection S a lts , Inorganic M ineral Acids O i l s , F a t s ek '/axes Inks Sulphur D ioxide i u i n t s name I s Sulphur Other C hem icals Coal Tar Products O rganic Acids H alogenated Hydroc -rtcr L acqu er 6r V a r n ish e s Dyes C y a n id es Cadmium Hydrogen dulphide Antimony A rsenic Ifcnganese R adioactive Substances Benzene C hlorine A sbestos D ist Chromium Fhosphorus A n iline M edicines F luorine iS S S lg fc., A l c o h o l s , E s t e r s , Ethers 8876 8795 8531 6863 6374 5750 5312 4728 3154 2923 2916 2767 2485 2451 2415 2170 1688 1307 1031 870 796 763 619 610 492 446 390 356 282 264 208 176 172 157 137 126 106 103 98 89 63 45 44 42 & 19 F ercen Lage o f T o t a l Expa s u r e s t< th e Spt c l f i e d le s # t lan 0 . 1 , shown by (* 1 / E xtrac Siem ical Clay '"ood 4 t io n o f & A llie d G lass A C lothing A llie d M in er a ls Industries S to n e Manu. Industrias ftI r o n S teel 4606 761 944 367 8911 6272 1 4 .8 1 1 .0 3 3 .5 3 3 .2 1 .4 3 9 .9 5 .2 4 2 .0 1 1 .2 5 4 .2 1 .8 9 .5 8 .2 21.C 8 9 .3 2 .7 1 .9 5 .1 7 .8 1 5 .1 * 10.C .3 .5 5 .6 25.C 6 .7 * 4 .2 6 0 .2 25 .C 6 0 .3 1 4 .6 8 .2 - 8 8 .9 2 6 .7 2 0 .5 5 4 .8 4 1 .5 " 2 .4 .9 1 .2 .8 1 .9 .3 3.C 1 .1 1 .8 1 .2 - .7 1 .7 3*0 .1 5 .1 2 .4 6 .2 3 .8 6 .1 2 .8 3 .8 1 2 .1 1 4 .7 5 .4 1 1 .4 1 .6 6 .4 5 ,9 4 .2 1 .9 - 1 1 .4 3 .5 2 .6 2 .2 1 0 .3 1 9 .8 - 6 .1 5 .6 2 8 .9 1 3 .6 - * 3 .0 1 .0 1 .8 2.C 4 .7 1 .2 1 1 .6 1 .3 2 .7 6 .8 1 .4 .2 .2 _ .4 .8 1 .2 .6 2 .4 1 .3 _ 2 .2 . 2 1 .9 - 2 .8 l.C 3 3 .7 " " 1 .2 _ * * .2 2 .5 .2 * * - .1 .1 - .6 1 .3 - 1 .0 ,1 1 .9 . 2.C * .5 1 3.7 1 .8 - 1 0 .8 - 2 8 .6 9 .5 9 .4 1 0 .0 7 8 .4 7 .6 3 2 .C .8 ll.C 12,7 7.4 1 6 .7 3 .1 3 5 .8 * 2 ,9 8 3 .7 7 1 .3 2 9 .1 4 7 .1 1 2 .6 4*1 7 .0 16.3 2 4 .6 1*2 5 3 .1 * 1 .7 2 0 .9 . _ . 4 7 .6 - 2 0 .2 5 3 .0 3 6 .1 3 4 .3 1 2 .2 3 4 .1 8 .7 3 1 ,1 4 0 ,5 2 1 .2 71.C 4 3 .9 2 9 .7 16*0 3 .2 1 1 .4 _ .2 1 4 .8 2 .1 .6 5 7 .3 3 5 .6 - 7 .4 4 1 .5 7 .0 ,5 2 3 .6 - 1 9 .3 - 2 3 .8 - 7 0 .1 _ - 3 1 .6 2 7 .0 m - * Ma t e r i a l R ecu rr M etals Other Ihar r a t h e r to iS te 606 163 2 ,0 4 .4 2 .6 2.C .2 2 .3 1 .5 2 .8 1 .7 2 .9 6 ,4 3 .4 1 2 .6 2 .2 7 ,4 8 _ ,2 7 ,0 1 .4 .3 1 6 ,6 5 .3 2 .3 _ m 4 .8 - 1 1 .7 3 8 .5 3 9 .8 2 .3 8 6 ,6 4*4 . - 6 .7 1 1 .1 a " * O .S 1 - .2 .1 1 .5 - * _ * * .2 .5 _ .6 1 .9 .9 .3 2 .5 . 2 .5 1 .5 .6 1 .4 1 .1 5 .3 8 .5 . 1.1 I n Each I n d u s t r i a l Qroup P e r c e n ta g e , winere R ip .r T e x t ile a t s o , x - Trsr.apor Lumber lin u f j C- la n e o u s t s t l o n 4 PeremeJ P r in tin g tu r in g lbnu* C oon- 877 1281 276 2514 2020 1532 1 2 .8 .6 .2 .2 2 .5 1 0 .4 .6 1 .7 ,8 .1 2 .4 .9 9 . 2 .0 .4 .2 .8 2 .4 .8 .3 8 .6 .3 .2 2 .9 .9 m 1 0 ,1 1 1 .0 .4 _ . - ,9 z " 4*1 5 .0 1 ,1 .1 .1 .1 2 .6 .1 2 .1 ,2 m 1 5 .8 .5 1 2 .1 .7 3 .4 1 .6 4 7 ,6 2 .1 2 .7 .3 2 .0 4 ,3 .8 5 .1 3.C . 8 4.3 . 1 .4 5 6 .7 - 2 6 .9 - 3 1 .1 1 8 .2 7 .1 3 7 .9 9 4 .7 0 .9 .1 * _ 3 .5 * * * .1 m2 - ,2 .3 .1 .1 .1 1 .3 . * - 1.4 1.1 . - " 8 .1 9 .9 1 1 ,0 9 ,3 6 .1 6 .4 2 5 .2 6 .0 1 3 .1 6 1 2 .8 5 .6 2 1 .2 8 .6 3 6 .1 .2 1 2 .4 2 4 .7 1 5 .1 1 5 .1 7 .3 6 .5 6 1.1 5 2 .1 5 .5 1 0 .3 7 2 .1 9 .8 2 9 .1 1 .9 6 1 .5 9 .9 2 9 .4 3 .8 - 4 5 .9 -- 4 7 .7 - 9 .7 " 6*5 4 .9 2 .6 7 .6 1 .8 1 .2 3 .0 1 4 .7 2 .3 * 1 0 .6 5 .0 4 .9 - 1 7 .6 .2 .1 7 .0 3 .0 +5 1 8 .9 - 6 .3 .9 1 .5 2 6 .1 .8 . .9 9 .2 - z2 .4 4 .9 e .4 .6 .3 .2 1 .5 .7 ,9 1.1 .5 .3 .1 6 .1 5 .7 7 .7 2 .1 .4 1 .4 1 9 .5 * .4 2 .6 2 .8 1 4 .1 IB .2 .3 1 9 .2 .8 - 16.1 3 6 ,9 1 3 .3 3 5 .7 6 .3 TABLE 15. EXTRACTION OF MINERALS - NUMBER OF WORKERS EXPOSED TO SPECIFIED MATERIALS Number o f W orkere i n Each I n d u s t r i a l S u b d iv isio n Exposed to S pecified M aterials M aterial T o ta l Number o f W orkers Employed! A l l Ex tractio n of M irerais 4606 Coal Mines 1525 Gold and S ilver M ines 1202 O ther Mines 1568 Q uarries Petroleum 235 76 O ther Gages Carbon Monoxide S ilic a Duet S ilic a te Dust Ore Duet Coal D ust, Bitum inous O ther M etals Petroleum Products A lk a lin e Compounds O rganic Dust Non S i l i c e o u s D uet Lead C y a n id e s O i l s , F a t s & Waxes Coal Tar Products M ineral Acids O th er D e rm a titis Produrra S a lts , Inorganic S ulphur Dioxide R adioactive Substances O rganic S olvents Phosphorus T em perature Change Hydrogen Sulphide In fectio n s Chem icals O rganic Acids F lu o rin e M ercury C hlorine Dyes A n ilin e Compounds M edicines A sbestos Dust S u lp h u r P a in t & Enamel 2943 2848 2546 2232 2183 1712 979 529 522 298 276 227 159 156 123 102 97 87 80 76 64 56 52 44 40 34 30 23 17 15 12 12 9 8 3 2 1285 803 1285 728 133 986 4 937 1027 1498 86 35 669 67 176 4 496 81 135 4 25 19 97 - 101 - 75 - 123 2 69 9 46 - 46 67 - - 1 5 - 56 - - - - 9 10 - 10 - 16 - 23 - 17 - 2 - - - - w - _ a - - 777 772 1282 1257 1161 98 254 176 5 66 no 72 53 81 - 27 42 29 13 76 - - 13 4 13 19 - - 13 - - 9 - - 2 23 55 18 45 144 1 34 - - - 21 9 17 4 62 48 3 9 10 6 136 1 13 26 - _ _ _ - * 4 _ - - 12 - - _ - 16 42 - - - 39 - 40 8 _ 5 H - - _ - - * - 12 _ 12 _ . _ - 3 TABLE 1 6 . EXTRACTION OF tUNERALS - PERCEITAQE OF WORKERS EXPOSED TO SPECIFIED MATERIALS P ercen tag e o f W orkers in Each I n d u s tr ia l S u b d iv isio n Exposed to S p e c ifie d M a te ria ls (P e rc e n ta g e where l e s s th a n 1 .0 shown Material by) All Ex traction of Minerals Coal Mine 3 Gold and Silver Mines Other Mines Quarries Petroleum iI Total Number of Workers 4.606 Employed: 1525 1202 1568 235 76 1 Other Gases 63.9 34.3 66.3 49.6 Carbon Monoxide 61.3 34-3 60.6 49.2 Silica Dust 55.3 3.7 32.0 81.3 Silicate Dust 43.5 * 73.0 30.2 Ore Dust 47.5 - 35.4 74.0 Coal Dust, Bituminous 37.2 93.2 7.2 6.3 Other Metals 21.3 2.3 55.7 16.2 Petroleum Products 11.5 4.4 14.6 11.2 Alkaline Compounds 11.3 * 41.3 * Organic Dust 6*5 5.3 11.2 4.2 Non Siliceous Dust 6.0 * 2.1 7.0 Lead 4.9 1.2 3.1 4.6 Cyanides 3.5 - 3.4 3.7 Oils, Fats 3c Waxes 3.4 - 6.2 5.2 Coal Tar Products 2.7 * 10.2 - Mineral Acids 2.2 5.7 1.7 Othr Dermatitis ihxUceis 2.1 * 3.3 2.7 Salts, Inorganic 1.9 - 3.3 1.3 Sulphur Dioxide 1.7 - 5.6 * Radioactive Substances 1.7 - - 4.3 Organic Solvents 1.4 * * - Phosphorus 1.2 - 4.7 - Extreme TemperatitiCharge 1.1 - - Hydrogen Sulphide 1.0 - - # Infections * -- * * Chemicals * * # 1.2 Organic Acids * - 1.3 - Fluorine * - 1.9 - Mercury * - 1.4 - Chlorine * - * * Dyes * - - - Aniline Compounds * - - - Medicines * - - * Asbestos Dust * - * - Sulphur * - - - Paint & Enamel * * 9.3 72.4 ; 7.7 59.2 i 61.3 1.3 ! 