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FILE NAME: Carrier (CAR) DATE: 1962 DOC#: CAR011 DOCUMENT DESCRIPTION: National Safety Council Transactions 'j3 -Z "EMSEPS AS:~IC_E: 57 C H E M ICAL 3EC7I 3N - 3c.S:Y_LIuM A S S O C I A T E D w.Sc..-;=.S p. 4S- _ :h e --::: l s e c t i o n o f f i c z p s p. ' 3 , ' 3 CONS T R U C T I O N S E CTION C F " ICE" : p. 5 E, 53 A.Z.2.E.' INDUE'-:! AL CCNFZPZ. I p . 10 4 , 105 _v " _. LABOS' S E U ' I U N _ .:S~" 1AL HVSIENc. p = ; l . : - = i 3 s i r . c s p a l e o i i t - : : ' :.T,e= p . 5 iur.r r . s s a s s s :-f the 1 5 0 0 ' s mas *.s , -espiratov's p. - L h E-C" iC O N F E R E N C E O F F I C E P S p. 04 M A R _*1 S E C T I O N O F F I C E S 3 p. 33-71 M c r ; _ c S E C T I O N O F F I C E S 5 p. :'-13 A?- :CLE: M I N ! N G S E C " SS:A! EN C O PF'ES. p. 1*-:' E : CL. IL ING CF 3 '-T n n T p T i * EXHIBIT I fN $ L: V iM \ P-NSC-26 )) t t ) ID G NEWARK PUBLIC LIBRARY National Safety Congress Transactions GENERAL j SESSIONS S; ANNUAL MEETING OF MEMBERS CONGRESS BANQUET : LIST OF EXHIBITORS GENERAL INDEX OF ALL VOLUME: Beginning (he Golden Anniversary Year of (lie N A T IO N A L SA FETY C O U N C IL <135 NORTH MICHIGAN AVI HUE 0U IM G 5 ) VOLUME 1 OF THE TRANSACTION of tlie 50th NATIONAL SAFETY CONGRESS CONTENTS Officers of the National Safety Council 1962-63. Trustees of the National Safety Council.................... Directors of the National Safety Council 1962-63 \ AN NUAL M EETING O F MEMBERS f Invocation.................................................... The Rt. Rev. Msg/. Thomas J . Fitzgerald 0 | Minutes of the Annual M eeting..................Reported by R . L. Forney, Secretory l: t The W illiam H . Cameron Aw ard............................. Introduction by How ard Pyle i r Presentation of the W illiam H. Cameron Award R . H . Ferguson l i Acceptance of Award for Chemical Section........................... Dr. . G. Merier IJ t Address by the Chairman of the Board...................................... W illiam H . Lowe 1 I Annual Address of the President........................... ....................... Howard Pyle 2/ Safety -- W ho Needs I t ................................................. I THE CONGRESS BANQUET W i l l Shu!- 3. Invocation , . Rabbi Irving J. Roienboum Report of Congress Banquet Functions. Safety In the Space A g e ........... Hugh L. Dry den EXHIBITORS -- 1962 N A T IO N A L SA FETY CO N GRESS & EXPO SITIO N INDEX TO A L L VO LU M ES. 1962 N A TIO N A L SAFETY C O N G R ESS | Other Vol umes in 1962 National Safety Congress Transactions d I National [; Safety Council | c I . OFFICERS -- 1962-63 i Chairman, Board of Directors--W illiam II. L.oave, Treasurer, Inlaw, Steel Company, Chicago, Illinois | , President and Executive Pice President--H owakii P yle, President National Safety Council, Chicago, Illinois I Khv President for Farms--U amky L. Powell, Assistant to Via; President, The Goodyear Tire & Rubber Company, Akron, Ohiv' I 'ire Phwidenl for I'Witnee--Cuui is ISaukln, Lxccutivc Vice Prc>i* dent, Pittance and Property, United Air Lines, Chicago, Illinois- L* / ViV l'ii id i itt i<*r i I P. W AKiM.ii, Vift* I'nsidriil ;md t ten t r;il M iiimim i , M . n m l . i1 in ini; U i v i L i i . I In inldt- ( )il Kriiidii) Company. I iiinsttiii, T'\a*i ITiv lii\-.\ideut for industry- - ( \ I\ St in.ui.ri , Vice President--At* cidciil Prevention, Kmployers Mutuals of Wausau, Wausau, Wis` cousin j \ Pice president for Labor--Li.t)vti D. Utter, Director, Industrial Hcallh and Safety Division, United Automobile Workers, Detroit- Michigan j,' ( l Pier President for Slate and Load Safety Oryanicalions--Louis ll; Antoine, Resident Vice President, The American Insurance Group Si. Louis, Missouri j t Pice President for Membership--John L. Gillis, Vice President Monsanto Chemical Company, St. Louis, Missouri j i Pice 'resident for Motor l ronsporl- -Mark Koiieson, Vice Proil dent, Yellow Transit Freight Lines, Inc., Kansas City, Missouri j i Pice President for Production--Romcitr K. Uuktun, Executive V iJ President, Campbell-Mithun, Inc., Chicago, Illinois Vice President jor Public Information--Chaules W. Percusos? Senior Editor The Reader's Digest, Pleasantville, New York I } I ) National Safety Council (oin^ri. . . Vice President for Research--Noiivin C. Kim-i-k, M.l>, l l.i.t M i. c:J Director, Tin; Fi|iiilahlc l ift* A ^m aner Sni -ii.f ilu l i.i<. I Stales, New York, New Yoik Vice President for Schools attd Coilci/es--Die Lowt.i.i. It. I i .m :. Cliarnian, North Central Association of Colleges and Se.uhJu;, Schools, University of Illinois, Urbnna, Illinois Vice President for Traffic--R tx M. W im roN , Federal llighwav Administrator, U. S. Department of Commerce. Washington. I* <' Vice President fo r Women--M rs. Kavmonu Savric, Ackwoiih, I.,-, Vice President fur Youth Activities--Donai.i M. I<n< . .. Health ami Safety Service, National Council, IJoy Scouts of / ... i ica, New Brunswick, New Jersey i (Jenerut M anuyer--W. (/. Johosou, th u n .il M.ui;g<r, .'.n Safety Council, 425 North Michigan Avenue. Chicago II. lit.:..: Secretary and Treasurer--R. L. Fohniiy, Secretary and Tv.imju , National Safely Council, 425 North Michigan Avenue, Chica;-- II. Illinois l Ass1i.stant Treasurer--J. D. F ui.fokd, Director, Ticasuty Ihvj-i. . National Safety Council, 425 North Michigan Avenue. Chi :.>-> I Illinois \ t 0 0 U -1 G e - National f SafetyCouncil | I ( 5 V TRUSTEES -- 1962-63 : Chairman of (he Trustees--H oward P yle, President, National Safety { Council, *IJ5 North Michigan Avenue, Chicago 11, Illinois : Vice Chairman of the Trustees--W m. W hite, Chairman, The Dela- l ware & Hudson Railroad Corporation, New York, New York Members M elvin H. B aker, Chairman, Nalional Gypsum Company, Buffalo, r New York t J ohn E. B ic k w iiu h , Chairman of the Board, National Distillers and . Chemical Corporation, New York, New York [ J ames B. B lack, Chairman, Pacific Gas and Electric Company, San I Francisco, California t S. BkuCE B lack, Honorary Chairman, Liberty MutualInsurance Company, Boston, Massachusetts g E lmer H. Boost, Chairman, Warner-Lambert Pharmaceutical Com- fc pauy, Morris Plains, New Jersey I W alter F. C arey, President, Automobile Carriers Inc., Flint, t* Michigan t W illiam G. C handler, President, Scripps-Howard Supply Company, New ^fork, New York Lucius C lay, Chairman, Executive Committee, Continental Can I Company, Inc., New York, New York ! Morgan J. D avis, Chairman, Humble Oil & Refining Company, J Houston, Texas f J . Doyle D eW iit , President, The Travelers, Hartford, Connecticut (r Morse G. D ial, Chairman, Union Carbide Corporation, New York, f New York E. F. nu P ont, Director, Employee Relations Department, E. I. du Pont de Nemours & Co., Inc.,Wilmington, Delaware t\ F rederic W. E cker, Chairman, Metropolitan Life insurance Com- f p.my. New York, New York i C alvin Im.n t r e s s , Jl , Chairman, Allstate Insurance Company, Sko- ! kc, Illinois John F. Gordon, President, General MotorsCorporation, Detroit, L Michigan { National Safety Council ) isf?. 0 0 0 4 (.:7 Bow m an Gray, Chairman, R. J KcynoMs Tobacco C om |.:,\. Winston-Snlcm. North Carolina J ake L. I I amon, Dallas, Texas li. Roland Makriman, Broun Brothers 1lam inati ami Oanp.:i.y. New York, New York J. V. HFun, Chainnan of the Boards, The C\miiueiitai lusiu.m.c Companies, New York, New York W illiam A. H ewitt,, President, Deere & Company, Moline, llliuoi.. F rederick R. K appel, Chairman, American Telephone and T el. p iai l< Company, New York, New York J ohn R. K imiieri.y, Chainnan, Kimberly O aik <*01pornimii, lY.tnd.. Wisconsin J oseph L. L anier, President, West Point Manufacturing Company, West Point, Georgia i S am L aud, Chairman, Executive Committee, General Amui> m Transportation Corporation, Chicago, Illinois G eorge E. L eigiity, President, The Order of ivailioad T ckgiapD ' St. Louis, Missouri W illiam II. L owe, Treasurer, Inland Steel Company, < In'^Illinois (Ex-Oflicio) N eil McE lroy, Chainnan, The Procter & Gamble Company, Cm chinati, Ohio koiiEKT S. O ixm an, Chairman an<! iTesiilent, The Naiion.d t a I. Register Company, Dayton, Ohio Robert G. P age, President, Phelps Dodge Corporation, New A New York G. T. PowNall, Secretary, United Slates kuhbrr Company, .\. v York, New York S herburne P resc<ott, Belle Haven, Greenwich, Connecticut Gwilym A. P rice, Chairman, Westiughousc Electric Corpm.,ih u. Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania H oward P yle, President, National Safety Council, -I2S NTul. Michigan Avenue, Chicago II, Illinois ( Ex-Ofticio) W alter P. Kluther, Vice President, Aineiican la deration of I ..1. , apd Congress of Industrial Organizations, Detroit. Michigan W. S. S. Rodgers, Former Chairman, Texaco, Lie, New Ye.-;,. ... York ) National Safety Council (Tt usit s, t'tmiinin'ilii E dward L. S hea, Former Chairman, Ethyl Corporation, New York] New York j A rthur E. S toddard, President, Union Pacific Railroad Company,j Omaha, Nebraska | D r. J o h n F. T hompson,Honorary Chairman, The International Nickel Company, Inc., NewYork, New York j J uan T . T rippe, President, Pan American World Airways System; New York, New York W m, W hite, Chairman, The Delaware & Hudson Railroad Corpora tion, New York, New York Roucrt W . W oodruff, Chairman, Finance Committee, The Coca-Cola Company, Atlanta, Georgia L eslie B. W orthington, President, United States Steel Corporation. New York, New York It If ) National Safety Council BOARD OF DIRECTORS -- 1962-63 Chairman of the Board of Directors--W illiam II. I.owe, T rcasm n. Inland Slcel Company, Chicago, Illinois Vice Chairman of the Board o f Directors--Dn. Lowell li. F isher, Chairman, North Central Association of Colleges and Secondary Schools, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois Members E dward S. Adams, Director of Safely, Iowa Farm Bureau. D.s Moines, Iowa F rank R. A hlgren, Editor, The Commercial Appeal, Memphis, Tennessee Rodert H. A lbisser, Safety Manager, Merck Chemical Division. Merck & Co., Inc., Railway, New Jersey i F inlay C. A llan, Assistant to the President, United Brotherhood of'Carpenters and Joiners of America, Washington, D. C. H omer A llen, Associate Professor, Physical Education, Pm due University, Lafayette, Indiana I W. ^L A llison, Senior Safety Director, British Columbia Lumber Manufacturers Association, Vancouver, B. C., Canaria Loots H. A ntoine, Resident Vice President, The American Insur ance Group, St. Louis, Missouri Dr. D ewey F. Uahick, President, Detroit Institute of Technology. Detroit, Michigan Curtis Barkes, Executive Vice President, Finance and Piopcii, United Air Lines, Chicago, Illinois F. R. B arnako, Manager of Compensation and Safety, Ilclldch m Steel Company, Bethlehem, Pennsylvania K. R. Dartelsmeyer, Chief Highway Engineer, Illinois Division u( Highways, Springfield, Illinois R ichard O. Bennett, Secretary-Treasurer, The Insurance lnsihme for Highway Safety, Washington, D. C. M rs. P. D. Bevil, Sacramento, California M. F. B iancardi, Manager, Safety Services, Allis-Chalmers Mann factoring Company, Milwaukee, Wisconsin W illiam E. B ii.i.in cs, Excctilivc Vice President and Sccici.uy Greater Cleveland Safety Council, Cleveland, Ohio  z z \ N atio n al S a to tV C o u n c il ") IV , l | (B u n n i o f Directors, continued}* J, 1. B lalock, Vice President, Pacific Indemnity Group, Los An gelcs, California C lark D. Bridges, Managing Director, Industrial Medical Associa-' tion, Chicago, Illinois j George T. B rown, Deputy Director, Bureau of Labor Standards/. U. S. Department of Labor, Washington, D. C. i.' RonERT U. B rown, Editor, Editor & Publisher, New York, New Yorll R ussell I. B rown, President, Insurance Institute for Highway^ Safety, Washington, D. C. | h.. I. Itili) Ni R, Chairm an *f the Board, T h e Silver Fleet Motoif l'.N|ut:ss, Inc., Louisville, Kentucky ' Luwaku VV. Bullard, President, E. D. Bullard Company, Sausalitoj: California Roman* R. Burton, Executive Vice President, Campbcll-Mitlmii, Inc.,V Chicago, Illinois k fc Bernard R. C aldwell, Director, The Traffic Institute, Northwestern- University, Evanston, Illinois I; E arl I*'. Camphei.i., Managing Director, California Traffic Safety^ Eoumlation, San Francisco, California F A lfred W. C antwell, National Director Safety Services, Tht.i Amfcrican National Red Cross, Washington, D.C. |? W alter F. Carey, President, Automobile Carriers Inc., Flinty* Michigan t A llen L. Conn, Director of Industrial Safely, Kodak Park Works,* Eastman Kodak Company, Rmhrslcr, New York f John D. Connors, Assistant to the President, American Federation of Labor and Congress of Industrial Organizations, Washington;' D. C. ye J ohn M. Convery, Industrial Relations Consultant, National Associ;^ ation of Manufacturers, New York, New York \ O wen Cooler, Executive Vice President, Mississippi Chemical Com * pany, Yazoo City, Mississippi S anford B. Cousins, Vice President, American Telephone and Tele graph Company, New York, New York E rnest G. Cox, Chief, Section of Motor Carrier Safety, Bureau of' Motor Carriers, Interstate Commerce Commission, Washington*; I N atio n al Safety Council 1^ 'fs i f 1 o o o - i f;<) I p ; r ' ?V` i; (Hoard of filili!- - 1 <' f "M Stanley W. Cox, Vice President, St. Joseph Light am! Power lin.i pany, St. Joseph, Missouri Brevard Crihfield, Executive Director, The Council of Star Governments, Chicago, Illinois Neil J. Curry, President, California Cartage Company, Inc., J < Angeles, California E. M. C u sh in g , Vice President, Industrial Relations, Unito) h i .i< Rubber Company, New York, New York M. R. Darungton, J r., Managing Director, Auto Industries Jlich way Safety Committee, Inc., Washington, D. C. j J o h n D enson, Editor, l.os Angelo^ lici.dd I .'.aminci, I . .\ *, . |. California I C laude de Sr. P aer, Assistant Director, Program Development in ; vision, American Farm Bureau Federation, Chicago, Win..F 'j. Dewey Doicseit, General Manager, Association of C.immIu ,m t Surety Companies, New York, New York M iss Dorothy Downs, Assistant to Director of Engineering. I n t men's Mutual Insurance Company, Providence, Rhode Island T. A. D rescher, Milk Industry Foundation, c/o Borden's Farm Pi od I ucts, Division of The Borden Company, New York, New Yo.-I; i E. F. du Pont, Director, Employee Relations Department, K I <( Pont dc Nemours & Company, Inc., Wilmington, Delaware H oward E n n es, Director, Office of Community Services and l k .,1.1 Education, The Equitable Fife Assurance Society of the I'nin.i States, New York, New York H enry W. F alk;, Vice President--MaiiuDetuiini:, Si. Company, Woodland, Maine I.i , C harles F erguson, Director, Safety Division, United Mine \Y<_mI i of America, Washington, D. C. C harles W. F erguson, Senior Editor, The Render's Digest. IK ., antville, New York R. II. Ferguson, Assistant Director of Industrial Relations, K<|*;il !< Steel Corporation, Cleveland, Ohio A. C. F ield, J r., Manager, Public Affairs. WON Inc., Cltk.ii,.>. Ill nois Dr. Iaswell B. F isher, Chairman, Noi ili Central Associali.n .. Colleges and Secondary Schools, University of Illinois. Uj|,.,n, Illinois \ : National Safety Council i [ r (tonni of Directors, continued) \ P arker C. F olse, Safety Advisor, Socony Mobil Oil Company, New York, New York B knsgn Form, Vice President, Ford Motor Company, The American f. Road, Dearborn, Michigan i Edward G. Fox, President, Bituminous Coal Operators* Association, j Washington, D. C. i. Wkliiy M. F rantz, President, Eastern Express, Inc., Terre Haute, ^ Indiana : Robert G. F razjer, M.D., Secretary, American Academy of Pedi- : allies, Evanston, Illinois r Mrs. Gr.unuJnr. IF. F kf.si-:, General Personnel Director, New York f Telephone Company, New York, New York A. H. Galloway, President, R. J. Reynolds Tobacco Company, r Winston-Salem, North Carolina ^ John L. Gu.i.is, Vice President, Mon.anio Chemical Company, St. | Louis, Missouri [' Uomutr E. CiocKE, Vice President, Transportation and Safety, The {. Greyhound Corporation, Chicago, Illinois f` GkokckIL. Gokiifj.l, Manager, Safety and Fire Protection, Monsanto j; Chcnljcal Company, St. Louis, Missouri j J. W iiL on Gowdy, Vice President, Northwestern Mutual Insurance Coniji^ny, Seattle, Washington ^ W m . P aul Gray, National Executive Secretary, Future Farm ers}, of America, Office of Education, Department of Health, Educa- lion, and Welfare, Washington, D. C. | C. H unter Green, Vice President and General Manager, Southern j Bell Telephone and Telegraph Companv, Louisville, Kentucky tr Gerard O. Crii-t in , Manager, Hazard Control, Dravo Corporation, j. Pittsburgh, 1Ynnsylvania j |. V. ("KIMM.ni. Consultant, Health, Safety & Plant Protection, i General Electric Company, New York, New York l! J o h n T. Gujmsh, President, Pacific Employers Insurance Company, ! Los Angeles, California fi R. P. H amilton, Superintendent of Safety, St. Louis-San Francisco r Railway Company, St. Louis, Missouri y Du. E arle S. I I annafoud, Safely Engineer, Long Lines Department, * American Telephone & Telegraph Company, New York, New York ! ) V V National Safety Council 000470 i-.vfc:. .. ,, (Hoard of folffiturs. I<;I. V! * iSfci ....... D. F. H aves, Chief, Safely & lure J'ructm u k o i u h , U u u .,t ;.i ; Atomic Energy Commission, Washington, I). C. W illiam U andoli'H H eakst, J r., New Voile Jo u rn al .uni A m in . New York, New York Robert C. H endon, Vice President Operations, KEA r*xpu:>r N York, New York R ussell E. H eston, Director of Engineering, Fanners Muin.il k insurance Company, Grinncll, Iowa Donald M. I I icgins, Director, llcallli ami Safety Sei vice, H atu.u Council, Boy Scouts of America, New Brunswick, New Jen i v \ Rt. R ev. M sgr. George G. H iggins, Director, Department of :A.,i Action, National Catholic Welfare Conference, Washington. D 1 P aul J. H oover, Vice President, The Halle Bros. Co , Clcvch.ud, (./:* W. G. H o tch k iss, Director--Corporate Per:.omul Sliv'im. t m . t Corporation, Detroit, Michigan lW. L. H uffm an, Vice President and General Manager, .\h.ui.r i ern Bell Telephone Company, Minneapolis. Miimcsot.* i F red H uleen, Corporation Director of Personnel, The Poem,; -. j pany, Seattle, Washington (William S. H ults, Commissioner, Department of Motor Vthul \ State of New York, Albany, New York i D r. H arold K. J ack, Director, Department uf Health, Phy.>ic..l 1 .1 \ cation and Recreation, Temple University, Philadelphia, i'em ; vanta George A. J acoby, Director of Personnel Relations, Gcuci.d 'i . iCorporation, Detroit, Michigan D. B. J enks, President, Missouri Pacific Railroad 0m|...u/i Louis, Missouri Claude A. J essup, President, Virginia Trad ways, Ch.uloii- .u i Virginia Newell U. J ohnson, General Manager, Am erican Mutual li.\;<. l(. Alliance, Chicago, Illinois R udard A. J ones, Director, Small Homes Council, Univcr>iiy ut I linois, Urbana, Illinois Chari.es H. Knii.STAor, Former Chairman of (he Board, S o i.1, k buck and Company, Chicago, Illinois ) National Safety Council z : | (Board o f D i m tors, continued) | \r Nokvin C. Killer, M.D., Chief Medical Director, The Equitable Life rAssurance Society of the United States, New York', New York I kvino IT K i.ini*:, President, Kline Chevrolet Sales Corp., Norfolk, \ Virginia ' Otto Z. Klotscii, Works Manager, Inca Manufacturing Division, > Phelps Dodge Copper Products Corporation, Fort Wayne, Indiana ! W alter K. ICocii, President, Mountain StatesTelephone and Tele- ; graph Company, Denver, Colorado ijf David Kohn, Vice President, Yellow Cab Company of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania \ T. A. Kjiakloyv, Director of Safety, Deere & Company, Moline^ II- linois I M rs. J c/h n E. K rueger, M ilw aukee, W isconsin i F rank E. L aderejr, Director of Safety, NationwideInsurance Com- * puny,Columbus, Ohio F. S. P ake, Director of Safety, Interstate System, Grand Rapids, Michigan R. I. I amoureux, Director, Safely ami Health Division (Canada), Unit I Sleolwoi kci s <>f America, AFL-CIO, Toronto, Ontario, Omujla E ihvar IT L andry, Director of Safely and Health, Bureau of Per sonnel, United Stales Post Obice Department, Washington, D. G A rthur IT L anci.!!', Chairman of lite Hoard, McCall Corporation, New York, New York S tanley Learned, President, Phillips Petroleum Company, Bartles ville, Oklahoma Ivan F. LeGore, Safety Director, Portland Cement Association, Chi cago, Illinois j E ocene L. L ehr, Chief, Program Planning & Consultation Branch, Divisimi of Accident Prevention, Public Health Service, Washing ton, D. C. G. M. Le iu c ii, Vice President--Operations. Western Maryland Rail way Company, Baltimore, Maryland Bkuce Loukie, Vice President, Deere & Conqrany, Moline, Illinois W illiam H. Lowe. Treasurer, Inland Sled Company, Chicago, Il linois > National Safety Council 000471 Forst E. Lowery, Manager, Greater Minneapolis Safely (.'oun.il Minneapolis, Minnesota W. G. M acintosh, Manager, Kiighi <i ng I>e|*:n lintnl. lia n t, i I \. ciilcnt ami Indemnity Company, New York, New Yoik A lex A. M alkski, Program Service, Associate DiieiUu, IJ.*' *'Ini. of America, New York, New York H. G. M angelsdouf, Standard Oil Company (N . J.), New Yml New York Miss M arion E. Martin, Commissioner of Lahor ami ludi:.;. Slate of Maine, Augusta, Maine Stanley A. M ate, Director, Training Activities, Natimi..I Kid- \ i sociation of America, Washington, D. C. H arry O. M athew s, Vice President, Transportation am! DmhI.m j tion Division, Armour and Company, Chicago, Illinois |J. H. T yi.em McConnell, Secretary and Munta r oi I man. * <.... milice, Hercules Powder Company, Wihtiiii:;ii*it, iMawai, G. E. McCorison, Chairman of (he Board. Tliilmany Pulp and I 1 . j Company, Kankauna, Wisconsin ^Brooks McCormick, Executive Vice Premium, Intrn. ,ii ... .l ll., \ ve5ter Company, Chicago, Illinois I E. C. McF adden, Vice President, Texas Employers' tism.uL. \ sociation, Dallas, Texas H. S. M cF arland, Director of Personnel Services. Cenciai >!; , I Corporation, Detroit, Michigan Du. Ross A. M cF aulan, Professor of Environmental llcahl. .... Safety, Division of Environmental Health Sciimvs, I Ian.id N ! of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts W illiam H. McGaughey, Vice President, American Mom* t. ... poratiou, Detroit, Michigan I'. C. Mt-'.RNLK, Vice I'resident--( cimi al Manager, Mr.i.i. I . ... I'onns, Inc., Oakland, California I. W. M illard, Pompano Beach, Florida N orman C. Miniirum, Director, National I f f >i:*vi., 1 . ......... pie., Chicago, Illinois W alter E. Montgomery, Safety Diicctor, Quebec Ashe Mi,* .*;*., , Association, Montreal, Quebec, Canada ) ') National Safety Council ( Hoard o f Directors, continued) T homas C. Morrill, Vice President, Stale Farm Mutual Automobile Insurance Company, Bloomington, Illinois A. W. Motley, Director, Bureau of Labor Standards, U. S. De partment of Labor, Washington, D. C. E dward C. M yers, Vice President and Assistant to President, United States Steel Corporation, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania A rthur J. N aq u in , Safety Counselor, New Orleans Public Service, Inc., New Orleans, Louisiana A mos E. N eyhart, Director, Institute of Public Safety, The Penn sylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania J . E. N ichols, Director of Safety, Reynolds Metals Company, Rich mond, Virginia Roiikrt A. Oi.EN, Executive Vice President, Gar Wood Industries, Inc., Wayne, Michigan Geo. P. O 'R ourke, S r., Chairman of the Board, O'Rourke Con struction Company, Dallas, Texas R. N. P ahcji, Safety Consultant, American Gas Association, New York, New York M rs. Louis L. P erlman, Wilmette, Illinois i R ichard J . P eters, Editor, New York World-Telegram & Sun, New York, New York (r M. 1. Pm:, Vice President, America bore Loyalty Group, New York, New Ytik F letcher N. P latt, Manager, Traffic Safety and Highway Im provement Department, Ford Motor Company, Dearborn, Michigan M. C. M. P ollard, Director of Safety, National Gypsum Company, Buffalo, New York H arry L. P owell, Assistant to Vice President, The Goodyear Tire & Rubber Company, Akron, Ohio H owako P yle, President, National Safely Council, 425 North Michi gan Avenue, Chicago 11, Illinois J. S. Q ueener, Manager, Safety and Fire Protection Division, E. 1. du Pont dc Nemours & Company, Inc., Wilmington, Delaware R ev. S heldon Ra iin , Executive Director, Department of Social Welfare, National Council of Churches, New York, New York M jss M ji.drlt) R i ll, Assistant National Adviser, Future Homemakers of America, Office of Education, Department of Health, Education,! and Welfare. Washington, D. C f ) National Safety Council `'(i*-*&**. ' \ J* 0004711 ' ' .t s m W. T homas R ice, President, Atlantic Coast Line Raiho.ul Com pany, Jacksonville, Florida M rs. J ean R indlaub, Vice President, Hatten, Barton, Dmr.iiuc A Osborn, Inc., New York, New York M ark Robeson. Vice President, Yellow Transit Freight Lines. Itw , Kansas City, Missouri Dr. O. P reston Robinson, Editor & General Manager, IJesu cl 1 7 : - . Publishing Company, Salt I.abc City, Utah H. I. Romnes, President, Western Electric Company, Hew York. New York J ack J . R osedrough, General Manager, Farm Durcau Mutual In surance Company of Indiana, Indianapolis, Indiana i Robert T. Ross, Manager, Employe Programs Department, Ivid Motor Company, Dearborn, Michigan J ames A. R yder, Chairman, Board of Directors, Ryder System, Inc, Miami, Florida M rs. Raymond S ayre, Ackworth, Iowa C. F. Schlueter, Vice President--Accident Prevention, Employer; Mutuals of Wausau, Wausau, Wisconsin E. W eldon Sch um a ch er, President, American Optical Company, Soiithbridgc, Massachusetts ! A. J. Seil w AMIT.s, Ilcail of Depat Uncut of Agriirultmal Engin. i.t n.g. University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota S. MJ S harp, Vice President, Southwestern Electric Power O n : pany> Shreveport, Louisiana Gordon ,11. S h een e, Head, Trafiic Center Program, Continuing Fdu cation Service, Highway Trahie Safely Center, Michigan St.no University, East Lansing, Michigan P. L. S iem ili.er, General Vice President, International Association of Machinists, Chicago, Illinois J. R. S im i'i.ot, J. R. Siuiplot Company, Boise, Idaho R euuen D. S ivekson, Manager, Department of Manufacture. C ham ber of Commerce of the United Stales, Washington, D. C. V. J. S kutt, President, Mutual of Omaha, Omaha, Nebraska D o n a u ). Si.urz, Managing Director, Tiafhc Safely Asoc-i.tttc.n i.i Detroit, Detroit, Michigan ) National Safety Council (lia,tnl of Directors', continued) Kontur H. S nodgrass, President, Atlas Finance Company, Inc., At lanta, Georgia S. F. S pence, Director, Safety and Loss-Prevention, American Cyan:imi<i Cojnpany, Wayne, New Jersey H erman J. S poerer, Vice President, Industrial Relations, The Youngstown Sheet and Tube Company, Youngstown, Ohio K. E. Stai.ey, Vice President, General Motors Corporation, Detroit, Michigan G eorge H . Steel, S afety Director. Ralston Purina Company, St. Louis, Missouri <i S iivv.m;r, \.dcvil)v, Nuilh I'uiolhia l A rthur E. Stoddard, President, Union Pacific Railroad Company, Omaha, Nebraska H uch B. S u'i-.knv, Jk., Program Director, Junior Achievement In corporated, New York, New York Rabbi M arc H. T anenbaum , Director, Department of Inlerrcligious AffairsJ American Jewish Committee, New York, New York L E dward W . T anquary, Staff Engineer, Farm Equipment Research and Engineering Center, International Harvester Company, Hins dale, IljW is Colonel W. L. T ubbs, Laguna Reach, California H untington M. T urner. Vice President, Chemical Bank New York: Trust Company, New York, New York Mus. E. Arthur U nderwood, Vancouver, Washington I, i.ovu D. U tter,. Director, Industria) Health and Safely United Automobile Workers, Detroit, Michigan M rs. Bernice T. V an der V ries,. Member, Chicago Transit Chicago Transit Authority, Chicago, Illinois Divisioni; BoardfI? Donald G. V aughan, Assistant Vice President, Engineering Dr: partment. The Aetna Castialty and Surety Company, Hartford Connecticut Dr. P reston A. W ade, Professor of Clinical Surgery, Cornell Uni versity Medical School, New York, New York J. P. Warner, Vice President and General Manager, Manufacturing f Division, Humble Oil & Refining Company. Houston, Texas ) National Safety Council c. Miss M ary M. W i:i;ks, Program Specialist, Health ami S.ifetx l .