Document mmxxXLQKN89LEKwZr7yDLaovb

POULTRY SCIENCE November, 1965, Vol. 4.4, No. 6 Contents Page ]. Protein and Lysine Requirements of Developing Turkeys as Influenced by Pelletting . . . L. .S'. Jensen, G. 0. lianil. R. K. Wagstajf and J. McGinnis 0 Selection for Chick Comb Weight with Androgen and Gonadotrophin Stimulation . . . ................................................................. K. li. Ncslur imtl R. G. Jaap 1455 .1441 5. Cardiovascular Chanties in Restrained Chickens....................................................................... .................................................................C. Whitlow, P. D. Shtrkie and G. Stein, Jr. 1442 4. Studies of the Chick Edema Disease. 5. . . . D. F. Flick. R. G. O'Dell and E. el. Childs .1460 ,v Avian Tracheal Rings...............................................................................................IE- J. Mathey .1465 6. The Effect of a Lysine Deficiency on Growth Characteristics, Age at Sexual Maturity, and Reproductive Performance of Meat-Type Pullets................................................................. ............................................... E. P. Singsen, J. Nagel, S. G. Patrick, and L. D. Mat-terson 1467 7. Effect of Varying Dietary Calcium: Phosphorus Ratios on Tibia and Femur Composition of the Chick.............................................................................B. C. Dihourlh and E. J. Day 1474 5. Effect of Autoxidation on the Nutritive Value of Acidulated Soybean Soapstock in Chicks ............................................................................. li. Lipstein, P. Budowski and S. Bonntein 14 SO V The Relation Between (/-Tocopherol Content of the Breeder Diet and That of the Newly Hatched Chick..................................................... /. Barlov, P. Budowski and S. Bornstein 14SQ !0. A Hydrostatic Tester for Egg Shell Strength . . .S'. J. Shtka. E. L. BescJi and A. H. Smith 1404 1. Bromide and Fluoride Toxicities in the Chick............................................................................. ............................................... .4. R. Doberenz, A. .4. Kurnick, B. J. Hnlett and B. L. Reid 1500 1. Supplementation of Low Quality Fish and Meat Meals with i.(-) Lysine Hydrochloride Plus in.-Methionine......................................................................................................4. Anwar 2505 A. The Influence of Calcium on Phosphorus Utilization by Chicks......................................... .....................................................T. S. Nelson, W. A. Hargils, N. Stnrer and .4. C. Walker 1 50S 14. The Relationship of Egg Shell Weight to Cracked Eggs ..........................E. H. McNally 151.5 lx Studies on the Acidulation of Soft Phosphate............................................................................. ...........................................................P. IF. WuldroKp, C. B. A m merman and R. H. Harms 13.19 16. Fffecl of Some Antibiotics and Furazolidone on Performance of Laying Chickens . . . .............................................................................................................................B. IT. Heywang 1 525 17. Heritability of Semen Quantity, Concentration and Motility in While Rock Roosters, and Their Genetic Correlation with Rate of Gain . . M. Soller, N. Snapir and H. Schindler 1527 15. Social Grouping, Stress and Resistance to Coliform Infection in Cockerels........................ .....................................................................................................H. S. Siegel and IT. B. Gross 1 550 10. The Detection of Acute Avian Leucosis as a Contagious Disease................................................ . . . IT. A'. Dunlop. S. D. Kottaridh. J. R. Gallagher. S. C. Smith and R. G. Strout 1557 20. Effect of Calcium on the Incorporation of Proline into Hvdroxyproline of Collagen Fractions from Normal and Lathvritic Chick Embryos . E. C. Naber, K. Sc.ott and R. M. Johnson 1540 21. The Fluoride Content of Commercial Broiler Backs and Necks............................................... ............................................................................. M. F. Pool, W. J. Tango and A. A. I\lose 154 3 ll. Chemical Analyses of the Blood of Chicks Infected or Endointoxicated with Escherichia coli......................................................................................... J. R. Cole, Jr., and F. M. Boyd 1551 2.x Tlie Relationship of Egg Shape to Shell Strength . . J. F. Richards and M. H. Swanson 1555 24. Monolayer Growth of Chicken Neuroglial Ceils in Tissue Culture ... A. V. Adams 155S 2.x Surgical Procedure for Exteriorization of the Ureteral Openings of the Hen . L. Ainsworth 1561 The ofliciai publication of the Poultry Science Association. 21A bi-monthiy journal published for the purpose of advancing the scientific study of poultry. *|Manuscripts for publication should be sent to the Editor, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ont., Canada. All manuscripts should be typewritten and double spaced. An original and a copy, together with an abstract, are required. References ihonld be arranged alphabetically. Tables and legends for figures must lie typed on separate sheets. A charge of live dollars per printed uage or fraction thereof is made to partially cover composition costs. TERMS OF SUBSCRIPTION Fifieen dollars f] 5.001 annually in advance, single copies S2.85. The journal is sent to nil members of the Poultry Science Associn tanding. All subscriptions should be sent to the Secretary-Treasurer, The Poultry Science Association, Texas A ami ,\f ollege Station, Texas. Advertising rates $ 100 per page. ^Copyright, ! POP by the Poultry Science Association, ss postage has been paid at Menasha, Wiscons.in. Acceptance for mailing at sped 1 rate of postage provided for in Act 8, 1925, embodied in paragraph 4, Section 412, P. I,. X: R. authorised April 4, 10J2. Primed in U.S.A. TOWOLDMON0046070 Studies of the Chick Edema Disease 3. SIMILARITY OF SYMPTOMS PRODUCED BY FEEDING CHLORINATED BIPHENYL* D. F. G. A.Flick, Roger O'Dell and Virginia Childs Nutrition Research Branch, Division of Nutrition, Food and Drug Administration, Washington, D.C. 20204 (Received for publication February 26, 1965)- INTRODUCTION chicks after they had been fed chlorinated IN EARLY attempts to chemically iden tify the chick edema disease factor, a biphenyl at various dietary levels. EXPERIMENTAL number of investigators (Brew et al., 1959; Wootton and Alexander, 1959; Day-old S. C. White Leghorn cockerels Friedman et al., 1959; Harman et al., were used for these studies. On day of re 1960; and Yartzoff et al., 1961) reported ceipt from the hatchery, the chicks were that the factor was heavily chlorinated. randomized in the shipping carton, individ More recent reports (Friedman, 1962; ually wing banded and weighed. They were Wootton et al., 1962; Firestone et al., divided into groups of twelve and placed in 1963; and Wootton and Courchene, 1964) battery brooders with raised wire mesh have confirmed and extended the early bottoms. Room temperature (23.9C.) and studies and have shown that the factor is relative humidity (50%) were kept con quite toxic for the chick. In the latter re stant by automatic control. Incandescent port, Wootton and Courchene (1964) "es lights were controlled automatically for ten timated that 5iJ.g. of one of the toxic fac hours of darkness and fourteen hours of tors is enough to kill one chick." light. Chicks were immediately placed on McCune et al. (1962) reported that a diets containing 0, 200 or 400 p.p.m. chlo chlorinated hydrocarbon used as a plasti rinated biphenyl1 (CBP). They were fed cizer for an epoxy-resin cage coating mate and watered ad libitum and were weighed rial elicited symptoms similar to those twice each week. found when chicks were fed the chick A practical type of