14.5 " * - 3.9 11.3 1 7.2 5.3 j 26.4 63.2 3.4 U.8 : 4.3 7.9 : 57.9 1.3 : 5.5 34.2 ; - - : - - I - - \ - 5.3 - - * - 15.3 ! - - I - - 1 6.8 55.3 - - 1 - 51.3 - 52.6 3.4 -- - 6.6 6.0 - - - - - - - - 15.3 - 15.3 - - - ' - 3.9 ! TABLE 1 7 , CHEMICAL AMD ALLIED INDUSTRIES - NUMBER OF T.'ORKBRS EXPOSED TO SPECIFIED MATERIALS. Humber of Workers in Each Industrial Subdivision Exposed to Specified Materials Materials Total Number of Vforker3 Employed; All Chera- SExplosives,! Paint & ical fitAllied* Ammunition Fertilizer Varnish Industries fit Fire Works Factories ; Factories ' ' 761 141 56 102 Other Chemical Factories T 1 Organic Dust Other DennatitisProducers Organic Solvents Salts, Inorganic Other Gases Sulphur Paint & Enamel Petroleum Products Other Metals Alkaline Comoounds Carbon Monoxide Oils, Fats fit flaxes Silicate Dust Coal Tar Products Infections Mineral Acids Lead Coal Dust, Bituminous Chemicals Sulphur Dioxide Halogenated tydrocarbons Inks Silica Dust Benzene Lacquer & Varnish Hydrogen Sulphide Non Siliceous Dust Aniline Radioactive Substances Dyes Organic Acids Aldehydes Medicines Antimony Cyanides Asbestos Dust Chromium Arsenic Manganese Mercury Ore Dust 175 128 123 106 105 91 91 86 80 75 68 63 60 56 51 50 47 38 33 30 25 24 22 21 21 ' 20 19 13 13 12 7 6 6 O 5 5 5 4 3 33 S3 | 16 60 44 _ lr . 53 30 30 5 57 - 17 - 34_ 3 _ 17 7 22 7 3 ~ - 39 13 __ - 8 5 2 * - 17 - 1 1 17 - - " - - - - - - " - * 1_ -- - -- _ - - - - - -- -- * 15 61 1 23 20 103 13 5 - 70 5 29 29 45 9 40 18 62 9 66 ! 2 42 ! 24 10 : 18 34 3 53 ! - 12 ! 5 32 39 3 223 2 29 - 30 - 25 - 7 12 8 4 -- 16 5 20 2 17 1 12 - 13 8 4 - 7 1 5 1 4 3 3 ! 3 2 5 4 1 - 4 3 - --3 -3 TABLE 1 8 . CHEMICAL i ALLIED INDUSTRIES - PERCENTAE OF WORKERS EXPOSED TO SPECIFIED _______ M A T E R I A L S , ______________________________________________________ Materials Percentage of Workers In Each Industrial Subdivision Exposed to Specified Materials (Percentage, when less than 1.0. shown by (*) ) All Chem Explosives ical AmmunitiorFertilizer Paint Other Mlied & Fire Factories Varnish Chemical Industries Works Factories Factories Total Number of Workers 761 U1 Surveyed* 56 102 462 Organic Dust 23.0 58.9 Other Dermstitus Producers 16.3 A2.6 Organic Solvents 16.2 - Salts, Inorganic 13.9 1.1 Other Oases 13.3 21.3 Sulphur 12.0 40.4 Paint it Enamel 12.0 12.1 Petroleum Products 11.3 24.1 Other Metals 10.5 - Alkaline Compounds 9.9 - Carbon Monoxide 3.9 12.1 Oils, Fata i Waxe3 3.3 15.6 Silicate Dust 7.9 5.7 1 Coal Tar Products 7.A j Infections 6.7 - j mineral Acids 6.6 9.2 I Lead 6.2 - Coal Dust, Bituminous 5.0 5.7 i Chemicals, i*Q*S, 4.3 1.4 Sulphur Dioxide 3.9 - Halogenated idrocarbons 3.3 - Inks 3.2 12.1 Silica Dust 2.9 # Benzene 2.8 12.1 Lacquer Sc Varnish 2.3 - Hydrogen Sulphide 2.6 - Non Siliceous Dust 2.5 - Aniline 1.7 - Radioactive Substances 1.7 - Eyes 1.6 - Organic Acids * - Aldei^-des * - Medicines * * Antimony * - Cyanides * - Asbestos Dust * - Chrorniura * - Arsenic * - > Manganese # - Mercury * - Ore Dust 23.6 14.7 78.6 1.0 - 19.6 53-6 12.7 3.9 - - .9 - 28 .A 5.4 3.8 -- 17.6 - 3.8 12.5 2.0 12.5 23.5 0 17.6 - 2.9 69.6 - - 4.9 - 33.2 3.9 2.9 - 2.0 - - - - - - 1.8 11.3 - 3.9 - 15.7 - - 2.0 - 1.0 - - - 7.3 - - - 1.0 - 1.0 - 2.9 - 2.9 - 4.9 - 3.9 - - - 2.9 - 2.9 13.2 5.0 22.3 1.1 15.2 6.3 9.7 8.7 13.4 14.3 9.1 2.2 7.4 11.5 2.6 6.9 1.7 4.3 6.3 6*5 5.4 1.5 1.7 1.1 4.3 3.7 2*6 r 2.3 A ! 1.5 j l.l * * - * * # TABLE 1 9 . CLA2, GLASS 4 STOKE INDUSTRIES - NUMBER OF WORKERS EXPOSED TO SPECIFIED MATERIALS. Number of Workers in Each Industrial Subdivision Exposed to the Specified Materials. Materials All Clay, Glass & Brick. Stone and Industries Tile Total Number of Workers Surveyed: 9U 545 Lime, Ce Glass ment 4 Potteiy FactorieJ Artificial Plants Stone Factories 35 133 192 Marble dt Stone Yards 39 Silicate Dust 619 405 24 44 123 18 Silica Dust 301 105 16 97 57 26 Non Siliceous Dust 199 34 17 101 10 37 Carbon Monoxide 173 87 - 51 35 - Other Oases 161 75 - 51 35 - Other Metals 90 32 19 6 32 1 Coal Dust, Bituminous 86 66 - 17 2 1 Organic Dusts 66 55 - - 11 - Petroleum Products 62 28 - 22 1 11 Lead 33 27 3 6 2 - Manganese 30 1 - . 29 - Chromium 30 1 - - 29 - Paint 4 Enamel 18 M 4 _ _ _ Oils, Fats 4 Aaxes 12 1 _ _ 11 Mineral Acids 11 1 10 -- _ Lacquer & Varnish Chemicals a3 2 - 6 _ _ 6 _ 2 _ _ Salts, Inorganic 6 2 2 - 2 Sulphur Dioxide 5 5 - - - - Alkaline Compounds 4 . 2 _ 2 Organic Solvents 4 1 3 - _ _ Benzene 3 - 3 _ _ _ Chlorine 1 1 TABLE 2 0 . CLAY, GLASS t STONE INDUSTRIES - PERCE.iTAGE OF WORKERS EXPOSED TO ______________ SPECIFIED MATERIALS._____________________________________________________________ Percentage o f Workers In Each I n d u s tria l Subdivision Exposed I ^ B ^ c ifie d M a te ria ls (P ercentage,w hen l e s s th an 1 .0 shown Materials ill Clay, liass Sc Stone industries Total Number of Workers Surveyed: 944 Brick r Tile 545 Lime, Ce Class ment St Factories artificia Stone Factories Fottery Plants 133 192 Garble k Stone lards 39 Silicate Dust Silica Dust Non Siliceous Dust Carbon Monoxide Other Gases Other Metals Coal Dust, Bituminous Organic Dusts Petroleum Products Lead Manganese Chromium Paint & Enamel Oils, Fats & Waxes Mineral Acids Lacquer Sc Varnish Chemicals Salts, Inorganic Sulnhur Dioxide Alkaline Compounds Organic Solvents Benzene Chlorine .............. 