Document mE31QZJdD7JNxqjygZOK27e0

MCD 000000342 Washington Bulletin NATIONAL PETTRROOLLEEUM REFINERS ASSOCIATJONuIING Founded 190i cR&C EIV E DSUITE 802. 1725 DESALES STREET. N.W.. WASHINGTON. D DEPARTMENT Telephone ( 202 > 638-3722 MAY 81 1977 May 27, 1977 OSHA Proposes Permanent Standard for Benzene Another step was taken by OSHA today in achieving its goal f reducing employee exposure to benzene in the workplace. In proposing permanent regu' Ion of benzene, the agency has for the most part, avoided declaring more stringent requir ents than those in the Emergency Temporary Standard (ETS) which we reported had been stayed by the federal court until a hearing on a permanent stay request on June 6, 1977. (See Washington Bulletin dated May 20, 1977). There is one specific provision that the proposal contains which will dramatically affect both the refining and petrochemical industries. As in the ETS, ihe prescribed re quirements would not apply to work operations where the only exposure is from liquid mix tures containing 1.0% or less of benzene by volume or the vapors relecsed from these liquids. After one year, the proposal would reduce this exclusion to 0.1%, whi coverage to a great proportion of the substances present in facilities processing crude oil or its derivitives. Other than that change, the proposed final standards are more notable for the issues left unresolved than for any definite decisions on the ultimate terms industry will be required to meet. If appears as though OSHA has chosen to defer further controversy on most of the issues to the public hearing now scheduled for July 19, 1977 and subse quent publication of final rules, by asking for comments on the provisions' "appropriateness." It is reasonable to assume that OSHA does not intend to relax any of the provisions. One could infer that OSHA intends to avoid any protracted debates until after the final standards are promulgated. This means that industry has the burden of insuring that the hearing record is complete in every respect, should any court review of the standard be undertaken. It would then be necessary to prove that OSHA's actions were arbitrary and capricious in order to have a court overturn them. This proposal does contain several other changes from the ETS that was published on May 3, 1977. The first incorporates an amendment to the ETS published May 24, which extends the exclusion granted to retail automotive service stations back to the storage, transportation, distribution, dispensing, or sale of gasoline as a fuel subsequent to discharge . from bulk terminals which receive gasoline by tanker, barge or pipeline. This revision is MCD 000000343 MCD 000000345 PROPOSED RULES 27453 . Sections 2(b) <5> and <6), So. 21, 22, no cost to the employees (section 6(b) ing use of gasoline as a solvent in such and 24 of the Act reflect Congress' rec (7)). Standards may also prescribe rec workplaces, and requiring information ognition that conclusive medical or ordkeeping, requirements where neces and training of employees. scientific evidence including causative sary or appropriate for enforcement of As to liquids containing a certain per factors, epidemiological studies or dose- the Act or for developing information centage of benzene, the ETS did not ap response data may not exist for many regarding occupational accidents and ill ply where the only benzene exposure toxic materials or harmful physical nesses (section 8(c)). was from liquids containing benzene in agents. Nevertheless, standards cannot be III. Summary and Explanation of Ad amounts of 1 percent or less by volume. postponed because definitive medical or scientific eviden-e is not currently avail ditions to or Modifications of the Benzene is a contaminant as well as an ETS additive in a multitude of industrial able. Indeed, standards need only be supported by'the best available evidence. The legislative history makes it clear that "it is not intended that the Secre tary be paralyzed by debate surrounding diverse medical opinion." House Com mittee on Education and Labor. Report No. 91-1291, 91st Cong.. 2d Sessions, p. 18 (1970). This Congressional judgment is supported by the qourts which have re viewed standards promulgated under the Act. In sustaining the standard for oc cupational exposure to vinyl chloride (29 CPR 1910.1017). the U.S. Court or Ap peals for the Second Circuit stated that "it remains the duty of the Secretary to act to protect the working man, and to act even in circumstances where existing The requirements imposed by OSHA in the ETS were those requirements that OSHA considered essential and feasible for employers to meet immediately, pending the development of a permanent standard. The preamble to the ETS ex plains the purpose and rationale for the provisions of the ETS. The following sections discuss any changes or additions that have been made in this proposal, chartges or additions that OSHA be lieves are more appropriate for a final, permanent standard regulating em ployee exposure to benzene. A. Scope and application. In the ETS and its subsequent amendments, OSHA exempted storage, transportation, dis substances; for example, benzene is found in toluene, gasoline, xylene, petro leum naphthas, 'and other hydrocarbon derivatives. The degree of benzene con tamination in these and other materials is v ariable depending upon the practices of individual refineries and the material specifications established by many large volume solvent purchasers. The ETS excluded mixtures contain ing 1 percent or less benzene by volume based upon OSHA's concern for the feasibility of Requiring employers to im plement such' regulatory activities in so large a number of establishments in a short period..of time. Moreover, there is some evidence that employee exposures methodology or research is deficient. Society of the Plastics Industry Inc. v. tribution, dispensing, or sale of gasoline as a fuel subsequent to .the discharge to these substances are generally less than 1 part per million. However, in this Occuptional Safety and Health Admin of such gasoline from bulk terminals, proposal for a permanent standard. istration, 509 P. 2d 1301 (C.A.2 1975), and exposure to liquids containing OSHA believes that a more careful con cert den sub nom. firestone Plastic Co. v. benzene in amounts of 1 percent or less sideration of this issue is necessary. United Stales Department of Labor, 95 S. Ct. 1998. 4 L.Ed. 2d 482 (1975). by volume. OSHA recognizes the need for devel There is only limited evidence which series to correlate the potential expo A similar rationale was applied by the opment of appropriate equipment con sure levels with the amount of benzene U.S. Court of Appeals for the District trol devices to reduce the loss of gasoline contaminant in solvent mixtures. As of Columbia Circuit in reviewing the vapors containing benzene. OSHA also pointed out in the ETS, there is some in standard for occupational exposure to recognizes that, while the scope of its dication that exposures resulting from asbestos (29 CFR 1910.1001). The Court statutory obligations may be different the use of mixtures containing less than stated that: than those of the Environmental Pro 1 percent benzene will generally be less Some of the questions Involved in the promulgation of these standards are on the frontiers of scientific knowledge, and con tection Agency (EPA), that Agency has a rich background of knowledge in the area of engineering control of hydrocar than 1 part per million. However, it is not clear that this Would always be the case. sequently as to them Insufficient data is bon vapors. OSHA announces that It is The Arthur D. Little study of techno presently available to make a fully informed in the process of establishing with EPA logical feasibility and economic impact factual determination- Decision-making and NIOSH a joint federal agency task- presents a summary of the data on the must in that circumstance depend to a greater extent upon policy Judgments and less upon purely factual Judgments. force to coordinate efforts in reducing worker exposure to benzene In retail automotive gasoline stations, and cer benzene content of various solvents and employee exposures that reportedly re sult from the use of these solvents; for Industrial Union Department. AFL- tain other aspects of transportation, example, within the rubber industry em CIO v. Hodgson, 499 P. 2d 467. 474 storage, distribution and sale of gaso ployee exposure to benzene during tire (C. A. D. C.1974). line and other motor fuels, if the facts building operations ranges from 1 to 3 In setting standards, the Secretary is warrant. OSHA will decide as a part of parts per million on an 8-hour time expressly required to consider the feasi this rulemaking whether to .include weighted average basis. These exposure bility of the proposed standards. Senate these employers in the final, permanent result from the use of petroleum naptha Committee on Labor and Public Wel standard on benzene, to commence an (white gasoline) which contains benzene fare. S. Rep. No. 91-1282. 91st Cong., independent rulemaking proceeding con in -~>ounts ranging up to 4 percent by 2d Sess.. p. 58 (1970). Nevertheless, con cerning worker exposure to benzene at volume. siderations of technological feasibility are not limited to devices already devel oped and in use. Standards may require improvements in existing technologies or require the development of new tech nology. Society of the Plastic Industry. these workplaces or to take other ap propriate regulatory action in conjunc tion with EPA. OSHA is seeking the widest possible public input regarding the appropriate regulatory mechanism for protecting employees exposed to There appears to be no safe level for exposure to a carcinogen, and particu- '^rly as to benzene, as pointed out in the ETfl. However, benzene is a widespread contaminant in industrial substances and is present in a large number of work Inc. v. Occupational Safety and Health benzene at retail automotive gasoline places. As noted above, there is limi'ed Administration, supra at 1309. stations, and durmg activities related to evidence presently available to predict Where appropriate, the standards are storage, transportation, and distribution the Exposure that would typically result required to include provisions for labels of gasoline. Since other hazardous sub front the use of many of these sub or other forms of warning to apprise em stances, such as asbestos, are present in stances. OSHA recognizes that the lower ployees of hazards, suitable protective gasoline stations, one regulatory option the penzene content, generally the lower ' equipment, control procedures, monitor would be a "vertical" standard on all the worker exposure. Consistent with its ing and measuring of employee exposure, occupational hazards in retail gasoline general policy of limiting exposure to employee access to the results of moni stations. Moreover, OSHA desires com carcinogens to the lowest feasible level. toring. and appropriate medical exam ment on whether certain protective re OSHA intends to exempt from the per inations. Moreover, where a standard quirements should be included in any manent standard only those substances prescribes medical examinations or other standard applying to gasoline stations for which the benzene content has been tests, they must be made available at and related activities, for example limit- reduced to the greatest extent feasible. FEDERAL REGISTER, VOL 42, NO. 103--FRIDAY, MAY 27, 1977 MCD 000000347 PROPOSED RULES 274S5 that the other requirements to regulate standard on July 19. 1977. provided pre- level, but on the basis of OSHA's belief exposure to benzene must be imposed, hearing submission requirements, also that 1 ppm is the lowest level that gen as set forth in .the proposal. After the outlined below, are complied with. erally can be achieved. OSHA la man rulemaking record Is closed, OSHA will Additional copies of this proposed dated by the Act to consider feasibility evaluate all the evidence received and standard and draft environmental im In seating regulations. However, It is pos issue a final permanent standard based pact statement are available for review sible that a level lower than I ppm could on the entire record. and copying In the OSHA Technical Data be shown to be feasibly attained either by V. Technological Feasibility Assess ment and Economic Impact Statement Pursuant to section 6(b) of the Occu pational Safety and Health Act and In accordance with Executive Order No. 11949 (42 FR 1017. January 5. 