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tl ! Air Hygiene Foundation of America, 4400 Fiftji Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pa. April 27, 1933. Inc., KOTE TO KEFBERS: Enclosed is a copy of Mellon Institute's annual report which has just been published and which contains a special section on the work of Air Kygieno Foundation (see page 239). Parts of this section nay interest various executives in your organization. May we ask, therefore, that you please bring the material to the attention of your associates? Also enclosed is a reprint of an important article on aluminum vs. silica dust. Extra copies of both reprints are available if desired. H. B. Mollcr Managing Director 0. k rI \s j ,'j PLAINTIFF'S EXHIBIT JittF IH *0 ncprinialfrom Newt Editinn, INDUSTRIAL AND ENGINEERING CuEMISTHY, Vol. 17, Pa</e233, April 10, 10.13 Research at Mellon Institute during 1938-1939* specially prominent among the E institute's recent undertakings has been the inception of researches along & broader front for greater service to science, iPtluUry, and humanity, In vestigations have been begun in several hitherto little studied fields of engineering materials and mechanical equipment for manufacturing, construction, and trans portation* Another feature of the year 193S-39 has been the expansion of work in public health, industrial hygiene and eco nomics, pharmaceutical chemistry, electro chemistry', textiles, plastics, anti building technology. Special facilities and ap paratus have been furnished for these new investigations. The institute is the hub of the scientific organizations in the Pittsburgh district, most of which meet regularly in its audi torium. National conventions held dur ing the year in the institute's home in cluded those of the Aiuem-su Association of Anatomi?- secial Libraries Associa tion, Insula! Committee of the Na tional Resc Council, Air Hygiene Foundation, the Society of Rheology, General Information on the Insti tute's Researches The 80 industrial fellowships--30 mul tiple and 56 individual fellowships--in operation during the institute's fiscal year March 1, 1933, to March 1, 1939. arc listed at the end of this report. These programs of research have required the services of 161 fellows and 90 fellowship assistants during all or part of the year. Thirty-nine fellowships have been in Operation 5 years or more, and of this number 20 have been active 10 years, 11 have concluded 15 years or more of re search, and S fellowship* an 20 years of age or older. The instittjjMpent St,HHr405 in conducting pure4ppfied science research in 193S-39. jgpP/-. New FstLOw-sain OfpH(K39. Seven teen fellowships begftiklfpititton during the year: Acid Recovery, Draft, Electro deposition, Ethanol, Felt, Filter, Gvpsum, Iodine, Meter, Pearl, Printing, Rubber, Silk, Special Dves, Special Plastics, Tube, and Watch Technology, Four other fellow ships have been accepted and will start work soon. Brief accounts will be pre sented here of the research progress to date of those new fellowships whose estab lishment has been announced previously, la addition, information will be included regarding the electrodeposition, iodine, and pearl fellowships. On the fellowship on special dyes, at the end of the year, G. U. Feild replaced W. E. Holland as the Incumbent; the latter then joined the donor's organization in a technical ca pacity. ` Pkevextiox or Stream Foi.lctios* nr Waste Fickle Liquors. The fellow ship on acid recovery of the American Iron and Steel limit.:; (\V. \V. Hodge, incumbent) was founded Inst summer to try to solve the problem of preventing stream pollution by waste [tickle liquors. Concerted efforts are living jiindo to improve existing method* and to evolve new ones ao that eventually ft technically and economically MltUfactory process will bo devoliqcd for tho treatment of spent pickle liquor*, to oIjtain from wonIc liquor* chemical hy.jir*diret anti to discover uses for them. and 1o proJure from live arid w/itlo liquors an eMInent winch will ln neutrnl in reaction amt umisr.o.-lo/y to (Kiblic health and industrial authorities. * Abstract et the Twentv-Pitth Atom*! Itrpnrl din i!irrrwr, K. It. tV*ullcn, In the irmin-* of th iiwlilxhun, The work of the fellowship has included a survey of manufacturing operations and methods m use for the treatment, and dis posal of spent pickle liquors in important steel-producin'; districts of the country. Preliminary studios have been made of 35 proposed, patented, or partially industrially dciclopcd processes for the treatment of waste pickle liquors, and detailed investiga tions are being conducted on a few of tho most promising procedures. Already, in three of these processes, decided improve ments have been effected, and in two other processes engineers and chemists are working on suggested changes of likely benefit. A series of experiments is well under way on possible uses for a material recoverable from spent piclJe liquor, and plans are being made to carry on An investigation on the utilisa tion of pickle liquor and its chemical by products. The quantity of waste pieklo liquors produced by the iron and Steel plants of the United States iua ueen variously estimated at from 500.000,000 to 500,000,000 gallons per year. Hence the development of suitable processes for tho treatment of tins immense quantity of industrial waste and tho discovery of uses for the recoverable by products are indeed important. The iron and steel industry is determined to clean up as soon as possible this source of stream pollution. ' Research on Electrodeposition*. On the fellowship of the Standard Steel Spring Co., R. H. Lester has a broad program of investigation on electroplating of metals to produce corrosion resistance. In particular he will study tho new electroplating process of the donor and will investigate its application in various fields. This process can give a plating of a pore-free type that has been found to be corrosion-resistant, especially in oil wells. The deposit can be made malle able and to withsland abrasive as well as corrosive attack. Steel plated by the novel process has likely markets in the manufacture of pipe, tanks, barrels, special containers, and apparatus. Improvement of Ata Filters. Last fall the American Air Filter Co., Ine., set up a fellowship for the investigation of materials of value for tho construction of filters for air-conditioning systems. F. F. Rupert, the incumbent, is giving special attention to the chemical treatment and coating of sled wool and other filter materials to provide the greatest degree of durability and effi ciency. Basic Research on Gyfscm Paooccrs, The fellowship held by H. E. Simpson is investigating for the U. S. GypAum Co. the fundamental chemistry of plaster tech nology as related to the properties of the various products manufactured basically from gypsum and calcined gypsum. The objective is the development of new processes and techniques which will have wide .applica tion in the field of building materials. Iodine Research Rjislmed, During the period January 1, 192S, to January 1, 1933. the Iodine Educational Bureau. Inc,, sus tained a series of fellowships in the institute nhn*i: purpo.-v was to ext etui tho uses for iodine. In the course of (his investigational work O. M. Karos, the senior fellow, first Studied the effectiveness of iodine in the con trol of smut on oats mid, in cooperation with veterinarian*, the place of Iodine in veterinary m.-dieim*. IIv neat carried mtt a romprhi-iinivc research on the behavior of iodine solutions nl liquid-nolid interfaces, from which cam new knowledge rv*|>yrtiii tlo wetting jKiwvr of iodine from varum* anti septic solution* nrul nl.-vo n new iodine null- vptic. Me then volluUiroUd in ttn extra- 233 mural pharmaceutical study of iodine solu tions for antisepsis, devised appnrntui Tor use in tho determination of iodine in very low concentrations, and participated in a thorough investigation of the value of iodine for livestock in central Pennsylvania, con ducted at the Pennsylvania State College. Early in 1939 the Iodine Educational Bureau again became a fellowship donor, having decided to support scopeful investiga tion on uses of iodtuc in industry, animal husbandry, and pharmacy, and F. K. Johnson has initiated this project. Studies jn Meter Tecsnologt. The Pittsburgh Equitable Meter Co.'s fellowship on meter technology, with R. L. Wakemna as tho incumbent, is investigating (he applica tions of synthetic resins and plastics as constructional materials for gas and liquid meters. Modem expansion in the use of industrial cases, the development ** *'' products, such as propane and butane, and increased attention to materials balance and utiliza tion of meters in establishing this balance have confronted the producer and consumer of these gases with circumstances which often make it desirable to replace leather diaphragms of meters with materials more suitable to the respective conditions. This need has been recognized for several years by the American Gas Association, as wit nessed by the existence of an association committco to study meter diaphragms and the active participation of L\ M. Van dor Pyl, of the Pittsburgh Equitable Meter Co., on this committee. The meter fellowship, with his collaboration, is pursuing a compre hensive investigation of the properties of synthetic materials which may be useful for this purpose. Within the past two or three decades, the necessity"for meters in the production and marketing of various liquid commodities has increased in proportion to the expansion of the chemical, petroleum, brewing, and other industries, and the demand for meters to handle hot water and other hot liquids in industrial establishncnis has also grown enormously. This widened use of liquid meters and the increase in exacting re quirements placed upon them make desir able a search for new* materials of construc tion. The current vigorous development of the chemistry end technology of synthetic resins, coupled with the versatility o: their properties and applications, suggests many new uses for them in the design of fluid me tors Of all types. With such applications in view, the meter fellowship is undertaking an in vestigation of the behavior of plastics under adverse conditions which may in the future become standard metering conditions. As tho dimensional tolerances in meters are necessarily lower than tho^c in most oilier articles in which plastics have heretofore been uiilited. special methods have i*ecn developed for measuring heat resistance, deformation under load, and dimenMunnl change in various liquid media, nml an at tempt is being made to correlate tbe-v anil allied properties with the chemical nature and thermal history of synthetic ]ila*iics. New Knowledge ox Pearls. The members of Pearl Associates, Inc., repre senting tho leading retail and nh;`ivdv dealer* in naturul oriental pearli in the I'ci'let! States, cstnhlinhed ft fallow *hip. with A. K. Alexander ns the incumU-i.t, to gather enmplcMo orfaniiftc data on ail pearl* originating in marunritifaron* nwilns.-t. Mirfosrftpic studies of (birr -a ciu-ucd by tlio fallow have retvalnl tbit nut nil jM-itrl* nru cotnpr.-ed of the o-r<li.rl-.