65.6 74.3 68.6 331 31.9 19.3 45.7 72.3 21.1 6.2 48.6 75.9 18.3 16.0 38.3 17.1 13.8 - 33,3 9.5 5.9 54.3 4.5 9.1 12.] _ 12.8 7.0 10.1 - - 6.6 5.1 - 16.5 4.0 5.0 3.6 4.5 3.2 * - - 3.2 # - - 1.9 2.6 11.4 - 1.3 * - - 1.2 28.6 _ * * 17.1 _ * - - 4.5 +1 * 5.7 - * * - - * - 5.7 _ * # 8.6 - * - 8.6 - * * 66.7 46.2 29.7 66.7 5.2 94.9 13.2 _ 18.2 - 16.7 2.6 1.0 2.6 5.7 _ * 23.2 1.0 - 15.1 * 15.1 _ _ _ 28.2 _ - I _ _ 1.0 _ 1.0 - - - 1.0 _ - - - * TABLE 2 1 . CLOTHIHG IiDUTRIFS - ilUMBEF OF V.ORKEFB EXPOSED TO SPECIFIED laATEhlALS i Material 1 ______ 1 Total Number of Workers Surveyed: i Organic Dust 1 Infections Arsenic Organic Solvents Paint & hamel Lacquer c Varnish Other Dermatitis Producers Coal Tar Products Silicate Dust Oils* Fats Waxes Dyes Lead Carton Monoxide Non Siliceous Dust Halogenated I^rdrocarbons Petroleum Products Coal Dust, Bituminous Other Gases Ink Number of Workers in Each Industrial Subdivision Exposed to the | Specified Materials. i All Clothing Coats, Suita 1 Furs 6 Fur Other Clothing Indifitriea & Overalls Clothing Factories 367 227 ! 80 ! 60 L __________________ __________ _ _L _ J : ! L43 55 : 54 34 i 29 t 29 : 17 17 ! H H U 1 U - 13 13 : 12 12 10 j 10 i 10 1 10 i 10 ! 10 " t 5 J 5 - ! 4 1 4 - 3 2 ! i 2 2 * 2 j 2 !4f 2 i 1 i ; 1 1 ! _ 1 i ; - 1 ! i - ,, i TABLE 2 2 . CLOTHING INDUSTRIES - PERCENTAGE OF KORKERS EXPOSED TO SPECIFIED MATERIALS. Material Total Number of Workers Surveyed: i Organic Dust I Infections Arsenic Organic Solvents Paint & Enamel j Lacquer Varnish ! Other Dermatitis Producers Coal Tar Products Silicate Dust Oils, Fats St flaxes Dyes ! Lead Carbon Monoxide Non Siliceous Dust Halogenated %drocarbons Petroleum Products Coal Dust, Bituminous Other Gases Ink Percentage of Workers in Each Industrial Subdivision Exposed to the Specified Material (Percentage, here less than 1.0 shown by () ) All Clothing Industries Coats, Suits St Overalls Furs -St Fur Clothing Other Clothing Factories 367 227 80 60 39.0 24.2 7.9 - 4.6 _ 3.8 _ 3.8 _ 3.5 -- 3.3 2.7 _ _ 2.7 _ 2.7 1.4 1.1 - * * * _ * * * * * * * * 67.5 56.7 36.3 21.3 _ 17.5 _ 17.5 16.3 _ 15.0 _ 12.5 _ 12.5 12.5 _ 6.3 . 5.0 _ 1.7 2.5 2.5 1.3 1.7 _ " 1.7 TABLE 23. FOOD & ALLIED INDUSTRIES - NUMBER OF WORKERS EXPOSED TO SPECIFIED MATEHI\LS M aterials T o ta l Number o f Workers Surveyed; Oth*r D erm atitis Producers O rganic IXtst In fe c tio n s S a lts. Inorganic A lk alin e Compounds Carbon Monoxide O ther Gases Other Metals Petroleum Products Non S ilic e o u s IXista O ils , F a ts dt Waxes S ilic a Duat Coal Dust, Bituminous M ineral Acids Organic Acids Dentieratu r e Change Chemicals Ink Sulphur Laad Organic Solvents DyeB P a in t A Enamel Chlorine S ilic a te Duet Sulphur Dioxide Mercury Aldehyde* Coal Tar Products Lacquer < V arnish Nimber o f Works ra in Eac h In d u st r i a l Subd i v i s io n 2xpoaed t o th e 3pe c i f l e d Mei t e r i a l s AU Pood 3c A llie d B ak eries Indust r i s 8911 1185 Dairy Confec Products tionaries 886 309 Flour & Grain M ills 387 F r u i t * S lau^rtei Sugar Klo Ice V egetabl & RacMni t o r ie s dfc ite nnf a c Canning Houses K afirertei to r in g 2243 1026 1979 254 Spices tc Coffee 63 Other Liquor Food & R e to ric i Beverages 186 393 5377 1840 1815 1204 889 856 831 822 521 488 486 483 399 380 237 217 150 uo 101 86 70 59 53 49 45 33 17 12 6 6 603 215 293 61 - - 156 88 27 135 245 48 42 16 10 9 42 38 2 5 270 27 -- - m8 22 2 55 - 3 - - 4 - 4 - 1 2 4 25 15 - - 5 6 - 22 2 4 - 5 - - _ _ 1 5 175 74 1860 32 287 153 - 10 1057 6 29 565 - 14 123 44 5 23 3 5 15 - 4 540 3 22 43 w 20 3 22 7 7 . 2 9 4 11 31 - 1 - 7 - 90 - - 15 - 1 2 96 - -, - - 1 5 - - 5 3 -- -- - - 13 - 11 - - - - * - 12 - _ 6 __ 856 1511 11 323 554 14 329 419 - 201 50 19 61 418 - 130 330 8 217 465 16 15 215 1 62 192 42 14 438 1 65 42 - 1 471 37 233 27 301 - 22 92 - - 202 - 140 -- 4 - - 96 - - 68 -- 4 2 7 56 - - 23 _ - 13 - 14 _ 4 - 33 * _ - - - 12 - _ 2 121 49 28 49 56 - - * - 74 15 -e 7 104 3 4 16 2 . 50 - - 28 - 3 74 2 3 1 25 20 - - _ 1 - 25 - * 21 - 7 16 m - - - * 3 - 6 _ - 4 - -- . 6 * 4 8 - - 6 - 3 - 2 3 16 - - - - - - - _ _ _ TABLE 24. FOOD d*LIiO INDUSTRIES - PERCENTAGE LF V/GRK2R3 EXPOSED ft, SPECIFIE M ateriels P ercen tag e c f V/crkers in Each I n d u s tr i <1 3ul leo s th in 1 .0 sho"m by (* )/ A ll Feed & A llied Bakeries Dairy Confec Industries Froducts tio n aries Floor Oral M ills T o ta l Number i f "Forkers Surveyed; O ther D e rm a titis Producs Organic Dust In fe c tio n s S alt, Inorganic A lk alin e Compounds Carbon Monoxide Other Gases O th er :.:et il s Petroleum Products Ncn S ilic e o u s Dusts O ils , F a ts & '/axes S ilica aiR t Coal Dust, bitum inous Ulner?. 1 Acids Organic Acids Extreme Tempertu re C h i^ Chemicals Ink Sulphur Lead Organic Solvents Dyer P a in t & Enamel Chlorine S ilic a te Dust Sulphur Dioxide Mercury Aldehydes Coal Tar Products Lacquer & Varnish 2311 60.3 20.6 20.4 13.5 10.0 9 .6 9 .3 9 .3 S.S 5.5 5.5 5.4 4 .5 4.3 2.7 2.4 1.7 1 .2 1.1 l.C * * n * * * * nas 42*4 24.7 13.2 2.3 20.7 3.5 * 3.5 * 22.3 - - -- 2.1 * - * - -_ 886 24. J 5.E 9 .9 15.2 5.4 1.8 1,0 4 .3 * 3.0 2*5 6*2 * * * * 1.7 - * 2.5 - m _ * 309 56.6 10.4 _ 1.9 14.2 l.C - l.C - 7.1 - 1*3 - 2*3 - - - 1.0 " 387 19.1 74.2 2.6 7.5 3 .6 1.3 1.3 1.0 5.7 5.2 1.8 * 2.8 * - - * * 2.8 3.1 1 .6 S p e c ifie d K ite r i .1 ; F e r e e n t r e , .'hero S laughteerni Suugar Fackirrf'actsrie" lieuses H S pef inerie. Ice tnuunfi-n*gc- ; * ------------------------- Spice | O ther Liqu.r Food Cr f f *ee : F a c tc rie - 3sv e r g^s j 1972 254 63 393 ; __ j 4 .? 7*2 65.1 12.5 5 .5 44.4 26.2 14.2 I 7.5 l 39.8 2.2 236.. 3*1 3.3 4a*8o 142.. 7. 16.5 1*6 13* 1. ^ 10.? 