1977), OSHA contracted for and received a technological feasibility assessment and economic Impact statement from Arthur D. Little Company. This statement has been reviewed and OSHA concludes that the proposed regulation of benzene Is a "major" action. The Assistant Secretary certifies that the economic impact of this proposal has been evaluated. This statement along with all other references cited and other relevant ma terial, are available for inspection and copying at the OSHA Technical Data Center, Room S6212. Third St. and Con stitution Avenue, NW.. Washington, D.C. 20210. OSHA invites comments on any of the information contained or conclusions reached, in the statement concerning technological feasibility and economic impact. VI. Environmental Impact The preceding description ol the pro posed standard and its supporting ra tionale together with that found in the annexed ETS, as well as the following sections on environmental Impact, con stitute OSHA's draft environmental im pact statement on the proposed standard for occupational exposure to benzene. This statement has been prepared in accordance with the provisions of the Na tional Environmental Policy Act (42 U.S.C. 4321 et. seq.) as well as the guide lines of the Council on Environmental Quality <40 CFR Part 1500) and OSHA's regulations (29 CPR Part 1999). The pur pose of this draft environmental impact statement is to aid in the Agency de cision making on proposed actions which may have the potential for significantly affecting the quality of the human en vironment. Written comments and infor mation on the projected impacts of this proposed standard for exposure to ben zene are solicited from any interested persons or groups during the period for written comment submissions listed be low in this Notice. In addition to this general request for comment, copies of this proposal and en vironmental impact statement will be sent to numerous Federal and State ag encies, industry representatives, em ployee unions, and public interest groups Center. existing controls or by the development Alternatives of nsw controls. In that case, OSHA There are three major areas of regu latory decision making which will affect the Impact of the benzene standard on the external environment These are: (1) the scope and application of the regula tion, (2) the airborne permissible ex posure limit, and (3) the methods by which compliance is mandated. The pur pose of this section Is to present the al ternatives available. The discussion of the Impact of each of these alternatives will be in the following section. has the option to regulate to whatever level below 1 ppm Is determined to be appropriate. Another regulatory alternative is to adopt differing standards lor different Industries, moderating the degree of regulation as deemed necessary for ade quate and feasible protection of workers in the various Industries where benzene Is present. (3) Methods o/ compliance. OSHA's regulation, 29 CFR 1910.1000, under which benzene was initially regulated, (1) Scope and application. The emer provided that compliance be achieved gency temporary standard (ETS' ap plied to all establishments in which ben zene Is present, including "general Industry," construction, and maritime. The ETS did not apply, however, to stor age. transportation, distribution, dis pensing, or sale of gasoline as a fuel subsequent to discharge of such gasoline from bulk terminals nor to operations utilizing liquid mixtures containing 1 per first through administrative or engineer ing controls, whenever feasible, and, when such controls were not feasible, through the use of supplementary pro tective equipment. This proposal requires the institution of engineering and work practice con trols to reduce exposure to or below the PEL In addition, the proposal reouires that a program be established and imple cent or less benzene by volume. This proposal applies to "general in dustry," construction and maritime. It has retained the exclusion for the stor age, transportation, distribution, dis pensing, or sale of gasoline as a fuel sub sequent to discharge of such gasoline from bulk terminals. Although the pro posal retains the ETS exemption of those operations utilizing liquids con taining less than 1.0 percent benzene by volume, this exemption would be in ef fect only for one year. Thereafter, only operations containing 0.1 percent or less benzene by volume would be exempted. Other options available to OSHA in clude elimination of the percentage ex clusion or the expansion of coverage to retail automotive service stations and a broader range of gasoline industries. mented to reduce exposures to or below the PEL. solely by means of engineering and work practice controls. Protective clothing and equipment are also required where necessary to prevent eye contact or repeated skin contact. Engineering controls may Include the installation of local exhaust ventilation, modification of a process so as to reduce emissions, or substitution of another sub stance for benzene. Alternatives involved in the compli ance! section of the regulation are pri marily concerned with establishing a particular priority among the types of controls (engineering, work practice, and respiratory protective equipment). Sole reliance on engineering controls or on use pf engineering and work practices equally could be required. Another alter Conversely. OSHA could further restrict native would allow the employer com the scope of the regulation. (2) Permissible exposure limit. The previous OSHA permanent standard for plete freedom In choosing the method of control without any required priority systems. An alternative approach would benzene, in effect prior to the issuance of the ETS. prescribed an 8-hour time weighted average (TWA) of 10 ppm with an acceptable ceiling concentration of 25 ppm. In addition, it allowed excursions above the ceiling to a maximum peak concentration of 50 ppm. provided that be tq specify controls, such as reformula tion bf products to decrease benzene con tent, or the preferential use of vapor re covery systems over ventilation. Additionally, there are other areas in which alternative actions might variously have imoact upon what is considered the this peak occurred for no more than 10 minutes in any 8-nour work period. This standard was based largely on benzene's general toxicity rather than on its leu kemia hazard. external environment. One of these areas is medical surveillance. The ETS pro vided for the minimum tests considered necessary to determine the effects of ex posure to benzene. This proposal requires with requests for their comments. A copy The proposal establishes an airborne a more comprehensive evaluation and of this listing is available In the OSHA permissible exposure limit (PEL) of 1 more sensitive means of detecting Technical Data Center. Room S-6212, ppm with a celling limit of 5 ppm ex changes which may indicate effects of Department of Labor. Third Street and posure averaged over any 15 minute exposure. Constitution Avenue. NW.. Washington. perioa. The proposal additionally pro It I is clear that there are numerous D C. 20210. hibits eye contact and repeated skin ex areas with various regulatory approaches Testimony, data, arguments, and re posure to liquid benzene. whicn may have differential effects on lated submissions will be received at the The PEL adopted by this proposal was some aspects of the external environ public hearing to be held on this proposed chosen not as a "safe" or "no effect" ment, The possible impacts of these ap- FEDERAl REGISTER, VOL 42, NO. i 03--FRIDAY. MAY 27, 1977 MCD 000000349 PROPOSED RULES 27457 Table II (5).--Benzene emission* to the environment--1371 [In millions of pounds] storage and transfer operations ($>. The application of vapor return or recovery equipment, as well as internal floating Source Location Quantity Media of entry roofs and bottom loading assemblies, will largely eliminate ambient emissions. 3. Commercial Usage: Chemical Proc Commercial beniene production, Primarily southwest.................... 79 (assumed 1 pet. of total pro- Air, water. storage and transport. duction). Commercial beniene osafo.......... Primarily soutbwest and north- 658 (based on reaction yields)_____ Do, east. Oil spills.......................................... Oceans and rivers.......................... 22-24................................................ Water. Motor vehicle emissions................ Similar to population distrlbu- 1,000................................................. Air. lion. Coke ovens..................................... Primarily, North Central States 122(1274)........................................ Air. and Alabama. essing. The chemical process Industries utilizing benzene feedstock material were evaluated during the development of the Economic Impact Analysis (EIA) pre pared for OSHA by Arthur D. Little. It was determined that these operations were la rgely in compliance with the pre vious OSHA standard due to the con Scurce: Modified from Walker, l1., "Air Pollution Assessment of Beniene; Mitre Technical Report," MTR-7188 straints of closed system operations and Mitre Corp.; McLean, Va., 1970. the economics of preventing possible Table III (G).--Emission factors for petroleum refineries losses of feedstock and products. Possi ble, though Infrequent, over-exposum Type of process : Hydrocarbon* Type of process : Hydrocarbon* would Ibe due to non-routine situations Fluid catalytic cracking units (FCC): Pounds per thousand barrels fresh feed. 220 Kilograms per thousand liters fresh feed................................................................... 030 Moving-bed catalytic cracking units (TCC): Pounds per thousand barrel fresh feed. 87 Kilgrams per thousand liters fresh feed. . 200 Blowdown systems: Pounds per thousand barrels refinery capacity-- With control.............................................. 5 Without control........................................ 300 Kilograms per thousand liters refinery capacity-- With control........................................................014 Without control........................................ . 800 Process drains: Pounds per thousand barrels waste water-- With control.......................................... 8 Kilograms per thousand liters waste such as process upsets or equipment water-- With control..................................................... 023 Without control.............................................. 800 failure As with the benzene production facili Vacuum Jets: Pounds per thousand barrels vacuum distillation-- ties, engineering controls may be neces sary to comply with a 1 ppm benzene With control........................................... () Without control.................................... 130 Kilograms per thousand liters vacuum standard. Controls would be very similar In type and extent to those used in the distillation-- production facilities to reduce emissions W'lth control.......................................... 0) Without control..............................................370 Cooling tower during"process operations and from fugi tive sources. Hie reduction In process Pounds per thousand gallons cooling water..................................................... Kilograms per thousand liters cooling 8 and fugitive losses may result in a sig nificant, (though as yet unquantlfled) water................................................................ 72 reduction in benezene emmlssions and Mlscellansous losses, pounds per thou sand barrels refinery capacity: > Pipeline valves and flanges....................... those of its process intermediates. 28 (0.080) 4. Commercial Usage: Solvent Usage. Vessel relief values...................................... 11 (.031) Another use of benzene is as an Indus Pump seals................................................ Compressor seals...........................-........ 17 ( .049) 5 ( 014) trial solvent. Benzene has been largely Other (air blowing, sampling, et removed from solvent applications, often cetera)....................................................... 10 ( 0B9) being Replaced by toluene, which, how Without control.................................... 210 1 Kilograms per thousand liters shown In parentheses. ever, does contain a small percentage of benzene. Benzene Is still found in a lim Table IV (fi).--Hydrocarbon emission factors for evaporation losses from the storage ited niimber of specialized low volume of petroleum products applications such as proprietary adhe Type of material stored sives within the rubber industry, and in paint remover formulations. Type of tank ` Units Gasoline or finished petro- leum product Crude oil The purpose of solvent materials is simply to provide a vehicle for solid ma terials | to facilitate the application of solid materials. As such, much of the Fixed roof breathing loss..................... Pounds per day--1,000 gal storage capacity___ Kilograms per day--1,0001 storage capacity... Working loss <........................................ Pounds per 1,000 gal throughput........................ Kilograms per 1,0001 throughput....................... Floating roof breathing loss................ Pounds per day--lank......................................... Kilograms per day--tank.................................... Working loss.......................................... Pounds per 1,000 gal throughput........................ Kilograms per 1,0001 throughput....................... at as benzene used as solvent is lost by evap .06 11 .04 8 oration upon application. Only a limited number of processes within the adhe- (0 id printing industries utilize 46.4 (*> m overy equipment as a method ot recovery and recycling. |sure control of this compound in 1 For tanks equipped with vqpor recovery systems, emissions are nogligihle. solvent application involves a variety of An average turnover rate for petroleum storage in approximately 8. Thus, the throughput Is equal tod times the alternatives (7). Primary among the "TO to 210). 140 (63.6) based on average conditions and tank diameter of 100 ft (30.5 m); use 40 (18.1 kg) for controllaltematives would be general di smaller tanks. 50 ft (15.3 m) diameter; use 210 (95 kg) for larger tanks, 150 ft (45.8 m) diameter. 100 (30 to 160). Use 30 (13.6 kg) for smaller tanks. 