-x-i.t'?: variety of calcium mrfamni (at ie, >. Suvrmt lati',1' natural salt water ;v.\rJ- on 1U { 231 INDUSTRIAL AND KNGINICKIUNG CHEMISTRY VOL. 17, NO. 7 ctliouins have (won found to !< formed in part of the much c.'iiiinO'nT licx.tK'inl form Oi calcium (at'i-jnli: (talcitc'j. Discovery of the pretence of calcuc in natural salt wjiler pearl* provr<l important when sub*er|uent oxiicniiuims were conducted on the use of optical an'! x-ray equipment ns a means of di-linK'iishins cultured from natural pearls. The Japanese cultured pearl has been shown to posses* lanse core, whieli, in r-presentalive specimens, average* from 76 to 90 per cent of the total linear diameter. This finding is at variance with implications in published statements Generally accepted by the buying public as valid. Another pba.*n of the fellowship research has involved tcinne equipment iu use to distinguish cultuted froin natural pear's, to find methods whereby this equipment could be improved. A ease in point is x-ray procedure, employed for many years for pearl differentiation, which has been modified to yield information on pearl substance quickly and accurately. The chemical, physical, and optical tests performed on pearls and the data obtained will form the basis for a comprehensive report. The work completed so far has demonstrated the superiority of the natural pearl in esthetic quality and homogeneous structure over all pearls made by artifice. Kcscj-r.cE is Watcz V;c7.:s.\nos. The Elgin National Watch Co. founded a fellow ship for the study of chemical aspects of technical problems in the natch industry, with 0 E. Barker as the fellow. The first objective is the development of improved watch lubricants. The lubricant being sought must be nonvolatile, nonspreading, noncorrosive, and chemically stable; it must possess the proper viscosity, pout* point, and solidification temperature, and must lubricate satisfactorily. Special meth ods have been developed by the fellow for measuring these properties. Among such accomplishments have been the design and construction of an instrument for evaluating the "oilioess" of watch lubricants. Par ticular attention has been devoted to a cor relation of the desired properties with chemical composition. These udics have led to an intensive investigation of many synthetic organic chemicals* which have been learned to possess eertain.MpMHor qualities over the older, commordyMMdoycd animal, fish, and mineral oils. 4rMnising results have been obtained with MM-of these new products in actual watch tM&F Completed Fellowship Research Programs. The following fellowships concluded their investigations during the year: Dairv Technology, Drying, Flavor ing, Food Container, Glazing, Household Utilities, Pharmaceuticals, and Stone. There follows a description of the general activities of and the development of "Thor" products for foundry use by the fellowship on dairy technology. Then there will be given the present status of flaked coffee, a creation of the food con tainer fellowship. The principal research accomplishments of tho fellowships on pharmaceuticals and stone have been published. New Products most Skim-Milk Souov Industrial use* for milk ingredients o:Tvr a solution to the large problem of profitable di*tKal of dairy wastes and by-products Though there is very little outright wastage in the processing of milk, thcro is a largo amount of material which find* its way into feed markets os an expedient for quick dis posal. Treatment of such tmlk produew to yield industrially useful articles has Uvu one objective of the dairy industry fur a. numlxr of year*. Casein glues and plastic* nro already uell e.-Unbludicd in commerce. Additional outlets lor milk hy-prnducti were the objectives Ilf llio fellowship sustained by the ILifden Co. from October 1, It'd I. to January 1. 1930. The cop<> of this program wo* such as (0 include for investigation the several type.i of material obtainable from milk--namely, carcin. bet albumin, and lactose, and the combinations thereof oc curring in skim milk and wliey. The several project* ucro earned to varying stages of development. A new application of the adhesive proper ties of milk proteins is seen in the de velopment of a line of materials for foundry use. Three products, protected V.y patents, marketed in dry form under the trade name "Thor" by the Borden casein division, have been made available: a core hinder, a core paste, and o silica wash, the latter for em ployment in steel foundries. Adaptability of milk proteins to these uses has re sulted through the discovery of means of solubilizing and rendering effective the otherwise insoluble proteins. High adhesive strength, resistance to moisture, and unique burning Qualities of these materials have enabled the formulation of products pos sessing feature* of special importance in foundry" molds and cores. Tho research in cluded some new measurement* of proper ties of foundry binders, pastes, and washes. Simplified methods were devised for evaluat ing these products which bear on their employment in practice II. K. Satibcrg, the holder of the fellow ship throughout its life, was promoted to the donor's technical staff in Bainbridge. NT V., on January I, to participate actively in tho further development and commercial introduction of "Thor" product*. Flaked Coffee. In 1934 the food con tainer fellowship of the Continental Cart Co. announced the production of flaked coflee, ob tained by rolling freshly roasted and ground coffee [see News Ed.. 12. 141 (1934)]. Flaked coffee offered to the consumer a better balanced cup of coffee and a greater economy in the uso of coffee, because the flaking operation, by thoroughly crushing the cell*, renders their contents more readily acces sible for extraction. This economy, in fact, amounts to a 60 per cent increase in the number of cups of coffee per pound. Flaked coffee has bees available for three years in packages, but its use has been limited to the brands so packed. The latest de velopment >x a counter finking mill (or the retail food market, whereby any coffee, according to the customer's selection, may be flaked to order. This flakcr will also be useful in the hotel or restaurant kitchen. Coffee m processed has the same brewing characteristics as packaged flaked coffee, and it is believed (his new development will greatly extend both the popularity and availability of coffee flakes. Bibliographic Statistics During the calendar year 193$, 17 bul letins, 27 research reports, and 43 other papers caiv.e from the institute. Twentyfour United States patents and 3S foreign patentsonfeltow>lij;) inventions proceeded to issue. The total publications for tho 2S year* ended December 31,193$, have been 20 books, 1"4 bulletins, $03 research re ports, and 1223 miscellaneous articles; 7U United States patents were granted dur ing the same period. Amiounccoblr Progress in Continued Industrial Fellowship Researches Uses for Anthracite. Completely automatic heat is readily obtained with Pennsylvania anthracite, without the nece.--itv of any attention for weeks at a time. The* re-uli is secured by using a stoker which withdraws anthracite'from the bin, burns it under thcniio-tatic con trol, and drop* Ihr n-.li hv gravity into un nsli-storagc pit beneath the healer. Tho multiple fellowship of Anthrarilo Indus tries, Ine. (IT. J. Rose, senior fellow) has made engineering v Ladies and prepared de signs for modern anthracite bins that --et nexv standards of Convenience, clcaniutc's and apjx'nianee. Completed bulletins give working drawings, construction <!u. tails, and estimates for gravity a>h-rc- moral methods. * In many cases, anthracite ashes may be used to advantage by the householder, (or it lias been found that they improve thr texture and tilth of clay foil. Tho ashes also reduce soil cracking and cro-ion and help plants to withstand droughty con ditions. Ashes are thought of simply as a sod-amendment agent and not as a. fertilizer. Research on uses for anthracite ashes and colliery refuse for tlie manufac ture of building materials has continued with interesting results, particularly in the field of heat-iusulating materials. Data were collected on the inherent chemical and physical properties of anthra cite find on its combustion characteristics. A study of the potential smoke-producing tendencies of coals oi various ranks was completed. "Calcoxite" ix D.urt Cleaning. In consequence of laboratory and large-scale work conducted by the multiple fellowship of Calgon, Inc. (H. H. CV.kv.a.*., ,-enior fel low), the use of `"Calgoriitc'' was found to be advantageous in the cleaning oi dairy pasteurizers, heat exchangers, and storage tanks, as well as iti the washing of cans and bottles. The large-scale investigation of can and bottle washing was supplemented by a bacteriologic study which yielded turthcr confirmation of the sanitational value of film-prevention in cleaning proc esses. Now in progress are researches or. the constitution of sodium metaphosphate and on the role of sodium metaphosphate in plant nutrition. Chains and Electric Welding Rods. In 1935 the McKay Co. established a fellowship for investigating problems of tire and industrial chain manufacture, with D. F. Helm as tho incumbent. Later the study of flux-coated shielded-arc welding electrodes, another wire product, was added to the program of tnc fellowship, which was expanded to a multiple basis with the appointment of J. E. Harris as junior fellow. During 193$ a number of successful welding electrode coating com positions have been evolved by this re search group working in cooperation with the donor's laboratories. These products have been carried through the full cycle of development and are now in production. It is planned that researches wilfbe pursued broadly along the lines now under way, including studies of the processes of manu facture and durability of chain products, origination of shieldcd-are welding elec trodes for special purposes, and investiga tion of general problems in the domain of welding technology. Commodity Standards. The multiple fellowship of Kaufmann Department Stores, Inc., which is concerned with Emblems of retail merchandising, has een in successful operation eight years. During the past year the fellowship staff, headed by Jules Labarthc, Jr., has had a program consisting of the following five general branches: prc-cvahiation of mer chandise offered to store buyers, estab lishment of specifications and informative labels for own-brand and other staple merchandise items, evaluation of cuv.omcr complaints about merchandise servicea bility or usefulness, rendering technical survive to the store maintenance depart ment, mid education of salespeople mid consumers. Tho pre-evaluation of inerchatnli-e h:v< been ((inducted as far a* |KV-dl,]e nr- Cording to iccognizcd standard test n.cth- Old? 4 APIllI. 10, 193*) Nt\W$ 1'DITION 23; ods. Two or more competitive items were Invariablv compared and tlie suj>erior merchandise recommended for purchase. Eighty-two specification-standard staple items* were added to the list begun two year* ago, anu the follows prepared the copy to appear on the informative label for each oi those article*. Eight hundred and forty adjustment cases were studied, of which'213 were judged to be justifiable complaints. ?,' ist common causes of failure a- defective merchan- dir m dyes affected by at . , '.s, poor color fast- nt . .