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FILE NAME: Gardner Denver (GD) DATE: 1946 Nov DOC#: GD005 DOCUMENT DESCRIPTION: Trade Journal with Articles and Ads - Southern Power & Industry - Even pages Only Cl B - 4797 ' ill RELIANCE R e l ia n c e motors for pumps are mechanf cally engineered to meet the specific requirS ments of the service for which they al| intended. Precision-built, with highest quail ity workmanship throughout, these sturdy .Hval motors have compiled outstanding records for long, dependable performance. Available in enclosures to suit the application--protected, open an<; drip-proof; fully enclosed; and explosion-proof. Specify motors by Reliance or call your nearest Reliance! sales representative. RELIANCE ELECTRIC & ENGINEERING COj 1057 Ivanhoe Road Cleveland 10, Ohi<) 1H Appleton, WIs. Birmingham Boston * Buffalo Chicago Cincinnati Denver DefrpJ Gary Grand Rapids Greenville Houston Kansas City Knoxville Los Angei|| Milwaukee Minneapolis * New Orleans New York Pittsburgh Portland,-Oftjjij Rockford St, Louis San Francisco * Seattle Syracuse Tampa Toi^g Washington, D. C. ' Sao Paulo, Brazil RELIANCE ^M OTORS , H SOUTHERN POWER & INDUSTRY is published montlily by W. R. ('. Smith Publishing Company, Dalton and Atlanta, Ga., U. S. A. Subscription Rates: United States and Possessions, $1.00 for one year; Canada, $1.50 per year; Foreign Countries, $2.00 per year. Entered as second-class matter at the Post Office, Dalton, Ga., under the Act of March 3, 1879. Volume 64 Number 11 having power GROWING PAINS? GROWING pains of industrial ( 'pansion may be straining y0^ power or boiler plant facilities yond the lim its of really efficiejj operation. Your increasing reqi m ents may necessitate model tion or replacem ent o f equipmer to prevent plant failure. These growing demands indicate 1 need for a sound analysis of yoq to n existing boiler or power plan ts.. a thorough check-up, your Const mm m g Engineers w ill be able to suggel I-* the methods and the m odem equip m ent for major improvements capacity and operating economy. | Then you w ill want to call in DRAVO Power Plant Specialist These men can be of real service i| carrying out the recommendatioi; o f your C on su ltin g E n gin eei they've had wide experience in rl lieving power growing pains by iff sta llin g new equip m en t or b| modernization o f existing facilitic DRAVO-built and DRAVO-equipp plan ts serve a ll in d u stry--stei plants, coal m ines, oil refinerie| chemical manufacturers, etceter W herever you need additional boild or power capacity DRAVO sp ecif ists can be of real assistance. tychard Bu Wit Bulletin #NK50b describes, in detail, how D R A V O "power plant experience will serve you. PITTSBU R G H W ILM IN G TO N PHILADELPHIA W A SH IN G TO N N EW YO R K DETRO IT Power and Boiler Plants Bridge Substructures * -ft Docks Pumping Stations Power Plant and Contractor's Equipment * Direct-Fired Heaters * -In--d--u-strial Heatin,,g and VentttH * Pump Houses and Intakes * Mill Foundations Locks and Dams -fr Shafts, Slopes and Tunnels -ir Towboats and Coal and Ore Bridges * Cranes and Derrick Boats * Crane Cab Coolers * Open Steel Flooring * Concrete Aggregates f t Inland River Trarupo* SOUTHERN POWER & INDUSTRY for NOVEMBER, ^ l& T L PO EFFIC This installation covers (wo bolter units Installed In a large southern plant. Each unit delivers 135,000 lbs. steam per hour at 300 lbs. pres sure, final steam temperature of 575 degrees. Unit is fired with a multiple retort underfeed stoker and equipped with an Edge Moor vertical tube integral economizer. To give you more power efficiency, Edge Moor Radiant unit design embodies all the advantages of a 3-drum boiler with a water-cooled furnace and maximum boiler tube surface exposed to radiant heat . . . all in a minimum of space. This is the result of the combination of engineering skill and expert workmanship that for over three-quarters of a century have distinguished all Edge Moor products. This arrangement provides for a large water storage, a generous steam liberation surface and quiet offtake drum. Furnace cooling is disposed for a minimum of mainte nance and the best operation for the particular fuel to be burned. The ability of these units to steam quickly and deliver high ratings is a matter of record. Edge Moor Radiant Heat Boilers are available in a wide range of capacities, pressures and total temperature requirements. They are adaptable to all fuels and can be supplied with all boiler auxiliaries. EDGE MOOR IRON W ORKS, INC. Main Office and Works: Edge Moor, Del. Branch Offices and Agentsi 95 River S t, Hoboken, New Jersey 7 W ater St., Boston, Massachusetts P.O. Box 9, Station E,, Atlanta, Georgia 2459 Woodward Ave,, Detroit, Michigan One N. LaSalle St., Chicago, Illinois 2295 University Ave., Saint Paul, Minnesota 623 Aztec Building, San Antonio 5 , Texas 141 Second St., San Francisco, Calif. equipment SOUTHERN POWER & INDUSTRY for NOVEMBER, 1946 MASS-PRODUCTION of packaged heat -pump units was encouraged at a recent South eastern Electric Exchange meeting in Birmingham of representatives of southern and southwestern electric light and power companies. The reverse cycle refrigeration specifications now developed contemplate automatic electric motor driven units for hoth cooling and heating commer cial establishments. Authorities in the field believe that application of the principles of the heat pump to a unit designed for water heating will result in an even lower cost of electric water heating. EQUIPMENT TRENDS - 5 lb oscilloscope, incorporating cathode ray tube, ver tical and horizontal amplifiers, linear time base oscillator, synchroniza tion means, and self-contained power supply . . . 330 amp capacity Diesel engine driven arc welder . . . 30 lb portable cast aluminum air hoist with full load rating of 17 fpm. PACKAGED SUB-STATIONS normally include only the transforming, regulating, and switching equipment beyond the high voltage entrance to the transformer. Packaged units including transforming, regulating, relaying, metering, and protective equipment are now available in various arrangements up to 45,000 kva and materially reduce engineering, drafting, and purchasing details on the part of the customer. THERMAL PROCESSING AND TESTING from sub-zero to high temperatures is now an important factor in the research, testing, standardization, and production of plastics, liquids, metals, instruments, and chemicals. A sub-zero processing temperature of -150 F is commercially available for expan sion fits, hardening of steel tools and jigs, and standardization of gauges metals. Metallurgical research and relative humidity simulation units are in production with humidity controlled with temperature range of 35 F to 175 PLASTIC PARTS are now metal coated by various metal spraying and chemical re duction methods to increase their overall strength and dimensional stabil ity and to improve corrosion, impact, and abrasion resistance. STEAM-TURBINE-BLADE DEPOSITS from any make turbine operating at a throttle pressure of 350 psi or better are sought by the steam-turbine and water- ' Conditioning departments of Allis-Chalmers in order to collate data on deposits attributed to carry-over. Results of acceptable samples submitted will be forwarded to the sending plant operators. Full information can be secured from Dr. L. A. Burkardt, Research Laboratory, Allis-Chalmers Mfg. Co., Mil waukee, Wis. NOTED-- high carbon and chromium ball bearings 1 millimeter in diameter for delicate instrument bearing applications . . . high strength rivet with alloy-steel 25 Rc cadmium plated pin head at one end and A17S-T anodized collar which fits grooved end of pin. Has design shear strength of 75,000 psi . . . micrometer, employing electronic circuit in conjunction with micrometer screw thread. Affords accurate readings to .00005 in production testing lines . . . light weight, soil resistant, vinyl butyral coated, flex ible work gloves which can be cleaned with standard solvents . . . 5 oz vest- pocket vibrometer measures machine vibrations from 450 to 50,000 cycles per min . . . grid bearings constructed of steel backing lined with gridded silver or copper for heavy load applications. -.Z>;:; ,:, ";:L V , : : V'-- ..v:i '/: ,Vvrp;: ;:: :'<' Additional information on any of the above items will be furnished upon request. SOUTHERN POWER & INDUSTRY for NOVEMBER, I y/iJ ' f J irlzj INDEX OF HELPFUL BO OKLET S , BULLETIN S, REFERENCE LITERATURE Cooperating with leading manufacturers of equipment and supplies, SPI makes available for the asking, without cost*! or obligation, the following valuable bulletins, booklets, handbooks and catalogs. U Check the list, fill in Coupon, mail to S O U T H E R N P O W E R & IN D U STR Y. (Coupon on page 12.) This service restricted to those interested in the operation or design of Industrial, Power and Service Plants. STEAM PLANT . . . FURNACES BOILERS. STOKERS, BURNERS 1 A BOILER SEAM PROTECTORS-- BookI V let 5-A-- D escribes the practical w ay to end cracking and leaking in HRT boilers-- by using seam protectors. -- NATIONAL BOILER PROTECTOR CO., Dayton, Ohio. 23 DUST IN INDUSTRY-- B ulletin 8 P -6, treatise on control and collection of dust in industry-- discusses causes, naturecon troi and collection of industrial dust-- describes th e Van Tongeren System of han* dling.-- BUELL ENGINEERING CO., INC., 4 Cedar S treet, New York, N. Y. D Q STOKERS-- Booklet, 12 pages-- " B urns coal like oil" is the title of a new bul letin describing the Fyr-feedor Multiple Spreader Stoker and the work it is doing in various Army, Navy and defense power p lants.-- AMERICAN COAL BU RNER COM PANY, 36-18 E. E rie St., Chicago, 111. C C STEAM TURBINES -- Bulletin T-118, 12 pages-- Describes Type " U " Steam Turbines for mechanical drive, featuring simplicity and ruggedness, with various re finements such as speed changers, automatic nozzle control, etc., for 250 to 600 lb gauge, single stage. -- MURRAY IRON WORKS CO., 116 W alnut St., B urlington, Iowa. 1 UND ERFEED STOKER-- B ooklet Sw I 478-A, 20 pages-- Detailed operating views and drawings of features which add new efficiency to time-tested Taylor Mul tiple Retort Underfeed Type " R " stoker. Facts for design, installation, operation, main tenance and cost analysis. -- AMERICAN EN G IN EER IN G CO., 2402 Aramingo, P h ila delphia 25, Pa. 7 7 DAM PERS -- Catalog 10, 1 2 pages -- / 3 Heacon curtain dampers of widespread application, to provide reliable operation, in creased^ capacity, reduced maintenance, high er efficiency and other advantages. -- THERM IX ENGINEERING 00., F irst Na tional Bank Bldg., Greenwich, Conn. 7 0 WELDED BOILERS-- Bulletin 8-67, 8 / O pages -- Standard electric welded boil ers, featuring three-pass gas travel, large liberating area and combustion chamber, ta pered w ater legs, double section grate, acces sibility, 1800 to 44,000 sq ft for coal, oil or gas firing, w ith complete installation' and application d ata. -- T H E BROW NELL CO., 304 N. F indley St., Dayton 1, Ohio. Q C DUST CONTROL-- Booklet-- Describes ^ how to increase production, reduce costs, safeguard w orkers' health through the installation of tailored, adequate dust con trol systems, carefully designed to m eet your needs.-- LIB ERTY ENGINEERIN G & MFG. CO., INC., 1454 S. 15th St., L ouisville 1, Ky. FANS, PUMPS, COMPMSSORS, HEATERS, HEAT TRANSFER 1 C Q HOT WATER HEATERS-- Catalog-- I Describes Gulfstream hot water heat ers, using low pressure and exhaust steam at high economy, rapid, inexpensive-- 370 to 3700 gal per hr. instantaneous or storage type.-- MARION MACHINE, FOUNDRY & S U PPLY CO., M arion, Ind. 1 UNIT HEATERS -- Catalog 6-E, 32 I w \J pages-- Describes and gives details and specifications of ^Thermoiler unit heat ers in. various services, w ith engineering charts showing capacities under various con ditions, and diagrams showing pipe connec tions and automatic controls.-- GRINNELL CO., INC., Providence, R. I. 1 1 HYDRAULIC PRESSURE PUMPS-- I O I Bulletin 238, 4 pages-- Describes the modern duplex hydraulic pressure pump, with specifications, im portant features, crosssectional views and photographs, complete tables as to size, capacity, etc.-- WARREN STEAM PU M P CO., INC., W arren, Mass. | 7 7 P U M P S , COMPRESSORS, TURI /< BINES-- Catalog 1181, 24 pages-- Complete presentation of DeLaval line of steam turbines, helical gears, centrifugal pumps, centrifugal compressors, worm gear speed reducers, and IMO oil pumps,-- engi neering details and company background.-- DeLAVAL STEAM TURBIN E C~O~ ., ~T rent`on 2. N. J. 1 7 3 D EEP W ELL PUM PS-- Bulletin 142. I / J 4 pages-- Peerless Hi-Lift pumps de signed to pump maximum quantities of wa ter a t minimum cost from small diameter wells -- 500 to 3500 gpm. -- PEERLESS PUM P DIV., Food M achinery Corp., 301 W est Ave. 26, Los Angeles 31, Calif. 1 8 4 * I T HEATERS -- Catalog 13-0-1 -- I 0 7 Complete working data on downblow un it heaters, featured in high installa tio n s' ranging from 15 to 45 ft above the w orking zone, and other spot locations as described.-- FED D ERS MFG. CO., INC., B uf falo 7. N. Y. INSTRUMENTS, METERS, CONTROLS, REGULATORS J A C FLOATS-- L iteratu re describing rea* 7 2 sons for 700,000 floats placed in. serv ice by Hercules for all types of industries and applications.-- HERCULES FLOAT WORKS, 200 Franklin St., Springfield, Mass. 7 C r FEED WATER REGULATORS-- Bui- 3 2 0 letin S-20-D, 20 pages -- Explains ' principle of automatic feedwater regulators^ and describes design and operation -- also'' the controls for regulation of differential J pressures and pump governors. -- THE w SWARTWOUT COMPANY, 18511 Euclid *' Ave., Cleveland 12. Ohio. CONTROL VALVES, TRA PS-- Bullo 4 > v U tin 645, 8 pages -- Control valvea^ and steam traps for particular application in n 7 *1 FEED W A TER CONTROL -- Bulletim * w I 429A, 16 pages-- D etails on Copea Flom atic, the steam flow u a te r level regu* lator for high duty boilers. Multi-colored dia grams, charts, photos, etc. -- NORTHERN EQUIPM ENT CO., 1945 Grove Drive. Erie, a Pa. 7 7 LIQ U ID LEV E L INDICATOR--BuMe w / tin WG-1821, 8 pages--the advan- ' tages of remote liquid level indicators, giving at convenient sight level, such as in stru -. ment panels, the liquid levels in boilers, heaters, tanks and other vessels in power and industrial plants--no special liquids, nix packing or stuffing boxes1--pressures up to 1500 psi.--YARNALL WARING COMPANY, Chestnut Hill, Philadelphia 18, Pa. 1 9 7 4 0PBN CHANNEL METERS-- Bulletin / 7 62, 12 pages -- D escribes m eters in tended prim arily for m easurem ent in open channels of sewage, industrial wastes, sludge, irrigation water, etc.-- both direct mechanical and electronic telem eter type, w ith wide^ se lection of registers, and varoius combinations of indicating, recording and integrating.--- i BA ILEY M ETER CO., 1028 Ivanhoe Road, Cleveland 10, Ohio. 7 7 C TEMPERATURE CONTROLS-- Bulk # 2 tin 650, 4 pages-- Controls for devel oping high efficiency and economy in degreasers and metal cleaning machines.-- SARCO CO., INC., 475 F ifth Ave., New Y ork 17, N. Y. 7 7 Q BELLOW S CONTROLS-- B ulletin NL / 1300-- Complete story of the design, the variety, the application of sylphon bel lows to m aking and breaking circuits, open ing and closing valves, dampers, etc.-- THL FULTON SYLPHON CO., Knoxville 4, Tenn- 7 8 4 W ATER GAGES-- B ulletin C, 6 page 0 7 Split-gland adjustable w ater gag**' simple and easy to install w ithout wrench* or tools, of superior quality and applicability in modernizing your power and industrial plant.-- ERNST W ATER COLUMN & GAG CO., Livingston, N. J. FLOW M ETEBS-- Catalog 2006, 24 4my I pages-- Describes indicating, record* ing and integrating models of electric typ* flow m eters for the m easurem ent _of w ater, air, oil, gas and other fluids.-- TH BROWN INSTRUM ENT CO., 4.505 Wayne Ave., Philadelphia 44, Pa. SOUTHERN POWER & INDUSTRY for NOVEMBER, 1946 PLANT EQUIPMENT, TOOLS, PROCESS SPECIALTIES D C 2 TOOLS-- Catalog Q, 90 pages---Com2 2 2 plete -description and illu stration of a comprehensive line of hand and electric tools for production, m aintenance and serv ice throughout industrial, utility and large service plants-- including super service sets. --SNAP-ON TOOLS COBP., 8056-- 128th Ave., K enosha, W is. a C C PORTA BLE ELECTRIC TOOLS-- OatJ v J alog 45, 44 pages-- Condenser de scription of SkilTools-- saws, drills, sanders, grinders, shears, nibblers, cleaners, blowers, with a very helpful supplement on how to get the most from your electric tools-- to make A m erica's han d s m ore productive.--!SKILSAW, INC., 5035 Elston Ave., Chicago 30, III. O/Z/Z MASONRY SAWS-- 4 page circulars 2 0 0 35, 55. 25A, 59-- Give the different models, the different uses and the different sizes and shapes produced by Clipper Ma sonry saws in construction and furnace re pair work. -- C L IP P E R MFG. CO., 4022 Chouteau St., St. Louis 10, Mo. 2 7 1 CRUSHERS, GRINDERS, SHRED2 / I DEBS -- Illustrated Booklet -- Ameri can Rolling Ring and Hammerraill crushers, grinders and shredders, for metal turnings, coal, stone and a wide variety of friable, sem i-abrasive and fibrous m aterials -- size, horsepower; speed, weight and floor spaceeharted for coal, limestone and m etal tu rn ings capacities.--AMERICAN PULVERIZER CO., 1243 M acklind Ave., St. L ouis 10, Mo. D O 7 CONDENSATE RETURN S Y S T E M 2 0 / Bulletin 3250-- Describes a new high pressure condensate return system giving higher heat transfer rates, lower fuel cost and increased boiler capacity-- for high pres sure boiler service, for low pressure process equipm ent service. -- COCHRANE CORP., 3110 N. 17*h St., P hiladelphia 32, P a , PIPING, VALVES, FITTINGS, STEAM SPECIALTIES, TRAPS > t r n STEAM TRAPS -- Bulletin 450, 8 E* 2 0 pages-- D escribes the Sarco line of float and therm o static steam trap s, comreseed air traps and liquid level controls. limensions, capacities, other engineering and economic d ata. -- SARCO CO., INC., 475 Fifth Avenue, New Y ork 17, N. Y. J . C 3 TRAPS AND SPECIALTIES-- Folder * 2 2 C, 10 circulars-- Complete details on Squires steam and air traps, reducing valves, pumps governors,- boiler feed controllers and other specialties.-- O. E. SQUIRES CO., E. 40th St. and Kelley Ave., Cleveland 3. Ohio. A T A VALVES FOR CORROSION -- Form 2 4 S-7-45, 20 pages-- D escribes and il lustrates a complete line of valves in vari ous metals and alloys for corrosion service-- globe, angle, check, Y, needle, relief, etc.-- with recommendations for various applica tions. -- T H E WM. POW ELL CO.. 2503 Spring Grove Ave., C incinnati 22, Ohio. A C STEAM TRAPS-- B ulletin T-1739, 16 2 0 pages -- Y arw ay im pulse steam trap s --little traps with big capacities, discharging continuously on heavy loads, interm ittently on light loads-- complete details on capaci ties, weiehts. dimensions, prices and applica tions.-- YARNALL*WARING CO., Chestnut Hill, Philadelphia, Pa. / T / C STEAM TRAPS-- Booklet, " How to " / 2 Choose a Steam T rap " -- Gives com plete engineering data regarding choice and installatio n of steam traps, p articu larly as to sim plification of piping and elim ination of fittings and valves.-- THE V. D. ANDER SON CO., 1936 W est 96th St., Cleveland 2, Ohio, 4 0 1 VALVE REPAIR AND REPLACE* 0 I MENT-- V alve record Sheet 1-- Folder and record forms for the maintenance of com plete records on the repair and replacements of valves, to guard against undetected losses and give dependable, economical plant opera tion. A simple, helpful recording procedure.-- JENKINS BROS., 80 W hite St., New York 13, N. Y. 10 STEAM TRAPS-- Catalog 67-- A new series of Strong industrial steam traps of the inverted bucket type, featuring a scientifically designed orifice throat which gives up to 25% greater capacity, avoids turbulence and minimizes the choking caused by flash steam. Relocation of straight-through inlet and outlet connections place trap below inlet pipe at all tim es. Three sizes up to 134 in., in both standard and therm al designs.-- STRONG, CARLISLE & HAMMOND CO., 1392 W. T hird St., Cleveland 13, Ohio. POWER TRANSMISSION, MATERIALS HANDLING T IO BELT LACING -- Bulletin F -I0 0 . J v I O Handbook on the fastening of belt^ for transm ission and conveyor use, w ith a? 11 ticular emphasis on steel lacings and \.|5* plates.-- FLEXIBLE STEEL LACING r ' 465 Lexington St., Chicago, I|l. MAINTENANCE, PACKING, LUBRICANTS, WELDING CTITl IRON CEMENT -- Smooth-On Hand2 2 1 book, 40 pages-- Iron cement in vari ous types for repairs, for joints, for gaskets, for seams, for water-proofing, for surface proofing-- many practical illustrated applica tions and how they are made.-- SMOOTH-ON MFG. CO., Dept. 35, 570 Comraunipaw Ave.. Jersey City 4, N. J. C C *7 BALL AND ROLLER LUBRICATION 2 2 a -- Booklet 11-44, 56 pages-- A wealth of data on the lubrication of ball and roller bearings under the various practical condi tions met by a low friction bearing unit.-- THE TEXAS COMPANY. 135 East 42nd St., New York 17, N. Y. C C 3 CLEANING COMPOUND-- Digest, 20 2 2 2 pages-- 71 different methods of clean ing, de-scaling, de-greasing, and other opera tions related to power, industrial and service plant maintenance.-- OAKITE PRODUCTS, iNO., 23-A Tham es St., New Y ork 6, N. Y. C C C TUBE CLEANERS FOR SMALL 2 0 0 TUBES-- Bulletin 15, 6 pages-- Spe cially designed cleaners for small diameter tubes such as those of heat exchangers, con densers, air coolers, air preheaters, reboilers and coils. -- T H E AIRETOOL MFG. CO., Springfield, Ohio. C 7 PACKING-- Bulletin P12, 4 pages-- 2 0 / Service ch art of G-T self-lubricating packing, recommending various styles of many applications -- also other application data and comparison data of interest ,to the industrial, power and service plant. -- GREENE, TW EED & CO., Bronx Blvd. a t 238th St., New Y ork 66, N. Y. C 7 I PACKING -- Belmont Catalog-- Gives 2 / 1 complete inform ation about a wide variety et types and applications of Belmont packing for power and industrial applica tions-- complete engineering data and illus tratio n s.-- T H E BELMONT PACKING CO., B utler and Sepviva Sts., Philadelphia 37, Pa. c n c TUBE CLEANERS -- Check List, 6 2 / 2 pages-- A reprint check list and a two-page selection guide show how to save wear and tear and get maximum results with tube cleaning equipment-- faster, more effi ciently w ith less damage. -- THOMAS C. WILSON, INO., 21-11 44th Ave., Long Island City 1, N. Y. - 7 0 LUBRICATION -- Catalog 2-0, 12 2 / 0 pages-- The engineering design and application details of Model 25 force-feed lubricators for positive and automatic lubri cation of cylinders and bearings-- wide range, large capacity.-- MANZEL BROS. CO., 318 Babcock St., Buffalo 10, N. Y. C O O VALVE DISCS AND PACKING.-- 2 0 0 Bulletin H, 2 pages -- Ernst com pressed valve discs for high pressures and high tem peratures, eompressed pump valves, gaskets, stem packing and other valve and w ater column accessories.-- ERNST WATEIt COLUMN & GAGE CO., 250 S. Livingston Ave., L ivingston, N. J. C Q 1 TUBE CLEANERS -- Catalog, 32 j y I pages-- How to select a tube cleaner-- the technicalities of boiler scale and tube cleaning-- the economy, the effectiveness and the satisfaction of clean tubes--an every-day m aintenance help. -- ROTO D IV ISIO N of E LL IO T T 0 0 ., 145 Sussex Ave., Newai-k 1, N. J. < C 7 M ATERIAL HANDLING -- BuUeti,,l U 2 410, 16 pages-- id lers, apron eo% veyors and bucket elevators as applied fo general material handling. Description!? photos, diagrams, engineering data ineludailj -- CHAIN BELT CO., 1600 W. Bruce St Milwaukee 4, Wis. z r r A COAL CONVEYOR--Bulletin 2068-- The new " ru n a ro u n d " boiler room coal conveyor w ith d u st type. S id ek ar-K arrier : an innovation in m odern boiler room coal1 handling-- little head room , low power, uni form feed a t sev eral p o in ts-- no d u st-- wide range of capacities and length.-- LINK-BELT 0 0 .. 307 N. M ichigan Ave., C hicago 9, IH; : / r r ELECTRIC H O ISTS -- B ulletin-- Be- 022 scriptive of smooth, sturdy perform^ ance of low hesd electric hoists, 34 ton tctf 12 ton capacity, adaptable for operation oni any Monorail system .-- AMERICAN ENGL: NEERING 0<>., 2402 Aramingo Ave. Phils* delphia 25, Pa. CHAIN DRIVES. Catalog 444. 7^ : 0 2 0 pages, complete details on Rex steel; chain belts and their application to various: drives-- difficult and easy, light and heavy-' loading, positive, accurate, dependable. CHAIN BELT 0 0 ., 1724 W. B ruce St., Mil- waukee 4, Wis. ; C r \ MATERIALS HANDLING -- Applies^ v O v tion Handbook, 48 pages-- An excel*'A lent usable presentation, largely pictorial, of:, many solutions to common industrial m ate*|i rials handling problems, showing the manyi^45 advantages in cost reduction and labor sav^ ing of M onorail equipm ent. -- AMERICAN,-: MONORAIL CO., 13107 Athens Ave., 0 1 ev e|| land, Ohio. /% l POW ER TRANSMISSION -- Catalog O O I 40, loose-leaf binder-- Gives compre hensive presentation of th e complete line oL t power transmission equipment, including V drives, flat belt drives, pulleys, gears, *4 chains, sprockets manufactured by the In d u strial Division of CONTINENTAL GIN CO., 4500 F ifth Ave., Birm ingham 2. Ala. Q FLE X IB L E COUPLINGS -- Bulletins] O O O 642, 8 pages -- The Nicholson allm etal, flood lubricated flexible coupling:] w hich m akes use of centrifugal force #to seat th e connecting and adapting? floating-;> keys, giving a strong, durable, quiet operating long-lived transm itting u n it in many ; standard and special sizes and applications,/ -- W. H. NICHOLSON & CO., 175 Oregon St., W ilkes-Barre. Pa. / * 0 1 SPEED REDUCERS. _ Catalog 1/45 OO I 144 pages-- Details and engineering^ data on a m ost complete line of speed re ducers, w ith inform ation as to selecting th; type, size and application-- design and con*struction-- lubrication -- ratin g -- torque an horsepower-- loa ding and application.-- WIN?; FIE L D H. SM ITH, INO., Springville, Erie County, N. Y. WATER TREATMENT. AIR CONDITION ING. REFRIGERATION 7 C 3 STABILIZED WATER TREATMENT' / 2 D -- Bulletin 28-S. 4 pages-- Nalco N o^ 8. containing septa-phosphate -and organist stabilizers, conditions w ater and serves an anti-incrustant or scale retard e r. For US& in boilers, feed w ater lines, -heaters; pump% injectors, condensers, heat exchangers ahjfc, in cooling w ater systems. -- NATIONA1& LU M IN A TE CORP., 2616 WV 60th Place* Chicago 39, 111. SOUTHERN POWER & INDUSTRY for NOVEMBER, 1946, - J C A ICE MAKING- EQUIPM ENT -- BulleI * tin I27-G, 32 ptges-- Illu s tra te s with over 100 photographs and drawings the parts of modern ice making plants of various types, from one-man automatic plants up, dual pressure systems, brine race systems, group lift, etc. -- FRICK COMPANY, Waynesboro, Pennsylvania. 7 C COMPRESSOR VALVES-- Leaflets-- Replacement problems involving pis tons, com pressor -valves of th e old style poppet, or out-moded, small area plate or ribbon type described. Each valve is an individual design, particularly applicable to every type and make of air and gas com pressors, to give remarkable economy, relia bility and safety of operation.-- J. H. H. VOSS CO., 785 E. 144th St., New Y ork 54, New York. O C A MOTOR STARTERS-- Booklets 8715, * 3541, 3804-- S tarters of every type, every kind, for every machine application-- general purpose, dust type, water type, cor rosion resistan t, hazardous purpose, saving in mounting time, wiring time, increasing safety, motor protection, plant a p p earan ce.---G E N ERAL ELECTRIC C<>.. Section K-676-132, Schenectady 5, N. Y. O C C STORAGE BATTERIES -- Catalog -- More work at lower cost by indus tria l trucks, tracto rs, etc., th ro u g h use of new, tough, more powerful Philco storage batteries-r--less m aintenance, reduce depreci ation, lower cost in handling material.-- PHILCO OORP., Storage B attery Div., T ren ton 7, N. J. Q C D IESE L LUBRICATION-- " The $ brication of Automotive Diesel g ines" , 48 pages-- T he selection and care"1 lubricating oil, engine oil, tes t th s, e D func iesel t i ons fuel s o , f lu oil b croicmabt~i' tion-- how they influence the operation the economy of your plant.-- GULF 0 OORP., 3800 Gulf Building, P ittsb u rg h 3Qpi' Pa. & Q 7 1 TWO CYCLE DIESELS -- Bulletin * 9 I 3300-F, 24 pages-- An improved mo<jr` el of 2 -cycle u n its featu rin g oil cooled ptjffc tons, open head combustion, differential IjjT jection valves and back-flow scavenging^ now available in ratin g s from 500 to 2QQ` hp. O riginal design already installed in ov* three q u arter m illion horsepow er. -- FAIW BANKS, MORSE & CO., F airb an k s Monfr Bldg., Chicago 5, 111. 