50 ft (15.3 m) diameter; use 160 (72.5 kg) tor larger tanks, 150 ft (45.8 m) diameter. Negative. The Compilation of Air Pollution Emission Factors published by the Envi ronmental Protection Agency states, "There are essentially no emissions from reforming operations" in the petroleum refining industry. However, due to ben zene's volatility there is a possibility thal some environmental contamination oc curs during these operations. Promulgation of a 1 ppm level for benzene will have the effect of reducing overall emissions for benzene. This re sults because greater controls will be maintained over leaking process equip ment and fugitive emissions. In this case there is an anticipated positive Impact on the external environment of reduced benzene emissions, from production sites. 2. Storage and Transportation. Since gasoline contains a certain amount of benzene, an alternative to the proposal would also affect gasoline storage and marketing facilities as well as firms dis tributing gasoline. Expected means of compliance would suggest that engineer ing controls possibly include internal floating roofs on storage tanks, bottom loading assemblies and vapor condensing and/or return equipment. Tables IV and V illustrate the expected hydrocarbon emission rates (a portion of these amounts are benzene) resulting from lution and local exhaust ventilation sys tems and product reformulation to either reduce or remove the benzene component. These alternatives will be discussed separately for their possible environmental impacts. A ccmmon method for protecting workers from solvent vapors is to provide adequate ventilation to both dilute the vapors with fresh air and to carry them opt of ;he worker breathing zone. This approach to exposure reduction finds widespread application within industries having adhesive and coating solvent ex posures The necessary equipment and design knowledge for spray booth and ventilation-hood Installations Is readily availabl e for these applications. In many cases, existing equipment can be adapted to achieve lower exposures by Increasing FEDERAL REGISTER, VOL 42, NO. 103--FRIDAY, MAY 27, 1977 MCD 0000003&1 PtOFOSjlO RULES 27459 In Its ongoing process of developing water pollution criteria, EPA is currently evaluating aquatic benzene toxicity. At the present time, benzene effluents are controlled as contributors to the total BOD load of industrial effluents. As such, (13) Howard4,. P. HH.>knd Sustln. R. R.; Ben zene: Environmental ^Sources of Contamina tion, Ambient Pate; Office of Tox ic Subalance!, u'.SSEiWIrimminual Protection Agency; EPA 560/5-75-005; December 1974. (14) Blamer, M., Saunden. H. L. Orassle, J. F. and Hamsoa. O R ; A Small OH SplU: tiling or testimony and evidence- BETORE HEARING Any party requesting' more than 15 minutes for a presentation at the hear ing. or who will submit documentary evidence, must provide in quadruplicate OSBA regulations resulting In slightly more benzene effluent would not conflict with EPA water effluent standards as long as the total BOD (biological oxygen de mand) level is controlled. While this relationship in regard to water emissions may change with future standard setting on the part of EPA. it is not expected to alter industry's approach to compli ance with OSHA benzene regulations. Since benzene is normally only a portion of the effluent produced by a given indus try and it does not offer any unusual problems during water treatment (3) compliance with EPA regulations can be expected to be within industry's capabilities. The Consumer Product Saiety Com mission (CPSC) was petitioned on May 8, 1977 by the Health Research Group to ban and recall benzene-containing products by its authority under the Haz ardous Substances Act. At this time the agency Is reviewing the petition and does intend to respond. Whatever possible action the CPSC might take should create no interference with OSHA's regulation of occupational exposure to benzene. Environment, 13, 3-13; March 1371. (15) Communication with Mr. J. L. Ooodi- er, Blo-Envlro Section, Arthur D. Little. Inc, Cambridge. Massachusetts; December 1976. (16) Communication with Mr. O. Hama; Industrial Hygienist, Wayne State University. Detroit, Michigan; December 1976. the complete text of testimony, including any dccumentary evidence to be pre sented at the hearing, to the OSHA Di vision of Consumer Affairs. This material must bte received by July 11, 1977, and will be available for inspection and VII. Public Participation ; Notice or Hearing copying at the Technical Data Center-- DocketOfflce. Each such submission will be reviewed in light of the amount of Interested persons are invited to sub timq requested in the notice of intention mit written data, views and arguments to appear. In those instances where the with respect to the ETS and this sub information contained in the submission sequent proposal. These comments must does net justify the amount of time re be postmarked on or before June 27, quested, a more appropriate amount of 1977, and submitted in quadruplicate to time will be allocated and the participant the Docket Officer, Docket H-059, Room will be notified of that fact. S6212, U.S. Department of Labor, 3rd Any party who bas not substantially Street and Constitution Avenue, N.W., Washington, DC. 20210. Written sub missions must clearly identify the pro visions of either the ETS, the proposal, or both which are addressed and the position taken with respect to each issue complied with this requirement may be limited to a 15 minute presentation, and may be requested to return for question ing at a later time. CONDUCT OT HEARINGS therein. The data, views and arguments TWE hearing will commence at 9:30 that are submitted will be available for am. on July 19, 1677, with resolution of public inspection and copying at the any procedural matters relating to the above address. All timely written submis proceeding. The hearing will be con sions received will be made a part of ducted in accordance with 29 CFR Part the record for this proceeding. 1911. Iif view of the ETS and its emer RzmtcNcm Pursuant to section 6(b)(3) of the gency nature, the hearing will be con 11) Seminar on Atr Pollution from Motor Act, an opportunity to submit oral testi- ducted in as expedited a manner as Vehicles; Technical Coordination, Office of mony concerning the issues raised by possible! consistent with a full develop Air Programs, Environmental Protection the ETS and the proposed standard, in ment of the record and rights of the Agency; 1972.1. cluding the economic and environmental parties.) (2) Air Quality Criteria for Photochemical Oxidants; U.S. Department of Health, Eduatlon and Welfare, National Air Pollution Con trol Administration. No. AP-63. 1970. (3) Air Quality Criteria for Hydrocarbons; U.S. Department of Health. Education and impacts, will be provided at an informal public hearing scheduled to begin at 9:30 am. on July 19,1977. in the Auditorium. New Department of Labor Building, 3rd Street and Constitution Avenue, N.W.. The hearings will be presided over by an Administrative Law Judge who will have all the powers necessary or ap propriate to conduct a full and fair informal hearing as provided in 29 CFR Welfare. National Air PoUution Control Ad Washington, D.C., 20210. Part 1911. Following the close of the ministration, No. AP-454. 1970. 14) Burghardt, E. and Jeltes, R.; Gas Chromatographic Determination of Aromatic Hydrocarbons In Air Using a Semi-Automa tic Preconcentration Method; Atmospheric Environ., 9, 355-940; 1975. (5) Walker. F; Air PoUution Assessment of Benzene; Mitre Technical Report, MTR- notices or intention to appeae All persons desiring to participate at the hearing, must file in quadruplicate, a notice of intention to appear, post marked on or before June 27, 1977 With the OSHA Division of Consumer Affairs, hearingtor of any post hearing comment period that might be provided, the Ad ministrative Law Judge will certify the record to the Assistant Secretary of Labor for Occupational Safety and Health. The proposal will be reviewed in light of all oral and written submissions 7188; Mitre Corporation. McLean, Va.; 1970. Docket No. H-059, Room N-3635, U-S. received as part of the record, and a (6) Adapted from: Compilation of Air Pol Department of Labor, 3rd Street and standard will be issued based on the en lution Emission Factors (Revised), U.8. En vironmental Protection Agency. AP-42; 1973. (7) Technology Assessment and Economic Impact Study of an OSHA Regulation tea Benzene--Draft Report: lor U.S. Department of Labor, Occupational Safety and Adminis Constitution Avenue. N.W., Washington, D.C. 20210 (telephone: (202) 523-6024). The notices of intention to appear, which will be available for Inspection and copy ing at the OSHA Technical Data Center- tire record in this proceeding. ` Vm. Authority . This document was prepared under the direction of Eula Bingham. Assistant tration: Arthur D. Little. Inc., Cambridge, Docket Office (Room S6212), telephone Secretary of Labor for Occupational Mass., October 1976. <202) 523-7894, must contain the follow Safety and Health. O.S. Department of (8) Air Pollution Engineering Manual: ing information: Labor, 'rhird Street and Constitution Danielson. John A., ed.: Environmental Pro tection Agency. Research Triangle Park, N.C. 1973. (9) Ellerhorst. H : Energy Crisis; Catalyst for Change; Modern Paint and Coatings, p. (1) The name, address, and telephone number of each person to appear; <2' The capacity in which the person will appear; Avenue, N.W., Washington, D.C. 20210. Accordingly, pursuant to sections 4(b), 6(b), 6(q) and 8(c) of the Occupational Safety and Health Act of 1970 (84 Slat. 31-33; October 1975. (10) Policy Statement on Use of the Con cept of Photochemical Reactivity or Organic Compounds In State Implementation Plant for Oxidant Control. EPA Quality Office, Jan uary 20. 1978. ill) Communication with Plant Manager of Durant Paints. Inc., Revere. Massachu setts. (3) The approximate amount of time requested for the presentation; (4) The specific issues that will be addressed; (5) A detailed statement of the posi tion that will be taken with respect to each issue addressed; and 1592. 1593, 1596. 1599. 29 U.S C. 653. 655. 657). the Secretary of Labor's Order No. 8-76 (41 FR 25059), and 29 CFR Part 1911. it is hereby proposed to amend Part 1910 of Title 29. Code of Fed eral Regulations by amending section 1910.1028 as set forth below. In addition, pursuant to section 4(b) (2) of the Act (12) Communication with Plant Manager (6) Whether the party Intends to sub (84 Stat! 1592; 29 U.S.C. 653), OSHA of Touralne Paints. Inc.. Everett, Massa mit documentary evidence, and if so, a is of the view that the proposed standard chusetts. brief summary of that evidence. is more effective than the corresponding FEDERAL REGISTER, VOl. 43, NO. 105--FRIDAY, MAY 27, 1*77 MCD 000000353 PROPOSED RULES 27461 achieved by the use of respirators ex cept: (1) During the time period necessary to install or Implement feasible engi neering and work practice controls: or (ii) In work operations such as main tenance and repair activities in which engineering and work practice controls are not feasible; or (111) In work situations where feasible engineering and work practice controls are not yet sufficient to reduce exposure to or below the permissible exposure limit; or (iv) In emergencies. (2) Respirator selection. <i> Where respirators aft'ft^tftd1under this sec tion, the employer shall select and pro vide the appropriate respirator from Table I below and shall assure that the employee uses the respirator provided. (ii) The employer shall select respira tors from among those approved by the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health under the provisions of 30 CFR Part 11. Table I.