> crocking, and made- qt . in lower'priced mcr- eft: ,.ows promulgated to the aal> '.ruelive material on mcr- chahifiv. . .uty and care, both tit the form of written information and by occasional informal talks. The senior fellow ad dressed nearly 40 women's clubs and other consumer organisations of the Pittsburgh district. Four of the five phases of the program have become of direct benefit to the con sumer. The basis of every evaluntional procedure deals with inoi disc serviceability, deter of occasional failure to j and providing useful < judge quality in goods i______ for them. In this day, when the so-called consumer movement Is of such importance to retailers and manufacturers and labeling legislation is so general, the unbiased tech nical advice of this fellowship is of ever increasing value to the donor and the public. Cotton* Foundation* Fellowship. This multiple fellowship--supported by a philanthropic group of business men or ganized ns the Cotton Research Foun dation--devoted Us first year to a com prehensive survey of the literature on cotton and cotton products and to a laboratory research program for the pre liminary`examination of potential new uses. The provision of this activity by voluntary contributions from a large num ber of participants in this commendable movement is worthy of special note. Broadly speaking, the aim is to make both fundamental investigations and practical Studies of any subject* that Carry the possibility of improving the cotton economy of this country. In order to progress as rapidly r.s possible, the initial fellowship personnel--consisting of 1). M. Mus-vr, It. 1\ Nickerson, and II. S. Oli'ott---has been expanded by the addition of five as*tstnnts. A review of the literature on the proper ties of hult bran and of previous sugges- lions for its utilization lias been com pleted and submitted for publication. Moreover, a compre hensive chemical analysis of Has material ami a >]iectro^rapbtc examination of it-. a.-h have been carried out and will 5<Kn apfxear tii print. The fellow ship lias devclojK'fi a sweeping coaqjound based on cottonseed hull bran that is be lieved to be more ef ficient than existing commercial types; con siderable interest has been shown in this product, and it is ex pected that a number of companies will un dertake its manufac ture in the near future. Problems concerned with the isolation and properties of cotton seed proteins have re* ccived much investiga tion. Not, only have methods been "devised for carrying out the preparation of cotton seed globulin on a pilot-plant scale, but also a number of studies are in progress on possible industrial applications. Another project is nn invent ina tion on the possibility of obtaining an effec tive activated carlwu by the thermal decuiupoL!ion of cottonseed incll bran. Thu nutri tional prnjveriici of cottunaocd meal of various tyj)e-i arc 1**ing thoroughly studii.il by means of grow tli CX|K.,iili|i,lits witli rat*. JlA'ic work nn the properties of cotton lint relating to certain sprcult/rd ii"hi',ri.it applications is m priori-.s. Method* of proco-inji and puriiimtinri of hull linter> arc being inspected. The Colton Re.-cardi Foundation, con tinuing it* policy of providing: financial :t;d to institutions prnpo-ing interesting re search projects lor cotton utilization, ha-, C-'lnblMictl. through the agency of Au-ltr.u Institute, three fdlowdiij* or scholardijp* in southern universities in addition to that for which arrangement* wi*ic made at the University of North Carolina hist year, This latter problem is an investiga tion by G. C. Holrovd, under the leader ship of F. K. Cameron, of methods of pulping the entire cotton plant to provide an advantageous source of cellulose. At the University of Texas, in a program be ing supported jointly by that institution and the Cotton Research Foundation, li. Lb Allen is studying the product* of cata lytic hydrogenation of cotton with a view to developing u.ses for Hitters and orT- grades of Lint. W. E. Richards, at the o i vi 7 :> !' UM 236 INDUSTRIAL AND liNGlNF-EMNG CHEMISTRY VOL. 17, NO. 7 Te>uw Technological College, is determin ing orul examining tlic constituents of cuitou lur.-<. A fellowship, of winch U. A. timhciUuid is the incnnihcnt, on the Utilization of Cutton-ecd hull brail as a source of lignin :tn<i fuifm;il, has recently been put in operation at the Onivcnity of Tennessee. Realizing that economic as pects ore of vital significance in the de velopment of new ti.-es, a novel departme is seen in the fellowship on cellulose eco nomics at thu University of Pittsburgh. G. D, Richer, whose undergraduate and preliminary graduate training hu been in the field of chemistry, in addition to pursuing.* curriculum of studies as a candi date for a higher degree in the department of ^conutnics, will correlate the results of the investigative activities with analyses of the economic situation in cotton tech nology. New Foods. The major accomplish ment of the multiple fellowship on food varieties o! H. J. lieinx Co. (L. H. Hard ing, senior fellow) has been the complete technological development of a line of special foods for the feeding of children beyond the strained foods age. Those new products ore the result of a demand from physicians and mothers for foods for young children that are of ,-r texture and require chewing, afford good nutritive bal ance with special emphasis on the content of vitamins aud minerals, are of easy di gestibility and free from spices and other unsuitable ingredients, and have interest ing variety and appealing payability. These foods art aLo particularly suitable for convalescents and other adults on special diets who need easily digestible foods of high nutritive value. Nine of these foods have been put into production io the donor's factories and three others are ready for manufacture. Most of these products are composed of a number of in gredients combined according to new and unusual recipes planned especially for food factory adaptability. Many prob lems had to be salved in preparing, cook ing, packaging, and sterilizing these foods in order to preserve flavor, color, and food value to the most favorable degree. The twelve varieties mciudf^ingetffbtes, both plain and creamed, maMgacoductt, fruit, and puddings. SpedjHMK the names adopted for this line dfgffitftlor Foods" are Creamed Green Y0Mn*s, Creamed Diced Vegetables, Creamed Tomato and Rice, Creamed Diced Potatoes, Lamb and Liver, Chicken Karina Vegetable Por ridge, Chopped Spinach, Chopped Car rots. Chopped Mixed Vegetables, Pine apple Rice Pudding, Prune Pudding, and Appio-Fig-and-Daic Dessert. The nutritional studies of the fellowship have been carried forward, and vitamin assays have been completed on most of the junior foods, as well as on several strained foods. A new variety in the trained foods line--namely, strained pears and pineaisple--lias been developed and put Into production following the establish ment. of its nutritive value. Sorfacb llMtoxtes of Class. The term `'hardness" admits of no explicit defi nition; it is indeed generally used with- nut regard to definition, bringing thereby Confusion rather than clarity into ninny tlntfcmcnts. Hmdnw; tuny have as many meanings when applied to glass as when applied to other nv,iturv.ds. Uut, as one of the specific advantages of gln.-s is its ability to traiiMuit light, attempt* have been made by the multiple fellowship on technical glassware of the Corning dm.-. Co. (R. 11. McGregor, senior fellow) to determine the ability of diffcicut com positions to n-si-t surface alteration of type that would reduce direct light trans mission, Methods ami apparatus have been developed tlmt enable the appmi.Mi1 of surface hardness according to that point of view. It has been found that this sur face stability lias not necessarily any rela tion to the structural stability or rncrhunical strength of the glass. Attempts arc being made to evaluate certain glasses on the basts of the services required of them. Heat Ivsulatio.v Research. The multiple fellowship of the Philip Carey Co. (R. II. Heilman, senior fellow) has been active in making thermal conductivity de terminations on Joiv-tfcnipernturc or build ing insulation. A study of the thermal and physical characteristics of various Iteat- insukitwg cements has aLo been con ducted. Considerable time has been ex pended by the fellowship in experimental investigations leading towards standard* methods for determining the thermal and physical characteristics of heat-insulating materials. This work has been carried on in collaboration with various committees of the A. S.T. M. Since the Morro Cottle disaster on September 0, 1934, when many lives were lost, stringent specifications have been de veloped for materials used in ship con struction to eliminate the hazard of fire at sea. As a means of preventing the spread of fire on shipboard, it is r.;..::.ry to have fireproof construction for bulkheads, cabin enclosures, and storerooms, snd "Carey Firetoil" nas been developed for this pur pose. This material, which can be pro duced commercially in large panels suitable for fire-safe bulkhead construction, is made of alternate Savers oi flat and cor rugated asbestos felts having eight cor rugations pet inch of thickness. The lay ers of asbestos felt are joined with a neu-h- developed waterproof adhesive, resulting in a board or panel that is hard, rigid, light, and strong. The l-inch thick Kirefoil core weighs approximately 2 pounds per square foot, ft has sufficient strength after soaking in water for 72 hours to withstand a pressure of approximately 75 rounds applied to a 1-inch square die ontlicsurfacc. Fircfoil is manufactured in widths up to 4S inches and can be furnished iu any thickness from l/i inch up by V Inch increments. The fellowship has as sisted in the acquisition of technical in formation on this new product, which has already found a number of uses other than in ship construction, including boiler and furnace casings, oven walls, casings for air conditioning units, interior building units, and insulating linings for stacks. The fellowship has also aided in secur ing additional technical information on the Carey all-asbestos insulating air duct, de scribed last year, which is having a steadily increasing acceptance in the air-condi tioning fieldLaBORATOP.T COSSTRCCTIOSAt, MA TERIALS. "Kemito" and "Karcitc," lowshrinkage, acid-resistant ceramic belies, the pores of winch arc filled with carbon in the form of coke, conceived and de veloped by S. M. Phelps, of the institute's refractories fellowship, have kept in large- scale production through the year. These products have been specified tor many new laboratory installations, and the reports concerning the ware which has been in u.so for longer periods have been uniformly favorable. The table tops sinks, window silts, and dmiti pipe employed in the in stitute's building have continued to give excellent service. During the fourth year of the fellowship maintained by the Ceramic i'roducts Co., with H. M. Mnr- baker as iucuudwnt, prosjoictive new raw materials weic evaluated, studio looking towards the development of additional Serlics wen: carried out, ami new icatiou* were investigated. "Meat TknukuuvnuN. . A fellowship wax established November 10, 1`j.tj, by the Kroger Food Foundation of the Kroger Grocery and Raking Co. (M. D. Coulur, fellow), lor the application of current siicimiio developments to the solution of naturally occurring problems in the retail merchandising of the meat supply of the country. Three and a half years of research have culminated in the development to com mercial status of a new process making an improvement iu the patatabdity of beef through increase in tenderness and juici ness. The process parallels that long practiced in the ``hanging'' of beef for periods of 4 to <3 weeks to produce steaks nod roasts of high quality and price, iiy acceleration of the rcactioos occurring in the beef there arc avoided the large capital investment involved in "hanging" beef and the losses due to trimming and shrinkage. In a period of days a tender product of superior juiciness can be pro duced in the price range of the general market without applying any treatment to the meat other than altering the atmospheric conditions utider which it-is hung. Beef is made up of small muscle fibers */.