1*' 3.2 PCPI I I Hfj* I H * 3 .b 2.8 1.6 1.5 1.6 1.3 4*1 - - I TELE 2 5 . I EON St STEEL INDUSTRIES - NUMBER OF WORKERS EXPOSED TO SPECIFIED MATERIALS Materiel Total Number of Workers Surveyed: O"ther...i..e.t..a.i..s............. ....... Other Gases Carbon iJonoxide Silica Dust Temperature Cnange Petroleum Products Silicate Dust Non Siliceous Dust Other Dermatitis Producers Lead Coal Dust, Bituminous Organic Dust. EulDiiur Dioxide Alkaline Compounds Organic Solvents Paint it Iharael Coal Tar Products Mineral ilcids tingane se Lacuuer u Varnish Ore Dust Cyanide Chemicals iiydrogen Sulphide Asbestos Dust Organic Acids Chromium Oils, rats taxes Ink Salts, Inorganic 1rialojenated rfydrocarbons 1___________________ ___ Number of Workers in Each Industrial Subdivision! Exposed to the Specified Material \ All Iron Automobile Car Steel iAutomobile Ferali* Railroad Induetrieo Factories . Shoos ii Shoos -- 6272 135 34 - X - ----- - 4705 83 14 3175 24 10 2947 58 11 2171 13 3 2077 - - 1914 49 9 1650 66 U 1230 21 3 338 20 - 321 13 3 669 7 1 497 39 7 456 - 398 - 276 5 6 263 19 3 204 - 194 23 - 96 " " 84 4 3 79 51 - 45 * - 42 - - 31 - - 31 - 24 2 22 -- 5 2 - 3 2 2 _ L 739 444 132 204 284 409 113 212 116 215 168 166 33 165 23 10 21 1 6 -- 2 * " - Other Iron & Steel industries r....... 5364 4159 2959 2674 1861 2077 1447 1457 1044 702 535 493 285 456 360 100 218 194 150 96 76 79 45 45 42 29 31 22 22 3 1 2 _______ TABLE 2 6 . I ROW a STEEL INDUSTRIES - PERCEnTALE OF .GFLKEKB EXPOSED TO SPECIFIED MATERIALS Materiel Percentage of Workers in Each Industrial Cubdivision Exposed to the Specified Materials Percentage, where less then 1.0, shown by (*7 All Iron Automobil- Automobile Car and Other Iren steel Factories Repair Railroad &Steel Inrt us trlrs Shops Shoos Industries Total Number of V.orkers durve.ved: 6272 135 34 739 5364 Other Metals Other Gases Carbon Monoxide silic a Dust Tenner-''ture Change ' Petroleum Products Silicate Dust Non siliceous Dust Other Dermatitis Producers Lead * Coal Dust, Bituminous Organic Dust Sulphur Dioxide Alkaline Compounds , Organic Solvents Paint uf Lnamel Coal Tar Products Mineral j>cids Manganese Lacquer Sc Varnish Ore Dust Cyanide Chemicals iydrogen Sulphide Asbestos Dust Organic Acids Chromium Oils, Fats, d .axes Ink Salts, Inorganic iislogenated tfydrocarbons 75.0 50.6 47.0 34.6 33.1 30.5 26.3 20.4 13.4 13.1 10.7 7.9 7.3 6.3 4.4 4.3 3.3 3.1 1.5 1.3 1.3 * * * # * H- 65.2 17.8 43.0 13.3 - 36.3 43.7 15.6 14.8 13.3 5.2 23.9 - - 3.7 14.1 - 17.0 - 3.0 - - - - - - 1.5 - 1.5 1.5 ___________" ______ 41.2 29.4 32.4 23.5 - 26.5 41.2 3.8 - 8.3 2.9 20.6 - - 17.6 23.5 - - - 8.8 - - - - - - - - - - __ - 60.1 24.6 27.6 33.4 - 55.3 15-3 28.7 15-7 29.1 22.7 22.5 - 5.1 22.3 3.1 1.4 2.8 - * - it - * - - - - - 1 - 77.5 55.2 49.9 34.7 33.7 27.0 27.2 19.5 13.1 10.9 9.2 5.3 8.5 6.7 1.9 4.1 3.6 2.8 1.3 1.4 1.5 * * * * -a- * * ** t TjlELL 27. .ETAL IDDUSTDIdS EXCEPT IMXi AND STILL - NUMBED OF QBKEKS i Jur*L>SL-D A. TiiE SPDCIFIL'D iviATERlALS ..laterii'J s 1 1 iI=T-otal..l.i..m...b.e..r...o..f... ..o..r.k..e..r.s-- Surveyed i f Number of \ orkers in Each Industr ial Subdivision II Exposed to the ouecified Materials ,, I a ll don Ferrous Metal Industries H..... .............. 606 i | ! Brass ead Zinc : Mills Factories ! \ ............ ........ | 17 303 i , ! Other !i ifcetsl Factories i ! 236 ! Other Metals 391 ! Lead 349 ! Other Gases 231 ! Temperature Change 136 1Ore Dust 181 i Carbon Monoxide 163 1Silicate Dust 147 ! Silica Dust 144 1Arsenic 136 ! Suiohur Dioxide 132 I Non Siliceous Dust 99 ! Miners! Acids 92 ! Coal Dust Bituminous 91 ! Organic Dust 83 j Cadmium 80 ! Petroleum Products 79 ! Hydrogen Sulphide 70 ! alkaline Compounds 56 ! Cyanide 31 ! Organic Solvents 13 ! Lacquer Varnish 17 j Oils, Pats &Waxes U . Chemicals H Other Dermatitis Producers 13 Phosphorus ? Manganese 6 j Chromium 6 Antimony A Peint i Enamel A Salts, Inorganic 3 Ink 3 Sulphur 2 13 239 1 139 11 236 ! 102 A 204 1 23 - 157 : 29 161 1 20 11 134 1 23 63 ! 34 U iu : 16 70 i 66 132 : - 3 19 i 77 3 is : 74 3 86 ; 2 11 li ! 66 - S 80 1 - 39 i 39 70 2 3 46 1; - * 3 23 i : 17 3 i 13 1 A 9 _ 10 4 " 10 ' 3 - 7 ; - - 6 : - 3 3 A - - - i 4 -- - I 3 - . 3 - 2 TAB1.1. 23. XEZUj IliDUTHti. EXCEPT II J.I a: oT-.ljj - FEtCLiiTAi:# J* l-Ohilrl Xj'ldUL \ w X PBCIFIj'U .aTEPIALS i Lteterie-is i ; Percenter of orl-.ers in Each Industrial oubj iviion j Exnnsed to the Sneclfied .atei i? Is Percentage, icr [ lee.' tlia.'. 1.0, 8:1T.T1 t>- *j7 i-- | All Jon I Ferrous | \ iletei I Iudii, tries J Brssi. dixls ! ;:Lesd x Cine * If-ctories 1 1 Qtlier i ...etti | Fi ct'jrli s Total IJuciner of . orkeis 3 urvev ed : 6l#6 17 303 236 * Other .etaIs : 6*.; i 7 i-- * Lend ! 57.6 64.7 . [ Other Oases ; 3-i.i 23.; j Tenners ture Change I 30.7 - Ore Dust ; a.9 - ; j Carbon Monoxide 27.7 6*7 ! . iillcHte Oust ; 24.3 I lici -AlSt ! 23.3 32.4 nrse -ic 22.4 ! - ; * ouloiiur uioxide : 2i.3 - j Jen .Siliceous lAist 16.3 ; i7.6 ! Binerai Acid3 15.2 17.6 ; Coal lu st, bituminous 15.0 17.6 Organic Du.:t u .; 64.7 Cadmium 13.? - Pctr.'leuni Products 13. 5.9 ;i*'dro-er! Julani'4 11.6 1 - Ji ..line Coir.oounJs 9.2 li .5 Cypilda -.1 17.6 C'r 'rie solvente 3.0 ( ~ 1 Lnc-juei a- Varnish 2.3 17*6 J i 's , r \ ts e .axes 2*3 5.? CherdceIs 1*3 ! - , 0tiier Dermatiti Producers 2.1 - r'hosohorus JmC'-nr n 1.2 1.3 ! - - i Cbroir.-im 1.0 17.6 1 ^iitirr.ou^ '* Paint -i bnariel : - i .ills, Inorr".iic Ink biilpiiur * * i * 7i 77. 67.3 51.3 53.1 44.2 2J.3 37.6 23.1 4-3-6 6*3 5.C 23.4 3-6 - 12.9 - 15.2- . * * 1.3 3-3 3.3 2.3 mr, -o - - " 43.6 35.7 3,0 10.1 7.0 <3.0 2^.4 5.6 23.1 2c.? I 5-, a * 23. i 23.0 15.6 22. . ; 2,7 9.3 c>-,1 l,C 3-1 i-i 1.0 1.3 1.4 1.0 1.3 ___ __ lrcbf-r of '."or'ifcfE in Each Industriel Subdivision Plxpoued tu Specified Matc-rinls : Q 1 "5 & -3 i Cl ||l 1 Eh -J1 : ! 1 ! , cy , i ; i 1 1 P IP 1 1 H 1 1 I f S I f 1 1 1 1 1 5 1 , 5 L1 ! i - o { - S i/1 -m . .J ? r 1 a) o o , -3 M ill h -J i *.. m~a3 Mc J 's , Vs _ Vi ^ " I 'NT * 1 T 'O p te 1 r H r-l H 1 > 1 1 -4 ^ i - t 1 ; ; l 1 1 I O O O 1 1 Ti I 1 1 I I I 1 i I 1 1 * " t , 's --1 --1 e--f rH 1 If--'Xf IC^--"4I SO tr\ I lit i i --i i M ,,''"'C'>iAu \ t'sfCt i\ H H H H p-J o : > I I h a - it..--*o>* a +* -i ON t\ J -o 3 m .CJd g H r --> : 3 art V h E- JN A' ' C MG Q O n - 3 q J J *">- Ol i i 1Al-ilj1- 3 ^ * iil'ji* liti* i X i*fU iillX i> -- i 'itii (J . ' luL OX .'O iK jjltj jLpUrXJ k < O r 'l C il Xj if .j/ f: ; Jr ter if:i Total dumber of . orders ourve/ed : Or'Rnic Dusts Infections Oils, fa ts o hexes I>/es Lacijuer at Varnish Paint i fimme1 Other Derawititis Producers Salts, Inorasnie Or-;t lie oclver.ts ikeline Comfounds Other Oases Sulohur oiiica Dust Coal Tar Products Lead Or-unie Acids Mineral Acids Chemicals Petroleum Products Chromium Percentr e of Borkei s in Each Ind:;trin i :Jutdivi;;ion i'a io n 0. to the ; specified ...aterinls /Percentve, -.Pieri' ite s tainn 1,0, s.mm b;- 1 (*1/ i All Leather I Industries Saddler; x .'lamoes Le*. u!;cr -ouus * a BeitiIV j Tanner 'os Trun's Luitei ses 163 ; 53.4 25.9 f 16.0 - 14.7 11.7 i 11.7 10. 