--Kespdutoby Pbotxction roa Benzine Concentration o/ benzene or condition of use Respirator type (a) Less than or equal to 10 p/m. (t>) Less than or equal to 50 p/m. (c) Less than or equal to 1,000 p/m. (d) Less than or equal to 2,000 p/m. (e) Less than or equal to 10.000 p/m. </> Escape (1) Any chemical cartridge respirator with organic va por cartridge and; or (2) Any supplied air respirator. (1) Any chemical cartridge respirator with organic va por cartridge and full facepiece; or (2) Any supplied air respirator with full facepiece; or (3) Any organic vapor gas mask; or (4) Any self-contained breathing apparatus with full facepiece. (1) Supplied air respirator with half mask in positive pressure mode. (1) Supplied air respirator with full facepiece, helmet, or hood. In positive pressure mode. < 1) Supplied air respirator and auxiliary self-contained facepiece In positive pressure mode; or (2) Open circuit self-contained breathing apparatus with full facepiece In positive pressure mode. < 11 Any organic vapor gas mask; or (2) Any self-contained breathing apparatus with full facepiece. (3) Respirator program. The emdoyer shall institute a respiratory protection program in accordance with } 1910.134 (b>. (d>. (e> and (f). (4) Respirator use. (i) Where air- purifving respirators are used (cartridge, canister, or gas mask). the employer shall replace the air-purifying canisters or cartridges prior to the expiration of their service life or the end of the shift in. which they are first used, whichever occurs first. (ii) The employer shall assure that the respirator issued to the employee exhib its minimum facepiece leakage and that the respirator is properly fitted. (iii) The employer shall allow each employee who wears a respirator to wash his or her face and respirator facepiece to prevent skin Irritation associated with respirator use. (h) Protective clothing and equip ment. Where eye or repeated skin con tact with liquid benzene may occur, the employer shall provide and assure that employees wear appropriate protective clothing and equipment to protect the area of the body likely to come In con tact with liquid benzene. fi) Medical surveillance\ (1) The employer shall make available a medical surveillance program for all employees who are or will be exposed to benzene. The medical surveillance pro gram shall include: (i) A history which includes past work exposures to benzene or any other he matologic toxins; a family history of blood dyscrasias Including hematological neoplasms: a history of blood dyscrasias including"genetlcally related hemoglobin alterations, bleeding abnormalities, ab normal function of formed blood ele ments: a history of renal or liver dys function; a history of drugs routinely taken, alcoholic intake and systemic in fections: (ii) A complete blood count Including red cell count, white cell count, platelet count, hematocrit, hemoglobin, mean corpuscular volume, a difTerential'white blood cell count; (ill) A reticulocyte count; (iv) A serum bilirubin; and (v) Additional tests where, in the opin ion of the examining physician, altera tions in the components of the blood are related to benzene exposure. (2) The employer shall assure that all medical procedures are performed by or under the supervision of a licensed phy sician and provided without cost to the employee. (3) Medical surveillance and testing of each employee shall be conducted within thirty days of the effective date of this section or within thirty days fol lowing placement in a job involving ex posure to benzene, and quarterly there after. (4) Interim examinations. It the em ployee Is accidentally exposed by inges tion. Inhalation or by skin or eye contact under conditions known or suspected to be immediately hazardous, or for any reason develops signs and symptoms commonly associated with toxic exposure to benzene, the employer shall provide appropriate examination and emergency medical treatment. result lfi exposure above the permissible exposure limit, as well as necessary pro tective seps: (iii) The purpose, proper use, and lim itations of respiratory devices as speci fied in paragraph (g) of this section and in i 1910.134 (b). (d), (e).and (f) of this Part; (iv) The purpose and a description of the medical surveillance oroeram re quired by paragraph (1) of this section and the information contained In Ap pendix C of this section: and (v). Tie contents of this standard. (2) Access to training materials. (1) The employer shall make a copy of this standard and its apoendlxes readily available: to all affected employees. (Ii) The emoloyer shall provide, upon request, all materials relating io the em ployee Information and training pro gram to the Assistant Secretary and the Director fk) Signs and labels. (1) The em ployer s iall post signs In the regulated area bearing the legend: FEDERAL REGISTER, VOL 42. NO. 103--fRIOAT. MAY 27. 1977 MCD 000000355 PROPOSED RULES 27463 ' VH. OBSERVATION Of MONITORING considered as hazardous locations. Benzene C. Employers should advise employees of Tour employer Is required to perform measurements that are representative of your exposure to benzene and you aire entitled to observe the monitoring procedure. Tou or youg. representative are entitled to receive an explanation of the measurement pro cedure. observe the steps taken In the measurement procedure, and to record the results obtained. When the monitoring pro cedure Is taking . place In an area where respirators or personal. protective clothing and equipment are required to be worn, you must also be provided with, and must wear tbe protective clothing and equipment. * Vm. ACCESS TO RECORDS You or your representative are entitled to see the records of measurements of your exposure to benzene upon request to your employer. Tour medical examination records can be furnished to your physician upon vapors are heavier than sir; thus the vapors may travel along the ground and be Ignited by open flames or sparks at locations remote from the site at which benzene Is handled. 7. Benzene is classified as a 1 B flammable liquid for the purpose of conforming to the requirement* of 29 CFR 19)0 106. A concen tration exceeding 3250 ppm Is considered a potential Are cr explosion hazard. Locations where benzene may be present In quantities sufficient to produce explosive or Ignltable mixtures are considered Class l Oroup D for the purposes of conforming to the require ment of 29 CFR 1910.309. B. Reactivity, l. Conditions contributing to instability: Heat. 2. Incompatibility: Heat and oxidizing ma terials. 3. Hazardous decomposition products: Toxic gases and vapers (such as carbon monoxide). all plant akeis and operations where exposure to benzene could*occur. A few of the common operations In which high exposures to ben zene may be encountered are: manufacture of styrene, phenol, cyclohexane, pesticides, and determent*. Appindix C.--Medical Surveillance Guidelines For Benzene I. ROUTES or ENTRY Inhalation: skin absorption. Ingestion, n. TOXICOLOGY Benzene is primarily an Inhalation hazard. Systemic absorption cause* depression of the hematopoietic system. Inhalation of high concentrations can effect the central nervous system function. Aspiration of small amounts of liquid benzene Immediately causes pulmo nary edema and hemorrhage of pulmonary tissue. Skin absorption through intact skin request to your employer. A copy of the phy sician's written opinion following medical surveillance shall be supplied to you by your employer. nr. SPILL AND LEAK PROCEDURE* A. Steps o be taken if the material is re leased or spilled. Large amounts of water should be used to flush the spills. Do not is possible. Absorption may be accelerated In the case of Injured akin, and benzene may be more readily absorbed If It is present In a mixture or as a contaminate In solvents which are readily absorbed. Defatting action rx. raECAtmoNs for safe use, handling and flush benzene into a confined space, such as of benzene may produce irritation upon re STORACE a sewer, because of explosion danger. Remove peated or prolonged contact with the skin. Benzene liquid Is highly flammable. It all ignition sources. Ventilate enclosed places. High concentrations are Irritating to the should be stored in tightly closed containers B. Waste Disposal Method. Disposal meth mucuous membranes of the eyes, nose, and In a cool, well ventilated area. Benzene vapor ods must conform to other Jurisdictional respiratory tract. may form explosive mixtures In air. All regulations. If allowed, benzene may be dis sources of ignition must be controlled. You posed of: (a) by absorbing It in dry sand or tH. SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS' should use non-sparking tools when opening earth and disposing In a sanitary land fill; Benzene Is poorly absorbed through the or closing benzene containers. You must (b) it small quantities, by removing it to a skin; however, direct contact may cause ground or bond metal benzene containers. safe location from buildings or other combus erythema or blistering. Repeated or pro Fire extinguishers, where provided, must be tible sources, pouring It In dry sand or earth longed contact may result In drying, scaling. readily available and you should know where and cautiously igniting It: (c) if large quan dermatitis or precipitate development of they are located and how to operate them. tities. by atomizing It In a suitable com secondary skin infections. Effects of ben Smoking Is prohibited In areas where ben bustion chamber. zene vapor or liquid on the eye are slight. zene Is used or stored. Ask your supervisor where benzene is used In your work area and for additional plant safety rules. IV. MONITORING* AND MEASUREMENT , PROCEDURES Only at very high concentrations is there any smarting sensation In the eye. Droplet contamination of the eye by benzene causes Appendix B--Substance Technical Guide- lines Benzene A. Normal Monitoring Program: Measure ments taken for the purpose of determining employee exposure are best taken so that the a moderate burning sensation, but only a slight transient Injury of the epithelial cell, with the eye recovering rapidly. Inhalation l. physical and chemical data representative average 8-hour exposure may of high concentrations of benzene may have A. Substance Identification. 1. Synonyms: Benzol, benzole, coal naptha. cyclohexEtrlene, pben. phenyl hydride, pyrobenzol. (Benzin. petroleum benzin, and benzine, do not con tain benzene). 2. Formula: (CAS Registry Number: 000071432). B. Physical Data. 1. Bolling Point (760 mm Hg); 80.1 C (176F1. 2. Specific Gravity (watr=l): 0.879. 3. Vapor Density <air=l) : 2.7. 4. Melting Point: 5.5 C (42F). 5. Vapor Pressure at 20 C (68F) : 75 mm Hg. .6. Solubility In Water: 06rl. 7. Evaporation Rate (ether=ll: 2.8. 8. Appearance and Odor: Clear, colorless liquid with a distinctive sweet ordor. be determined from a single 8-hour sample cr two (2) 4-hour samples. Short-time Inter val samples (or grab samples) may also be used to determine average exposure level If a minimum of Owe (6) measurements are taken In a random manner over the 8-bour work shift. Random sampling meins that any portion of the work shift has the same chance of being sampled as any other. The arithmetic average of all such random sam ples tiken on one (1) work, shift Is an esti mate of tv.* -mnlnvee's averse level of exposure for that work shift. NIOSH recom mends that samples be collected at a samp ling rate of. one Jlter per minute for a minimum of two hour*. Air samples should be taken In the employee's breathing zone (air that would nearly represent that Inhaled by the employee). Sampling and analysis an Initial stimulatory effect on the central nervous system characterized by exhilara tion. nervous excitation, and/or giddiness, followed by a period of depression, drowsi ness. fatigue, or vertigo. There may be a sensation of tightness in the chest accom panied by breathlessness and ultimately the victim may lose consciousness. Convulsions and tremors occur frequently, and death may follow from respiratory paralysis or cir culatory collapse In a few minutes to several hours following severe exposures. The Insid ious and often irreversible effect on the ng system of prolonged exposure u*ntitles of benzene vapor is rf iportance. These effects have beer, ur at concentrations of benrer.e not cause Irritation of mucous or any unpleasant sensory el- n. FIRE, EXPLOSION AND REACTIVITY HAZARD DATA should be performed by gas absorption tubes signs and symptoms of Benzene A. Fire. 1. Flash Point (closed cup): --lie (12F). 2. Autolgnltlon Temperature: 580 C (1076F). 3. Flammable Limits in Air. by Volume: Lower: 1.3't. Upper: 7.1*;. 4. Extinguishing Media: Carbon dioxide, dry chemical, or foam. with subsequent chemical analysis, by gas chromatography of those areas most likely to represent the highest airborne concentration of benzene where employees are exposed. Methods meeting the prescribed accuracy and precision requirements are available In the "NIOSH Manual of Analytical Methods." V. MISCELLANEOUS PRECAUTIONS are varied and vague, and not r benzene exposure. Subjective of headache, dizziness, and loss : may precede or follow clinical symptomology Bleeding from the nose, gums, or mucous membranes and the devel opment of purpuric spots may occur as the condition progresses. Rapid pulse and lew blood pressure In addition to a physical ap 5 Special Fire-Fighting Procedures: Do not use solid stream of water, since stream will scatter and spread fire. Water spray can be used to keep fire exposed containers cool. 6. Unusual fire and explosion hazards: Benzene Is a flammable llauid. Its vaoors can form explosive mixtures. All ignition sources must be controlled when benzene Is used, handled, or stored. Where liquid or A High Exposures to benzene can occur when transferring the liquid, from one con tainer to another. Such operations should be well ventilated and good work practices should be established to avoid spills. B. Non-sparking tools should be used to open benzene containers which should be ef fectively grounded and bonded prlcr to open pearance of anemia may accompany a sub jective complaint of shortness of breath. CUncial evidence of leucopenla and enemla t common abnormalities reported, acrocytosis and thrombocytopenia requently present. Bone marrew normal, aplastic, hypoplastic or hyperplastic and may not In all situations vapor may be released, such areas shall be ing and pouring. correlate with peripheral blood findings In- FEDERAL REGISTER. VOl. 42, NO. 103--FRIDAY, MAY 37. 