> inch in diameter and */ inch long filled with liquid materials containing protein, fatlike subArar.:va, av.d ammo acids. These fibers are bound together by a light connective tissue composed for the most part of collagen ana elastin. The degree of toughness of beef is caused in major part by the comparative tough ness and weight of the connective tissue. Softening or weakening of the connective tissue results in appreciable increase in tenderness. In well-conditioned animals of proper age deposition of fat occurs within the connective tissue, destroying its continuity and weakening it, with the result that the "marbling" of the meat grades is one of the more reliable criteria of excellence. During the ``hanging" operation a slow softening of the connec tive tissue occurs because of the action of enzymes naturally present. At chill stor age temperatures (33 to 3S F.) the reac tion proceeds very slowly. Increase of temperature accelerates tliis reaction with the result that, while * period of weeks is required for the desired degree of comple tion at 33 F-, uniform tenderness is at tained in 5 days at 55 F., in 2 days at 65 F., and in a few hours at S3 F. Reduc tion of shrinkage losses is accomplished by raising the relative humidity of the proc essing and storage coolers to a preferred range of 85 to 90 per cent as compared with tbe 70 to $3 per cent usually maintained. It has been demonstrated that no deterio ration of meat wilt occur if protection against the exterior attack of bacteria is afforded. The combination of higher temperatures and a more humid atmosphere presents an ideal situation for the growth of bacteria and mold, and therefore means of over coming this growth are required. While many agencies for maintaining surface sterility have been long available, no practicable means applicable to this problem had been found prior to the de velopment of the Wcstingliousc "btcriJamp." Jn the presence ol high tempera ture and relative humidity it is po.-ailOo with this lamp to maintain a practical degree of surface sterility on nil sides of hanging beef without damage to the car cass or untoward action on workmen con stantly employed in the cooler. Ultra violet sources previously known were not limited in radiation characteristics so as to coniine the radiation to bactericidal wave lengths with elimination of wave lengths damaging to organic tissue and fat. In connection with radiation, n slow circula tion of cooler nir is required arid must be of Uw volume to jwovido lor nUiiujphcnc 0i07o t change without wirsdho*-- r-*2 of the beef or undue loss by shrinkage. _ In a practical way it has been found preferable to maintain a temperature of 00 F. in the proc essing cooler .to enable the treat ment of the heaviest quarters in a suitable period of time. At ap preciably tower temperature* the tirooessing pe riod is unreasonably ong and at higher temperatures an extremely accurate control of the time period 5? required to avoid either "under-processing*' or processing to a degree greater than that which is behaved de sirable for general consumption. Relative humidity is maintained in the previously indicated So to 60 per cent range with a gradual replacement of cooler air by con ditioned air lakc-n from yifeMtt- side. A social rcfrffti&tion problem was en<-ountortg|fc4hfr design of such a cooler, SpMtfng the maintenance of theiwRivfl humidity level desired without inducing n too high velocity of air circulation through the condi tioning apparatus Following processing the beef is moved to a chilling cooler maintained at 33* F., where the interior tem perature of the quarters arc reduced prior to removal to civil! storage to avoid the tempera ture fluctuations that would inevitably occur with the in troduction of a load of beef at the process ing temperature. In storage the meat is handled according to present packing house practice with the exception of atmos pheric condition'*. In the present case storage is at 30" K. to provide a eight piece of beef for butchering. Under the condi tions of storage a higher storage tempera ture may be employed with savings on re frigeration costs but it is reflected in less rigidity of the beef lor cutting. Ultra violet radiation is provided during proe- i*iTig, chillin'.:, aruf stor.vac, and relative humidity is held at S3 to 1ft) per cent. The latter condition is iliilieult to attain in the early stages of tho chilling oju-mtiun hut is kept ns liinU as jH^iblo. The intensity level of radiation is field aa low as possible, employing a larger number of lamp* At low inteirdty in preference to a smaller number ofM-ratMikC at high intensity. Application of tin* new pruco* baa been made to the entire btvf carcass. The 0id7 usual steak cuts employed f"r broilit)^ and frying arc inm-A^rd m temh'rnc?*. Tho effect is evident in rib and cl;u<k cuts, commonly served as roasts, in rounds, the eye, tenderloin tip, arid top round arc tendered, but results with the frequently flexed bottom round nmsefes arc riot uni form. flavor is inappreciably altered. The juiciness of the beef is greatly in creased, "Grninmess" is lessened, the presence of individual fibers being unde tectable, differing in this respect from originally tender beef that has been neither processed nor hung. The generr.l effect is judged ns advancing the beef at ica>t one government grade in general palatabiiity. The foregoing conclusions have been derived from physical and chemical ex amination?, submittal of samples to com petent authorities in meat merchandisin'; and in culinary art, palatabdity tc.-ts, and consumer acceptance tests on the produc tion of an experimental unit plant over a period of a year and a half. Science in the Use of Natciul Gas. On the Hope Natural Gas Co/s fellowship (J. B, Garner, incumbent) many problems Upper left-hand. Basie re search in the development o a "Junior Food'1 Center. View in one of con ditioning unit3 in the re* search on meat tenderizing, showing the "Sterilamps" (upper right) and tempera ture and humidity recorders (center right). Left to right, H, C. Rentschler(perfccter o the "Sterilamp"), C. D, Seal (the fellowship adviser), and M, D, Coulter are examining "a quarter of "Tenderayed" beef Lower right-hand. A mo ment of record, in a study of the Industrial Fellowship on Chemical Hygiene 2:M) INDUSTRIAL AND KN'GINI-lF.RlNG CHEMISTRY VOL. 17, NO. 7 Imvins to <)< with f.iftor.s in the di-Hri- hydration agents ol gaves. Various prob buliuii ami utilualmn of natural r>s have lems involving M>k.-iit*, other than those firm' stude-d. Oa* f'-.<k-vtr<- condition.*, of [lie glycol series, were also .studied, such Qa prevail in the atrct', alleys, This work embraced the refining of Inlni- Schools churches tuofi'iu-JucCciiC thea r.lfiog nils by solvent methods, degreasing ters. oml ho-pitals in the greater Pitts burgh district. have been surveyed. The application of corrective measures has exi>eriii;eiits, and many other problems. The alkyl silicate* have rontiniaal to lie of interest ami several of their uy.s, such followed aiu! consequently the hazards of as in the formulation of coatings resistant g. i* leakage have be" gvc-.-.'.K' lessened. to heat and alkalies, were investigated. Cases of cnrlwin monoxide poisoning, Research has al*o proceeded in (he field of eau-.d by either improjier adjustment of vinyl resin coatings with particular empha applmnce* nr inadequate venting, have sis being placed on adapting the commer h. -td attention. A summary of this in- cially available vinyl resins to specific vo.-tigation appeared in riftdirto-jJi's ffrollh, applications. Re-ndes the investigation June, 103*5. carried out on coatings, experiments were Three problems of economic importance conducted on other uses for these resins, have merited (he study it has been i*>s-ible such ns in hot melts. to give them, ami further research on a New Devices for Petroi.ecm Re larger scale lets been scheduled, Refer search. In connection with ft broad ence is had to inhibition of hydrate forma study of the constitution of certain pe tion when natural gas is trait'puRcd under troleum product.?, which the multiple high pressures and at relatively low tem fellowship of the Gulf Research & De peratures; removal of hydrogen sulfide velopment Co. (IV. A. Grose, senior fel nd organic sulfur from natural gas (tre low) lias beer, carrying on over a period of mendous volumes of "sour" natural gas several. years, the need has arisen for are available for treatment) by a new quick and accurate measurements of the method evolved by the fellowship which, it is believed, will oe more; efficient than the procedures now in use; and liquefac physical constants of oil hydrocarbons, when only very sma'1 i-->>' of the ma terials are available. To meet this re tion of the hydrocarbons of natural gas and quirement, the development of a scric3 of their subsequent separation at .low tem peratures. A comprehensive general survey of the applicable methods lias been undertaken. For viscosity determination, the design of a new type of equipment was ncces-nry. entire natural gas industry of the United The resulting instrument, although in States has been prepared and is to be tended primarily for samples less than published. 0.2 gram in amount, is quite safi-factory Oroaxic Synthesis Kf.ets to the for general viscometry. The principle Fore. The Carbide and Carbon Chemi involved is the determinalibn of the rate of cals Corp.'s multiple fellowship (H. F. fali of a short segment of liquid entirely Robertson, senior fellow) entered its twenty-filth year of continuous activity with ft unit of the Union Carbide an<f contained in a longer capillary tube. The apparatus is a small, self-contained, port able unit having an absolute accuracy of Carbon Corp. as a donor. During this the order of 3 per cent, which compares period of time the manufacture of syn favorably with that of the better instru thetic organic chemicals has grown to such ments now current. The precision, how proportions that it is now one of the im ever, is within 0.1 per cent, and a complete portant industries ol the country, owing determination by an unskilled operator largely to the production of an ever in takes only 10 minutes. J. U. Bowman, of creasing numberof MtFcbcmicals having the fellowship staff, plans to describe the an expanding spheCBgM':Qse{u!noss. In instrument in a paper in the near future. 