} cation, Girl Scouts of the United States of America, Ni-u Yml New York M ark D. W entz, J r,, Safety Director, Cic-Con Oil Corporation. Lake Charles, Louisiana H unter P. W harton, General Secretary-Treasurer, International Union of Operating Engineers, Washington, D. C George M. W heatley, M.D., Third Vice President and Medical Di rector, Metropolitan Life Insurance Company, New York, New York R ex M. W hitton, Federal Highway Administrator, U. S. merit of Commerce, Washington, I). C. T. H. W ilkenson, Director of Safely, Department of the Aimy, Washington, D. C. Allan M. W ilson, Vice President, The Advertising Council, Inc, Washington, D. C. W. B. Wood, Director, Agricultural Extension Service, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio i E. C^ark W oodward, Corporate Director of Safety, A. O. Smiih Corporation, Milwaukee, Wisconsin Dr. J. C. W right, Secretary, Committee for Advancement of Scho; I Administration, American Association of School Administrator;, Washington, D. C. D r. D' W illard Z a iin , Dean, School of Education, Temple Uni versify, Philadelphia. Pennsylvania C ecil G. Zaun, Supervisor, Safety anil Ihivir Insliiictinn Sii..n. Los Angeles City Board of Fdoeation, J.ns Angeles. ( aliioini.t ') 1962 National Safety Conynss if gelling :m unexpected niuullitnl of an rosivc or toxic chemical, some chemicals like kenezcnc have a cumulative toxicity from the vapors alone. Q. What are some of the impnilaut pre cautions in hamlline glassware? A. Disiiose of cracked or damaged gla<swarc, protect the hands when assembling or fabricating glassware. Q. What helps prevent electrical shock? A. Insure equipment is in good repair and always grounded. Q. What is danger ot storing solvents in an ordinary refrigerator? A. If solvent vapors cscatre and till tile refrigerator, the spark from its operation may cause it to explode. Such refrigerators can be explosion-proofed by removing the 4r sources of ignition, such as the light bulb| and controls. O. What is an important way to leant of'J the hazardous individual characteristics ol.i chemicals and their reactions? y. A. t'becking available literature beforeJJ In-ginning to work. Q. Why is a shield placed in front of the reaction? A. To prevent injury in case of fUdvi splash, or explosion. The film may lie purchased from tliC-j Manufacturing Chemists' Association, Inc,^ 1825 Connecticut Avenue N.W., Washing; 9, D. C , for $100. It may be previewed for$10, which will apply against the purchase, of the film if the order is received witl^j .10 ilays. 0 0 0 0 4 Chemical industrie P%-: i Vy Solutions of water solftjtt) beryllium: nor- ing valuable in tluB proper evaluation of (be Vmal salts, such chloride, and the as bjfjjQium iiitranFSt^-'itl sulphate, aidi'c ill ' ' s.p- eci.fic problem,s.! ;, reaction and are characterized by their whOenreintliteheouihseer-o^fJinsiiuml,plitfhyeinreg aasrseumaprttiioclne-s, i _ alibuimlityhytodrodxisidsoe.lveHolwaregveera, mthoeusnets woaftebr esryoll-- possibly in an at tempt lo rapidly linali/c |I,< "(iv uble salts arc not hydrolized lo the same pcorombpleamtib, leliaws iltehd thfte ccouiirerletniMt ocnpsid(c!m;(ioal.rtc^un,*di. jr- aelxutmenitnuams oatnhder icroonrr.esTphoendienxgacstalrtse,assounchfoasr experimental, and medical evidence Within this unexpected behavior of the beryllium ion all the background of confusion there doe- bas not been defined. exist a definite orderly pattern of facts jr Fluorine gas reacts with beryllium at room temperature. Chlorine, bromine, iodine, hydroVfen sulphate and nitrogen peroxide gases f react with beryllium metal at elevated tem'l peiatures. ' . vliedicai Aspects Recognition of the acute type of medical problems, encountered in the chemical anti The author of this report on the cuneni status of the beryllium associated disease- does not intend to imply that this report will finalize the specific problem, it is Ins intent to apply knowledge gained luring 20 years of experience in the beryllium industry against the evidences and thereby reach some tenable conclusion, valid within the evi dences currently at hand. ^thermal refining of beryllium and bcryllia Beryllium Associated Diseases: Acute Types NATURE AND INCIDENCE OF BERYLLIUM ASSOCIATED DISEASES By JO H N F. Z IE L IN S K I, M.D. Medical Director, The Brush Beryllium Co., Cleveland, Ohio Certain physical and chemical ' haracleristics of beryllium arc presented. as they, under current evidences, arc apparently sig nificant in the potential toxicity expression and incidence of beryllium associated diseases. Beryllium is classifieri as an amphoteric element but is principally a metal in its characteristics. Like aluminum, it demon strates a spurious nobility because of its pre ferential strong atfinily lo chemically combine with tx>gen, almost instantaneously the element. Intra-crystalline separation pure beryllium is said to begin at 700C] (1290F) and become rapid at 1000 Cj (1830M-). It is the only light metal with a higk: melting iroinl 1285C d: 10 C (2345 F f 18F) Its boiling point has an extrapolates value of 2507C (4540F). It is interesting, to note that the melting point for the orfc* of beryllium has tc|K>rlcd values of 2510 C to 2560C (4550F to 4640F) and a boiling ,K>int of 4260C (7700` F ). forming a protective him ot beryllium oxide. This hard film of oxide reaches maximum thickness of i n '1 ccniimclcrx (l(KIA| t>r IHH micron) in two hours and is \cry resistant to further corrosion under standard kinetic energies. The excellent corrosion resistance is attributed lo the fart that the volume of oxide formed is greater than the volume of the metal consumed in the formation of the oxide. Above 81SC (1500F) this film is disrupted by the effect of elevated tempera ture causing intra-crystalline separation in .1 I....t;,,n i,, further oxidation of Chemically, beryllium is quite closely lalcd lo aluminum anti its complete 5epal*4g lion front this element is difficult. Beryllium metals reacts readily with 45* phttric acid and hydrochloric acids. Dil nitric attacks the tnelal slowly, but coi Irated nitric has but little effect. Boil water and alkalies react with the evoltiUt of hydrogen. The hydroxide, Be(0H)v 8 amphoteric. The bet yllates, unlike the alununates, arc fairly easily hydrolized at boiling, temperatures t^'.from ore has existed in literature since 1933. feThe opinions of sundry observers that the i acute reactions, involving either the skin Kyand/or the respiratory tract, were tine en- tircly to acid mists and acidic anions, were bolstered by an official report in 191.1, etnacoaling from the United Stales Public Health Service, to the effect that beryllium, per se, i t s not toxic. The basic error in this simplify ing assumption arose out of the fact that the highly insoluble compounds did not evoke 'adverse acute responses in various experipwnlal animals. Unfortunately, this asser tion retarded the eventual full recognition gf the role of the beryllium ion in the thronic phase of the beryllium associated diseases. Recognition that the beryllium ion can ex3s toxicity in the human being, predomtntly in the form of the chronic respiratory 4iabitjty, did not attain acceptance until J-1W7. This recognition came 'out of an i,epidemic-like onset of respiratory abnormali- among employees of a fluorescent lamp |icanufacturcr. T h is latter recognition of a new occupa%noa! disease entity, of major medical and gfcgal importance, stimulated a great deal of arch into the epidemiological, medical, I experimental aspects of beryllium nsso([bated diseases. lite ra tu re on these aspects ' steadily. The lists include observations human and experimental evidences. In jjltotb categories, there arc data that arc prov The eventual conclusions drawn hy the author are based on the evidences of !x)(li the derma! and the respiratory adverse re actions manifested among -ome her)Ilium workers. It is, llicicfor-, issrnli.d lliat at least brief descriptions of all these re.icikaii he presenter! in order to substantiate the ultimate conclusions. Contact Dermatitis Causation is undue and/or prolonged con tact with the soluble salts of lcryIlium. Causal frequency and severity are definitely a function of the type of salt. The mo>t reactive salt as to frequency and severity, in the author's experiences, is !crylliiim fluoride. Ammonium beryllium fluoride reacts less in frequency and severity. llcryilium sulphate and beryllium chloride salts show a much lower frequency anti severity rale. The gioss pathological expressions me influenced by the radical. Contact dermatitis bus not Itcii m ch in workers handling pure beryllium hydroxide, pure beryllium oxide, and the present-day vacuum cast beryllium metal. Prior lo 1950. lire so-called "high purity" metal coni.urnd anywhere from 0.5 to 2 per cent of un reduced soluble beryllium fluoride salt with in the structure of the metal mass, and as high as 5 per cent in the `'technical" grade of metal. A dermatitis iudcntical to that caused by beryllium fluoride was seen among cm- ) 00Ol 75 IVO' National Stiffly tuinjiess ,,l-.ycis engaged rkmg lliis |.am- il metal. This (act Olas a logical explanan.,, o( acule dermal [or the very early re p o rt aiul/or rcs.nratory a .l v c e reac.ums people working will. l1"s ial of the basic refineries. 11C raised, firm, relatively dense, wiilul*. ilimlt.irt t, - Cases documented before li [ilicatipn. I,,. ,,0 inflammation. The bulk of the les-on a in 1950, of current industrial 'iP fom ' extends rather deeply, is well defined, with , f'c.-rtrols, were domin.an. tl.y .o.f .the insidious typ-e. fl or resistance. Studies of excised spect-: Jrt A typical ease of the insidious type can he 3 ' "Y * c shown the lesion to he dominantly'; gs generally described in the following niamicr. mens m\ . oj rcaciion but with Usually a relatively new employee woulil Y 11Yirrlhle cciitral destruction of cells. I M ; complain of a progressive non-productive several specimens a few isolated small g ratsb ^. cough, cronpy in character, and aggravated Illcnjif" Dermatosis M l the cases in the experience o ilio anllior have o w n ,re d w .lhin m s * ( '" o '" days alter initial exposure In the fumes, nlomata had been discerned in the zonal > j* when the afflicted was in the supine position section between the area <d cellular d e s l r u c - T h i s subjective symptom was invariably as- lion and the fihruus capsule n . socialcd with a symmetrically progressive I-: burning type of pain u.tiler the breast bone, mists a n d /o r dusls of beryllium (Inoiidc. Kesfiratory Aspects: /iiniei/iii/f or "Acute" jiLmore or less constant, plus shortness of T h e frcqncncv of attach is approxim ately Occupational Disease Potential a breath that was markedly aggravated on 1 per cent n 't the population so ex p o sal. `Th`e acute respiratory occupational1 aditseease'.,- V v a p*nh'ysicail excertion. This syndrome expresses itself ... the rather ilenliil ranges in expression from rlunlttl' Due lo the uilciisily and persistence o f the sudden onset of intense inllan.n.at.on ol the I " '1 piicun.oi.ilis, i.c., iiiflaim nnlion of the,.- A described sym ptoins the individual w as un- skin w ith vary!.. dcKrecs of p u ^ 'c s s . mcm biauccs ranging from the nose dowii' fable lo obtain regularly proper physical rest usually onlv on the norm ally exposed a .c a s of ,he face and neck, with snper,tn,,sed to the lung tissues, depending o n the d e g r * ||g |a n d developed the associated sym ptom s of l.ir-ilion -md compound type of exposure! ^general lassitude, physical weakness and loss disrrelc and confluent lesions, flat, ejevalrd, I1lic form' `of inisls. fumes, and/or '" `lie / j1of/ aapppp-e*t:i't-e, plus .s.o..m...e....w.. -eight loss. Oo ln.jcc- a n d /o r blistered in type. tthhec ssoomlumblee compounds of b.ery-lliumM. tTT-J"kk i> |g| |liiv,eel|yy,, tire resting afflicted individual was liilalcral pufliness o f llic eyelids in cai3 ..1 l t l l . U C I . i l | , u ......... .. flluoride compoiumnuds marec -do...m....n.-a-nt -y o.w.. *.j fooled to have a definitely increased respira tlct1-1r1ccs is a` constant fcalnrc. I11lla.0mat.0n illliouglt all the soluble co,,i|>o,mds utih rf; ^tory rate with diniinislied chest expansion. of the conjunctiva, if present, s minimal on i,; the liasic industry have been tn c n tm n ^ Relatively mild exertion would readily in- contrast. Itching is an intense subjective at one time or another. i[duce shortness of breath and a reflex spas- symptom Attempts to re-enter the enudojee n,,, the fluoric phase of cl,cm,cal prmlui linn, The rhino pharyngitis, i.c.. the nosc-throil. ?| Jjmthoedicnaicloubgehd.s Saonmde/odregmreuecooufs bmlueemnebsrsaneosf after total rem ission of the dcsiribed sy phase usually resolves itself rapidly .would be apparent. The nose and throat d.nm v invariably re-nllcd ... rccjimneeme, eiKinlancously after temporary complete re-,| mucosa would be inflamed. Ibis necessitated a pcrm ancnl l.ai fer t> moral from the exogenous factors. nnoilicr chemical or miscellaneous ^ration. lire Irarhco-i.roiicliitis phase necessitates, Stcllioscojiic examination of lire chest .Would reveal fine lo medium alinoruia! rales, without further ill ell eel. t an ,,pmu lunger period of temporary complete remorf, Imost noliccalde in lire lower lung fields. sisted (ion, the exogenous factors. Thtsmihts.rd '-Occasionally lire abnormal sounds were prar- ri-Miiralory complication was usually the rt stially identical to those heard during an C'/u'liuVid Ulcer :;,,! of relatively high levels of exposua. l.tatuck of asthma. Tire heart beat rale would This lesion is usually the result of neg over a prolonged period of tune. Modern Jbe markedly accelerated. The temperature lected superficial cuts or scratches coniamt- dnstrial hygiene practices m U> as normal or very slightly elevated except ,cited will, lire fluoric compounds of beryl industry during the past 10 to 12 years !;>the presence of a secondary infection. The limn The sulphate compound can also nc practically wiped out the incidence of natfr rclinical laboratory findings, in lire tmcompli- causal hut incidence anil seventy ate of phyarvngilis and trarheo-hronch.tis foltd eases, were essentially within normal lesser degree. It is an open les,on of I ,c Of najor concern lo aII involved is tf*: ffenils. ski., presenting a sloughing. `regnhn t.'lllC . respiratory disease potential o f * Tcnij>oinry nerense of L';nmna gloimlin in face and scanty thin scions otscuarge " herylliu.n chemical pncumonopalhy. H,slr edges are well defined and slightly elevated, ` , -lscs have been documented blood had lccn noted in most eases. The showing inflammation with pcriphcial extm- rally, surli being either of fiihi.iualiiig or an insidio ^iCpTlbfecstiabxl-craycshaunsgueaslly udnitdil noftrosmhowseavneyn a|tio- ,i..n of varying degree, fain ,s p.o.muei, hen the lesion is present ovei points ivpe. I'axically, they are one and the Sim jjftwenty-cii'lit days after llic initial ousel of flexion, extension, or lamy structure. disease, being influenced by tn,.c-dosaKef*_ ,,)rs. The fulminating type w*as usually. . subjective symptoms, lliesc changes relatively briecff ecxx|posures lo overwhek* inried wilh llic {`Jbease. stage and severity of the I'/. i-i nlim; (Tkiiui/oiiiii ing levels of adverse cximsnrc, with a rrU'x Tlds les,on is noisily the result of an livvlv shinl latent period before expressifli Atypical ease would first show a diffuse, ,,,,plant of l.i i xIlium sulphate salt uudci .,f (he hmg tissue involvement lire mstdv. jjimnctrical bilateral haziness. The very lire skin surface. The leo..,, gross y re tvpc was the result of co.itmual c l t ; told eases did not show progression beyond ve,nhles a soft "cor,,." It is well defined 1clalivelv high levels over a rclat.vcly k* ii. aspect. The progressive case would then ' ..................it, healing surface that occasion- ;...l :.f A 'jbuw irregular patches ol soft-appearing in Iitmidil Industries filtration, followed Indiscrete and/or cou''flirenf iiodnlcs; 1 tl"thc*mses of recovery the tcsolulion of these aliuorinal shadows to the individual's normal would lie rather slow, from four lo six weeks in the severe cases, hut would lie complete prior to llic subsi dence of the subjective symptoms. Complete recovery periods ranged from four lo twelve weeks. The fulminating ly|ic was basically simi lar except that the latency period bet ecu the known massive cx|xisure incident and lire onset of subjective and objective syniplo.iis would he very brief, as little as six hours. Tire chest x-ray in such eases would invariably show the advanced stages, as de scribed for llic insidious type, in a pcritxl as short as 72 hours after the c.\|osurc. The complete recovery period in the fulminating eases, though more dramatic in chararlcr, was unexpectedly short by comparison, usually being complete in al,u( four weeks. I11 the series of 9J cases of acute beryl lium clremiral pncumonopalhy documented in the prc-1950 experiences of Iwo basic re fineries 11 Ohio, there were ten fatalities, six coming to autopsy. The pathological re ports were essentially negative, except for lire lung disease and for acute cor pulmonale, i.c., acute dilation of the right or pulmonary sitle of the heart. The dominant ahunmtal cellular feature of the lungs was pi 1,1,0,meed inlraalvcolar interstitial edema, i.c., involve ment of the framework of the air sacs, wilh varying degrees of organization. The pathologist remarked on the non specificity of the reaction ami its similarity to the reaction discerned in fatal eases due to phosgene or the oxides of nitrogen. lie further indiraled a similarity to the reaelioi, seen with virus |,,,e,,u,o,,ilis or with the pneumonitis associated with scveie kidney function block- It is his documented opinion that the acute pnetiiiiouopalliv is that of a chemical pitcutnouitis or pc, i-hroiu liiola 1 alx colitis. lire epidemiological, experiment.,I anil clinical evidences indicated I) lire doseresponse curve in the acute type uf occupa tional disease potentials associated will, the soluble cnmiHiunds of lieiylli.... s ||u- usual sign,,,id seen wilh other tuxir malt , tats, and 2 ) the dose-response base line i. dillciiut. both in ficipicney and scvciilr, for d,lie,cut comp,mils of beryllium I bis d ill,,, mini ,s ) ) 1962 National Safety Cunt/ress associated with the known and predictable differences in the physico-chemical character istics of the involved compound. From all these evidences it is reasonable to postulate that the acute types of disease arc basically the result of the chemical activity of the involved compound, modified in its action by its bond with beryllium, and not due to the beryllium ion alone. Chronic Types Dermal Aspects: Latent or "Chronic" Occupational Disease Potentials Dermal Granuloma This type of disease potential was highly publicized through fluorescent lamp breakage and implant incidents. All the evidences in dicate that only the very slowly ^ohible com pounds of beryllium, principally certain forms of the oxide, evoke the granular unit lesion ascribed to the beryllium ion. The gross skin lesion, limitc<rto the area of implant, resembles a keloid or soft "coni." It usually reaches maximum expression within 4 months after an implant incident. The abnormal tissue exprcssionjjisMhat of a localized foreign body reaction, with a dif fuse. somewhat loosely arranged distribution of the granular unit lesions. Father simple surgical excision effects a cure. | The incidence pf the skin granuloma in the basic industry has been inticp lower than one would expect. In fact, it is the excep tion instead of the rule. This' may be ex plained, at least in part, hy the fact that the industrial implant J u n e s receive medi cal attention. There arc. however, relatively large numbers of permanent skin implant cases where the granulomatous reaction has not occurred. Atopic Dermatosis There are two cases diagnosed as recur rent eczema-like dermatosis at sites of pre viously prolonged irritation hy the soluble salts of beryllium. A polysensitization factor is ascribed. Respiratory Aspect Probably no other disease entity having an exogenous inorganic factor has provoked as much controvcry as that associated with the beryllium ion. H ie term ''berylliosis*' was coined by * M .1. . . ,lino in experimental "acute poisoning" in animals. Willi the subsequent recognition of the "chronic or delayed" form of reaction in humans, the term was simply expanded to identify the two classes of pulmonary dis ease as either "acute berylliosis" or "chronic berylliosis." This simplification unfortunately engen dered confusion because it did not indicate the different abnormal tissue response in the two entities and, furthermore, fostered an erroneous interpretation that a lime element is (he sole point of difference. VauOrdstrand and I are in agreement that the term "acute beryllium chemical piiciiinonopathy" is probably the most basi cally descriptive, from an epidemiological and clinical vicwjoint, when discussing the acute type of pulmonary reaction. The term "berylliosis" has gradually become accept^ in literature and law, to describe the syn drome associated with somewhat more speci fic, chronic abnormal tissue changes in the lung parenchyma along with variable second ary systemic alterations. Berylliosis A satisfactory definition for this disease entity is currently virtually impossible. There are observers who prefer to classify tlie entity as a systemic disease or intoxication, (lie hmg manifestations being only a part of the entire syndrome. They postulate their opinion on the existence in an appreciable number of cases of associated specific type of abnormal tissue reaction in oilier organs However, there has been no doeumeulcd ease showing clinical evidence of "systemic beryl liosis" without the lungs being the critical organ involved. From the evidence in litera ture it can reasonably be asserted that beryl liosis may be considered a systemic reaction, induced by the beryllium ion, but consistcullj having its primary and major expression of disease in the lungs. All current epidemiological evidences in dicate that the major causation in the exist ing cases was beryllium oxide having certain physico-chemical characteristics. A refined experimental study, now in progress, sup jorts this philosophy. Subject Symptoms and Objective L'indingt The subjective symptoms in chronic beryl lium-associated pulmonary disease arc nonvj,- i(ic The most prominent <s (h.it of ) -vat s - . .j 00 01"'< ; ! C U c m U t t l I t u i l l i h it' . shortness of breath (lie severe eases, at res productive, occurs ii s g g e iiu tf iM P tity . of eases. A varyiiv `tfejfrcc oi weight loss has been determined in more than half of the eases. Subjective symptoms occurring in the minority include fatigue, chest pains, loss of appetite and weakness in descending order of frequency. Any or all of these sub jective symptoms may he present, ranging in intensity from a very minor order to a very profound slate. Objective findings arc relatively sparse, with less than half of the eases demonstrat ing abnormal breath sounds on stcthoscopic examination. IHucness of nail beds and/or mucous membranes is noted in about 4(1 per cent of the eases, with clubbing of the fingers ntid/or toes in about 30 per cent. Liver enlargement has been detected in 5 per cent and spleen enlargement in 3 per cent. Clinical Laboratory Routine blood studies are usually within accepted normal limits. The red corpuscle sedimentation rate is commonly increased. A relative increase in red cell count, without ; increase in the white count nor appreciable alteration in the differential, has been noted '.i in the more severe eases. A relative increase > in the gamma globulin fraction of the blood i scrum has frequently been reported. * Standard urinalysis is noil-informative. Increased excretion of calcium in the urine tats been reported to have been noted in an appreciable number of cases. Extensive ` studies on active and inactive beryllium workers, both with and without evidences of the disease, have shown the constant elimination of beryllium (tody burden via the urinary tract, without any correlation to the degree of cxjxwurc nor to the presence or * absence of the specific disease. X j Respiratory Functional Abnormalities }(/ Only about 6 per cent of the total docti:Vmental cases of berylliosis have had any .f,j significant studies on the associated respirafy lory physiological changes. The only conI; stant findings, in all the cases studied, were lliose of a) decreased vjtal capacity, b) >1 decreased A-a 0j gradient, pnd c) decreased diffusive capacity for oxygen. These were ';f, followed, in order of decreasing frequency, ' '*>) fuiiliiiK'' <f a ) d e cr ea s ed r e s tin g o x y g m saturation^' Jil increased physiological d..<l space, c) ;t^ fc a se tl maximal breathing c.i . jipetLy^ thlj-ja suggesting obstructive cm fdiysemiTWlitr) jiolycythcima. 1 `bc results indicated that the chronic pulmonary lesions associated with beryllium caused an "alvcotar-capiliary block" syn drome of rather profound degree. R<uliological Patterns The x-ray changes seen in berylliosis eases were initially considered to fail into three distinctive stages. The first stage is described as a diffuse, hue, uniform, distinctly particulate granula rity. The sccoud stage was characterized a* diffuse, reticular pattern supcrtmiioscd on the initial granularity. The third stage was characterized by the presence of uniformly distributed Modula tions. At a later date, a fourth stage, that of consolidation, was described. This concept that there arc stages of the disease has been questioned by some observ ers. They believe that although a progres sion pattern may exist, there are other evidences that these various x-ray changes represent types of disease rather titan stages. With the possible exception of die finely granular pattern, there is nothing in du other varieties that can be considered pulling nomonic, i c , peculiar to the specific prolili in Complications Except for (lie development of cor pul monale, complications of berylliosis have been few. The occurrence of hual nt su liouat hmg tissue collapse in alunit 15 per cent of eases and of kidney stones in about 10 per cent is considered a primary m.uu fcslatiou of the disease. T he clinical eu deuces in two geographical areas do nut fully support the relationship of kidney stones as a directly associated problem, as postulated by one group of observers. The complication nf cor pulmonale is pn>l* ably of greater clinical significance than (Ik primary disease entity itself. Tbc cvii/cmo indicate that (Ids complication is proliuM) tbc prime cause of fatality in the cases U nl ik e siluM\ tin . c c n n r i i i c .( int i ) ) 1902 iXtiliunal Safety Congress culusis ill beryllium cases lias liccii corrcslioiulinsly rare, particularly since many of such cases had keen institutionalized in sanatoria for the treatment of tuberculosis as a result of misdiagnosis. There arc six documented eases, reported as having this complication. Lung cancer has been similarly rare. The current ease registry report indicates one ease among the chronic disease group and two eases in the acute disease group. There arc no recorded eases of bone tumors in the case registry. Extreme anxiety and reactive depressive stales were rather common ill the earliest and most severely afflicted eases. These were associated with the very gloomy prognosis that existed in those days. Complications associated with the ijsc of steroid drugs, as a hcncficialing therapeutic agent, have been rate, orcmiing as stomach ir i nation, transient elevation of in'inary sugar excretion level and psychological dis turbances. Therapy and Prognosis j l'rior to the advent of ACTH and tile ad renal steroids, the treatment of berylliosis was limited to the use of oxygets) plus various supportive drugs. Sulfonamides; pen icillin and cylochromc-C were tried without success. Experimental systematic use oij var ious beryllium chelating agents was similarly inefleclivc. Except for the very mild and apparently stabilized eases, the prognosis was, at the very best, very guarded. In cipient death from pulmonary or cardiac insufficiency, or at best, permanent major physical disability was the usual course. The current medical evidences indicate that the routine therapeutic use of adrenal steroid drugs arc of definite henfit. In some cases the clinical improvement has been very dramatic. Some clinicians indicate eases showing liolli "complete" clinical and roent genological reversions to normal. Whether this effect is iiermancnt or merely a transient phenomenon is currently an equivocal ques tion. A symmetrically improved prognostic attitude is currently the general rule. Diagnosis The diagnosis is originally a reasonably presumptive one when an individual, having known of reasonably possible exposure to i II- ... ----,1;rr.icrv nItm lion in ihc r-- 00017 ( Cheuiirul Industries * lung x-ray pattern, accompanied by a vary ing degree of evidences of capillary-alveolar block, i.c., interference with dilTusion of oxygen through the air sac membranes. It is a reasonably probable one when the x-ray abnormality is that of a diffuse, bilateral fine granularity. It becomes a rattier firmly documented one only when the other entities causing capillary-alveolar block are ruled out. Generally, the majority of these entities offer little, if any, problem. In some in stances, it is necessary to resort to abnormal tissue identification by biopsy. Positive chemical or spcctrograpbic assay for beryllium in body fluid or tissue pro- vidcs incontestable evidence of significant ex posure to the element. However, the mere presence of the element in body fluids or. tissues does not, in itself, indicate the exist-..- cnee of a specific disease process. j response bail occurred due lo expt levels above 100 micrograiiis of Ij conlcnl in one cubic inclcr of w . , assumed the 100 microgrnin dosage as pos > sibly being (lie minimal toxic dose for tire ! "tost reactive coni|>ounds in use. The first recommendation was intended i for the prevention of any acute type of I occupational respiratory disease. The first i comprehensive survey on occupational qicrai- tional levels of beryllium exposure were ; conducted by the A.K.C. at the Lorain. Ohio, beryllium refinery in 1947 and 1948. 