1977 MCD 000000357 PROPOSED RULES 27465 Title 29--Labor StanSards now applicable to the mari sure to benzene had a significant In CHAPTER XVII--OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY time and construction Industries and creased Incidence of leukemia. AND HEALTH ADMINISTRATION, DE currently contained In Subparf B of Part Also in 19V4, pursuant to section 22(d) PARTMENT OF LABOR 1910, and Parts 1915,1916,1917,1918 and of the Act, (he Director of NIOSH sub PART 1910--OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH STANDARDS Emergency Temporary Standard for Occu pational Exposure to Benzene; Notice of Hearing 1926 of Title 29, Code of Federal Regula tions. Therefore, those corresponding standards are superseded by the new standard In | 1910.1028. Pursuant to section 6(c) (3) of the Act, OSHA will shortly commence a rulemak AGENCY: Occupational Safety and ing proceeding under section 6(b) of the Health Administration, Labor. ,r Act. The emergency temporary standard mitted to the Secretary of Labor a cri teria document concerning occupational exposure to benzene which stated that "the possibility that benzene can Induce leukemia cannot be dlsin!ased."(3) How ever, NIOSH recommended retention of the present permissible exposure limit of 10 ppm and] celling concentration of 26 ACTION:Emergency Temporary Stand will serve as a proposed final rule, along ppm as measured over a 10 minute period ard; Notice of Hearing. SUMMARY: This emergency temporary standard (ETS) Is based on the determi nation that clinical and epidemiological data conclusively establish that em ployee exposure to benzene presents a leukemia hazard. Therefore, a grave danger currently exists for workers ex posed to this cancer hazard and It Is necessary to Issue an emergency tempo rary standard to protect them. By this ETS the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (0)HA) limits employee exposure to benzene to 1 part benzene per million parts of air (1 ppm), as'an 8 hour time-weighted average concentration, with a ceiling level of 6 ppm for apy IS minute period during the 8 hour day. In addition, the ETS requires the measure ment of employee exposure, engineering controls, personal protective equipment and clothing, employee training, medical surveillance, work practices, and recordkeeping. The ETS will be superseded by a permanent standard within six months. A public hearing on the permanent standard win commence July 12,1977. EFFECTIVE BATE: May 21,1977. FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CON TACT: Mr. James Fester, Office of Public Af faire, OSHA, Third Street and Con stitution Avenue, N.W., Room N-3641, Washington, D.C. 20210 <202-5238151). SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: Applicability f Emergency Temporary Standard The accompanying document Is an emergency temporary standard Issued pursuant to sections -6(e) And 8(c) of the Occupational Safety and Health Act of 1970 (the Act) (84 Btst. 1596. 1599; 29 U.S.C. 655. 857), the Secretary of Labor* Order No. 8-76 IRQ FR 25059) and 29 CFR Fart 1911. The new stand ard, section 1910.1028, applies to all em ployments In all industries covered by the Act, including "general Industry'', con struction and 'maritime. Far reasons set out below, COb standard dees net appty to retail automotive service stations or to operations which use liquid mlxtiues containing 1.percent or less of'benzene; however, these exempted operations are still subject to the requirements con tained in the benzene standard at 29 CFR 1910.1000. with other proposed requirements which which recommendation was-not based on will be published th the Federal Register benzene's potential leukemia hazard. pursuant to 29 CPR 1911.12. OSHA Will - In a letter to the Secretary of Labor, publish an additional proposal In the very near future,' encompassing those dated April 23, 1978. the United Rubber, Cork, Linoleum, and Plastic Workers of areas of occupational safety and health America urged that an emergency tem considered appropriate for the agency's permanent regulation of benzene. This porary standard regulating occupational exposure to >enzene be issued (42). The document sets a public hearing on the request wfcs denied on May 16, 1976 by permanent benzene standard to begin then Secretary of labor WlBlam J. Usery July 12, 1977. (43). The development of a permanent Less than 1 year ago, the National standard will be conducted pursuant to Academy, of Sciences, under contract the rulemaking procedures of section with the Ur Jted States Environmental 6(d) of the Act. The Assistant Secre Protection Agency, reviewed' the litera tary's decisions on the provisions of the ture concerning health effects of benzene final standard will be based on the entire exposure. (4) The Academy concluded record devehped, Including public com that benzene must be considered as a ments and the informal rulemaking suspect leukemogen. hearing. In August 1978, NIOSH submitted to EVENTS .LEADING TO THE EMERGENCY OSHA an updated criteria document TEMPORARY STANDARD which revised Its earlier assessment of Benzene has long, been recognized as a toxin affecting the hematopoietic (blood forming)' system. and a cause and effect relationship between benzene ex posure and observed blood abnormalities has been established for man and ani mals during the last 75 years. The evi dence Indicating a relationship between benzene exposure and leukemia has been (expanding and the International scien tific community has Increasingly ac knowledged that worker exposure to' benzene la associated with an increased risk of leukemia. Data made available by the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) In the last fpw weeks on workers exposed to benzene provide conclusive evidence that benzene Is a leukemia causing agent and there fore immediate action to protect workers is imperative. (7) The present OSHA standard for ben zene, Toon!! In 29 CFR 1910.1000, Table Z-2, was adopted In 1971 under the Au thority eft section <6*a9 of the Act from 1974. (5) On the basis of a review of old studies and new data, NIOSH concluded that benezene was leukemogenlc. This re port further pointed out that "It is ap- parent from the literature that benzene leukemia continues to be reported." NIOSH, theiefore, recommended that, since no safe level foe, benzene exposure could be est hashed "no worker be ex posed to in excess of 1 ppm in air". FoHo publication of the up- dated oriter document. the Director of NIOSH recop ided to the Assistant Secretary of 1 ,bor, by letter dated Octo- Tier 27. 1976 that OSHA publish an emergency porary standard for- ben- zene estaoll the exposure level at 1 ppm. (8) on the Information sup- plied by .NIC H, OSHA issued on Janu- uary'4. 19771 voluntary "Guidelines for. Control of Occupational Exposure to Benzene," recommending that exposure' to benzene ir air not exceed an 8-hour . .time-weighted average of 1 ppm In any 8-hmirShJIt of a 40 hour week. (44) the American HhUoiufl Standards In In January 1977, NIOSH Informed stitute's (ANSI) Z 37.4-1969 standard. OSHA that workplace, environments had That OSHA standard prescribes an 8hour time-weighted average of 10 ppm with an acceptable celling concentration of 2i ppm. fa addition, the present standard allows excursions above the ceiling to a maximum peak concentra tion not to exceed 60 ppm: Provided, That such exposure occurs for no more than 10 minutes In any 8-hour work period. Neither the ANSI standard nor the resultant OSHA standard were based been found In 8t Mary's and Akron, Ohio where a euffiident number of employees hadbeen exposed to benzene fora num ber m years to facilitate an epidemiologi cal study eg health risks. (46) The work site was a Pliofilm manufacturing plant owned fay Goodyear Tire and Rubber Company. The preliminary conclusions of the epidemiological study NIOSH con ducted of the pliofilm workers were tyansnRtad to OSHA on April' 15. 1977. on the possible leukemia hazard from <7) The NXOBH data demonstrated an In addition, pursuant to section 4(b) exposure to benzene. tnrtdsnoD at leukemia in workers exposed (2)/ot the Act, OSHA has determined In 1974. Aksoy ert al reported that, was at least five times the that this emergency temporary Standard when contrasted with the general popu Jnddne. NIOSH concluded it more effective than corresponding lation. shoe workers having prior expo that: FEDERAL REGISTER, VOl. 42, NO. 103--FRIDAY, MAY 27, 1977 mce 000000369 PROPOSED RULES 27467 quantities of benzene could be absorbed forming themes (])MUj marrow) followed cluded that exposure to benzene under! to th case of Injured skin. Moreover! by aplasia (aowfflfwodaetion) and tatty varying condition* produced diverse re absorption of benzene by the akin may be degeneration. Clinically an Initial in actions and that individual variation significantly accelerated when benzene U crease, then decrease. In the red blood was ot great importance. present in a mixture or as a contaminant cells, white blood cells, or platelets, Is In 1948 Hardy and Ktklns investigated in solvent* known to be readily absorbed, seen, with progression if exposures are an artificial leather plant to Massachu such as toluene and xylene. -(48) continued, to aplastio anemia (lack of setts in which a man who had been em The benzene absorbed by the circu functioning of bone marrow), leucope- ployed as a coating machine operator for lating Wood is distributed throughout the nie (decrease In leucocytes which are 12 years led of what was diagnosed as body where, because of its UpoeolubUlty, white blood cells), thrombocytopenia benzene i ilsontog.ao) The subject had it tends to accumulate in various body (decrease to platelets), at pancytopenia worked i a coating machine operator to organs In proportion to their fat content (decrease In an cells to the peripheral other lo .Hens for 18 years. Fifty-two Upon removal from benzene exposure, blood). Secondary effects of thrombocy workers ere still employed to the the concentration of benzene In the ex topenia include coagulation disturbances, leather it. Benzene concentrations pired breath follows an exponential de- characterized by Increased bleeding Qme, ranged fr 40 to 80 ppm with an aver- oay curve, reflecting removal of benzene poor clot retraction, and increased sus , ageconce tration of 80 ppm. Blood abid from various body compartments. Elimi ceptibility to hemorrhaging. This clinical lee, perfo ed upon all 52 employees, nation via this route has been estimated Picture of chronic benzene poisoning may shewed i wmalities to more than one to range from 12 to 60 percent of the total exist with or without the physical signs blood ponent in sixteen of the em- amount of benzene absorbed in humans. or symptoms of fatigue, vertigo, head ployees. nnalitles were observed to A fraction of the absorbed benzene Is ache or excessive bleeding. .. hetnogh RBC, and WBC counts, eliminated in an unchanged form, pri The following studies are representa There a wide variation among sub marily in the expired air and, to a mini tive, although by no means all inclusive, jects as to the particular component af mal extent, in the urine. Tfce remainder of the published literature on the chronic fected. 8tx of the 16 employees with of the absorbed benzene is metabolized by effects in humans of benzene exposure. blood abnormalities worked to the same enzymes contained in the liver and ulti These studies do however illustrate the coating room as the deceased man. De- mately to derivatives which are more wa diversity' and variability of effects which spite this evidenoe of blood abnormal!- ter soluble thereby facilitating their dominate the literature on chronic ben ties from the laboratory tests, none of removal by the kidneys. A first interme zene exposure. the physical examinations revealed any diate in the blotransfonoation of ben 1. Blood dyscrarias. Greenburg and clinical or symptoms of overexpo- zene is believed to be benzene epoxide, a coworkers' investigation in 1930 of 333 sure to 1 highly reactive intermediate and one of pressmen in three rotogravure printing ' In an spldemlological investigation, several candidates suggested as the, ac tive agent responsible for benzene's mye plants was one of the earliest, compre hensive studies of benzene poisoning.(8) Aksoy et finding* ' compared the hematological 100 healthy male subjects lotoxic effects. Phenol, and to a lesser In addition to physical examinations, in (controls)) with those of 317 apparently extent, hydroqulnone. pyrcatechol. and cluding medical and occupational histo 1--males. 