193S-39 the `tllonaHni followed this The determination of the apparent trend by carrying qgppji^faa preparation molecular weight of petroleum oils has of new cowpoiuK&iaEsip experimental always given much trouble, tlie available scale and by mvestfpiBg possible appli methods being either fairly slow and in* cations of these compounds and those of accurate or moderately precise while very others already available. Work has been slow and clumsy. The devising of an kept np in the held of amines, and some improved procedure wns taken up by W. new derivatives of this class of com E. Hanson and J. R. Bowman, and the pounds were found that appear to be of result of their study is based in principle potential industrial importance us textile on the Cottrell type boiler, employing a softeners, netting agents, and pickling and Mentics-Wright differential thermometer. corrosion inhibitors. Other novel pre;x\- No fcdj.u-uuunts are necessary ami the rations enable the formulation of emul apparatus is rugged and simple. It is sions under conditions that make the usual satisfactory for many types of chemical emulsifying agents unsuitable. In addi compounds as well as oils, is quite rapid, tion, many application problems involving does not require a purified solvent, and the use ol the now more generally known operates with on error of less than l per amines, such as the ethniiolaniiries, ethyl cent. As it is believed the appliance will ene amines, and morpholines, were in be quite useful in laboratories of organic vestigated. chemistry, n description of it will be pub Thu preparation of new derivatives of lished. diketene ami its dimer, dehvdracctic acid, D. It. Stevens anti assistants have com has been extended- Suinc ol the com* pleted a basic study of the chemistry of the pounds prepared are of interest a* pla-ti- gasoline sweetening process, by which cirera and as pharmaceutical and dyestuff offensive ami harmful sulfur compounds inu-nmvlmt's. Owing to the potential are removed or converted into less objec Usefulness of diketene as an intermediate tionable sub.-t:uiie<, and they expect to in the synthesis of a large number of new- reinirt the results shortly. material.*, a [Ki[*er, to he published soon, 1mriiove.mf.xts ix TuY-sstsc. M.uanx- will Uejefil*' many of the reactions of this Ehy. Among the several fvllow.sliijw interesting vom|Kniiid. working on pii'Mriux in textile technology Work wa mniiitaim-d on the prepara is that of the l'. S. Hoffman Machinery tion of lU-w solvents of (he clhyiciiv and <'orp, with K. K. f'lark fellow. Main propylene glxeol relies, as were ex|>en- tained continuously since IWS, the work incuts on new ows fur those derivatives cnmiiieinctl with a .study of lint ilhvli of already eoiameicially available. Indus heat, iwui-lntv. luid pus-ure on wool and trial appliealixiu investigated llielndcd silk I'abfies. Tim research was iic.Xl ex the n.*r >.f ib.-.-e materials a< votilaiits or tended to nid in the design of improved hicit-traiisfer lue>li:i, ns M.flcncrs, p|:i-li- pressing machinery for iw by tailors, dry ti/<-fs. i'i j.iiuug agent*, and as de cleaners, and clothing manufacturer*. Better average quality of workmanship and greater production per operator with less fatigue have been attained mi several fields, notably in the rcfim-iiing of -ilk dtes-cs after cleaning operations. Tin: extension of the dotmc'S activities into the fields of dry-cleaning and laundering ma chinery construction broaden.d the scope of [lie fellowship, and ceilti ibulinn - to the arts involved have been inode a* to filters and stills for purifying the liquids -id awl ftS to complete compact unit plant* which ]>Ci-rmC cvvii the srualli-e eqablf.-l.ments to give high-grade service. A new, safer, and purer type of petroleum xiaphcha has been widely introduced to replace '`ctoddattl solvent''--a development for which a former institute fellowship was largely re sponsible--where fire insurance rates in volved in the use of the latter were pro hibitive. This naphtha, know n as "1-lO-F solvent," is ft thoroughly refined, sharply fractionated product with a "Tag" closed- cup flash above MO* F. and an A, b.T. M. end point below 410" F. Despite its high boiling point, it is effectively removed at safe temperatures iu special drying devices. Protective Coatj.yos. The multiple fellowship of Stoner-Mudge, Inc. (G. II. Young, senior fellow) was p...grossed in investigations on the fundamental struc ture and properties of organic resin films on metals and other surfaces. Consider able attention has been focused on the mechanism of surface-catalysed thermal decomposition of halogen-containing ther moplastics, and kinetic studies on such breakdown ha\*e led to the de velopment of suitable thermal stabilisers for incorpora tion in films expected to withstand ele vated temperatures. The first of a series of patents covering such stabilised coating compositions has be?:) issued (U. S. Patent 2,130,92-1). Researches in the field of thermosetting polymers were primarily directed at evolving suitable oase-cont primers for use under the familiar vinyl and acrylic copolymers. In connection With these studies, "a detailed investigation of the mechanism and reaction kinetics of the phenol-aldehyde condensation has been undertaken. Studies or. the nature of metal surfaces, with particular emphasis on the modification ot such surfaces by chemical pretreatment prior to coating, b.ave bsen continued. An investigation of tbe effect on organic coatings of residual oil and metal soap contamination resulting from improper cleaning of tinplate was successfully concluded, and the necessity for careful control of cleaning operations was clearly demonstrated. Forward steps were made in studies of resin emulsion application to wood, textile, and paper surfaces. Resexrcu ox Refractories. In its twenty-second year the multiple fellow ship of the American Refractories Institute (S. M. I'helps, senior follow) provided technical service to the refractories indus try by conducting studios for individual concerns and by carrying out researches of broad nature for the' benefit of tin' whole industry. Some of this work has had to do with the development of now test methods for use in controlling the quality of products and for the study o: their probable behavior in actual -.cvuC, Co operation has been txtendvd to many user* ot refractories in llwir problem' ami in the writing of sjivaUcation*. An iiivceligatinn of general interest lias tiertaincil to silu-a brick, pftriu cV.irly t'm.-c brick known in the trade a* ''moltlcd." In the routine iiiamifa.-tnre of silica hru-k, it turasiowiily happen* that -..inc ..f the brick as they come from tie- kiln are dis- v!.,r<sl in varying degree*. D,i; di~* e.ihuatioii occurs as Miiall ur limy increase in siro to largo MnMa-a which may cover over half the .surface of the AIM11L 10. 1939 news edition 229 brick; it may vary from a light brown to has boon rtbtabi'vl. In (he la-1 Iwo years dark ri'ilili-li bfov. n. Manufacturer.-, have stainless wire bus been added to the line of studied tliis behavior from time lo tune, products n( the donor and th-* principles of but ho reliable. remedy has been brought carbon m! teclmolngv ha tv Iwen applied forth. Although there are n<> record-. that t<> the manufacture of 'tnmlc-i steel wire such brick me inferior to the mote upjH-'il- with beneficial remits. Recently con in" cream-colored product, neverthcle-s siderable time has been spent on problems Some consumers have taken the attitude of manufacturing seamless tubing with the that they would not give comparable aim o( increasing quality and decreasing service. Because of tie.- fart it "us de production costs. (-[rCCifie.itions, finishes, cided that the fellowship fhuithl compare corrosion, and coating problems, as we!! the too typos of brick tn all their projx-r- asdovcJopmeu t work on paperbacked build ties. The information obtained from this ing fabrics, are the subject of continuing research shows there is no significant differ studies. ent' between the colored and normal New Uses rot? Sulfur. The investi brick. It has long been known that gation of plasticized sulfur has been con heating a discolored brick in a neutral or ducted for the Texas Gulf Sulphur Co. oxidizing atmo.-phoce to tv moderately high with emphasis on the evaluation of both tonv.-:r:turj will enure the discoloration to plasticized and ordinary typos of sulfur din-.'uisli or to disappear, which indicates cements. P. V. McKinney and associates that it is caused by some material which is on this fellowship have cooperated with oxidized by the aid of the heat treatment. the A. S. T. M. in outlining a program for Petrographic examination has demon the standardization of such tests. strated tlmt the darkened areas arc caused Traffic reflectors and other markers are by iron oxide in solid solution iti the cal rcadilv set in highway surfaces by the use cium silicate glass tihiclt forms the bond of sulfur-jointing compounds. The sulfur of the brick. This iron is present in both composition which was used as a filler in the normal and mottled brick, and the the construction of brick roads is in its state of oxidation is responsible for the fourth year of service; it can now be pre color. In view of this finding, differences pared at less expense. This type of ma in physical properties cf v."o typos are terial is abo under trial for r^a minting of not to be expected, especially because die glass blocks for skylights. Washing ma total amount of iron in any silica brick i3 chines in which the tub and rim section arc very small. joined with a sulfur cement are now in the Novel Silica Products- A study of tenth month of consumer test. The prop the properties of "Garspar" in ceramic erties of many porous materials are bodies, enamels, and glasses has consti greatly changed by impregnation with tuted one of the main projects of the min sulfur. Sandstone imbued with sulfur has eral products multiple fellowship sustained proved to have superior qualities as an by Norbert S. Garbisch and beaded by G. Abrasive in a special application. For a J. Bair. Garspar, the new ceramic raw similar use abrasive aggregates have been material developed by the fellowship, con bonded with sulfur cement. Water ab sists of an exceedingly fine-grained, homo sorption of both sandstone and stoneware geneous mixture of quarts and processed has been eliminated and the swelling of glass, produced by means of mechanical wood greatly reduced by impregnation and chemical treatment which controls with sulfur. Tough, pliable packaging both its chemical composition and physical materials have been produced by lamina firoperties. Garspar is being supplied rom a large plant designed and built under fellowship direction. tion of paper products with plasticized sulfur. Unn.vx Am Pollctios--A New Is- In whitpware bodies, Garspar is used in YLsticvnON is PmsBOP.c.H. During 8lace of flint, feldspar, tak, and auxiliary 193$ the fellowship on air pollution control uxes. It increases tto stvjkftbility of the cooperated with the Department of Public plastic body, Adds wbitttNMiflnd strength Health of the City of Pittsburgh in a study to the fired ware, has vitrification of municipal air contamination. The range, shows no ovetfijK^St cone 13, program was carried on under a federal improves glare fit, and aicaitfes moisture government grant and it is expected this expansion of the body. project will be continued through 1939. A new dustless batch-preparing process A sootf-'H survey is bein': made on a has been developed by the fellowship for compounding Garsjiar in glass and enamel batches. The outstanding characteristics more elaborate scale than the studies of 1912-13, 1923-34, and 1929-30. Instead of 12 to 20 stations, there are 100 stations of tire new batch arc complete homoge for the collection of precipitated solids and neity, good heat conductivity, quick melt 50 field men who make direct observations ing and firing, absence ol dust, and no of smoking chimneys. Data are tabulated danger of segregation during handling. according to the type of plant--heavy An experimental unit has been erected industrial, light industrial, commercial, and i< being operated by the fellowship. and domestic. There sre approximately "Garbond" and "Gartcx," in various 3000 stocks in the cla-ses regulated by the grades, are some of the new products de city's antismoke ordinance. There are veloped by the fellowship (luring 193$. 