7 7 jT ZEO LITE W ATER SOFTENING. Bui ; / * V letin-- Gives details of the Belcolite zeolite which will increase the capacity of industrial w ater softening up to six times the original--an excellent m odernization aid -- a probable solution to your particular problem of filtration, softening, silica re moval or distilled water production.-- BELCO INDUSTRIAL EQUIPMENT DIV., 300 Iowa Ave., P atterso n 3, N. J. ELECTRICAL O A C CUBICLES, PANELS, ENCLOSURES * r^ -- Descriptive booklet -- " Contract M anufacturing in. Sheet M etals" describes job-fitted control centers, bus enclosures, cu bicles, switchgear housing, panels and vari ous other sheet metal assemblies for utility and industrial plant control.-- THE KIRK & BLUM MFG. CO., 2855 S pring Grove Ave., Cincinnati, Ohio. Q C J FU S E S x-- H andbook, 12 pages -- O P I " Fuseology" -- will help maintenance men get the most out of fuses. Tells w hat to do when fuses blow-- W here to look for trouble th at caused fuses to blow-- W hat to do a fter you have found the trouble---How to select the right type of fuses for various cir cuits-- How to determ ine proper size of fuse or Fusetron-- and other useful information. -- BUSSMANN MFG. CO., U niversity a t Jefferson, St. Louis 7, Mo. O C 7 DEAD FRONT SWITCHGEAR--BulO P f c letin B6376, 4 pages-- Gives details on metal enclosed dead front sw itchgear for low voltage distribution circuits -- complete with tables and ratings, types of construction and dimensions.-- ALLIS-CHALMERS MFG. CO., 575, M ilwaukee I, Wis. Q C C F U 8E S -- B ulletin 6 ---K lip lo k fuses O P w guarantee good contact and conven ient application-- eliminating destructive tem peratures, burnt fuses and arcing, shut downs and other fuse troubles. -- TRIOO FUSE MFG. 00., Milwaukee 12, Wis. O jr O W IRE AND CABLE -- Booklet -- A 0 ^ 0 wide range of asbestos and asbestosvarnished cambric insulated wire and cable, called Neasbestus, for installations where heat, flame, oil, m oisture, grease and corro sive fumes make rubber, plastic and v ar nished cambric insulation unsuitable. -- NATIONAL ELECTRIC PRODUCTS CORP., Pittsburgh, Pa. Q O O W IRE AND CABLE-- " Industrial W iring Guide" -- A technical hand book for the selection and application of wire and cable in industrial plants, giving stepby-step analysis of the wiring requirem ents in your plant. -- ANACONDA W IRE & CABLE COMPANY, 25 Broadway, New York, N. Y. DIESELS, GAS ENGINES, PETROLEUM PRODUCTS Q 1 A D IESE L ENGINES. Catalog, 80 pages / l v of charts, diagrams, photographs and text intended to help the Diesel engineer and executive in the lubrication problems they m eet-- THE TEXAS COMPANY, 135 E ast 42nd St., New York City. MISCELLANEOUS 1 f iA 1 INDUSTRIAL INSULATION -- I*; I \JyJim sulation Catalog A91, 16 pages Eagle P icher industrial insulation for higj and low tem perature installations, with the essential data necessary to specify thg block, blanket, plastic, felt and cem ent type; available. Valuable fuel-saving ch arts andi engineering tables are included. -- THE* EAGLE P I H E R LEAD CO., American' Bldg., Cincinnati 1, Ohio. . 1 m 3 SAFETY GOGGLES---Catalog-- l U v J scribes complete line of " Eyei Savers" , all-plastic safety goggles with shatterproof lenses th a t give protection;! against the m ajority of in d u strial eye haa-'i:. ards. Complete inform ation on prop er stylo-' and models to protect against flying chips,:;, splinters, dust, etc.-- WATCHEMOKET OP-' TICAL CO., INC., Providence 3, R. I. 1 O H G ENGINEERIN G PRODUCTS-- ComI w v v prehensive D irectory -- L ists mor$L th an 1600 product types and the engineer*;; ing lite ra tu re which describes them. Bulle*;; tins . offered give in most cases operating; data charts, form ulas and technical infor*. m ation of value to the m an who specifies.* and buys equipment.-- ALLIS CHALMER$: MFG. CO., 575, Milwaukee 1, Wis. 1 A /Y 7 SH EET METAL PANELS, CUI U U / BICLES, ETC.-- D escriptive Book let-- " Contract M anufacturing in Sheet; M etals" describes job-tailored control cett*^ ters, bus enclosures, cubicles, switchgear* housings, panels and various other sheet-; metal assemblies for utility and industrials p lan t applications.-- THE K IR K & BLUM ,; MFG. CO., 2855 Spring Grove Ave., Cincin-nati, Ohio. mi SOUTHERN PO W ER AN D INDUSTRY* Grant Bldg., Atlanta, Ga, i Please send me, without obligation, free booklets described in the j November 1946 issue of S O U T H ER N P O W E R A N D IN D USTRY. (Fill in here numbers you select from the three pages) List Items You Want, Tear Out and Mail Coupon Now! (Paste on Penny Postcard it Desired) Position Please be sure to fill in j your Firm's Name and -j your position on the! ! Coupon. This service I cannot be extended to you unless this informs-: tion is furnished. K2 SOUTHERN POWER & INDUSTRY for NOVEMBFR 1946 B US TI 0 n C-E PRODUCTS INCLUDE ML TYPES OF BOILERS, FURNACES, PULVERIZED FUEL SYSTEMS AND STOKERS; ALSO SUPERHEATERS, ECONOMIZERS AND AIR HEATERS 14 SOUTHERN POWER & INDUSTRY for NOVEMBER, ` Otis Maintenance for*Otis Elevators There are 245 Otis offices* but only one Otis Maintenance Service. This service is a home town enterprise in operation, so that it may be adapted to the area it serves. It is a national enterprise in research, engineering and manufacturing so that each Otis elevator owner may have the best that concentration and quantity production can provide. Perhaps the strongest indication of the merit of this service is its growth and development. For more than a quarter of a century, in good times and bad, Otis Maintenance has proved the wisdom of one policy, one system and national service for Otis Elevator owners. Otis Maintenance provides com plete care of Otis elevator equipment by the manufacturer. It is furnished at a flat monthly rate. Complete details are available through local Otis Elevator Company offices. *Otis offices in 245 cities have but one interest. . .to provide; the best and safest elevator and escalator transportation possible. ELEVATOR OFFICES IN ALL PRINCIPAL | ^ N u m b e r of Elevators u nder Otis M aintenance* The steady increase in the num ber of elevators m aintained f o r ow ners by O tis o ffers convincing p ro o f o f th e ecoit^ om y a n d efficiency o f maintenance by the manufac-uTCt* (6 SOUTHERN POWER & INDUSTRY for NOVEMBER, 194*' Gregg and I are planning to take in the Power Show I wouldn't let you stay aw ay.. Biggest Power Show in years! . D on't miss it --don't let your associates miss it. The '46 Power Show is one of the greatest displays of technical advances ever gathered under one roof. Important manu facturers and suppliers w ill be there --to show you w hat they're d oin g and w hat they're planning. See the new equipment. Consult attending technicians. Bring your self abreast of advances in the power field -- so you can stay ahead in yours. The Power Show is open only to men in m;?ithe power and mechanical engineering fields. General public is not admitted. Attendance by invitation or registration only. N o mem* ber of your staff can afford to miss it. e i DEC. 2-7 1946 17 TH NATIONAL EXPOSITION PO W ER*" M ECHAN ICAL ENGINEERING GRAND CENTRAL PALACE N.Y. Under management of International Exposition Company 17th NATIONAL POWER SH ORANO C E N T R A L P A LA C E , NEW Y O R K DEC. 2-7, 18 SOUTHERN POWER & INDUSTRY for NOVEM$ The J i h V Jm l l w on Boiler Water Conditioning were not found in the textbooks D igging up facts before they get in the textbooks is an old habit w ith H all Lab oratories-- and it is a habit that has been o f the utmost importance to every boiler plant operator. H all started that way tw enty-four years ago, w hen they tossed theory aside and learned by careful experim ent just what actually happens in a boiler, how scale is formed and deposited, and how it can be prevented. Today, the facts discovered at that tim e are in the textbooks, and the basic principle o f the H all system -- maintenance in the boiler water o f cer tain essential chem ical equilibria -- has met w ith practically universal acceptance. ^ T h e establishment o f this principle was one o f the most important steps ever taken in boiler water conditioning, but to H all chemists it was only a starting point. Continuing their study o f chem i cal reactions at the temperatures and pres sures encountered in steam boilers, they brought about the use o f phosphates in boiler water conditioning. 1 T hat, too, was a great step forward, and 1 led to the creation o f a new phosphate, developed from a sodium phosphate glass w hich had been neglected for nearly a century. Fundamental research in factors pertain- 'J ing to boiler water conditioning has been | continued through the war, and it w ill \ remain an integral part o f the work of H all Laboratories. T his continuous re search is your assurance that they w ill always be ready to meet new problems created by changes in operating condi tions and advances in boiler design. Every plant that generates its own steam can profitably use H all service, for Hall service keeps boilers on the line. W rite for full information. HALL LABORATORIES, INC., HA6AN BUILDING, PITTSBURGH 30 , PA. A subsidiary of Hagan Corporation HALL SYSTEM BIG MAINTENANCE JO B WITH YOUR OIL AND WATER COOLERS? TH E TH E ROSS "C P A N S W E R TO D E S I G N M A Y BE YOUR PROBLEMS In any cooling system, where two fluids are involved, one fluid will normally foul more than the other. Fouling naturally cuts heat exchange efficiency and creates service interruptions. The point is that fouling tendencies, most of the time, can't be avoided . . . but shutdown periods for cleaning can be materially reduced, and are with Ross "CP" Coolers. To minimize maintenance, the fluid with the greater foul ing tendency is passed through the inside of the tubes in the Ross design. For inspection or cleaning, you merely remove the channel cover plates. This gives you quick, easy access to tube interiors without breaking any pipe connec tions. Have you any idea how many hours this takes away from maintenance and adds to production time? Bulletin 5322 covers details completely. FIR ST IN HEAT E X C H A N G ER S ROSS HEATER & MF6. CO., INC. -- bt ftMuwftr Rumss & Mit co*patk>h 14d*> WEST AVE., BUFFALO 1 3 , N. R O S S E Q U I P M E N T I S M A N U F A C T U R E D A N D S O I D I N C A N A O A BY H O R T O N S T E E L WOR K S , LTD. , FORT ERI . 22 SOUTHERN POWER & INDUSTRY for NOVEMBER, DUST CONTROL SYSTEMS (ultom -lfui TO MEET INDIVIDUAL PLANT REQUIREMENTS mm P * Exterior and interior vie< of dust control system large woodworking plant\ Complete system plann designed, and installed Liberty Engineers. mmm a- Sm No two plants, even in the same industry, are ever exactly alike. That's why efficient, economi cal dust control is a project calling for trained engineering experience . . . the professional "know how" which can literally tailor a system to meet the particular needs of the individual plant. This is the procedure of Liberty engineers-- not on some jobs but on all jobs. First, the individual dust control problem is thoroughly analyzed. Then a system is expertly planned to fit the job, including selection of the right units-- wet, dry, or centrifugal. In these plans, units and structural work are so located as to avoid interference wifi work processes and maneuverability. Finally, complete system is installed and guaranteed bjl Liberty. Dust control is too big and important for half^,! way measures. Don't take chances-- get the uni biased facts from Liberty Engineers. For further information, write to: 4 LIB ER TY &ncjineelin(j * % & ! 1454 So. 15th St. 24 INCORPORATED A DIVISION OF THE KIRK & BLUM MFG. CO. Louisville I, Ky. SOUTHERN POWER & INDUSTRY for NOVEMBER, I' 46 .TV . ^So u Th .A- S KI LLED ENGINEERING The difficulties encountered in the fabrica tion end erection of Central Station and industrial Piping are many and varied. The high degree of s k ill a c q u ire d by Navco Engineers from long e x p e rie n c e in solving unusual Piping problems Is your as surance of economy and safety of opera tion. Consult Navco lor your next Piping Job. W M TCO JPWJ9JWG NATIONAL VALVE & MANUFACTURING COMPANY PITTSB U RG H , PA NEW YORK CHICAGO CLEVELAND BOSTON ATLANTA TULSA BUFFALO SOUTHERN POWER & INDUSTRY for NOVEMBER V MEASURING SPIRAL BIMETALUC METAL STRIP MEASURING SPIRAL COMPENSATING SPIRAL -PlrM C O O L MEASURING TUBING ! DEAD END Fig.A COMPENSATING TUBING (C) F ig.B \ . J / AMBIENT TEMPERATURES JllillllllllllllilllllillllllM EEZi WARM HOT PR E C IS IO N Recording Thermometers. or Indicating of true bulb temperature is a built-in feature of Brox Errors due to ambient temperatures surrounding instrument case and capillary system are con pensated for at the point of fluctuation. Brown Mercury filled Thermometers (Fig. B) have two spiral actuating elements and two capillar tubes. The firsf, or measuring spiral is connected to the bulb through its capillary in the usi manner. The second, or compensating spiral, is connected to its capillary which is dead-ended the bulb. The two spirals expand in opposite directions and are connected directly to the pen shafts Therefore, a change in temperature within the instrument case itself or at points along Hw " capillary tubing will affect both actuating spirals to the same degree and the result will exactly neutralize each other. Thus, errors are eliminated. f Am bient temperatures have a negligible effect on Brown Gas filled Thermometer^! C a se compensation, all that is required for precision measurement, is accomplish!! by a bimetallic strip shown in (Fig. A). W hen you install Brown Thermometers you can rely on their precision-- be confide!j| of their dependability. Other features are fully described in Catalog 670fl W rite for a copy, T H E B R O W N IN STRU M EN T C O M P A N Y , a division of Minneapo|i|| Honeywell Regulator Company, 4505 W ayne Avenue, Philadelphia 44, Pa. Offices in ` all principal cities. Toronto, Canada London, England Stockholm, Sweden Amsterdam, Holla B R O W N THERMOMETERS M--f an I w It INDICATING.. ..RECORDING.... CONTROLLING Sij p 28 SOUTHERN POWER & INDUSTRY for NOVEMBER, I * * look to LUNKENHEIMEI B /z- S T EEL VALVE I ...This M l is' Your Assuran of Highest Qualif 2500-lb. S. P. Alloy Steel Gate Valve, with oil-w elded By-pass, welded in Seat Rings, Seal W elded Bonnet with Breech lo c k . Welding Ends, Bevel. Gear Drive. *H N H 9V WM Sm Mm e Long skilled in the manufacturl valves and ever responsive to industry's rief Lunkenheimer pioneered in the developr of Steel Valves. With the application of higher and higl temperatures and pressures, operating coni tions became increasingly severe. Lunke heimer was ready with valves fabricated fr| materials that met the most exacting requi|| ments. And as new problems arise, Lunkenheirrtf metallurgical research, engineering knowledl and specialized manufacturing facilities {| be depended upon to aid in their satisfact|J solution. SEE YOUR LUNKENHEIM ER DISTRIBUTOR FOR BETTER VALVE SERVICE lunkenheimer manufactures a complete tine of Bronze, Iron, and Steel Valves, Boiler Mountings, lubricating Devices and A ir Devices. Available from Distributors located in all industrial centers. There is one near you, fully equipped to assist with your (MRO) maintenance, repair and operating problems. AT THE POW ER SHOW -- BOOTH See the latest lunkenheimer design of 1500-lb. S. P. Steel Breech l Hpw ' ' Gate Valves with Seal Welded Bonnet In Attendance: FRANK P. RHAME, President; HARRY A. BURDOS Vice-President in Charge of Sales; WM. CARSON, Sales En g lM FRED H. HEHEMANN, Chief Engineer; JOHN W. BOLTON, Chief iW lurgist; ALIEN W. LANDER, Eastern Sales Manager; WM. J. AND* Manager, New York Branch. THE LU N K EN H EIM ER CO., C in c in n a ti 14, Ohio NEW YO RK 13 , CHICAGO 6 , BOSTON 10, PHILADELPHIA 7 [ EXPO RT DEPARTMENT: 31 8 - 3 2 2 HUDSON ST., NEW Y O R K 1 3 , N. Y- 30 S O U T H E R N P O W E R & IN D U STRY for NOVEM BER, ^rig  \ r ! ! \ ;? ! ; You, too, can crack the whip on THREE AT A TIME! One source for technical information--undivided responsibility --less red tape when you buy all three from ABC! That's the way you can crack the whip on your problems on Mechanical Draft Fans, Fly Ash Precipitators, Variable Speed Qontrol. 1Mechanical Draft Fans of high operating efficiency and long life are standard with American Blower. Since 1881 we have built fans for many of the leading public utilities and a wide range of industrial applications. 2 Fly Ash Precipitators of simple, but effective design have resulted from our long association with power plants and power plant equipment. American Blower Precipitators have no moving parts, occupy minimum space. 3 Gyrol Fluid Drive was pione and introduced to industry American Blower. Here is the answ to stepless variable speed control I both mechanical draft and boiler feet pump drive -- a big help to over power plant efficiency, too! iR m W*. A t your request, the nearest American Blower Branch Office will make a com plete presentation with technical data and prices. Phone or write today. 32 AMERICAN BLOWE AM ERICAN BLOWER CORPO RATIO N , DETROIT 32, MICHIGAN Division ol A merican R aduto & S t a n d a r d ^ a n i t a n a corporati,- 5 '*! B SOUTHERN POWER & INDUSTRY for NOVEMBER, ! BOILER LEVEL HELD "I" yglttc AT E A S T E R N U T I LI TY W ITH no pressure control on the constant-speed, motor-driven centrifugal boiler feed pumps# water level is held within plus-or-minus one-half inch in this 675-psi Erie City boiler in service at an to be installed at any desired location with Eastern utility plant. Load changes, over a range to the steam-flow and water-level elements, from 65,000 to 150,000 pounds of steam per hour, pendent of all other controls and auxiliaries, mean marked changes in differential water pressure, d e p e n d a b le as the single-element COPES, but the COPES Flowmatic Regulator a u to m a tic a lly has been setting performance standards compensates for such pressure variations. than 33 years. The COPES Flowmatic has noy The COPES Flowmatic is a two-element control, ordered for more than 1700 plants. responsive to rate of steam flow and to changes in Performance Report, Bulletin 445, tells boiler water level. It , is recommended for boilers story of this utility installation of COPES Floy subject to rapid or wide fluctuations in demands for Illustrated with a sectional drawing of the steam. Direct- or relay-operated, depending on the and charts showing steam flow, feed flow and r service conditions, it may also be provided with level under typical conditions, it should be remote control by air, permitting the control valve reference file. Write for it. NORTHERN EQUIPMENT COMPANY 1163 G R O V E D R IV E, ERIE 6 , P EN N SYLV A N IA Feed W ater Regulators, Pump Governors, D ifferential Valves, Liquid L evel Controls, R educing Valves and Desuperh^ BRANCH PLANTS: Canada, England, France. R e p re s e n ta tiv e s E v e r y w h e r e jrGET CLOSER LEVEL CONTROL WITH ELO W M AT PUMP GOVERNORS In most installations, especially where the load conditions do not warrant COPES Flowmatic control, good feed water regula tion. should begin at the boiler feed pumps. D ependable excess water pressure con trol for your feed system, no matter how simple or how demanding your needs, can be provided by COPES engineers. Write-- outlining your operating conditions in de tail -for their helpful recommendations. BALANCED VALVES Many plants have foU savings by paying a iew dollars more for COPES Balanced Valves for controlling make-up water to feed water heaters, level in open tanks, evaporator flows and other uses. Control is more accurate with the scientifically-balanced, practically-frictionless COPES. Operation continues satisfactory over a longer service life because of rugged con struction. Write for data. 34 SOUTHERN POWER & INDUSTRY for NOVEMBER ,, Good Small Gate Valve This is the wfly should be $ P # j = Htj i V CHAPMAN LIST 960 Examine the List 960, and note its su perior features. It has a bonnet fitted with a strong forged steel packing gland. This eliminates exposed threading on the valve yoke and provides dependable protection against rust and corrosion when the valves ar used in exposed locations. Swivel bolts are used to hold the packing gland. There are no gaskets to blow as in valves with flanged bonnet connections. Stems, plugs and seat rings are of heat treated stainless steel, insuring greater efficiency in working qualities. Made in sizes from /li" to 2" -- in carbon steel for pressures to 800 pounds; in alloy steel for pressures to 1000 pounds at 750 F. For higher pressures, specify List 990. Seats and plugs can be superhardened for extra severe services. The C h apm an V a lv e M fg . Co* INDIAN ORCHARD, MASSACHUSETTS 8S SOUTHERN POWER & INDUSTRY for NOVEMBRI V ertical tra n s fe r be* tween floors. -/ -U-i'ir. I h * cr U I , ii . r 1 t F il Dispatch to I multiple sta* | tions. I i-"' lonn Delivery to fixed sta* tions. Delivery to multiple sta* tions. Delivery t< movable sta tions. Selective dispatch be* tween multi ple stations* Loading and delivering to multiple sta* tions 38 Through the application of simple electric| and m echanical devices, American Mor Tractor Units perform automatic operatic with extreme accuracy and reliability, se ing costly handling labor and superviso| attention. W hile unique in many features, such syster are built mainly from standard units. Mor Tractors can be applied to carriers operati on any smooth bottom track. An Americijj M onoRail Engi neer is available for consulta tion in every important industrial area. 13105 A T H E N S A V E N U E C L E V E L A N D 7. SOUTHERN POWER & INDUSTRY for NOVEMB Numbers in the margin show where the special handling equipment, items 1 to 5 is used. (See tabulation on opposite page) Mechanical Handling of Ties fat Georgia Creosoting Plant B y A. M. Deiters Plant Manager Southern Wood Preserving Co. East Point, Georgia E ngineers on th e jo b h a ve d e vise d m echanical equipm ent th at elim i nates backache fo r labor and re duces headache fo r m anagem ent. THE subject of mechanically handling railroad cross ties at wood preserving plants has long presented a unique challenge to the materials handling engineer. The annual requirement of our rail roads is approximately fifty mil lion cross ties, therefore finding a solution to the handling problem is important. During the recent war, manual labor to do this heavy work became almost unobtainable, so studies of the subject were in tensified. Cross tie seasoning yards, cover ing from ten to one hundred acres, are usually laid out with railroad tracks on 120 foot centers. Green ties are received in box cars, which are spotted on a track opposite the point where the ties are to be stacked for seasoning. Five or six men, working as a crew, carry the ties from the car and place them in ricks at distances up to sixty feet from the track. Even though these cross ties weigh from 200 to 275 pounds each, it has been com mon practice for these workmen to carry them--one man to each tie. During the seasoning period, the ties lose about 50 pounds of moisture each, and then they are carried from the seasoning rick back to the railroad track where they are placed on flat cars or treatment trams for transportation to other parts of the plant for fur th e r processing. Obviously, only workmen of unusually rugged phy sique can engage in this work, and it is not surprising that the avail able supply of such labor has been constantly diminishing. Until recently, nearly all effort toward reducing the physical labor has been directed toward develop ment of portable equipment which could be easily moved to all parts of the storage yards. Howe when such equipment reache point of engineering develop where excessive maintenance not required, it usually became heavy and cumbersome that it si no longer easily portable. The development of var types of special duty trucks, hp ever, has opened up a new aven of approach based on the funp mental idea of stacking the' into complete seasoning rich they are unloaded. Equipment^ this purpose can be permanent located at one central point, eliminating the need of portabifij SPECIAL EQUIPMENT The system developed at. East Point, Georgia, plant of'J Southern Wood Preserving pany, has been in operation October, 1945. Development of t| following equipment was involyf 1. A machine to remove cros?J, from cars, and place them on a veyor immediately adjacent wsl car. 2. A chain conveyor along the ties move as they are cu length. Space has also been prow? to mechanically apply "anti-cnq*g^ ing" irons. '** 3. A spacing table where the are assembled in layers, each prJ? ly spaced on stringer ties to prv 40 SOUTHERN POWER & INDUSTRY for NOVEMBER. l91 F IG . 2. BELO W . T H E BOX CAR UNLOADER HAS JU S T B EEN PLACED IN POSITION TO STA R T UNLOADING A CAR OF C R O SS T IE S. T H E MOTOR AND G EA R R E D U CER A T T H E R EA R OF T H E ROOM O P ER A TE S T H E L I F T C A B L E . T H E MOTOR AND GEAR R E DUCER FASTEN ED TO TH E P L A T E OF T H E MA C H IN E R A C K S T H E BOOM B A C K AND FO RTH . ui m st m F IG . 4. T H E BOOM IS EX T E N D E D TO P IC K UP T IE S ON T H E NEAR S ID E OF T H E CAR. T IE S W IL L TH EN B E PU SH ED THROUGH T H E O PPO SITE CAR DOOR AND LO W ERED TO A TRAM . NOTE T H E O PERATO R IN T H E FOREGROUND TO T H E L E F T IS F R E E TO MOVE AROUND .AND S T IL L CONTROL T H E UNLOADER. "5 It was, of course, necessa; design a grapple to pick up 9 a unit of ties and this has bee worked out that, when the ties come to rest on the tram, the hooks automatically disen^ themselves. The movement o|,i ties from the spacing table t6j, tram car is accomplished standard monorail hoist of capacity. Immediately adjoining the tral unloading station there series of five or six tracks on the finished ricks loaded on t can be assembled in train-lb This is advisable because vai species of cross ties are involv and ties are received from seve different railroads. In this each track receives only ties 42 SOUTHERN POWER & INDUSTRY for NOVEMBER blocks. Another rick of green ties is then placed in position for the straddle truck to operate, and the procedure is repeated. To avoid necessity for cross yard roadways for the heavy car rier truck, an arrangement has been worked out whereby it mounts a special railway tram and is moved to any desired area by the locomotive. It has been found that with good ground conditions, the straddle truck with a crew consisting of the driver and two ground men can easily handle four or five thousand ties per day. During three or four rainy months last winter it was neces sary to lay treads to support the straddle truck. To alleviate this condition, the truck will soon be equipped with tires of larger diam twelve ricks of dry ties has been assembled on tram cars, the switch engine moves them to the boring and adzing machine. At this point, the ties are moved from the rick to conveyors immediately in front of the machine by means of a monorail hoist and grapple similar to the one previously de scribed. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS This system for handling ties has been in operation since Octo ber, 1945. Despite the fact that it involves radical departure from any previous method for handling ties, it was integrated into the overall plant operation without difficulty and all ties have been handled by this method since the first day it was used. Naturally, some minor changes were made, but the operation has proce without interruption, month of March, 1946, accural cords were kept of the perid ance of this equipment. Forty! thousand, nine hundred an d : green cross ties were unloa from cars with the following suits. Central Unloading Static 45,905 ties unloaded, sawed to and ricked on trams. 228 hours operation = 201 tie hour. 7 men involved at this 1q = 28.9 ties per man hou 45,905 green ties stored for ! 21,470 dry ties removed from se ing yard. eter and lower pressure, and four wheel drive is being provided. Work is also being done to provide better drainage, and a small amount of crushed rock is to be placed to support the truck. HANDLING DRY TIES After the seasoning process has been completed, ricks of ties are moved back to the railroad track and placed on trams by the strad dle truck, this being simply a re versing of the process just de scribed. When a train load of six to 44 'k i SO U TH ERN PO W ER & INDUSTRY for NOVEMB A Good Lunch Helps Pepperell Maliutacturiny Company Is Pleas ed With Its \e tr Cafeteria F o r .