95 percent of whom phenyl-mercapturic acid are the primary ries and laboratory teste, workplace air 1th solvents containing ben- metabolites of benzene found in urine. samples and chemical analysis of ink sol 1 shoe shops. (11) The shops B. Acute effects. Exposures to high. vents and thinners were performed in an Jered unhygienic and poorly concentrations of benzene produce an al attempt to provide a correlation with . Tbs concentration of benzene most immediate , effect upon the central medical findings. Air samples (.48) re : environment ranged from nervous system. Benzene concentrations vealed benzene concentrations ranging' i during non-working hours of about 30,000 ppm are fatal within from 11 ppm to 1060 ppm for 3 plants. when adhesives containing minutes, with death occurring from Five workers with the most severe being used. The duration acute circulatory failure or coma, with or benzene poisoning expressed no subjec employee 'exposures ranged from 3 without convulsions. Milder exposures tive1 complaints and physical examina months to 17 years. In 61 (238 percent) produce a period of nervous excitation, tion revealed negative findings. The signs of the 211 employees, hematological ab euphoria, headache and nausea, followed of- "poisoning" Included a reduction to normalities were found consisting of by ft period of depression which can re the number of erythrocytes, leucocytes leucopenla (9.7 percent), thrombocyto sult to cardiovascular collapse and/or un and platelets.. penia (184 percent), leucopenla asso consciousness. The occurrence of non Greenburg stated that: "These find ciated with thromobocytopenia (4.8 per specific nervous disturbance as an after ings illustrate the well-known fact that cent) ana pancytopenia (2.7 percent), effect of acute exposures Is dependent on the effects erf benzene may be persistent in addition, relative to controls, benzene- duration of unconsciousness' and/or and'also suggest that even before blood exposed workers demonstrated a signifi severity of circulatory failure. Breath- changes are apparent, processes may cant reduction to mean white ceB counts - Xesspess, nervous irritability, and un- ' have been Initiated that will continue to and mean platelet counts. The propor steadiness to walking have been observed, develop even after exposure to benzene tion of benzene-exposed workers (hag- to Persist for a period of several weeks. has ofcasedr' The authors also reported nosed with anemia was increased when Inhalation of still lower concentrations that individuals varied greatly to sus compared Ito controls; however the pres <258-800 ppm) yields signs and symp ceptibility. although data on personal ence of Iron-deficiency anemia could not toms of mild poisoning, characterized by monitoring were not available. be ruled out. vertigo, drowsiness, headache, and nau sea. Rapid recovery from these symptoms ymyaiiy occurs following. cessation of exposure. * Direct contact- with the liquid may cause erythema and blistering. Prolonged or repeated skin contact, even with small quantities of benzene, has Men associ ated with the development of a dry. scaly dermatitis or with secondary in fections. In the same year, Mallory et al. re ported post-mortem findings to 19 case studies of workers with a history erf chronic exposure to benzene.O) Expo sure* varied from 6 months to 12 years, but no 'exposure levels were avail able. The authors indicated that sig nificant changes 'were found regu larly throughout the entire hemato poietic 'system including bone marrow, liver, spleen and lymph nodes. Of In French survey of 45 fatal cases of benzene induced diseases of the blood, covering the years 1947 to 1962, 33 were diagnosed as leukemia and 33 were at tributed to aplastic anemia. Of the latter esses, one patient was afflicted after only 2 years exposure to benzene with the re mainder having an average exposure of 16 yean. (13) The authors also reported* that in the'cases of aplastic anemia, tire evolution of the (Qneea was lengthy. A 6. Chronic effectt. Benzenq" exert# a the 19 case studies, six exhibited hy similar observation was also reported by primary toxic effect in the bane marrow, poplasia of the bone marrow (decreased' Vigilant and.Foral (1989). (14) Cf 32fa the major blood forming organ. Long bone marrow .function), whertaa nine tal cases of ehremic benzene poisoning term exposures to low oonoentrstioos of cases showed hyperplasia' (overaettvity .seen in the provinces of MEan and Pavia, ' book*no bgrfr beda observed to have an initial stimulatory effect on the blood- ot the bone marrow),;*nrf two were di agnosed as leukemia. The authors con 18 were dtie to leukemia and 14 due to ap lastic anemia. These authors noted that MCD 000000361 FEDERAL REGISTER, VOL. 43, NO. 103--FRIDAY, MAY 27, 1977 PROPOSED RULES 27469 clinics, or from a canvass of the pub tologic shifts ranging from anemia or Based on the hypothesis that the risk lished literature reporting case histories ieucop^i^ia. to aplastlo anemia and of leuk mdg was higher among workers of individuals diagnosed with leukemia. spanning :a*|)ribd'bf 2 to 10 years. Of who were exposed to benzene and medi In lieu of quantitative, individual ex the 10 chronic cases reported, none of cal x-myt, lahlmaru et al. conducted a posure data, subjective evaluations of the patients had hemocytopenlc changes retrospective epidemiological investiga intensity of exposure have been utilized. prior to the onset of leukemia. tion exi mining the relationship between The epidemiological evidence has been Aksoy et al. reported the deaths, due to occupations aqd environmental factors, derived from either the determination of leukemia, of four Turkish shoemakers other titan A-bomb exposure, and the in the frequency of chronic benzene ex resulting from their exposure to-benzene cidence of leukemia in Nagasaki and Hir posure among cases of leukemia or from for periods ranging from 6 to 14 years. oshima between 1945 .and 1967. (33) the determination of frequency of. or mortality from, leukemia among employ ees of work shops that utilize benzene. In other words, in the first method the leukemia is the constant factor of all case studies and the benzene exposure (29) At the time of the study, air con centrations were found to be between 160-210 ppm of benzene. Previous oc cupational exposure data was not pro vided. Two of the four patients devel oped acute leukemia approximately two This cise control study compared all cases diagnosed as definite or probable leukemias between 1945 and 1967 and re siding, it the time of the onset of the dis ease, In Hiroshima or Nagasaki. Con trols were matched for city, sex, of is the variable; while the second method and three yean after the occurrence of birth (30 months), distance from the is the reverse, that is, the benzene ex aplastic anemia although the other atomic bomb explosion, and alive and re posure is the constant factor while leu two did not siding to either city at the time of the kemia Is the variable. Adding 6 new cases of leukemia as onset of the disease in the patient. Four Vigilant and Salta, in their review sociated with exposure to benzene to 26 hundred ninety-two leukemia cases were of 47 Individuals suffering from benzene previously found, between the yean identified, but matched -controls could hemopathy between the period of 1942 1967 and 1973, Aksoy et al. observed only be obtained for 4)1. Fifteen occupa and 1963, presented clinical and labora that with the exception of one case of tions were selected in which there bad tory accounts of six cases, all of whom chronic myeloid leukemia, all had been exposure to either medical x-rays or were diagnosed as having haemocyto- various forms.of acute leukemia. (30) A solvents especially benzene and its deriv blastic leukemia. (27) The period of ex preceding period of pancytopenia was atives. Three hundred and three adult posures of these Individuals to either reported present in almost 25 percent of cases with the onset of leukemia at age 16 resins, inks, varnishes, or glues contain the cases, and the Interval between the years or over and their controls were ing varying concentrations of benzene pancytopenic period and the onset of compared. Eleven of the 16 occupation ranged up to 19 years. Data on the con leukemia varied from 6 months to 6 were selected based on whether there had centrations of benzene in the workplace yean. Often the clinical findings and been a history of such occupations by environment, with one exception (190- blood picture improved considerably be either t le leukemia cases or the controls. 660 ppm) were not available. Although fore leukemia was diagnosed. During an Considered as a group, the risk of leuke Information on previous occupational 8 year period of observation, the Inci-' mia wan found to be significantly higher histories or medical status prior to the dence of leukemia among shoe-worken (about 2.6 times greater) among those flna.1 diagnoses were also hot available, chronically exposed to benzene was with a history of such occupations in the authors stated that "attribution of calculated to be more than twice that which various volatile advents were used the cases (of leukemia cited) to the ex experienced by the general population as compared with those without. The posure cannot be doubted." During the (13.6/100,000 VS. 6/100,000). relative risk was 16 times higher for years 1962-1963, when there was sharp Browning tabulated from published chronic leukemia and 2.9 times higher rise in the incidence of leukemia among studies 61 cases of leukemia among for acui e. Eighteen of the leukemia cases workers exposed to benzene which coin workers exposed to benzene at various associated with solvents were located in cided with an increase in number of concentrations. (31) The majority of distant and non-exposed radiation areas benzene poisoning cases for this period, cases were of the myeloid series. Brown and were considered too far from the Athe risk of acute leukemia was estimated ing noted that "benezene leukemia is bomb plosion for radiation to have en to be about 20 times greater than the frequently superimposed on a condition hanced the increased risk. Accepting the risk for the general adult population. of aplastic anemia, but can develop with sourcejrf error Inherent in the method Twelve years following the Viglianl out a preceding peripheral blood picture which vraa used to collect the data, the and Salta study. Vigilant and Fomi ob characteristic of bone marrow aplasia." results of this study nonetheless rein served that in the rotogravure Industry, She also noted that the transition from force the observation that an increase no new cases of aplastic anemia near of aplastic anemia to leukemia was not un in leukemia existed In that portion of leukemia were found among workers ex known in the ldeopathlc forms of leu the pop aiation exposed to radiation and posed solely to toluene after this solvent kemias. employ* d in an occupation where sol was substituted for benzene in 1964. DeGowin (32) and others (Viglianl It vents were used, especially benzene or (IS) However, these authors noted in 1974 that cases of benzene-induced leu kemia with long latency periods may still be occasionally observed. (60) These investigators also observed that workers exposed to toluene did not exhibit chro mosomal aberrations, a finding seen in employees who work with benzene. Sixteen (16) cases of various forms of leukemia developing from long term exposure to benzene were reported by T&reef et al. (28) The duration of ex posure ranged between 4 and 27 years. However, no exposure concentrations were reported. In contrast to data pre viously reported In Italy and Turkey, the authors found evidence of chronic leukemia. Acute leukemia accounted for only 6 of the 16 cases. Three of the six acute leukemias were diagnosed at 2, 4 and 6 years following cessation of ben zene exposure. Pour of the acute cases underwent a definite period of hema Salta, Tareff, Aksoy etc.) observed that the development of acute leukemia in some individual cases was preceded by a latency period of up to 16 years following cessation of exposure to benzene. Some of the cases underwent what was con sidered to be a preleukemic period, which was characterized by leucopenla, anemia, thrombocytopenia, aplastic anemia, pan cytopenia or a combination thereof. Other cases developed leukemia without any evidence of anemia. According to Viglianl and Salta, the time delay "does not permit us to attribute the disease to the persistence of benzene in the bone marrow". (27) They suggested, however, that "on the basts of the initiation-pro motion theory of the induction of neo plasms, we might regard benzene as an Initiator of the leukemia process, but we have no suggestion of a' possible pro moter." where exposure to medical x-ray occurred. Thone, then Associate Medical Direc tor for the Exxon Corporation, on the other bind, reported that the incidence of leukemia among a population of 38,000 workers exposed to low levels of benzene over a ten year period (1962-1972) was not significantly different when com pared with the general populatiun. (34) This study has been severely criti cized by Brown for Ns relaxed case-find ing techniques and the methods of anal yses. <3>) Thus, the conclusions derived from this study must be viewed la the light of serious methodological problems which a ere encountered In the coOection and treatment of the data. These prob lems, wlilch were also acknowledged by Thorps, Included: (1) the low lncidesvoe of leukemia tn the general population; (2) the Vahditj of the dtagnoedk at leu kemia, (3) the quantitative detkrtnlp*- FEDERAl REGISTER, VOl. 42, NO. 103--FRIDAY, MAV 27, 1977 MCD 000000363 PROPOSED RULES 27471 tlon through the skin may be enhanced when It occurs In combination with other solvents. (48) Once absorbed, the bensene Is distributed throughout the bod; by the blood. C. Notification of use. The standard requires employers to notify OSHA of the location of workplaces In which ben* sene is used and to describe the condi tions of use and protective'measures'In sufficient measurements are obtained to. permissible exposure limits. In opera be representative of the exposure of an' tions wtwte engineering controls and affected employees. work practices do not completely reduce 06HA notes that the monitoring re expotfare to the permissible level, they quirements will arlv principally In the must stffi be Implemented to reduce ex- Industries engaged In benzene produc tion. gasoline production, and related posures to the lowest practicable 1ml and " by respirators. chemical Industries. These Industries are OSHA that initial ccmpll- generally regarded to be at the forefront ones may the use of respirators of all Industries with respect to existing in many ~ unto engineering con- effect. This requirement