1 During this environmental survey, it was noted that there were no recorded cases of any type among employ ees in a specific area of the refinery. All the air |Xi!hitiou data ! showed results below 2S niierograms/M*. . This observation fostered the initially re Commended target of 25 micrograiiis/* peak value, without a time factor. l>iffercntial l>unjnoiis '. Having absolutely no data that could he Any chronic diffuse pulmonary disease used as the target for the prevention of the must be considered in the differential diag chronic type of occupational respiratory rc- nosis of berylliosis. The granular type of sponse, they resorted to an "educated" guess. reaction, on x-ray, must be differentiated, J. Tliey made the assumption that beryllium from rheumatic pneumonitis, erythema: was probably as toxic as the heavy nielis, nodosa, lupus and vims pneumonitis. The - - k-1*! a,|d mercury. They then reasoned that nodular type, from other pneumoconioses- an atoin-for-alom extrapolation was Ingiral. sarcoidosis, miliary tuberculosis, mycoses,, i taking the atomic weights o 2IK) for ntcr- miliary carcinomatosis, malignant lyinphoms . scury and 207 for lead, they divided them by pulmonary adenomatosis, alveolar proteinosis,;, ' 9, the atomic weight of beryllium. They chronic interstitial fibrosing pneumonitis? ' "tided out the results to the "whole" iittnt- (Hamman-Rich). etc. t a 25. This constituted the comparative The major diagnostic problem has beoti atomic weight factor. They then divided this ..., . . t were potentially -exposed <4i a eonlitmal basis, tho cotisuhams decided to apply a safely factor of 10. Thc.rCfomiucudcd target of 0.01 micrograms was estaTilishcd. At first sight this seems lo represent a I : 20(1 ratio on comparison with the recommended in plant target of 2.0 mirrograms. The lime factor of 40 boors/week implant exposure versus 164 Imurs/wcek outdoor exposures reduces this ratio to approximately | ; 50 I his ratio is actually not as morbid in its connotation as it may appear at first sight. Snell ratios in outdoor to workroom reeom- incndcd maximum allowable concent rations exist for other |Hilciiliallv to.xir elements nr compounds. A ratio of I : Hill exists for inorganic arsenic, fluorides ami 111-', I : 70 for lead, I : 67 for hydrogen sulfide, I : .1.1 for manganese, and I : .10 for mercury. I liesc rccoi.... cndaliuns governing Ircryl- linm irfiliery o|-ralions In-runic r lfr , live in MHO. Haseal on data and ex|>< lienees galltcicd luring (lie passage of time, modifications have been made in these original recommen dations, involving Itolli the cottecnlratiou ami the time factors. The following brief com- |>cnd describes the current A.K.C. recom mendations, issued in 1957. In-Plant--It'righted Averages 1. The daily* wcightcal average implan at mospheric licrylliiiiii concent ratiin should not exceed 2.0 micrograiiis/M*. 2. Ibis daily weighted average is com puted on a quarterly experience basis. that associated with sarcoidosis. - L ac,or of 25 into the previously assumed The x-ray changes and the bistopatbologi- minimal toxic dose of 100 tnirrogratiis, yicld- cal pattern in the fairly recently described *nf> * figure of 4 micrograiiis. After more "farmer's lung" are currently considered : ;debate, they decided to apply an additional not distinguishable from berylliosis. -i; factor of safety and came iqi with lite rcc- _t' omnicnded target level, on a daily weighted Industrial //y ffiette Aspects . paveragf basis, of 2 microgiains of beryllium The prevention of undue exposure of res*, acunlcin per cubic meter of air. A daily weighteil average exceeding 241 niierograms/M' lint nut in excess nf 511 micrograiiis/M* will not fie permitted I* exist for a pcriml exceeding 60 days without A.I-..C.. s|K-eifie approval. `I- A daily weighted average -seceding 5.11 micrugrams/M* calls for immediate concetivc action on the o|ernltou in question. pirahlc beryllium to boll workers and the*, L The ihird recommendation is intended lo general public is the prime function of the* ^prevent the occurrence of the chronic type industrial hygiene engineer. -".of beryllium-associated respiratory disease in What constitutes an undue level of !j|lhe general public living within the air ptillti- Insure lias never been unequivocally deter jjjlion influence of the bery llium producing or mined. In 1949, two consultants for the" wing plant. Extensive air sampling was con United Slates Atomic Energy Commission victed in 1948 and 1949 in such an area of were requested to make specific rccommtn^. influence where nou-occiipationaf exposure Nations for adequate industrial hygienki j-tases of the chronic disease had preiiouslv controls of beryllium air pollution. ^j| fjwotrred. The weighted average of the re- Having some evidences that both acute{] was 01 microgrnm beryllium per cubic and chronic types of icspiratory occupational rjnder of air Reasoning that the residents Single li.i'pasures I. Any single-air sample in excess of 25 mierograms/M'. within an updating aici. hut less than 100 mier>grams/M, must he reconfirmed within 10 days of the ncideul. If tho condition is statie, corrective action nuist be taken to reduce the level to below 25 microgranis/M*. 2 Concentrations abovc 25 m i e r u e r.u n s / M ', but less th in I'V.1 eucrerrra:::/M'. will not be permitted to exist for a period exceeding 60 lavs without A E C . -peeilie approval ) iV6l National Safety Congress 3. If the single sample concentration ex The monograph data further indicates an ceeds 100 micrograms/M*. the finding must "acute disease" attack rate in the Lorain, he reconfirmed in 10 days. If the condition Ohio, beryllium refinery from 1940 to 1948 is sialic, the operation in (|uestion is hulled among 1850 personnel of 7.1 per cent in 1613 and corrective measures taken to reduce the male employees, 5.9 per cent in 237 female level below 25 mierogrnms/M*. employees, will) an averaged attack rate of Out riant 0.9 per cent. These rather symmetrical in cidence data give support to the existence 1. 1 ii the neighborhood of the plant han of a standard sigmoid dose-response curve in dling beryllium compounds, the average at the acute type of disease. However, lltcv the breathing zone level should not exceed attack rale for the chronic type, in tlie^ 001 microgrnins/M1, calculated on a monthly same group shows an incidence of 18 easel,/, basis. with a 0.6 per cent incidence lit (lie males, 2. A monthly average concentration in 2.9 per cent in the females, with a general?' excess of 0.01 micrograms/M* hut not ex incidence of 0.9 jicr cent. .J ceeding 0.05 inicrogrnins/M' calls fur cor The ratio of I : 5 prevalence in the female*' rective procedures. Such concentrations will is symmetrically paralleled by the case in-3 not be permitted to exist for more than 60 cidcncc of 15 females and 3 males in the;]' exposure time extrapolated to 3. . hours. . 000478 Clwnicai industries y-j the early results in a cutlcnt experimental I,rohc suggest flint this* fbStjtrc could well he The ease registry data in<licalcrji|?chrbnjc function of varying. Iphysico chcmiral case total incidence of 395. It i L a ^ i f ^ * ^ c t e :risties of the lier^ftm i comj>oiiml mthat 28 of these had prior iucidcncc of the volvcd in the cxpbsilrt^fhis factor could acute type. The refinery ease group con als.i give a reasonable explanation f.r the tributed 8 of these. This would indicate that varying dcgiccs of morbidity. 20 out of the residual 35 cases diagnosed as acute iu industries other than beryllium Summation refining had lapsed into the chronic type. This would represent a 57 per cent incidence. This is in sharp contrast to the 4 per cent incidence in the Lorain refinery experience, 8out of 169 acute cases. T.here arc -possibl-y two reas..o..n..a.--ble cxpla; IJal,0,ls for such a marked discrepancy. First, & . medical diagnosis could have Ih'cii wrong 1. The acute types of beryllium-associated diseases arc apparently not specific. 2. Berylliosis, as experienced ill the human, expresses itself primarily as a diffuse dis ease of the lungs. 3. Oilier vital organs may show varying degrees of primary type of im-olvemc.il. days without A.E.C. specific approval. 3. Monthly average concentration in excess of 005 micrograms/M* calls for cessation of operai ions until corrective measured arc taken to reduce the level lo at least 0.01 inicrograins/M*. 1 noil-occupational group associated with llte^. j? In a!jy K*vcn number of eases. The second specific refinery. It is readily apparent thatl S possibility is rather provocative. It embraces a dose-response curve will not apply. Dr.g: j?;-,!. philosophy that if the diagnosis of berylLichen, currently doing an epidemiological^ L *'l,m associated respiratory disease was study in the area of Ilie major beryllium/: j?. 'corelically correct, the medical observer producer, lias indicated an occupational n*?( t j . ^ as actually seeing, not the acute type as cidence of 0.5 |cr cent and also has noted;;; described in this treatise, but rather an 4. Hie clinical syndrom e is iKui-S|>ccific, and is that associated with "capillary alveo lar block." 5.. I lie chest rocnlgcnogia... is non specific for the puriR.se of establishing a firm diagnosis. Incidence: Statistical Heforts A beryllium-associated disease ease registry is sponsored by the United States Atomic Energy Commission in order to coot disiate and evaluate the statistical data generated throughout the United States. The registry has been managed by Dr. Harriet L. Hardy, currently associated with the Medical De partment, Occupational Medical Service, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cam bridge, Massachusetts. The first published reports on the data came out in 1961 in a monograph entitled 'Toxicity of Beryllium Compounds," authored by Drs. Tepper and Hardy and Mr. Chamberlin. Some altera tions in these data have been presented by Dr. Harriet Hardy in her article entitled, "Beryllium Case Registry Progress Report: 1962," in the "Archives of Environmental Health" issue of September, 1962. The data in the monograph on the inci derne of the "acute" type of respiratory beryllium associated disease indicates a total of 249 cases. Case incidence distribution by the type of industry is documented as 214. or 89 9 per cent in beryllium refining, 18, or 8.4 per cent in metallurgy or metal work ing, 13, or 5.2 per cent in fluorescent phos phor use or production, 3, or 1.2 per cent in ceramics, and I, or 0.4 per cent in toxico logical research. a predilection for incidence in the female..* *PruPf onset _of the chronic ty|c of The medical director for a fluorescent phoj-i., - ber<y-l-l-i-u-m- -.a..s..s.o..c..i.a.Vted respiratory disease. This phor producer, whose experience has |>ro-';, would he aualagous to (lie insidious and duccd the largest single group of chronicV fulminating classification applied to the acute cases, indicates approximately 1 per cent, m e prcaiieciranv.. The case distribution by sex is 200 male for female attack in the latter group wouUV ;and 195 female. The case distribution l.y not be apparent because the labor force lype o ;ndllstry ;s |is(cd M 2J6 of % 2 predominantly female. The monograph data?.. ,. . , ! indicates an 83 per cent inci.lence in the*1 * " " ,C ,l,,orcsccnt !p*hospho*r Pprroodduuccttiioonn female among the 46 non-occupational cases.; R, or use, 74 or 17.6 per cent in metallurgy and The author of this report has observed; f| omcectuapl awtioonrkalingg,ro4u6po, r 3I6I poer r 8c.e6ntpienr thceennt onin- another ratl.er unexpected feature in the S ', deft..itc, probable or possible chronic casesT t beryllium refining, 25 or 6 per cent in cera on The Brush Beryllium Company roster.1! mics, and 3 or 0.7 per cent in toxicological Puzzled by the ahsei.ee of any evidence of research. The lolal of 420 is not in agrec- Cchlirroonilic CeUasMe! dUilsMedaMse: iIuiicutii.ulcil.c.c- iInll ilwongig-t-eivrmiw..,( jp>f.ment will, the tolal of. .395 .l.i.s.l.cd in 't"hVe b'.as>1ic employees, a complete study of the exposure./1 v?!-*0* incidence table. Jhcrc is a foninnic i time f`actor was uadc on all employees. V reference to the indicated lolal of 420 io ilu- This study imlicatec i{is cases of ehroute7'Bfr':"effect that "25 cvposed in more than (.c disease, a minimum of 56 hours exposure to? ra* mdustry". a maximum of 105-4 h,ours . expoisur.e, _llfjltftf- Tlht.c* c-`c regis,try d,at.a on th, e age-onset prior to the adoption of modern ittdtisuUL hygiene technology. factor is neither informative nor provoca- Two eases occurred in personnel wliwti j The data on ethnic and racial incidence job assignments were in non-produclioi! B not informative nor provocative. areas, but who had need or occasion to enter] S i There is considerable comment in lilerain or travel through high-level exposure^ . tore regarding the rather unusual labile areas. Although both were long-term em-^j ft latency or "incubation" period between last ployecs, the study on their occupational ac--* $ibiown exposure and the overt clinical m;mitivitics elicited the fact that their higli-lcvdgl fejtalion of the chronic disease. Analyses of 6. 1 lie histopati.ulngical expression of granulomatosis offers a more reliable diag nosis criterion, hot is not imitptclv specific. 7. The detection of beryllium in body Ih.ids or tissue is irrefutable evidence of exposure but, in itself, not diagnostic. 8. I'.pidcmiological eviilci.ee indicate that erylliosis presents certain features that arc indicative or suggestive of liost-scusilivily. These evidences include: a) a relatively low ...cidcncc, approxi mately I per cent, in three geographi cal areas where the exposure numbers were adequate for rninparativc st tidies. I>) a remarkable ahsrurc of a doscrcs|H)i.sc curve that would have to he present if (he problem were simply that of an element or compound inloxicatinu or poisoning. c) a prefercutial ttci.lr-ttrc itt the female sex. d) a time-exposure factor as delected iu the study of cases generated itt a refinery, and c) the reports of s|H)ittaiteons reversions. Otrly the latter evidence could be ctptivocal or. the basis that such insianccs Mere erroneous diagnoses. ) OFFICERS OF THE CHEMICAL SECTION NATIONAL SAFETY COUNCIL 1962-63 : ; (,,.,,,.,,,1 Chairman--E. K. W allace. Senior Safdy Kurt.. Imlustriai Safely Dept , Accidta Prevention Sec., Eastman Kodak Co., Roclteslcr, N. \ . Chairman m Char.je of Prmjram-C.. K. C um m ings, Mead, Safety and Industrial^ Hygient Dept., Eli Lilly & Co , Indianapolis. Ind. d.\ lliinbcnltip Committee--E. C. G augusii (Chairman), Dir. of Safely, Slicrwiu-Will.. ,.s Co., Chicago, III.; G. G. F leming, Dir. of Safely, Celanesc Corp. of America, Char lotte. N. C. 'Statistics Analysis and Safety Awards Committee--T. J. L anigan (Chairman). Safety Specialist, Safety & Security Defense Systems Dept., General Electric Co., Syracuse, a N. Y.; F. E. M acaui.ev, Safety Supvr., Wyandotte Chemical Corp., Wyandotte, Mich.; C. M. O i.son, Supvr. Health & Safety, Eastern Chemical l)iv., Hooker Cheinical Corp, jf C Niagara Falls, N. Y.; M. A. S nei.i., Super, of Technical Services, Hartford Accident & Indemnity Co., Hartford, Conn. kOff-tlu-Job-Committee--M. K hikoriak (Chairman), safely Engr., Reynolds Metals Co, Richmond. Va.; J. If. Hlack, Safety Officer, National Institutes of Health, Plant Safety , Branch, Rclliesda, Ma.; W. L. T isdale, Mgr.. Pro|icrly Conservation, Midland Div. i ; The Dow Chemical Co., Midland, Mich. .Veri-Wary--J. .1. P kaih. io s. Suprvg. Safety Dir.. National Distillers and Chemical Corf,', A'tfdRrafni Committee--*E. (i. Mliter, Ph.D. (Chairman), Dir., Industrial Hygiene Services, New York, N. Y. xi; .' Employers Mutuals of Wausau, Milwaukee, W is.; *11. II. F awcett, Consulting E n g r' ,D (Chairman). Safety Engr., ReseaaT | l Rrch Laboratory General Electric Co.. Schenec.atly, N. Y.; *C. A. I Indent, Safe.)' Laboratory and Pilot Plant Sub-Section-- W . S. W oocd Pa E L S tout (Chairman-Elect),: 1 SuPv r EM Corp., Baton Rouge, La. and Development Div., Sun Oil Co., Marcus Hook, * T A l _______ XT \M . T r W v r q ; ! & ' Safety Engr Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory, Los Alamos N. M., L. L. WKB (Secretary), Safety Dir., Generali Offices Research Center, Monsanto Chemical Co* Committee--*H. II. F awcett (Chairman), Consulting Engr., Research l.ah- ^ oratoryJ ,| GV'V en"'-e*ra1l II.'-ilvevcilnritc. S C-- V o..,, .Syct.hnct.nine.ct.llatiiilly^,, .N... Y .; *E.... G. .M..be,it,,e.nr, ,Dir., M Inndnuisattrii1a.11 St. Louis, Mo. | V j Il?l,HHyyggiieent Services., Emnplovyers Mutuals of Wausau. MMiilwaukee, Wis .; *A. BIt. PRiitet,.e.r. . !y. Safely Engr., Hcrculies Research Center, VYilniingtun, Del. \'ne,Idler C om m ittee-H. W. Kapi-.v J r. (Chairman), Suprvg. Chemical Engr, ' , nil* Tlip Travelers Insurance Co., Hartford, Conn., A. tv CrlheermriinsTgt.iva&Nn , LCCooossrrmpoCirraattec SSaaffee.ittvyy'i.E-nugr;'. American Amenca Viscose V. co.c Cv oorrpp., Pnh.iillaa.dlcelpLlhiiaC., oPf.ai .B;;aJrJt..leHty' -\Ctm.ParTMrecvhentaimoni. "PA'lam.nmenrimincaa/n cCCoovmamnaiitmttteieede-**. F. S i-e n . e (Chairman), Dir., Safely Pom.nf Safety Dir Research Sr Development Dept.. Phillips Petroleum Co., Baril, , . Prevent,on. American Cyan:,mid Co Wayne. N. J .; *G. L. C orreli, M gr, KOMtNE. ciaieiy , t j ;^ C rire Protection, Monsanto Chemical Co, St. Louts, Mo vt iillle. ,, Ov / Ik' mla.. I Cpi 3l ii;r ami Loss Safely tk . . ,, , . . g a Voi r* (Chairman) Safety D ir, Callery Chemical Gkj fyfaisory Committee--*K. H. A i.iiisser, Safely M gr, Merck and Co, Inc, Ralnvay, N. J.; OVt" - A I C,am UWi o( In.lustr",.'Safc.yf Kodak Park Works, Eastm! *1- F, N ichols, Dir. of Safety. Reynolds Metals Co, ..........nod. Va.' '' J ' Kodak c X Rich'eslcr, N. Y. ; A. iL. D iesem a n . Chief Safety E ngr, Lockheed PiJ ; i:( liulsion, Redlands, Calif. ; E. L evens, M gr, Safely, American Potash and UiemiCf- 'llnufactnriiiff Chemists'Assn., Inc. Keprescntnlii;-- F". G. S tephenson, Secretary, Safely Corp., Los Angeles, Calif. 1 \ \ *** Firc Protection Commillce, Manufacturing Chemists' Assn., Inc., Washington, D. C Publie (elutions Committee-- A. P. O sti (Chairman). Safety Engr, Cfinrlcs Pfizer &0 ^ Inc, Brooklyn, N. Y. ; P. C. L am p. Safety Ad..., Lever Bros. Co, New York, N. Y. y _ j u f Kefresentativ,-- J. T. S ieih.ecki. National Safely Council. Chicago. III. `fast General Chairmen Technical Publications C am m ittee-R . M. N eary (Chairman), Safety Codes Dept, Um Carbide Corp, New York, N. Y .; P J McDonough, M gr of Loss P av en t,on Che* ^! . . cals Div Olin Malhieson Chemical Corp., New York, N. Y ., D. T. W * g Protection Div, Employee Relations Dept, Chambers Works. E. I. du Pont de Nemort.ifc : S- Co, Penns Grove, N. J. , Il-alili Committee-- L A. Houghton (Chairman). Supvr, Industrial Chemical S eng Li ertv Mutual Insurance Co, Boston. Mass.; E. L. Alpaugh Industrial H y g r^ International Harvester Co, Chicago. 1.1 ; R. ^ H awkinson " d u s t-d Emplovers Mutuals of Wausau. Milwaukee. Mi*.; D. J. Kim an. M .D , Medical Texas Div, The Dow Chemical Co, Freeport, Texas. 7 Iiiiium/ Aids ......... itici G. L. l-'EARtut. (Chairman) Ehr. lor Safety U. S. Aniiy W and Evaluation Command, A berdeen P roving Ground, Md., J. - ' . Jp i T ie Proctor a Gamble Co, Ivorydale Technical Center. Cincinnati Olito. *E- L Meyers, Asst. M gr, Safety & Fire Protection Div, E. I. du Pont de Nemours &Gy Inr Wilminclon. Del. 7 !) ) OFFICERS OF THE CONSTRUCTION SECTION NATIONAL SAFETY COUNCIL 1962-63 General Cluxinnan--*Rodekt A. W endell, Chief, Safety Branch, U. Division, South Atlantic, Atlanta, Georgia Vice-General Chair,nan-^l-Htm.MCK II. Dew;, Mgr.. Accident & Fire Prevention'll National Association of Mutual Casually Companies, Chicago 6, Illinois General Secretary--` KoniKT I. M assm an, Safely Knginccr. Massman ConstructionJ Kansas City, Mo. / Assistant General Secretary-- F hkd A. H oiinsiiv, J r.. Product Dine Manager, Mine ! Appliances Co., Pittsburgh. Pa. Divisions--lluilding-- Ciiari.es vV. Uuhiien, J k. (Chairman), Director of Safety mg Minneapolis, Minn.; P atrick V oi.fe (engineering Vice-Chairman), Safety John A. Volpc Constr. Co.,line., Malden, Mass.; tJ OIIN D. Bonham (Engu First Vice-Chairman), Supervising Engineer, Joyce & Co., Chicago, III. Bryson, Safety Director, Tidewater Construction Co., Norfolk, V a., H arold F, II Director, Education, W c'fare & Safety, International Hod Carriers it ( Laborers Union, Washington! U. C.; W. R. F itz, Insurance & Safety Manager. Rust Engineering Co., Pittsburgh, Pa.; Roiiert I I agohan, Assistant Manager,! dent Prevention Department,! New York, N. Y .; W arrf.n C. H argreaves, Pet & Safety Director, Fruin-Colhon Contracting Co., St. Louis, Mo.; Robert J. . Engineering Superintendent, 'I Continental Casualty Co., Chicago, III.; AuuoglJ M ui.lendore, Assistant Supcfliiitendenl, Engineering Division, The American Ioara Group, Newark, N. J.; J. G eorge Roiiinson, Executive Secretary, Missouri i Mixed Concrete Association,'Jefferson City, Mo.; R ichard E. Schroeder, Insurance Co., Wakefield, Mass.; Donald B. W ilcox, Professor of Industrial! uecriiig, University of Florida, Gainesville, l'la. .*-i Heavy-- Earl W. W heeler (Chairman), Safety Engineer, Department of Navy.l of Yards & Docks, Yards & Docks Annex, Washington, D. C .; G f.orge E. Arb.(1 neering Vice-Chairman), Safety Engineer, United Engineers and ConstructorJ Philadelphia, l'a .; tjo s ii'il lh I I untm an (Engineering First Vice-Chairman);! Construction Siiccialist, Employers Mutuals of Wausau, River Forest, III.; Sam T Safely Supervisor, Contracting Division, Dravo Corp., Neville Island, Pittsburgh,! C arlyi.f. F. B u n n , Chief, Safety Branch, U. S. Army Engineer District, Kansaif Kansas City, Mo.; C. M. Ca iii ii.. Safety Engineer, Massman Construction Co, T City, Mo.; R. J. Dougherty, Director of Safely. Stearns-Uogcr Manufacture^! Denver, Colo.; Neii. Is. GARtiF.it, Division Safety Engineer, U. S. Army ~ \ Division, North Central, Chicago, 111.; E u g en e-C. G u n n , Chief, Safety Branch, Army Engineer Division, Missouri River, Omaha, Nebraska; J ames D. Holu Itlaw-Knox Co, Pittsburgh, l'a.; K enneth A. H yde, Safety Director, C. F. I & Co, Alhambra, Calif.; C layton C. K ilfatrick, Safety Engineer, MacL Co, Inc, New York, N. Y .; T. J. L askowski, Project Safety Engineer, Orel Constructors, Orovillc, Calif.; I I owahii S. L atham , Bureau Safely Engineer, I of Reclamation, Denver, Colo.; E ric L. P edi.ey, Pedlcy-Knowlcs & Co, San Pn Calif.; W illiam T. Rcrikrs, Safety Director, Flhasco Services Inc, New York,! a..... . t q>-<! i*< m ... ^ :iiirI Training Dept. The Associated General I H A ". : W J. 000 *V- tractors of America, Inc.. Washington, 1). C\ jjjcC: 1W ^ k ijh x ii, Chief, Safely llrancilj, U. S. Army Engineer District, St. Paul, ft j fjjjff-L J`ierme J. W illi am s, Director* ojf Safety, Morrison-Knudsen Co., Inc., Hoisc, Ida ft^ W- &&& ryAmiy--Elliott K. M artin (CInfirman), Safely Director, Hendrickson flms., Inc., Valley Stream, N. Y .; Rov D. WtxmwoMTll (litigmccring Vice-Chairman), Sii|tcmnr, Construction Service, Liberty Mutual Insurance Co., Ilusin, M.i'S.; 1hu n I. Ihrns ](Engineering First Vice-Chairman), Mgr., Safety Engr. Dept., Marsh & Mel.cunan, ?jnc., Chicago, Illinois; W. D. Huunic, Safety Director, D. VV. Witikrlmau Co., Inc, g ? Syracuse, New York; H omer R C lark, Safety Officer, Department of Commerce, 0 Bureau of Public Roads, Wasliinglon, D. C.; W m. S. D errick, Engineer, Georgia jraSlate Highway Dept., Atlanta, Ga.; P rank R. D wyer, Supervisor. Standard Aeeiilcui > Insurance Co., Detroit, Mich.; J. D. H odges, Assistant Secretary, Associated General ^Contractors of Iowa, Des Moines, Iowa; A rthur G L ong, Safety Engineer, Hnmn Root, Inc., Houston, Texas; D ean O. L un d a iil, Mgr., Engineering Department, Standard Accident Insurance Co., Detroit, Michigan; D ai.e R. M f.oskeh, Dale Medsker i i Associates, Atlanta, Ga.; Robert O . N im m o, Safety Coorclinator, Peter Kicuit Sons* ^Company, Omaha, Nebraska; Roy H. O lson, Safety Engineering Consultant, Michigan 'Mutual Liability Co, l.nusiug, Mich.; A mmon S< iihi.ii, P hi liter, Pickett X Slimu, JvAllegan. Michigan Building--J o h n J. R iley (Chairman), Lalmr Director, National Asmh*. of I lome ^Builders, Washington, I). C ; fRonKRT I.. Moore (Engineering Vicc-Chainuan), Supt. ^f Engineers, Lttmlicriuciis Mutual Casualty Co., Chicago, III.; Louis J. Siren, Safely Director, Dale Jlcllamalt Homes, All)iinpicrt|itc, N. M.; I I hoilkt R. \V i:si i.hnd, Chief |5afely Engineer, Argonaut Underwriters Inc., Menlo Park, Calif. tialty--T. S. McK osky (Chairman), Supervisor of Erection Safety, Hcthldicui Steel CCtL, Ilcthiclieiu, Pa.; S am F ife, J r. (Engineering Vice-Chairman), Safely Engineer, jKoppers Co., Inc., Engr. & Constr. Division, Pittsburgh, Pa.; fftlAitTiN P. Muliiail ^(Engineering First Vice-Chairman), Manager, Safety Engineering Dept., Pred S. ~James & Company, Chicago, III.; J. Roland Carr, Editor, Engineering News-Record. Chicago, III.; II. Earl Pui.lilove, Chairman, Hoard of Governors, Ihiildiug Trades ^Employers* Assn.; New York, N. Y.; C harles J. H art, Research Engineer, Nalimal ^Electrical Contractors Assn., Inc., Washington, D. C .; Ekank T. H o u s e , Sales Pro- ^fiotion Manager, Ihtcyrus-Eric Co., South Milwaukee, W is.; E. P J unes, Manager, {Erection Labor & Safety, Combustin Engineering Inc., Windsor, Conn.; f. I. K elley, j^Safety Supervisor, M. \V. Kcllog Co., New York, N. Y .; W akimi: W. Kin-:, Cliief. :VSafety JJranch, U. S. Army Engineer Division, North Pacific, Portland, Oregon; |C ari. C. Lavirv, Safely Engineer, lloiiston (amt ratling Co., I f011M4.11, Texas; I I i.nmv (^T. Perez, Editor, Construction Methods & K<|iiipmcm, New York, N. Y.; Dlan W. Ward, Jolin I*. Ileasley Construction Co., Dallas, Texas; V ictor H. W i i i t e h o u s e , ^Director of Safely, Inlei national lirolheilHM.d of lleeiii.;d Winkers, Washington] rD. C ; Everett W itzkl, Eastern District Mgr.. E. I), ftitilar! Co., Westpoit C..nnecli- t.cnt ` Kflr Coordimitur IvUimh.iui J. Jh a iix v , Supervising Conslrmiion i:ngin.e., Tiavelers urancc Co., Hartford, Conn. . Committee' Daniel W. Llnaiian (Chairman), Project I'.nginccr, l.thcil) 5^Mutual insurance Company, Atlanta, (a.; C haiu.es W. Hokoen, J r.; I'`ai<l \V. iWheelek; E lliot R. M a r t in ; T. S. M cKo s k y ; Io iin J. R ii.ev wAi> ^Committee--Gene W asherman (Chainmm), Manager. C ost. Dept.. Wcxler t t * n,Cll0n C* ,n C * rsicw,on Highlands. Mass.; C harles W . IIori.i n , | k : Hake flW. WttEti.LR; E l i d R. M a k iin ; J ohn | R n i.v ; 'J'. S M cK osky ) FFICERS OF FHE INDUSTRIAL CONFERENCE NATIONAL SAFETY COUNCIL 1962-63 i o FFICERS OF THE ASSOCIATIONS COMMITTEE N ATIONAL SAFETY COUNCIL 1962-63 ..e-President (, W in fry Urn. muii--Ci.vi.i; E. Scni.uii I. Vice President, dent Prevention, Employers Mutuals ot Wausau, Wausau, Wis. 1* .- `O B irm u n -lo i.N M. ( ,, nv. kv, Industrial MaiHifarinicrs. New York, N. Y. Relali. ms Cimsullanl. National ASMH iillio li (if olirman Section*-). S. Qlixm ii (Chairman-Elect), Manager, Safely & lire Prott^ lion Div., E. I. du l 'ont dc Nemours and Co.. Inc.. Wilnnnglon. Del. j.$g 'airman Commitlees-G. L. Goiibixl, Manager. Safely & Fire Protection. Mo Clicmic.il Co., St. Louis, Mo. t retary--Roy G. B f.n-so.n-. Manager, Industrial Dept., National Safety Council,cago, 111. ir-CAiiiriN,m-.K,,iiFKT II.v.oman, Assistant M , fiatimi of Casualty Surety C om panics.N ew ^ . , ,, . , y ' rr'TM 'U" ' -Columbia Lumber M a m i f a c l n r A w . . S N' ' r '"''.r S,1.fclv I )ii. (.,r. lim isi, OMMITTEE CHAIRM EN l ssocialions--J o h n C o n v e r y , Employee Relations Division, National Association of SI facturers. New York. N. Y. ^ " Iudio Visual'Aids--\V. E. S tuffing, Dir ctor of Safety, Carrier Corp., Syracuse,^ ongress Program--R. H. A lbisser, Safe y Manager, Merck 5; Co.. Inc., Rahway^ nntests and Awards--R H artman, A ss taut Manager, Safely Department, Bed Steel Co., Bethlehem, Pa. isecutive--Clyde F. Schleuter fcaltli--Anne Kxoibfh, R.N., Pabst Brewing Co., Milwaukee, Wis. I,Insili,il Safely Training--E. S. D a n n a i oko, Safety Engr., Long Eines Dept., Ab Tclcplmnc ft Telegraph Co., New York, N". Y. ,'jS ttr.lianieal Safeguarding--T. It. B ui.i.aki, Safety Consullant, Willow Drove. I .Yoininiiling--Roy P. H a m il to n , Superintendent of Safety, St. Eonis-San Francia way Co.. St. Louis, Mo. Xm l,nr Energy--D F. Hasls. Chief. Safety ami Fire Protection Branch, U. .Sjj Enei gy Commission, Y/aslnngton. D. C Off-The-lob Safety--Jo h n E. S m it h , S afety D irector. Spencer Chemical lnirgli, Kan. Research P rojects-- S . F. Si'ts'CE, Director, Safety and Loss Prevention, Amcriquij mid Co., New York, N. Y. ` Standards--A. E. C obb, Director, Safety & Fire Protection, Eastman Kodak; ester, N. Y. T ,rhnic.il Publications-- R. L. M oore, Assistant Secretary, Lumbermens MuhqJ L (V| & American Motorists Insurance Co, Chicago, III. Canada; Jo h n 1 1 S i-f i o n * i Kr*\ s S a f c i y A smi., Tuioni. ... E. Vmf-i.ttffoohhtt. MM.-tunnaegmr g ID)i,rr.. Cr op|.cr & llrnss RMesferasr.chAAsss,,s.,.,..PNhielwa,leYlp..l,nIa,,. NP. av!; Khouses, ^Vashington' D C V lInsurance Co., Atlanta Ga " her of Comnicrrc of tbe II V y , National l l , , ' , . *stac,, eh. A s ( m OA Smith Safely liir CT.Vcf, S e .v tr As Atlanta, Ga. W D? ' Iamks "i ' i iv * T ....... " r , - i': i * n b i; S ' ' S Am'-' Can Manufae,urces InsUtme. " f "" 1 * ? ."' Refrigera,ed AsS" A`" vll,cs- '-iberly M,,. Manager, Assn. Service Dcpl <' ; M ,, av. A ss, , - . L ...... D. C.; A ,,..... " Mf*- " ' "-'K.... . I C\; M ....... * " .p e. W Va. '-"''r Divisin, Soml, A,- Rtymrofu/n.'