151.000 cfwofimg units, 219.000 of which Gnruond is being successfully used in burn coal for fuel, and none of them U sub foundries as an admix to molding sands ject to jMvkc regulation. Indications are and as a mold wash. Gartcx is a social that the dv-xlhi-.g units arc the greatest filler material, surface-processed to obtain source of air |->lii;tion in Pittsburgh during proper wetting by organic solvents. the winter months, At several points the I'rOORKss is Stkkl Winn and Tcntvc air is lioing sampled for the ijurprise of Tuciinouxiy. The fellowship of the measuring suspended Solids. Established Pittsburgh Co. has been interested method* arc u vd for comparison with re primarily in problems in the manufactiuc sults from uiMruments developed hv the of steel wire, ftml since 1937 many de gioup of >ivt-i:,hst.- aociatod with the velopments itt processing suitable fur Ingle project. The new instrument* arc ile- ajwciCieation materials have b"in ac aigiiid to giro continuous records of sus complished by S. A. liralcy-. Ill 11*37, D. pended -olid*. The rc-iilu may lie re K Babcock was added to the |>er-oiincl of corded in terms of density ns with the the fellowship for the express pnr|mxe of Owens automatic filter, by ob-lnutiott of studying xtevl wire for the manufacture of coated rloctn*dv<. This work lias pro gressed rapidly and much information on lighl a- indicated by phnloel'sliic cells or in |v.utwtvs counted under tv uucnwcot'e. A s|>ectros<M|w- w:,s built f.,r the study of the equilibria existing Ix-twccn the steel sun-hinc. \ i-ible light, near ultraviolet, Ixtsd and the flux coaling placed thcm.ii and far ultraviolet ate 'recorded sepa rately, Mi-tmrolngicat data obtained from the U, S. Weather Bureau are com pared with the records of sootfall, sus pended contaminants, and sunshine. The study of aulop-y material is being continued at Singer Memorial Laboratory in the effort to determine possible effect sol mr |>ollutioii as noted tn Pittsburgh in cau-mg or aggravating respiratory dis eases. In connection with this work and with the coo|ieratiori of tiiu Dairymen's Cooperative bales Association, Milk d: Ice Cream Salesmen, Drivers and Dairy Employee* Local No. 205, 100,000 <\uc* tiounaircs on the effects of smog were distributed to homes in the city. The Pittsburgh newspnjiers and radio stations aided actively in bringing this question naire to the attention oi the public--assist ance that was of great value in stimulating returns. The answers have been tabu lated and will be appraised by medical specialists. Investigational Advances of Air Hygiene Foundation of America Historian J. T. Adams has observed that "Today people arc thinking to a very great extent--some of them entirely--of what a corporation is doing for the general social good." The 230 corporations affili ated with Air Hygiene foundation have contributed to the welfare of their ap proximately 1,000,000 workmen, and therefore to "the general social good," through the work and accomplishments of this organization during 193S-39- Air Hygiene Foundation is a nonprofit, science organization with headquarters and a multiple fellowship at Mellon Institute. It represents a collective effort by em ployers in behalf of employee health- The foundation, in addition to its pure, funda mental research in industrial health, pro vides member companies with practical, plant applications to prevent industrial illness and to foster indust rial hygiene. During the year the foundation's pre ventive engineering committee, headed by Philip Drinker, of the Harvard School of Public Health, prepared and issued eight bulletins detailing chemical and engineer ing measures for safeguarding occupational health. These publications, covering a wide range of current, everyday plant problems, are as follows: "Determination of Benzol Vapor in the Atmosphere," "Use and Care of Respirators," "Deter mination of Chlorinated Hydrocarbon Vapors," "Design of Exhaust Hoods," "Design of Duct Work for Exhaust Sys tems," "Determination of Lead in the Air," "Identification of Industrial Dusts," and "Routine Sampling for Control of Atmospheric Impurities," Each month the foundation issues a digest of latest pertinent literature on in dustrial hygiene, thereby keeping its member companies constantly posted on progress. Approximately 1CW0 separate articles were abstracted during the year. An exhaustive legal study covering "Com pensation Legislation--A Critical Re view" was completed and released early in the year, as were the full proceedings of the 1937 meeting. Two information circulars were produced. A number of special articles, describing activities of the foundation, were published in medical, engineering, and managemcntal uimuais. Meanwhile, under research grants from the foundation, scientific investigation* progressed at Mellon Institute, Harvard University, Urn University of lVnnsylv.-tni.'i, and The .<\irun;tc Laboratory. Various well-indicated, short-time stud ies are conducted at the institute under the supervision of 21. 21. Mcllir, senior fellow. 1`lant surveys and x|toeial investigation* are being made ulmo-t roiitinudly for member companies through the fimnda. 01xl?i) 210 INDUSTRIAL AND KXGINKLIUN'G CHF.MISTUY VOL. l", NO. 7 tion's hWnlory hi the institute. Also throu<;h its l,.;v!>!u.trt.TS here Uic louml*. tio 4trvf-3 aft ft cmlr.il agent ><>r the eul- lection, c"iri inticm, end diskvinnud.ion of data on induatntil health subjects. This useful furi-.-iion helps curtail co.-tly impli cation mvl mils m orderly ftdv-.uiciiv,; our frontiers of kn**"'iv<Jjc. Tu-o graduate fellowships were est.il,. lisVie<l by the inundation at lliwv.wd Uni- versitv to invc-ligatc engineering prob lems. " Tho.e I'fillou.-hius will train men in industrial hvgiene and help build up a skilled personnel to meet the increasing demand for specialists from industry and government, true fellow will study funda mentals of hood design for control of ga$i.-s and vapors where low velocities arc per missible. T he other fcHowsUip will relate to the identification and distribution of dusts in liii'ie. , The preventive engineering committee advises that The question of "what is the best appara tus and method for dust determination?'' is still about where it was a year ago. The Bureau of Minos has shown that the iaipiager is inefficient for collecting load.fumes .in sir aad suggests the use of an electrical precipitator. The Bureau of Mines has described a midget iaci"eer which is rtm at a few liters of air per minute, instead of 1 cu. ft. (2S.3 liters). This equipment, verylight and entirely hand operable, ru.iy Gradu ally replace the large impinger, especially (or work in mines. The various grab samplers are helpful, particularly for routine control. S. R. V'arren, Jr., of the University of Pennsylvania, has reported on research in roentgenography being supported by the foundation .which seeks to improve x-ray techniques for industrial pur|ses, as in large-scale medical examinations of groups of workmen. lie and his associates ex perimented in taking parallel x-rav pic tures on paper and film, anti showed their results to 35 of the country's leading roentgcnologi-'t3. These pictures re vealed all stages of chests from normal to advanced forms of lung lesions. The ex perts were asked if the paper pictures were adequate for diagnosis their answers were analysed in or&Hkyprepare the groundwork ior staxuqNHMfen of roeut- gcr.ographie p.-ocedarijJB|pustry. Ac cording to 'it arren, SSBjp*5* It is apparent from tbt data so obtained that payer roentgenograms may fee used for survey work il the technique is at least equal to that used in (he tests and if means are available fur following up suspicious cases by the use of stereoscopic loentgenostanw on x-ray film. This conclusion is qualified hy the fact, noted by most of the men who examined the films, that x-tay film has a wider range of density than x-ray ]>o|>or. In conclusion, the results of this survey ire interpreted in terms of the practical pro cedure uccessnry in industrial survey work. I- U. Gardner, director. The Sarainic (X. Y.) Laboratory, has disclosed his find ings in a study of "mixed" dusts and "pro tector" duds which he is conducting under foundation grant. His experimental data aupjiort the thr.