*{.000 IV.vtile .W ill E m p lo yee s At Lindale, Georgia B y Fran cis . Smit Editor A LREADY a large mill in 1926, when purchased by its present owners, The Pepperell Manufactur ing Company plant at Lindale has developed and grown constantly. As customs and techniques in the textile industry have changed Pep perell has changed--often setting the pace through the efforts of its own active research laboratories. Much could be written on these technical advances, but this story is about feeding men and women --not machines and materials. Many of industry's most recent advances have been in connection with employee relations--attitude, comfort, and efficiency of em ployees on the job. The war emergency did much to show that many factors previously consider secondary or unimportant ex vital influence on plant outp Plant executives (encouraged aided by government resear quickly found that war product could be improved by such p visions as clean rest rooms, "m while you work", and mid-shift lunches. As proof of lars and cents returns. Many of the employees been at Pepperell a long (1641 out of a total of 3000 1 service buttons showing over*! years). And the managers been there a long time, too. of the department heads and utives worked up from operl and mechanics. So you see'i5j understand each other at Pepp and that also helps make the>f taste good. TM F IG . 4. H E B E IS W H E R E none have expressed a desire to go back to snack wagons, soft drinks, bicarbonate, and aspirin tablets. Prices are reasonable and the well-loaded trays show little indi cation of penny pinching. The col ored workers eat well too in their own dining room where the same services and foods are provided. Employees are encouraged to consider the lunch hour a recrea tion period. Smoking presents no objection because the eating place is air-conditioned and the smoke goes right out with the food odors. The whole plant is provided with music and the loudspeakers in the dining room seem especially ap preciated. It is clearly understood that the primary purpose of the cafeteria is to give the employees opportuni ty to eat good food in pleasant surroundings. Therefore employees who prefer to bring their own lunches are encouraged to eat in the cafeteria and use the tables, water service, etc., without charge. A good many exercise this privi lege. No rules have been necessary to eliminate eating at the work spaces and in the aisles. The fact that now all eating is confined to the cafeteria has greatly improved sanitation in the work areas by eliminating improper disposal of food leavings, paper wrappers, etc. The cafeteria costs the company some money, but management is not complaining. They seem to feel that it is money well spent and that the cost is more than offset by desirable results. Actually it costs the worker an average of about forty-three cents per meal (all meats are fifteen cents) and SALADS ARE PREPARED. this is made possible by the com pany absorbing all overhead costs: equipment, lights, water, air-con ditioning, etc. Right now the prices charged do not quite pay off the food and labor expense, but the management thinks they may break even when more experience is gained. Of one thing they are certain, however, there will be no letdown in quality; they will con tinue to buy the best of foods and cook and serve them properly. If you insist on talking about de tails the management will point out such benefits as ten percent re duction in absenteeism, definite improvement in efficiency, better health records, and higher em ployee morale. But they much pre fer to simply say they are very happy about their restaurant ven ture and let it go at that. They, think the intangibles, such as smil ing faces and fellow employees en joying a good lunch, outweigh dol PRINCIPAL EQUIPMENT Cooking--Electric and Steam it! 3-- Open top electric ranges ! 7--Electric baking ovens for 1-- Unit of four baking ovens bread 2-- Frying kettles (90 lb of fa 1--Three tier steam pressure i er for vegetables 1--Fifty-gallon jacketed kettlfj soups 1--Power mixer Salad Center 1---Salad table with cold paiil 1--Salad sink 1-- Power mixer 2-- Refrigerators Service Counters Two counters, each as follows;,; 2--Meat pans (steam bath) 4-- Vegetable holders (steam! 1--Soup server (steam) 1--Cold pan (% ton ref.) 1--Ice cream dispenser 1--Cold drink service place! 1--Coffee urn Dish Washing: Located on opposite side o;i space from cooking and se| Dishes never go to the kitchen Completely equipped with w4S garbage disposal, driers, anijgj REFRIGERATION CAPAC Service Air Conditioning----------B a k e r y ______________ Salad Room-----------------Meats, Vegetables, Dairy Products ----------------Freezing Room------------ Total F IG . 5. T H E W E L L EQ U IPPED B U TCH ER SHOP. B' s. -fis Sfr- 48 SOUTHERN POWER & INDUSTRY for NOVELS possible until these things have been done; any other plant layout should be regarded as temporary. Process Cards Prepare a manufacturing-process card for each important product or group of similar products, showing each machine needed and the time required for set up and fabrica tion. Determine the number of ma chines required for the assumed output, An allowance for lost time is necessary. This will vary with company methods, but 20 per cent is not unreasonable. Some com panies have much less lost time. Such charts cannot be safely pre pared from memory; the engineer should follow e a c h product through the plant, and note in great detail what happens to it. Compare operations and time on a rush order with routine orders. Study each card for possible changes in process through use of new machinery or different meth ods that will reduce labor costs or time in process. Look for simpler methods such as power-driven hand tools or for a grouping of machines that will permit one op erator to serve several machines. Do not hesitate to operate an ex pensive machine 24 hours daily in order to justify its use. Analyze the possibility of separate depart ments for large quantity products. Conveyors Cut Costs The use of conveyors to move material from one machine to an other will often reduce space and time in process. Consider such con veyors as scraper, belt, roller, plat form, bucket, monorail, screw, and elevating. Chutes are sometimes possible. Between two slightly dif ferent levels, an elevating platform may be helpful. Automatic deliv ery to different floors or to roller conveyors should not be over looked. Packing tables whose height can be quickly adjusted by push button will make bending un necessary for employees. Any long-distance travel of material should be questioned. Determine the possibility of using pallets or skid platforms with hand or elec tric-lift trucks. Consider the use of tote boxes that nest and are de signed to hold a given number of parts. Tote boxes can also be built as pallets. See that material to be processed is delivered at the work level. It may be possible to do certain work while material is in progress from one machine to another on a conveyor, s u c h as inspection, grinding, spray painting, chipping of fins, drying, or preliminary as sembling. There are other tricks the engineer will consider. One way to pick up lost time is to make up a chart on each im- portant machine that sho what is being done by { erator, the helper, and th? during a cycle. A help in |i'. aration of such charts is a t 1 ' the machine that shows idl operating time. Keep an eyf for bottlenecks, excessive t*' tool sharpening, intermediate! age, lack of stock, and time to load machines. Any reductf lost motion will permit reel in inventory. Section II Picking the Site TOO often, assum ed limitations as to land available and as to location of streets, r a i l r o a d trackage, and exist ing buildings are not examined critically. Frequently, m o r e land can be obtained at reasonable cost, topography can be smoothed, streets can be closed, trackage can be moved, and build ings can be torn down or moved. The possibility of moving the plant or a part of it to a new location should not be overlooked as labor available elsewhere may be more varied in character, better in quality, or cheaper. Again, freight rates may be lower, sales territory may be closer, raw material may be cheaper, and larger site may be possible. Other factors to be con sidered include better water sup ply, greater ease in waste dis posal, raw-material supplies, taxes, and transit facilities. Decentraliza tion of manufacturing is sometimes a solution to many problems. It may be obtained by each of several small plants making all products or only one or a few products. Advertising Signs An important detail in the lay out of the plant is the locating of the buildings in order to get an at tractive appearance from railroad, highway, and the air. The placing of the company's name on the buildings shbi be overlooked | |j portant advert by day and ni often possible the proper si possible confUqJj countered herej|p direction of pre ing winds, for 3 dust from railroads or high,!, might cause troubles. Roadw coal handling, and ash dispos sources of dirt in the plant gro , are factors in this problent orientation of buildings. Code Limitations Inquiry should be made 0J8 surance companies as well, municipal, state, and Federa)| thorities as to any codes in cor tion with hazards from dust,5 explosion, fumes, corrosion, ' midity, and electricity that ml limit layout, force separate b ings, or control the design of b ings, piping, ducts, wiring; similar items. The same con applies to any requirements,! toilets, lockers, wash-rooms, d ing fountains, shower baths,' exits, fire walls, enclosed s ways, cafeterias, or assembly-^" Racial segregation in toilets similar facilities is required,; some localities. Local conditions as to tion limitations, hurricanes,^, nadoes, earthquakes, high Jwater, and extremes of ra 50 SOUTHERN POWER & INDUSTRY for NOVEMBER, *. ) P LA i\T LA Y O U T | nothing is gained by chasing up viding office space, daylight, and and down stairs. ventilation. Financial Department The various divisions of the fi nancial department present no problem. Numerous, noisy ac counting machines are extensively used in it and should be placed in a soundproof room, separate from other activities. The room should have its walls and ceiling finished with sound-insulating material for the benefit of the employees work ing there. Conference and direc tors' rooms may have to be provid ed. Partitions probably should be avoided except for the offices of key executives. As many of the partitions as possible should be of glass in the upper half. Dimensions Office buildings with 11 or 12 ft ceilings, with columns 15 or 16 ft apart, and long and narrow with a maximum width of about 60 ft. are most satisfactory in pro Recreation Facilities Provision should be made for any recreational facilities that may be desirable. Even if not installed immediately, plans for their future use should be made. There is an increasing tendency in manufac turing companies to supplement local recreational facilities with company-owned bowling alleys, baseball diamond, swimming pool, dance hall, movie house, boxing ring, and similar sources of good employee relations. Decision on these facilities should be made be fore starting a plant layout. A site set aside for them is desirable, and may require a building. Large plants have even gone to the extent of setting up nurseries for the children of female employ ees and shopping centers for busy workers. Decision on the latter facility should be with the expec tation that prices are to be as low as obtainable elsewhere. Section IV Manufacturing Area THE most active m a n u facturing department s h o u Id get prior considera tion in laying out a plant. This depart ment will vary with the products made and might be the ma chine shop, foundry, forge shop, wet building in a starch plant, cell building in an electro lytic plant, and so on. It might well be given a separate building with other departments grouped around it as feeders or receivers. A flow line chart should be made showing the various departments in as di rect a line as possible. Provision should be made for new buildings or extensions to old buildings. If several products are of varied na ture, a composite flow-line chart can be developed with colored pencils on a white print. Width of pencil lines can be varied as in a highway-traffic chart to bring out the dol lar value of labor in the various products. Do not be content with one or two layouts, a noted designer of industrial plants claims to have made as high as 34 lay outs for one plant before selecting the one best layout. One-Story Building The one-story building has num erous advantages in low first cost and in low operating cost through saving in supervision, in space wasted for stairways and elevators, and in operating cost of elevators. Justification, however, can ' found occasionally for the Hi story building but when used1* heavy machinery should be pj^ on the ground floor. Too n r emphasis, particularly where la is cheap, has been given to the a vantages of gravity flow. p<w required to raise materials is usq ly more than required to overco' friction in moving horizontally..,. Flow-Line Charts Flow-line charts should be mai showing existing and propoi movement of the various import; products. A summary for "eflp product should show distan travelled and time and labor x quired. Time studies are off necessary. A composite chart shovjfi ing, with colored pencils on whi prints, the movement of all i portant products will be helpful " obtaining improvements. Wher more than one floor is involv isometric diagrams are desirable,; Tem plets Templets of all equipmeft desks, benches, and cabinets shoul be made of various colored car board to the scale of 1/5 inch to o" foot. Radial drills, for examp'1 can then be quickly distinguis" from lathes. Mark on each tempi the serial number, type, and s1'" of machine, and the position of 0" erator, of belt or motor drive, aft of starting control. These templets should be T cated correctly to scale on cro" section tracing paper, or clo equivalent to K. & E. 334%* and 282% G, or 288 G, with divisions to the inch. They may' held in place with map pins, thuni tacks, Scotch tape, paper ceme or wire staples. Overhead conv$^ ors can be represented by pastin strips of colored, transparent pap^t in place. When locations have be approved, the outlines of tl* templets can be drawn in a , white prints made. Each divisiO on the print will represent inches and thus clearances aval* able are obvious at a glance, ther study can be given the layb^ by drawing colored lines to sho movement of material. Types of Flow Charts f Two types of flow-line char. should generally be tried. One ` ill 52 SOUTHERN POWER & INDUSTRY for NOVEMBER, I* W I iJLAJVJl JL A Y U U T | department. A separate stores de partment for purchased-finished or semifinished parts such as bolts and screws, may be desirable. Space for the storage of spare mo tors, belting, and miscellaneous re pair parts should be provided. Its location near the maintenance de partment is desirable. The finished store room should be near the ship ping department. Small plants will consolidate some store rooms in order to reduce operating over head. Arrange to stock and ship material in as large units as pos sible in order to reduce handling. Maintenance. Tool, and Inspection Departments The maintenance department should be near that factory sec tion where most repair work may be anticipated. It should be used by electricians, pipe fitters, and millwrights. The tool room should be located, if possible, to serve more than one department, but more than one tool room may be necessary; cost of attendance should be balanced against the waiting and walking time of employees in determining the number of tool rooms. Location of inspection depart ments will depend on product made and extent of inspection necessary. Inspection in transit from machine to machine is pos sible. The raw-material inspection and testing should be near the re ceiving department and raw-ma terial stores.. The final testing de partment should be near the finish ed stores and the shipping room. Balconies Foremen's and production man ager's offices should be so located that shops may be supervised with out the appearance of doing so. Balconies may be used for offices, light manufacturing, training of new employees, research on new products, or even storage. The best use of a balcony. or mezzanine floor is frequently for toilets, wash rooms, and lockers. Such facilities should be distrib uted about a plant so employees can reach them easily. Lockers should be so set on concrete curbs that refuse cannot accumulate under them or behind them and the rooms should be provided with benches. Forced ventilation for lockers is desirable. Section V I Equipment SCALES, measur ing devices, me ters, hand or electriclift trucks, portable roller - conveyors, hand-operated hoists and trolleys, and even t r a v e l l i n g cranes are necessary equipment for re ceiving and shipping departments. The exact equipment selected will depend on materials to be handled. Many carload shipments will make a track scale desirable. Electriclift trucks are frequently advan tageous in loading and unloading freight cars, particularly where the use of skid platforms and pal lets has been standardized. Space must be provided for the storage of the trucks when not in use and for their charging station. Ramps instead of elevators are desirable for trucks and possible trailers but the angle of inclination should not exceed 6 to 7Vfc, or possibly 10 per cent. The route used by them should be as direct as possible. Efficient Packing Cartons, shredded paper, glue, and labels should be arranged for the convenience of the packer in reaching them without moving from position. Material to be pack ed should reach the packer by trucks, on conveyors, or through chutes. Several lines of parallel roller conveyors at right angle to the packer's table and behind him are valuable in preliminary sorting and delivery of material to be packed. Stencils should be filed in cabi nets in order department or ship ping room and, where repeat cus tomers are involved, should reach the packer with the order. Crating material on incoming supplies can often be reclaimed ad vantageously and reused. Provision for reclaiming should be made in the receiving department, and the reclaimed mat should be store! width and le n lf racks in the shlf department. C d| and rip saws and gle - spindle btf may be required! crating lumber. Store Rooms Scales, measuring devices, able conveyors, hand and el' W lift trucks, hand-operated hbS and similar equipment are nee in store rooms, depending om terial to be handled. Cut-off & and shears are also necessary order that only exact quantitimetals requisitioned may be p ed out. Desks and filing cabi for storeroom clerks are, of co necessary as well as doors spring locks and counters which material may be passed Storage Facilities Shelving and bins should b right angles to wall, in par^ij rows, and of equal length in or. to conserve space. Main a should be wide enough for tru and sub-aisles should be V enough for two men to pass., bins should be multiples of a size and spacing between shel should be some multiple of am sumed unit distance. Racks steel rods and piping are necess in such number that classifica| is possible by length or size kind. Paint, oil, solvents, and si dangerous products should be in a special store room that separated from the rest of the f tory by fire walls and fire doof separate building is frequently sirable. Lumber should be stored racks to prevent warping, racks should be located so t lumber can be put in them thrm doors from outside the fact' 54 SOUTHERN POWER & INDUSTRY for NOVEMBER. I* which has been determined by a fiat decision or an appropriation. If a company cannot erect the complete plant at one time, spread the building program over a period of years on a definite plan. Sound reduction is desirable even in the shops. Machinery may be mounted on pads, and walls and ceilings may be covered with sound-insulating material. Power Cost An analysis is usually necessary to determine whether power shall be purchased or generated. It is be yond the scope of this article, but possibilities can be indicated. Where no large amount of proc ess steam is required, power can be generated with Diesels. The cooling water and exhaust gases from them can be used in connec tion with a waste-heat boiler to de velop steam for process and for heating the plant. Peak demands for steam can be met with the qse of supplementary fuel on the boil er. About 3000 Btu per brake hp can be usually recovered from the Diesels but as high as 5000 Btu are possible by raising the temper ature of the cooling water. A man ufacturing plant in a cool climate, as an approximation, is likely to require for heating, assuming one shift daily, about 0.8 lb. of steam per degree day per 1000 cu. ft. Where considerable process steam is needed, the use of back pressure or condensing and bleed ing steam turbines is usually a possibility. Steam from the turbine goes to process and heating, and power can be developed frequent ly for about Vs or Vi cent per kw. hr. The size of the power plant re quired in relation to the proposed factory will indicate whether a separate building to house it is de sirable. The power plant, in any case, should be located centrally to the loads upon it for steam, com pressed air, high-pressure water for fire protection, and electricity in order that the transmission lines required may be short. Con sideration is necessary as to de livery of fuel and its storage and to the disposal, of ashes. Light and Power Light and power lines should be designed for possible plant expan 56 sion as well as for possible larger motors on some machines. Ducts are available where connections to machinery can be taken off at al most any point. These ducts per mit, at small expense, the re arrangement of machinery that is certain to be required in time by changing business conditions. Numerous panel boxes will be helpful. Each machine should have its own stop-and-start push but ton. The distribution circuits should be split up so the entire shop will not be down for one short. Provide for high intensity of illumination, at least as much as 50 foot candles, on fine machine work, fine assembly, and drafting. Intensity as high as 500 foot can dles may be required for color matching. Remember that produc tion will be considerably higher with good illumination. Consider the use of glass block in addition to steel sash in increasing daylight illumination. Consider also the use of heat-ray-removing glass in south, east, and west walls. Paint walls and ceilings a light color or white to increase reflection. Paint equipment with soft colors such as yellow and green for eye-ease. Building Details Annunciator and call stations, as well as time clocks, are required for convenience of employees. Soundproof telephone booths are needed in the shops. Drinking fountains should be iced and lo cated within short walking dis tance of groups of employees. Provide for fire protection with high-pressure water lines, hose, reels, hose carts, fire extinguish ers, automatic CCh tanks, fire pump, elevated water tank, sprink lers, fire-alarm boxes, and similar facilities to the satisfaction of the fire insurance company. Watchmen's key stations should cover the entire plant with a minimum of walking and with the approval of the fire insurance company. Windows in any monitors should be electrically operated. Outlets for cleaning and washing machinery should be not over 50 ft apart. Compressed-air, steam, water, vacuum, oxy-acetylene, hydrogen, and gas-fuel lines should be placed in roof trusses of one- SOUTHERN POWER story buildings so changes <j# made easily. Another possi|' cation is in a tunnel down tipter of building, but arran1 draining of the tunnel. Heating If air conditioning is Cg plated at some future date ' building for its eventual i tion at minimum cost. Co possible use of glass bloc building walls with window*' for light and not ventilatib can be supplied by forced v tion with use of air filters, ing can be by blast unit Jjjjj supplemented by low - gr ' steam for small plants and f hot water for large plants. Roof and Floors The roof should be insulaj-'t* reduction of heat in surpiqe of heat loss in winter. " m floors should be sloped to and coves built at base off? for ease in cleaning with wax steam hose. Wood blocks gp rubber mats over the concrei easy on employee's feet, floors on top of concrete^ possible for light and clean facturing. Watch out fo#! special floor requirements f by acids or alkalies. A heat ing room, for example, wi quire special flooring. Surf concrete floors should b e > special treatment to reducej and dusting. Steel floor plat' used where trucking is hea frequent. Choice of Building Industrial plants should h || few columns as costs and layout permit. Spans shouj^ be less than 20-25 ft. and fha as great as 150-300 ft. A^* floor is a big help in reari^ machinery for economy b|L and movement. Steel or y forced-concrete structural ^ with brick or concrete walls-' usual specification for a 1 building. Skill in design forced concrete will usually costs about as low as stril steel and brick. Mill-buildiiJ struction with wooden bea columns and brick walls is U the cheapest and, with SPl for some types of mantifaSffl ft & INDUSTRY for NOVEMBER OR. F . W. HAYWARD OF T H E IN D U STRIAL RESEARCH IN STITU TE OF T H E UNI V E R S IT Y OF CHATTANOOGA C H E C K S PR O G R ESS ON CANDY IM PRO VEM EN T. Progress In Candy Making By R . A. Brock and F. W . H ayw ard Brock Candy Company Industrial Research Institute THE Brock Candy Company! Chattanooga, which has 1 in continuous operation since tember 1,1909, has grown to South's largest candy manufactu er and one of the leaders in thej dustry. At present, this cornea serves over 3,000 jobbing accoUj in seventeen states. At the outset, the Brock prodij| were principally high grade chocolates and a few bulk go Later on, the line was expand ^ include assorted penny goo Easter and Christmas speciaj^ and packaged marshmallows, f til war conditions forced their i continuance, great quantities.^ chocolate cordial cherries were! so manufactured. At the beginning of World II when conservation of raw terials was mandatory and, armed forces needed large qua$| ties of candy bars, the Brock Ca dy Company cooperated with War Food Administration and i verted its production to five ten cents packages. A large portion of its allotted raw lira terials was used for manufactuf .of chocolate covered nut rolls^ chocolate covered fudge bars.' present, these bars, hard candl gum drops, and marshmallows , the principal products of the CO pany. Since the beginning of W<yj War II, the supply of sugar, sirup, and chocolate has been short. On the other hand, art! most unprecedented demand^ candy has developed. ConseqUC ly, candy production has been ] trolled by the supply of raw terials rather than by plant city or consumer demand, this time every effort was mq maintain the quality of the fii ed products. During this post war while production was still 1 by material shortages, the Candy Company has undert| an extensive modernization gram. Thus, the Company wij prepared for planned expa W. B. R E IL L Y , V IC E PRESIDENT AND R. A. BROCK, SEC RETA RY T H E BROCK CANDY COMPANY OPERATIO N OF COM PRESSING 1>N ,T ./ A IR CONDITIONING SYSTEMi-"^ 58 SOUTHERN POWER & INDUSTRY for NOVEMBER, 1 the packing rooms, no troubles of this type have been observed. The candy may be quickly packaged in its original fresh condition and shows no tendency towards stick ing. Prior to the conditioning of the shipping room, many chocolate products had to be sent to cold storage until cars were available. It is now possible to keep them in the shipping room until they can be placed in refrigerator cars. In this way, the expense of cold storage and extra handling costs is avoided. The most surprising result of air conditioning is the improvement in machine efficiency which has been noted. In hot, humid weather, sticky candy stuck to the wrap ping and packaging machines until they would not function properly. Production line shutdowns of an hour or more occurred while the machines were cleaned so they could be used again. Since the installation of air conditioning, these delays no longer occur, and these same machines run without inter ruption from morning to night. Air conditioning has already proven its value to the Southern candy manufacturer by increasing production efficiency, promoting worker morale, and improving product quality. X-Ray Inspection Foreign material of any kind is always objectionable in food pro ducts. Every possible precaution is taken during the process of manu facture to prevent contamination of the finished product. Each de fective piece of candy constitutes a potential consumer complaint against the producer with its at tendant unfavorable publicity. Peanuts, as a result of the meth ods used in their cultivation and harvesting, usually contain rela tively large amounts of small stones and pellets of clay. The greater portion of this material is removed by screens, mechanical separators, and hand picking but, in spite of the utmost precautions, certain stones which resemble pea nuts in size, density, and appear ance escape detection and are con sequently included in the finished product. The X-Ray equipment re cently installed by the Brock Can dy Company is of great value in the detection of such defective can dy bars. In this process, the wrapped can dy bars, in trays of twelve, are con veyed through a darkened booth where they are observed by the in spector as they pass over an X-Ray source. The pieces of stone or clay appear as black spots in the bars. Any tray containing a stone is me chanically rejected from the pro duction line by means of a lever operated by the inspector. At the end of the day, these bars are in dividually inspected, the defective bars thrown out. Since the installation of X-Ray inspection, an appreciable number of stones have been detected daily, and by their removal the consumer is assured of receiving a product of highest quality. Control Laboratory Until quite recently, most candy factories have operated with little or no technical control. Chemical laboratories were formerly un known to the industry, ajM operations were run by rf5 thumb methods. The cand ufacturer depended entirely;.! reliability of his supplier quality and uniformity of ra terials, and process contrp] based on the judgment an niques of skilled candy Quality was measured most! consumer reactions as reflect sales volume. This method < eration works only when rail terials of uniform quality; available and when there ft turnover in experienced arl However, it takes years of pn for an inexperienced candy to develop into a skilled crafl and such men are difficult place. Today, when few are'-; ested in spending years to di the techniques required skilled candy maker and ' uniformity of raw materials^! i (Continued on page 8ft! OPERATO R IN SP EC T S BO X ES OF CANDY B A R S IN X -R A Y BOOTH. 