---Rain. E. Snn-m mi. Director, A: isorialioiK I )j\ is.i,,|, 0 0 U48 1 ) 1V 'O * * /- p m W0^THTM g6TM si ^ j | a- m *uj1t{ 0NAL SAFETY CONGRESS! r INDUSTRIAL HYGIE By HENRY F. SMYTH. JR Mellon Institute, Pittsburgh, Pa. 0 48: Culminating the Golden Anniversary V; Bo you often see an ncliMn.il hygienist Year of Safety and Beginning f * your Work place? They arc not very i,.alnintlaiit. In the Uiiiteil Stales there is one the Second Half Century of Safety j|Tor about 40,000 employed persons, and there g'art even fewer in the rest of the world. We OCTOBER 28-31, 1963 CONRAD HILTON HOTEL, CHICAGO fare more corporation presidents than we Sure industrial hygienists. An industrial hy- You will want to attend the 1#BL B .ptnist need not lie ('(uispicumis when lie is Congress which starts the second fiflpl | work. There might have been one doing years of the organized safety mowtf ment. The Congress is always a bfc week a worthwhile week for safety people. But this 1963 C ongress^ especially important to you and jal* it! your shop last week wilhnitl your Bfnng him. But whether you'r e seen him J!f noL 't is likely that you will live-longer |fjfcidlK more useful if an industrial hygienist ffU looked over your shop, made recoinSaoidalions to management ,'iIkiuI your wm l. other 10,000 safety people who attend.^ conditions, convinced them, and seen Because many of the programs, meetr^ S^'lbl his recommendations were carried out. ings and discussions will focus on tne^ ikiTherc is some disagreement ahotti t h e next fifty years of safely, its problemi,^ jmnte "industrial hygiene" and the protes- title "industrial hygienist." ()n t h i s its challenges. tfitnming's program Floyd Van Alla's te- At the '63 Congress you will KIBtks arc titled occnpalional health, alTWAoogli his own title is industrial other safety people, with the san*< h y g ie n ist P r remarks arc titled industrial hygiene, problems and responsibilities as yow^? fcta the department in which I work is id,n- self. You will exchange views an43 raSetl as chemical hygiene. Hon Fowler is ideas on accident prevention, healll^ lo talk about industrial health, h u t hygiene, and fire prevention . <* E p own title is industrial hygienist. An safety in industry, traffic, schoot wider variety of names might have tared--environmental hygiene, or environ- home and on the farm. You will Menial sanitation wouhl be considered appro- the largest of all safety equipment Jymte by some people. exhibits at th Congress, an oppori K ABof these names mean the same thing. tunity for you to make well-informed; Me promotion of ellicicnl. useful work with buying decisions for your company harmful ntatcrials, without injury This four-day educational Hjeallint'. I here is some precedent for the planned and presented by the NaUoruJg lypiciau speaking of Jpwpcil toward health, liis activities as diwhile the iiigincr Safety Council, can be your * * * ' Kj>fcfaetnist works at hygiene. thought-provoking, most worlhwl ^ p i# seems to me that disability or diMs-a- safety experience in 1963 . . anifc, I * * have hcen caused by occupation ever spiration for the exciting, challenpng, MM mankind liecamc .siillicicnlly social f o r years ahead for everyone in safety.,^ T*division of labor, for specialization I'os BTthe paleolithic makers of Hint arrow Make plans early to attend the,'T I Suttered front silicosis half a million Congress and bring all the other pa ,, w * ago. We know that sonic industrial pic in your organization who Wty were recognized a long time ago. safely responsibilities. " kiting in the fourth century before t'lnisg lilpocr.ilcs, the father of medicine dis cussed the cllccts of h a d imixoning among miners and m etallurgical w orkers. An eatly example of the preventive efforts u e call industrial hygiene can l>c found in I'lin y 's description o f in d u strial operatio n s during the (irsi century a fte r (Tirisi, ile relates liuti w orkers refining m ercury pm bladders over the farc lo avoid breathing the tinsi. Agricola, describing tl,<- mining industry of the tificeli hundreds, related that some women in the C a rp ath ian m ountains hail as many as seven husbands luring their lifetime, the men dying of lung diseases front the dust they lu iu llic d in the- m ines.1" He described machines which n e re suine tim es used fo r forcing fre sh a ir d.ivvti into the mines to control tem perature am i hum id ity, ami In reduce th e breath in g o f tinsi. Hie (irsi com prehensive d em ise on oieil- puliutial diseases was w ritten in I7t(0 |,} Ih-ruardiui K am a//in i, a physician o f JWo- ilenl, in Italy. l | c paints a ra th er dark picture of the health of w orkers, as follow s: Various ioni umilimi,! Is II,a li.-irvcst of illseiis. s r.-ii|ic,I Ity to rta i,, w orkers limn Ilio rn ifls l.uiauo; Mtl the i,nHinini t trnili-a l i n Unit they t g tliov et Is futili Injury to l/ich- health. Timi n o n germinates mostly. I think, from two causes. The first mol most potent Is the harmful character of tl.c m aterials Mint they linmlh*. for those rnil( noxi ous vapors am) very fine particles In- Imlyiil to iHiiiiiin b rin es am) Induce nitlriilfti cIImcii.'m'm; the secoml cause I iiserlbc to cctlnin violent and Irroirii- Isir motions and oimiitiirnl postures of the body, by renson of which (tie nut- mill M inutine of tin- vilnl mitri.Ino |* h*. Ituptiii rd tiuit serious d(sriiH<*s cru d - dev.-lop tioricfrooi A lim lismsshi earlier Ircnlisc** n itid i incu la! IithiMcs of m iners, he ivrilcs : We should no) assum e Hint mlm-is II (lilt fllllH'K IIDIVHlIllTH in* -.<11V I.HI.i lr-nt(i|. for limoli Hoy a ir u rli |iio|i-rti'| vidi rl.d lirs amt turnilx|"*il hy suitable food. Iliov conn- no 1 h d . . t l . o n t d i i l n t r d o , ,, n n | , ....... ... ns KoiiHtl) ns Ilia retino* of llm ;od of No: underworld because of th eir sty In thus* foul diirk places. W hatever in.-Uil they mine, they Invi.* dreadful diseases W'lihh loo o ih n tuoi k at .-i o, y Mi. d\ . i`V'i< .hn |<po s I n it thnl Sim..- -m iai.I* l.m.*dv Is .lui) pn-M ,ilb.d t l i o u i ; l i I t U ' m i l d A r o n . (<> l i e i | U c s l o i i uticIIht H cuii be consider ed u piou s Inly In ndmhdHtei iiM-dlcal aid nnt| llm^ iHolotm Ihrii live- 11.- hilt.-i Till Oo ; I'M- XoliniM l S a fe ly ( a n y r v ........ ; Labor (.tatftt Allh'iiigli K;iin;izziiii s bt.uk ' I'lim.inli ,1,(1,II tlic recognition anil licnlnicnt of ill casts consoil liy the occupations, scallcrol through 1 art descriptions of aclions token I,, prevent disease, such as : turning the face away from a source of dust or vapor, car ing a mask of bladder or glass to reduce inhalation of dust, working only slnnd shifts in hut or particularly dusty locations, pm101011 of fans to blow* cool clean air oyer the workers, and provision of clean clothing In reduce the lead exposure of painters. It is not clear whether these precautions, which arc among those now recommended by in dustrial hygienists, were devised liy workers Irving to increase their own comfort and safely, or by supervisors trying, to obtain greater production. In any event.,it is only recently that industrial hygiene has been the full-time concern of specifically desig nated and trained people. Trnlay the rcfjuircincnls of industry bring an adult worker for one-fourth of his life into a substantially constant environment, where hour after hour and day nfler day he performs the same task, often vyitli the possibility of contacting and absorbing the chemicals with which lie works. He handles not only the traditional dangerous .materials oi the medieval artisan, but also nijiny newly created materials. Some, he uses jn ipianlilies which would have been incredible a few centuries ago; the total number of indus trial workers today would have been in credible then, too. It might be thought that the industrializa tion of trades would have increased the frequency of injuries from chemicals but such is not the ease, largely because of the body of principles and experience known as industrial hygiene. The assembly of worker^ into factories where large groups handle the same materials for long periods can actually he beneficial to health, compared to condi tions in the shops of the artisans. Problems are created but others are solved Workers using iRitcnlially dangerous chemicals are now accessible to careful medical observation for the detection of adverse re-pon-e at stages where the effects are still reversible Supervision is available for ui-ariicljou in .ale uut king methods. Iie.iallatioiis aie planned for safe operation and. wlim no ullier means will serve, protective e*pupineui is provided and inainlaiiied by expci Is. ............................. ... i ......I ... ..... t. less likelv lo he injured thrill was his anciad* . | fore-runner in similar oeeupalions. --Uut t-ht; situation of today does not justify compU'j'i ccncy. Much remains to lie dune. In p- liciilar, agricultural workers, maintenance and repair men have not benefiUed in pro* portion to those in factories. Methods * riinuiitiuiealing what is known have itol itevised lo reach these workers. IniprorC''; incuts in die health of workers are almost: proportional lo the size of the group*: which they labor. vis re The thing which was not done in zini s time, or until very recently,; identify and measure each possibly injumwi.j rniilauiiiiaul and stress in die working vironincnt. With mcasiircmcnl it become*, possible to compare exposures in differ** shops doing similar work, and lo inainW* useful records of experience. By coinparua* of present measnrcmciils with recorded "*` pericuce, or willi the conclusions of *36 on new substances and situations ll>* trial hygienist Iries to anticipate and: prevent harmful conditions. He applies CJ trills 111 |H,teutially injurious situations,; order to prevent the occurrence of injW nr of discomfort snUieii-nt to reduce work* efficiency. sfjjl 'I'lie accumulation of experience (rei of measiiremeiils of substances and ill in'Win k places, refilled lo die presences absence of effects on health) has veri line cum it lion, dial any substance or | can he safely ulilizcil ill industry,. if Use is siilliciciilly important lo he wo*h I cost of protecting the workers, 'litis basic viewpoint of industrial hygiene anything can he safely used. The COJI-ij vilived may he dial of equipment, suck' fur ventilation, or it may he that of (l' ci ca-cd pniiliii livily, perhaps because * I inefficiency of operation through remote trots, or when burdened wi clothing, masks, or respirators. f ' The demand for persons trained t^ji] imliislrial hygienists arose because 9) passage of workmen's eompensatioit ^ These laws cniild never have been *T ,,r e n f o r c e d if people bail n d liegtin.lo L . the self eeiileied altitudes of the jungkj'ft- m e n o f f.onil will had not linoine CMmOll^ft ,u all w alks o f life 11 bail to h e . x m e * 3 is pled that the ciupluycr has a res|mndUltg in see th at die w o r k lie pays for a o t il.ine in lea-iiiiahle eouifurl, without ; .10 the vvvvuurrkhcer. 1lie new laws iiiipKini iitnl ;llie already aajgrccil upon responsibilities The of employer needed a specialist to help him - discharge his responsibilities; goveiniueiilal j. agencies needed specialists i., guiib- some ^employers ami to monitor all. Tims arose '||h e need wliicli the iudusirkd hygienist fills. na,nc "imliisl ri.-il hygiene" was sitliityjently well-known early in this centiire for American fhibiic Health Association lo jvcstahlisli an Industrial Hygiene Seel il III in for the U S. I'lihlic Health Service use it as part of the name of a division ^ is one niciuhcr of lie gtuitfTWfhtsc joint Hitii is are rc*|iiiiTtl for thr niainlciiancc of nn uj.alioual luallli Otlfcrs of (hr group an: thr physician, flu IIUIM* and the w oik.r hiniMlf. has his unifpic responsibilities, ami one canm-i perforin ihe functions of another. Ihe in dustrial hygienist studies (he work opera lions and processes; lie knows all of |Ju- matcrials ami equipment used, (lie products and livprodmis, and their p(ssihililies for injury to health. He measures the niagiiifiule of Ilie cx|KJsure of workers, or of the public, ft-jj alK* ^or ^ lc of Industrial ^.Hygiene to be founded in 1919. Industrial hygienists bad a siillicieul sense of' comnioii to possibly harmful substances or iullticiice\ or lo nuisances. He is particularly attentive to : ^.'merest and unique purpose to establish the American Conference of iiovcriiiuenlal In|'*Btnal Hygienists in I9.IH, and (lie Ameri^ p a industrial Hygiene Association in 19.19. 1. \ apta s, gases, mists or dusls in the atmosphere--both those which may he in jurious and those which arc only unpleasant. .-fcThe members of these organizations nmv t'ftgard themselves as eonstituling a profesln. Like the older professions, they arc jading various steps lo assert llieir profes- 2 . i cin p cralu re, hum id ity a n d air move* meni. 3. Noise--both audible and supersonic- ami vibration. cu sla*,,s' Through technical conimillces i*ey are collccling. organizing ami puhlish- for themselves the facts which they ^Hilite in (heir activities. Through a ccrli*"118 board they arc conferring rceogiiilion [,\ 5#**e#BUes deinonslrnted couqielencr, tliercby lo discourage die activities I** incunpctcnt prclemlei s. They arc taking fps to set die standards for Ilie rilnralioii their successors. W P 11' distinction betw een a c ra ft o r trade 4. Kadiatious siici* as short radio waves, heat, light, ultra violet, x-rays, ami those from nuclear decay. 'I he imiuslrial hygienist likewise considers the less measurable conditions of the work itself, such as: 1. Physiological stresses from physical eveiliuii ami abnormal ]>osiurcs. 2. Psychological stresses from monotony or tension. profession is that die practitioners of The industrial hygienist may analyze Iduod. ^ profession feel llial tlieir w ork is dcvoleil mine, expired air, fingernails, hair, and lihe | i t part lo some liigli purpose in die public hiological malcriis, when this will assist in |;Keresl. T he law yer feels lliat bis profes- determining the nimmuts of substances which i^ bo works for justice, tin: journalist for Ilio worker meets in the working eiiviiou |.h*h. die physician fo r iudieiiliiat lieallli. meni as an index of the need for control, Jphi'dial liygicnc is one o f several noujedical professions wliieb Wnik (ogHjpir f /*r or of Ihe sueeess of muliuls already ikiinled. Similar tests which may he dime to M tlic lieallli; il oniHcut rales on the not I'JBWwficaut area o f occupational health, on control of Ihe imliisl rial envh oninrut lo determine the stale of health of the individ ual worker are the responsibility ,,f ||1C ph\siriaii. ' 'A m efficient amt healthful work. Im iuslrial iWPcnc has recently been defined as Ihe 'Xce and a rt devoted to ihe recognition, . dualion, and control of those eiiviromiicnLi|l4 factors or stresses, arising in or from mfct work place, which may cause, sickness. Repaired health and well-being, or significant [jifccwnforl ami inefficiency among workers " ininug ihe citizens of ihe inniimmiiv.... Ihe hygienist interprets the lesulls of his examinations hi lei ins of (he ability of the working environment, or of the working methods, to reduce efficiency, to impair health nr to create nuisances. The data with which he compares his results to judge ulictfiet tolerable or undesirable conditions exist are ,the accumulated and recorded experiences ,"I industrial hygienists, occupational ph)si* It.III. a t t . l r r < f ' t r l t t v m l rrc it i it.,- .n. .li, ) I'H,} K,,Iwii.iI S a f e t y C> sec,ccs. l ucres relating to the cmu'cnlr; lions of substances that may he n,batel a work with.>m cflcct ace known as thresh,.hi m odifications in layout winch will allow coi c o l o f possible hazards to health more cro...... .rally than would he possible in > already constructed shop. limits. . In regard to toxic substances required m I am not certain that industrial hygienists have sufficient agreement concerning their the operation, the recommendation c" Jr objectives to offer a sound guide to those sisl of suggesting some way m winch the . am ount of substance reaching the work j ,,ho decide upon threshold Inn,I values. 1 can he reduced, without reducing tlieoutpu -j quoted an official definition of industrial hy of the shop. T h is might he as simple g giene to the effect that it >s devoted to the furnishing a rover for a vat of volatile | cutr,,l of (actors that may cause unpaired solvent, to reduce va|M,rs in the P health among workers. I wonder tf Ins viding a bland hand cleaner so that implies the full WHO definition of hea th as w orker can wash without using a Ihe state of complete physical, mental and and expensive solvent. It might he as com- social well-being, not merely ' the absence L x as installation of local exhaust ven U- ; id disease or infirmity? 1-u, them,me. does lion to re.... . vapors or dos s al dietr, industrial hygiene aim to protect every s,ng e source, befo re they can he l,re-..lUc-cl As * ^ working ,-erson. no mailer how soseep h e last resort, efficiency o f work ma) have I he .,,ay he? Or does ,t am....... . >jur> |,c threatened by recommending respir.,!,; ,o >jS per eenl of the working populate,,,, ;tiul prolcvlivc clolliiui;. . V* relying upon |,rc-cn,ploy,,,cut cxqinnialiou I have been speaking as if industrial ` , i | he the occupational physician to keep the i' per cent of most susceptible peVsons out gione is practiced by a sn.glc man n( the working area? Until we bale agree know s all the answ ers himself. h> - , ment on this iKiinl, we will have uncertainty opregrsaonnizatiisonesngtaingsed ,sinthethecasceo.m pArehscrmzj among those Irving to decide on safe ex- practice o f industrial hygiene, ` 'e m a y b ^ i |H)*tirc value. | been originally trained as a chem ist. a *> js I myself think tliai industrial hyu^'- :|I,IIS cist, an engineer or even as a biol K,sl; to control e x p i r e to the extent dial'almost he is sufficiently cx|K.r,e,,ccd , other ,,o workman can slider discomfort or ad to handle all the parts of most verse effect, and that cITccls in the most h i,,, s e ll--he identifies suspicious si.lMl> susceptible develop so slowly that they will or stresses; lie m easures environmental a-d , he detected by the alert occupational physi itilioiis; fie plans and recommends cortrf.l cian before they are irreversible. I he degree m easures ; lie m om lors tl.cir rontumed of control the rest of ihe world expects is ecssful operation. At times lie c"con," ! f illustrated by a possibly une story one hears o.ndnmns wl.iel, fie -ali/es could be h<MK iron, various sources. I lie hncigil piotuc heller by others, and then he secures spcci* lion engineer was being shown through ail zed consultation. . %< American storage battery plant. It was In other organizations, iiidnslrial j>K*4 c m ,I. scrupulously clean, will,nut a trace oi visible dust, windows sparkled, and work is handled by a group. One man wbj* cializcs in the acoustical aspects of Indus* men were dressed in absolutely clean while liV'deue, will he measuring noise level* coveralls, caps and gloves, i he vision * distrihtition in octave bands, and rotff about in amazement. He said he had seen recom m ending control measures. A r-~ nothing like it at home, for after-all, mak man may practice the air pollution a ing lead batteries is not a tea parly. primarily concerned with monitoring The industrial hygienist should report Ins controlling the air borne wastes oi the* conclusions directly to management. At that reach the surrounding areas. times, his recommendations for new installa may concentrate on the chemical tions or changes in working procedures to recognizing and measuring gases, vapors* reduce unhealthy stresses will he feasible dusts i,, the environment. An ' nS " 2 without undue expense or reduction in pro specialist may be primarily concernedI ductivity. In the most desirable situation, illumination, with heat and with vennb** his assignment has been the study of blue - ... ...M-t:rxrv r,f ^ ttrw work lo control exposure to substances^ A O O U ' l ) 1 t.ubur C onfer with tile invisible, hut harmful, forced in indiikfry, hut the former Irak x-ray and lltc newer nuclear degeneral detailed personal knowledge o t J narrower both monitoring and control. Still ano,.rc".""Tange of factors. ... hygienist may practice the toxicological as pects, the effects of foreign substances on I have Irieil to give you some idea of the body--ordinarily divided into toxicology, what industrial hygiene is, and what the , Physiology, pathology, biochemistry ami the industrial hygienist ikies to coiilrol the ha/ like. arils and stresses ofindustrial operations Different organizations mar find it neces sary or practical lo utilize different combi nations of these specialists within a specialy. depending on the possible hazards of the l.ike everyone else in iiiodcru civilization, the industrial' hygienist is one of a amt Hus team's success is related to the degree t" which its members work together. .dp; IIMh,sfrial operations being carried nut. The Reference* profession regards a man whose cx|ieriencc 1 b i '! i UlC D, !i* T ru ,,,, u,c.l has been almost entirely confined to one 1950* ^ an<* Hoover. Dover. N. Y.. aspect of industrial hygiene as being every bit as qualified, as dislinguislieil, as Ihe man whose experience has been in the ciiinpnhenswe practice of industrial hygiene. The S ;iliiz.z.lnl B. ni.xo.xc of Workers. Trans- ,ite,t by w . t: W rlelu. c;|, Press. Olilengo. 111., lOtll p. 6. * 3. Iblrl p. 19. latter may he tmrsoually familiar with a * .V!,A. . .wider variety of |>ssil,|y injurious factors .Sii| m nn,| Kunriio,,;, uf in d u str ia l h ea lt h a s p e c t s o f LEAD COMPOUNDS tti n . By DON g . f o w l e r Director of H ealth and Safety, L ead In d u stries A ssociation, Inc., N e, Y ork, N. Y. gWlMany years ago and lip until the early Vi.faoilics ill this country, the use of lead was x|czlra hazardous in industry and poisonings ,,le lie. They were rx|icclrd. Such jo no longer lhc case. I am proud to he memlicr of Ihe profession which had a w''h the reversal of this Situation. Ifni ire industrial hygienists were .ik00? 3^0,lc *n our efforts at reversing the lead lajlbhoouig trend, for this job was a gmul oample of cooperation l,y iiidnslrial physi- Ig n s . toxicologists and liygicuists. Perhaps key effort was that of toxicology, ami t. we proceed further ivc will understand t|ftr the reason for saying so. ' Siftie to time limits, it will not be possible "jvcqver in a complete manner all of the 'nous lead-using industries and Ihe various *rol methods required to prevent undue in exposure. Therefore, we will discuss J S T "r knowledge of Ihe effect of on the huui.-in system with special aCTcncc lo iuduslriitl I'vimfiiip ,,.,f 1.... proceed lo a philosophy of control for lutnian ex|m,sure in industry which should apply Kc-itcrally. / o.rirofoffy llccaitsc lead exists <, yw li.-rc and in all I,K,logical organisms of which we banknowledge, its control in lln- Iniinau system consists first in the recognition h, , p , a i , t i i . , live in.'Uincr of wliat is nnruiat nr usual and fnllnwiug this, the tucaMiinitriil fpiantit;,. lively of flic additional body burden iui|Kis(.| by llic particular cx|iosurc. Generally, toxi cologists work will, small c\|ieiimcntal am mals Midi as rats, guinea pigs ami rabbits. Ibis is necessary because they nuist overc.\|K)sc in order lo determine loxic ranges from harmless to harmful Ideally, of course toxicologists should be able lo work will, human beings since the effect of the material under iinestigniion always must be related In a human and it is well known that no cxpci imculal animal approximates sufhcicnllv OFFICERS OF THE LABOR CONFERENCE NATIONAL SAFETY COUNCIL 1962-63 in' / 'resident fo r Labor--Lloyd I). U n tu , Director, Iudiistrial Health is; Safely Division,'a United Automobile, Aircraft ami Agricultural Implement Workers of America, AFL-yi CIO, Detroit, Mich. ' uhor Conference Chairm an--Hunter 1*. W iiaiuon, President, international Union ofrji Operating Engineers, AFL-CIO, Washington, D. C. 1aluir Conference V ice Chairm an--Victor W iiitt-iiuusl, Safety Director, 1nlcrnaiiona)j Itinihcrhond of Electrical Workers, AFL-CIO, Washington, D. C. f ,if;n ( onfeteuce Secretary--lvoutur M. W il k i n s , Manager, Labor Depariimul, National r Safety Council, Chicago, 111. t.obar Conference R epresentatives to N S C. Board o f D irectors-- G eoih.e T. litunviCS Deputy Director, Bureau of Labor Standards, U. S. Department of Lalror, Washington^ I). C.; C h a r l e s F kku u so n , Safely Director, United Mine Workers of America, Wash-3 ingioh, D. C .; F in lay C. A i.i.en, 2nd, General Vice President, Untied Brotherhood ofj Carpenters and Joiners of America^ ALL-CIO, Washington, D. I*.; U untex P-S W h a kto n , President, Inicruatioual Ujiion of Operating Engineers, AFL-CIO, Washtjj ington, D. C .; J o h n I). C o n n o rs, Assistant to President, American Federation of Labor$ and Congress of Industrial Organizations, Washington, D. C.; K. J. Lamoukeux, Di-j] rector, Safety and Health Division. National Oflice, Canada. United Steelworkers t America. AFL-CIO, CLC, Toronto, On|., Canada. Representing State Labor Departments on Labor Conference Lxecutive Ctanmitlee--Cla*3 kni'K K. TitoitNiiNour.ii, Commr., Arkansas Dcparlnicnt of Dabor, Little Rock, Ark."' t Im iniun o f l.nhor ( o n je r rn te Shtndin// ( tnniniltt.v: . IM in ts T homas A . Utl.t.QN, I* tcmatioual Association of Machinists, Lodge No. 55, Joliet, III.; C ongress I 'royrmn^ D.w S a in , Chairman, Health and Safety Committee, United Automobile, Aircraft Agricultural Implement Workers of America, Local 599, AFL-CIO, Flint, L xecu tive--H u n t e r P. W harton, President, International Union of Operating Engir; ncors, AFL-CIO, Washington, D. C .; Lire S a fe ty --Kiavari* D. H agcf.kty, Safety rcscniativc, International Association of Fire Fighters, AFL-CIO, Cincinnati, OWdJl M embership--Co-Chairmen; J ohn D. Connors, Assistant to the President, Amerkatjj Federation of Labor and Congress of Industrial Organizations, Washington, D. C; U J. Lamouukux, Director, Safely ami Health Division, National Office, Canada^ Coiled Steelworkers of America, AFL-CIO, CLC, Toronlu, Onl., Canada; Aftmiinoiotf' tljicn; theitpationnl lleollli--I-. A. Van Atta, Industrial Hygienist, United Aut*;, m*|.ilc, Aireiatl ami Agiicuhui.d Imph meni Workers of America. A FL-CIO, Detroit' Mirh.; Off-the-Job--J. Gtonra-: E icmiiohn, Grand Lodge Representative, Intcniatualj tation of Machinists, AFL-CIO, Chicago, 111.; / 'tannin//- H unter l`. Whaitw^ President, International Union of Operating Engineers, AFL-CIO, Washington, D. Gfi I'ublicativus--Gokdon Cole, Editor, "The Machinist," Washington, D. C .; Kadtath Co-Chairmen: Brooks P ayne, (utcruatibiial representative on atomic energy, lott tional Pruthcrltood of Electrical Workers. AFL-CIO, Washington, D. C ; Swisher, Vice President, Oil, Chemical and Atomic Workers International AFL-CIO. Iin n er, Colo ; Safety 7>utmii/--Siani.ky I. Butcher, Director, Ti and State Safety Standards, Dm can of Labor Standards, U. S. Department of Wadiington. 1). C ; State f.abor J>epnrtments--fn\iU R. Ktr.\im., Special Kepn live, Safety and Compensation, United Rubber, (_nk, Linoleum and Plaslii Worker! ) I 000485 { ) ;-i1 , . O G tM i;( OFFICERS OF THE MARINE SECTION NATIONAL SAFETY COUNCIL 1962-63 t.cncral t 'hairman--Capt. U. K Macmv, Asst. M gr, Operations, Marine I>cpl.. Ine New York N. Y. ".t1j - . mw iiI**[ ! Clmiriiiiiii, Liaison C o m m ittc,' f u r Cargo S h ip am i JUfauF.i; Discussion C m ups ( a i .. K H. S mith, M gr, Safety I U n i t e d Stales lvM S ' yriiiy.'Inc , Kcw.Yi.uk, K..Y .-,1 . Vice General Chairman (G ulf Arca)--Knnr.nr RAiitlpTOlitH'rcs^ Lykes Uro* S. S. Col New Orleans, La. .1 i Vice General Chairmen (Pacific Area)--Lawkence C. Foni (Chairman), P res, Califor J ' a Shipping Co., San Francisco, Calif.; Stakwcv IW ell, Jn , Pres, Matson Navi Texaca-ij V galion Co., San Francisco, Calif.; ( ai-i. T. C. Conwki.i , Vice Pres., Ship Opera American President Lines, San Franeiseo, Calif, I'leeutive General Chairman--\). L. Huciianan, Dir., Claims Div., Pittsburgh S. S. U. S. Steel Corp., Clevela..n..dt, rOMh.;i,,o HceGeneml ifunnihin ((.rntt .tikes .lira ) huiN L. IhmniN, As-i. Mgr., Marine Dei.. t*J J Cleveland Cliffs Iron Co., Cleveland, Ohio .;v \ n t f l a r y -C Hk-mh-uhu Mncin.l i., Iirsiilnie Inc., New York, N. Y. !alitar. Marine Newsletter AV. I). York, N. Y. Dir., i*uhlic Relations, American Merchant Marie*.i Ceerat Chairmen (Inland U ntenvays)--p. A. Meciiiikc, Vice Pres., A. L. Modi- $ ?, ,,n BarW I j "cs. . -5 "' C. McNkai, Oil Tra..s|Kut Co, Nov O,Ivans. I.a. -5 " I.in iisay, Dir. iif Safely, llnileil Stales l.iiics, NeWu K Passenger ami Cargo Pcssets-- Vice General ( hairman S viini v Real k i.iiige, Vive l*rcs., !