Is designed to Industrial hygiene and occupational trots are and work practices assure compliance during the effective health programs. Many cff the'employers Initiated. period of this ET8. In these Industries have extensive pro Based on a review of the Arthur D. D. Monitoring of exposure. The stand fessional and technical staffs and estab Uttle Co. study and data furnished by ard requires employers to monitor each lished employee health programs which respirator lufacturere, OSHA has de- workplace where benaene Is present to Include periodic measurement of em termlned the avaQabuKy of respire- determine employee exposure; Such de ployee exposure to benzene. Thus these tors of tfa Ured types, especially the terminations may be made by monitor employers Ire expected to have little alr-purif; respirators and replace- ing and measurements`which are rep difficulty in complying with the monitor ment Is adequate to meet the resentative of each employee's exposure ing requirements of this standard. Some needs of >yere who will require them to benzene over an 8-hour period. Actual of these employers have had to acquire for comp] with the ET8. For ex- measurements of airborne concentra much of the apparatus and equipment ample, e several manufacturers tions of benzene are required in order to required for measuring employee expo of air-] _ respirators for use determine employee exposure to benzene. sure to benzoie In order to comply with against le. One of these manufac- However, employers do not have to meas other occupational health standards pre turers 1 Jndlcated that it currently ure the exposure of each individual viously Issued by this Agency. For ex has In 100,000 replacement car- employee. ample, those employers engaged In man tridges than normal order require- Where the Initial measurements reveal ufacturing or use of vinyl chloride and ments, can deliver more than 350,000 benzene exposure to be above the permis polyvinyl chloride and employers en cartridges her month, and Is presently sible exposure limit, monthly monitoring gaged in the operation of coke ovens-- Increasing jmductkm capacity for this Is required. Measurements which reveal one source of benzene production, wDl type of resp irwtor; Additionally, OSHA to levels of exposure to benzene below the find that much of the effort made earlier aware that respirators are currently permissible exposure limit require quar In complying with the standards for available for use by employees in many terly monitoring. vinyl chloride and coke oven emissions job categories In the industries covered The results of the exposure measure will be applicable to the requirements by this standard, such as the petroleum ment program determine what further under this standard for measuring em refining, petrochemical, chemical, and action must be taken by the employer. In ployee exposure to benzene. related todu stries. addition to monthly monitoring, meas There are approximately eight manu urement of exposures above the permis facturers of suitable sampling pumps. sible exposure limit require the employer -.While It Is not possible to know the total 'to Institute controls to reduce the ex number of pumps Immediately available posure to or below the permissible ex from these manufacturers, one of the posure limit. A monitoring requirement major manufacturers has Indicated an is necessary In the ETS to reduce em ability to deliver 200 Immediately and ployee exposure. 800 within 45 days. That manufacturer In establishing the monitoring and estimated that the entire Industry to measurement requirements of this stand capable of delivering up to 2,000 pumps ard, OSHA has considered the Impor In no more than- 60 days from now. tance of such activities to Identifying ex OSHA believes this capacity Is adequate posed employees and their levels of ex to meet the additional needs of employ posure so that appropriate protective ers who do not presently have a sufficient measures may be taken. OSHA has also number of these sampling pumps. More- considered the question of the feasibility ' over, the standard does not require that of Immediately complying with the mon- the employer own the equipment and do . itoring requirements specified. this monitoring himself; the utilization Performing the required measurements of consultants or contractors Is another of employee exposure to benzene will choice available to many employers. generally Involve the use of portable bat tery-powered air sampling pumps worn by the employee during the sampling period, charcoal tubes for absorption of the benzene, and access to appropriate laboratory facilities for subsequent anal ysis of the charcoal tube samples. The laboratory analysis would usually be per formed using gas chromotographs, a technique commonly available In analyt ical laboratories and utilized for the analysis of a wide range of air contami nants found In samples of the workplace environment and general community. The standard provides that the Initial sampling must be conducted and re sults obtained within 30 days of the ef fective date of the standard, which would For the above reasons, the Assistant Secretary concludes that the monitoring and measurement requirements of this emergency standard are feasible. E. Methods of compliance. The stand ard requires employee exposure to ben zene to be reduced to 1 ppm by engineer ing controls, work practices and respira tory protection. The emergency standard reflects a preference for the use of engi neering controls, work practices and, .where possible, substitution because of the greater reliability of these control techniques. (See, for example, the stand ards on vinyl chloride, 11910.1017, and coke oven emissions 1 1910.1029, and the reasons given therein.) , be almost 60 days following publication Thus, employers are required to in OSHA Hmates that approximately 30,000 of the 150,000 employees affected by this stahidard would have to be furnished resptr&tors for use some of the time during the Initial period of cotnpllance with this standard. In view of the current existence of suitable respiretors In man:y workplaces where they would be mceded and the ability of the respirator ufacturere and suppliers' to supply p;romptly on receipt of order additional r ispliators needed to comply, OSHA concli.iides that the respirator re Quirements ef this standard are feasible. F. Medical surveillance. The standard requires em;ployera to Institute a limited program of medical surveillance for all employees e:itposed to benzene. The purposes of thn>se medical surveillance requirements ire to determine the effects of exposure the blood forming systems of the emplo;>yees, to detect blood abnormallties, anc i to ensure that symptoms of overexposure to benzene are recognized as early as possible. The standard provldes that tills medical testing shall be conducted w Ithln 30 days of the effective date of ths standard and quarterly thereafter, Hie :medical surveillance requirements ire l1imlted to those minimum tests conside;red necessary for the emergeney sta:ndiird. (41) The standard also requires a medical history to be taken for every employee who may be exposed to benzene. Facilities l or performing such routine blood tests ire readily available in all parts of the country and OSHA has con- of the standard. The standard does not stitute feasible engineering controls and eluded that (ompllance with this limited require a separate measurement for each work practices as soon as possible to medical teathg requirement Is lmmedl- affected employee. It requires only that reduce employee exposure to or below the ately feaslbU. FEDERAL REGISTER, VOl. 42, NO. 103--FRIDAY, MAY 27, 1977 000000365 MCI) PROPOSED RULES 27473 SI. Iniaotc, P. F., R. A. Rlnkay, J. K. Weg ner and R J. Young. leukemia among workrs expoeed to benzene. NIOSH, April 36, 1977. S3. Occupational aipoaura to benzene at service stations. N1C6H Prograaa Report, 71. Helmer, K. J.: Accumulate cases of chronic benzene poisoning In the rubber Industry. Acta Med Scand llS:384-76, 1944. 73. Ban, W.: Respiration and Fsrmsntatlon In experimental leukemia Induced,.by itt, M.: More than 100 cases ot itkm In s shoe factory. ObhamAtologlcal symptoms and is during ons year. Arch Oeworbehyg. 16. pp. 147-167, June 9, 1870. 53. Akaoy, M,, 6. Erdem and O. Dinool. Leu kemia In alioe-workers azpceed chronically benzene. Frankfurt Z. Path. 47: 633-33, 1936. (Oermin) . 73. Hociguchl. 8, H. Okada and K. Horl- hit, M.; Mors than 100 cases of benzene Intoxication In a shoe factory. Ob to benzene. Blood 44:837-841, 1874. 'guchl: Effect of benzene on the leuoocytlc 54. Andjclkorlo. D, J. Taulbee and M. function of mice. Osaka City Medical J. Symons. Mortality experience of a cohort of 18:1-8. 1973. ,. servations ot hematological symptoms and disease during ons year. Arch. Gewerbepath. Oewerbehyg. 16, pp. 147-167, rubhar workers, 1964-1973. 1. Occ. Med. 17: 74. Hunter, P. T. Chronic exposure to ben 1968. 387-394. 1976. zene (benzol). II. The Clinical effects. J. 66. Aksoy, M.: (Benzene (benzol) toxicity Ind. Hyg. Toxicol. 311331-364, 1939. 67. Sber 3, R. J.: Evaluation ot exposure to benzene vapour during the loading of and Its affect on the hematopoietic system). 76. Hunter. C. O. and D. Blair: Benzene: petrol. Brit J. Ind. Med. 39:85-89, 1971. Istanbul Faculty of Medicine Monograph Sanaa No. 61, page 7-68, Sermet Press, Is tanbul, 1970. Pharmacokinetic studies In man. Ann Occup. Hyg. Vol. 16, pp. 193-199. 1973. 76. International Labour Office: Benzene: qp. She benzene i Ind. Hyg. R. J,: Tbs monitoring of sure by sir sampling. American o. J, Volume S3, Number 12, 66. Aksoy. M.. S. Erdem, T. Adgvln. O. Okua and K. Dlncol: Osmotic Fragility atudlea In three patlenta with aplastic anemia due to chronic benzene poisoning. Blut Zeltschrtft Fur Blutforschung Band BQ. fielte 66-90 J. P. Lehmanns Verlag, Munehen. 1066. 67. Aksoy, M., 8. Erdem. O. Erdogan, and O. Dlncol. Acute leukemia In two generations following chronic exposure to benzene. Bum. Hered. 34:70-74. 63. Benzene In the Work Environment. Considerations Bearing on the Question of Safe Concentrations of Benzene In the Work Environment (MAK-Wert). Communications of the Working Group "Establishment of MAK-Werte"' bf the Senate Commission for the Examination of Hazardous Industrial Ma terials, prepared In cooperation with Dr. Gertrud Buttner. Boppard, Germany, Harald Boldt Verlag. 1974. 69. Cooper/Tabershaw, A mortality study of petroleum refinery workers. Medical Re search Report No. BA 7403, Washington, D.C., The American Institute, 1974, 41 pp. 60. Delore, P. and Borgomano: Acute leu kemia In benzene poisoning. The toxic origin of certain acute leukemias and their relation ship to severe anemias. J. Med. Lyon 9:337233. 1938. (French) 61. Pot, A. J.. D. C. Llndsrs. and R. Owens: A survey of occupational cancer in the rub ber and cablemaking Industries: results of five-year analysis, 1867-71. British Journal of Industrial Medicine 31:140-151, 1974. 63. Fraumenl, Jr, J. F. and R. W. Miller: users, toxic effects, zubstltutez. Geneva. May 16-19. 1967. 77. Kaplan, H.: On the etiology and patho genesis of the leukemits: A review. Cancer Research 14:636-648, 1964. 78. Kozlovs. T. A, snd A. P. Volkovs: (The blood picture and pagocytlc activity ot leu cocytes in workers having contact with benzol.) Gig Sanlt 36:39-34, 1960 (Buz). 79. Laerum, O. D. Reticulum cell neoplasms' In normal and benzene treated hairless mloe. Acta Pathol. Microbiol. Scand. Sect. A 81: <7-63. 1973. 80. Lavwerys. R. Blologloal criteria for se lected Industrial toxic chemicals: A review. Scand. J. Work, Environ, and Health 1: 139- 173. Ip75. 81. Miller. R. Persons with exceptionally high rUk of leukemia. Cancer Research 37 Part 1. 3420-3423. December. 1967. 82. Mitchell, J. R. Mechanism of Benzene Induced aplastic anemia. Fed. Prc. Fed. Am. See. Exp. Biol. 30-661 (Abstract) No. 3044. 1972. 83. Monson, R. R. snd K. K. Nakano. Mor tality among rubbers workers. 22. I. White male union emoloyees In Akron, Ohio. Am. J. Epldem. 103:384-396. 1976. 84. Montesano. R. and L TomatIs: Legisla tion concerning chemical carcinogens In several industrialized countries. Cancer Re search 37. 310-316. 1977. 85. Parkinson, G. 8. Benzene In motor gasoline--an Investigation Into possible health hazards In and around filling stations December : 71. 99. She R. J, and W. G. Carter: The measu ement of occupational exposure to benzene rapour. Ann. Occup. hyg. Volume 18. pp. 1364148, 1970. 100. Smollk, R, K. Orzybek-Hryncewtcz. A. Lange, and W. Zatonakl. Serum comple ment level In workers exposed to-benzene, toluene and xylene. Ink Arch. Arbeltemed. 31:343-347,1 1078. 101. Srbora J.. Teislnger, J., Skramovsky S.: Absorption and elimination of Inhaled ben zene In man. Arch. Bod. Hyg. Oocup. Med 3:1-6. 1960 103. Sandberg, A. A.: The chromosomes and causation of human cancer and leu kemia. Cancer Res. 38:3084-3081, 1966. 103. Stanford Research Institute: ChemI-, cal Eoonondo Handbook. Menlo Park, Cali fornia. pp. 6185031A-R, 618.6022A-B. 104. Stewart, R.: The use of breath analysis In clinical toxloology. Essays* In toxloology, Volume 8, Academic Press, Inc., 1674. 106. Stevrart, R. D. Dodd B. C, Barctta. E. D,, Schaeffer, A. W, Mutchler, J. K.: Chronic overexposure to benzene vapor. Toxi col Pharmacol 10:881, 1967; abst. 106. Walkley, J. B.. Pagnotto. L. D . Elkins. H. B.: The measurement of phenol In urine as an Index of benzene exposure. A. M. Ind. Hyg. Aseoci J 23:863-67, 1961. 