60 tion of dust by classifying the re sponse into four groups. These are: (a) Pneumoconiosis--The dusts producing this type reaction are harmful only when inhaled. The principal materials producing this type reaction are free silica and asbestos dust. On inhalation, these two materials produce specific lung pathology and from the standpoint of disability, present the most important of the dust ex posures. (b) Toxic Reaction--(As poison ing by lead, cadmium or radium) These materials produce harmful effects when taken into the body both by inhalation and ingestion. With reference to lead and its compounds which may be present in the atmosphere as particulate matter, it has been fairly well established that entrance into the body oy inhalation is more im portant mode of entry than the same material taken by mouth. This is primarily due to the fact that when such materials are tak en into the body by inhalation, the major portion is taken into the blood stream, whereas, a consider able part of that taken by mouth is removed by certain organs of the body. (c) Metal Fume Fevers--These conditions result from the inhala tion of finely divided fume par ticles. The importance of metal fume fever has been brought to the attention of industry by the great amount of welding which has been an important industrial tool for the past few years. Where burning or welding is done on sur faces which have been galvanized, the problem of metal fumes be comes immediately important. F I G . 2. T H E E L E C T R O S T A T I C P R E C I P I T A T O R A S U S E D F O R C O L L E C T I N G A T M O S PH ER IC S A M PLE S OF DUST A N D FUMES. INSERT SHOWS RATE OF SETTLING OF DUST. This is also a problem in fouu' where the pouring of bra' done. (d) Allergy--This type reg is in general produced by and certain organic dusts. Common Industrial Dust^ Carbonates are usually a ed with either calcium or nesium. They normally oc nature as calcite and m ag; or as dolomite, which ccj both magnesium and calci the carbonate. Limestone marble c o n t a i n consid amounts of these carbonat' do the materials from whic ment is made. Due to the solubility in. fluids, these materials are r ed when taken into the bod inhalation. The presence off bon dioxide in such fluids important factor influencing solubility. The same thing a to the presence of carbon di in water which comes into c~` with these materials. In the ence of carbon dioxide the1,, bonate is converted to the soluble bicarbonate, thus ad to the ease with which it is r ed by solution. Experimental and practical1 servations on carbonate dust dicate that these materials are harmful when taken into the by inhalation. This is proi due to the fact that they are ly removed due to their solub* Sulfates are common indu materials and this general may be illustrated by gypi| which is calcium sulfate, a common material and is wi used in many industrial O' tions. It is generally consi that this type material is nopic and does not present any,, ticular problem from a h$ standpoint. Oxides vary considerably their physiological reaction-* general the nature of the re4 will be dependent on the metal from which the oxide I rived. Where such metalSj specifically toxic, as would case with arsenic or lead, a'-cific toxic' reaction could b pected from the inhalation oxide. However, other oxid pear to be relatively ha particularly where the me*, of a non-specific type. This IS1 of iron oxide. The mining 0* results in the exposure of a number of men to the oxid 62 SOUTHERN POWER & INDUSTRY for NOVEMBER, 1 persed system. For the collection of dust samples, several instru ments may be employed. Much of the early work done on the control of silicosis in the mining areas of South Africa was carried out with the Konimeter. This instrument has been used some in this country, however, it has not met with the popularity which is enjoyed by certain other methods. From the standpoint of collecting efficiency, the electro static precipitator is probably the choice instrument, however, most of the work done on correlating atmospheric dust concentrations with medical findings has been based on samples collected and counted by the Greenburg-Smith technique. The collecting device employed is an impinger unit which samples at the rate of one cubic foot per minute. Counting by this technique is done under light field. The per centage of free silica in a dust sample is usually determined by either chemical or petrographic methods. Permissible concentrations of dust hav^ been established for free silica, asbestos, and other ma terials. For both silica and asbes tos, 5 million particles per cubic foot is considered as maximum working concentration. The U. S. Public Health Service has suggest ed a procedure by which the total dust concentration in millions of particles per cubic foot is multi plied by a percentage of free sili ca. If the resulting figure is more than 5 million particles per cubic foot, the condition is considered unsafe. If less than 5 million, the condition is considered safe. There should be considered certain limits of dustiness for any type of dust, whether it be merely a nuisance two 15-foot fans are install,, value or health consideration. To which handle 500 thousand cuj[ most industrial hygienists, 50 mil lion particles per cubic foot is the maximum atmospheric concentra tion of dust under which an em ployee should work. It should be pointed out that the only way of determining both the nature of the dust and the actual concentration is by direct sampling and similar procedures for the counting of feet per minute each. Actual] the material removed by these fi| is made up principally of smi; rather than true dust. Two electric arc furnaces operated and these are equipgj with roof fans located immediate above the units. These fans hand 60 thousand cubic feet per minu dust. each. Again, the major portion"; Case History the material coming from the furnaces is smoke rather than MANY industries having prob dust, and comes from the al|i lems of dust control recog and flux material charged intdjj nize the existence of such problemfusrnaces. to varied degrees. Some take pass A problem of dust control in i ive attitudes, while others apply foundry is the shakeout operatic s o u n d engineering procedures This is particularly true whe which result in a real job of dust s h a k e o u t is mechanical control. Such modern engineering handled on a vibrating screen? methods are used by the Le- grate. Here, a line conveyor Tourneau Company of Toccoa, tem is used to bring the castin Georgia. directly to the shakeout grate, This particular plant manufac canopy type hood is installed i| tures heavy road grading equip mediately over the grate itselfJ ment and its major dust problem addition to canopy, side enclosu lies in operation of a foundry for are provided which prevent 1, the protection of basic steel parts. leakage. The fan serving this h It is interesting to note that this delivers 35 thousand cubic feet Company considers the control of minute, which results in a dust as a part of the general over capturing velocity at the entr all production schedule and as a and discharge ports. An excell result has its control methods inte job of dust control results on grated into general plant opera particular operation. tions. Sand conditioning in m Although there are several foundries is a dusty job. With | methods which can be used for LeTourneau Company this control of dust, ventilation, both handled by means of local exh|J in the form of general and local ventilation and three bag type^ exhaust, probably offers the most ters handling 6 thousand cubic satisfactory method and it is this per minute each. Tumbling op] approach which has been used by tions for cast cleaning are also BS the LeTourneau Company. For vided with local exhaust vent, general ventilation in the foundry, (Continued on page 80) F I G . 6. L O C A L E X H A U S T ON T U M B L E R S F O R C A S T C L E A N I N G . FIG. 7 . B AG HOUSE A N D S A N D B L A S T UNIT FOR OAST CLEAN IN G.:- oum,sy IcIUuwMhI 64 SOUTHERN POWER & INDUSTRY for NOVEMBER, on rig. l can suu De used ever, provided that a corr? value is used for the effici This correction automatically, care of the discrepancy the apparent capacity (discli capacity) and the true flow Q+Q =n ~ ) Where e is the corrected effici^ e,, is the pump efficiency, Q capacity at pump discharge,! Qd is the capacity of the bala disc leak-off. EXCESSIVE TEMPERA Capacity, 9pm Since boiler feed pumps generally called upon to op' in a very wide load range, way from practically shut-df F I G . 2. P E R F O R M A N C E C H A R A C T E R I S T I C S O F 500 G P M , 1800 F T H E A D , B O I L E R F E E D P U M P . full load, the problems invi| I in the operation of a feed pnnf formula and permits, in addition, the total flow which must absorb light loads are of an extremely the determination of the minimum the developed heat, is low. Thus, portant nature and must betfl permissible capacity, once the it will be seen from Fig. 2 that for ed with this in mind. t3 maximum permissible temperature a capacity of 50 gpm, the tempera It is almost common know rise has been selected. ture rise is 18F while, at the full that a pump operated at shi The chart can be used to plot a capacity of 550 gpm, it is less than would soon over-heat and.^ temperature rise curve directly on one degree. Specifically, the various e. the performance curve of a cen If the boiler feed pump is of a an excessive temperature rteij trifugal boiler feed pump, as type which is fitted with a balanc boiler feed pump are as folli shown on Fig. 2, which represents ing device such as a balancing disc 1. Excessive expansion at the the characteristics of a boiler feed or drum, a certain portion of the ning joints and ultimate bii pump designed to handle 550 gpm suction capacity is returned to the and seizing of adjacent pai of 250F feedwater against a total pump suction or to the direct con the pump which are desig; head of 1800 feet. It will be seen tact heater at the pump suction. operate with a definite that the temperature rise in The discharge capacity of such ance. creases very rapidly with a re pumps does not represent the true 2. Ultimate decrease in th< duction in flow, for the losses at flow taking place through the sure margin over flashing low deliveries are greater, while pump. The formula and the chart first stage impellers am sequent cavitation and:) binding. 3. In the event that the pi corporates a balancing*: the vapor pressure of th? heated water in the?, chamber at the exit ff! balancing device may ri the pressure existing;^ with consequent flasi relief chamber and even in the balancing;;] F I G . 3. A R R A N G E M E N T O F M U L T I P L E P R E S S U R E R E D U C I N G O R I F I C E B A S E D O N M A N U A L CONTROL OF BY-PASS. self. All of these effects ^ shorten the life of the varii ponent parts of the bo|, pump if allowed to be an extreme. Therefore, the pump from the daibi dental to an excessive tet|f rise, precaution must be^ avoid operation of the abnormally low flows. lna^ as SOUTHERN POWER & INDUSTRY for NOVEMpf FIG . G-A. C O R R E C T IN STALLATION OF BY PAS S ES FOR A GROUP OF 3 BOILER FEED PUMPS. FIG. 6-B. INCORRECT AR- RANGEMENT. THIS B Y PASS INSTALLATION DOES NOT PROVIDE PRO PER PROTECTION. 1Woiurieel will do the rest. As a short cut, it may be also stated that the minimum capacity should be held to approximately 30 gpm for each 100 bhp at shut off. Thus, on Fig. 2, the brake horsepower at shut-off is 200 hp and the minimum permissible capacity becomes 200 30X----- = 60 gpm. 100 ARRANGEMENT OF BY-PASS In the event that the boiler feed pump takes its suction from a di rect contact heater, it is necessary to return the by-pass recirculating line back to the heater rather than directly to the suction line of the feed pump. This avoids a cumula tive effect of the temperature rise and allows the recirculated feedwater to mix with the feedwater held in the storage space of the heater. Thus, the heat increment received in the boiler feed pump is passed into the heater, and the temperature of the feedwater en tering the pump suction cannot ex ceed the saturation temperature corresponding to the heater pres sure. The recommended arrange ment is shown in Fig. 3. It will be seen that the by-pass line origi nates ahead of the discharge gate valves and check valves. Normally, it should be introduced into the F I G . 7. B Y - P A S S A N D B A L A N C I N G D E V I C E L E . A K - O F F A R R A N G E M E N T . heater storage space at a point low the minimum water level. T' is done in order to reduce the no' caused by the flashing of the turns to steam. However, if feedwater is withdrawn from intermediate stage of the pumj passed through a closed heat and re-admitted to the pump, by-pass return should be admitte into the steam space above th maximum water level. With th arrangement, the entrance into th heater should be adequately ba fled. Since the feedwater in the re circulation line is under a pressu corresponding to the pump di charge pressure, it is necessary locate a throttling orifice in tl line, the physical dimensions this orifice determining thl amount of recirculation throuj the by-pass. The orifice must bf' designed on the basis of the minW mum flow through the pump. The arrangement illustrated Fig. 3 is based on a manual contro of the by-pass. Two valves a used, one on each side of the ori*; fice. One of these valves usualif remains open and is closed onljf to isolate the orifice during spection or renewal while th pump and heater are in operation^ The second valve is the contro valve and should always remain either a wide open or complete- closed position to avoid unneces* sary wear. When the discharge pressure eXjv m SOUTHERN POWER & INDUSTRY for NOVEMBER, I*46' CUOSNATTAECRI DIRECT cHoEnAtTacftt vnmaprOR NXr- % J .mi?,pumps* U i-T V -K lxf-J ~P<K H W ,SOENCOMNADIAN* SOLER, ; PUMPS -tXH \ --NXH - N - 0 --N--f \A /f PRB'UOAORYiTOtKfl fPUMPS -- r\A/H F I G . 8. IN S Y S T E M S O F T H I S T Y P E . B O T H B O O S T E R A N D M A I N F E E D PU M PS REQUIRE IN D IVID U AL BY-PASS PROTECTION. F I G . 9. W H E N B O O S T E R A N D M A I N F E E D P U M P S A R g 0 | U NITS, A S I N G L E B Y - P A S S M A Y B E USED;,,-. ceeds approximately 300 psi, a throttling device comprised of a series of orifices is advisable for the double purpose of reducing wear of the individual orifices and eliminating the excessive noise in cidental to the high pressure drop through a single orifice. For low pressure application, the orifice can be manufactured from a stainless steel rod, bored to size, and placed in the by-pass line. Fig. 4 shows the performance of such an. orifice, and the recommended installation is illustrated on Fig. 5. The length of pipe to be installed beyond the orifice itself is intended to allow for a gradual dissipation of the velocity energy in the flow issuing from the orifice, while the pipe plug at the end of the length of pipe permits renewal of a part which ultimately wears as a result of the jetting action of the high velocity flow. When an installation involves several boiler feed pumps, each of these must be provided with its own by-pass ahead of its check and gate valve, as shown in Fig. 6-A. The use of a single by-pass orifice, starting from the common dis charge header as shown in Fig. 6-B, would provide no protection if the total flow was reduced, and one of the pumps developed a high enough discharge pressure in excess of another pump's to close its discharge check valve. Of course, the individual lines may be manifolded on the downstream side of the pressure reducing ori fice. If the boiler feed pump is pro vided with a balancing device, the leak-off from this is generally re turned to the direct contact heat er at the pump suction. The leakoff and recirculating lines may be manifolded in order to reduce pip ing, as shown on Fig. 7. It may be unnecessary to warn the power plant operator against manifolding these lines ahead of the pressure reducing orifice. Such procedure would lead to complete failure of the pump immediately upon open ing the by-pass control valve, since this arrangement would impose pump discharge pressure on the balancing device relief chamber, and the balancing device would become inoperative. Theoretically, when two pumps are operated in series, only a single by-pass is necessary, pro vided the recirculation is returned to a point in the boiler feed cycle located ahead of the first, or pri mary pump. The amount of the by pass is determined by the operat ing conditions of the main or sec ondary feed pump, since the latter is generally developing a greater pressure than the primary feed pump and requires more heat dis sipation at low flows. However, a certain amount of care must be exercised when several primary pumps are operated in parallel so that no condition may arise so that the check valve or gate valve of one of the primary pumps be comes closed while the pump it self is running. For this reason, it is generally recommended that, unless the primary and main feed pumps always operate as an in tegral unit, the primary feed pumps be provided with their own by-pass protection. Certain difficulties may arise in connection with the disposal of the recirculation feedwater from the pump by-pass when the boiler feed cycle is such that the feedwater is deaerated in the condenser, and no direct contact heater is used. The by-pass must then be refffl the condenser itself a t may be possible to aC the by-pass at the bq pump suction, provided i changer is located in the tion line to lower the t# of the by-pass to that at suction. Since, in suchthere is generally a clos between the condensate the boiler feed pump ^ fore, the condensate is perature appreciably Iqf that of the recirculatiortj the cooling medium in tfjj| changer may well be tH< sate itself. Thus, the heat] by-pass is regained just by-pass were discharged rect contact heater. In determining the si heat exchanger re q u ire ^ be remembered that the' feedwater is throttled frq|l charge pressure down toff sure approximately equal.* suction pressure and that ' perature rise accompant drop of pressure through sure reducing orifice. This | ature rise in degrees F cart pressed as: _ 1 H dT = ----- , 778 Where H is the total head irt The temperature at the e; the orifice is equivalent to tion temperature, plus the ature rise in the pump itse. the rise through the throt fice. BY-PASS ON STANDBY Under normal conditions, with the boiler feed pum$ ating at average loads, the 70 SOUTHERN POWER & INDUSTRY for NOVEMBER, lines in the discharge of the in dividual feed pumps are held closed. However, whenever there exists the possibility that the pump may be operating at light flows or when the pump may operate against a closed check valve, the by-pass valve should definitely be open. The recirculating lines should be opened on all the pumps involved whenever it is expected to switch from one of the main feed pumps to the standby pump. If the switching operation is carried out manually, the operator should open the by-pass valve on the pumps prior to bringing the standby pump on the line. After normal conditions have been re established, the by-pass is closed. If, on the other hand, the standby pump is operated automatically, provision must be made for the by-pass to be open at the proper time. This can be achieved by leaving the by-pass valve open on all pumps while they stand idle. If the by-pass leads to the direct contact heater from which the pump takes its suction, no flow takes place through the by-pass, since no pressure differences exist in the circuit to cause this flow. If the by-pass leads to a lower pres sure point in the feed cycle be cause of the absence of a direct contact heater, the flow which will take place is very small, as a re sult of the lower differential, com pared to the flow which takes place under normal operating con ditions. In order to understand this clearly, it is necessary to re member that a throttling orifice is always located in the by-pass line, the physical dimensions of this ori fice determining the amount of re circulation through the by-pass. A numerical example will best illustrate the effect of the prevail ing pressure differential on the by pass flow. It will be assumed that the pump in question is designed to handle 300,000 lbs per hour of 300F feedwater against a dis charge pressure of 1200 psi. It will be further assumed that the suc tion pressure, including the vapor pressure, is 75 psi gage, and that the pump discharge pressure at shut-off is approximately 1375 psi. There is no direct contact heater in the feed cycle, and the recircula tion returns to the condenser so that the pressure differential across the throttling orifice is about 1390 psi. In order to limit the temperature rise to 15F, the size of the orifice will be such that with a differential pressure of 1390 psi it will pass approximately 45,000 lbs per hour. If the pump is standing idle and the by-pass valve is open, the differential pres sure across the orifice is reduced to 90 psi, under which conditions the total flow which takes place is approximately 10,000 lbs per hour, which is a relatively small flow. Incidentally, this flow can readily fulfill the functions of the warm up flow generally recommended for standby pumps. In the event that the recircula tion by-pass is operated auto matically, the problem disappears altogether, as the by-pass remains open as long as the pump is idle and is not closed until the flow through the pump reaches the de sirable minimum. AUTOMATIC CONTROL OF BY-PASS Within the last few years, power plant operators have indicated a growing interest in automatic con trol of the by-pass, especially in high pressure installations where the trend is towards automatic control of all the phases of opera tion. This involves some sort of actuating mechanism which will open and close the by-pass at the .proper time. The mechanism itself must be subjected to an impulse governed by the flow through the boiler feed pump, a great number of impulses being available for this purpose. The most frequently used automatic arrangement is based on a flow meter control. The operation of the flow meter control is quite simple. A flow meter element is located in the pump suction or discharge line to operate two mercury switches. The contacts are so adjusted that the first contact completes the cir cuit on a decreasing flow but per mits no by-pass until the second contact has been made at a still lower flow. This provides an over lap to prevent hunting as the in terval between the two contacts exceeds the amount of the by-pass flow and as the circuit is not brok en until the total flow has ip^ ed to a value above the pg!* the first contact. The circ' made to operate a solenoid * admitting air pressure to the1' trol diaphragm of the by1 valve itself. Because the orifice used to ure the flow induces an. preciable pressure drop, and? cated in the pump suction w" act to reduce the available i' positive suction head, it is rei* mended that this orifice alway located on the discharge the pump. BY-PASS LOSSES There frequently arises the conception that the exces^i penditure of power resulting? operating the pump with the; pass open is equivalent to the? pass capacity expressed in centage of the full load capa This is entirely incorrect, d analysis of Fig. 2 will disclos as it has been stated, the by?' flow for this pump should b gpm, it corresponds to 10.9*; the full load capacity of 550 At the same time, the increas power consumption between capacity of 100 gpm with byclosed and 160 gpm with byopen is only 15 hp, or less thanjg of the full load horsepower. Ir^J dition, it must be realized direct comparison of the p* consumption at two flows doe? provide a correct evaluation o* loss incidental to the operati ^ the by-pass. In order to esta i the real amount by which the, of a by-pass decreases the netductivity of a steam power pi it is necessary to determined amount of heat wasted at capacity corresponding to the of the original capacity and thg pass flow. The differentiation.' tween "power consumption "heat wasted" is based on the-, cept of the "thermodynamic? ficiency" of a boiler feed contrasted with the nominal*; straight power consumption,. ficiency. The former concept its the boiler feed pump w iw heat generated within the P: after correcting this heat onbasis of the thermal efficient ( C o n tin u ed on pago 123)- 72 SOUTHERN POWER & INDUSTRY for NOVEMBER. Labor T u rn over B y P h ilip P an tleid M P LO Y N U H T OF F IC E } A few sim ple rules, in telligen tly a p plied, w ill decrease Labor Turnover and im prove industrial relations. LABOR turnover is one of the termine what his most serious problems facing turnover is and American business and industrycheck it against today. The importance of labor the average for his turnover is to be seen in the cost industry? involved. Every new employee in troduced into an establishment represents a definite cost, whether or not he develops into a skilled and profitable worker. If he proves to be a "floater" or has been put on the wrong job and has to be re trained or replaced, his cost to the company increases still further. One simple formula is as fol lows: Let R = replacements. Let M = the average number of employees at work during the period. . . Then, the turnover. T. can be determined as The cost of labor turnover has not been worked out for all lines of industry, but these figures, for the R T= -- M ladies' apparel industry, will give It is preferable that turnover some idea of what it costs an em- figures be stated in terms of caus- ployer to break in a new em- es, and then the formula should be ployee: modified as follows: Advertising................. ... $ 0.40 Let Q = quits. Hiring and clerical work 0.60 Let D -- discharges. Instruction .................... 2.50 . Let L = layoffs. Wear and tear on machines................ 5.00 Loss in production...... .. 20.00 Spoiled work and mistakes ................. 10.00 Accidents ................. . ..... 