` American Export 1.ncs. New York, N. Y. t'hairnmn, Nominating Committee--YV. -. Itui.i, Exec. Viee Pres., American I'.xport I.in i^ Atlantic Area Cargo Ship Discussion G rnup-iinum e S now (( hairman) Marine Dipt Nov York. N Y . ' ' jS-.C IAstmhmeriicaann LEixnepso,rtInLci.n,esN, eNwcrvYYorokr,k,NN. . YY..; Koiimr Cm: (l ire Chairman). Safely D ir'' hlcis.iry Committee (Past General Chairmen)-- R. W. Beuky (Chainnun), Asst. W ttJM b lj fai Chairmen--Gulf-- ( a i t I H R iin rru M ,, r a Fres! United Fn.it Co., Boston. M as, ; W. L. Bull. Exec. Vice P re ,. American s . S' S S L * 'i l ! ^ O I , t> i v ^ ,, , Lines, Inc., New Or- S;m LYaiiciscn, Calif. Vice Pres., Sun Shipbuilding & Drydoek (a., Chester, Pa.; I\Kak Ahm. Gkohce VIaV% cimi'K, Excc. Vice Pres., Parrcll Lines, New York, N. Y.; Lkhii K. S anford, Shi^S builders Council of America, Pelham Manor, N. Y.; Louis It. P ate, Consultant, Natld Cargo Pureau, San Francisco, Calif.; R f.ar Aim. Kdert C. Lee, Chairman, Moore*^j McCormack Lines, New York, N. Y. ; Vin: Aim. Howard C. Holden, J h., USNS,^Pel., Yice-I'rcs., International Cargo (ear Pureau, Inc., New York, N. A. .lilministnttbe Consultant--H ahoi.u M. W ick, Pori Washington, Long Island, N. Y. yi Gnat Lukes W m. laK lnr. Safely Dept., Inlerlake S. S. G o . , Cleveland, Ohio; R u i n rp-_ Manning, Supt. of Operations, Stcanistiip Div., M. A. Hanna Co. Agents, Clvvc- L; End, Ohio; Cait. I. McI ntosh, Marine lns|cctioii Oflirer, 9lli Coast Gttnnl Hist Cleveland, Ohio `` ?' ' DCrrat Lakes Safety Discussion Grmip--Km. K. K hatzkiit (Chairman), M gr., V essel I'cr- f-: sonnel & Services, Columbia Transp. l)iv., Oglcbay Norton Co., Clcvciaml, Ohio C ' ' Cite General Chairman (Safety of Life at -Sea-)--Aim. L. J. Roland, U.S.C.G., Co^ niant, U. S. Coast Guard, Washington, D. C. st cTtnksliips--Pice General Chairman--C. A. C ui.vkii, Marine Safely E ngr. The Allanlie *.-y -Refining Co., Philadelphia, Pa.. ' . Assistant to Pice General Chairman--Cact. A. I I. M cComii, J k., U S.C.G., Chief, I*# tcrnalional Maritime Safely Coordinating Staff, U. S. Coast Guard, Washington, D. Cf oAwslant Chairmen--Atlantic--Cm -t. W m. G. Ani.kksiin, Mgr. of Operations, Marine |4 Dlv> Tl,e Atlantic Refining Co., Philadelphia, Pa.; A. E. F isciifk, M gr., G olf-E ast ;ai Coast Operations, Socony Mobil Oii Co., lieanmoni. le x .; Jl. S. Iliirivsiln, Mgr Pie.- General Chairmen (Atlantic Area) J o h n II. Bakek. Assi, to I'res., "lodd Ships ^.Operations, Marine Dept., Gulf Oil Corp., New York, N. Y. ' ' yards Corp., New York, N. Y. ; II. G Hoewoon, Vive I'res. and Operating Mgr,Y Grave I .ine,'New York, N. Y. ; C. L. Uovi K, Vice l'res., Transportation, Sun Oil G,tf Philadelphia, I'a. ; W. N. D amontk, Vice l 'rcs. and Mgr., Marine Dept., Sinclair Rfr| fining Co., New York, N. Y.; C. j . M eleenpeck, Marine Mgr., Eastern Div., Tldef s i, if^tlaatic Area 7 anker .Sa)cty Discussion Croup- Rniii:nr It. Daviiimin (Clmirmon) Sun Oil Co., Refinery, Marcus llnolc, I'a.; K. Dn;ri:un: (Pier Chairman), Key-done ipping Co., Philadelphia, l'a. water Oil Co., New York, N. Y.; J. V. C. M alcolmson, Vice l'res. and Gen. Mgr" Marine Dept., Texaco Inc., New York, N. Y.; Douglas Mansell, Gen. Mgr., Nct^ Y'ork Yards, Bethlehem Steel Co., Shipbuilding Div., Hoboken, N. J.; R. J. n< Towing Vessels-- Pice General Chairmmi--Biiaxton It. Caiik, Pies, TRc dcAmerican Waterways Operators, Inc., Washington, 1). C. ' ' Fxec. Vice Pres., Luckenbacli S. S. Co., New Y'ork, N. Y.; C haki.es Scott, jl*'?'. ' Mgr., Marine Transp. Dept., Socony Mobil Oil Co , New York, N. Y. ; J. AN0iAl;5KjLr.v_fArw/oan../ C/hioaiVrmr.iern----RRoonhekt L. G rav, Mgr., River Operations, Ashland Oil & Refining Asst Gen. Mgr., Marine Div., Humble Oil & Relining Co , Houston, Tex. 14. Cn Asdhilamnd, Ky. ; Gr. a . I'etf.kkin, J r , Pres., Dixie Carriers. Harvey. La. ington, D. C. . /-i i i i kihv 7 T a k t i ic I'rcs., Avondale Shipyards T Z , , I'res., Shipbuilders Council of America. Waste- l. u n n i Committees--i huinnen, .Safety / '</#ir.v Jot AY/m/#/iii.. .Ship hi ns Kkah A im . O scah k u iiN K :, Chief, OlVicc of Merchant Marine S aiViv. l \ .v CaM ( tiiarcl. Washington, I). C ; K i:ak A um . I I a i i h i <\ S n m i i Aim, U.S.C.ti. (I\ e ! .). Washington, U. C Ulflf/if/ll, GWoi''ft /I JdliJslIcfuAsdsion G roup-- C a i t . J . II. O h i:n , U .S C .U ., A sm . C h ie f, O lin e *i K iig rg . amul S a fe ly Mir., U . S . C oa sl (nani, \\ ashiugltm , I ). ( . Newport News S. B. ft D. ^-H- `^ WH v . N Y Safety Engr., Todd Shipyards Corp.. New York. N. Y. OiuiVimm, CitinmiUt'c for Safety--National Defense I ranxport - \ u i: \ i.m. I\\ A. ( wo. U.S.N., CominaiukT, Military Sea Trinisi. Servier, Wasliinglim, 0 ( '. Tumspiirtatiioi C'o#i#ti//v, M S 7 S -- .Ittantic .rea --K kam A um. I I auka I I u i .i ., U S N C U Fp K U .A rNSa^tyn Ocptf, Ingalls Shiphoildini'1C o ' Pascagm.la Miss.; 1. C .' YsTr.'. lirydock ft- S.iip.mi.dmg lo .. Molale. Ala. \terc.loring--I tre OYacntl O....V.... - A -- Ine., New York, N. Y. D. W a r w i c k , Pres.. T. It..pan ft Sons. | . | c-, -Itinilie If W NtniKSTKOM, Chief. Maritime Saiely Services . ' l u ^ L r f T l Z Standards, U. S. Dept, of Labor. Washington. )>. ( . C u lf-O . P. V i i .i .a h h u i i i a . Claim Agent & Safety. Mgr., 1. Smith & Son, New . ' Pacific olrea-- I\ i :a k A u m . J o s i:i *i i W . VVii.i .ia m s , U S N Europe-- i `w r. J a c k M. S k v m o u h , U S N Fur Hast . Irca--l .M'i. J o h n K . K n a i t i :, U S N (//.Vi#/ .Irea- -C.wr. Ii:n H. Simmii J k. ChM ai#rm muarni,, nNuautiiounnaiil D*e^feenvas.ite I ransptirtatitat IStnliness ( m*i . M. I. (oi m a n , Maiiiiin , Admin., Washington, D. C I \ A u * t i . S C r W ^ A d m r & i e & ^ooke. Chairman, U. S. Naval Shipyards Safely Lunimittce--( a i t . I. 1*. Isiouhan, Dir. of Safi `y. Ofticc of Indiist. Uclatioiis, U. S. Navy Dept.. Washington, D. ( . Honolulu. Hawaii ' ,,in,.,m . Program Co,.,,.n il,-e-Ji o*' cS. Cuith S m ith, JI rk.. UChnieetf S. a. fetyy Enghr., Todd Shipyard!* !| Corp., New York, N. Y. ,^<j Chairman. ifembershif ,Immutil,,e,-- }i. AA. CI khmkiNnAa, Vviiccee Ptrrees.,, National Cargo Bureau. ,., New York. N. Y. amirnam. Slalisties and ( .../ ,(o,amitie c- -Ki*. rCnofk. SSaafleettyv D1 ir.. American Ex|Kirl l.inc.s, New York, N. Y. Stall Representative--h. W. D u i t o n , National Safety Council, Chicago, III. ,, i n ...... S k ip Safety A chievem ent A w a rd s Cm ,m atte,-- < Aft'. J o n . s I . Dt.u.lN. J t , Vice Pres., United Stales Lines, New York, N. Y. On.,..................I n ..... * C m .... . J- A iic.k n , I, Pres.. Marine Index I li,ireau. New York, N. Y. r'0 l..... itati limit, . r.i:i.n.car.re:e!.r!a. .!, .a.aMinimum Simumlants CoSm-.mleiltvteeI--I CfaA. irt.oasLt. t,*.u*ard, uWijQfc U.S.C.C,.. Asst. Chief. Office of Merchant Marine S.ilctj, ` - ington, D. C. ' 5^ Chairman, P..aster Ce-am m illee-- C.M-T. IIts. NIN. Iif P ack,. Safety Dir., Darrell Lines.., York, n . y . Chairman. Public Relations Commill.v-PnANK II k a y n a k .i, Dir., 1 i.hlu KeUlions, ^ | | | w p 2 l owing ft Transp. Co., New York. N. Y. ' lSW f c j f (V -a 0 0 () !<! 5 K T e T ," r ,, ,vS TM N - V .A , . v. ) 962 National Safety Congress the men. The word also implies, "turn up the hearing aid," because men arc unsure of themselves and need the therapeutic treat ment of a supervisor who will listen. The business world is a pretty grim place, and lurking in every shop and factory is the prospect of an accident, an injury, a calastrophy and death. These are the times that j OFFICERS OF THE try men's souls, both on and off the j<A But if you will help develop rjuality people.., it follows that you will help develop a qual- sj ity product. The quality product we art;; stressing today is safety attitudes, so that,; the world will be a better place to wort;, and live. Safety is not a fad-safety tsiwt,; a fancy; but . . . safely is an attitude METALS SECTION 1 N ATIO N AL SAFETY COUNCIL 1962-63 General Chairman-- J am es G. C ullen, Supvr., Safety Section Employee Services Ford Motor Co. IJcpt ' First Vice Chairman--}. W. T ysse, Mgr. of Safely, Republic Steel Corp., Cleveland. Ohio I . Second Vice Chairman--C. E. W ilson, Safety Engr., Bethlehem Steel Co., Bethlehem, f>a. Third Vice Chairman--G. L undie, Asst. Dir., Safely & Plant Pro!. Inland Steel Co hast Chicago, Ind. ' ' : t - C A f, A j S>crJ<ary--W. T. M cL ean, Gen. Supvr. of Safety & Sanitation, United Stales Steel Corp Gary Steel Works, Gary, Ind. 'h '^NewsletterEditor-- D. L. J ohnson, Supvr., Safety E ngr, Pennsylvania Manufacturers , Assn., Casualty Insurance Co., Pittsburgh, I'a. Co-Editor--L ee D. T racy, Safety Engr., Dravo Corp., Pittsburgh Pa . "L Congress Program Committee-- W. D. W illiam s (Chairman), Asst. Supvr. of Safety. P ""KStown Sheet & Tube Co., East Chicago, Ind.; H . D. H ickey, Supvr. of Safety Bethlehem Steel Co., Lackawanna Plant, Buffalo, N. Y.; J. D. L akeau, Supvr., Ind Safely Section, Steel Division, Ford Motor Co., Dearborn, Mich.; Emv. M anlio- Supt J"d Relations, Cleveland District, Republic Steel Corp., Cleveland, Ohio; R. Mc*?AE> Safety Engr., The Colorado Fuel & Iron Corp., Pueblo, Colo.; w ! K. Koiii.in . Supvr., Corporate Safety, Allegheny Ltidlum Steel Corp., Pittsburgh, P a.; G. F ;! Grace, Sales Mgr., Industrial Chain Div., Columbus McKinnon Chain Corp ' Tonna; wanda, N. Y. Technical Publications Committee-- G. L. H uches (Chairman), Safety Director, Phoenix Steel Corp. Photitixvillc, Pa.; D. N. B aiib, Div. Safety Coordinator. Union Carbide . . Melali Co., Div. of Union Carbide Corp., Niagara Falls, N. Y.; D. W. Kkown Safety Eng., United Slates Steel Corp., Pittsburgh. Pa.; J. S. C h a pm a n . Mgr. o f ' Safety o TM , ? ,cel Cor|>' Middletown, Ohio; M. W. Gray, Safely Director. Weirlon Steel r l ' yy.C,r!"' W- Va-: T - W. W ilson, Asst. Supt., Safety Republic Steel Corp. Ih.ffa'o Distrtct, Buffalo, N. Y.; J. B. A nderson, Republic Steel Corp, Cleveland, Ohio; t k F Langland, Great Lakes Steel Corp., Ecorsc, M idi. `jV; _ Membership C om m itter-R . I. R eicim.e (Chairman), Supvr, of Safely. T h e Youngstown $ Sheet & T u b e Co., Youngstown, Ohio; M. C. C u n n in g h a m , District Safety Supvr 1 Southern District, Republic Steel Corp., Gadsden, Ala. " 00048 m -th e J o b Committee-- R. F. Schroeder (Chairman) (Steel Service Center Committee) I > D; l/ LT,,ZAr PLE (Past Gencral Cltainnan); W. R. G ill.land (Past General ChairJ " " / W. R. Roiu.in (Congress Program Committee) pm ningand Education Committee- L . C. P arker (Chairman), Safely Director, Granile I Oty Steel Co. Granite City, III.; II. W. Gii.uerc. Works Safely Admin. Jones & 4 Laughlin Steel Corn.. & Security. The Babcock & Wrtcox Co.. ! t o r L u Z o ' l 'J "T n ! . w p Sauk#e1iS. Safety Di r . : : - 8 K S f t . s < * P , nVidgcviU. Pa. * -* , w ^ - H a PS Detroit. Mich.; J. M. E a k in . Grove City. Pa.; H. J. W eber, p L n l III ss^ g j OMper-Beswreer Corp.', Hygiene and Air Poll. Con * G W. Dav.s, Employment Mgr.. As z r w X d^ q A | ^ I s ^ S v ^ S S tic S r P e o r i,,.,. || Steel Industry Com mittec ~ C P. Lr,aaunggh..l.i.n. --Steel -Co.r..p...-P-tUsburrgh\.PPa r RRav SMeVy Director. Jessup Steel Co.. Div. Armco sSt,eel CCoorrpp. -j Washington, P a.; Bekl E li is Si P ^ ^ Director. Allegheny Ldhn -j}" j Kansas City. Mo.; A ndrew 1 . I ocn 1111.1t, aaiciy Keystone Steel & Wire . Corp Leechburg. Pa.; F . eA T koobauc. Safety S P '" s" ; ^ (sburglli Pa.;CEORCE j Co.. Peoria. III.; John J anoUs, Jones iiitcd Stalcs steel Corp.. P'ttsburgli. Pa... ! H. R eilly. Mgr.. Safely, National Tu lJ Company of America, Midland. \ E. G. T routman. Works Si||>vr,, Safety Lruciuic Die . f( Pa. J Non-Ferrous Industry c | S a fe ty "& O ccup.^H ealtlL fr n s lc d M etallurgical C o r ^ o r * ^ ^ R e f i n i n g Co j B eckstead, Dir.. Dept, of S a fe ty P & S ccurity . Ormet Corp., Hannibal. . . S a lt Lake City. Utah; H oward H ood, Supt b a re ly Div Utah S m elter. Magna,.:, Ohio; T . T . P indeh, K eni.ecott Copper Co p H . l PP T h e Brush Beryllium Co., ^ Utah; Harry M. Donaldson, Mgr . Iml. tUgiene or a Elmore Div., Elmore, Ohio. ^ Fabrualbg M i.lfO Cc.J,.tOl--^ , W; C o ^ n iu b u rg iT P a 't Ea. n S A TM ." . Public RE* | 5J f 5f S i S r ^ a i S i S M ? r c,,m lions Dir., o.cci . __. . . CUUhiWcaEgUo Bn r,,iudg6ev &---I-r-o--n Co., Chicago. 111. o - . E,ta j K iJ* Northxvest streil-- R. V. M illigan (Cliuirinun). I ly.lro-A lim iiim m ( In u m a i C o rp . M ,.,, | W o rk s, S pokane, W a sh .; R. S. Ia .m.mi, B elhlrlirm S teel Co Bacili.- Co.-.s| I liv S, ,n |,. Wash. ' l.os Aiuieles Aren Klnvix S. W vnkooi- (i'liuirimm), I'.rlliM,,,,, Si. .1 C oi I'a.ili.: i | Uic.. Los Angeles, Calif.; A. C. Gails, Harvey Aluminum Co, Torrence, Calif. Salt Fake City Aren--T mi.uon- T . P iniilii, K cnuccoit C opper C orp., D iali C opper D o . D iali S m eller, Magna, Utah. HescureU wnl Advisory Committee- -, l l I >. Mr ri:i:i<, ((7r.iiViri.irii. Works Saf.-li- Admin Safety .t Welfare Dept., Jones X i.nngliliii Sls-t-l Corp., I'iltslmrgli. I'a.; W. I; t ; ,, M. i.axm. Mgr.,- Safely & Security. Ahmiiinmt Company of America. Pillslmrgli. I'a. : A. G. W h is m a n , Retired; *R. I. I 'isi.l. Stipi of Imi. Rei.. Chicago Disiricl. Republic Steel Corp., Chicago, III.; * |. I). I Ini tz.m ti i:. .Mgr. of Safelv X Training. Blau Kin.v Co., Pillslmrgli, Pa.; *G. .1. Ki.a:.\i>ni,. Snpl., hid. Rei. Siali, The Colorado l-ml X In.,, Corp., Buffalo, N. V.; *l-i. II. IIoii.-k, Retired; *G. (). C inrnv. Mgr.. Ila/ar.l C..0I1..I Dravo Corp., Pittshurgli, Pa.; *1. .1. Nolan, Safely Engineer, Reild.iicm Sleet 1 .. Bclhlchriii, Pa.; 11. S. Si.mi-son. Mgr.. Safely. Cali . pillar I rado. t o . Beoria, III II. H olland, Super, ol Safely. The Youngs.,,,, ,, Shed X Tube Co.. Cad Chi.ago. lo,I.. *.l. L. Kinixr.ra. Dir., Safety X Plani Brut.. Inland Steel Co.. East Chicago, Imi. ; ` P. C Gkuniim an, Safety Eng., Rustless I lie.. Armen Steel Corp.. Balli...ore. Mil \| A llen, Retired; *,l. I-'. Con.in s . R.-iir.d; It. II. I-T.m .i-m. v, W i. l 'ir. of tod l;.l Republic Steel Corp. Cle.eland. Ohio; Mr. A. I-ai.-iii i i . Ili. ..1 S alile. I'. S. S o d 1 Bitlshurgh. I'a. ; *1-'. W. K1:1 s ia . Retired ; M I. G. Ili.xsi 1.. \rradia. t alii Stuff Refreseututire-- V.. li. Ko. 11. Xaiinnnl S alile Council. Cldc: III. Past General Chairman > J/ a S ' o p lic sVeel O^p.. Warehouse Div.. Yormgslown. Ohio. S ,,,,. of *| . , ... --Steven Collins (Clunnnan) Safety Dir Midwest Sted , t 0 ,DW N , . t CorP-V Portage. Ind.; J. C Hakes. Management s Represe. Bctlcham Steel Co., Chicago, III. J :| Wesi CA-oast rCommitttteeee PP. PV. Pceelittounn,, J*- j (Coordinator). i Bethlehem Steel Co.. Coast Div., San Francisco. Calif. .G* k i . s" " 5 S f h . s - ' X s* sm r...,., M" " ` A" " , k " s " " " in" m 0 0 0 -1 8 ;) ) o o c -ir.o tl/pij/*;, .tuhnhv m 2 National Safety Cony res* ever Physical weaknesses ... the ore anil waste arc not always apparent at the- Start , , L oncration and dangerous falls of plants produce an average of 55,000 watts. Total payroll .averages approxin 7.000 employees. ^ ^ f c s W r S iB S ^ h S t ^ = s ,^ p r : Accidents which injure workers, dc* machinery, burn plants to masses of twisted i r r u i S . V " 3 '^ sJ -rhce, c - ; f to^.ePn PE spill on main kX i -- ^ ^ r r X ^ 'f i h e w i s c a n n n - steel, constitute a formidable impediment to the prosperity of any enterprise. Our com pany considers that the prevention of indus trial accidents is a vital objective of modern- day management. The majority of accidents can be pre i,c a very ctlcclive unit to elim inate tins ' "siVcty is one of Hie first considerations hand traffic on all pit roads so in. vented by proper supervision, adequate train ing, and--principally--by the sincere desire on the part of management to instigate methods for accident prevention. ,, planning an open pit mi n t : """ r " c anil licgins with U.e original <l'k" nit The choice of safe bench lie ght^ an hank slopes is one of the most tmpoVtant considerations in the early planning stages lo adapt them to the physical conditions of nc ground encountered. Naturally the l|gl er (lie bench which can be used saktu thc lower the pit development cost will be. How nsSTi-Ti pit operations. -*- Braden lias always had a safety program. The need for preventing industrial accidents was recognized and accepted together with the first ton of ore produced more than ^57 years ago. Prior to 1916, however, the safety effort was relegated to a service department, and the personnel entrusted with these activities lacked a most important tool: delegated au thority to instigate measures necessary for d evelo pm en ts and a c c o m p lish m en t s IN INDUSTRIAL SAFETY AND HYGIENE the success of the program. When support was afforded, the safety personnel lacked the technical training to recommend proper control measures. TM AT BRADEN1COPPER COMPANY The application of safely rules was fre quently resisted hy the o|erators with the By STANLEY M. JA R R E T T cbim that production had priority over safely. Supervisors were not conditioned to accept their responsibility in the prevention of accidents, and only sporadic efforts were Itridcn Copper Company is a subsidiary ,,f r n Kcnnieot. Copper Corporation and U is located in Chile. The l ^ , ated on the western f ' c E Gf mountains approximately 90 milei - Santiago, the capital of Chile, and is " _rsci' of several outlying camps which The climate in central Chile is geiicrally .. mild without excessive variations ini ten* perature; however, snowfalls m S c ' " ^ f big the winter months range from 2 0 t o f . . feet, while the other ca.nps-at a lower . elevation--arc seldom aflectcd. The properly is located in an area where . T P P .... ,,,,l rlimalic conditions pit made to act iijhju safety directives. Such lukewarm support to the safety cam paign, and ineffective safety assistance to the operating departments, prevailed for many years. During this time the plant's opera tions experienced an average of 350 lost time accidents per year, with approximately 15 fatalities, and frequency rates well above cxmu|S<f lom Sewell at an eleva.mn ojl sent7'|7rmional hazards as .fiflicult as ..* the national averages. icet, the highest camp--to Kancagi.. in die central valley. Sewell is the site of the mine and co,, ,-itor ` the smeller is l.icalcil in t.alc tones- the hydro-electric plants arc m Coya and I'angal; the mill tailings arc transported hv i 36-rnile flume line to Patron. In Ran- S E . i f . ^ irp located the general offices, fonn ,o ,es Coya and R ancagua are inked by a 15 mile n arro w gauge Diesel-electric rai ;r ;ix i,, ,a te .y In the latter part of 19-15. the General Manager of Ilradcu issued a statement of policy, expressing that "the prevention of industrial acculcnts must be an essential port of the fob, and it must be the rej/>mm7u7t/y progressive b k S B ,h^ 8" " 'd * ^ ) jj of all levels of supervision throughout the o the haulage level th ro n g ., numerou ^ plant." The safety department was reorganized r a g i n g S T - T S W - * and placed in an autonomous position under management, and in an advisory capacity 3 5 S & * to all departments of the company. It was iuvctcii. with the necessary'aulfjiir[riity to pro* mote and carry out the mian..y, rj#T#,i:nscs of an ambitious and far-reaching pio^ram, which *i;UPthc following objectives<--1 1. Consolidate and improve upon the scat tered efforts in accident prevention and in dustrial hygiene. 2. Preparation of comprehensive accident rates ami analyses, based on internationally accepted standards, to serve as tools toward the planning and execution of the campaign. 3. Preparation and consolidation of safely rules with authority to control their com pliance. 4. Training and orientation of supervisors and workers in safe practices, with s|>ecial emphasis on new men. 5. Furnish and control (crsonal protective equipment to workers exposed, and instigate a program of machinery safeguarding. 6. Field control of personnel ami of work ing conditions, in order to eliminate accidents or industrial hygiene hazards, with recom mendations and follow-up procedures. 7. liliiuinalion of occupational disease haz ards, and engineering and medical control of all personnel involved. To this original plan we later incorporated the lire eontn.l organization and the lo^ prevention engineering seel ion", with the pm pose of further coiiM.lidatini: all relal.! activities. To convince the personnel of their sin cerity, management look the initiative to put their shop in order. To accomplish this, several measures were taken tending lo pmvidc the men with safer and more hygienic working environments. After this ground work was completed, we placed ourselves m a more favorable position to solicit the co operation of everyone to our campaign. The following is the safety setup at Braden, both in regards to its position within the overall organization, as well as its internal structure. Some important aspects of <mr piogiam arc: Accident Statistics. A proper accident re porting system requires that each industrial injury he thoroughly investigated by the man's supervisor. In this manner we aie assured of two things: (a ) the supervisor will instigate corrective measures to prevent a repetition, <h) no "off-thc-job" iojmies IV2 Nnliuniil S u f e l y Cuuurcii 1 1 l.c accei.lol as imlusliKil accidents will he conditioned to accept llicir rcspotlsihilitv in accident prevention, Wc utilize ll.ro.tnli im proper control. s a fe !/m e e tin g s , on-thc-joh talks, posters and T h1>etrlel. i..s. a.. tendency f<,, accident sU t.slical svstcnis to pinpoint `'unsafe acts an "unsa^`e^'cond'it`io"mns, hnovwwe-'vve*r onr m ethod. itemnds to analyze 3acCcicdieunvt itre--n-d--s to be used. * im proving pe . amse,g..u"imdeapcohsintsesfoarnd eqPuip^mLentr. nO uTr ^acSe,ednenlt analyses arc sim ple: th_e_y .i.ndicate it'/.}' re/n'rc, re/icu, /io*p and in rethorn the Indl-c of tl.e accidents are occurring. In tlris m aim er Iliev provide a qu_ick and up. 1 date guide (or directing `'r safet'y cam paign w ith a llll>MUlm *l II,nmnee., rfl'orl and expense. . bulletin services, pam phlets, l.atidouts. rdni., radio broadcasts, etc. The interest of the w orkers is m otivated by incentive systems, such as inter-sectional safety contests awards fo r good safety perform ance, publie com petitions, etc. T h e entire prom otional program is cen tered around tl.e genuine .m erest o proteciug w o rk e rs agam st accidents and occupa I tim .al diseases, and to make a sincere .Iravor to m aintain tl.e best (loss.hlc working conditions. T o secure ccw-peral... ^ a - To attain the highest degree o f a<|c,|uale courage active participation of lu,lit suite j,,l, placement, close control of ev eri pros pective employee is of param ount-Jm po.tis placed on the joh where - m e ^ ; Z hly^sic`adlC:aultrXilm. ;tcs wwidll.laTssurr llis best perfortnaatn.ece. Pre-em ploy,mmefnht. ree- ,r,k contain co.n,,iqpdlccttcc iinnffoorrmmaattiio.,nit qonccni- ,,,g tl.c person's physical and m ental condt- ' 1 |,is ,,eeitpalional ttslni}, iiKluclng'ih e cmnpauies'Ve "has _worl^el foe. ttlhiec kkiinndd of w ork he has done. etc. This is necessary for a of the man's fitness and j,roper job placc- m int. . - (>,,r statistics indicate that iuexpc,acm e is ,|,c greatest source of m dnstrinl a ',id ,, t herefore every cli'ort is made Iowa, d tin early indoctrination of all new men >' ",( l a f o v oricnlalion courses, counselling visors and workers. re control organization at pkicctl tu .e r H m ^ s scelto.. o f the sa fe.T flep^ ^ cxists be- J-jj of the close inter-relation which cxists Iween the prevem int. of accidents and the rniott Of lire. An ituhts.rtal concent d, 1 the assurance of ellec- ,, should operate will live safeg u a rd in g of lives, m aterials and .< installations. O ur properly is spread over a with 20.000 people boosed ... var.ous Bradut:if com m unities. Diversified operations involve | X v"V ;:"v Of hazards, and onr m am concernn;'i is the adequate ................. of industrial at A.\ ,,,,,,-industrial installations. $ T h e underground workings, where at. utt-.fi .m-lhe-joi. training amt constant control ot their safety performance. Safetv rules arc designed for the prolee- , io,, ,, the w orkers, and th eir cotnphancc is folloxxed through by the- m an's supenaxo with the assistance of the safety "ts| c CO,,trolled lire c;an ihl*av'e- catastrophic ciornf- 'K* saliences have hccii suitably protected. feclivc alarm systems (stench, hglit-flaslunic, ami telephones) perm it the pron'Pt wm rc | and orderly evacuation of underground per^ so u n d in the event of an em ergen y. Mine Eire Procedures'; have ,,ped. and practice fire drill. -- lauoa arc suojCvie ^ i - .i.w cinl ,,g and required to pass annual p ys.ca checkups. T his ree.dat.on co.npriscs a oco motive engineers, cranemen, crane hitch hoistmen, drivers of motorized equipment, etc Critical installations and eqm pm en. such as pressure vessels, generators, I,oilers, crincs shaft installations, cables, etc. are maintained under close control through pe.' ,,die inspections and rccnmmendat.o. s by our Loss Prevention Engineering bcctton O or principal goal is to create a safety ..... , r m ,Wr ,, of the pcrsr.tmcl, so tliat th > area supervisor leadership m Me Under lest conditions nearly 700 me*J scatteVed throughout 400 miles of work.n|t| are evacuated h, less than 30 .,,mutes. J l'ir e control m easures introduced in nunc com prise numerous features, sue 5 carrying ; ground shelters, nlizmg the nunc t|M means of steel fire doors ami concr J/Jjkuk- heads, etc. >*- - Our lire control organization c & : , In principal phases: fire control ami lire- fighting. Through fire control we strive to minimize or eliminate fire hazards through constant inspection and recommendation of remedial measures; pro|>cr storage, trans portation and utilization of flammable mate rials; constant training of workers and the general public to instigate fire-control con sciousness, etc. Our fire-fighting facilities consist of appropriate alarm systems at all company camps; industrial fire brigades pro vided with all necessary c<|iiipmciit; auto matic and portable extinguishing systems, and the accurate control of water sources and piping layouts. The program outlined lias given excellent results, and the measures described have ^brought about considerable savings and tmV Ptovements, such as those derived from the - reduction of lire insurance premiums, guar^antec of continued operations, better protccklion of employees and their families, and improved safety attitudes on the part of the yj, workers. ^ With its man)' diversified processes, which &include mining, milling, smelting and foun dries, Dradcu has problems of industrial ji hygiene which arc typical to such operations. '/The safety department, as already im-ii- ^tioncil, lias an adequately staffed industrial !*b)gieuc section, fully equipped to render lyierviccs to departments having problems . .falling under this specially, ji- Onr mine is comparatively dry. Willi i more Ilian 400 miles of underground work|.`>gs, the mining of 37,000 tons of ore per / day by the block-caving method, phis the ^drilling and blasting of about 3,000 shots i-duly, produce dust problems which are as i'.lficiilt to combat as those found in any Muhting operation in the world. Trior to 1945, our mine workers showed JorytHg stages of lung fibrosis after relaSitnrdy short periods of cx|Ksure. Studies ^conducted by the medical department indi cated that flic average exposure for mi /andergrouml worker to show definite x-ray .evidence of silicosis was approximately 7 Jtars. At that time there were approxi mately 1,400 men working underground. A blor turnover of 200 men per year was tiiiNinncd, with a \erv high rompen- lion 0 0 ( M `J 1 fntln\tt l' T tun] rccinploynicut cost. A7 . . A ,ncch:tnic;<ll) coutiullcil )|4it s\ .tvm ,.i r 'I'Mlilatinn was inlmducrtfr' * ITesh air drawn through the various levels to the production areas, and distributed to the working places by a series of fans ranging in capacity irom 175.000 to 50.000 c.f.ni. AH protluctioii areas have ndciHriidcnt fresh air supply, and re-circulation of contaminated air is not pcrmiticd. Other rcfiiicmeiits arc auxiliary blowers for dead-end drifts, steel ventilation doors and air regulators, and the driving of numerous ventilation adits and chimneys. I bur to these iinproveiueiils ail average it 500 c.I.iii. of fresh air per man per uiiinitc is now provided, which greatly exceeds the legal requirements. Ihisl counts well lH-l.n the maximum :dlov\a)dc coiicemrations are maintained throughout the unite. Ventilation maps arc kepi up to dale. I he) indicate velocities and direction u( air cur rents, dust and ventilation control >talioii\ loeatiuii ol laus, lire and ventilation dnu>, re luge chambers, emergency routes ol exit, and fire-fighting equipment. J*y utilizing conventional color codc>, these maps arc a valuable asset in pcriceling the ventilation system, and determining what improvement- will be necessary as new workings arc ad vanced. In addition to conn oiled mceliaiiieal venti lation, the following measures were inMtgated to minimize the production of dn>t in iiuhistrial environmeuls; 1. 100 per cent wet drilling was enforced in all underground operations. 2. .Ml blasting of development, headings and undercutting operations is regulated to the end ol the shift. This method allows sulhciciit time for the ventilation to clear the atmosphere of dost and gases before the oncoming shift. J. ff'u/rr foygers arc placed in all devel opment headings and undercutting opera tions. Water is turned on prior to blueing. In addition to reducing dust concentrations, these loggers also dilute harmful gases from explosives, allowing men to return to the working surface with a safer environment and a lninimiiiii of delay. I. l u a l l m u c k i n g o p e r . l i o n s t h e n m < | . . piles a r e th o ro u g h ly w et d o w n lo a v o id d m i d i-p e r-io n . 