-is that various minerals us'oeiated with silica tend to in. hibit its action upon the body. Vi hilc many substances may net as inhibitors, not nil are equally effective. When the proportion of silica reaches fill per cent or more of the mixture, prolonged contact with the may ultimately can..u fibrosis. Jbutv observations of metalhc aluminum mill tlie hydroxides of alumi- mini and iron indicate that each of tluwe siillBMte. may l,e more (intent in prolix- live effect-. than tiumcruiH other uiniorul.) examined in the testa, lie added: The data susgmt that analysis of the rock being worked dues not rk'<viv,rily constitute a measure of (In? silica harard in a partfeufar industry. When n-itc evidence has been analysed it may he found | >r;ic tii-nl to use the tuopuriion of silica in the atmosphere a the basis of state codes. It is hoped that the modifying influences of other dusts may also he established upon a |irnctienl basis. The principles involved in thesu studies probably explain the variations in fhc rote of development of silicosis ia different indus tries. Ultimately they may make it possible to neutralize the effects of silica upon the body. At present their influence is not sufficiently understood to be used in this manner. In tins writer's opinion the major objective in tho campaign against silicosis is still the elimination of silica dust from the working atmosphere. T. C. Waters, of Baltimore, chairman, Maryland Occupational Diseases Com mission and member of the foundation's legal committee, has commented on pres ent legal trends as follows: Twenty-one states have laws compensating disabilities arising from occupational dis eases. The laws already enacted have given rise to various controversial questions affect ing the relationship of employers and em. ployeet. Their present uu future adminis tration will create further problems. Tho subject of time lost by industrial workers because of disabling illness, and the economic need /or the prevention ot such illness, with its attendant financial loss to employees, are of vital importance. A* disabilities caused by those diseases which we call "occupational" are far less numerous than thoso caused by the other common ills ' of life, it is a matter of concern to indus trialists today that occupational disease laws should not be administered as general health insurance laws, to provide compensation for time lost by employees owing to common iils. The 1930 sessions of the legislatures will en act new laws relating to this subject or amend laws now effective. Careful consideration should be given to this legislative program. These laws are the result of definite economic need to afford to employees adequate com pensation for iajuries they have sustained during the course of their employment. At the time of enactment employers were con cerned about the additional cost to which they would be subjected, but to date it does not appear that tho laws now effective have placed an unjust burden upon indus try. It is too early to predict whether or not the administration of tbe law* presently enacted wilt be successful; but if they fail to accomplish the purposes for which they arc designed, they should fail because of their inherent defects and inequalities, and not because of the attempt by employers to avoid tho imposition upon them of costs foe compensating injuries resulting from opera, tions to which their employees have hcen subjected. Further employee health improvement was the theme of the third annual fall meeting of the foundation held at Mellon Institute November 17, 1933, which was attended by more than 200 indus trial executives representing companies throughout the country. Besides prog ress reports on research projects, authori ties (lisca-scd the social and economic im plications of the foundation's activities. W. K. jfotchki-s, of Carnegie Institute of Technology, former president of Armour Institute, pointed out that, according to competent estimate'-. 200,000,000 working days are lust ntm'.inlly because of illness, meaning Inf.-vx of hundredt of million* of dnllars to employers and their employees. "The only question about the future of a problem hire this," hit continued, "is whether it is going to be handled sanely and conr-ttucUvcly, mid io a consecutive way based on science, or whether it i* gnirg to be handled emotionally and rcstnctedly titid nmnUTSijn-tilly." V. P. Ahearn, executive secretary. Na tional Industrial Sand Association, ex plained explicitly the interest of industry: A steady job, decent hours with good pay, is no longer the sole criterion. To that. mw>t ho added industrial health. It is often characteristic uf government that, when it swings with tho pendulum, it swings too far and thus aggravate* rather than cures. Unwise occupational disease laws have been written, but who ean deny that there is an irresistible trend toward the enactment of such laws iu every State? Those laws sre responsive to the apprehension of employees about health hazards in industry. Indus try will do well if it reeognires that fact and meets it intelligently. This question of industrial health is not tho single problem of ft single industry. Neither U it an emotional not sentimental problem. It is a practical probl-ta for industry as a whole to solve. Statutes of themselves will not provide tntlustriaJ health. As in the case of industrial accidents, industry has always shown a capacity, once it rccognuea and confronts a problem realis tically, to make steady fT " toward its solution. Air Hygiene Foundation presents a useful vehicle through which industry ean poo! its forces in eliminating or controlling hazards to health in industry- other addresses were made at the meet ing by E. P. Pendergrass, of the University of Pennsylvania, member of the founda tion's medical committee, by R. R. Sayers, U. S. Tublic Health Service, also a member of the medical committee, and hy T. F. Hatch, New York State Division oi Indus trial Hygiene, a member oi the preventive engineering committee. With tho growth of industrial hygiene units in the various states (29 have 'been established to date) and the work of federal "agencies in this field, the founda tion has been able to cooperate to a con siderable extent in these governmental activities. Publications and data arc ex changed and a mutually helpful spirit of collaboration has developed to an en couraging degree. The year has also been marked by heavy requests from the public for information relating to industrial health subjects. The foundation makes every reasonable effort to fulfill such needs for facts. There is an increasing public insistence that the talents of industrial management be directed to a greater de gree toward public welfare, as well as toward private enterprise. And there are more and more indications that manage ment is heeding the demand for broadened socio-economic leadership. A concrete illustration is the existence of Air Hygiene Foundation which, beyond its eonlrtbutions to work^a-day health, reflects favor ably upon the progressive policies of those 250 companies and associations supporting this work, which benefits not only the employer, but also tltc employee and the community. Results in the Department of Research in l'urc Chemistry CtirMortiEttAi'Y of rxLoxoNTA. In vestigations of chemotherapy in pneu monia, under way in this department (L. II. Crutcher, head) for more than 10 year*, have been actively pursued during the period covered by this report. C. L. Ihtller, Alice Renfrew, Mary Hostler, and Mary Clapp have participated in tint publication of palter* on the chemical re searches involved, ttml K. It. Mrast lias Iwe11 in charge of pilot-scale producti-iii and engineering developments. The 01380 AiNur, 10, vm NEWS EDITION 211 jointly of derivatives of .i|Krci*l*rpin(? bus brm eoii.rirlfrably rsir-mbd by ito; prepa ration of r\ number i>f now -ullcy 1 ftm! liyilroxytdkyl othvrv Certain motlifWd ftulfriiriLwpiflo tlfrivativrs t\itit'ii contain C|Umi/lmc or cinchona substituents have Iwn prepared n.ru't Civile-' of ufhvr modi fication* of the cmd-oiia molecule nro hi prngrej*. Intents Kt-v Ivcn .applied for ftnd some prr.ntf'di both in thi* country and abiuad, covering the more valuable sithtaiuv$ develop! and tfie methods for their preparation. Tlie patents are being acquired in order that proper c<mtroJ may bo had Over sjiccific-atini:? and distribution U) the bt-At interests of the ^cnoral public anil rot for profit. The department has suffered the Wf.fi during the past year of C. L. Ihillcr and Mary Hostler, who ac cepted posi tion3 elsewhere. New mem bers of tho chemical staff will be an nounced later. To date the biological and clinical stud ies of the cinchonas under the institute's auspices have been necessarily limited to the pneumonia problem. It is planned to extend their application to other infectious diseases as opportunity offers. Though several interesting: and active compounds have been discovered none has appeared to bo <} generally suitable as hydtoxyethyl- ap.v ipreinc (No. 71), a compound which has ' `n mentioned in previous reports and i .eicr.tific publications, both chemi cal a: 1 medic'd. A covering three years of clinical experience has just been published bv the medical collabo rators, W. W, G, Maclachhn, J. M. John ston, M. M. Bracken, and G. , Crum. The conclusions reached in tins paper are as follows: (1) The mortality figure in pneumo- cocctc pneumonia in adults during the past year has been greatly reduced in those oasc3 which received bydroxyethylapocuprcine. (2) In comparing the mortality figures of the chemically treated cases, which were of course smaller in number* with the rum-trcnted cases in Pittsburgh, for the same types of pneumonia during the same period of time, almost identical results were observed. (The drug, however, can be used effectively in all typos of pneu monia.) (3) Hydroxycthyiapoo^gg^pa has shown no evidence of disturbin^Sfeoa. Arrangements bav*ijjHBft. made fr clinical investigation dSBpttaterial in cities other than PiUsboBB^Experimental work UttPSSfCompleted, here and oltewhcre, has shown that, in identical dosvs within the effective ranges, hydroxyetliylapocupreine will protect against pneumococcal septicemia in mice better than sulfanilamide and fully as well ns sulfapyririinn. These comparative studies aru bring continued. N'u'rniTior.' .\xr> I>ntu, Cakjx:?, The pure research fellowship sustained ly The Hold Foundation, on tho relation of nutri tion to various phases ot denial canca [W. J. Cox, as listed by W, I'. Walker, Sara Dixon, and Margaret Matusclmk), has made certain advances in techniques and has disclosed some new relationships of food to tooth decay in it.s work of 1033-31). As tooth decay is hijhly variable nt its frequency, none but a statistical approach to the solution of the problem of preven tion of dental caries can. be satisfactory. Obtaining the data necessary for conclu sions from any experiment hi this held demands the use of a large number of ani mals--ia this case albino rats--and the toil of examining tho teeth becomes very time-consuming. During the post year a method of preparing serial ground sections of all the molars of 50 or more rats simul taneously has been developed. This method not only permits rapid grinding but also enables the easy accomplishment of the examination of the teeth and the re cording of the findings--task* that are much more difficult with the usual serial sections- Previous findings of the fellow ship have been based solely on cavities observed its teeth without sectioning; now it is practical to make a complete study of the teeth of both past and future experi ments. Research on the beneficent effects of fluorides in the formation of teeth resistant to caries has not been entirely conclusive. Meanwhile there is evidence being accumu lated elsewhere to show that children with mottled enamel, as caused by fluoride in drinking water, have increased resistance to dental caries. Analyses by others have demonstrated more fluorine in enamel oC sound teeth than in that from carious teeth in the same mouths. Two of three series of experiments by the fellowship have divulged that a minimum content of fluorine in the diet of rats during the for mation of the molars leads to diminished resistance to dental caries. A third ex periment was inconclusive. But the agreement of tho two successful tests with the two lines of evidence cited above, as developed by others, indicates that ex perimental proof of this function of fluorine can bo supplied by the rat tech nique of the fellowship, in an attempt to determine what factors in meat confer