2,00 Then, turnover can be deter- mined as: Q D L T = --; or == --; or -- -- M M M Net labor turnover, which is a $40.50 term commonly used in discussing average labor turnovers in differ Thus, before a new employee ent lines of business and industry, has any value to a plant engaged is determined as follows: in the ladies' apparel industry, he 100 R represents an outlay of $40.50. NLT -- ----- -- Which, of course, is money lost un M less that employee stays on. Net labor turnover can be ex How can a manufacturer de- pressed on a monthly or an annual basis by letting S -- total separations. A = unavoidable separat M = average working fo the period. Then (S-A) 100 NLT = -------------M Armed with such definit the employer may know where he stands on the laboj over situation, and, if his tU proves too high, he can tak dial measures. Sometimes it is not en& classify labor turnover by; or for the business as a| Turnover figures must oftf termined by departments Then the analysis may sh<f department head does rill how to handle his employe^* In general, high labor occurs among workers wji short service records, stance, a survey showed th employees having servic,|i of two years or more, the was 11%, while in the those having records of le month, the turnover was, Frequent absences are 9 74 SOUTHERN POWER & INDUSTRY for NOVEM forerunner of "quits" and should be noted and investigated. Without going into the question of time out accidents and occupa tional diseases, let us consider some of the less-often-mentioned but none-the-less definite causes for labor turnover. These causes are as varied as they are interest ing. Among them may be cited: I. Monotony. ' 2. Long hours. 3. Excessive overtime. 4. Unwholesome environment, caused by fumes, dust, or poisonous substances. 5. Cramped and strained posisitions of work. 6. Assignment of workers to jobs for which they are not phys ically or mentally qualified, 7. Lack of suitable luncheon fa cilities. 8. Unscrupulous foremen. 9. Lack of an efficient piece work system. 10. Lack of a transfer and pro motional plan. II. Lack of cooperation. 12. Insufficient compensation. Sometimes the real reason for a "quit" cannot be determined, but at other times, if patience is used, valuable information may be se cured. At any rate, if intelligent handl ing is to be given the problem of turnover, at least as much care should be taken in interviewing the employee when he quits as was taken when he was employed. Such a procedure will pay for it self many times over in promoting employees' goodwill and efficiency and reducing the firm's turnover to--or below--a normal. New Employees A new worker should receive an adequate explanation of the aims and policies of the company. And company labor policies should always be stated specifical ly and issued to all new employees in printed form. All employees, whether new or old, should be con tacted along these lines, either through folders in their pay en velopes or through a house organ published once each week or at least once each month. Maintaining the right relations with employees is fundamental to the success of any company and must be based on the spirit of hon esty and justice. The following policies may form the basis for better industrial re lations: 1. To pay all employees a just wage for services rendered. 2. To maintain reasonable hours of work and safe working conditions. 3. To provide continuous em ployment consistent with business conditions. 4. To place employees in the sort of work best suited to their abilities. 5. To help each employee to progress in the company's service. 6. To aid employees in time of need. 7. To encourage thrift by the establishment of an employ ees' credit union. 8. To cooperate with employees in social, athletic, and recre ational activities. 9. To accord to each employee the right to discuss freely with executives any matter concerning his own or the company's interest. Management is primarily inter ested in profits through maximum production. The principal aims of the employee are security and in creased earnings. A basic policy such as outlined above is in the interest of both parties concerned and is the only sort of a policy which, in the long run, will lead to agreeable relations, teamwork between employer and employees, and profits for the .company con cerned. Morale Industrial morale has sometimes been defined as "an attitude of feeling toward the organization and fellow-workers". But morale really results from making just and reasonable demands upon employ ees--demands which, while pro ducing profits for the employer, never-the-less enable them to win the rewards of achievement; to gain a certain indescribable per sonal satisfaction; to acquire a feeling of contentment while at the same time gaining for themselves a living wage. Bad morale is reflected in high labor turnover. It might be the thermometer of health. Proper selection of ees; proper placement in they are best qualified to f er training in the jobs to they are fitted, and periodic ups to see how employees ting along on the job all hold turnover down. But if your surveys sji| high a labor turnover, t.ho | ing procedure will help lj| down to normal: 1. Assist in arranging ill of workers to otheisf ments. 2. Inform the personnel ment of any propo$ offs. 3. Hold special jobs in for slack seasons. 4. Use dull periods to shU the plant for vacatip 5. Train workers on sever so they may be more assigned to other wof 6. Spread overtime a workers equitably. 7. Fill supervisory and o vanced positions by tion from within the o; zation. ^ Employment It goes without saying th | essential for a successful or tion today to centralize tli of employees in an employiii partment rather than permit be done by foremen or dep heads. ' i The employment dep manager must not only hav vision and a pleasant persfl he must also have good po, analysis, a knowledge of, nature, and a first-hand standing of the jobs to and the necessary require: the men and women hireds them. Learn Causes But employment is only 0 in the building of a succe; ganization. Knowledge of, determine labor turnover; check it against known s in different lines of indu how to get at the und causes of turnover and be check too high a turnover equally essential. 76 S O U T H ER N PO W ER & INDUSTRY for NOVEMB|| Damage by By H a rry M . Spring Fly Ash B a f f l e S l /p p e d >om v/fsps Erosion TWO recent occurrences nearly resulting in serious accidents are described so engineers may better prepared to prevent forced shut-downs in their plants and avoid the possibility of serious ac cident. A bent tube, two drum 475 psi, watertube boiler, in which gases are directed through three passes in a horizontal plane, was fired by pulverized coal. It was equipped also for firing with other suspen sion fuels. The usual draft fans were installed. In less than fourteen months from the date the boiler first went on the line, inspection revealed severe wasting of a number of tubes. The wasting occurred on the external surfaces, and the tubes affected were all in a localized area in the third pass where high velocity of gas flow existed. De terioration penetrated 80% of the wall thickness in the tubes. Study of the baffling, the loca tion of the wasted areas, and the nature of the defects left no doubt that the action was the result of abrasion by fly-ash and unburned particles of combustible. The second instance of abrasive be damage was even more serious. Here, a bent tube watertube boiler operating in the 400 pound range was fired by pulverized anthracite FIG. 2 -"-V- coal, the abrasive qualities o which are particularly severe. Investigation was underway to determine the cause of tube leak age when the erosion was dis covered. In the course of examina tion, a suspended baffle was found, settled so that a gap Vi in. to 1 in. in width resulted between the top) of the baffle and the bottom of the; middle steam drum. (Fig. 1.) Dif-'j ferential in draft pressures in the: two passes caused gases with en-? trained fly ash and particles of soot: to sweep through the gap at high,, velocity. This sand blast effect hadf worn a groove in the drum, the1, groove extending over 12 ft in a longitudinal direction and for a depth of Vz in. in places. Tubes, too, were cut by the erosive blasting, some being reduced in thickness by 78 SOUTHERN POWER & INDUSTRY for NOVEMBER, 1946.; at least 75%. Figure 2 shoves the condition of the tube that Tailed: Other tubes were found eroded adjacent to U bolts holding baffle tiles. The U bolts provided suf ficient interruption in as flow to cause eddy currents add localized impingement. (Fig. 3.) Erosion by particles|of fly ash and unburned fuel has also been in the plant. t< found in stoker-fired boilers. The modernization pro At the time of each shutdown for the Brock Candy Compa cleaning and preventitive main ing place at a time w hA tenance (at least once every four any product, regardless months), all areas vulnerable to or cost, can be sold. Tne erosive attack should be examined. tlenecks today are shortage '1 Areas most susceptible are:, . materials and skilled rtf I 1. Where flow of gasds makes a However, progressive busf|. \ turn, throwing Out pariicles'of know that these conditjp' v olids: * ' 1 \ only temporary and that 2. Behind any cracks, breaks, or few years, companies whi y giisj hi a gas baffle.. not guarantee quality -yjrflji 3j Adjacent t;o any) pobjectipn aplq tp sell their prod that might divert normal flow Brock Candy Company of gases. tinue to be a leader in its .Should the boiler be provided cause it has refused' to with an induced draft fan, observe quality of its products the condition of the blading. Ab days when consumer dem normal wear may be indicative of greater than the supply of erosive attack in the boiler. terials and because it has Careful attention by all engi inaugurated a program of' neers to the problem, of rosion and research which will may well prevent a serious acci constant improvements. dent. ----- ...-- ----------;------- t.--------------- C a n d y M a k in g (Continued from pkge 60) not be taken for granted, a chemi cal laboratory is essential. ,: The Brock Candy Company is now in ttie process of constructing a modern chemical laboratory and training a technician to perform control analyses. The laboratory, which is located in a large air con ditioned room near the candy cooking operations, is equipped with modern stone-topped labora tory benches, the latest chemical glassware, and such special analyt ical instruments ., as., balances, vacuum oven, refractometer, and pH meter. Provision has been made for such analyses as moisture, in vert sugar, viscosity, pH, melting point, and refractive index. Many of the control tests have been de veloped specifically for the Brock Candy Company, and new pro cedures will be added from time to time as the need arises. The Industrial Research Institute of the University of Chattanooga has cooperated . with the Brock Candy Company in selecting the equipment, outlining and develop ing. analytical procedures, and training a technician to operate the control laboratory. A research i project on improvement of the quality of candy has been sponsor ed by the Brock Candy Company at the Industrial Research Institute of the University of Chattanooga. Since all raw materials will be analyzed and tested in the com pany laboratory, variation in prop erties will be detected before the material is used. This procedure will assure products of uniform quality, since inferior raw ma terials will be discarded and form ulations will be based on the ac tual analysis of high grade raw materials rather than on standard procedure which do not make al lowance for variation in the in gredients. Analysis and testing will assure high quality of finished products and permit any difference in quality to be detected. In this way, any unavoidable errors in manufacture can be corrected and adequate controls instituted to pre vent their reoccurrence. The facilities of the control lab oratory will also be available for the evaluation of research and de velopment work being carried out in the factory. In addition to main taining the production of uniform high quality products, the person nel and equipment of the control laboratory will be available for many other technical, assignments Dust (Continued from pageTM tion and dust arrestors as is! in the photograph. Note haust is applied through;1-, trunnion of the tumbler. In foundry operations o r** other industrial type proce: housekeeping is an important tor influencing the generation dust. This foundry employs five horsepower vacuum clea " for floor maintenance. By thiscedure loose dust, sand, and like, is removed from the floor ' is not projected into the a`._ phere by the movement of ;.' chinery, scuffing of feet, and like. This is one impressive in the operation of this partie foundry. Excellent housekeep is combined with a good proced. for materials handled. ^ In all of the attempts at dust trol at the LeTourneau Comp employee cooperation is obtaifi Employee c o o p e r a t i o n q through planned program of ... ployee education and empl participation in affairs involif the health of the worker. Periodic dust samples colic, in the LeTourneau foundry ip cate atmospheric concentration? various operations well bel what is considered as maxup safe working limits. 80 SOUTHERN POWER ,& INDUSTRY,for; NOVEMBER Measure P ro te c tio n OF SM ALL M O TO RS in terms o f P ro d u c tio n and you II install Buss F u s etr o n s throughout your electrical system to protect all of them Here's Proof... Fusetrons Eliminate A v e ra g e o f Tw o M otor Burnouts p e r Month on Fan Motors. " Steam is exhausted from the rooms where we empty our bone char by exhaust fans of two types--a 36 inch fan operated by Y h. p. m otor and a 24 inch fan operated by Y h. p. 3 phase--220 volt motor. T he grilles or louvers open to the northeast right over the Delaware River. High winds will therefore som etim es stall the m otors and in a very severe storm, the wind may even reverse the direction of the m otor while it is running. Also, the starting current is increased greatly when the blades are revolving in the opposite direction, due to high wind. " Prior to 1942, at least two of these fan motors were replaced every month, due to burnout. Replacement was very difficult and expensive due to the fact th a t the fans are mounted right below the ceiling and above steam pipes. " Early in the summer of 1942 we installed 8 ampere Fusetrons for the Yi h. p. motors and G Y ampere Fuse trons for the Y h. p. motors. Up to August of 1945 we had not had to replace a single fan motor protected by Fusetrons." David J. Coles, Electrical Engineer, McCahan Sugar Refining Co., Philadelphia, Pa. M otor Repair Co. Won't Guarantee M otor R e w in J Jo b Unless M otor is Protected b y Fusetrons " W e have found Fusetrons and Fustats (Fusetrons with a tamper resisting base for 125v. circuits) so satisfactory for the protection of small motors that for a number of years we have refused to give a warranty with a rewound motor job unless the owner installed a Fusetron or Fustat to protect the motor. We saw to it th a t the size used would give burnout protec tion. " We are convinced th at this policy of installing a Fusetron or F u stat to protect all rewound motors has saved us a lot of un justified complaints--and no one knows how much expense taking care of motors within the warranty period." A. H. Wolf, Superintendent of Motor Repair Dept. Swanson-Nunn Electric Co. Evansville, Ind. BUSS 82 FUSETRON SOUTHERN POWER & INDUSTRY for NOVEMBER, Electric Occult Troubles B y Thom as T rail A little sm art investigating w ill save a lot of grief in lo cating electric circuit troubles. When trouble develops in an electric circuit, it is wise to do a little investigating before mantling fixtures and disconnect ing wiring. Such procedure can save both time and energy. First, check for curreht at var ious locations with a test lamp. If the fuses prove to be all right, and yet no current indication can be found in the defective circuit, make a careful checkup to determine if there are any switches or other types of control devices in the cir cuit anywhere. If no switches or control devices are found, then it is time to examine wiring or open splices at probable sources of trouble. There have been a number of instances where defective circuits and devices caused needless waste of much time and work before the troubles were cleared up. In each instance the cause of the trouble turned out to be simplicity itself. Several lighting fixtures in the service corridor of a large hotel refused to light. New bulbs were tried but to no avail. The electrici an then proceeded to disconnect fixtures and check splices. The lamps were located at a consider able height and this further de layed the work. Hour after hour went by while the workmen la bored and perspired but still did not find the trouble. Finally he could think of no other check to make. Discouraged, he stepped from the ladder and his eyes fell upon a tumbler switch on one wall of the corridor. He walked over and flipped it and immediately the lights blazed on. He had spent nearly a half day finding out, that someone had merely snapped off dthise switch. An electrician was called to a shoe store one day to find out why part of the shoe window lights would not light. The store manager reported that the lights; h a d ; worked perfectly on the preceding business day. The electrician tried fuses, fuse cabinet switches, new lamp bulbs, removed the face from the fuse cabinet, opened wire junctions, removed fixtures and canopies, but still the lights did not light. This had taken more than five hours of discouraging work. Finally, in rechecking the wires leaving the fuse cabinet, he noticed that an unusually large number of them left the cabinet through a large conduit, yet he reasoned that it was unnecessary to have so many wires to feed so few lamps. Thinking that the wires might lead to switches he searched the rear of the store carefully but no switches could be found. The man ager insisted that the only switches he used to light the lamps were the branch circuit switches in the fuse cabinet. He also had explained that a time switch controlled all his lights when the store was closed. The electrician then decided to take a look in the public corridor at the rear of the store. The build ing in which the store was located contained a number of shops and each had an entrance on this cor ridor. Right outside the door he found a gang installation of key switches. Drawing a key from his pocket he began to try the switches. Only one switch" gang clicked and the "j' lamps flashed on brightly;, It developed that som- known to the shoe store nji had tripped this long-disu forgotten switch, thus cut the circuit to his window# On another occasion s' trician spent considerable; checking starters, fuses, and pressure controls on conditioning system. He fin covered that the failure w simply to the fact that the t `' ture of the outdoor air at V was lower than the syste perature setting, consequen thermostat contacts were o ` they should have been. '4 A similar instance oc when an air conditioning farp to start. A checkup was mis* splices on the motor open still no current indication wg tained. Finally it was disco that an unnoticed mercury , intended to shut down the: in the event of fire, had-^ knocked from its normal in some manner, thus tilff mercury tube and opening circuit. !lf| All these instances show'' time can be wasted when a c; investigation of all possible s(i. of trouble is not first carri before dismantling equipmeri, though these examples ref unfavorably upon the elect involved, they still were n amusing as an incident iny a maintenance mechanic wh ,befen entrusted with the job, stalling new lighting fixt,v hotel guest rooms. After th' fixture was in place, the c . was turned on but the lampif glowed faintly. The mainte man suggested that perhaps,* lamps were needed. But at*?, trician, noting the dimness,*5 lamps, checked the fixture. He found that the two soc^ the fixture had been conne series. When questioned aboty the maintenance man repli, he had connected them acc to the notice on a label inS*"< fixtures. This label turned^ be a union sticker signify^the fixtures had been ***?$ union workmen. The label.,, number and the words "S&i 34 SOUTHERN POWER & INDUSTRY for NOVEMBER, A History of Power B y C a r l *J. E c k h a r d t , J r . CARL GUSTAF PATRIK DE LAVAL 1845 - 1913 The Use of High P ressu re and High T em peratu re Steam For Turbines is in itia ted . C ARL Gustaf Patrik De Laval was born in Blosenberg in the Prov ince of Dalecarlia, Sweden, on May 8, 1845. H e w as th e son pf a captain in the Swedish army. As his surnam e indicates, de L av al's forebears w ere of French origin. They had, however, been residing in Sweden for a con siderable time. Early m em bers of the fam ily had served Gustavus Adol phus. De Laval's m ilitary heritage seems to have been a very rich one. Inform ation w ith regard to de L av al's boyhood experiences does n o t appear to abound. From his early youth he demonstrated that he possessed courage and endurance. He was intellectually alert and he pos sessed the capacity for m aking close observations. By a peculiar paradox, de Laval sought no m ilitary great ness. He yearned to carry on cam paigns in the field of science. His in tellect w as keen. H is choice of a life 's work was, therefore, a wise one. In 1863, de L aval entered th e U ni versity of Upsala at the age of eight een. His w ork as a student was characterized by his inherent desire to delve into the fundam ental truths of the laws of nature and the de velopm ents of the science. H e thrust him self wholeheartedly into his work. Regular rates of progress w ere not sufficient to satisfy him. H e applied him self to his w ork w ith such zeal and enthusiasm that he was gradu ated from college in three years. V irtue w as re w arded for de L aval completed his w ork with distinction. He was, as a m atter of fact, at the head of his class in all of his studies. De Laval recognized the virtue w hich attended an effort to comple m ent his technical training with prac tical experience. A fter graduation he entered the employ of the Stora Kopparberg Company of Bergslad, but his w ork as a draftsm an confined him m ore th an he w ished to be confined, and w ith the passage of time, he realized that he could hope to profit from graduate w ork. He returned to school and registered for graduate courses in physics and mathematics. In th e y ea r 1872, th e degree of D octor of Philosophy was conferred upon him . Having thus finished his formal education, de Laval returned to the employ of Stora K opparberg Com pany. Since he did not like continu ous indoor activity, he was assigned to the task of doing chemical research work. He was soon sent to the Hartz m ining district in Germany to make observations which would be useful to his em ployer in the erection and operation of a m anufacturing estab lishm ent to be constructed at Falun. In this instance the production of sul phur and sulphuric acid w ere of prim ary importance. A fter a sh o rt period of servji Laval resigned from this order to enter business for h H e u n d erto o k to establish a gli tory. U nfortunately, however, ability as a business m an was su fficien t o rd er to keep th is pV operation. The failure left de h eav ily in debt. H e realized thi was under compulsion to seek in th e ra n k s of o th er business ,$[ prises. In 1875, h e entered th^l ploy of the K losterverken Iron Ip w here he served in the capacity m echanical engineer. B is ch ability now began to assert During this period of service b ented tw o of his ideas. One of was a device to effect a more factory distribution of air in m er co n v erters. T he second iipjjji involved a crucible fo r galvi purposes. E v en th o u g h de L aval's wo# v olved few applications of ceffl devices, h e becam e very m'l1 terested in them . A crude centrifugal device had come possession. H e em ployed his tim e in refin in g th is piece of m ent and in thinking of a ms w hich it could be applied in a 86 SOUTHERN POWER & INDUSTRY for NOVEMBER, r for the poor economy w ith which it operated. The im provem ent in perform ance depended upon the design of noz zles which possessed passages of an ap propriate order. De Laval then began to devote his thoughts to nozzle design. His S- shaped rotor was de veloped in 1883. The function of the. nozzle w hich de L aval D E L A V A L ' S S T E A M T U R B I N E O F 1883 now attem pted to de sign w as to convert heat energy to kinetic useiul fashion. It then occurred to energy. The n atu re of him th a t it m ight be em ployed to th e design needed to be 1: separate cream from m ilk. W hen his such as to im part con efforts to enlist the enthusiastic sup siderable velocities to port of his employer in this venture the w orking substance. failed, de L aval decided to give up his In accom plishing this position. H e resigned and returned to task the physical prop Stockholm . erties of steam had to H e beg an in 1877 to try to raise a be tak en in to consider sufficient sum of m oney to construct ation. De Laval de a factory in which his separating de term ined t h at t h e vice m ight be m anufactured. Success w eight of the steam did not at once attend his efforts. discharged by a nozzle The indifference w ith w hich de in a given period of L av al's predecessors h a d b e e n tim e depen d ed upon the cross sectional area plagued likew ise harassed him. His of its sm allest section. lasting qualities were, however, sub He realized that the stantial. His faith in the usefulness power w hich could be of the device w hich he had refined developed depended upon the weight The velocities w ith w hich stea before leaving th e em ploy of the of th e steam flow ing and th e "spout sued from the de L aval nozzle K lo sterv erk en Iro n W orks rem ained ing" velocity. U n d er such circum ex trem ely high. To use this kin unshaken. In the ultim ate, a modest stances th e greatest am ount of power energy gainfully he was under1 sum of money was raised. W ith these could be expected for a given rate of ligation to employ rotative funds The Separator Company, Ltd., flow w ith the highest "spouting" ve which embodied h i g h periphi was created. From the outset it was locities. velocities. The principle of operg| successful^ The length of tim e re originally employed by Hero of . quired to develop this enterprise into D e L av al's effo rts to fin d an ex an d ria w as now discarded. Iii$ a going concern was not long. The pedient m eans for converting heat stead, de L aval attem pted to >; value of his product w as readily ap energy into kinetic energy resulted principle of operation suggested v p aren t. I t w as accepted im m ediately in th e d evelopm ent of th e d e L aval B ranca in 1629, nam ely, th e impS by th e agencies for w hich it w as in nozzle. I t w as designed to ta k e into tu rb in e. In o rd er to secure a fay tended. consideration th e fac t th a t as the able relatio n sh ip b etw een th e velp De L av a l's in te re st in th e flow of steam w as exp an d ed , th e velocity of th e issuing, j e t an d th e peripjl ''ir. elastic m edia w as aroused as early as first increased m o re ra p id ly th a n th e velocity of his rotors, it w as freqw 1870. H e determ in ed to im prove th e specific volum e. A s th e steam then ly necessary fo r de L av al to re character of the flow of steam used flowed from th e throat, outw ard, the rotative speeds ranging from, 3 faot rthseansadmbelatismtien,g codnecveicrnese.d Hweithwtahse, espdecwifiicthvomluomree orfa pthide srteedaumctiinocnrseaisn to I3n0,0108093r,evdoelutLioanvsalp eerxmh iibniut t task of finding an appropriate prim e pressure than velocity. T he shape of nozzle at the Chicago W o rld P f m over for his separating device. De the nozzle from the th ro at outw ard The claims w hich he m ade for i vices possessing high rotative speeds needed, for th a t reason, to be diver substantiated. In th e following ~ w ere essential to the satisfactory op gent. The path or approach to the his request for an American era tio n of th e separator. Inasm uch as th ro a t of de L a v a l's nozzle consisted w as g ran ted . the steam turbine was inherently a of a m ore or less rounded entrance H igh ro tativ e speeds in til high speed apparatus, de Laval con which converged to the throat. This rotors introduced lubrication,; structed a very sm all and sim ple tu r w ell know n nozzle form was develop lems. He sought to elim in ate b in e in 1882. T h e p rin cip le of o p era tion involved was