4 9*2 1 9.? 7.4 6.7 5.5 5.5 4.3 3.7 3-1 i 2.5 : 2.5 4--> 46 1 5/* L. , ........... L 32.5 n.t 57.5 _ 35.0 21.7 15.0 21.7 15.0 *1.7 12.5_ 21.7 27.5 - _ _ _ _ 15.0 12.5 - - - 2-5 , 1 20.4 ! 77.3 5.6 ; _ _ l 31.5 i 13.5 : 7.4 1 _ 16.7_ i 13.0j ; 7.4 7.4 * : 1.9 23 74.3_ _ 13.0 ! " 4.: . _ 39.1 - - _ _ - TAfcLr, 3 1 . LlUBftK <a FURNITURE INDUSTRIES - NUMBER OF :0NLEE>3 EXPOSED TO THE SPECIFIED ________________ MATERIALS_________r _____________________________ ________________________________ .Materials . .. . Total Number of Y.'orkers Surveyed: r~ - .... Organic Dust Silica Dust Petroleum Products on Siliceous Dust Paint tie Enamel Orgpr.ic Solvents Other betels Lacquer Varnish uyes Silicate Dust Coal uust, Bituminous Lend ji^ s, iats ac .axes Al^&liae Compounds Carbon Monoxide uther Cases CchI Tar Products mineral Acids Infections Ir.k -alts, Inorganic Organic Acids Sulrthur Dioxide Sulohur Temwerature Change Benzene Che.deals Other Dermatitis Producers 1 Cyanide 1 j NuDber of Workers in Each Industrial Subdivision Exposrc j to the Specified Materials i________________ ________ ____ __ j All Lumber j I j" Other | dt Furniture J Furniture j Sawing A | ^woodworking Industries Planing Factories j 877 97 - 600 61 157 23 81 6 70 v U 11 49 6 41 S 36 10 31 9 31 9 26 26 3 25 1 22 - 20 13 3 U - 10 8 9 - v - 4 - 4 - 2 2 2 - 2 - 1 1 1 - 1 - 1 ! 400 380 ______I 353 186 53 31 31 44 CO 28 25 { 23 15 : 13 20 * 6 20 | 22 - 22 * 21 3 * 6 12 1 22 22 _2 11 13 15 14 2 1 - 2 1i 1 5 : - : -_ 1 9 ! 46 i! 4 - ! 2 : - ; -- * - i i TAHLE 3 2 . Ltt.fiER 3; FURSI TURK INDUSTRIES - PERCENTAGE OF 7.0RKEKG EXPOSED TO THE SPECIFIED MATERIALS Material Percentage of Workers in Each Industrial Subdivision Exposed to the Specified Materials ^Percentage, where J less than 1.0, shown by {*j7 i 1 Total Number of Workers Surveyed: All Lumber & Furniture Furniture Industries r ------------ ------ --------- j 77 97 ,Ji_l-- liJ4UXU&---------- ------- 1* Organic Dust I Sitici. Dust Ire troleun Products 1..'on Siliceous dust 1Paint v ^na.ael Organic solvents Other ..ietnls Laccuer x Vemlah dyes silicate Dust i.oeI I Lt'jni^n-js Lend Jiis, i -its t.axes nikaline Compounds Orrbnn ...onoxiie Other t . i i I; r Products .ine: 1 j-.cida Infections Ir.of Its, Inorganic jr : ..Lc Acids ^uio.iur dioxide ou: Oiiur .euneruture Lhange i.:3e.iP S*h ..Lc.'iis 0titer uer.j'.tiU Produsers L>-. .iiie -------- 63./+ 17.9 9.2 3.0 7.3 5.6 4.7 4.1 3.5 3.5 3.0 3.0 2.9 2.5 2-3 2.1 i.6 i.i 1.0 * * * *H * * it * 62.9 23.7 6.2 7.2 11.3 6.2 3.2 10.3 9 .3 o.3 2.1 3.2 1.0 2.1 3.1 3.2 -- - 2.1 - 1.0 - _ Other 1 Sawing 4 Woodworking [ Planing Factories j ! j 00 -------3-8--0------- -- - -- __ 33.3 13.3 1 7.3 ! 1.3 7.0 7.0 ! 3.3 1.5 ; -- -- 5.3 ! 1.5 5.5 5.5 3.3 3.3 1 3.5 * - ; * j - . - -- j * - I f * ; 43.9 21.3 11.6 ! 15.3 ! 6.6 ; 3.9 5.3 1 5.3 5.3 5.3 * ! 3.2 * | 1.5 - - 2.4 1.6 ; 1.1 1 1.1 *" 1, - -- - | 1 *" i! i4 1 1 i TABU! 33. PAFEh, PftlHTIJO ALLIED I3DDBTKIE3 - UMBSi: OF OKKKK EXPOSED TO SPECIFIED ATEhlALE ' HJHBHK OF '..OliKEnS IH EACH LWUSHIAL SUBDIVISIOH : EXPOSED TO Til-. SPECIFI.D HATBJALS | ]A11 Paper, Printing 1 Allied !Industries Blank Book Envelope or Tag .Factories Paoer Box Factories Printing [ PvMishing & | Engraving ! Total Humber of norhers ourve/eu: 1231 Other Metals U2 Lead 436 Ink 4M Organic Solvents 292 Organic Dust 151 Antimony 145 Petroleum Products 97 Otner Gases 95 Benzene 60 Mineral Acids 44 Chromium 23 Organic Acids 19 Lacquer Varnish 13 Alcohols, Esters at Ethers 13 Sulphur 17 Oils, Pats Waxes 16 Paint a Enamel 16 Aniline Compounds H Alkaline Compounds Salts, Inorganic 1122 Aldehydes H Coal Tar Products 10 Cyanide 3 Silica Dust 3 Medicines S Carbon Monoxide 7 Other Dermatitis Producers 6 Coal Dust, Bituminous 5 Silicate Dust 3 Fluorine 3 Halo^enated Hydrocarbons 3 Manganese 2 Chemicals 2 Won Siliceous Dust 321 64 r 57 46 45 34-- 3 M 5 15 - -- 35 2 5 5 5 " - _ 1 -_ - 70 7 T ! 4 4 4 21 - 3 - 3 --" - 2 22 2 - - - _ 1 _ - _ 1 890 i 371 ^ 375 364 243 96 U5 9i : 95 ! 43 39 : 19 13 . IS 13 12 6 M U 5 10 5 8 8 8 7 6 3 3 ; 33 2 2 - 1 TABLE 31* PAPEL, PLIGTU t ALLIED InLJSTivL-o - PEJXEiTAGK OF l'.GEuCHi J EXPOSED TO PJdCIFItD mATEhlALS rii i Materials it 1i i | Total dumber of Workers Purveyed; iOther petals i Lead Ink j Organic Solvents [Organic Lust antimony Petroleum Products Other Gases Benzene jiineral Acids Cnromium Organic Acids Lacquer c Varnish Alcohols, Esters <i Ethers Sulbhur 1Oils t Fats i kaxes IPaint e Enamel | Aniline Coranounds Alkaline Comoounds 1Salt s , Inorganic Aldeiydes Goal Tar Products Cyanide | Silica Lust j medicines j Carbon Monoxide Other Deraatiti3 Producers Coal Dust, Bituminous Silicate Dust Fluorine Halgenated Ffcrdrocarbons Manganese Chemicals Hon Siliceous Oust Percentage of Workers in Each Industrial Subdivision j Exposed to the Specified ..aterais /percentage, where j less than 1-0, shown by (*7 iLLl Paoer, Printing U Allied Industries 1291 34.5 34.0 32.3 22.3 11.9 11.3 7.6 7.4 4.7 3.4 1.9 1.5 1.4 1.4 1.3 1.2 1.2 1.1 if # Kif * * Sf * * * * * Blank Book, Envelooe c* Tag Factories 321 - - -19.9 17.9 14.3 14.0 10.6 _ * - 4.4 1.6 1.6 * _ 1.6 2.5 * 1.6 - 1.6 1.6 - - _ - Paoer Box Factories Printing, j Publishing j 1 Engraving ? "" * ---- ----- "! 70 800 ------------ : 10.0 41.7 5.7 42.1 5.7 40.9 5.7 27.3 30.0 10.3 - 16.3 4.3 10.2 - 10.7 4.3 4.3 . 