caries resistance to rat teeth, a scries of diets varying in protein content has been fed to rats. No differ ence in caries susceptibility was noted from diets ranging by 5 per cent steps from 10 to 55 per cent protein. A similar study of varied calcium to phosphorus ratio showtyl that ia the rat the mother during pregnancy anti lactation cam pro vide c.iltinm and phosphorus lor teeth over a wide ran^Q of ratio of calcium to phosphorus. On the low ratios, how ever, mothers and young <.U> played detrimental cficcty of the diets so fur as body weight was concerned. ome preliminary experiments have indicated that suppression of saliva hads to promotion of decay. These results are i/i mrrccnicnt with observations of others on the relation of supply of saliva and human dental caries. IU'PCarches at the Western Pennsyl vania Hospital Under support of the. institute, as rec ommended by C. B. %Schildecfccr, chemo therapeutic studies with aromatic sulfur eomjiounds have won conducted by R. R. Mellon and. his stall of eight* urine; princi pally pneumococci and streptococci as in fecting agents and rats and mice as hosts. Extended comparisons of effective dosage and protective values have been made with large numbers of animals and numer ous compounds. Investigation of the mode of action of siuiaailsmtde indicates that the compound likely permits the over-production of metabolic products by the infecting pneumococcus or strepto coccus, which. testilU in an alteration of the growth rate or growth character of the latter. These results will be tb- basis for further study. Over and above journal publications, 1933 saw the issue of "Sulfanilamide Therapy in Bacterial In fections," a book that surveys the litera ture reporting the experimental ar.d clini cal studies conducted in this country end abroad. Fundamental research in bacteria! varia tion, using streptococci and tubercle bacilli, has provided additional experi mental evidence that transformations do occur within the present accepted classi fications. These findings are* being ap plied both diagnostically and therapeuti cally as opportunity offers. Host factors, such as fatigue and shock, have beeo studied irf correlation with susceptibility to infections, as well ns various forms of therapy which influence a subject's ability to resist infection. Always supplementing usefully say investigative activity is the contrivance of Apparatus which will contribute to the elucidation of the problem. The chief product in J93S was a microcincmatographic apparatus which provides suffi ciently high magnifications to record single bacterial cclis. This device was put into use late >n the year and earlv test films denote that it will facilitate the study of bacterial growth and variation. Industrial Fellowship* in Operation at Mellon Institute during the Fiscal Year, March I, 193#, to March 1,1939* Fellow* in* Nave (wltfl FoVNOAtJOrf F<ttOW*AXD AiiUTAST* Abrasion < *030? Acid Recovery (193$) Air Hygiene (193$) Air Tuttulion Control <tv2tD Aim (1037) Anthracite Industrie* (1937) A. P. Tboropaon \AY.. W. E. Itodc* Cfnu. iiiiiUot, (rum Jan, n H. U. Miller, senior (el- low J. X. Me.Mfthso W. H, Huck, from June 1 X, X. Itupcrt, to Oct. t It. B. MrJftf B, V. Kite ll. J. ti'ftior fellow H.C. Juhnsna K. T. iVUii. Jr. Mirifttft {ril!iih, fc^jijthiil 1* L- Xrirnd, Jr,, Aui(> *nt, frOm July IS J. )t. Shields, WJiitaiU, from Sept. 10 FELLowAinr Nave (witu FocxDATtox Year) Fellows a>d A*iT.iXTi Bone Products (193$) Dread (193Q) Csfconiimc (1933) Co U93S) C*rtun I'laeJc (1937) Cernmie ChemieaU (1933) Chain (1030) E. J*. Bnrreti 3. R, West, uiU'iat II. A. Kohrtttn &. il. Gilmore, renior fel low G. 0. Hell C. Ta Jones, senior ftllow It. E. litfity W, J, ]t;uinr;li>n C. W. Si^ritier, senior fellow, ty Afril 1 A. K. CVaife tp Oct. 1$ W. J, Psldwin D. X, Helm, eeniwr feltuw' J. K. Harris W. A. beiUert. Jr.h u- siitsnt, from 1$ FitvowsHtr Name (tutu Fochpatiok V r.m) Fr-ttows ano A *t*ra .vis Chendeal Hygiene (1037) is. ,G, MnrJui. Jr.. *4elltsnt, (com Jaa. Iti H. F. SmytL, Jr. Jane ScaLo:i, sr^istaiit R. T. Sclwrrr, Ass.uat, from Sept, 19 Clitoiniutn (193C) >(arc Dittrin D. X. Altimicr, Asvjtaot. (nun June l Dsni.) Snyder. from .Xlar. '^l to May JfO 3. K. TrotilmAtr, *nt, to Msr. 31 Cifiatrl Teehnolojy C. F, Iriiley, rciiior tallow (19J1*) A. IV. Fees* Ccrtninodity Standard* Jules f abatt^O, Jr., sen- (IV tl) ior fellow A. X. Teat M. H, Morgao 0 j. <) 8 *1* 1NDUSTIUAI. AND UNGINllIilUNG CllllMlSTKY YOU IT, NO. 7 KtLl.flHMlJr NaK (Wltll Fol. Mr.niO* VWH) r..rt <iy.irj Cotton Foundation 11037) Colton Yarn* (1923) Cottonseed Product* (1930; Dairv Technology (1931) Dielectrics (1937) Draft(103$) D.*ysss (1926) Elettrod epos! lion (1939) Enamels (1923) Ethanol (193$) Felt (1930) filler (T93S) Flavonot (193$) Food Coinainer(193v) Food Varieties (1921) Garment (1029) Fkli. A t*fANrn K. C. Kinir it. C. Mi:,lb.\Uh, assist ant F. C. W'r-Iiwrl. nSsittOttl, from Fell. 13 1>. M. Musicr ft. F. Ni.ikcrsun II. $. Oleotl C. 1). Given. ijiisl&nt, from May IS T.ftIf)tT. tFl oJntlUt nCinUe, assistant, 11. C. Lnf.tl. assistant, from July 23 G. D. libber. assistant, ffiwu Si-jjI. I C. R. Lenpc. assistant, from Sept. IS C. I). Thornton. assist ant. from Jan, A A. E. Goss, assistant, to May 16 C. F. Goldthwait H. L. Reirflrr. assistant R. G. Cldlliv.'ait. ea* atstint. from June 6 to Sept, 4 A. W. Harvey FKU.dttiUD* N*v-fc (with rr>u*0Aiiuv Vmkj II. Z\. Salibetc ft. X. Wenxtl Paper (1923) K. J. Miller Pasteurisation (1936) n. ii, Fulton Betty Bowser, assistant. from July 3 to Nov. 4 j Pearl (1933) It. H. Lester Petroleum Refining (1911) D. G. Bennett H. W. Cole* W. E. Tournay, assist ant. from Oct. 3 R. R. Fulton F. F. Rupert F. F. Johnson O. 0. Milltf. seftiur fellow J. M. Bojd, to Jan. 1 E. R. Hard: nj\ senior feSlow ^ Helen \Vipn5n L. L Lacbat, from Feb. 15 W. C. Bell, assistant Fred P1ot, assistant, from June 39 to Aui. 10 Pharmaceuticals (1922) Plate Class (1939) . senior fellow Glajin? (1033) Gypsum (1935) Heatirtc (1529) assistant. Household Vltlilie* (1936) Insecticide* (1917) Insulation and Roofiui (1916) Iodine (1939) Laboratory Construc tional Materials (1933) lead (1936) Meet Metehandmoj; (1933) Meier (IQSs) Mineral Products (1936) N'alm.it C.j> (1915) Nr* I'lnvties (1932) Xitrru'en C iiin|HmuJ* (HIM) Optie.il G'avs OnMliif Fyuthrsii (I1UO B, P. Broaltey O, F. HeUenbttre R. It. Heilman, senior fellow ft. W. OttmilletF. F. Johnson E. E. MarbaVer F, J. William* M. D. Coulter G. J. School!*, assistant J. F. McCarthy, assist ant, from Nov. 1 ft, L, Wafceman O. J. Hair, tl'nior fellow H, N. Palmer P. J. HieNki. assistant, from Feb. I ft. J. Sami, Assistant, front Feb. 1 T. It. Trcvorrov, assist* ant, from Feb. 1 J, II. Cnnier J. K. Pinions P, J. Wilson, Jr., senior MW J. II. Wells P, L. Jour* I. 12. Klriil, asiistnnt. from July j lu Au*s. Ill H. K. Hubert ton, acnw Ml.r II, ft. Fife * Li-lnl nlph:,helically arcttrihua In iuiiim;. J'resaiittT Machinery (192$) Printing (I93S) Protected Metals (191b; Pfiitprllve Cwvtihrs fiyy.'i) pKC.E.ftWii a.n`0 A*!*I-TaN Fr'tinw >Hie X.iur. (wifll Knl-SOATtUV VkahI A. I). Jr. H, 1>. Cucari It. G. ituirlc If. G. <;..vr|,,i.in. Jr. Helen WeirlL C. P. Mct.Ji-it-ind A. L. WiUon, fr( cii Jan. I J. M. Russ, Jr., (rum Jn/i. 1 riolciu (1937) ft.iolin (U'.lfi) D. C. Lewis, front Jan. 1 C. IV, Pntlun, from Jan. 1 C. Q. Strother, from Jen. 1 E. C. Martin, assistant T. Iv, 31*her. admans C. 1. SpCJiarrl, aisislaiit Richard ShtClcr, assist' ant R. T. ITull. assistant Frank Sri)dcr. assiaunt : B. M. Stiles, asji^isut J IL E. FrefiCiseo, auistaiit ? \V, B. Brown, a5vlstj.ru ] D, M, Clarke, i&siunriL, j from Dec. 1 3 B. C. Wijfcea. to Au-. 1 I Walter Kuras, assisunt, to Dee. 20 R. C. Boltj. tsSislant. to Rayon (1933) Nov. 39 P, B. Davidson J. D. Alley, to May 6 W. D. Claus o. r Hd K. A. Steseman A, E, Alexander Refraetories (1317) W. A. Cruse, senior fel low D. ft, Stevens W. P, Ridenour Jobs MetscLl J, R, Bowman ' C. J. Uvinjitone W, E Haiaoa J. E. KickeU C. L, Wolfe, assistant Gustave 5:11. assistant J. B. McKinley, assistant S. K. K*5<fT, assistant, from Juoe 1 R. C. Pannier, assistant, from Sept. 16 C. W. Statler. assistant, to Au. 15 Rubber (1933) Safety Fus (1030) Shaving (1932) Silicate (1917) Silk (1939) Sice (1921) Soybean (1935) Special Dyes (193$) H. VC, Coles, senior fetlow Mary Dodds F. W. Adams, senior Jettow Lee Devol J. D. Jetikins JI, O, Farr Marion Mselean P. VV, Crist, assistant C. A. Bishop, assistant W, G. Andrews, assistant H. R. Letner, assistant EL W. Guenther, assist- int P. W. French, assistant Alexander Le*-in. assist* act ft, J, Cowlca, assistant, from Oet. 10 )L E. Simpson, to Dee. 16 K. H. MtUpisr, to May Speciaf Plastics (1935) Steel (1927) Stone (1934) Sulfur (1931) Surnienl Supplies (1930) Tar Acids (1933) P. H. Dewey, to May 16 C. B. Becker, to May 16 W. II. Lyrao, to NLay 16 . H. H. Doutths, to .May J 16 t Tar Properties (1937) L. M. Adams, to Ai>ril 1 j W. R. Moifitt, asststant, \ to June C I J. L. Eyre, assistant, to 1 May 19 I J, B. Cobb, assistant, lu ! May 19 I Tech meat Glassware (1D31) Turtdl ('leruap, aatist* J ant, to April 1 ) E, R. Clark j M. W. Wmi j J. If. low Vouue* senior ft> * I Textile FiciUhiiiR (1934) K W. Jrnkim A. VV. ('rtffmuti | Thread (1WI l I). H. HulrU-ll I (1. K. DwhiImuM, as*ilant S I Tulrt (t'.>3S) G. F. Oilinn, Awistant ! Walrli Tcchrudnur S, W. .MrCunc, as.-o^tant. j (ItftS) (rum Keb. 1 I l^fuy Thuint-**m, aa*ist- I M, from Fvti, I j 1...G. If. Yuunr. arniur |ij- ! Fri.tinv* a\A .V*sr*r ast* W. K. Srhnrufti C. W, Sr.iv.rrn G. W, Cb(h;.rdt, assist ant W. S. Clmv Amior fetlnw W. Tbompsoa J. W. Reynolds, senior fellow W. M. Khct G. A. VVcbb E. E. Kleek. (H^istsni. from M^y 16 J. W. McCltine. TsistAlit. from June 13 F, F, Fot. assistant, from Apr. 21 to D, 1 D. M, Clnrhe. assistant, from May J. to Dec. 1 C. H. End:?, najiitant, from June 27 10 Dee. 1 Burton names, assistant, from Jure 27 to Dec. 1 Marlin Cermely, Jr,, s*aialKM, from July l to Dee. 1 It. T. Scherer, assistant to May 15 W. 13. Buraett, senior fel low R. O. Derives W. B. Milter C, E. Alter. Jr., assist ant, from Nov. 7 W. B. Scott, auUtsnt, to S. M. Phelps, senior fel low* E. B, Read E. C. Petrie - ft, VV, Lillies J. P. Maloney. assLtaat R. C. Briint G, H. K'adie. ussistant. from Feb. 'i D, E, Pearsall E. J. Casselnisn L. C. ifewitt R. F. Siuewe/ Tracy Bartuolomew N. J. Beaber W, E. Holland F. C. Alexander, assist ant. from Sept. 20 W. L. J<a: S. A. Briley, senior fellow D. E. babcock R. C. Brian; P. V. McKinney, senior fellow NL G. Mayberry Wiftton brown L. Ci Roue, assistant, to June G W. I,. Nelon F. P, )fnrie;t. aasiJtant, f/Oot Feb. 29 H. J, Cibola, assistant, from Sept. 25 to Feb, 19 W, E, Tournay, assistant, to Oct, 3 E. B. Kester K. 1 f, Catilec wood, assist ant W, L. Willis inj. sssistaot, from June 14 to Sept. 10 W. F. Fair, Jr, II. ft, Deck, assistant J. L. Keller, assistant, from June 13 to Sept. 3 R. ft. Mi.Gre.-o/, senior fellow E. L. Warrirk J. VV, Jorduii, assistant. from July 15 J, K. 'rrouLTiiMi, assist ant, from Mar. 21 to Srj.t. 1 H. ft, Aellry T. A, Wilon. seniyr fel low li, Jt. McLean Ti. V. Meiiiud C. H. lUrkcr J. J. Kirfiylil, scnii>r ft!, low li. K. II. w. VV (H.rf. assistant I'antiiu' ll.i|.lrr, i-.+tHnni Pnt.trs.o l l*. H, A. 0 id82