an old one. It had originally been dem onstrated by Hero of A lexandria in the first century A.D. A s m ight be supposed, th e de sign of the steam flow path was ed in 1888. I n 1889 h e ap plied for A m erican p a te n t rig h ts. T h e U. S. P atent Office apparently did not share w ith de Laval his enthusiasm for the usefulness of his device. It did not at once grant the patent which troubles by resorting to the ; introduced into the bearings.' centrifugal force. Although a ra tin g devices needed high rotf speeds, th ey could n o t be op a t speeds as high as 25,000 revolut crude. This circum stance accounted he sought. per minute. The worm and 88 SOUTHERN POWER & INDUSTRY for NOVEMBER. were, therefore, introduced into de Laval's power trans mitting system. De Laval's ideas with ref erence to the impulse turbine constituted a splendid suc cess. It is to de Laval that the world is indebted for de veloping the impulse turbine, a "grotesque" idea of Branca, into a device of great use fulness. His arrangement of the rotating disc and the manner of fastening the blades to it were ingenious and praiseworthy. In the ab sence of proper balancing devices, de Laval reduced the rotor shaft to a very small diameter to make it flexible. Thus the turbine rotor was permitted to ro tate about its center of grav ity which was not coincident with the central axis of the turbine shaft. Unfortunately, de Laval's business acumen was not of the same high order as his technical skill. The Sep arator Company, Ltd., was npw mak ing very satisfactory progress, but de Laval could not bring himself to be satisfied with results achieved by a going concern which depended upon the fruits of his previous labors. The inquisitive character of his mind ap peared to thwart all hopes which he may have possessed for financial suc cess. The enlargement of knowledge, however, seemed more important to him than the accumulation of ma terial wealth. In the years which fol lowed he was to engage in numerous researches. In some phases of this work he was indeed a pioneer. In this early stage in the develop ment of the steam turbine, de Laval sought to introduce the use of high steam pressures and temperatures. The size of the units designed ranged from five -to one ' hundred horse power. Pressures of the order of 1400 to 2800 pounds per square inch were involved. The systems which he en visaged consisted of a steam gen erating unit, a turbine generator, and a condenser together with their ac cessories and auxiliaries. Since no steam generating system had there tofore been operated at such pres sures, de Laval applied himself to the task of preparing suitable designs. Six such units were installed in Stockholm in 1897 for the purpose of supplying power for the Stockholm Exhibition. The manufacturing estab lishment in which these devices had been constructed was located at Jarla, IMPROVED DE LAVAL TURBINE Sweden. In that same year, units designed by de Laval were actually employed to generate power while provided with steam at a pressure which be gan to approach the critical pressure for steam, 2800 pounds per square inch. Conventional boiler designs were unsatisfactory for such operat ing conditions, for steam tempera tures of the order of 700 to 750 F were likewise involved. The heat ab sorbing surface of the boiler consisted of a tube arranged in a helical fash ion. De Laval exercised the care to subject this tube to a test pressure twice as great as that at which he wished to operate. This power gen erating unit was arranged in such a fashion that a pinion on the turbine spindle was used to rotate two gear ed generator shafts at reduced speeds. De Laval had learned from ex perience that it was not always pos sible to employ rotative speeds which provided peripheral velocities which bore the right relationship to the velocity of the steam issuing from the nozzles. He continued, however, to ar range his devices so that the entire pressure drop occurred in a single nozzle or single set of nozzles all of which operated under the same con ditions. To eliminate the inefficiency which would otherwise have resulted from the high residual velocities of the steam issuing from the blades of a rotor possessing a single row of blades, he resorted to the use of velocity staging. Two rows of rotating blades were employed. A row of sta tionary blades was placed between the two rows of rotating blades. The steam departed trpf first r o t a t i n g blades at a consi velocity in a directij* posite to that at wldgjjf' entered. It was, till the function of the stlf row of blades to reve*1 direction of the strea' so that the steam. enter the second row of blades in the s_ rection as that in wli entered the first row. manner, the impulsive-', exerted by the steam r employed in a more gfashion. Important features p newly designed prime i were numerous. A f- them may be enume here: <'J 1. Hydraulically op steam admission v 2. Automatic pressure con" achieved by regulating the sition of a blast gate betw the boiler furnace and th draft fan. 3. Over-fuel-bed air injection improve combustion condt tions. 4. Pre-heated air supplied to furnace for combustion by system which simultaneously! cooled the furnace walls. :i 5. Removal of the air and non condensable gases from th&i condenser by the use of ejec?' tors. 8. Special devices for cooling the" boiler by the introduction ofr. air externally in the event of!,, sudden reductions in load. De Laval was destined to exp? ience many difficulties because If was a pioneer. As such, his thinkin processes were far ahead of the till in which he lived. His courage in u dertaking research in the high Pri sure and high temperature field the generation of power deserved f be admired. He could not, howeve; extricate himself from the inhere ^ difficulties which a lack of knowt* edge imposed. The greatest amoun| of trouble was experienced in hi| steam generating system. Boiler tur failures constituted the most serloii problem. De Laval had foreseen th,. possibility of this difficulty. In or der to minimize the consequences 0^ such tube failures, the boiler had been, designed to possess the smallest feash| ble water storage capacity. Such tube. (Continued on page 122) 90 SOUTHERN POWER & INDUSTRY for NOVEMBER, on it. We could not find a able DC generator anywher fy jd p v fr. finally reconnected the coils in 3 sets of 4 coils each could ttse our portable engine en welding set for current SU' We set the welding set in a M AN IN THE P IA N I and hung the magnet out the* With this makeshift "Sw': we picked up nearly 800 po nails, bits of wire and tacks i A Section of P ra c tic a l D iscussion day. ,|j While the outfit is heavy Readers ere invited ta tend in kinkt, ideas, and suggestions. cumbersome it works pe Payment is made far each contribution published. and the only added expense small amount of additional line the welding engine bui E. A. ROB Rooting Operation weight of the router head and arm City Clerk, Carlsbad, Improved from the supporting bar along the edge of the table, this assembly af Simple A ir Manifold T is necessary in performing in fords a smoother and easier rout tricate flat routing operations to ing operation. ere is a sim ple a ir cooling I H reduce the vibration of the head vice originally designed 1 and arm of the router to a mini the cooling of tank cars that mum. Magnetic Street Cleaner been steam ed fo r cleaning o. pairs but applicable to many Harold P eterson, of th e Bem is UR streets and alleys had a lot la r operations. O Bro. B ag Co.'s K ansas City P lant, of old nails and tacks in them Two 3/4" nipples were w suggested this simple adjustable as is usual. We wanted a magnet itonto a 2" x 6" nipple at aj spring and turnbuckle assembly pick them up and the local Army angle. A short 3/4" nipple?' which is attached to the arm on the Base gave us one. It was wound welded into the top of a 2" nl flat router. By removing the dead for 120 volts DC and has 12 coils for the air hose connection and unit welded to a 4" x 1%* b which serves as a base. A . attached to the beam and halj can be used to raise and lower apparatus. $ J. R. Rucker Humble Oil & , Refining Co. Ingleside, Texas* ^ O r d in a r y A ir Hoee and Connection 7ivo /" M p fite e PteOMdintt, ^+ 2 ." At/ppfee o t4S* Some K M o f Bumper 92 SOUTHERN POWER & INDUSTRY for NOVEMBER, Tin S / r ip i^^AVvVVV^vVWvVVVVVVVVVvVVVVVtVVVVVVi^ v^VUv \ i <y^VAVWAVWW*w^'^',< Loosening Tight Bolt* Threads Som etim es on a repair job the thread on a bolt or stud will be found a trifle too full, so that perfectly threaded nut cannot be run on. If the bolt or stud is inac cessible for reducing the thread with a stock-and-die and the tool room does not afford a die-nut of the requisite size, a taper tap of the right size may be used to loosen the thread in the nut. To do this cut a strip of thin sheet tin a trifle wider than a set of teeth on the tap and long enough to extend a little over the end, as shown in the sketch, and bend it at right angles lengthwise so that it will straddle the row of teeth. Then aenter the tap in the nut and drive it through with the wrench. A little coaxing may be necessary in getting it started, but the tin strip will follow through and loosen the thread. Only the first tap of the set of three--the taper tap--can be used. The job could not be done with either the plug or bottom ing tap. O. C. P ow ey (K an.) S p e cial L a d d e r A id s M ain ten an ce TO maintain the high lighting lution and the other for rinse wa levels of small fluorescent in ter. stallations in plants, offices, and in A systematic plan of fluorescent stitutions, engineers of Eylvania maintenance insures continuous Electric Products Inc. have devel peak performance of fluorescent oped this "all-purpose" maiftte- lamps and fixtures with minimum nance ladder, which is asy and in- dimunition of light output. In one case dirt caused a 27% loss. Freezing Facilitates System Repairs When repairs must be branch water lines, dif in shutting off the flow of quite frequently experienced*, may be the result of faulty obstructions under valve surfaces that interfere wit! plete closure, or the inabi, close the sectionalizing val* signed to isolate the affect tion without interfering wj' tinuity of some essential pr, In the event such a problen arise, it is very often possip stop the flow of water for enough period to enable formance of needed maim by the simple expedient of fri the liquid in a short section pipe just ahead of the point: repairs are needed. This s very easily done by surroi the exterior surface of with dry ice (solidified CO, enough water is frozen to s< the line and effectively wi: the pressure. Freezing should be done on,}| a straight section of pipe, free valves, sags, and fittings, the freezing process, the isoli end of the line should be proto against excessive pressures bleeding off a small amourii liquid continuously. W. N. H udson ( The cleaning agent to be used depends on the type of reflecting surface. Reflectors which are only slightly dirty can be rubbed with a damp cloth, but to remove hard ened dirt on a porcelain enamel surface, an efficient and concen trated "soapless" soap will do a thorough job with a minimum amount of effort and leave the sur face clean and sparkling. Synthetic expensive to build. By theaddition of sheet metal or wood racks to any ladder, spaces are provided for burned-out lamps, new lamps, enamel surfaces, however, require a green soap solution briskly ap plied. On an aluminum reflector, the solution must be as neutral as possible, since even mild alkalinity or acidity will destroy the reflec tivity of the metal finish. A green soap solution or one of the special wax or wax emulsion cleaners which have been specifically de veloped for cleaning aluminum are recommended. Glass surfaces of lamps and diffusers are best clean Reading Meters anCj Ganges Amagnifying glass mounte a wood handle, will helpful in reading meters, R thermometers, etc. in out of: way places. By holding the at a proper distance from th strument, the reading will be I nified sufficiently to be easily | from a distance. The drav shows how the glass is fastens starters, cleaning cloths, and two ed with trisodium phosphate, and the handle. . buckets, one for the cleaning so- no rinsing is necessary. T hom as P erkins (&" >.} 94 SOUTHERN POWER & INDUSTRY for NOVEMBER,, PI News of the Month Active Power Market Reflected In Demand For Power Show Space Continued reorganization and ex pansion of industries everyw here will sustain a heavy dem and for power equipm ent during m any m onths to come, forecasting a period of steady employment and more settled busi ness confidence. First reports from the list of alm ost 400 exhibitors booked for the 17th National Expo. sitio n of P ower and M echanical Engineering rev eal a firm m ark et for their products now w ith an increase in prospect w hen they can show their new lines. Some of these will be announced during the fall, but many will be unveiled at the Exposition, w hich is to be held in G rand C entral P alace, N ew Y ork, D ecem ber 2 to 7. All industries are power consum- igaisiia** 8 | *S|i FUTURE EVENTS O f Engineering Intere '7 Am erican W elding Society, 33 West jj New York, N. Y. p Nov. 17-22-- Annual Meeting, Ails ' N. J, 1 " t,, National M etal Congress, Wm H Managing Dir., 7301 'B uilt Chicago, 111. u Nov. 18-22-- Exhibition, Atlantic i American Society of Mechanical Bn" E. Davies, Secretary, 29 W a New York 18, N. Y. ' . Dec. 2-6-- Annua] Meeting, Hotel* sylvania, New York, N. Y. American Institute of Electrical B E . E. Henline, Secretary, 29 w St., New Yura, JN. Y. Jan. 27-31-- W inter Convention, N N. Y. ' ` Ingenious New Technical Methods To Help You with Your Reconversion Problems U 12,000 Holes per Hour 1 W ith New Gearless Multiple Spindle Drillhead! The Zagar G earless Drillhead can accommodate up to 400 drills in one head--drill up to 400 holes at one time! This revolutionary unit runs noiselessly and vi bration-free on needle, tapered roller and precision ball bearings, and is lubricated by a patented auto matic oiling system to insure trouble-free operation. With this unit all holes are drilled at one pass, and valuable time is saved by the elimination of indexing and extra handling. It may be used on standard drill presses, or furnished as a complete hydraulic ma chine by the factory. Another time saver, as well as a help on a tedious job, is chewing gum. The simple act of chewing seems to make the work go faster, easier--helping to relieve worker's fatigue--so that a better piece of work can be turned out with greater safety. W rigley's Spearmint Gum may be used even when both hands are busy--right where the work is being produced. You can get complete information from Zagar Tool, Inc. 23881 Lakeland Blvd., Cleveland 17, Ohio 96 Zagar 220 Spindle Gearless Drillhead AA-98 ers, and therefore preparati the Exposition clearly indicate, titude and purposes of ind planners as interpreted by th whom they m ust rely for mao and m anufacturing equipm en' req u irem en t sta rts w ith thci*, p la n t an d v ario u s m eans to i, pow er to production and ccr through to numerous produc plications. Lists of exhibits compiled constitute an ext catalog covering all kinds of,; trie s fro m th e standpoint 0* power needs and also such pr' services as fuel, heat, steam, a w ater supplies, m aterials h" and others. A great m ajority! h ib ito rs h av e p articip ated in.: Pow er Shows at tw o-year in, and are returning w ith the th e ir p o st-w a r products. Thii will also see a good number 0 exhibitors. New designs w ill be feat most of the exhibitors, with e ; on the use of specially select terials including a number* new special alloys, and, where saving is an object, combinati lig h t pressed steel shapes alum inum and occasionally n r ium. M akers of m any items, S valves, w ill offer intercha, parts of various metals in ot sta n d ard u nits, affording selc according to the type of flul handled and the temperatij p ressu re req u irem en ts invol ,,, Though highly diversify principal influence of the E is in developing a w ider knoW , the economical Iransformation. energy in fuel into power, key classifications of exhibits* j w ith pumps and conveyors forfl SOUTHERN POWER & INDUSTRY for NOVEMBER,?;, NEWS--Continued from page 114 mg liquid and solid fuels and ru n on through boilers, turbines, burners and stokers, blowers and exhaust fans, valves and piping, traps, blow downs, liquid level indicators and controls, as well as auxiliaries of m any kinds to turbine generators. All these range from the compact little "packaged" boiler to the scale of the huge steam generator in the public utility field. Electrical Engineering Exposition W idespread interest in the forth com ing E lectrical E ngineering E x position has already been dem on strated by the variety of exhibits al ready enrolled for the display, which is to be held in the 71st Regim ent Armory, in New York City concur ren tly w ith th e W inter Convention of the Am erican Institute of Electrical Engineers, next Jan u ary 27-31. Factors m aking the Exposition especially tim ely are the new de m ands for exhibitors' products cre ated by reconversion of industries, PEERLESS PU M PS Vertical and Horizontal Types A FULL RANGE OF SIZES AND CAPACITIES Built to serve Exacting Condi tions in Ice Plants, Refrigeration, Air-Conditioning, Packing Indus tries, Industrial Water Services. WORLDS off WATER for INDUSTRIAL USES w f PEERLESS VERTICAL TURBINE PUMPS Developingcapacities from 15to 30,000g.p.m., against heads up to 1,000feet, Peerless Vertical DeepWellTur bine Pumps assure a constant and clean water supply. Many exclusive engineering features, such as Double Seal-Double Bearing Bowl Construction, give added assurance of long life and maintenance of efficiencies. Peerless Deep Well Turbine Pumps are available in both oil or water lubricated types (water lubricated illlustrated) and are adaptable to all forms of drive. p e e rfe td horizontal centrifugal pumps {Formerly DAYTON-DOWD) PEERLESS UTILIZES NEW PRINCIPLES OF HYDRO-DYNAMIC DESION! Capable of continuous low-cost service and maintained efficiencies, Peerless Hori zontal Pumps are available for practically every variety of general pumping service. Peerless Engineers are available to recom mend the proper pump size and drive to meet your requirements. Capacities to6o,ooo g.p. m . Single Stage; Double Suction; Split Case. lau n ch in g of new m anfa, plants, especially small ones; h new and converted; retail stoi service establishm ents. This ' m ovem ent involves changes character of demand, especially e r an d appliances; expansion o"' w orks; n ew installations. Mea'" shortages and strikes have heljj production, creating confusio m any dislocations at present,"^ ing projections and planning.", of the engineering aspects clarified by the first of th ef w h en th e E xposition is hel^1 when a great deal of m atet" now av ailab le w ill be plats' view, a considerable num ber being exclusive to this display A qualified audience is ass" the m ethod which has been a$ of ad m ittin g visitors by inv* and registration only, exclud g en eral public. T he p attern p*1' for an interchange of inforii establishes liaison and provid conferences between financia m anagem ent interests, cons' engineers, designers an d mail facturers of all types of equipm -iitls Honeywell Promotes Koch ,13 A lfred H . K och, w ho becam know n throughout the southe tile in d u stry w hile regional Ip m anager of th e Minneapolis-H well Regulator Company lanta, h a s been prom oted to -*f delphia branch m anager of the' pany. Koch, who started with If w ell's B row n In stru m en t Divi?f 1929, la te r serv ed in Chicago, apolis, H onolulu and Cleveland sales departm ent of th at division, was m ade A tlanta branch manag* 1938 an d w as prom oted to re m anager, w ith headquarters in lan ta, in 1942. Koch became widely k n o throughout the southern textile PEERLESS PUMP DIVISION FOOD M A C H I N E R Y CORPORATION Los Angeles 31, California Quincy, Illinois Canton 6 , Ohio Distributors in all Principal Cities 98 SOUTHERN POWER & INDUSTRY for NOVEMBER, NEWS--Continued through his activity in help j velop the Brown Moist-O-1' allied slasher room equip' introducing it to the industry so worked with mills in tlM tion oi complete automatf ment for continuous blea and the application of t and humidity control for tioning in textile field. i Koch will succeed J. G| who has been acting manad Philadelphia office, and & continue his work in the tel Dorsey has been placed if of all manufacturers' bug Philadelphia and, hencefo' supervise all such activit; southern part of Honeywell: sales zone. He joined Mi Honeywell in 1920 in the re department of the Philadel fice. Since that time, he has the service and wholesale ments in Philadelphia an d f| acting branch manager in Iff ^ 1 1 1 L a rg e a n d sm a ll in d u strie s a r e sa fe g u a rd in g th e ir b o ile rs fro m s c a le , c o rro sio n , p ittin g , a n d c a u stic e m b rittle m e n t b y u sin g A LK EN C ER T IFIED S C A LO FF. In d iv id u a l fo rm u la s to c o rre c t y o u r co n d itio n . C o m p le te a n a ly tic re p o rts a n d s e rv ic e . W rite fo r fr e e c h e ck -u p o f y o u r c o n d itio n s. A LK EN C ER T IFIED S C A L O FF *-- W a te r T re a tm e n ts A g u a ra n te e d p ro d u ct o f - t r a % --oadway. New York 23, N. Southern Representative v' fteg. U. S, Pat. O ft. 'ves n y ' '* y. yur Area A y C o Up Nichols Appointments P. H. Nichols & Compan| Ga., announce the appoin' J ames G. Nichols as Sales who will promote the sal" various products as hand!' company. They also wish to announc' pointment of Mr. H. G. Superintendent of Erection ice Engineer. Mr. Lequin w vise the installation of stok' various types of Fuel Burn ment, together with the Con} Control Equipment, and he act as Service Engineer on of equipment. This company represents Stoker Corporation, Worces^| The Swartwout Company, Cl Ohio; Schutte & Koerting <|| Philadelphia, Pa.; Brooke En Company, Philadelphia, Pa. burgh Piping &Equipment: Pittsburgh, Pa.; Jerguson V. Gage Co., Somerville, Mass. * ' s# Canton Stoker Appointment, # The Canton S toker Corp Canton, Ohio, announces th|jf ment of the Dillon SuPf Raleigh, N. C., as sales reB fives in central North Cai large heavy-duty industries', mercial stokers. The Dilip pany is one of the oldest |L experienced equipment ffjf tives in this area. 100 SOUTHERN POWER & INDUSTRY for NOVEMlf NEWS--Continued TWO BRONZE SEATS GROUND TO A TRUE BALL JOINT PERMIT EASY UNCOUPLING W henever you wish to move a Dart Union to a new location, you'll find no trouble in uncoupling it. Because of its two bronze seats which have been ground to form a true ball oint, it closes to a drop-tight connection without excessive wrenching. Thus, undam aged, it will open easily whenever needed elsewhere. Body and nut are of high-test air-refined malleable iron-- are prac tically unbreakable. Ask your supplier to send Darts-- the most economical unions in length of service. T. C . I. Expansion A two year construction provement program in pro" steel-making, aimed at Soyt Southwestern needs, was by T ennessee Coal, I ron road Com pany. The company is a : subsl United States Steel Corpora1' the South's greatest steel pjj' The construction progra" undertaken at the Fairff' Mill, of the T.C.I. company*aJ ingham. The main objective of the ` is to modernize and improve'! for the production of sheets^ a conversion from the To company's present hot-rolled to the cold-reduced method ' ducing sheets. Another maj provement will be the installa equipment for the production^ vanized sheet metal in coilp making Fairfield one of the fevylmills in the country capable o viding such material. Included in this modern program are the installation^' inch four-high, four-stand duction mill; 48-inch cont pickling and cleaning lines; tw tinuous galvanizing lines, one*; ing material in widths rangin' 20 to 30 inches and the oi widths of 20 to 48 inches: a' nealing and shearing facilities^ latest design. Memphis Industrial Expansion The 261 acre National Firev Inc. plant near Cordova, Te* has been purchased by Mr. JY G. Hickman, editor and publish _ The Cotton Trade Journal. The newly organized Cordov dustrial D evelopment Co. establish an industrial communi the site of the wartime shell loft and incendiary bomb plant anillease or sell tracts for manufac or distributing businesses. Mr. Hickman stated that an dustry which requires fairly open areas of floor space 8" needing more than the average head clearance will find the facturing buildings adaptable to| uses. E. M. DART MANUFACTURING CO. Providence, R. I. 102 Ig HI Union Electric Has New Depar A new department in the Production Division known "Steam-Electric Plants Depart SOUTHERN POWER & INDUSTRY for NOVEMBER, COCHRANE SI NCE 1863 N EW S-- Continued ill has been established' | i E lectric Company, st. LoJ bines the functions of thl Power Plants, Electric Stjj Steam Operation Engine Hound and Granite City p | partments. "This move," said Gamble, Superintendent, pjpjjjj duction, "was made in reeds, the larger administrative'! which increased size and ;f] plex personnel relation DEAERATORS Indianapolis necessary. The larger numb supervisory jobs make it poj better carry on simultanefel aspects of operating larfifif plants safely, efficiently a n ^ J regard to the rights and feel the people who run them."^: Under the new set-up, E.'a ney, Chief Engineer--Steamj Power ONE of the most progressive utilities in the coun try is the Indianapolis Power & Light Com pany of Indianapolis, Indiana. Ten years ago, 1938, the Cochrane Corporation furnished a 650,000 lb/hr. Deaerator, for Section "K" of the C. C. Perry plant. This Cochrane Deaerator heated the entire boiler feed in Section "K" and completely removed dissolved oxygen. Again in 1940 a 400,000 lb/hr. Deaerator was installed in the Harding Street Plant for Unit No. 3. Now, as indicated by the architect's drawing shown at the top of the page, the Perry "K" Station is being expanded and another Cochrane Deaerator of 700,000 lb/hr. shown in the illustration below, is being installed. At the same time another 400,000 lb/hr. Cochrane Deaerator is being installed in the Harding Street station for Unit No. 4. Cochrane Water Conditioning Apparatus has been a part of Indianapolis Power & Light Com pany equipment since 1917. & in THE Light RECORD COCHRANE 3110 N. 17*h Street CORPORATION Philadelphia 32, Pa. C . C . PERRY STATION SECTION " K" Generation, will be consultaf matters relating to steam bi construction and maintenanl special emphasis on current templated major construction! ice, Ashley Street, and Cahof major turbine overhaul..;: Luxemberg, Assistant to CWj neer--Steam Electric Genera^ continue to report to Mr. Te specialize in turbine overhdl ters. H. O. Duetscher, Electric: ing Superintendent, and G;:^J liamson, Steam Engineering Si tendent, will have charge, resjT ly, of all technical matters relj electrical and mechanical q| construction and maintenan^ steam-electric plants and wj technical direction of other| general matters as assigned.^ One 850,000 lb/hr. Cochrane Deaerator The following General'; tendents will be responsibly! Two 400,000 lb/hr. Cochrane Open Heaters to the Superintendent Powe$jj tion for all matters of per general administration in M ILL STREET STATION Two 300,000 lb/hr. Cochr ane Open Heaters One 500,000 lb/hr. Cochr ane Open Heater spective plants, and to himrjj the Engineering Superinte all matters delegated to th |p erintendents: J. B. Wheeler, <j| L. L. Kraft, Venice; M. D. Ashley Street; and H. W. Mound and Granite City Pla||j HARDING STREET STATION Two 350,000 lb/hr. Coch r an e Open Type Heaters Wheeler will also act as coQ of personnel policy matters^ the four general supers named. I One 400,000 lb/hr. Cochrane Deaerating G . E. Purchases Plant Pi Heater te:; Fractional-horsepower mo? hdauvcteiobnefeanciliinticerseaasteGd enweirthat'tIB! ft:! 