4.4 - 2.0 - 2.0 2.0 - 2.0 * i 1.3 2.9 * 1 - 1.6 - 1.6 2.9 * .9 1.1 2.9 * - * ff if - _ * ! - * 1.4 if - if - # - -* - -if - if UA_____ - TABti l 3 5 . TEXTILE, iaDUBTMIS - IIUMBER 01' WORKERS EXPOSED TO THE SPECIFIED MATERIALS Material Total Nuofcer of Workers Surveyed; Nunber of Workers in iiach Industrial Subdivision Exposed to the f Specified `/laterials All Textile Industries Tent Awning Factories Other Textiles Mills 276 64 212 LOrganic Lust Paint * hnawel 202 A3 10 8 154 2 Other Metal3 9 a 1 Alkaline Comoounis V - 7 | infections 7 - 7 Organic Solvents 6 5 Lsc.uer Varnish 5 _ 5 Silica Dust 3 3 Dyes 3 3 Silicate Just 2 i 1 1non Siliceous Dust 2 i 1 Carbon donoxide 2 2 CopJ. Dust, Bituminous 1 1 Other Cases 1 1 t.liaural Acids In!: 11 i i _ _ Lead 1 i Petr ileum Products 1 i units, Inorganic i " TABLE 3 6 . TEXTILE INDUSTRIES - PERCENTAGE F WORKERS EXPOSED TO THE SPECIFIED MATERIALS. Material Percentage of Workers in Each Industrial Subdivision Exposed to the Specified Materials (percentage, where less than 1.0, shown by (*) ) All Textile Industries Tent and Awning Factories Other Textile dills Total Number of Workers Surveyed: 276 212 Organic Dust 73.2 75.0 72.6 Paint & Enamel 3.6 12.5 * Other Metals 3.3 12.5 * Alkaline Comoounds 2.5 _ 3.3 Infections 2.5 - 3.3 Organic Solvents 2.2 1.6 2.4 Lacquer Varnish 1.8 2.4 Silica Dust 1.1 - 1.4 Dyes 1.1 - 1.4 Silicate Dust * 1.6 * Non Siliceous Dust * 1.6 * Carbon Monoxide # * Coal Dust, Bituminous * * Other Gases * _ * Mineral Acids * 1.6 _ Ink * 1.6 - Lead 1.6 - Petroleum Products * 1.6 Salts, Inorganic * 1.6 TABLE 37* MISCELLANEOUS MANUFACTURING INDUSTRIES - NUMBER OF WORKERS EXPOSED TO THE _______ SPECIFIED MATERIALS____________________________________________________________ Number of Workers In Each Industrial Subdivision Exposed to the Specified Materials [All Mise. | Manufac i turing Industries Total NSuumrvbeevredoif Workers 2514 Organic Dust 1443 Other Gases 964 Organic Solvents 921 [Other Metals 376 Carbon Monoxide 797 Petrolem Products 621 Lead 587 Siilca Dust 407 Sulphur 373 Temperature Change 373 Other Dermatitis froducers 347 Mineral Acids 323 Silicate Dust 320 Chemicals 313 Halogenated hydrocarbons 231 Alkaline Compounds 213 Salts, Inorganic 210 Non Siliceous Dust 164 Oils, Fats Waxes 156 Ink 131 Cadmium 123 Cyes 82 Sulphur Dioxide 53 Paint Sc Enamel 49 Organic Acids 46 Asbestos Dust 45 Radioactive Substances ! 37 Lacquer <&Varnish 35 Coal Tar Products 27 Medicines 1 21 Coal Dust, Bituminous 20 Antimony < 17 Cyanide 5 Infections 5 Mercury 4 Benzene 4 Electric Elctrica] Light 4 Machinery Power Be Supply Companiesf a c t o r i e s Signs - 684 : 57 [! .6.6.. 50 259 1 16 2 206 9 16 510 13 : 1 171 13 1 426 16 1 251 24 2 6 2 -- - - 100 _ --- 200 17 221 6 - - 3 29 - 3 - - - 19 - 13 - - 30 _ - - - - - - - 53 - - 3 3 23 2 45 -- _ _ _ -! - 1 12 13 16 - - - - 4 - - 17 - - - -; _ _ f 13 1 - 1. * '____ I -- ! Optical Equipment 70 _ " 1-0 2 7 - 7 23 - 7 22 _ - 7 7 7 - - - - 1- 0tiler Miscellan eous j Industries 1637 1 1383 637 630 352 ; 6i2 ! 176 310 399 371 373 240 106 ! 65 ! 313 ! 273 l 176 203 123 133 101 128 32 15 37 37 9 4 14. 16 5 .5 ( " 1 TABLE 3 8 . MISCELLANEOUS MANUFACTURESG INDUSTRIES - PERCENTAGE OF WORKERS EXPOSED TO _______________ THE SPECIFIED MATERIALS._____________________________________________ .. Materials Percentage of Barkers in Each Industrial Subdivision Exposed to the Specified Materials (Percentage, here le83 than 1.0, shon by (*) ) All Bise. Electric Electrical Manufactur Light & Machinery ing Indus Power 4 Supply tries Companies Factories Signs Other Optical Miscellan Equipment eous Industries Total Nixnber of Work Surveyed: 25H 684 57 66 70 1637 Organic Dust 57.6 Other Gases 33,3 Organic Solvents 36.6 Other Metals 34.8 Carbon Monoxide 31.7 Petrleos Products 24.7 Lead 23. A Silica Dust 16.2 Sulphur 15.0 Temperature Change 14.8 Other Damatitis Producers 13.8 Mineral Acids 12.8 Silicate Dust 12.7 Chemicals 12.7 Halogenated lirdrocarbens 11.2 Alkaline Compounds 3.5 Salts, Inorganic 3.4 Non Siliceous Dust 6.5 Oils, Fats 4 Baxes 6.2 Ink 5.2 Cadmium 5.1 Dyes 3.3 Sulphur Dioxide 2.3 Paint t Enamel 1.9 Organic Acids 1.8 Asbestos Dust 1.3 Radioactive Substances 1.5 Lacquer & Varnish 1.4 Coal Tar Produc ts 1.1 Medicines * Coal Dust, Bituainous * Antimony * Cyanide Infections * Mercury * Benzene * 7.3 37.9 30.1 74.6 25.0 62.3 36.7 * 14.6 29.2 32.3 * * 4.2 - 2.6 4.4 3.5* * 6.6 * 2.3 - - __"_ 7.0 16.7 _ 28,1. 3-0 15.8 24.2 14.3 22.8 1.5 - 22.8 1.5 - 28.1 1.5 2.9 42.1 3.0 - 3.5 - * - - 10.0 - - - - - 10.0 29.8 - - 10.5 - 40.0 - - - - - - - 12.1 - - - 10.0 33.3 - 31.4 - ; -- * - - - - - - - - - - - - 5.3 42.4 - - - 10.0 - - - - - - 21.1 19.7 - - - 10.0 - - 10.0 7.0 - - 29.8 - - - - - - - - 5.3 1.5 - 7.0 - - 84.5 42.0 a .5 21.5 37.4 10.8 18.9 24.4 22.7 22.8 14.7 6.5 4.0 19.4 17.0 10.3 12.4 7.5 8.4 6.2 7.8 5.0 * 2.3 2.3* * * 1.0 * " - TABLE 39. TRANSPORTATION AND COMMUMICATIOH - NUMBER OF .OfiKERS EXPOSED TO THE SPECIFIED __________ MATERIALS________________ ____________________________________ Number of Workers in Each Industrial Subdivision Exposed to the Specified Materials Materials All Transportation & Garages, Automobile Conmunicatlon Laundries, & Greasing Industries Stations Street Railway Companies Total Number of Workers Surveyed: 2020 1149 871 Petroleum Products 692 j Carbon Monoxide 653 Other Metals A39 Organic Solvents 26 Non Siliceous Dust 306 Other Gases 226 Silicate Dust 157 Paint & Enamel H2 | Lead 137 ! Alkaline Compounds 122 | Silica Dust 112 | Lacquer fit Varnish 93 Mineral Acids 91 Coal Dust, Bituminous 72 Organic Dust 69 Coal Tar Products 31 Oils, Fats <4 Waxes 31 Asbestos Dust 9 Halogenated rfrdrocarbons 6 Infections 5 Organic Acids A ! Ink A ; Other Dermatitis Producers 3 Cyanides 2 Salt3, Inorganic 2 Benzene 1 Fluorine 1 576 116 598 55 3A1 98 333 43 21A 92 182 AA 15A 3 127 15 90 A7 104 18 81 31 86 7 80 11 12 60 55 1A 3 28 31 - 9 4 2 4 1 4 - 4 - - 3 - 2 1 1 1 - 1 TABLE AO. TRANSPORTATION AND COHJSUNICATION - PERCENTAGE OF r.OEKERS EXPOSED TO THE SPECIFIED ______ MATERIALS______________ __ ________________________ ______ i Percentage of Workers in Each Industrial Subdivision Exposed to the Specified Materials /Percentage, where less than 1*0, shown Materials ty (*)_7 iAll Transportation & Garages, Automobile Street Railway iii Communication Industries Laundries, <&Greasing Stations Companies Total Number of Workers Surveyed: 2020 1149 871 Petroleum Products Carbon Monoxide Other Metals Organic Solvents Non Siliceous Dust Other Gases Silicate Dust Paint & Enamel Lead Alkaline Compounds Silica Dust Lacquer & Varnish lineral Acids Coal Dust, Bituminous Organic Dust Coal Tar Products Oils, Fats 4 axes Asbestos Dust Halogenated Hydrocarbons Infections Organic Acids Ink f Other Dermatitis Producers Cyanides Salts, Inorganic | Benzene L Fluorine________________ 34.3 5 0 .1 32.3 52.0 21.7 29.7 21.1 33.3 15.1 IS. 6 11.2 15.8 7.8 13.4 7.0 11.1 6.8 7.8 6.0 9.1 5.5 7.0 4.6 7.5 4.5 7.0 3.6 1.0 3.4 1.5 4.8 # 1.5 2.7 * _ * * * * * * * * * ** * * * .. . .