5. Slreouoti'. imdei g ro u n d w.k in ) XiiiiiHiiil Safely Congress technical assistance to all departments for i l i i t i x l c ' .ICH-S II..I g e n e r a l l y p e r m i t H i e e x - ,, ,, u e u s e o i i l n x t r e s p i r a t o r s . Howcrcr, i n . M . l - U c l r a - r s u l i e r c . l u s t concentrations w a r - the elimination of health hazards. Sur.c) arc continually conducted to assure that all control measures provided for the elimina , | ,, i , u m . . p p r u v n l - I M . . : r e s p i r a t o r s a r e tion of health hazards arc adequately in., tt- provi.lc.l a n d th e ir u se c n io rc c .l. tained. Exhaust systems have been installed I!ra.Icii ..rc contains approximately 33 per on all dust or fiimc-producing processes m u free silica. Early in 1946 such as arc welding, grinding, cleaning of eo,,.|.silc samples of the airborne .lust froni castings, spray painting, sand blasting, re umlcrgmuml mini..B operations and H e agent mixing. etc. This section assists ... crnshhiM plant Samples were lorxvar.le.l to .lie design and control of proper maintenance the Industrial Hygiene l onn.lalmn of Amer of air conditioning systems, temperature ica and the United States I'ublic Health control, illumination, and general ventilation Service These institutions were requested of industrial and non-industrial installations m separate the samples into tsvo-si/e trac tions. aualviing the minus 5-micron portion ior free silica by the .v-r.iv diffraction nielligo. Since 1946 .hist sam|dcs are taken at 2...iiiute ..nervals per horn al cslal.l.sl.r.l throughout the property. Modern techniques arc being constant y introduced for the elimination of occupa(i.inal diseases. With tbc aid of our medical Staff and tbc cooperation of all departments, control prints thronpl. all actne areas Dust counts are reported m parlitlcs of free silica under 5 microns per cubic Ifmt of air." on an 8-hour basis. In a.l.li ion a total of 86 control stations were established througlio.it the mine, "h ere dust samples and airflow readings arc taken pcnodicjilly (or control purposes. Results are reported to the mine department with recommend, lions for maintaining dust concentrations within permissible limits. Regular surveys arc conducted by technicians who arc prop erly trained in modern sampling techniques, micro-projection and dust counting. Due to water shortage, it is necessary in crush dry our total tonnages. To control the dust hazard at the crushmg p l ^ . fom wet-type Utah dust collectors of 35,000 e l m. capacity* each, and one 25.000 c.f.m. a.runobler type dust collector, have been in silicosis ami other l.caltl. hazards ,iavc practically eradicated from our operations. Since year 1947 we l.avc won the Inter American Safety Co.mcil^ "Safely 1 laquc for IS consecutive years, for attaining the lowest frequency of accidents among all large-scale participating mining compan.es throughout Latin America. Since May 28, 1958. to December H 961 all departm ents of the com pany completed three years and four inontlis, tenth over-56 million ...-hours o f exposure and a pro duction o f nearly 40 nuthan tons of ore mined and processed without a fatality. During the past five years the lotal pb "1 has operated will, a frequency rate of ap proxin.alcly 5.00 per million " cx|iosurc. The cost of compensations has decreased by about 80 per cent in the 10-year stalled These units require approximately period 1951-1W!. 160 gallons of water per minute. In or. cr When an enterprise attains low acciden to minimize water consumption the sIn.Ige ,,ml fatality frequencies, accompamcd by con from these collectors is rim into a settling sistent reductions in the cost and the seventy , whi ch permits clarified water to be re ,,f industrial accidents, it is indicative nt circulated through the system, i lie qnanl.ty good safety performance, and that no ;. of dust collected carries sufficient copper o gling of statistics'' is either utilized or nece ^ p.v for their power consumption. Monthly surveys comprise the checking of air veloci ties, pressures and temperatures of all bran, lines at established control points, and ... this manner we determine the efficiency of '"such records, which rank among the tajj i\ in the metal mining wor <1. mdicatc that; accidents can be prevented if l ' " ' ; ll,e right climate for their elimination. To . these dust collecting systems. All crushers, conveyors, elevators and Mther dust-producing processes are enclosed, ami dust counts are maintained below the uiayiin.im allowable limits. . . . s ... pv l on (I s bring about .his climate certain favorable f factors were necessary. ;j. The most important ami effective of these.-; factors has been the a c c e p t a n c e by our moa-.L I ; , / " , o f t h e ir r e s p o n s ib ilit y m O c c id e n t^ 0 0 ( K i)2 . ../u/ Indush v prevention, and their sustained of accidents, lire-control, in- the safety program, llie y have spcclion techniques, ventilation, dust control, initiative, ami made it known--in no ,i^truiiiciilalion, salciy in d o c t r i n a ti o n .,f tain terms--throughout all ranks hiffiihffi***vvorkers, cnmhiction of iitcciings, report writ organization. They have applied the same ing. etc. When these men return to thrir executive ability to the prevention of acci original department:, thev tialiunllv exert .. dents which they exercise in .securing cfli- strong inllnencc in hehalf of safety and cicnt production, and the elimination of ouhistrial hygiene, and heeoniv the ticcc'saiy waste ami obsolescence. multipliers of the safely ctfort among their In the safety program, management has fellow supervisors and workers. taken the lead and set the pace for everyone in the plant. They rely upon department heads, and these in turn rely upon section su|>crvtsors (by assigning responsibility and authority) to carry out the policy set forth by top management. They arc generous in their praise for good performance; however every man in the organization is made to feel that safety is a policy, not a convenience. We avail ourselves of all {ossihlc modern techniral iitforinalioit that can he utilized in the improvement of working environment' We arc members of the National ami Inter American Safety councils, the Industrial Hy giene k'ouudatiuu of America, the National I`ire Protection Association; \vc subscribe to numerous periodicals ami have formed a large safely and lecliuiral lilonry In tin- This is not the final solution. Safety's manner we are constantly striving to intro worst enemy is complacency, and we exer duce new lechuu|ii('s, equipment or training cise a helpful and pcrsevcranl drive to keep aids |o our safely program. supervisors and workers continually on their toes. Communications play an important part in our safely program--each and every man must be reached by personal contact. We discuss their problems and their jobs; we resort to every possible opportunity to motivate their thinking in creating a safety consciousness and a desire to work safely. We realize that tm defense c u t Ixtill u;i> impregnable against a well-planned offensive, ami our entire rcsnnrocs arc geared to lids cud. Our industrial workers require mote guidance and more technical know-how than the unskilled worker of ten years ago. The rapid technological advances in industry re quire men of higher mentality and Ik*iit - Communications cannot he achieved with coiulitioncd altitudes. To develop safer in out a third requirement; adequately selected dustrial supervisors and workers vve have and trained supervisors. Our supervisors arc instituted a constant training program ca trained in the basic fundamentals of organiz pable of satisfying the cvcr-inetcasing de ing, directing, coordinating, planning, con mands of industry. Our Iraining facilities trolling, counseling, etc., so as to prepare arc also extended to include liseai and suui- them to become capable of properly utilizing tiseal institutions, managers and technicians the basic resources of management. Wc from private companies, universities, techni firmly believe that the front-line supcrvi<or cal and public sch*ls, etc. is the key-man for getting things done. He stands before his work group as a represent ative of management, and transmits linelives to each one if his men by wunl ami deed. It is not only a matter of what a 5U|crvisor knows, hut e hat he is able to impart to his men that really counts in safety as well as in pnxluclioii. He is ulti mately responsible for the attitude and Performance o f the workers. No one is <*misklercd for promotion unless he has lemonstrated a good safely performance. Our company has adopted a policy of se lecting supervisors from the piajor drpartments for advance! safety training, for periods ranging from four to six months. These men arc taught acehlciit statistic*. As a result of this police, oiu safety pi*grain lias had favorable ic' | n*im- in the held of indttsliial and public relations. I 'i i i IIh t more, by pioneering in tin- lieM if salvlv. vve--in s*me rcspccls--liavc become a law unto ourselves. The very organizations and nlhcials assigned to control (he compliance of safety and industrial hygiene coles and regulations, often request our assistance ami look to us lui conn'd and guidance At Itiadcn, accidents and ocrupaltonal d i. cases have been givatlv reduced through proper application of a few basic principles of human engineering, Ilit* ciKtpcrnf itu of the employees, and the honest desire of ||JC management to make imhiMM a safer plate to work and to live ) OFFICERS OF THE MINING SECTION NATIONAL SAFETY COUNCIL 1962-63 , n - E dward C Leonard. Inland Steel Co., Ishpcmmg. Mich. ....I T * Secretary-- ]. A. O . K , FMeonbridge N.cke, Mmes Ltd, * - * ,,'w ........--Umili" ! . ~ | T ,, . -- O l, ..m m . - . 6 . A -- . T . - Co,,," i C .,, C .,,, i . T - " _ u. u ., ..... .. : /iM iii Ne wsletter Editors-- Northeastern D ts\f 'ctJ ' p ^ U t H. F . T hompson. A m en- Div U S. Steel Corp.. Hibbing. M .nn, J . Lynm IlMtT, American Smelting and ,, Vmc Co.. Masco.. T e n . ; S R ) , Chino Mines Div, ; Refining Co.. Wallace. Idaho; S o u , h v ^ U r m , J n e t ^ ^ ^ ^ R Eraser A c e . Kn.nm.ll Copper Corp, ^ II:,v. Onl.. Cana.1:.; I 'erlern Canati ^ r r . r k ; r s * 1 2 " . c , .......... c . <-- O f f - t , - u i S afely i '! ^ ^ r^ Entertainment ^ * n o - I I , co...., r w . a S T S ^L & Mining Co.. Sah Lahe C h , Utah. ^SI>.....ions-l'tthlieily Coaim ittee--K.u.kkt M. Neil. (Choi, in,in). Tin: llai.na Min,..,, Co., & Y .; b. Iron River, Mich.; G loria: S ale, Mining Congress Journal, Washington. I) C .; A lvin W. K noehr, Engineering Mining Journal, New York, N. G eoiu.e A rgali, J r., Mining World, San Francisco, Calif.; C hris M am en, Canadian Mining Journal Garden- vale. Q uc, Canada; R ichard N. P auli, Hanna Mining Co, Nibbing. Min,, ; D avid N. S killings, Skillings Mining Review, Dutulli, Minn Hygiene and Ventilation Committee--R. J. S earle (Chairman), Kcnnecoll Cooper Corp. Magna, Utah; J o h n W. W arden, The Anaconda Co, Ih.llc, Moot.; G. D W in a n s" U. S. Bureau of Mines, Lakewood, Colo.; G. R. Yourt, Rio Tinto Managc.nenl Services L id, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; J oseph T. M ortimer, Ray Mines Div, Kcnnecoll Cop per Corp, Hayden. A m .; W. A. Uardswich. Mines Accidenl Prevention Association of Ontario, North Bay, O nl, Canada. Tram,,,,, Co,am,tlee-U,r: T. W illiam s (Chairman), The Ih.nke, Hill Co, Kellogg, Idaho- II. IIloy, Mines Accident Prevenlioii Association of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Man Canada- N . H G eorge, Quebec Metal Mines Accident Prevention Assn, llouriamn.pic O ne' Canada; M. R. F raser, Mines Accident Prevention Association of Ontario North Bay O nt, Canada; H arold L. B are, Bethlehem Cornwall Corp, Morgantown P , ' ~ - 7* *'HI 111llp IVI lllll. , K. m e n U clll- el.cn Cor,nvt,II Corp, Cornwall. Ha^ 'S . ]. S harp, Tennessee Copper Co. Coppcrhill. Toul. R. F. W ilson Oliver Iron Mining Div, U. S. Sieel Corp, Dnh.lh, Mi,,,,.; |.,f L W illia m s, i he Bunker Hill Co, Kellogg, Idaho; *J. M. S m ith , Asbestos Corp l t d ' 1bet ford Mines, Quc., Canada. * ' ' ' No,amati,,y Committee-- At. Km.u (Chairman)-, *C. R. Net,.; *S. K. S hari- (Secretary). Staff Kefresentatiee --Clin i,,n II. Il,KM, National Safely Council, Chicago. Illinois. Past General Chairman ,,emhershif Co.....L. B* pa.ilown. P a .; W alter >--.M0 T -, ; . ^ i (m A v i a t i o n of M anitoba. W nnupeg. Man,-; S ::l;^ ^ Wa,t,:ra ?; r Isun Hanna Mining Co.. I libbing, Mum. ... ............. c. s.,.1. -- 0`,,^ ; ii1a:Lc"c^ - 1 ^ ' nV: h!- A. W . N ess, Am erican Sm elling i.: KLb b N or|U , , ay 0 n ( , C a n ad a; JoseM x ... M i u i a i l - , Pisani education C m m i u / l r e - M ^ ^ ^ Lakes, : A^ ^S - t oe :r Mon5;^LMELv ^ rS L 0? C a n a n e a Consolidated Mining Co.. S. A.. Cananea, ono . SUUisncr Committee Jon N C M A C m S A ^ , ^ X V u ' ^ m . ^ v e r S rn n. S. Bureau of Mmes, Washington, D. , 11 S Sled Corp., Dulu.lt, Minn. ,j f-i 41 I ; ) o o o 4<)3 1962 National Safety Congress of its meaning. Now there are a number of things on which we can all agree. 1. In an enlightened work group there is little need for enforcement. 2. If we knew all there was to know about human behavior and could accurately predict human actions, we could eliminate unfair acts by education rather than euiuscciucnl. 3. It is far better to stress the positive aspects of safety rather than the negative connotation conveyed by the kvord "enforce ment." | 4. When people are convinced that safety is in their own interest, then enforcement becomes less of a necessity. While all of this is true, it represents an ideal state of affairs. It seems that so much emphasis has been placed Ion approaches which minimize one of the most disagreeable duties management has to perform--that of disciplining--that the responsibility of the in dividual workers for safety j seems to get lost. After all, enforcement presupposes that the individual worker is held account able. What I am trying to say is that we in management have not been tough enough in enforcing our own safety standards. I*cr- .haps wc have been so busy trying to explain them, that wc don't notice how often thej are not followed. Maybe we spend so mud time trying to understand our people, that wc don't have enough time left to correct them. This is pure speculation on my part, but I am struck by the fact that one finds so few written reprimands on unsafe acts and clear violations of long standing and well publicized safety rules ill most person nel hies. f am well aware that reprimands of this nature can be run into the ground rathe easily, but wouldn't more of them have i beneficial affect on the safety program! Wouldn't they bring home to everyone that . management is seriously concerned about the problem of unsafe acts? Until sociologist! > and psychologists have discovered iraw V about why humans behave the way they do <: and, more important, until all o f us in m agenicnt become competent sociologists p i :( psychologists, wc must continue to rely J the older forms of enforcement--one of T` which is the reprimand, written or other* wise. Traffic authorities obviously believe thi stricter enforcement cuts down accidcoH and they have a mass of evidence to pro* this. Wc in industry have specialized prokIctus, and the rules aren't as clear, in mac cinagsesw, iatsh trtahfeficsarmulees.caHusoawtievveera,gwenet--arepedoeyakl . a' Lubricant Additives Anti-oxidants Detergents Dispersants Pour point depressants VI improvers Anti-foam agents Anti-wear agents Anli-chat^rr agent? Aiiii-msl agents Antiseptics Tackiness agents Thickeners Odorants Coloring agents Emulsifiers Motor Fuel Additives Anti-knock agents Anti-oxidants Deposit modifier Metal ilcactivator Anti-icing agents Anti-rust agent Lubricants Coloring agents Jet Fuel Additwes Ami-oxidants Metal dcactivators Corrosion inhibitors Diesel Jucl Additwes Cetane tmmbcr improvers Stabilizers Corrosion inhibitors Odor masking agents SAFE HANDLING O F ADDITIVES IN THE PETROLEUM BUSINESS .J* -'tf By W ILLIA M S. W OOD Safety Engineer, Research & Development Div., Sun Oil Co., M arcus H ook, Pi.2* vJ-V Additives arc being used increasingly in many everyday commodities such as bread, toothpaste, steel and plasties. Usually they are intended to improve the product in some useful way, but sometimes they serve to modify or overcome the deficiencies of other additives. This discussion will be limited to additives used in products in the petroleum industry, where their growth has also been very rapid. Some heavy duty lubrica^ contain 20 per cent additive, and a rcaj estimate of annual consumption was 12 lion pounds for the industry. \ The following three lists show the many jobs that additives are ex; to accomplish. Some typical examples commonly used additives arc also gin j ^ : Heating Oil Additives 'ombustion improvers Dispersants Stabilizers Jg .v Corrosion inhibitors W:. Metal dcactivators Ash modifiers i. Ik ,* ,. -vt 0l,r problci afcly engineers is to fkoose for cacti of these materials, uscii or Imposed, the operating procedure and pro- jKtwe measures that will prevent injury to imcl and yet interfere as linfe as pos- wilh production. A logical sequence .accomplishing this objective would he as !.. Determine the hazardous properties of material. urn AiYiou 7 million pounds per year Zinc dithiophospliatc llnrium sulfonate Similar Reaction product of naphthalene A- wax Polymethacrylatcs Silicones Tricrcsyl phosphate 'fallow t . `o i i i p h x a m i t i e s Crcsyiic & phenolic cum|Hunds Polyisobulylcne Polyisohiitylcnc Essential oils Organic dyes Sulfonates 5 million pounds Per yvur Tetraethyl lead Ehcnylcne diamine Tricrcsyl phosphate I hsalicvlal ethylnediamine Isopropyl alcohol Eight lube oil Organic dyes Yi 000401 Y 2. Provide condii ions. - the n cccsciry f envii oimu Utah - 3. I 'tovide the nece-^aiy protective equip ment. I. J rain the opcialots in (he proper jiiucediircs and use of equipment. 'flic llaimnahilily hazard of an additive is inferred from Hash point, vapor pressure llammahle limits, ignition tcuipcralmc. Water solubility, de. I he familiar precautions used 7 962 iXottonai Safely congress with purolcmn |roIm`ts of similar physical characteristics are to he used where ap plicable. i*oii<1i11|4 sulnncrgnl lischarge, ami -.low pumping prevent IttiiMup of statu: electricity charges. Class I Dmup I) wiling may he necessary, (mod ventilation may he ueeiled to prevent explosive concentrations of vnjKjr. Ailcqnaic lire extinguishers should he pro\idcd. The extinguishing agent must he e le c tive and not react with the homing additive or form toxic gases. Highly reactive mate rials such as peroxides and nitrates must be stored and handled carefully to protect frbm heating, lire exposure or shock. The cor rosive action of an additive may dictate frequent inspections and careful maintenance of lines, pumps, valves, etc. Preparation must lc made to clean up effectively :lny spills of corrosive or otherwise hazardous material. The toxic hazard of additives may he eousidcred in relation to their modes of entry into the body. ingestion--Swallowing Inhalation--Vapors, mists, dusts Skin absorption--Systemic poisoning, di rect or through clothing Skin irritation-- Primary irritation Sensitizing action Sources of information on the hazardous piopciiivs of specific additives may he read ily available, or not, depending upon how new or well-known the product is, whether the identity or composition is disclosed, and what the vendor has done to determine toxicity and other properties. When the composition is known to lie a fairly common material, the existing litera ture will usually yield most of the needed information. Sometimes, characteristics can tie assumed on the basis of similarity to more familiar compounds. Sources of in formation on materials in Ibis category- in clude : Sax. Dangerous Properties of Industrial Materials NFPA Handbook of l*irc Protection & Codes Patty, Industrial Hygiene & Toxicology and other Texts I n t l ws i n a l Hygiene Digest Industrial Medicine & Surgery and other Journals Data Sheet' of Manufacturing ( lieuusts A ss'li. National Safety Council American Petroleum Institute American Industrial Hygiene Ass'll. Information on the hazards and recom mendations for handling can usually he ob tained from the vendor. Often the descrip tive brochure or the label on the package will serve adequately. An inquiry directed to the vendor may or may not elicit the desired data. A standard questionnaire has a fair chance of obtaining (be maximum of useful information. Such a questionnaire could l>c submitted to the vendor's technical representative when a product is first dis cussed with K & I) or purchasing depart ment people. Some of the larger manufacturers main tain toxicological laboratories to study new. products before marketing; others have such studies done for them by consultants. Occa sionally one receives only a brief letter stating that the product has been manufac--! hired by them for 20 years without any difficulty. This may be more reassuring than V* is justified. It may be necessary for the user of an additive to make tests or have tests made by a consulting laboratory in order to be certain of tbc characteristics of a pro-; posed material. Occasionally an additive will have been previously approved by a reliable agency such as the U. S. Dept, ol Agricul ture. Increasing use of industrial hygienists shows the best approach to collection andy. J interpretation of such data. Ingestion of additives is perhaps the most easily controlled in a plant situation. HowJ-> ever, failure to wash an additive from the] hands before eating, chewing gum or usinf|: tobacco can result in a sizable oral intake : over a period of time. Insistence on ordinary j cleanliness should he effective in most eases.;* Provision of an eating (dace separate fromlj the working location .would he very helpfulj in preventing ingestion. 't'l Inhalation of toxic materials can be pre vented by one of three basic alternatives: ^ l Pnclosc the material--hv dosed Unis, ventilated covers, etc. )! 1 kemove the toxicant--by vcnlilatiV H condensation, ahsorplion. .1. l-.liclosc 11ic masks, etc. f : 000-105 - r e s p ir a i ors;It-Sp**i-k,r, sjii :? "a die ii.... . ii S tilt,!! hou if- >1 ..........e 'i - <' ''--'" , ^ , `.1!,.1vo,'f ' M ' ,,,c " " f " Milivr. l a l i I M i S p ^ ^ K ' 'tlV ih iiM c|..m. |... jj,.! ,M. ,,r , . "C T u u ........ . !' fr"...d ie ........ A Itiedieal ^Vlicrk -up h<.uhi le finished. diluted piudurf is sampled fl)r Hmihk. ( Hit inns exampli-s are Tl'.l. han` "'K anil mm.ii oil additive hlcndinp. area. Many of the kin . in a tf iia k in tlit> eat gorv ,|" '." ' " m e ll.e skin or . ause a n , su rface reaction. ' Niiialle. seale l.lemls are made l.al.h-uisr I Ihm*profn lix mea-.iir.-s mimi in. hide m,i 3,1,1 iln.i.is ,.r smaller .nlaincrs are frenci,dy me.dve.l. Here die a.l.liiive is upTM out \.. ,men ,.... l,l'di..e ,.r handli..K O Le atmosphere ami, if ,,, X1C. (llc -iliuus. |.,,, a|s,, mainlename men open "K "P or other,,-,se uorkinp ,,,, ,|lc hues or mi.M he kepi al a safe level. ,.snail, |.v vend- `l'.il-imm, II,.,, ,vi|| I.,- par.ieulai lv ,,,l, r. : le; ss ......... . produces nmel, Mo ami may ,,ni he .,,lii. i. ,,,1, inf... ,,..-d Va|"'r !" - 1 "' air apiiadun. and kxv lempeialnres redin evapori/ni,,,, Mc(|,_ Utiol llIIIis* J|,iy;tz;Jm;(t|< , | HI. II,- ,,n ,|,|rCIU f skill Util;i- " k for deler.mnn.K ll.e eoneenlraliun of a for >evcr;il OX.L snlisianee ... die al.n,.sp|)Crc m;lv |,c h:inlh*. `I'h, nosj pM-i|, miiaatu :n,(| js ns | | u IU(,N, ililiitull to sonplc and slra.pl,I fur,,aril ur ll.ev ',,.a, ex pe.lenn-.l d. . n ialul.iK.S| is "H en aide lu d.slinpum l, h ri.e e e n an in- ^ .... I mirelial.le. Here die services 'l " s |. ...... . ;iM,| ail ,.,pusm<- u u isid e the s r * ............. .......... * '* Where it is impnssihlc lo keepdie con" .on of a luxio vapur liclo,!- a km,,,' ".k ."K v , m, - . ,, . Sun.,- people are ex- Iremely su.s.i.ve lu .....-rials d.ai ,, j|| have " e-I.en .,,hers, Sensidvii,- , p n,,,|e,,,,, |ro(lucts 'iMine is not nucoumion. mm. , aiJC:|,,"V rcsl*'r'rj- prulerlioii : must. bc wor" exposed men. These .,'. lite nalnarc" Vofrfd.iIe,lceoinoi,almowiiiia"Bnl ':leiwnding ii|>on Ih.st respirator . C.liemieal carl ridire respiralnr *,as ...ask ' Hose ...ask Air line respiralo. . Self eu.ilained IncadiiNp apparalns A fe,,- materials. ,,seri as additives in petroleum, can lie al.sorl.ed fhrnnph die skin I'nmary irriiams are il.use l.ivl. eum..unly cause a dermalilis after a single e.mlait. A, Ids. alkalis, amines, cl, re.,..ire onl, em.lan Idle less anive materials reimre pmlunaed .u,,l.,n , have a ha.mf.d He I. Some se.isll.zma ar.rnls are i.muel.uus I" ."'I skin l.,,| eais.lih- of p.ud,.ei,,K dermal.s ... a fen sus, ,-piihle iii.li, iduals i..||o,, ini; repealed euulans . ,, . r a l.-m period of lime. Sei.s.ii/aiiun .an sho,, up all,-, vc-ars "I roman. I..,,- irnla.ils, s.nli as alkalis and amines. , an eai.se permai.n.i damage , Cr, . sulhneni .plant,lies In ra.ie systemic dam>Re. ll.e oulslandinp example is T i l I,,,. Olliers Inch mipl.t he ,,se.l are ,,Irohonzcmanil Hs liumulups. amines. ........ |s ,.;il|,,,m |s orKame and Iinrpauic sails ,,f h ad and olii, "Klals. and tri-urlliue. es, I phosphate. Tru, lei'l.n.i from this hazard .ve..li,.R roman ,vill. ll.e skin and pruvid.ne `r "'""rd.ale removal in rase of aerici,iil.-d comae.. Kid,lie. plows and aderitale eve pr.ilecl.un arc miuimum in am- ease. The hazard of cuniamhialcd el.i|hinK is musi i dlcrlively eunlrulled if il is furnished ami : """ilcred liy die employer, t Harrier erra,ns ran relard skin ahsurpiiun rapidly and require parlieular alleiiliu... ' Harrier creams are of some l.cmli. i,, proi l.u^ die skin apaiusl must irrilauls < u.ilrul of expos,ire. I,oils, keeping per sunal . leanlim-ss. fre.piei.l adiine. '.I.dl, shouers, and freipn-nl eliaupes of elulhi.i :.re musi elleeli,.- in red.irmp- dermalilis. iMil.I.ri elmes and eueples an- of ..,, ..m- I..,,,.d -hen si rune eh.-omuls are iueulved Muusekeepine m die ,, urk area, proper slur- nee. pood ei|.iipme.il iiia in lriia .iv g o o d lipliliup, ami pond vnililulion are all im- I'or.ai.l fain,IS in prceulinp dermalilis I rovisiou of euud sanitary fa. lilies is a Hlilst. >.1 si,,,nid mu he Siilislilulcd fur pr.Meeli.e :d0liniK. h'nlil.er or ncupmie fuuHvear is nrcilcil il diese uiali-iiaN air liki-lv p, |,,. I raining t,f Mi j i e r v i s o r s . i j u i a f . inainicn a n o - mmm l al Mi r r r s , l a h o t a i o i \ |MI sfMIIM'k :ml m i n i ,, h. i\ i n f. j i ns s i hU Ml.Ml uilh I,.,/. ) ) 1962 National Safety Conyress ardous additives is a necessary part of llie preventive and industrial hygiene activities. I believe \vc should find out all we can about each material, and then pass along all of the information that will be useful to the employees in recognizing hazards and protecting themselves. The industrial physician should have prior knowledge regarding materials used iti the plant, to assist him in recognizing and treating victims of accidental exposure. The supervisor should he alert to send to the physician employees having rash, reddening or itching of the skin, vomiting, headache, or any oilier symptoms that could be asso ciated with the work. Contact of a sizable area of the body should he followed by medical checkup even if no symptoms are observed. ' In turn the pi.mt physician can hr of great a-^Mancc to the safety engineer in deciding on the safety aspects ol handling toxic mate* rials and ran help to sell the management on some of the needed facilities. Periodic medical examinations arc of great assistance in recognizing changes caused ly toxic sub stances. Knowledge of pre-existing condi tions is often critical in the interpretation of observed symptoms. Individual health con siderations may make it inadvisable for some employees to risk any possible toxic ex posure. The safety engineer, the industrial hygien ist and the plant physician should work with the purchasing people and others m obtain ing information on the possible hazards of additives. They should work with the engi neering and maintenance departments to ef fect needed changes. Finally they must work with the supervisors and llie men themselves to make sure that the protective measure! are used clTcctively. > SAFETY-- A WAY OF LIFE By DR. S. L. R A N K IN Medical Advisor, Petroleum Chemicals Div., E. I. du Pont de Nemours & Co., Inc., W ilmington, Del. I have no intention of dealing with safety equipment or specific hazards; rather I would like to emphasize a philosophy, a way of thinking 1 feel is fundamental if we ever hope to reach our goal 11 safety. Safety is one of those things we think about, or rather should think about 1It die time. Until we train or discipline ourselves to do that we can't possibly achieve the fullest measure of success. Current regulations, rules, traffic codes arc important; but an individual trained, dunking properlv. cogni zant of bis responsibilities and willing to accept them, ran work wonder*. Safety as a way of life makes for belter living at work, at home and on the high ways. It makes one thoughtful instead of thoughtless, careful instead of careless, polite instead of rude. It distinguishes be tween bravery and foolhardiness. It makes one a better worker, neighbor and citizen. It makes for a fuller and happier life. Life and safety arc inseparable. Last year, industry reaped a harvest of 15,000 dead. Thirty thousand died on our highways and another 30,000 were killed in our homes. Faulty equipment, mechanical failures, ads of God? No! Those were not the causes. Carelessness, thoughtlessness, lack of safety consciousness were the main causes. l*ve seen some of the mangled ' bodies, heard the cries of agony and pain, f and tried to comfort llie broken hearts of wives and children. And you say, being a ; physician, that's my job. You're right. But ] I say it's your job to work harder than ever to prevent the tragedies, this needless waste of life. What arc you going to do ^ about it ? . j At a recent meeting I heard this rumor, "Oh yes, safety is important but it's unat-.y tractive." Safety is important and it is at:} tractive. To the man who is just for safety,^ it may seem uuattractive; hut to the manat] safety, it is most attractive. To the maa^ on the sidelines, watching, the game may 0 sm unattractive; but to i PlayniB field, the Ramc is Win. on (lie w off the sidelines; put oi attractive, ilir uniform, and get in the game. W in____ i' b e Indre m J T u i Z k n T t S ' " l ...... ... Hie fiiBlnvay? ' rk- lK,me 01 <" casin'^ " a" quality (l.nt ,vc 0 0 . < -tj of us .ire m|| ness of safely. /*. in tin l i t e r ' t ' t r" ` S " C HPProacl. s a l e , C ; llie ai.Hl. nl an J,.is been injured We .1. 