104 SOUTHERN POWER & INDUSTRY for NOVEMBER, NEWS--Continued chase from the Reconstnft nance Corporation of the W ayne (In d .) p la n t w here ,V; any m anufactured t u r b o chargers during the war. $5,000,000 fo r th e p lant, ac th e C om pany's announcem I t Is expected th a t m ore persons w ill be employed a cation as soon as installatio duction lines is completed? past several m onths the been in lim ited operation, u p w ard s of 700 persons. Taylor Elected Executive Vi President of Lincoln Electric C. M. Taylor has bi executive vice president o coln E lectric Company by' of directors. Soft metal volutions which bulge toward the rod under gland pres sure m ake Belmont's No. 865 SemiMetallic Packing the ideal seal for high-pressure steam rods, valve stems and air compressor rods. I t 's a tight, metal-to-metal, practically friction-Jess seal. The unique, spirally-wound metal is encased in, a stitched asbestos channel. The packing is so flexible th a t it can be formed around small diameters. Have your Belmont distributor furnish you with Belmont's 865 106 (ring form) or 866 (spiral form). For low pressure steam, hot and cold water rods and plungers and ammonia rods, specify Belmont 860 (ring) or 861 (spiral)--same as 865, with stitched rubber-and-duck channel on three sides, IN THE BIUE-AND-ORANOE BOX THERE IS A BELMONT PACKING FOR EVERY SERVICE . . . Belmont distributors are located in every large Industrial center, ready to give you prompt delivery from local stocks. THE BELMONT PACKING AND RUBBER CO. Butler and Sepviva Streets Philadelphia 37, Pa. Mr. Taylor has been with coin Electric Company sin having been granted a leavff sence for service in World en listed in th e A ir Corps in. 1 returned at the end of the W he became a foreman. Later placed in charge of the co tim e study and methods dep advanced to assistant super and then superintendent. In was appointed vice presid ch arg e of sales an d has serv, b o ard of d irectors since 1927. M r. T aylor is a meml A m erican W elding Society C C ham ber of Commerce, Country Club, the Union < Alpha Delta Phi fraternity, ed ucated at Prospect Ele School in East Cleveland, Sha School, and W estern R esef| I versity. SOUTHERN POWER & INDUSTRY for NOVEMP# \ /'" appi NEWS--Continued Permutit Washington A ppointing J ohn C. Tracey, former Lt. of the U. S. Army Engineers, has 1 named Sales Engineer of the iNGTON, D. C. office of the Per Company. TheWORKot g *a . Viithi **t u c a iaot tor *"' ^ dS 'S . fS * * * * , toad tnoves. cViatn stn <* ic COm Tbe Pe^ . es boists c Mr. Tracey, whose experiences hj$ d u d e eighteen months of road airfield construction and maintenani on the Ledo Road in the China-B! ma-lndia theater, left the St. LoUi office of The Permutit Company 1941 to join the army. He was hei of the Water & Sewers Section of thij Repairs and Utilities Branch, O.C for 2 years in Washington before g< ing overseas in 1944. 455 108 9 l i t aU g^etvt serV. ^ o o a e .t- ^ o r iia" s t s h r t 'o rd S c 000 * ere J L o * a" 5' the 3^ and size* Pow erful and rugged, Shepard N iles Cranes are available in a n y d e sire d c a p a c ity a n d span--d e signed to handle greatly varying loads w ith pre cision, safety and econom y. Shepard Niles Cranes have the sam e sound, progressive features as do the Shepard Niles H oists. A request w ill prom ptly bring illustrated bulletins. The experience and facilities of Shepard Niles engineers are at your service. Plan ahead now for the right material handling equipment. Your inquiry will receive prompt attention. S C H U Y L E R A V E N U E M O N T O U R F A L L S . N. Y . U. S. Rubber Purchases Two Southern Plants United States Rubber C ompj has purchased the combed yarn planj| of Ruby Cotton Mills, I nc., Gj tonia, N. C., in a move to furtin diversify its production of textile*4 products. The plant, employing 300 men and women, has 19,000 spindlers. The purchase price was $1,300,000 for the buildings, equipment, and land pluir an additional sum to be determined., by audit for raw materials and otbef^ assets. The plant will continue to operate under the present management, with, Don Maddox in charge as superin tendent. Production of 20's and 50s combed yarn will continue without interruption. United States Rubber Company also purchased from the War Assets Ad ministration the modern manufactur ing buildings at Milan, Tenn. The. new facilities will be used for th*_m SOUTHERN POWER & INDUSTRY for NOVEMBER. [UTHfiB GRINDERS SHREDDERS Custom^ re q u h 3m<kiLWb/Cc+* AC SHREDDER RING CRUSHER TYPE S CRUSHER NEWS--Continued manufacture of fabric casual shoes. The buildings bought by the company were units of th|j. Creek Ordnance plant, an iin|f shell loading plant during tbei Installation of heavy mgi such as mills, calenders, and izers will be started by Unite Rubber Company at once. ~ turing operations are schedule gin in the fall. . . .m Oaldte Sales Manager ,.y (| Announcement is made by P roducts, Inc., New York, of : pointment of J . C. Leonard Manager of its Industrial Ma$j Division. Associated with th$f|~ organization in the servicing1 specialized cleaning mat No matter what your crushing problem requires, whether it's speed--heavy-duty use-- severe continuous usage -- flexible operation -- low operating cost -- wide range of reduction--rapid, uniform crush ing or high capacity output, you'll find an American Crusher especially suited to your particular needs. Americans are not "all-purpose" crushers but are custom-built to fit specific crushing requirements and are built in many different sites and many different models, with capacities as high as 500 TPH. In manufacturing plant, quarry, coal mine, power plant, laboratory--wherever an efficient crushing operation is needed, you'll find Americans fulfilling every re quirement, Americans offer a wide range of uniform reduction and crush a large variety of friable and fibrous materials. Write tf$ about your specific crushfng problem and receive complete crashing d ata and specifications. HAMMERMILL and HOG 24 SERIES RING OR HAMMER TYPE LABORATORY MILL nsnnniMnzxniEi 1243 MACULINO AVE. ST. LOUIS 10. MO. equipment for over 22 years, 16 years of which was in the of Manager of the Company's Division, Mr. Leonard new duties on September 1, 11 will direct the marketing and. ing .activities of Oakite's ini field staff from the general of the company in New York. Tucker Is Lindsay Represented The L indsay Corporation, ` Park, Illinois, announces the a ment of Thomas B. Tucker Southern regional represents' Tucker's offices will be Candler Building, Atlanta 3, A .S.R.E. Atlanta Chapter The American Society of erating Engineers announces Atlanta section has been o to increase the activities of ciety in this area. The first meeting was held ber 20 at the Biltmore Hotel. no SOUTHERN POWER & INDUSTRY for NOVEMBER, NEWS--Continued Carrier Sales Manager ` Appointment of Art: l in as Vice President 'a ' Sales Manager of Ca t io n is announced by Ed\y phy, Senior Vice Preside^ Effective November \; Shanklin will be in char Carrier's domestic sales a A vice president of poration since 1941, has been associated withs pany since his graduation University of Kentucky in ing this period he has serit5 sales and executive capac;i! present is Vice President Dealer Sales. The NEW melded "V ee" ty p e packing en g in eers h av e been looking for Palmetto Pyramid is an ail-purpose molded " Vee" type packing that seals firmly by mere finger-tightening. It is designed according to recently developed and thoroughly proven principles. Performance of this much-talked-about pack ing is entirely automatic. Its sealing action is effected by internal pressure. The g re a te r the internal pressure-- the tighter the seal! the unique " arrowhead reservoir"-- one of he features of Palmetto Pyramid-- actually stores and distributes the lubricant. Friction and wear are thereby appreciably reduced; packing and equipment life are substantially length ened. And--look at the heavy wall construction! Palmetto Pyramid is used for reciprocating as well as rotary motion. It is recommended for all types of hydraulic and pneumatic equipment handling hot or cold water, steam, oil, gasoline and most types of solvents and acids. GT*1563 "It pays to know your Palmetto Packing Distributor!" GREENE, TWEED & CO. M a n u fa ctu rers o f PALMETTO Packings BRONX BLVD. AT 238th ST. NEW YORK 66, N. Y. Plants at New York, N. Y. and North W ales, Pa. r Thi* coupon ii for four convenient. Moil It todayl GREENE. TWEED &CO. New York 66, N -Y. n Send me descriptive litera ture covering PALMET TO Pyramid Packings Send a PALMET TO representative to discuss packing Nam e .............. - ........................................... -- Company ........................................................... Street................. .........*....... ....... City......................................State . STATEMENT of the ownership, management ^ etc., required by th e A cts of Qoa 24, 1912, and M arch-'* SOUTHERN POW ER AND iNI> lished m onthly a t Dalton. Ga. f I, 1946. T, State of Georgia, County of F Before me, a N otary Public,'?! State and County aforesaid p' peared E. W. O'B rien, who- hav. sworn according to law, depots that he is the Managing Director'1 POW ER AND INDUSTRY^ following is to the best of hia tft belief, a true statem ent of tjri m anagement, etc., of thie aforain tion for the date shown in the a l required by the Act of August amended by the Act of March 8,"i bodied in section 537, Postal Lawsttf lations, printed on the reverse to -w it; 1. T hat the nam es and addresV publisher, editor, managing editor^ ness managers are: Publisher, Sm ith Publishing Co., Atlanta; Gii F rancis C. Sm ith, A tlanta, Gat Director, Eugene W. O'Brien, Atlft'n 2. That the owners are W /lfci' Publishing Co.; E state of W. R ` A tlanta, Ga.; 0 . A. Sharpless, AtRnl J . C. Cook, A tlanta, Ga. ; W. J. Rook ta, Ga. ; T. W. McAllister, Atlanta*, W. O 'Brien, A tlanta, Ga.; Mrs. pot, A tlanta, Ga. ; R ichard P. 'S : lauta, Ga. 3. That the known bondholder gees and other security holders,-;)* holding 1 per cent or more of tot^j of bonds, mortgages, or any othqrf holders are, None. ' i 4. T hat the two paragraphs' in giving the names of the owners, ? ors, and security holders, if any^C only the list of stockholders ahdh holders as they appear upon the ' the company, but also in cases W; stockholders or security holders BP the books of the company as truS. any other fiduciary relation, the, person or corporation for whom;8tU, is acting is given ; also that tiut paragraphs contain statem ents em f ia n t's full knowledge and belief^ circum stances and conditions ujv*. stockholders and security holders W.. appear upon the books of the COW trustees, hold stock and securities pacity other than th a t of a bona p and th is affian t has no reason to be# any other person, association QJ*o Has any in terest direct or indi said stock, bonds, or other pedini stated by him. ,_ .T u E. W. O'BRIEN, Sworn to and subscribed hefoffr 25th day of October, 1946. SEBA J. JONES, Notar* My commission expires Feb. 1" 112 SOUTHERN POWER & INDUSTRY for NOVEMB: New Eqnij U K tent sive to bearings. Tests have that the new oils are many3 more resistant to oxidation bine oils not containing ink Flexible Polishing W heel The Manhattan Rubber Division of Raybestos - Manhattan, I nc., Passaic, N. J., announces its latest addition to its line of polishing and finishing wheels. The new wheel is the most flexible of this series of soft neoprene bonded polishing wheels. The wheel is bonded with a specially modified compound of neoprene im pregnated with abrasive grain. This neoprene wheel can be varied ewer a wide range of densities despending on its ultimate application. ' This Manhattan wheel has already found its place for finishing on stain less steel, glass, non-ferrous and pre cious metals. It is supplied in the finer abrasive grain sizes or with pumice, rottenstone, or other mild abrasives and is very effective in blocks and rubbing pads as well as in wheel form. industrial O il The Texas Company announces three additions to the line of Re gal Oils, which are designed for tur bines and hydraulic and circulating systems. The new lubricants are classified as Regal Oils AZ, F, and G. The first of these is suitable for use in hydraulic equipment in sub zero temperatures, and the latter two are developed for use in mills where rust and oxidation inhibited oils of corresponding viscosity are needed. These oils are rust and oxidation in hibited oils which prevent clogging of oil lines, scoring of journals, and sticking of governors in marine and stationary turbine installations as well as rusting and sludging in hy draulic and circulating systems at both idle and operating temperatures. The oils separate easily from wa ter, do not foam, and are non-corro W elding Timers The Control Division of q Electric Company, Schenec 1 Y., announces the redesign complete line of sequence quence-weld timers for re welding. The new design quick change of the weld quence, easy inspection and ' tenance, and remote operation eludes an improved electronic' circuit which makes possible sistent welding speed essen high-production welding wi timing intervals. It coordinates the mechani, eration of an air- or fluid-o spot or projection welder " floyr of welding current tennined by a synchronous-^ weld timer. For less exactjjw cations, the sequence-weld 1 vides the necessary control! mechanical sequence of $ and non-synchronous control time. f :-.f Wafer Filter I Bowser, Inc., F ort WS diana, announces a new % w ater filters for industrial;^ tration. Known as the Fig, ies, Bowser filters range in. from 15 to 500 gpm with rtf SOUTHERN POW ER & INDUSTRY for 114 NEWS--Continued square feet of filtering area. These filters occupy much less space than is needed for conventional sand fil ters. Filter elements are tubular, plastic impregnated cartridges which sup port the filtering medium. Diatomaceous earth is deposited evenly on these cartridges from the pre-coat pot and removes particles as small as % micron. Remotely Adjusted Valves The Leslie Company, 261 Grant Avenue, Lyndhurst, N. J., announces a new single-seated, internal pilot, piston operated reducing valve de signed to be remotely adjusted from a conveniently located air loading panel. Known as Class LT-3, this reduc ing valve with the Type ARP air loading panel is especially adaptable to process piping arrangements that require hazardous or inconvenient re adjustments of inaccessibly located valves. In operation, the reducing valve is ru- adjusted to the desired pressure set ting by air pressure supplied by the air loading panel. The constant load ing force on the upper diaphragm of the reducing valve opens the con trolling valve and is balanced by a constant reduced pressure propor tional to the loading force. Furnished in high pressur bronze or cast steel body with flanged or screwed ends, these valves have com pletely interchangeable rep parts, stellited seat rings, ened stainless steel main vab Automatic W ater Feed Control Combustion Control Corpora 77 Broadway, Cambridge, Mass, nounces the Fire-eye Boiler, j. water Control, Type 15GK1, ` is an automatic control for nr ing desired boiler water level stantly turning off fuel supp sounding an alarm at a danglow water level. The equipment tains no moving parts, no fl's' bellows seals, no vacuum tu quiring replacement. It is an.a nating current control that coin a probe circuit and transform*1' operate a direct current relay 1 a rectifier. Direct current is uf the relay circuit to eliminate cha increase contact pressure, and m" possible the use of 'low alternat current voltages in the probe circut The probe fitting is mounted llel to the water column and w' to the control. There are three pro* within the fitting. The top and : die probes determine the high low water level at which the bo. URRAY STEAM TURBINE GENERATII UNITS 4. The unit shown was one of tl signed to deliver 500 KW alt current on steam at 285 lb. Gauge pressure,* 700 degrees F. total tem4.^ ture and 27 inches vacuum. Provi with a rigid structural steel basepmj"" and with all service connections exci generator leads above the floor line, machine can be handled as a unit|iffl installed with a minimum of p r e p a r ^ PACKAGE TYPE M U R R A Y also produces Mechanical Drive Turbines-- Horizontal and Vertical Reduction Gears Steam Boilers While "Package Type" units were f~T nished for export for installation remote areas not previously suppll. with power, the design can be ut for small industrial plants for h ia i^ standby power supply. ^8 MURRAY BUI LDERS O F S T E A M 116 IRON WORKS COMPAN BU RLIN G TO N , IOWA P OWE R E Q U I P M E N T FOR T H R E E - Q U A R T E R S OF A CENT SOUTHERN POWER & INDUSTRY for NOVEMBER, NEW EQUIPMENT--Continued feedwater pump is turned off and on to maintain constant water level. The lowest probe defines the danger point below which water must not fall. These feedwater controls are sup plied for every make, type, and size of steam boiler, with any method of firing, mid for any pressure to 300 lb per square inch. Switch Board Switch Westinghouse E lectric Corp., Pittsburgh, Pa., announces a new test switch for rapid, accurate testing of switchboard instruments, meters, and relays from the front of the board. Designed with up to ten elements and rated at 250 v, 30 amp, combinations of current and po tential switches are included as re quired for the various types of in struments to be tested. Individual switches are of the knife blade type and are separated COAL PRICES ARE UP! 4 * KEEP POWER COSTS DOWN W EIG H all coal accurately on Richardson autom atic scales mrn I Southern textile mill installation of two Richardson Combination Elongated Scale-Conveyors feeding pulverizers to 150,000-lb. boiler. Three other Richardson Scales feed automatic stokers of three small boilers. The Richardson Coal-Weighing, Conveying, and Feeding System gives you up-to-the-minute, continuous readings --at sight --of weights oi coal consumed by individual boilers. You don't have to guess --you can instantly determine the amount of steam generated per pound of coal by each boiler, compare evaporation rates and k.w.h. produced--thus spot ting possible losses at the source. Richardson provides you with a complete bunker-to-boiler weighing and feeding system. It is adaptable to large and small plants because there are stationary and portable scales as well as the conveyor-scale combi nation illustrated, for either pulverizer or stoker-fired boilers. Eliminate guesswork on boiler efficiency --check it right . . . b y weight! Write for Bulletin No. 1143. RICHARDSON NEW YORK OMAHA PHILADELPHIA SC A L E C O M P A N Y , C lifto n , N . J. ATLANTA 'BOSTON BUFFALO CHICAGO MINNEAPOLIS WICHITA SAN FRANCISCO DETROIT PITTSBURGH MONTREAL TORONTO by barriers. Moldarta switch h" are recessed for inserting i<j|' cation cards. Each switch ha drilled for insertion of an in' ing bar to tie together any thr " jacent handles. The right switch, when used for a trip c"' is provided with a red handle fo' identification. Automatic W elding Studs Nelson S ales Corporation,''! Street at Toledo Avenue, Ohio, has recently develo Nelson staybolt studs for use pressure heating boilers and., pressure jacketed vessels. The Nelson studs are automa welded to the inner plate th holes drilled or punched in the shell. Welding is accomplished; the Nelson stud welding gun ating from a d-c welding gene After the staybolt stud is matically welded, the proj stud end is broken off with hammer blow at the groove prof' leaving the stud end flush wi outer plate surface. A flat wa then dropped over the stud e ' is positioned in line with the* surface of the plate by the s provided on the stud. The acts as a back-up for the plug ing operation which complet^ staybolt installation. No probl" fit-up are encountered. lIUIIimitllllHIUlIKUIllllWHHIItlHWlBHSj n Guard in Boiler Rooms Since 191 T h e NATIONAL Boile G i r t h S e a m PROTECTO For 28 years plants who want to play safe have been turning to National Boiler G irth Seam Protectors for effi cient protection against fire-cracking and pressure age and their accompanying dangers. Investigate this in*, expensive, easily installed boiler protection system today. NATIONAL BOILER PROTECTOR C DAYTON, OHIO (Write tor Bull" ' MilMUmilimmKIlWilMflltNIKfUM IIS SOUTHERN POW ER & INDUSTRY for NOVEMBER- B f ST KNOWN NAME IN WATER TEMPERATURE CONTROL QT M U R Powers Type D Mixer gives you hot, worm or cold water at any temperature you want. Heats water in most eco nomical w a y . . . mixes steam with cold or hot water. Heats only what you need when you need it. Easy to install. Can be used wherever a supply of steam and water is available at 10 to 100 lbs. pressure.WriteforCircular3013-B or phone our nearest office. OFFICES IN 4 7 CITIES Atlanta, 135 Luckie St. N.W. Birmingham, Box 27, Homewood Station Greensboro, 1034 Jefferson Stand* ard Blag. New Orleans, 309 Vincent Bids. THE POWERS REGULATOR CO. OVER 5 0 YEARS OF WATER TEMPERATURE CONTROL 120 NEW EQUIPMENT--Continued Interlocking Retaining Rings Waldes K ohinoor, Inc., Long I s land City 1, N. Y., announces the Truarc Interlocking Ring, Type 5107, which may be fitted over a shift in a radial direction so that the ring forms a complete annular shoulder of uniform section height around the circumference of the shaft. This eliminates the wide gap characteristic typical of conventional open type "C" rings. This feature substantially increases the normal thrust capacity of the ring. measuring rotating speeds frotl to 50,000 rpm. Weighing only j the new tachometer is useful * production testing of equipme stanteously without the necessity permanent attachment. It ca^'j used to indicate the speeds of ele motors, machine tools, autoh and aircraft engines, pumps, blowers, and other types of equipment. The electronic tachometer of a small pick-up head, 6 ft o f: ble cable, and a measuring unit a panel-mounted indicating reading directly in rpm. Either a j speed or high-speed head can be t with the instrument. The pick-1 heads consist of a light interrupt) disk and a phototube. Light upon the phototube through the i ings in the rotating disk produces:! put signals which are then ferred to the measuring unit whjfi indicates rpm. m Consisting of two mating halves that interlock, the ring is of dy namically balanced design and par ticularly suitable for equipment in volving high rates of rpm such as spindles of textile machinery. Be cause of its positive interlocking ac tion, the ring cannot be lifted out of its groove by high centrifugal forces or by linear expansion caused by friction with abutting parts or sur faces. Disassembly of the ring re quires nothing more than a prying action with a screw driver. Machine Tool Coolant System I nject-A -Flow P um p Company, ^ North Willow Street, Montclair, J., has developed a self-contained ! tering system designed to remqtri 659,000 N o w n S e r v i a }W ! 1 U & Electronic Tachometer S pecial P roducts Division of the General E lectric Company, Sche nectady, N. Y., announces a new electronic tachometer designed for FLOATS Established in 1894, H er Float Works now has 680, units in operation in the ind and ships of the world. Not of these floats has been returi during the one-year guaranty f eriod, a u lty except by reason Or or non-understandable' specifications. Hercules Float Works are the originators of Seamless Copper Floats. "Quality First" is the Hercules m otto. It pays to specify H E R C U LE S Floats. HERCULES FLOAT WORKS 200 Franklin St. Springfield, M^s- SOUTHERN POWER & INDUSTRY for NOVEMBER, syster dt, W Ad a b: Witt Bctric j Hobai Squar y, com mac ndard indu' sol 6-1 | N dri moto free t pautoms , induci p20/44( is fu ,and a byti as driv weld, powei or jo I such a gge of tl IJTHERN Strip Insulation From Motor Windings This Low-Cost Way! Whenever you are faced with the problem of stripping insulation and varnish from copper windings or coils before reconditioning elec trical equipment try doing this work the fast, effective Oakite way. A brief immersion of units in a tank charged with that heavy-duty alkaline cleaner . . . O AKITE TEST X . . . quickly, thoroughly, safely re moves varnish, lacquer, dried-on oil and dirt. Insulating tape is so thoroughly softened that it can be easily unwound Without resorting to time-consuming knife-scraping. Use Oakite Test X also for strip ping paint from motor housings and other painted metal surfaces. For further details on this and many other maintenance jobs send for a copy of the new Oakite Power Plant .Digest. It's yours FREE on request! O A K ITI PRODUCTS, IN C. 33A Tham es Street, New York 6, N. Y . Technical Service Representatives Located In Alt Principal Cities of the United States and Canada O A K I T E S p e c ia l r * 17 Z i 1 U Y 1 IIS7 ATIRIA tS MtTHODS SIB V ICI 122 History of Power (Continued from page 90) ruptures were, for that reason, rarely accompanied by great violence. They did, however, thwart de Laval's pur poses. The cause of this trouble was in reality seated in the qualities of the feed water. As the water was evap orated, scale forming materials were deposited upon the interior tube sur faces. This incrustation served as an insulating medium. The tube lost its capacity to transmit heat as rapidly to the water as it was being absorb ed by radiation and convection from the furnace. As a result of this cir cumstance, the tube was over-heat ed. When it was subjected to high temperatures it no longer possessed the physical properties which were essential to withstand the extremely high pressure involved. Tube fail ures were inevitable. Experimental work of this char acter requires the expenditures of considerable sums of money. Sweden was at the same time in the throes of a depression. This circumstance com plicated de Laval's problems very materially. He could not restrain himself from engaging in bold ven tures. With the passage of the years he was compelled to relinquish the important financial position which he had held in The Separator Com pany, Ltd. In an effort to recoup his financial losses, de Laval engaged in several enterprises which were not concern ed with the construction of steam turbines. One of these ventures had as its object the development and man ufacture of milking machines. This effort was unsuccessful. He devoted both his energy and his resources to a project in which he hoped to de velop an advantageous means of re fining low grade Swedish zinc ores. A World Standard for Efficiency W rite Today for Inform ation This undertaking failed in! vicissitude left de Lav financial resources. At th Separator Company, Ltd!H de Laval was now no ecutive, was a thriving coni' board of its directors realiz Laval could have lived a after having developed ment which it now man but that he had not felt virtuous course of action, pany felt the urge to rewar. this character, and it aty Laval a pension of 12,000 De Laval's death ofi Stockholm on February 2jt career was an important and" sive one. From a financial view he had made no substa mate, progress, for his fail' rendered nil the effects of1, cessful undertakings. From? tific point of view he left ar endowment for those who follow in his footsteps. His V periences were characterizi significant eircmstances. Hfc afraid to try to make pro taking bold strokes. His,i:nsat sire to make progress was, such that he could not brinai to spend long periods of time', his ideas. Instead of carryilj tensive development work, ' chose to put his ideas to: test." The character of his p' was rare. He regarded e completed successfully as a to do more and better th: people of his time lacked, ih ure, the capacity to apprec work with propriety bca, "lived far ahead of his course of his career he waift member of the Swedish H Lords. Many years were to fore the full implication of was to be appreciated in - manner. m HiM M SOOT BLOW ERS VULCAN SOOT BLOWER CORP., DUBOIS, PA. Southern Representatives: John A. Dodd Co,, Atlanta, Ga. Esholm an & P otter, Birm ingham , Ala. Pow er Equipm ent Co., Jacksonville, Fla. SOUTHERN POWER & INDUSTRY for NOVEMB C A T A L O G S A N D B U L L E T IN S # (Continued from page 1 2 ) This h MARION, INDIANA Another 100% Layne City -- Marion, a busy, progressive and forward looking city of east central Indiana gets its entire water supply from Layne W ell W ater Systems. And taking a tip from the city are a brewery, a food processing plant, a radio and television station, two meat packers, a military home, a wire and rubber manufac turer, a glass company, a laundry and a wire and cable company-- all of whom have their own individual Layne W ater System plants. -- Seldom does an industrial product enjoy such dominating preference as is accorded to Layne Well W ater Systems by Marion City and Factory executives. Such preference was earned through recognized reputation of su perior quality and basically sound operation economy. -- Layne W ell W ater Systems are known to be the best that specialized engineering re search can produce-- and the best that Amer ican dollars can buy. For late catalogs and illustrated literature address Layne & Bowler, Inc., General Offices, Memphis 8, Tenn. HIGHEST EFFICIENCY Layne Vertical Turbine pumps are available in sizes to produce from 40 to 16,000 gallons of water per minute H igh efficiency saves hundreds o f dollars on power cost per year. A F F IL IA T E D CO M PA N IES: L ayrie-A rkansas C o., S tu ttg art, A rk. * L ayne-A tlantlc C o., N orfolk, Va. * L ayne-C entral C o., M em phis, T enn. * L ayne-C entral C o., M ishaw aka, Ind. * LayneLouisiana C o., L ake C harles, L a. * L ouisiana W ell C o., M onroe, L a. Layne-N ew York C o., N ew York C ity * L ayne-N orthw est C o., M il w aukee, W is. * Layne-Q hlo C o., C olujnbus, O hio L ayne-P aciflc, In c ., S eattle, W ash. Layne* T exas C o., H ouston, T exas * L ayne-W estem C o., K ansas C ity, Mo. * L ayne-W estem C o. of M inne so ta, M inneapolis, M inn. * Intern atio n al W ater S upply L td ., London, O ntario, C anada * Layne* H lsp a n o A m eric an a , S . A. M exico, D . F . WELL WATER SYSTEMS VERTICAL TURBINE PUMPS 3094 DUST COLLECTORS-- Bulletin 310 ---Describes in teg ral d u st collecto s specifically applicable to the grinding and buffing industry. Also illustrated is a " packaged" electrical precipitator which may be attached d irectly to the W .egr"1 "'it where higher efficiency is required. THERMIX ENGINEERING COMPANY, Greenwich, Conn. D f lQ f r SYNCHRONOUS MOTOR CONJ TjttOij-- cooKiet, 20 p a g e s -- ' T .e i*l>C of Synchronous M otor C ontrol" tells the HOW and WHY and W HEN and W HAT of modern synchronous motor control. Contains 45 diagrams and photographs. ELECTRIC MANUFACTURING COMPANY, Minneapolis 13, Minn. TOOLS-- Booklet, 24 pages-- " Engineering D ata on the Care and Op eration of Celfor D rills" presents facts of a technical nature th at will aid in selecting proper tools, m aintaining proper balance be tween tool capacity and job requirem ents, and indicate the correct methods of tool main tenance and rehabilitation. CELFOR TOOLS, division of Clark Equipm ent Company, Buchanan, Michigan. trie generating plants. ELECTRIC Spsvv TY COMPANY, Stamford, Connecticut, 3 0 9 8 SILI00NE _ Patophf pages-- Contains a table of phj properties, vapor pressure curves, a era pumping speeds, and a demonstration o inherent stability of organo s'licon ' polymers. DOW CORNING CORPORA'' Midland, Michigan. *' D A Q Q p EPE AND F IT T IN G MATS -- Chart, 4 pages-- " C hart; and Fitting M aterials" , deals with interm ediate alloy, stainless and f ' analysis steels, and covers A.S.T.M. * cations, chemistry, service limitation welding procedure. TUBE TURNS*111 Louisville 1, Ky. * '*> 4 n n n EIXATE BRINE -- P am pl^g T a/ W Describes operating econom ic'K the Lixate Rock Salt Dissolver prodd regenerating zeolite water softeners. I NATIONAL SALT COMPANY, INC. ton, Pa. 3 0 Q 7 ELECTRICAL EQUIPM ENT-- Catalog No. 46-1, 8 pages-- D escribes " Rotating Electrical Equipm ent" manufac tured by the Company. Includes general description of a-c, d-c, and U niversal m otors for applications not met by standard motors; dynam otors and converters, motor-;generator sets, a-c and d-c generators, gas and elec- A A A I CONTROLLER -- Bulletin " v U I Describes Model 40 Controller^ est addition to Foxboro line <*i instra" for process control. Large illustrati^ plain many features of design which?; this model a wholly new inHtrumeni^' FOXBORO COMPANY, Foxboro, MasSil HlillllllJIlIJiHimiUlMJUIIiMI It INSTANTANEOUS SERVICE M A R IO N Gulf Stream Hot W ater Heater Utilize lew pressure or live steam to assure abundant hot water. GULF STREAM heats swiftly through four concentric tubes, including outer shell, providing intimate steam and water contact. 