* ....... -- 1.... .............. * ---- 13.3 6.3 ; 11.3 4.9 ) 10.6 5 .*1 : 1.7 5.4 2.1 3.6 * 1.3 6.9 | i.6 ; 3.2_ 1.0 * * _ * * * -- -------------- =--- - -- TABLE 4L . PERSONAL SERVICE INDUSTRIES - NUMBER OF WORKERS EXPOSED TO THE SPECIFIED MATERIALS Material Total Number of Workers Surveyed: Number of Workers in Each Industrial Subdivision Exposed to the Specified Material All Personal Service Industries Laundries Dry Cleaning Establishments 1532 989 543 Ink 170 Infections 167 Alkaline Substances 153 Organic Solvents 137 Organic Dust 86 Halogenated Ifydrocarbons 71 Organic Acids 63 Ityes 54 Petroleum Products 42 Carbon Monoxide 39 Chlorine 38 Silicate Dust 36 Saits, Inorganic 35 Coal Dust. Bituminous 34 Other Gases 33 Other Dermatitis Producers 24 Benzene 16 Temperature Change 16 Sulphur 16 Fluorine 15 Oils, Fats Waxes 14 Silica Dust 11 Non Siliceous Dust 10 Anilines 6 Mineral Acids 5 Coal Tar Products 4 Paint Sc Enamel 3 Cyanides 2 Lead 2 Other Metals 2 Alcohols, Esters & Ethers 1 Lacquer Varnish 1 Chemicals 1 118 52 154 13 73 80 31 106 79 7 26 45 19 44 40 U 24 18 32 7 29 9 33 3 21 14 21 13 7 26 24 _ 16 -- 16 - 10 6 15 _ 10 4 6 5 4 6 6 2 3 _ 4 1 2 _ 2 2 _ 2 1 _ 1 _ " 1 TABLE 6 2 . - PERSONAL SERVICE INDUSTRIES - PERCENTAGE OF WORKERS EXPOSED TO THE SPECIFIED MATERIALS Material ! Total Number of Workers Surveyed! TPercentage of Workers in Each Industrial 1 Subdivision Exposed to the Specified Material | /Percentage, where less than 1,0, shown by (*J7| All Personal Service Industries ! 1_5J.2 r 1 Laundries Dry Cleaning j _______ -J Establishments ! ............. ^-- --H 989 563 ___________ ^ j Ink 11.1 11.9 9.6 | 1 Infections 10.9 15.6 2.6 : Alkaline Substances 10.0 7.6 16.7 ; ! Organic Solvents 3.9 3.1 19.5 | Organic Dust 5-6 3.0 1.3 Halogenated ifydrocarbons 6.6 2.6 8.3 Organic Acids 6.1 1.9 8.1 Dyes 3.5 6.0 2.6 Petroleum Products 2.7 2.6 3.3 Carbon Monoxide 2.5 3.2 1.3 Chlorine 2.5 2.9 1.7 : Silicate Dust 2.3 3.3 * ; Salts, Inorganic 2.3 2.1 2.6 : Coal Dust, Bituminous 2.2 2.1 2.6 ; Other Gases 2.2 * 6.8 ; Other Dermatitis Producers 1.6 2.6 - Benzene 1.0 1.6 Teaoerature Change 1.0 1.6 - Sulohur 1.0 1.0 1.1 Fluorine Oils, Fats Sc Waxes 1.0* 1.5 1.0 * Silica Dust * * * Hon Siliceous Dust * * 1.1 Anilines * - 1.1 Mineral Acids * * * Coal Tar Products * - * Paint St Enamel * * * Cyanides * - # Lead * * - Other Metals * * - Alcohols, Esters & Ethers * * - Lacquer Sc Varnish * * - Chemicals * - * 1 1 TABLE A3, MATERIALS IN EACH INDUSTK OH SERVICE GROUP TO T.HICH 10 PERCENT OF. MOFE PERSONE BEFE EXPOSED Industry or Service Group Material Extraction of Minerals Chemical & Allied Industries Clay, Glass and Stone Clothing Food Iron and Steel Metals Other Than Iron and Steel Other Gases Carbon Monoxide Silica Dust Silicate Dust Ore Dust Coal Dust, Bituminous Other Metals Petroleum Products Alkaline Compounds Organic Dust Other Dermatitis Producers Organic Solvents Salts, Inorganic Other Gases Paints and Enamel Sulphur Petroleum Products Other Metals Silicate Dust Silica Dust lion Siliceous Dust Carbon Monoxide Other Gases Organic Dust Other Dermatitis Producers Organic Dust Infection Salts, Inorganic Alkaline Compounds Other Metals Other Gases Carbon Monoxide Silica Dust Temperature Change Petroleum Products Silicate Dust Non Siliceous Dust Otlier Dermatitis Producers Lead Coal Dust, Bituminous Other Metals Lead Other Gases Temperature Change Ore Dust Carbon Monoxide Silicate Dust Silica Dust Arsenic Sulphur Dioxide Potentially Exposed Peisons Percent Number 63.9 29A3 61. 8 288 55.3 2546 8.5 2232 7.5 2188 37.2 1712 21.3 979 11.5 529 11.3 522 23.0 175 16.8 128 16.2 123 13.9 106 13.8 105 12.0 91 12.0 91 11.3 36 10.5 80 65.6 619 31.9 301 21.1 199 18.3 173 17.1 161 39.0 1A3 60.3 5377 20.6 18A0 20 . 1315 13.5 120A 10.0 389 75.0 705 50.6 3175 7.0 29A7 3A.6 2171 33-1 2077 30.5 191A 26.3 1650 20.A 1280 13.A 838 13.1 821 10.7 669 6A.5 391 57.6 349 38.1 231 30.7 186 29.9 181 27.7 163 24.3 147 23.8 144 22. A 136 21.8 132 TABLE 43 (C ontinued) Industry or Service Group Material Metals Other Than Iron and Steel (Cont*d) Leather Lumber Paper Textile Miscellaneous Manufacturin' Transportation Personal Service lion Siliceous Dust Mineral Acids Coal Dust, Bituminous Organic Dust Cadmium Petroleum Products hydrogen Sulphide Organic Dust Infection Oils, Fats, lVaxes lyes Paints and Enamels Lacquer and Varnish Other Dermatitis Producers Organic Dust Silica Dust Other Metal3 Lead Inks Organic Solvents Organic Dust Antimony Organic Dust Organic Dust Other Gases Organic Solvents Other Metals Carbon Monoxide Petroleum Products Lead Silica Dust Sulphur Tentoerature Change Other Dermatitis Producers Mineral Acids Silicate Dust Other Chemicals Halgenated hydrocarbons Petroleum Products Carbon Monoxide Other Metals Organic Solvents Mon Siliceous Dust Other Gases Inks Infection alkaline Compounds Potentially Exposed Persons Percent Number 16.3 99 15.2 92 15.0 91 H.5 88 13.2 30 13.0 79 11.6 70 53.4 87 25.3 42 16.0 26 14-7 24 11.7 19 11.7 19 10.4 17 63.4 600 17.9 157 34.5 442 34.0 436 32.3 414 22.3 292 11.3 151 11.3 145 73.2 202 57.6 1443 33.3 964 36*6 921 34.3 376 31.7 797 24.7 621 23.4 537 16.2 407 15.0 378 14.3 373 13.3 347 12.3 323 12.7 320 12.7 313 11.2 231 34.3 692 32.3 653 21.7 439 21.1 426 15.1 306 11.2 226 11.1 170 10.9 167 10.0 153 TABLE 44. NUMBER AND PERCENTAGE OF PERSONS IN THE SAMPLE STUDIED EXPOSED TO SOME OF THE IMPORTANT MATERIALS Materials Number of Persons Exposed Percent of } Persons Exposed Inorganic nonmetallic dusts! Silica dusts Silicate dusts Coal dust, bituminous Nonsiliceous dust Sulphur, and its compounds Asbestos dust Metallic dusts