1 T . l,Ci- ' ' >0 .raged! V ' Z' " " " we' - 'V u e . ,. Ports and . X , r ^ in^ i ,,TMK,.1'!i a 0uallty we ca,, a|, li enioy d u a lly ^ f t s ' S When yon publicize the fact that: you work Z u ' l n '" ' i ,r ? I`r,,e 'ic i'' I'I ee Llo*ose operatiancgc"p,rcn"c',s;-ccIsbe,, close si chances you take everv dav i J J , ' gotten aw;iy with fIl*'s t,ihe atiri0i yon pay to those ,e,,s ' " meetings (hat you give firs ? ',i'r.l<l. r a f -'y f ^ N o . When yon S ! you infer a great deal more You c" o d T r.fi:y, a ; r p r m C'1`l;Ci ^ ......... oreseni -' ' ! . . . . P O,CC,C(l fro '" Uns S a l d S S'Cr" PerSO"!,, ini`,ry " l ' ,0aL Ct n y0U. ,,01,C pl. ; 1c"'*. fu" `" this ob- pruciicrsi. Tlal Is till- :;T,rvp.. r I).it>i( is corrected Recently I rcviciec.1 .. mobile accident re m i t . " C e " ' u"eie ' fatalities, nut ere,, a so-,ailed Jry. B ut at least ,vc r .... M-rious ;b e d . had the potentia?" , ^ S C ' - o n s ,, ,, ,, ry . , , ;is illlcrfs(<;(1 ; radicate that everyone w a H l t m u T r raen dont get killed in safely mee,i, uisc - concerne * ` 's. I'm 'vard safe; ofiulltt onnu tihien j>o..bl. .wihere ' on re alone hnd big,, f;; Ssa ',.Cv , , ',rC " > raise your Pbces where men get ' kiffed" ' l:" S ' ,,c <> suddenly; skidded " 'JT" Mo1' ee; slioidder of I,i.d u ra r ,, " a , , ? ' on. these a m i n u t e --do 3 0 1 1 Coil'll safety *n .litn d fo f " ,,|"t for anything ? ( , \ c' 11 causes Inn |l,c nlihis The real T '" ' ' lack of ade,piate a.Viv ' SC U'' Par. of the driver ` '"' "`c ...... U e arc (roly l.r..||ler,s | irfieltier we .... , ' 1 an e n t i l e Plan,. ,ee as i u d ir id ia d - a i " ,y :,,rre" n the halli,S and l i r e . ,,f fellow ,ne,,. Tin- ,a .,,| ` '' ' w i s e l y ; , | , c unsafe | ,, a . , i . e ' ................ eondone; our lailnre s'riictmns; may prore some d ly"','.'! !" ` a seriuiis injure one ,,r nn.re of o,,r fell..,, Im.,, ' u u o..l..,...a.. ....? titieralely. ""['e ' a .n 'Z l nuli li.,,, j isti m lions, tanks ; failnre l,,,t!' (tl,r,M-iL,;lm, t5"-f<'|||||.|< set the fuopei e ampli , or ....... " O i l ) of |,,|, ) ) ) OFFICERS OF THE PETROLEUM SECTION NATIONAL SAFETY C O U N C IL 1962-63 mhtrs-nl-Lar*h'--J. U. I 'akkf.k, Humble Oil Sc l^cliiiing Co.. Houston, t\ , Ke?NVON Z im m khm an, M arathon Oil Co., Findlay, Ohio; H omf.k I*'.. W heatley d ~X SSuiiiiray Oil Co., Tulsa, Okla. ' General Chairman--*Qu iNcv V. T um*. Texaco Inc.. Housion. Texas. v e General Chairman-S. Ross C arr, Gulf Oil Cor,... 1Ions,on. Texas. Secretary--E. W. Mii.es, The Marathon Oil Co.. Findlay. Ohio. s,ap R e p r e s e n t a t i v e - J. U. Ii.TB.soK, National Safely Council, Chicago. III. Sfeeial Representliv e -). F. MckJ mha. American Petroleum Institute, New York. N. Y. Production, Dri,ling and f^ /o ra ti-K e N N E T H V. Brooks. Cities Service Petroleum Co, Bartlesville, Okla. j Marketing--). J. Jarvis, Atlantic Refilling Co., Philadelphia. Pa. Pipe Lines--H. P. Bkaui.ey, Service Pipe Line Co.. Tulsa. Okla. ManufaclurintJ--Caiu. Arams, Continental Oil Co.. 1louston. Texas. .j Off-the-Joh--Roland P ryor, Phillips Petroleum Co.. Bartlesville. Okla. ' ffctvsleller--J. E. Isnoi.e, American Oil Co., Whiting Refinery. Whiling, Ind. ' Health--Dr. G. II. Coi.linos, Jr., American Oil Co.. Chicago, III. . j Education and Traininej-O. C. IIaier, The Standard Oil Co., Cleveland, Ohio. . j P r o g r a m -- G. F. Stedniw. Universal Polychem Manufacturing Div. of Universal 0 Products Co., McCook, III. 1 Prtlicily..... .. Public Relations-A. P. Granack, Mobil Oil Co.. Fast Chicago. Ind. ^ .1 Division Chairmen: e ltla u lu -- D. R. K in o . Ethyl Cm P j N*" ^ "/ o 'nlf Could Great r - ^ E A K L Isoussi Alt, U n U O U * ^ <h , ^ n d . m . A ^^^^1 P T Torrance Relineiv, Turranee. Calif. . 11AMll.TOM, Mobil Oil 4 " Hast (ic iK i.il Chairman 0kla' Mrenm,fbceerrsr --*^J.; HFIoGwAaRrOd MKIvy^erss. TThhee Atlamic ReFning ^Co draP' M cL I a n , De.mi, V^ - ft MduToH Co:. New York. N. Y ^ . 00040 I ) ) l';62 National Safely M jrrss make llieir wurkiug place safe. I lie lirst Important tool is llic comuiiilcc sel up. We liavc a general safely committee, consisting if (op management people, which develops policies and devises ways to carry these lo 'iieeessfnl conclusion. All policies must he cleared through this committee. There arc live soil-committees in the held 10 support the general safely committee. Policies are loiited ihrongh each of these, and they are cspeeled lo lind ways to implement them. The same pulicics heroine directives to the into organi-zation. dR Investigation is one of the most important tools any utility lias to reduce injuries. At the (listriel \vc investigate every accident that involved an injury rcfpuring medical atten- litiii. We also investigate every atiloinPJnlc accident, regardless of cxteul of damagd. In |,,,ili types of investigation, lle person [who had the accident meets with liis forcmaji or immediate supervisor j two nr three other cos are also called in. 1licsc people o*ii>iiinic a study group, whose purpose is in di'ienniiic the cause of the accident i and rvcoinmciul a way to prevent similar hcci- ,Ivnls in the future. All the |)ersons present >ign the rcjiort, which is transmitted through the divi'iiin channels ami then to the safely iimt. Action is tahvu as mpmed, hv the various supervisors. Inspvciioii is made hv a tiehl inspector (or the safety unit, by safely committee mem ber* and ly the foremen and supervisors. The latter arc constantly being stimulated fur safety through staff meetings, written information from the safety unit, and com mittees. The entire responsibility for safety U a function of the line organization. The si ft ty unit only assists them, by furnishing ilie mechanics of investigation, statistics, Iraining classes, and forms of recognition. Ivvcogtiilion is accomplished in several ua\< Whenever an individual invents a -:tfriv device, it is displayed and discussed W in committee and in the division that has a special interest in it. A board of direc tor's award is given to any sizable nit which achieves one year without a lost time accident, 't hese awards arc presented at the general safety committee meeting by a mem ber of the hoard of directors. The award is then displayed in the section receiving it. Smaller units* achievement* are recognized by use if the National Safety Council's Storm Mag. Whenever 1,0(10 days without a lost time accident arc achieved, the unit receives a Hag with their section name andjjj 1,000 days stamped on it. Kacli time an additional 1,000 days is achieved, they re-^j reive another Hag. JCxtcnsivc use is made of$ tin* National Safely Counrirs Award of # Honor. Whenever we receive one of the entire district is notified, the newspapers arc notified, and the award is physically; displayed in every section at the District o#j a scheduled basis. I*mally, we have the.: American Water Works Association's awai system, which we use in the same maimer; Kducaliou is accomplished through rcgi^ discussions uliont safe practices on the jj between the foremen with his men. Pipeli conferences supply material for the foremtn tu use. l.lasses are held for foremen and supervisors. New employees arc contacted' by the safety unit, which checks their dn* ing habits, discusses safe driving, and out hazards particular to their own of operation. . At the District, safely is considered fcd integral part of every job and is partj the planning for work operations and di Accidents can he prevented; responsibifto must he accepted hy management, but aWj by supervisors, foremen, and the men. P< are the only way lo control injuries, do not waul injuries, and they must be lel| to learn the causes of accidents and methods of preventing them. . 0 0 0 -I i ? 8 : 0 trlCERS OF THE PUBLIC UTILITIES SECTION NATIONAL SAFETY COUNCIL 1962-63 Genera/ CJiainmtn--|j< ington, D. C. it. iJUNliAk, Safely Fugiuecr, Polmone Fleetrie I ower Co., Wash- first i'icc-Chairman-Paul Windsor, Safety Director, Bureau of Safelj., Chicago, III. [.^Serand Vicc-Chainnaii J,'. Maywood, III. T. F. WtCKt.m.,, Safety Supervisor. Commonwe'aallili I'.dlsoii Co., . ; i t l j IC K. ITiit.i.ii i'i:, Safely li'nicer, Ducp,esile Light Co, Piitshi,rBh. fa. i*nltltt`ation.i Committec- SSRichmond, Va.; W. J. llyK,, N r, v ' rK""-' Fleetric & Power Co. f f l " nSin " Pipe Line Co., Detroit Mich Da'vi'd 'll Pars Sa/w-y ^l.,RI,,cer- M'clogan-Wis- American a " ( Vlce -.Secretary-Eugineering. jw . p. Ducan General W iler Works Cliainnaii-Wafer). Asst, ! n ks A550" ''. Inc., New York N Y Omaha, Nebr.; G L F ] ,'NN u ' ! , ' l50r]I c rso,niel, Northwestern Hell Telephone Co* Safety w S r ^ " . T ' 3' Wa,er S i " " , l'arli... N f M M J i'V . W. Dunn, Safely DirecUir P " " ( -'n.nhns, Nchr IS a fc ty Director, Centra. M aine'lW cr [',, .'` ^ s l a M" '! M` " S S S s : S';;:TM,1.:?..... > . * * * . . Flighted-, The lly rli fflt ***. w H ------ - - " ' " r iscprcsenlalive. The Deli i & ;nr ;r ,, ? r * A - M. H MaxwKi.t, Safety S,,|-rvisor The | F .lieis i ... I.omli.-ud. Jlf : komm f&f,."' n Cly , W ,H r - (>",a|n< fnhlie f ..wer District Hrimswirk- Fled (hnalia, 'Nehr. ; A. K. P ii howav, Fieri *r.SSaiffce}tyy Ff"ngmS,c,"er'.i',f!,Alu'la.1l-c:lpMfnahV(cirnrsAfWnVo,,rik!`si r ,f,?lf.`n, , WaVn,-i!,V , Canada. ............-- ......... **<> A-a-iation ^1^oiironi Af d'mdinl iCstnra't'iWonI '., r ' lr\~ 1S1 - CD rilo-arirrtm EP^*** Manager r; 5?*<*v X fCh;,l i r m a n ) . S a f e t y Ollicer. k o . a l I h d r , A yrrulftre. M------s - :. < . . ,- ) Safely Manager, American Gas Association, New York, N. Y.; J ames S ealy, Safely Consultant, Ebasco Services, Inc., New York, N. Y .; W. J. H anes, Supervisor of Safety, Texas Power & Light Co., Dallas, T exas; M. B. T ravis, Director of Safety, Northern Natural Gas Co, Omaha, Nebr. ; T. L. P owers, Safety Engineer, Gas De partment, Public Service Electric & Gas Co., Newark, N. J. Membership Committee--W arren D. Coei.in s (Chairman), Executive Safety Director, Orange 4 Rockland Utilities, Inc., Boston, Mass.; G f.okge C. So it, Assistant to General Manager, Department of YVater & Power, Los Angeles, Calif. ; Kohert M. C lark, Safety Director, Atlantic City Electric Co., Atlantic City, N. J.; W. R. L a Due, Superintendent & Chief Engineer, Bureau of W ater Supply, Akron, Ohio. Neiesletter Committee--Don Buckley (Chairman), Safety Director, East Ohio Gas Co.. Cleveland, Ohio; J. O. P arkf.A, Safety Supervisor, American Telephone & Telegraph Co., New York, N. Y.; R. E. McE i.downey, J r., Safety Director, United Fuel Gas Co., Charleston, W. Va. Off-thc-Job Safety Committee--R.iE. M ills (Chairman), General Plant Safety Supervisor, Mountain States Telephone & Telegraph Co., Denver, Colo.; W. J. E aston, Director of ' Accident Prevention, The Cincinati Gas & Electric Co., Cincinnati, Ohio; O. K. Bowers, Safety Engineer, Central IllinEis Light Co., Peoria, III.; R alph P. T ai.iiott, Safety Supervisor, City of Phoenix, I'l'yicuix, Ariz. Publicity Committee--C. H . G um (Chairman), Safety Supervisor, Department of Electric & Water Utilities, Jacksonville^ Fla. ; C. A. F ischiiack, Safety Supervisor, Southern j California Edison Co., Los Angeles, Calif.; A. B. S hf.iike, Safety Engineer, Rural ;r Electrification Administration, U. S. Department of Agriculture, Washington, D. C. .A.I j Contests & Awards Committee--K. C. C kegar (Chairman), Safety Director, Metropolitan j j Edison Co., Reading, P.; J. E. A ppel, Safety Engineer, Commonwealth Edison Co, {) Chicago, III.; V. L. W omeldorff, Safety Advisor, Illinois Power Co., Decatur, 111. g Nominating Committee -- V. L. W omeldorff (Chairm an); R. 1C McE luowney, J*.; E. M. C hase. I Special Representatives--American Cas Association--W . J. E aston, Director o f Accident ^ Prevention, The Cincinnati Gas & Electric Co., Cincinnati, Ohio; American IVoter Worbt Association--R. J. Faust, Executive Secretary, New York, N. Y. *1916-17, *1919-20, Past General Chairmen-- J. B. D ou cla s; W ills M acL achlan; , , 1925-26, *1926-27, 1927-28, C. 1928-29., - B. B. McCulloch ; G eorge O p p ; J. Rutland; F. Wrnn; *1930-31, E. S. 1931-32, G. A. 1932-33, C B. If. Bea u m o n t; Doki.ler ; 1934-35, E. J. 1935-36, 1936-37, 1937-38,. Boulet; K reii ; R. M. G o d w in ; J. J. Baraka; W. 938-39, *1939 40, 1940-41, P. Elstun; R. S. M etzger; H. A. Ptolemy; C harles S. *1941-42, P. L. G. 1942-43, D. C. 1943-44, Bowden; H asskari.; Duncan; E S ... 1944-46, T. 1946-47, 1947-48, 194844$ Miner; ) . O 'Br ie n ; J. O. Leslie; J. B. P orcher; 1949-50, 1950-51, 1951-52, E. L. Fitzgerald; J o h n M acL ei.l a n ; E. S. H annaford; W.' ' 1952-53, T. 1953-54, 1954-55, H. Adams; W. Rogers; P, M. G entzel; W. S. K itciies; 1955-56, H1.95T9.-60, K. S.1956-57, F. 1960-61, R. E. 1957-58. J. E. J .; 11996518--6529,, VE. MLf. Chase; J ayne; L owf. ; C. H arriman; M c E i .d o w n e y A , rp p e l ; WOMELDOHEF. Deceased I 1962 Nationa l S a f e l y ( niit/rr.1.1 docs mailer, an altilmlc that will reded back on onr own crews. 1f we Id these jobs lag indefinitely, perhaps forgetting them, we arc destroying the desired altitude, creating in its place a futile "what's the use?" mood. Now we conic to my real pitch. If we arc to help on these problems, we must know first that a prohlcin|cxists, and second we must know the degree of in<|iortance at tached to the problem. The operating dcparlmcuts arc the only ones able to furnish this information with any real degree of accuracy. I would like |o interpose here the fact that in talking [of departments, I am really talking of the Supervisors in that department. Jobs arc done by workmen, but it is tile foremen, the tour bosses, the su|erintendents, that get things done. At least, that is the way it should 'be. Say and do what we will about safely, production is the final i^oal. I'.vcn safely must be weighed with this in mind. Obvi ously, if the actions of the o|>eraling depart ments indicate a problem, whether production or safety, to be of minor importance, that job will be low on our priority list. We all have a pretty direct channel for originating work, getting it done, or follow ing up on it. But, how often is it used properly for items of safety? Time after time we have been handed two work requests by one supervisor. One for an item of safety and one for an item of convenience. We might get great lip service on how important the safely item was, because lie knows that Crossett stresses safety, and it was the proper thing to do. But lie would ask then and several limes a day lliricaflcr, when we would gel In the convenience item, hut no further mention would be made of the safety item. Which job has he indicated to be the most im portant? Which job gets the highest pri ority? Obviously, the one he keeps pushing --the one lie shows the most interest in--the convenience item. Maintenance is a service, and we try to keep our customers happy. The squeaking wheel will get greased first. No matter what lip service he has rendered, his actions have proven to us which job is most important to him. Although perhaps misjed as to importance, we have in this instance at least been in formed that a problem-exists, and we can jb OOOo'd) y and do investigate and form our own opini proximatcly 55 jobs involving pU'jmt which jf't't St i h i'h si.res very well. .11* kc.chh a hi.gh level in <.ni of urgency--an opinion which may. or trtw* *>1 ever heard of until IWd)Rhl up by -aidy altitude, we must Mirroiiml our |*-oph- nut, lie correct. The problem is much woi the committee. -Avitli llic knowledge dial we arc iitcr>l<d when there is a hazard of which we ha Passing a job to the safety committee is in safety. We wnnfTTflutgltts of afety it* not even been made aware. but one way to side-step it. There arc other pervade, to spread throughout all (heir Once an operator becomes aware of a In ys to avoid responsibility, hut however it aril, he should feel free to talk to his i <lne. it damages the safely effort of the mediate supervisor with a certainty that l mill. It is damaging to my selfish interests, problem will be considered and enrredi the safety of the maintenance crews, artion taken where possible. This is a ii* Safety is considered so important that we if workers are to feel that safety is wor have safety supervisors, safely committees, thoughts and huhiis. If we can create this atmosphere of safety, we will have a safe plant. By lack of pro|ier attention to the ten per cent of safely represented hy the physical features, we can destroy this a t mosphere and (lie other W percent of saiti). while, that it docs mean something. Olh departmental meetings, and what-have-you. Now, if 1 have created the impression that wise, a real "what's the use?" attitude i A lot of people get involved, and properly so. I think maintenance departments are good, vclops. Hut it does make it so easy to |>ass the almvc the average departments, it was be But, it is so easy for a supervisor to tibuck, to slide out from under, to let John cause I wanted to create that impression it aside, to tell the man to take it up wdo it, unless a great ileal of care is taken, If you check thoroughly, you will probably the safety supervisor, or have it reported The men on the job, the immediate super- find that it is true in your own mill. N or thc safety committee. In other words, g visor anil his superintendent are the ones mally, ours is the job having the greatest the man the old r u n around, pass the lm most familiar with the area anil its proh- exposure to hazard. Vet, in our mill, in Aftcr all, it is so much easier to let somci lems. Theirs is the responsibility for origi- cisc do it. ' natiug action anil follow-up on matters af- Tlicrc is a direct channel for getting oil feeling production. Ami theirs must lie the types of work done. Use it for safety vsresponsibility for originating action on the also, instead of letting ideas be bat normal safety items. And, usually they around, passed back and forth, lost, dropi should go through the same direct pro- terms of frct|ucucy rate, the inniiitcuam c department ranks with the Inst. We hate accumulated as much as 1,500,(KM) inauhoius between disabling injuries. As far as 1 know, no other single department within our mill has approached that. nr avoided by all the roundabout evas cedures and actions that they would to ob- That our mil! is not unique in this mutter tactics that sheer laziness and unwilling tain routine repairs. is witnessed hy the comments 1 have heard to assume responsibility can bring up. The 90 per cent of safely I mentioned as more than me safety director make to the We have a safety committee compo being represented by attitude is fostered only effect that maintenance must lead the way of representatives pf the hourly men h by creating an atmosphere of safety. At al- to any effective safety program. cach major department and a salaried i "lost any mill with a good safety record, resentative of each department. The ci safety can be almost felt by a stranger com mittee meets once a month to discuss did ing into the mill. It seems to be part of the problems, and problems on which tk atmosphere. seem to be no action. It's a good com One definition Webster gives for aluius- We of maintenance are nut only willing to help, hut selfishly eager to do so. Hut to do so cMtcieiitly, we must know first that someone lias a problem, ami second uc uuisi know how important that problem is con tec, and does quite a bit for morale. I plicre is, "A surrounding or pervading in- sidcred to be, so that it can be given its cently looked over the notes of last yn fluence." This definition describes our de- rightful place in our work schedules. meetings--78 items had been brought up d ing the year 72 had been corrected, i were being worked on, and the other I ..... ....... ................ were too recent to have been started. SAK CHEM ICAL RECOVERY BOILER OPERATIONS picture appeared. On at least two oca: when a committee member bad been askr By J. R. CHA SSELL and L. H. COYKENDALL bc*d discussed it with his supervisor,! shrugged his shoulders and muttered Development Design Engineer and Engineering Coordinator, The Babcock & Wilcox Co., Boiler. Div., Barberton, Ohio hadn't thought it would do any good several instances, the supervisor had him to bring the job up at the next committee meeting. In one way or about 60 of the 78 items represented visory failures Unfortunately, maintenance had its of failures, too. Even so, there wet The chemical recovery boiler lias become an indispensable part of modern Kraft pulp [mills. The recovery unit reclaims over 90 per cent of the chemicals used for cooking rood chips so that the reprocessed chemicals an be returned to the digesrers a n d r ^ e d #etr again The heu: rerlvr-ed ' pressure steam from horning the waste Mack liquor can be used to generate approximately M) per cent of the power requirements of the mill. The low pressure steam discharged from the hack pre'Mire turbines will supph a* pr< virrarefy ren of ihe yr- . - 1962 Xutioml Safety Congress 00CC01 I 'lilfi mill I'nfrr Sccliiin Tlc ncincralion of these waste Mack liquors makes its unnecessary to discharge them ami pollute the streams. M odern pre- cipitalors and scruhhcrs clean most con- lam im liug m aterial iron the Hue gases before they are discharged In the -ilmosphere, thereby minimizing air |Kjllutioli. B e cause chemical recovery reduces the nfct cost of pulp, paper, and other related products, it is attractive economically. T he atm of today's modern recovery units is to operate as economically and as safely as possible. We cannot expect an installation to have all these rewards without encountering1, prob lems and hazards. The history of the de velopment of modern day chemical recovery Unlcrs, from the first refractory smellers fed with char formed in a rotary kiln.ulociiments the hazardous problems which have l*cu encountered and overcome. I i Recovery of chemicals in the early use of the Kraft process consisted of drying ami roasting the waste liquor in a rotary kiln until a char was obtained. This char, or so-called black ash, cnulnuicd the non volatile portion of the constituents dissolved from the wood in addition to the inorganic chemicals of the original cooking liquor, and when discharged from the rotary kiln, was used as the fuel in a refractory smelter. The hot gases front the smelter were directed hack through the rotary kiln where they dried and roasted the incoming waste liquor, making the process self-sustaining. \ reducing condition was maintained in the fuel or char bed of (lie smeller, and as the organic constituents burned away, the inorganic ash was chemically smelled, re duced, and tapped from the smeller in a molten state. The only heat utilized by this i'i|ui|unent was that which was needed to evaporate the moisture from the weak black liquor fed to (be kiln ami convert it into char. Several pieces of equipment have been added to perform additional functions and contribute to the economy, efficiency, or safety of the process. A waste-heat boiler was added to the smelter furnace-rotary kiln combination, permitting recovery of a part of the heat from the gases discharged from the kiln. The development and use of multiple effect evaporators to deliver the waste liquor at higher solids content to the n>lary kiln reduced the heat loss in evaporat ing the liquor. The disc or cascade evapo rator was developed and installed after the waste-heat Imilcr and utilized the heat in the gases leaving the waste-heat boiler to fur ther concentrate the Idack liquor before in troduction to the rotary kiln. The Murray Wacrti unit, introduced about 1930, substituted a water-cooled smelter in the place of the refractory smelter previously , used in order" to overcome the refractory maintenlanucec dmitnfuic-umllics. Ki.iHmiuimi.autiuon ov*f th--e rotary dr.ier or .k.i.l.n.....i.n.....l.l.i.c .R..o..s..s.-..W.. agner j unit, at .a.Ib.o...u.It ttlh>.e< csfuinnie iliimni/e', uw/aics ((Ilnie* ffiirrsstt 1. step leading to the development of the mod- j : cm recovery unit with its stationary furnace.-/^ The principal comixmciit of (he Ross-Wagner. ^ unit was a vertical, cylindrical, stationary.-:; refractory furnace. Hie liquor, at about,';;' 55 per cent solids content, atomized wilh ;'| compressed air, was introduced through lhe;| roof of the furnace and directed downward toward the furnace floor or hearth. 7J Tins unit was significant since it demon-vj strated the principle that all the steps the recovery incineration process could accomplished in a single stationary ftmiare.; However, refractory maintenance was highi^j and combustion conditions on the hearth? were unstable and subject lo frequent black-^ nuts requiring excessive amounts of atuuMp iary fuel to maintain the proctfsk which itjj suited in low chemical recovery efficiency^ In the Babcock & Wilcox-Tomlmson urtt| introduced in 1936, the advantages of thw Ross-Wagner unit were retained, but thei&, were several important changes designed eliminate the difficulties noted. Uefracloiy^j maintenance was eliminated by the use of water-cooled stationary furnace and a wat?r*il cooled flue connection from the furnace the waste-heat boiler. To overcome the ***&.. stable furnace condition, the liquor wlfjp sprayed onto the walls of the furnace, whrfe|fc ji was csseulinlly dehydrated and remained^ until its thickness and weight were suffidcaUj to cause it to break off and fall to the charif9 bed below. The spray nozzle directed at the funt walls was oscillated, continuously deposti ^ a relatively thin layer of liquor on a giro area of the walls which dried before1 spray was redirected to the same area deposit additional liquor. Furthermore, ^ of considerable importance, the angled oscillation of the spray was adjustable; the operator : iise more or less wall liquor, depending upon Lw^-This spraying method stabilized rombuslioii c o n d itio n s on the hearth, reducing (lie frequency of black-outs, and increased the efficiency of chemical re covery. By thus providing a separate adjustable particles; before penetrating the liquid sur face in (lie smelt dissolving lank and if the preen, ji^uor in the dissolving lank is kepi llmrougbly agitalcd. O il present day remvery units, steam shatter jets and green liquor recirculating sprays break up the smelt stream before it is submerged in the liquid and a propeller type agilaior keeps means of evaporation within the furnace it self, it was possible to use the cooler tvaierc--o-o-led fu--rnace, veliiummiinuamtin^g mthe mhigihi nmiauinulec- the fluid in the dissolving lank moving The tank is vented lo atmosphere lo eliminate any explosive gases. l; nance of refractory, ami to establish stable i/ : ffuurrnnaaccee ccootniddiiltiifoiinws uwsiitilhi itLh*e relatively .w...e.a..ki* liquor available from the multiple effect evaporators of that day. The introduction ! Ibis type unit led to rapid developments in the efficiency of chemical and beat retovery from the furnace. ' There have been many additional refine, ments to improve K raft recovery units. .. Economized, steam coil air licatcrs. pas air . heaters, electrostatic precipitators, venturi evaporator-scrubbers, cy clo n e evaporators, As a safely feature in this area, llic smell shattering et|iiipment is designed with con siderable excess capacity over that normally required. Steam jets and liquor sprays lo lover a wide flow area arc hacked up willi auxiliary nozzles and reserve slcam pres sure. This reserve shattering capacity is re quired when upset b|>cratiiig conditions of the recovery Imilcr cause the smelt flow to he irregular, for smell flow rates several limes llic normal quantity can he experi enced. . low level beat savers, demisters for vent ;,v stacks on smelt dissolving tanks, and various oilier pieces of ef|iii|Hiicnt have Iiccii added ^ to do the required job in a better manner. '&. ne particular type of hazard that is found only in recovery boiler operation, the b reaction between molten smelt and water or char and water, can create an explosion ^hazard in the dissolving tank and in the furnace. In the dissolving tank the reaction M:" lw' en. smelt and water must be controlled 4S.W dissipating the energies in a harmless );manner. At oilier points in the system fi ProPer, design and ojicralion must be estabMushed to prevent smelt and water or char t? " d water from coming in contact with each pother. $' ^ 1C Sll,elt dissolving tank area is one controlled smell water reaction miisl be attained lo prevent injuries to personnel lo equipment. Thermal and "j " " meal energies are released suddenly when the molten smelt comes in contact with the rccn liquor, in the early development stages, lack of shatter jets, inadequate ventat and insufficient agitation resulted in any violent smelt dissolving tank explo.imnj which resulted not only in serious [^iunkge lo the equipment hut, in many ^****^ injury to operating personnel. ^ Kfds'ons f Ibis kind can he prevented i smelt stream is broken up into small While llic shattering equipment is de signed for abnormal conditions, llic most effective way lo provide safety is in proper nitration by eliminating smelt spout plug gage and the heavy rushes of smell which follow. Recovery boiler burning techniques, black liquor fuel preparation system, unit controls and instruments have been improved so that operating conditions can be expected In lie quite steady and the smelt discharge tu flow at an even rale. These improvements have practically eliminated llic incidence of dissolving lank explosions which were formerly quite numerous. In spile of these improvements ill equip ment and operation, there may lie limes wlii'ii, as a result of poor operating pro cedures, llic smell splint will begin to close off. Preventative acliou In lie taken is as follows: I. Allow sufficient lime lo burn the bed down properly during routine shutdown periods. The bed near the smell spouts should he burned down below the smell spoilt openings and accumulations of smell .nut ash that fall from llic upper screen lubes or furnace should be melted also. If ibis condition cannot be achieved during an emergency shutdown, the accumulation of ash in (lie vicinity of the smelt spools in Ibe furnace should be raked or shoveled away from Ibe spouts before restarting ibr unit. 1902 National Safely Cutiyrcss 2. Operating a recovery boiler with black smelt at a tube can cause extremely; liquor concentrations wliicli arc too low can heat input rates which can elevate \ reduce bed temperature and cause the smelt temperatures so that wastage of nictaP spout to freeze over. The pro|er per cent occur. This blowtorch action if con*'' solids )n the black Jiipior to (he furnace can for some time at a given poiut may he maintained by correct o|>crnlioit of the tube wastage to the point of failure. ` evaporators and other auxiliary etpujimenl. fore, if the rule, "Never fix the boot' .1. The amount of combustible mpterial icmaiuiiig in the char when it falls In the bed can Ik* controlled by proper black tiipior spray adjustments and primary ami second ary air and tertiary air distribulion. Proper position; always bold it by band and' it moving," is observed, there should (i^ (auger of tube damage when air lances ~ use*I to clear ports which have been ! out. adjustment of primary air flow in the Pluggagc of the smell s|>outs or Ihc; vicinity of the smelt spouts will ppomolc mation of smelt ledges o ir furnace1 steady smelt flow. I sometimes require manual probing with 4. Periodic cleaning of chilled smell from to o|>ai the smelt spout or knock do the smelt spout is required to maintain ledge. When this procedure is required?