0 Steam till, central tube end annulor space between two middle tube. W ater enters through pipe a t extreme left, fill annular pace between central tube end one surrounding it end between hell and next inner tube. Slidoble packing glands a t shell ends crvAMmtrr. provide fo r expansion and contraction, prevent strains and *Condensate moves to trop and returns to system, CMWnlsg ' beat value. Here is ECONOMY end DEPENDABILITY, line r from A" to 8 " in diameter, 4 ' to 12' in length. Capacity with steam at 25 lbs. Ate 2 4,335 GPH with te m p e rp h l^ from JO* to 180* Is , requires little space. M oylfff" floor line, c e llin g Of t Standard design oikm tilh fi lbs, working pressore, mitted fo r an y oppllcatks t ^ C MARION MARION MACHINE, FOUNDRY & SUPPIY M a r l o n , I n d i a n a , U. S. A, C O jg For Any Fluid --Any Apparatus AI-l p a x TH E PACKING THAT "PACKS A LL" ______ 'y O U don't have to rem ove old packing to repack w ith ALLP square cross section m akes ALLPAX easy-filling in any stuff!" T ry it once and you, too, will be enthusiastic over its easy apphe tight efficiency and long wear. W rite us for full details. Distributors very where THE ALLPAX CO., INC., MAMARONECK, SOUTHERN POWER & INDUSTRY for NOVEMB EVERY VALVE BEAT IS A SAVING WITH R E G . U .S .PAT. OFF, 2,500,0 0 0 ,0 0 0 VALVE BEATS IN 4 VA LVES P R O V E A GAIN THAT MAKE CO M PRESSO RS RUN BETTER THAN WHEN THEY WERE NEW. (eat T !s LefteC - ? A K*** t Ot'116 H.. _ . s r u -- '-JU *1 THIS IS THE "\A 55W a lv e ---------------------------------------- > AS G O O D AS NEW AFTER 18,000 HOURS OPERATION AT 257 R. P. M. Write us today for estimates -- send sketches or samples of your old valves to MAGNO-TRONIC DUAL SILVER POINT ELECTRODYNAMIC FLUORESCENT STARTER A fully automatic Thermal Relay (fluorescent starter) scientifically made to assure maximum economy of operation, greater re* "<*" liability and more consistent performance. A thermostatic switch equipped with silver I contacts, carbon resistor and nichrome I heater coil, bonded in a ceramic insulating ;/ | material of high dielectric, strength. L,eJ MSd Pafd*r No' 2341520 Others Pending You'll find Industrial Electronics Corpora*:; t! n products in factories* off!ce buildings, . ; stores, railroad terminals, shipyards, schoolrooms . . . everywhere contributing to thecomforts of American Life. The | SP-15-20) for use with either 15 er 20 watt lamps I The (SP-30-40) for use with either 30 or 40 watt lemos .-.I The (SP- tOO) for use with 100 watt lamps 785 E. 144TM St. Corner W ALES A v e . New York, N.Y. 126 ,@ SOUTHERN POWER & INDUSTRY for NOVEMBER. MANZEL LUBRICATORS assur PERFECT for FULTON DIESELS BELT LA CIN G and FASTEN ERS fo r transm ission and co nveyo r belts World famed in general serv* ice for strength and long life. A flexible steel-hinged joint, smooth on both sides, 12 sizes. Made in For conveyor and elevator belts of all thicknesses, makes a tight butt joint of great strength and durability. Comp: * between toothed Templates and FLEXCO' Clips speed application. 6 sizes. Made in steel, "Monel Metal", non Manzel Lubricators have proved their depend ability &nd efficiency in the exacting service of Diesel lubrication. As a result, the Fulton Iron Works and other leading engine manufacturers rely on Manzels. Manzel Model 94 Lubricators pump against any pressure usually found in Diesel engines. They deliver the oil drop by drop exactly as needed. The clear view liquid sight feed shows exactly the amount delivered to each friction point on each pump stroke. Write for Catalog 94-B. M A N Z E L BROTHERS CO. Subsidiary o f FRONTIER INDUSTRIES,, INC. 3.18 BABCOCK ST., BUFFALO 10, N . Y. H IG H P R E S S U R E for half Builders of M ETERING PU M PS a century 128 SOUTHERN POWER & INDUSTRY for NOVEMBER. I Makes " Inaccessible" Valves ACCESSIBLE! Babbitt Sprocket Rims can be quick ly and inexpensive ly installed on any make or size of valve to give in stant, handy control of out-of-reach valves. No more ladder climbing--fewer ac cidents -- less time lost! . . . Babbitt Rims will save you time, steam and man - power. Write today for complete information. Jenkins Brothers of Atlanta have a complete Stock for Your Convenience ------z r fd ju s tc z fy le -- SPR O CK ET R IM w ith C h a in G uide BABBITT STEAM SPECIALTY CO. New Bedford, M ass., U. S. A. NICHOLSON Control VAl' set a new high in slow wearing Specially treated, extra hard seats that don't cut out. Stainless steel where It counts. Trouble-free sim plicity. For air, gas, ,H ,m water, oil and other liquids. C ata log 54*. W. H. NICHOLSON A CO. 175 OREGON WILKES-BAR fo r v REPA IRIN G A LIN IN G PLASTIC LIN ING USED I PLACE OF) FIRE BRICK LO N G LA S T I B O IL E IFU R N AC Boiler furnaces lined C A R E C O last two to f times longer than tfc1 lined with fire brick. Wf for quotations. CAROLINA REFRACTORIES HARTSVIllf. S. C. ENGINEERS GUIDE WITH Q U E ST IO N S A N D A N S W E R S NEWFROMCOVERTO COVER! JUST PUBLISHED--For All Engineers. Firemen.WaterTenders. Oilers. Operators. Repair Men and Applicants for Engi neers' License Examinations. A Complete Steam Engineers* Library In-One 8ool<! a 1500 PAGES--68 CHAPTERS 1700 ILLUSTRATIONS.FULL INDEX 1001 F A C T S A T YO U R FIN G ER EN O S! PRACTICAL INFORMATION IN HANDY FORM FEATURING: Basic principles of Steam Engi neering, including Boiler Con struction,Operationand Repairs. Gives practical tnlormation on: Boiler Calculations, fuels, feed pumps, water heaters, economizers, water treatment, injectors, traps, draught, safety valves, oil burners, stokers, condensers, 9JM ejectors, cooling towers, evaporators, steam and hot M m . water heating, pipe fitting & tubing. Contains complete data on all types of Steam Engines and Turbines, In dicators, Valve gear. Valve setting. Air Compressors. COMPLETE Hoists, Oas and Diesel Engine Operation, Lubrication. FAY $1 A G at th is information for yo u rself-- ONLY I MO. A S K TO S E E IT --Mail coupon today! AUDEL. Publishers: 49 W. 23 St.. NewYork 10. N.Y. Mail AUDELS Power Plant Engineers Guide (Price *4) on 7 days tree trial. If O.K. I will remit $1 in 7 days and El monthly until 04 is paid. Otherwise, I will return it. Name.._____________________, ..- _______________ ....... Address__________________________________________________ Occupation______ ________________________________________ _ Employed by_______ _________________________________ SP 130 TH E NEW EDITION OF SO UTH ERN PO W ER AN D INDUSTRY'S HANDBOOK OF AIR COHDITIOHI ; . . :ii An easily understood manual of instruction for th who wish to learn the essentials of modern air-co tioning, and an authoritative, handy reference for engineers, maintenance men and others who W with air-conditioning equipment. Pocket-size, ? pages, 148 illustrations, 18 pages of tables, cony sion factors, and other data. "H AN D BO O K O F A IR CO N D ITIO N IN G " may. obtained w ith a new or renewal 3-year subscription' SOUTHERN POW ER AND INDUSTRY for S3. -- _ -- C U T O U T A N D M A IL N O W !------ ? SOUTHERN POWER & INDUSTRY, Grant Bldg., Atlanta l Please my 3-year subscription and send me "Hand of Air Conditioning." Enclosed is $3.00. Name__ Mailing Address- City----- Company------------------ Products Manufactured or Nature of Business__ -State-Position- SOUTHERN POWER & INDUSTRY for NOVEMBER;. Ii BUSINESS-- EMPLOYMENT--EQUIPMENT-- PROFESSIONAL CARDS-- OPPORTI RATES DISPLAYED " for Sal," Agent Wanted, and all other advertisements nelng held face type or otherwise displayed, $6.00 per column Inch per insertion. Bate /or larger pace fu m ith e i on application. WITHOUT DISPLAY "Position Wanted" advertisements, 5 cents per word insertion. Minimum charge $1.00. Payable in advance. v (When replies are to be received in our care allow words for the box address. WESTINGHOUSE AIR COMPRESSORS -- From Stock Vi H.P. to 10 H.P. Completely Automatic Tank Units--most sizes now available from stock. W estinghouse Industrial Compressors Three cylinder air-cooled, two stage, 150 lb. max., 61 to 218 C.F.M. Also Two Cylinder Water Cooled--Steam Driven Compressors. Joyce Industrial Elevators and Lifts All types of special jacks--Complete Hydraulic Loading Ramps. Steam C leaners -- All Types o f Pumps wme to SOUTHERN SUPPLY AND EQUIPMENT CO. 54-S AUBURN AVE., N E. A T L A N T A 3, G A . Telephone: Cypress 1515 POSITION WANTED Competent and conscientious Engineer desires position as STEAM POWER P L A N T SUPERINTENDENT or equivalent. Age 43. Two years Techni cal College. Over $0 years diversified experience mostly supervisory capacity on Efficient Operation, Maintenance and Overhaul of modern steam instal lations from low to 1400 lb. pressure. Powdered Coal, Gas, Oil and Stoker fired, together with all auxiliaries^ Desire change after lengthy service w ith present employer. Available on reasonable notice. W rite Box 791, c/o SOUTHERN POWER & INDUSTRY, G rant Bldg., A tlan ta 3, Ga. POSITION WANTED Expediter available. Have wide experi ence following production and shipment electrical-- other equipment. W rite Box 799, c/o SOUTHERN POWER & INDUS TRY, G rant Bldg., A tlanta 3, Ga. POSITION WANTED Mechanical Engineer with 18 years experience as Combustion and Instrument man, test engineer, and Chief Engineer of maintenance in large mod em steam power plant desires position aa MASTER MECHANIC, SUPERINTENDENT or PLANT ENGINEER. Minimum Salary $450 per month. Write Box 798, c/o SOUTHERN POWER & INDUSTRY. Grant Building. Atlanta 3, Ga, NEEDED NOW Experienced and Appref] tice DESIGNERS Ah|l D RA FTSM EN (Civil, lyjg chanical and Elecfric|f for work in Birmingham Alabam a, for steam eligi trie power plant deslfi work. Excellent workijj conditions and good _ with one of the naticS foremost corporations.';! J|L W rite or wire stating eg e x p e r i e n c e , educafl| salary expected and wh you could report for w<i References required. M. K ,, P. O . Box 2 H Birmingham, A labam a.^ WANTED Design and Supervising | | Mtxhutletl Entfneer. preferably member A.S.MJC., with Initiative .. in design and supervision of ImsttNUy air conditioning and powvrfor ^ acts. BxosUsnt opportunity w U b l ^ Apply Box 798 c /o 8OUTHKB0T * INDUSTRY, Grant Bldg. Atlanta Ip 1 WANTED A young alert eperating engineer who is experienced in teem, power end. turbine operation. 8tnte ago, experience nnd edu cation. Aleo salary expected. Addreee Box 783, e /o SOUTHERN POWER * INDUSTRY, Grant Bldg . Atlanta 8, Ga. FO R SA LE 5One G.E. Vertical elec, motor, 10 hp., 1800 rpm., 3 / 0A/220. Onn P M. elec, motor. 7% hp., 8600 rpm., 3/60/220. Two W'house transformers, 5 JtCw., Style auau9, 23UU-220-110. One 10" gate valve. Two flanged ells. One 10x10x8" toe. One F.M. friction dutch-pulley, 5" bore. 36" DL, 13* face. One F.M. Diesel flywheel, 3659 lb., 6U " bore, 257 rpm. One V-sheave, 30" pitch di., " bore. 8-- grooves. CARLISLE ICE CO.. MAYFIELD, KY. 132 WANTED--INDUSTRIAL ENGINEER Of good reputation and experience, with apodal knowledge In plant layouts of proeeaaes such aa those in paper m ills, textile m ills, machine shops, etc.--wanted by organisation offering considerable promise and opportunity. Apply Box 794. e/o SOUTHERN POWER & INDUSTRY Grant Blog.. Atlanta 3# Ga. BUSINESS O P P O R TU N ITY - M ANUFACTURERS REPRESENTATIVE iWell established, with excellent accounts, desires >ounger associate having both sale and engineerng experience, with ultimate objective o f taking over business. Give experience, education, age. other pertinent details, all to be kept confi dential. Apply Box 792 SOUTHERN POWER * INDUSTRY. Grant Bldg., Atlanta 3, Ga. FOR SALE One (1) Aliis-Chalmers 8/8 J j centrifugal pump, rated a t apMS* 850 GPM against 200 ft. J i l t RPM speed, driven by l 50 Ml Chalmers, 3-phase, tiO-cycle, ; . j S L m otor, w ith a Westingh ouse erated auto-transform er lyW'^SS fused cut-outs, and 3 lightsWBJl Price F.O.B. Macon reason? nished on inquiry. Apply SOUTHERN POWER * G rant Bldg., A tlanta 3, 0. SOUTHERN POWER & INDUSTRY for NOVEMBE A D V E R T I S E R 'S The A d vertisers' In d e x is published as a co n ven ien ce, and not as a part o f the advertising contra E v e r y care w ill be ta ken to in d e x co rrectly. N o a llow ance w ill be m ade fo r errors or fa ilu re to inse A A ire tool M fg. Co.............................................129 A ik en - M u r ra y C o rp .............................. , . . . . 1 0 0 A llen B ra d le y Co..................................... *' A llia -C h a im e rs M fg. Co............................... 9 A llp a x Co., I n c .................................................124 A lu m in u m Co. of A m e ric a ....................... * A m e ric a n B lo w e r C o rp ................................ 32 A m e ric a n C o al B u r n e r Co........................... 133 A m e ric a n E n g in e e rin g Co. ( H o i s t s ) . . . . 35 A m erican E n g in eerin g Co. (S to k e rs ).. * A m e ric a n M o n o rail Co................................... 38 A m e ric a n P u lv e r iz e r Co............................... 110 A n a c o n d a W ire & C ab le Co....................... 33 A n d e rso n C o., V. D ........................................ 119 A r k a n s a s F u e l O il Co. ............................... * A r m s tr o n g M a c h in e W o r k s ....................... 85 A sbestos T extile & P ack in g Div., R a y b e s to s -M a n h a tta n C o rp ..................... * A udel & Co., T h eo .............................. . . . . . 1 3 0 A u to m a tic T r a n s p o r ta tio n Co..................... 29 8 B a b b itt S te a m S p e c ia lty Co. ....................130 B a b co ck & W ilco x t B o ile rs) ................... * B a ile y M e te r C o............................................... * B a ld w in -D u c k w o rth D i v i s i o n ................... * B a y S ta te A b ra s iv e P ro d . C o................... * B eico I n d u s tr ia l E q u ip . D iv isio n ................. * B e lm o n t P a c k in g & R u b b e r C o............106 B e U , W. H . & L. D ....................................... 31 B ird A rc h e r C o............................................ * B la c k -S iv a lls & B ry s o n ............................101 B law -K nox Co. (G rating D iv isio n )... * B r a d - F o o te G e a r W o rk s ....................... * B ro w n I n s tr u m e n t Co. .................: . . . . 28 B ro w n e ll C o....................................................... * B u e ll E n g in e e rin g Co., In c. ................... 91 B u ild e rs P ro v id e n c e , In c .............................. 127 B u s s m a n M fg. Co...............................82 a n d 83 c Carlisle County Ice Co............................132 Carolina Refractories Co.........................130 Chapman Valve Mfg. Co.......................... 36 Chicago Bridge & Iron Co.....................117 Cities Service Oil Co............................... * Clark Mfg. Co............................................. 11 Classified Ads .......................................... 132 Cleveland Chain & Mfg. Co.................... 123 Clipper Belt Lacer Co............................ * Cochrane Corporation ............................104 Combustion Eng. Co., Inc............ 14 and 15 Combustion Equipm ent Div.................. * Continental Gin Co.................................. 103 Crane Company ...................................... 23 0 D a r t M fg. C o., E . M .................................... 102 D a v is R e g u la to r C o...................................... 131 D a y to n R u b b e r M fg. C o............................... * D e L a v a l S te a m T u rb in e Co...................... * D e tr o it S to k e r Co........................................... * D ra v o C o rp o ra tio n ( H e a te r D e p t . ) . . . . 89 D ravo C orporation (Pow er D ept.) . . . . 2 E a g le -P Ic h e r C o.................................................. 95 E d g e M oor Iro n W o rk s, I n c .................... 4 E d w a rd V alv es, I n c ....................................... * E lg in S o fte n e r C o rp ........................................135 E n g in e e r Co. .................................................. * E r n s t W a te r C o lu m n &G age Co..............128 E v e rla s tin g V a lv e Co.............,..................... * F F e d d e rs -Q u ig a n C o rp .................................... 114 F is h e r G o v e rn o r Co. .......... F le x ib le S te e l L a c in g C o..........................128 F le x ita lllc G a s k e t Co.................................... * F o s te r W h e e le r C o rp ..................................... 79 F ric k C o m p a n y ............................................ 125 F u lto n S y lp h o n C o........................................ 97 F y r-F e e d e r I n d u s tr ia lS to k e rs .................. 133 134 G a rd n e r-D e n v e r C o........................................ * G arlock P a c k in g C o........................................ 27 G e n e ra l C oal C o.............................................. * G e n e ra l E le c tric Co.........................................87 G o ld e n -A n d e rso n V a lv e S p e c ia lty Co. 133 G o u ld s P u m p s , I n c ........................................ * G ulf Oil Corp. ........ 112 Cover * ....1 0 5 H a n d 21 ........ 120 * ____ 111 I I n d u s tr ia l E le c tro n ic s Co............................126 I n g a lls Iro n W o rk s C o................................... * I n te r n a tio n a l E x p o sitio n C o....................... 18 I n te r n a tio n a l N ic k e l Co., I n c ................... * Iro n F ir e m a n M fg. C o................................... * Peabody E ngineering Corp. . P e e r le s s P u m p D iv isio n ........ P e r m u ti t C o..................................... P h ilc o C o rp o ra tio n .................. Frol) P ittsb u rg h Piping & Equipm ent i Plibrico Jointless F irebrick C o.: P ow er Show, 17th Pow ers R egulator Na Co. t i onal . ............ >$$* P r a t D a n ie l C o rp ......................... liil .'$ 9 Q u a k e r R u b b e r C o rp .................... ;;: R R aybestos-M anhattan Corp. (Asbesi tos T extile & Packing D ivision)! R e fin e ry S u p p ly Co............................... ; R eliance E lectric & E ngineering 4 C o.......................................In sid e F ro n t! R e p u b lic F lo w M e te rs Co...............:.S R e p u b lic R u b b e r D iv isio n ............M, R ic h a rd s o n S c a le Co.........................-W R o ss H e a t e r & M fg. C o............... R o to D iv isio n ................................ R o u n d & S on, D a v id .................. J e n k in s B r o s ................... In sid e B a c k C over J o h n s M a n v ille ............................................... 71 T ohnsn" S e r v i c e C o .............................................. J o n e s F o u n d r y & M ch. Co., W . A ............ K ew anee B oiler Corp. .. K irk & B lum Mfg. Co. 24 L L a y n e & B o w le r, I n c ....................................124 L e slie C o m p a n y ........................................... * L ib e r ty E n g in e e rin g & M fg. C o................. 24 L ille H offm ann Cooling T ow ers, I n c ...131 L in c o ln E le c tric C o....................................... * L in k B e lt C o.................................................... 17 L iq u id C o n d itio n in g C o rp ........................... * L u m m u s C o m p a n y ....................................... * L u n k e n h e im e r C o .......................................... 30 M M & H V a lv e & F i t t in g s Co...................... * M a n zel B r o th e r s Co..................................... 128 M arion M achine F d ry & Supply Co. ..124 M a rs h C o rp ., J a m e s P ................................ * M a s o n -N e ila n R e g u la to r C o.................. * M e d a rt C o m p a n y ..........................................121 M id w e st P ip in g & S u p p ly Co., I n c .......... 99 M o c casin B u s b in g C o....................................127 M o n a rc h F u s e C o., L td ............................... * M o rse C h a in Co............................................... 25 M u r r a y Iro n W o rk s C o................................116 M u r r a y M fg. Co., D . J ................................... 126 N N a tio n a l A lu m n a te C o rp ........................... 1 N a tio n a l B o ile r P r o te c to r C o................... 118 N a tio n a l V a lv e & M fg. Co.......................... 26 N i a g a r a B l o w e r C o .............................................. * N ich o lso n & Co., W . H ................................130 N o r th e r n E q u ip m e n t C o...............................34 N o rto n Co............................................................ * N u g e n t & Co., In c., W m . W ...................... * s S a rc o Co., I n c ....................................... S h a w C o., B e n ja m in F ................ S h ell Oil Co., I n c ............................ S h e p a rd N iles C ra n e & H o ist Co S in c la ir R e fin in g Co................... . S k in n e r E n g in e Co...................... . S m ith , In c ., W in fie ld H ............... S m o o th -O n M fg. Co..................... S n ap -O n T o o ls C o rp ........................ S o co n y -V acu u m Oil Co................ S o u th e r n N a t u r a l G as Co........... S o u th e r n R a i l ' a y S y ste m ........ S o u th ern S upply & Equip. Co. .. S q u ire s Co., C. E ................. S ta n d a r d Gil Co.............................. . S tro n g , C a rlisle & H a m m o n d Co.-., S t u r t e v a n t Co., B . F . ..................., j S y n tro n C o m p a n y .................... G TT a y lo r F o rg e & P ip e W o rk s ...<*, T erry fT o y q n S te a m Pa T u rb..i.n e Co., T he T o d d S h ip y a rd s C o rp ........................ . T ric o F u s e M fg. Co. .................... . T ro y E n g in e & M achine Co. u U . S. H o ffm an M chy. Co. U n ited S ta te s R u b b e r Co. V oss Co., J. H . H. V ulcan Soot B low er Corp. w W a n t A d s ......................... W a r r e n S te a m P u m p Co., ind? W a tc h e m o k e t O ptical Co., W " W e b s te r E n g in e e rin g Co. W estinghouse E lectric Corp. W h e e le r M fg. Co., C. H ..........^ W ilso n . In c ., T h o m a s .................. W in g M fg. Co., L. J. ........ ; W rig le y J r ., Co., W illiam M- O akite P roducts, Inc. O tis E le v a to r Co. ...122 ...1 6 Y a rn a ll-W a rin g Co. SOUTHERN POWER & INDUSTRY for n o v em b e WeldELL favi example: Permanent identificatioi markings on every fittim WeldELLS alone combine these featu res: Seamless -- greater strength and uniformity. Tangents-- keep weld away from zone of highest stress -- simplify lining up. Precision quarter-marked ends -- simplify layout and help insure accuracy. Selective reinforcement -- provides uniform strength. Permanent and complete identification marking-- saves and eliminates errors hop and field. W all thickness never less than specification minimum-- assures full strength and long life. Machine tool beveled ends-- provides best welding sur face and accurate bevel and land. The most complete line of Welding Fittings and Forged Steel Flanges In the World-- insures complete service and Undivided responsibility. JUST one of a number of piping people prefer WeldELLS is ev fitting has its size and thickness marked on such a way that it will stay there. The expense we go to in providing legible permanent marking pays dividends to use handling and storing WeldELLS in the shop on the job. It eliminates "wrong size" eri saves time and trouble. Yes, it's another example of extra steps we that mean extra value to you in WeldELLS. it to the features listed opposite and you see W | WeldELLS "have everything" . . . why they you the means of doing the job as well as it be done, as fast as it can be done, and, theref$ as economically as it can be done. T A Y L O R F O R G E & P I P E WOR1 G en eral Offices & W orks: P.O. Box 485, Chlcfl? New York Office: 50 Church S treet Philadelphia Office: B road S tr e e t S tatio n Bld^ Los Angeles Office: Subw ay Term inal Bldg. Ir 136 SOUTHERN POWER & INDUSTRY for NOVEMBER. raW \ From boilers to turbines GrlnneJl Ctfij stant-Support Hangers "float" thepipfii at three Pacific Gas and Electric Powe Plants. These hangers carry all the loa| all the time to satisfy the conditions expansion, contraction and vibration.'' GRINNELL CONSTANT SUPPORT HANGERS -- the ONLY Constant-Support Hangers FEATURES: Constant Support of pip ing in all "H o t" and "Cold" positions. Full safety factor of the su p p o rte d system is always maintained. Non-resonant, energy ab sorbing. M ass-produced from standard precision parts. In d iv id u ally calibrated for each installation, load-adjustment features incorporated into the design. I af; Three models meet entire range of load-travel spec ifications. M inim um headroom required. Write for data book containing complete details, vagmm 138 W H E N E V E R PIPING is IN V O A, SOUTHERN POWER & INDUSTRY for n o v e M I A4 ill