ration was used for edema factor or fats containing the factor. these studies. The composition of the ra Using Vantress-White Rock chicks, these tion is reported elsewhere (Flick et ul., workers reported that hydropericardium, 1965). The CBP was added to cottonseed edema (subcutaneous and abdominal), oil as carrier and thoroughly mixed, and hemorrhages of internal organs and enteri the carrier was then mixed into the dry tis resulted when the active material, chlo components of the ration. rinated biphenyl, was fed at a level of At weekly intervals of a three-week 0.01% or higher. feeding regimen six or seven chicks were It was, therefore, considered of interest randomly removed from each group, to study in more detail the responses of weighed, and anesthetized with ether, and * Portions of this report were presented at the 48th Annual Meeting of the Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology, Chicago, Illinois, April 12-17, 1964. 1 The chlorinated biphenyl, sold as Aroclor 1242, was obtained from Monsanto Chemical Company, St. Louis, Missouri. 1460 i TOWOLDMON0046071 WATER PCB-00037048 1462 D. F. Flick, R. G. O'Dell and V. A. Childs Table 1.--Mortality and pathological observations of chicks fed chlorinated biphenyl (CBP) for three weeks CBP (p.p.m.) i'IO. chicks on diet Deaths chicks autopsied 0 21 200 24 0 0 6 10 400 24 33 7 Edema incidence HP1 Abdomi Subcu nal taneous Tissue and organ pathology2 0 0 0 None 1 0 0 Pancreas (8), kidney (5), spleen (3), skin and feathers (2) and adrenal (1). 5 4 3 Pancreas (7)1, adrenal (6), kidney (5), spleen (1), heart (l)6, skin and feathers (1). 1 Only HP volumes of >0.21 ml. were included. 2 Organ changes observed included: hemorrhages, enlargement, paleness, smallness (spleen), and derma titis and/or defeathering. Numbers in parentheses are incidence of observations/organ or tissue change. 3 Two deaths occurred during the second week and one during the third week. No autopsies on these chicks. 4 All animals in this group had a pale cream-colored pancreas. s Pronounced heart enlargement of a bird having hemoglobin level of 4.05 g. % and hematocrit of 19.1 CBP had a pale cream-colored pancreas. The kidneys were extensively hemorrhagic and enlarged, and the adrenals (6/7) in this group were also enlarged and hemor rhagic. The results of HP volume determination are shown in Figure 2. At the first and sec ond weeks, the mean HP volumes of the three groups were about the same, except that the chicks fed 400 p.p.m. CBP had Fic. 2. Effect of chlorinated biphenyl (CBP) on hydropericardial response (ml. S. E. of the mean). slightly elevated HP volumes at two weeks. At three weeks, the mean HP vol ume of the group fed 400 p.p.m. CBP was approximately 10-fold higher than that of the group fed 200 p.p.m., and the latter, in turn, was somewhat higher than that of the controls. The results of the blood studies are shown in Table 2. Blood hemoglobin levels decreased weekly among control chicks. A comparison of levels at each week revealed that the birds fed CBP had lower hemoglo bin levels than controls. The birds fed 200 p.p.m. CBP showed a slight but steady de crease in hemoglobinemia throughout the 3 week study; those fed 400 p.p.m. CBP showed a marked hypohemoglobinemia at the second week but recovered somewhat at the third week. This recovery may have been due to the development of a compen satory mechanism to overcome the inhibi tory effect of CBP on hematopoiesis mani fested in the earlier days of the experi ment. Hematocrit levels (Table 2) followed a pattern similar to hemoglobin levels. Maxi mal depression of hematocrit levels was found at the second week among the chicks fed 400 p.p.m. CBP. As with hemoglobin levels, the increased hematocrit at the third I ! TOWOLDMON0046072 WATER PCB-00037049 1464 D. F. Flick, R. G. O'Dell and V. A. Childs compound (isomer) responsible for the chick edema disease, but to elucidate the observed relationships between