* steady smelt flow. d treme care should be used so that the.' Proper design and operation of the water- mice wall lubes arc not damaged. cooled smelt spout must be established to prevent smelt water reaction. Frequent re placements may be required if the cooling water supply is contaminated or scale form ing. This is one cause of smelt spout fail ures, corrosion, and cracking ,A leak in the Much sfKHtl allows the cooling water (n mix with stream of smelt and the splattering caused hy the reaction can injure nearby people. The chilling effect can also cause pluggagc of (he sjkmiI, resulting in abnormal Hows from the other spout. This problem can be entirely eliminated by installing a re circulating condensate system as the cooling water supply. Excellent results have been achieved in this manner. The failure of a furnace lube of a Kraft chemical recovery unit must be avoided as it may become a serious hazard. If the water from the leaking tube comes in contact in timately with the smelt, an explosion -can occur. It if comes in contact with the hot char bed, explosive gas can be generated. AH furnace wall tube failures do not result in explosions, but nevertheless, it is of major luiiuaii when a tube leak' is noted in tins area. The common cause of furnace tube fail ures is scale formation on the inside of the tube. The importance of maintaining good boiler water conditions cannot be stressed loo much. This im|K>rtancc increases as the chemical recovery units arc designed for higher temperatures and pressures. Another cause of tube failure is indiscreet Molten smelt is formed in the i_ during the process of incinerating ganic substances in the black liquor*! smelt consists of approximately 25 pefir sodium sulfide and 75 per cent sodiunt ` houaic. We have discussed the hazard' water spraying on smelt in the ion however, keeping the accumulation of ! Miielt in the furnace to a minimum'is! a safety feature of design. A recovery furnace designed willt V ing lioor so that the smelt is discharge! the dissolving (auk from the recovery! as soon as it is formed minimizes thif aid. Fluid hot smelt leaks from (lie fs form a hazard to equipment and per Red hot flowing smelt can cut pressure parts and enclosures. The f bottom and lower side wall must be' scaled in order to prevent smelt from ! ing out between the tubes. Early model water-cooled furnaces'^s' ing upon a very thick layer of refc." lining inside the furnace to form thc^ against smelt flow, used the tubes i reinforcement and as a form. Pin welded to the pressure parts of the fu were added to hold the refractor)' more securely in place and to extend life of the refractory by lowering ^ perature. Chill plates were later built.^ outside tangent of tubes in an allr ( freeze molten smelt which mi^htrj through the refractory. use of air lances in air ports. An zlir lance directed across burning char andl molten ii The trend has been steadily toward: metal usage as a positive seal again." OCOECVi t'lttf* u tttl /'i/rr ...r /io n f t The furnace wall tutfe?. and*' floor: . must be arranged with -due respect to gas 3 were moved to closer macing. Pin temperatures, gas velocities, and tube spac' ^and chronic ore rcfratffoMr^ne.jc* .. Jug in order to achieve a loanable recovery on the furnace side to protect the unit. from wastage in the sulfur reducing lere of the lower furnace. Flat studs added at the centerline of the tube and t cads of studs welded together. In addi- i steel plate membrane is welded bc, lubes, making a solid tight welded lion all the way to the primary air f level. 'construction is a positive metal seal H-thc flow of smelt. The joints of the i the floor are also welded tight and ^construction has eliminated leakage "die floor. The transition to a coin- sealed metal bottom has now been led and the only path for the smell is out the spout. Smelt leakage, Ij.was once a common occurrence in jftftcovery units, lias now been made fly nonexistent on the modern re funds. In addition, when extensive re- : made to units 10 to IS years old, l of these more modern features may ('fflied to the hearth zone so that the of smelt leaks can be greatly The combination of proper arrangement of heat absorbing surfaces and the applica tion of improved type soot blowers have virtually eliminated lancing on modern re covery units, thus increasing safely during operation. Auxiliary oil and gas burners arc used when starling up to bring the boiler up to pressure, put it on the line, to ignite the black liquor, and sustain furnace tempera ture until the black liquor burner lias l>cen stabilized. These burners arc also used to melt down the char when the unit is to lie shut down and to stabilize the furnace dur ing upset operational conditions or black liquor fuel interruptions. The recovery unit fired with a high mois ture black liquor fuel may lose ignition if the air flow or fuel moisture content changes. Smelling over of air ports will afTcct the air flow distribution and erratic o(eratioii of multiple effect evaporators will affect the fuel solids content causing a hlack-out or loss of ignition in one area of to 1940, soot blowers were generally *[vc in recovery units. Multiple jet : did not dislodge hard deposit* and furnaces were often operated under : as a result of plugging of the gas Steam cutting due to misalignvWis prevalent. Consequently, hand was a necessary part of recovery (fftralion. Hand lancing was not an ex- r hazardous part of the operation but ; was always a chance of personal in- the furnace, which will become accumula tive unless corrected. Auxiliary oil or gas burners arc placed in service to compensate for the loss of heat release due to the hlackout. The operator must also rod the air ports to re-establish proper combiisiion con ditions. Operation of auxiliary burners is a manual function because of the problems mentioned aliovc. However, safely devices arc being installed to help the operator with the auxiliary burners. cither by being burned by the hot i lances, or by having hot gases and if(Mown from the lance ports and furnace The problem of burning oil or gas in a recovery furnace is much the same as in normal power loilcrs. However, the primary I which were used for lancing, porimsc of the recovery Itoiler is to burn f c ^ l h e recovery units became larger, they black liquor and recover the chemical effici 6more difficult to lance by hand. This, ently, and as a result, the arrangement of js'fncreastng labor costs, forced the dc- air (oris and air distribution is designed to of automatic retractable lance accomplish this pnrjxisc. A typical oil or gas devices to cope with the tenaceoiis burlier cannot he used in the hearth because i that form in (he hot gas regions of of smelt conditions. 'Dm- auxiliary burners jjtocovery unit. The design of the rc- arc uionntcd around the nitil on all sides to uniti has been changed to arrange distribute the beat ami arc not as easily i so that the ash which was cleaned observed by the operators. Several Kraft jvftnaaihc tubes falls into the fnrnaceor into recovery unit furnace explosions have been t baler hoppers. Even will the most eflcc- caused by improper use or improper func : known cleaning equipment, the surfaces tioning of auxiliary burners Improved steam ) ) 1962 National Safety Congress 0 0 0 C 0 3 ///> and /', Scttion atomizing type oil burners and gas burners that give better stability are now used. Tlic greatest contribution to the safety of auxiliary burners in recovery units has been the recent application of monitoring, equip ment to oil and gas burners. Monitored oil and gas burners are offered on new units and arc recommended for all existing. Kraft recovery units. Automatic monitoring sys tems will include: (1) flame failure de tectors, (2) air flow permissives, (3), maxi mum air windbox pressure cut-oi^i, (4) maximum and minimum gas pressure cut outs, (S) minimum oil temperature ci|t-outs, and (6) fan failure interlocks. y Controls and instrumentation can contrib ute greatly to safe recovery unit operation. Temperature recorders, flow recorders, level indicators, density indicators, draft loss gauges, and other present day instruments can show the operator what is happening in the recovery unit without his having to leave his operating station. These very valu able guides can be used to detect the devel opment of unsafe conditions long before it could be determined from other sources. Automatic controls can perform many func tions of the operator so that he may be free to attend to other duties necessary to effici ency and safety of operation. Of course, alt instruments and controls must be properly calibrated and checked to make sure that readings are true and they must be carefully maintained so that the operator can have confidence in them. A good training program for operating personnel and supervisors is necessary for safe operation. t. Knowledge of Equipment -- When a new recovery unit is started up, time and effort spent to explain the features and ob jectives of the new equipment can prevent future accidents or operating mistakes. 2. Experience -- Operating problems en countered during the initial starting up period may be a good school of hard knocks for the crews on duty at the time; but al though straightening out upset operating conditions is good training, it is poor for production records. Shutdown and change over drills should be incorporated in a smooth running mill to give operatorjs proper training in handling emergencies.' These drills may well point out weaknestj in the established operating procedures an^ result ii> llic prevention of accidents or improve- j ; The old type chemical recovery incuts of operation. ' . difficult to keep clean. The pluggpgc condi- 3. Training Replacements --The turnover in operating personnel is greater than one would normally realize. Some operators are advanced to more responsible positions and turn over their duties to less experienced men. Men move on to other pulp and paper r mills or Ido other industries. These changes .f reduce the number of experienced operators available to operate the chemical recovery boiler. Retraining of operators and super- visors is required to keep operation up to liigli standards of economy and safely. A thorough . and . aggress,vc . ... ......nten:... j- v lions of the boiler passes causdiUA-fork | pressure operation, resulting in fumes and I sparklers being belched into the recovery | boiler room. Ash hoppers which collected ; ash and smell were dumped to the boiler % room floors and then shoveled back into Ilie I furnace through the access door. The mod em unit is designed to keep the boiler passes open and all healing surfaces that arc sub ject to hard smelt' deposits arc located abov e J ibe furnace so that these deposits fall to the sm. elt bed. T. he. as.h f.rom the boiler liop- <E | pee* ls returned dle b|ark ,iqlIor tos|(tlhicec fuel tscymstemq-|(tihsrousgh,, 3 program ran make valuable contributions to f safe recovery unit operation. Many bar- anions conditions arc caused by mechanical or electrical failures. The chances of having accidents arc much greater when abnormal conditions arise. Motor trip-out on an atixilary pump, fan, or agitator, or other typo , : cclloosseedd system and keeps the a..s..h....i.n. side of (lie recovery unit. - Combined efforts in the fields of operaVlion, maintenance, and design have done 'much to reduce hazards of the Kraft rcI'tovcry process. Safety features that arc Imilt into the new imiti ^can lie adapted to existing units. Ample rfprve sliallering ca pacity has improved smelt handling. Auxil iary burners arc more stable and monitoring equipment is now provided Automatic re tractable soot blowers have improved boiler (leaning, thus improving boiler availability ami minimizing hand laiiring. Uniformly rnneentrated black liquor fuel and improved burning techniques maintain steady furnace conditions. Operators have belter training and more instrumentation is provided to help them keep aware of n|>crating conditions at all times. The complex fuel, smelting, and cleaning problems of chemieal recovery units make remote automated controls more complicated to apply than on |K>wcr boilers. The paper industry and equipment suppliers, however, will roiilimic to improve the safety of rlicimeal recovery Ixiilrrs. of equipment failures can take the operator away from his primary responsibilities, thereby making the total recovery boiler^ operation less safe. A good maintenance and.j inspection program can do a great deal . toward elimination of hazards caused by'^ these failures. \ DEVELOPING AND GAINING A C CEPTA N C E OF SAFE PRACTICES Maintenance crews are always overworked ^ luring mill outages, but in the long rim, | complete maintenance during a scheduled By ROBERT H. CARRUTH ERS . District Safety Director, Lumbermens Mutual Casualty Co., Summit, N. J. outage pays off. Continued maintenance of * spare equipment ran he accomplished during normal operating periods to allow the inert j to do a better job during scheduled outages. ,5 During the scheduled outage, particular | attention should be paid to the inspection of | the furnace hcarlli area for any signs of . pressure part deterioration. Blisters, wasted tube metal, excessive stud burning, and lubes i bowed out of position will indicate, gener- ,9 We arc all aware that industrial accident prevention is a complex and many sided problem for which there is no short cut solution, no automatic panacea. We know that success in preventing personnel injuries uid protecting plant facilities depends on a balanced program which recognizes and then stabilizes the problem of llic policy of management and the philosophy of labor. practices is a safely atmosphere in which you warm (he cool pots and coot the hoi spots, keeping in mind that the person who is against accidents is not necessarily for safety. In ^ given situation, regardless of management policy or of labor philosophy, von must let the manager know what is cvpcctcd from him and you must inform the worker what is expected of him. Sometimes ally, water treatment problems. The water,J Please note I did not include the word this area of cooperation, which you attempt side of the unit should be inspcclcd for in- i rationalize between recognize and stabilize, to establish, becomes an arena of conflict-- dications of scale and, if found, the unit as I am convinced there is no room for hence, the term, `creating an atmosphere." should be acid cleaned to insure ing the next operating period. safety dur ! A chemical recovery room in which iraportanre is placed upon neatness, freedom : from debris, and dirt accumulations provides more safety for the operator. It is much j easier for him to recognize developing " troubles or hazards. Recognizing the exist- ; cnee of a dangerous condition is the first . step toward eliminating it. ; rationalizing or compromising, if you and I are to continue as important integral parts I of private enterprise. Somewhere along the line we must strike a happy medium, or perhaps I should say create an atmosphere in which we can fuse management (the j manager) and labor (the worker) into an ' effective accident prevention team. Probably the most important aspect in developing and gaining acceptance of safe For a moment let us think of a vacuum almosphcric vessel into which you draw everyone's ideas, thoughts and experiences --pro and con. Next, to develop and gain acceptance of safe practices, you warm up. cool down, add, subtract, smooth out. and round off the ingredients. As the solution begins to jell in this favorable atmosphere, you reverse the flow and expand outwards the resulting safe practices. OFFICERS OF THE RAILROAD SECTION NATIONAL SAFETY COUNCIL 1962-63 | . General Chairman--I). !'. Kussi.i'v, Canadian Pacific Kailway Co., Windsor Station. Mot treat, Que., Canada. t I ice Chairman-- W. V. Havks, l|cw York Central System, New York, N. Y. Itoine and Off-the-Job Safety Committee--). L. Roiiweukk (Chair.), Duluth, nlissalic Iron Range Ry. Co, Duluth, Minn.; V ikgii. S m ith (Vice Chair.), Terminal Railroad Assn, of St. L ouis, St. Louis, Mo.; *R. P. H amilton, St. Louis-San Francisco Ry Co , M : l>` ,W- A ckekm ann , Denver & Rio Craude Railroad Co, Denver. Colo. ; J. W . I iio .mi-son. Seaboard Air Line Railroad Co, Richmond, Va. Membership Comm iltee-O . W. S m ith (Chair.), (.rand Trunk Western R. R. Co. Detroit Mich.; 1 . M. Biiitt (Vice C h a ir .) , Clinchficld Railroad. Erwin, Tenu.; R. VV. Bow m an Bessemer & Lake Erie Railroad, Greenville, Pa.; W. O. Cottin. iia m , Western Mary- laud Ry. Co, Hagerstown. Mil.; P. II. J knnek, Western Pacific Railroad Co. San Francisco, Calif.; *). 11. W il lia m s. Texas & Pacific Ry. Co Dallas Tex F C Flynn, Wabash Ry. Co, St. Louis, Mo. ' ' ` f Nominations and Elections Committee-- *H. C. Dauliun (Chair.), The Louisville & NasliI'ice Chairman--G. K. HuNTooNj Chicago, Rock Island 4: Pacific R. R. Co., La Salle St - ville Railroad Co Louisville, Ky.; G. C. S tkomsoe (Vice Chair), Atlantic Coast Line Station, Chicago, III. 1 i Secretary ami Newsletter Editor--T. L. IIii.hkiikanii, Soo Line Railroad Co., Soo Li IJUIg., Minneapolis, Minn. .Issocinle Newsletter Editors--Southeast--ti. W. Mi:m:iimi, Norfolk & Western Ky. U Koanokc, Va. . H'rsl--M. A. N ugent, The Southern Pacific Co., San Francisco, Calif. Jolietil1 |CO ' JaCkSOnV' C' F a`: *L C H a h n e - E'gi. Joliet & Eastern Railway Co, Program C om m iltee-W . V H aves (C hair). New York Central System. New York. N' ... . .. V-NT<>ON (l ,Ce C ha,r)- Chicago Rock Island & Pacific R. R. Co Chi cago, III ; J. h. S laveN, Chicago, Burlington Sc Quincy R. R. Co, Chicago III F W Hoiiiis Missouri Pacific Lines, St. Louis, Mo.; (. L im n, Jersey Central Lines.' Icrsey C"y. N. J ; D. K (.11EOKO, Chicago, (.real Western Railroad Co, UcUvein Iowa Kaymonu Dayis, New York Lily Transil Authority, llrooklyn. N. Y. ' | Planning auJ I ',Mirations C om m ittee-). R. Uannkuman (Choir), Canadian National Central-- A. W. S hea, Chicago, Milwaukee. St. Paul 8: Pacific Railroad Co., Chicago, II Kailways, Moui real, Quebec, Canada. Eastern--W. C. L a k a w a y , The Delaware S: Hudson Railroad Co., Alhany, N. Y. Southwest--Ci. R. KNi'.ur, St. Louis Soulhwcstcrn Ry. Lines, Pine Itlull,. Ark. Canada--J. R. Bannkuman, Canadian National Railways, Montreal, Que., Canada. Posters--E. E. W all (E ire Chair.), Illinois Cenlral Railroad, Chicago III. C. F' T iiokney, Chicago, North Shore & Milwaukee Railway Co, lligliwnod, III (i K| n o Ke" UlclLy .* I'xl'nua Terminal Railroad Co, Louisville, Ky.; E 0 . H usk The I ttllman Co, Chicago. 111.; T. G. W igi.ky. Akron. Canton & ........ . Railway Co, Akron, Ohio; Ross S. V an N kss, Chicago, Burlington, Ik Quincy R. R. Co, Ottumwa , lowa. * Contest and Statistical Committee--W. C. L a k a w a y (Chair.), The Delaware & lludxa Railroad Co., Alhany, N. Y.; 0 . W. M i k i i u t i i (I'ice Chair.), Norfolk & Western Rj. Co., Roanoke, V a .; E. G. H u s k , The Pullman Co., Chicago, III.; G . E. G e t t y , Hum of Ry Economics, Assn, of American Railroads. Washington, D. C. ; L. C. Me Dowu, Chicago & North Western Ry., Chicago, III.; *R. P. H a m il t o n , St. Louis-San Fr cisco Ry. Co., St. Louis, Mo. Him and Sound Committee--A. W. S h e a (Chair.), Chicago, Milwaukee, St. Paul & Paaic Railroad Co., Chicago, 111.; E. II. B le w e k ( Ctcc Chair.), New York Central Systm Cleveland. Ohio; M. A. N u g en t, The Southern Pacific Co., San Francisco, Calif.; G.*. K n ig h t , St. Louis Southwestern Ry. Lines, Pine Bluff, Ark.; *L. C. H a h n e y , Eigi% Joliet & Eastern Railway Co, Joliet, III.; E. L. C a kih ii.i., Southern Pacific Co, 5a l-'raucisco, Calif.; L. li. Kini;. Southern Ry. System, Washington, I). C. Publications-). A. D .llan (Rice Chair ), Duluth, Missal,c & Iron Range Ry. Co. Duluth p : / A n,'kw (.real Northern Railway. Si. Paul. Mini..; F. II. Lewis, Union Pacific Railroad, Omaha, Ncl.r.; J. (., IIia.iiiiam, Toronto, Hamilton & llulialo Ry. Co [}a,n|llu". On-. Canada; C. A. IIik.;k. Missouri-Kansas-Texas Lines. Denison T exas' I . R. E llis, Reading ( o , Reading. Pa. ' ' P W iin- C asmk S m it h ( l ice Chair.) M. Kccs,.rl ....... . Railroad Co, Pi.tslmrgh, P * y ' , " ' N,,rll,cr'' Pacific Ry. Co, St. Paul. Minn.; R. A Newton Clii- ago & Western Indiana RR-Bclt Railway Co, Chicago, Ilk; R. F. DuVai.i. New Vork Susquehanna and Western Ra.lroad Co, Paterson, N. J. ; II. A. I l m , Richmond' rredencksburg & Potomac Railroad Co, Richmond, Va. ; J A BonFit t The IVnnsvl' K u o " ' PI,ila<IC'" hia- Pa : J - P' " ,,NU- ^ l<-' Tlie lkdliiiiore^ Vfhiii R. fc 'c n ^ Railroad Highway Traffic Safety Committee--G. M. D e m p s e y , (Chair), Chicago ML 'Staff Representative--L . W. D u tt o n Nai waukee, St. Paul & Pacific Railroad Co, Chicago, III.; J. P. Koi.oc (Rice Chair}. Illinois Central Railroad, Chicago, 111.; E. W. Honns, Missouri Pacific Lines, St. Dwa Past General Chairman Mo.- H. E. S h a u c h n e s s r .-A Erie-Lackawanna Railroad Co, Cleveland, Ohio; G. R.# H u n to o n , Chicago, Rock Island & Pacific R. R. Co, Chicago, Ilk; O. R. H ammitm Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fc Ry, Chicago, 111.; R. W . C a s s ih v , 'I lie Chesapeake aidtj Ohio Ky. Co., Huntington, \V. Va. J| ^fety Council, Chicago, III. 0005c m m ) ) OFFICERS OF THE WOOD PRODUCTS SECTION NATIONAL SAFETY COUNCIL 1962-63 I Cimenti Chairman--T. l. N o r t h , Safety Dir., Rayonicr Canada Limited, Vancouver, B. C., Canada. j.* F ire ( hainnan and /Ym/rum (7wirWi--I*'. A. R o i.e s , Safely ling., Weyerhaeuser Com pany, Longview, Wash. ( y tiewsietter Editor--C. R. R u st em ev Jeh, Canadian Foresi Products, Ltd., Vancouver. B. G, Canada. Scerctary und Membership Chairman--J. S. Bo w m a n , Mgr., Safety ami Loss Prevention, United Stales Plywood Cerp., New York, N. Y. Jlrtfianat Representatives--Crt Lakes--*Roy l. Johnson, Kroehlcr Manufacturing Co., Kankakee, Ilk; East--S kth J ackson, Safely Oliccr, U. S. Forest Service, Washington, I). (!.; Smith--*J. T. Duni.oi*, Dicrks Forests, DcQucen, Ark.j fFcjf--*Roiikkt M. Gil more, Rayonicr Jm*or|>oialed, HtHpiiniu, Wash.; (\mada: IJVa7 *W. M. Ai.i.Ison, B. C Ltimher Manufacturers Assn., Vancouver, B. C., Canada; Canada: Hast--*l. II. Reeves, Lumbermen's Safety Association, Toronto, Ontario, Canada. Suwniilling Committee--R. F. Bki.i. (Chairman), Safety Dir., Crossctt Div., Georgia-Pacific Corp., Crossett, Ark.; Roy F. P owf.u ., Potlatch Forests, Inc., Warren, Ark.; H oward A. Cukris, Simpson Logging Co., Shelton, Wash.; J ames Mokkis, Ozan Lumber Co., Pres cott, Ark.; Roiiekt P. M ii.i.kk, Internalioital Paper Co., Long Bell Div., Longview, Wash.; S. L. Gkeooky, Pope & Talbot, luc., Portland, Ore.; J. A. Ba in , A rkansas Dept, of Labor, , Little Rock, Ark.; Advisor to Committee: *\\l. M. A i.i.ison, B. C. Lumber Manufacturers Assn., Vancouver, Canada. I.otifiintj Committee--J a m e s (k a iiy (Chairman), Western Pine Assn., Portland, Ore.; J ohn T ukukon, Quebec Lumber industries Safety Assn., Quebec City, P. Q., Canada; K. L. (irsoN, Georgia-Pacific Corp., Portland, Ore.; C*. R. P o n s, Liunbcrmeirs Safety Assii., Tnionto, Out., Canada; J. J. P i.a s k v , (ieorgia- Pacific Corp., Hillsboro, N. C .; H aywood -i N urr, Roy O. Martin Lumber Co., Alexandria, La.; Advisor to Committee: *Joe T. D u n i.o i*. Dierks Forests Inc., Dc Queen, Ark. i IViiivr and t 'lyteoad t ommittee I xhumin Miu ie h (C lairman), Aigmua Div., United States . Plywood Corp., Algoma, Wis. ; D iin M a c B e a n , MacMillan Bloetlel & Powell River, Ltd., Vancouver, B. C., Canada; IL C u a n u e eu D r ew , Medford Corp., Medford, Ore.; If.G BntikNirr, Wood Products Div., Weyerhaeuser Co., Marshfield, Wis.; N e h . K . L each- m a n , Employers Mutuals of Wausau, Portland, Ore.; Roams S. J o n e s, Branch Mgr, Weyerhaeuser Co., Hancock, Vt.; J a c k Set#lk o i s k y , Brand* Mgr., Weyerhaeuser Co, * Saull Ste Marie, O nt, Canada Advisor to Committee:--'' Kuiikkt M. (in .moke, Rayonicr Incorporated, Hotpiiani, Wash. < I ' u m i t i t r c and A l i l l t a o i k Commit It -- I n o m a s L . R a s m u s s e n (C h a irm a n ), The Connor V Lumber & Land Co., Lamia, Wis.; G eoio.e S c h n e id e r , Andersen Corp., Bay|*orl, Mirai;-ili\'. K A nm eksiin, K nuhlcr M anufacturing Co., Bingham ton, N. Y. ; R o iiekt IJUNMA--; ) i;an, North Carolina Ileparfmeitt of Labor, Winston-Salem, N. C .; Amniu' S konnino, Wester Electric Co., Hawthorne Station, Chicago, III.; Advisor to Committee: M Imumiii A. Laiovii., Employers Mnfuals oi Wausau, Wausau, Wis. Cooperate Committee--I. W. S u trrr (Chairman), Jos. K. Seagram & Sous, Inc., New Vmlv, N. V.; W. E. L y n n . Hiram Walker X: Sous, hu\, Cooperage I >iv., Peoria, III.; R. K I iikhisim , I.oimIoii Ki Pelroliu Itarrell ('<.. I.oimIo ii, Out., Canada; |. K a n m a m . T h o m a s . Edwin Hell Cooperage Co., Pittsburgh, P a .; .tdvixor to Committee: *R. C. Clili.uiu.ss. Cooperage Div., National Distillers Products Co., Memphis, Tcuu. Trade /I.nutation Committee--I*ki:i Waim: (Chairman), Northern lut. Lumltcrmcn's A sm, Prime Heorge, II. C., Canada; V. W. C o ii iiu :n , Southern Pine Assu., New Orleans. I.a.; I*. I. M u slim , Timber Operators Council, Inc., Portland, Ore.; Advisor to (Tm m ii/.v: *K. II. I\t:i:vi:s, Lumbermen's Safety Assn., Toronto, Out., Canada. Off-the-J oh Safety (tmimittee--(honor Noams (Chairman), II. C. I.umber Maiuifucluicis Assn., Vancouver, It. 0., Canada; L. W. I I m .ih h i', Lumbermen's Mutual Casually Co. Chicago, III.; Louis Posi-:v, Diamond National Co., Northwest Lumber Hiv., C immif It* Alcuc, Idaho; Advisor to Committee: ' C iia h i.k s K . Z v:sk v :y , I k., T . II. Muslin it: Co., Kansas City, Mo. Contest and Siofisties Committee--lau n s II. I loi i.scnhii ((.`bairmau). Safely !>ir., W eyer haeuser Co., Tacoma, Wash.; W. I). W ii.mams, Krocblcr Mfg. Co. of Kentucky, Louis ville, Ky.; Advisor to the Committee: ' Louis (i.azkk, Dierks Forests, Inc., Kansas City, Mo. Nominatin(t Committee-- ' A. E. R k in w a k i (Chairman), T. II. Maslin and Co., St. Louis. Mu.; *K. If. Rkkvks, Lumticrmcii's Safety Assn., Toronto, Onl., Canada; Hlhtuihicr A. L a u w ic , Employers Mutuals of Wausau, Wausau, Wis. Staff Kefrescntatk'c-- Rohkrt Cukhik, National Safety Council, Chicago, ill. 'Past (iencrnl Chairman.