and fumes: Other metals Lead Cadmium Antimony Arsenic Manganese Chromium Phosphorus Mercury Gases: Other gases Carbon monoxide Sulphur dioxide Itydrogen Sulphide Chlorine Other dermatitis producers Organic dust Petroleum products Temperature change Alkaline comuounds Organic solvents Infections Mineral acids Oils, fats, waxes Inks Paints an'd enamels Other chemicals Coal tar products Organic acids Halogenated hydrocarbons Dyes Cyanides Aniline 6374 20,5 5312 17.1 3154 10.1 2916 9.4 619 2.0 93 0.3 3876 23.5 2767 8.9 203 0.7 172 0.6 157 0.5 137 0.4 89 0.3 63 0.2 41 0.1 3795 28.3 8531 27.6 796 2.6 176 0.6 103 0.3 6863 22.0 5750 18.5 4728 15.2 2923 9.4 2435 3.0 2415 7.3 2170 7.0 1307 4.2 1031 3.3 870 2.3 753 2.4 610 2.0 492 1.6 446 1.4 390 1.3 282 0.9 264 0.8 45 0.1 TABL 45. EXPCTLL NUMBEft 01 PkjOiN L\ Tua IfiLuTitlJto oTull EXPOoEu T objl j? Tua IMPOxT^NT MATErti ALS* Materials Xporgattlc Non-metallic lusts. Silica Hist Siiloate Lust Coal Hist, Bituminous Non-Slllceous lust Sulphur and its Compounds Asbestos IXist Metallic Lust i and Other Metals Lead Antimony Cadmium Manganese Arsenic Phosphorus Chromium Mercury iUmea. Number of Persons Exposed 20,278 17,530 10,584 7,452 i , 586 296 24,062 7,662 540 496 338 332 251 253 123 Matorij.3 Other Exposures. Organic Lust Petroleum Products Other Dermatitis Producers Temperature Change Organic Solventi Alkaline Compounds Infections Mineral acids Inks Oils, fata and Wares Paints and ifcamei.3 Coal Tar Products Other Chemicals Haiogenatea hydrocarbons Cyanides Organic Acids lyes Aniline Number Of Persons Krpoaed 13,635 13,132 10,421 7,312 7,142 6,212 3,273 3,124 2,431 2,396 1,995 1,603 1,520 1,133 940 921 752 150 Gases ! Other Gases 7,100 ! Carbon Monoxide 6,577 Sulphur Diorlde ,045 Hydrogen Sulphide 476 Chlorine 219 NOTE: Expected number of persons In a ll Industries exposed to each material Is obtained by adding the expected number of exposures in each industry. The latter were obtained by multiplying the per cent of surveyed workers exposed to each material (Table lb) oy the total population of that industry as shown in Table 2. *(Total Population of Industries 6tu<5iea = 79,668- See Table 2) FIGURE B EXPECTED NUMBER OF POSONS D THE INDUSWIES STUDIED EXPOSED TO SOIE OF THE IMPORTANT MATERIALS Number o f P ersone Exposed { in Thousands) D oses; Other Gases______ Carbon M onoxide. Sulphur D ioxide_ Hydrogen S u lp h id e . C h lo r in e ___________ Other Exposures: Organic D u st_______ Petroleum Products. Other D erm atitis P rod u cers. Temperature Change__________ O rganic S o lv e n ts ____________ A lk a lin e Compounds__________ In fection s ...... M in eral A cids________________ I n k s __________________________ O il s , F a ts and .Vaxea____ P a in t s and Enamels______ C oal Tar P r o d u c ts_______ Other C h em icals__________ H alogenated Hydrocarbons C y a n id e s__________________ O rganic A cids____________ D y e s _______________'______ A n ilin e ___________________ s7pi*a i 4---- a -I----- 1----- Ij m 1---- 4 4___ 15 1 3I___VOL_ i TABLE 46. PERCENTAGE OF 'YORKERS EXPOSED TO SPECIFIED MATERIALS HAVING INDICATED TtfPE OF il'^ZARD CONTROL (FOR ALL INDUSTRIES SURVEYED) M aterial A ll S p ecified M aterials P ercen tage o f Exposed Workers H aving S p e c ifie d Number of by ( 'i 7 Exposures /e n tila tta N egative fen tila tia Local Exhaust E n clo sed P ro cess ^et Method 89119 1 2 .4 1 2 .1 6 .3 6 .3 4 .1 C on trol P ercen tage, where l e s s Gas Mask ,1 R espira tors 1 .1 A ir Line Reapiraton e than 0*1, "FrotectTvi C lothing 1 2 .9 shown O ther 1 .2 Other M etals Other Gases Carbon Monoxide Other D e rm a titis Producers S ilic a Dust O rganic Dust S i li c a t e Duet Petroleum Products Coal IXist, Bitum inous Tem perature Change Non S i l i c e o u s IXist Lead A lk a lin e Compounds Ore D ust Organic S o lv e n ts In fectio n S a lts , Inorganic M ineral Acids 0 1 1 b . F a t e , Waxes Inks Sulphur D ioxide P a in t s <Sc Enam els Aalphur Other Chem icals Coal Tar Products O rganic A cids H alogenated Hydrocarbons L a cq u er 6l V a r n ish Ifyes C y a n id es Cadmium liydrogen Sulphide Antimony A rsenic Manganese R ad ioactive Substances Benzene C hlorine A sb estos Dust Chromium Ftiosphorus A n iline M edicines F lu o r in e Mercury A ld eh yd es A lcoh ols, E sters, Ethers 8876 8796 8681 6863 6374 5750 5318 4728 3154 2923 2916 2767 2485 2451 2415 2170 1688 1307 1031 870 796 753 619 610 492 146 390 356 282 264 208 176 172 157 137 126 106 103 98 89 63 45 44 42 41 29 19 6 .3 2 4 .1 2 5 .4 - 2 1 .4 8 .0 2 0 .3 .6 3 8 .2 6 .4 9 .5 3 .8 .5 3 8 .3 9 .7 . 2 .7 .1 2 .3 - 6 .0 8 .6 .5 - 2 .7 1 0 .8 1 .1 1 .1 3 .8 - 2 4 .4 - * m 3 .8 2 3 .3 - * 2 .4 * - 9 4 .7 7 .2 1 8 .6 1 9 .6 1 9 .8 1 2 .4 2 6 .2 1 .1 2 4 .6 1 0 .0 5 .9 1 ,8 3 9 ,1 1 6 .9 .. 3 .4 3 ,7 .1 2 .3 23 .C 1 6 .2 7 .2 1 .4 9.C 1 1 .8 2 2 .8 1 .8 9 .8 2 .3 3 3 .1 * 34 .G 1 4 .6 3 .4 - 2 6 .7 6 .9 9 4 .7 5 .9 9 ,1 8 .5 .6 8 .5 1 1 ,8 1 .5 .4 2.B . 8 .2 1 6 .7 5 .2 2 ,6 8 .7 _ 7 .7 - 1 6 .0 _ 1 1 .7 1 ,6 2 0 .8 2 7 .4 2 .8 - .8 7 .6 1 .8 14.8 6 1 .5 1 1 .4 1 9 .8 18.5 1 .5 - 3 .8 2 ,9 * 6 .7 _ 7 .3 - 1 .8 1 7 .3 1 7 ,2 .2 3 .0 5 .8 1 .0 .2 .1 1 .8 9 .2 3 .5 2 ,0 6 ,6 .1 1 2 .7 1 .8 1 4 ,3 1 0 .4 1 .9 3 1 .3 2 1 .3 .6 3 .8 5 .9 7 .3 7 .8 2 .7 6 3 .5 5 .1 8 .1 21.C 1 ,5 . - 3 8 .8 - . _ 1 _ 1 6 .7 3 4 .1 - 5 ,3 4 .1 . 1 6 .4 1 .8 2 1 .1 _ , 6.C .9 3 2 .6 _ . _ _ . _ _ _ 1 .6 * - 5 .3 2 .3 _ _ _ 1 4 .6 . ,, 1 6 .7 * .7 .6 * * 1 .3 1 .1 1 .3 _ _ 1 .7 , 2 .6 w 1*7 _ 1 .6 2 .3 _ _ 2 .7 _ 1 . _ .1 1 5 .9 9.C _ _ _ _ _ .3 1 6 .9 - .7 _ .4 . 1 3 .0 - 1 5 .3 - 2 .3 - 1 6 .6 - 3 0 .7 _ . . 1 7 .0 . . . _ . - - - - _ . . . - _ . .1 2 6 .9 .3 1 2 .7 .3 1 3 .2 .3 1 5 .2 6 .1 8 .2 .4 2 .4 1 .2 9 .7 .6 1 1 .3 .1 1 8 ,9 9 .2 .4 _ 1 0 .2 3 .6 4 .0 1 .3 _ 1 7 .2 1 .3 ,1 8 .1 3 0 .7 .1 2 3 .3 .7 1 4 .2 3 .5 1 2 .4 .9 .8 2 5 .4 .3 4 .4 .3 2 1 .5 _ 2 1 .5 .8 _ 2 6 .6 .2 1 7 .0 _ _ .3 1 .7 2 .6 . 2 .1 . 1 1 .7 4 .2 . 6 1 .5 3 8 .5 1 .7 9*1 3 7 .5 * . 2 .9 - - 4 2 .0 - 1 0 ,2 _ _ _ _ _ _ 1 .9 _ _ * _ 2 5 .8 2 .2 - m - . 6 .7 . _ . _ . _ . . 2.4 - . 2 4 .1 _ "