toxicity and potency of CEF and the toxic nature of chlorinated aromatic compounds. SUMMARY Chlorinated biphenyl (CBP), fed to S. C. White Leghorn cockerels at 200 or 400 p.p.m. in a practical type of ration for three weeks, produced signs which partial ly simulated those of the chick edema dis ease factor, a chlorinated aromatic hydro carbon. CBP feeding was accompanied by growth depression in direct proportion to the dietary level. Edema formation in the pericardial sac and in the abdominal and subcutaneous areas was pronounced only at the 400 p.p.m. level of CBP. Transient changes in blood glucose, hemoglobin and hematocrit levels accompanied CBP feed ing, particularly at the 400 p.p.m. level. Pathological changes observed were as follows in decreasing order of incidence: cream-colored pancreas, enlarged hemor rhagic kidney, enlarged adrenal, small spleen, dermatitis and defeathering. Relationships between the toxic nature and relative potency of CBP and the chick edema factor are discussed. - REFERENCES Brew, W. B., J. B. Dore, J. H. Benedict, G. C. Potter and E. Sipos, 1959. Characterization of a type of unidentified compound producing ed ema in chicks. J. Assoc. Offic. Agr. Chemists, 42: 120-128. Douglass, C. D., and D. F. Flick, 1961. Collabora tive bioassay for chick edema factor. J. Assoc. Offic. Agr. Chemists, 44: 449-4S6. Firestone, D., W. Ibrahim and W. Horwitz, 1963. Chick edema factor III. Application of microcoulometric gas chromatography to detection of chick edema factor in fats or fatty acids. J. Assoc. Offic. Agr. Chemists, 46: 384-396. Firestone, D., 1964, Division of Food Chemistry,I Food and Drug Administration, Washington, D. C. 20204, personal communication. Flick, D. F., C. D. Douglass and L. Gallo, 1963. Studies of the chick edema disease. 1. Body wa ter distribution and effect of diet. Poultry Sci. 42: 853-862. Flick, D. F., D. Firestone and J. P. Marliac, 1965. Studies of the chick edema disease 2. Purifica tion and biological effects of the chick edema factor. Poultry Sci. 44: 1214-1222. Flick, D. F., V. A. Childs and R. G. O'Dell, un published observations. Friedman, L., D. Firestone, W. Horwitz, D. Banes, M. Anstead and G. Shue, 1959. Studies of the chick edema disease factor. J. Assoc. Offic. Agr. Chemists, 42 : 129-140. Friedman, L., 1962. Progress in the chick edema problem. Feedstuffs, 34 (11): 18. Harman, R. E., G. E. Davis, W. H. Ott, N. G. Brink and F. A. Kuehl, Jr., 1960. The isolation and characterization of the chick edema factor. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 82 : 2078-2079. McCune, E. L., J. E. Savage and B. L. O'Dell, 1962. Hydropericardium and ascites in chicks fed a chlorinated hydrocarbon. Poultry Sci. 41 : 295-299. Natelson, S., 1961. Microtechniques of Clinical Chemistry, 2nd Ed. Charles C. Thomas, Spring field, 111, 74-79. Negherbon, W. O., 1959. Handbook of Toxicology. III. Insecticides, a Compendium, Aero Medical Laboratory, Wright Air Development Center, Air Research and Development Command, United States Air Force, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Ohio. Pudelkiewicz, W. J, R. V. Boucher, E. W. Callenbach and R. C. Miller, 1958. Some physiological responses of Broad Breasted Bronze poults to chlorinated naphthalene. Poultry Sci. 37: 185-- 187. Pudelkiewicz, W. J, R. V. Boucher, E. W. Callenbach and R. C. Miller, 1959. Some physiologi cal responses of New Hampshire chickens to a mixture of penta- and hexachloronaphthalenes. Poultry Sci. 38: 424-430. Wootton, J. C, and J. C. Alexander, 1959. Some chemical characteristics of the chicken edema disease factor. J. Assoc. Offic. Agr. Chemists, 42: 141-148. Wootton, J. C, N. R. Artman and J. C. Alexander, 1962. Isolation of three hydropericardiumproducing factors from a toxic fat. J. Assoc. Offic. Agr. Chemists, 45: 739-746. Wootton, J. C, and W. L. Courchene, 1964. A contribution to the knowledge of the structure j ' j ' II TOWOLDMON0046073 WATER PCB-00037050