107. Wlntrobe. M. W.: Clinical Hematology, elphla. Lea and Pehlger, 1970. nltz, M. C,, Hlrschfelder, A. D.: n experimental pneumonia In I to ILL J Exp. Med. 16:667- Epidemiology of human leukemia: Recent and in normal transport operations. Ann. observations. J. Nat. Cancer Inst. 33:693-606, Occup. Hyg. 14:146-183. 1971. , . J. D.: Urinary phenol excretion 1967. 86. Pierre. R. V. Preleukemic states. Semin. Uqnally exposed population, 63. Gallo, R.: On the etiology of human Hematol. 11:73-92, 1974. acute leukemia. Medical Clinics of North 87. Potolsky, A., and W. P. Oreger. Radia ala. March 1974, University of dth Science Center at Houston. America. Vol. 87. No. 3, March 1973. tion and drug therapies, and leukemia. 64. Gerarde. H. W. Toxicology and Bio Annu. Rev. Med. 24:75-83. 1973. VI. RONMKKTAL AND ECONOMIC- chemistry of Aromatic Hydrocarbons. New 88. Proceedings of the symposium on tox Impacts York. Elsevier Publishing Company. 1960. pp. 97-108. 66. Girard, R, M. L. Malleln. J. Bertholon, icology of benzene and alkyl benzenes. Mel lon Institute of Carnegle-Mellon University, Pittsburgh. Pennsylvania, August 28-39, 1973. The National Environmental Policy Act of 19D9 142 UJS.C. 4321 et seq.) and P. Coeur, and J.-Cl. Evreaux. Study of leuco- 89. Bunion, H.: Benzene In gasoline. regulatiois issued thereunder (29 CFR gytlc alkaline phosphatase and the karyotype American Ind. Hyg. Assoc. J. 86:388-380, Part 1999 > require that Federal agencies In workers exposed to benzene. Arch. Mala 1678. assess their proposed major actions to dies Profess. 31:31-38, 1970. 90. Runlon. H. E.: Benzene In gasoline n. 66. Ooguel, A, A. Cavlgnesux et J. Ber International Workshop on Benzene, Unlver- nard: Tee Jeucemies benzenlques do la re zlte Rene Descartes, Paculte dee Sciences gion parlslenne entre I960 et 1966 (Etude de ' Pharmaceutlques et Blologlques de parts lux- 60 observations). Nouvelle Revue Prancalse ' embourg, Laboratorle .de Toxicology* et d1 d*Hematologle Toms 7. n 4:456-480, 1967. Hygiene Industrielie, November 9-11. 1970. 67. Greenberg. L: Benzol poisoning as an Industrial hazard: I. The Chemistry and In dustrial uses of benzol; n. Acute benzol poisoning. Public Health Reports 41:1357-76, 1936. 91. Ott, M. O. et si., "Mortality Among In dividual's Occupationally Exposed to Ben zene," Arch. Env. Health. In Press. 93. Schrenk, H., W. P. Yant, 8. J. Pearce, p. A. Patty, and R. R. Sayers: Absorption, distribution and elimination of benzene by 68. Hamilton. A.: Benzene (benzol) poi soning. Arch. Pathd. 11:434-64.1931. body tissues and Quids of dogs exposed to benzene vapor. J. Ind. Hyg. Toxicol. 33.3<H34, determlxu whether a significant impact on the quality of the human environment may result, and if necessary to prepare an environmental impact, statement. An environmental Impact statement on the regulation of occupational exposure to benzene will be prepared and made avail able as required during the rulemaking proceedings under section 6(b) of t}ie Act. Becaise of the emergency nature of this standard, no environmental impact statemen! can be prepared or Is required 69. Hanks, J,, T. Dutkiewixx and I. Pio- 1941. for the emergency temporary standard. trawskl: (The absorption of benzene through 93. Sato, A. and Y. Pujlwara: Elimination In addition, notice Is hereby given that the skin In men.) Med pracy 13:413-36. ot Inhaled benzene and toluene In man. ah economio Impact analysis under Ex 1961. 70 Hektoen, L. The effect of benzene on the production of antibodies. J. Infect. DU. 18:69-84. 19M. Japanese Industrial Health 14:334-35, 1973. 94. 8haw, M.: Human chromoeoms damage by chemical agents. Ann. Rev. Med 31:409, ecutive Older 11949 (42 FR 1017) and ap plicable procedures will be prepared and 1970. made available prior to the promulgation FEDERAL REGISTER, VOC 42, NO. 103--FRIDAY, MAY 27, 1977 MCD 000000367 PROPOSED RULES 27475 "Director" means the Director, HttonfU Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, U S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare, or designee. "OSHA Area OBce" mean* the Area Office of the Occupational Safety and leas than 1 ppm. and monthly for those employees whose exposure is found to be In eXbfcsl bf tlUe permissible exposure limit. The employer shall continue monthly measurements until at least two consecutive measurements taken at least (1 > Engineering controls. The employer shall develop and Implement, as soon as possible, feasible engineering controls to reduce the airborne concentration of bensene to or below the permissible ex posureillmlt. Health Administration having jurisdic seven (7) days apart are below the per (2) Work practice!, The employer shafl tion over the geographic area where the missible exposure limit, and thereafter each work area In which ben employer's establishment Is located. the employer shall measure quarterly. zene la I present and shall Institute, ae (c) Exposure limits.--<1) Permissible airborne exposure limits. (1) The em ployer shall assure that no employee Is exposed to an airborne concentration of benzene In excess of 1 part benzene per million parts of air (1 ppm), as an 8hour time-weighted average. (11) The employer shall assure that no employee Is exposed to an airborne concentration of benzene In excess of & ppm as averaged over any IS minute period. (2) Dermal and eve exposure limit. The employer shall assure that no em ployee Is exposed to eye contact or re peated skin contact with benzene. (d) Notification of use. Within 30 days of the effective date of this section, every employer who has a place of employment (3) Additional monitoring. Whenever there has been a production, process, or control change which may result In new or- additional exposure to benzene, or whenever the employer has any other reason to suspect a change which may result in new or additional exposures to soon as possible, work practices to reduoe employee exposure to benzene to or below the permissible exposure limit. The work shall be described in writing and shall Include, among other thing*, the foil (I) Limiting access to work benzene, additional monitoring which compiles with paragraph (e)(1) of this section shall be made. where benzene Is present to authorized personnel only; (II) Prohibiting smoking and the con (4) Employee notification. (1) Within sumption of food and beverages in work S working days after the receipt of meas urement results, the employer shall no tify each employee in writing of the exposure measurements which represent that employee's exposure. (11) Where the results reveal the em ployee's exposure to be over the permis s*ib3le aexSpTostuorceluldimr^ite, ^thUis fneotiffctaMUon areas where benzene is present; and (1U) Establishing good maintenance and houskeeplng Including the prompt cleanup of spills, repair of leaks, etc. (3) Respiratory projection. Whenever engineering and work practice controls which can be instituted sue not sufficient t^o{reedxupcereexuporseurelismtiot, othrebyedlorawUthbee upseerd- where benzene is present, shall report the following Information to the nearest OSHA area office for each such estab lishment: being taken to wreeduce exposurertco wor-wbweu low the permissible exposure limit. (5) Accuracy of measurement. The noseless to reduoe exposuree to the lowest practicable level, and shall be sup piemented by the use of respirators in ac cordance with paragraph (g) of this (1) The address and location of each establishment where employee exposure to benzene occurs; '(2) A brief description of each proc ess or operation which may result In employee exposure to benzene; method of measurement shall have an accuracy, to a confidence level of 85 per cent. of not lees than plus or minus 25 percent for concentrations of benzene greater than or equal to 1 ppm. (6) Employee exposure. For the pur section.! (g) Respirators.--(1) Required use. The employer shall assure that respira tors are used where required under this section to reduce employee exposure to or below the permissible exposure limit, (3) The number of employees engaged lr. each process or operation which may result In exposure to benzene and an estimate of the frequency and degree poses of this section, employee exposure Is that exposure which.would occur If (lie employee were not using a respirator. (f) Methods of compliance. The em and In emergencies. (2) Respirator selection. (1) Where respirators are required under this sec tion. the employer shall select and pro of exposure that results; and ployer shall control employee exposures vide the appropriate respirator from (4) A brief description of the employee safety and health program as It relates to limitation of employee exposure to benzene. (e) Exposure monitoring and meas urement.-- (1) initial monitoring. (1) Each employer who has a place of em to airborne concentrations of benzene to or below the permissible exposure limit, and shall protect against employee ex posure to eye or repeated skin contact with benzene, by engineering controls, work practices and personal protective devices and equipment, as follows: Table 1 below and shall assure that the employee uses the respirator provided. (11).The employer shall select respira tors from among those approved by the National Institute for Occupational Safety d Health under the provisions of 30 CpR Part 11. ployment where benzene is present, Taai* I shall monitor each such workplace and axsnxAToar raorecnoK vox Sxszxm . work operation to determine the airborne concentrations of benzene to which em-. ployeea may be exposed. This determina Concentration of benzene or condition of use . Sespirator type tion shall be made by monitoring and () Less than or equal to 10 ppm. (2) Cheml cartridge respirator with organic measurements which are representative of each employee's exposure to benzene over an S-hour period. (b) Less than or equal to 60 ppm. vapor carl dgea and half mask; or (2) Any supplied respirator with half mask, (1) Chemlci cartridge respirator with organic vapor dges and full facepiece; or (2) Any (il) Each employer, who has a place supplied respirator with full facepiece; or of employment In which benzene Is pres (J) Any vapor gas mask; or (4) Any ent, shall Inspect each workplace and work operation to determine If any em ployee may be exposed to benzene through eye contact or repeated skin contact. (2) Frequency of monitoring. The (c) Less than or equal to 1,000 ppm... (ft) Less than or equal to 2,000 ppm... (e> Lees than or equal to 10,000 ppm_ seif-conta! ted breathing apparatus srtth full facepiece. (1) SuppUi air reaplrator with half mask In positive pi ure mods. (I) flupplt air reaplrator with full facepiecs, helmet, hood. In poeitlrs pressure mode, (J) Suppll, sir respirator and auxiliary self- monitoring required under paragraph contained Ifaceplece In positive pressure mode; (e)(1) of this section shall be conducted, and the results obtained, within thirty days of the effective date of this section and thereafter repeated quarterly for employees whose exposure Is found to be (/) Escape. or i2) Open circuit self-contained breathing apparatus with full facepiece in positive pres sure mode. (f) Any orgtjnlc vapor gas mask; or (2) Any selfcontained breathing apparatus with full face piecs. ffOfRAl MCISTM, VOL .42, NO. 103--FRIDAY, MAY IT. 1977 MCD 0000369 PROPOSED RULES 27477 <a) Receive an explanRtlon of th measurement procedures; (6) Observe all steps related to the measurement of airborne concentrations of benzene performed at tbs place of ex posure; and * (c) Record tbs results obtained. (n) Effective date: This section sbaU become effective Me? Si, 1977. (o) Appendixes. The Information con tained in the appendixesIs not Intended, xv. xxacatcT exo rjzsr am rsoomuaxa A. ffye and fee expoeure. If benaene la splashed In your eyre, wash It out Immedi ately with large amounts of water, oil a doctor *A eoon as possible. B. CMn expoeure. If benaene ts spilled on your clothing or skin, remove the con taminated clothing and wash the exposed akin' with largs amounts ef water and soap Immediately. Wash oontamlnatsd clothing before you wear It again. O. breathing. If you or any other person Orevity (wter=l) :0A79. Density (olrtal)':.T. Pblnt: 6/6 0 (43F). Pressure at 30 O (6SF) :76 mm Hg. In Water: .06*. Bate (ethers i) :J4. ic* and Ode*: dear, oolorieea a dletihAttea rweet odor. zxnoaootf an* sucnrnT waxazz aara 1. Plash Point (ffiosM cup): --110 by Itself, to create any additional obliga tions not otherwise Imposed or to detract from any existing obligation. x, smsrsKca nuomnoenow Amonnx A--SozstaHcz Sorcrr Dxts Srxs amm A. Subttance. Benzana. B. Permissible Sppenvre. Except as to retell gseolln* stations ad operations which use liquids containing benaens in amounts greater than 1% by volume, or the benxena repot released by any eueh liquids. 4 Airborne. 1 pert of benzene vapor per million parts of air (1 ppsn); time-weighted average (TWA) for an 8-hour workday ter a 40-hour week, with a celling"concentration of S ppm. 3. Cermet Bye contact and repeated skin contact with- liquid benzene shall be pro hibited. O. Appearance and odor. Benzene Is a clear, colorless liquid with a pleasant, swsst odor. The odor'bf bemnne doss not provide ade quate warning of lta harvard. XL HKaLru Keegan nsrs A. Wops in tohich the benzene affect* voter health. Benaens can affect your health If you Inhale It, or- If it cornea In contact with your breathes hi large amounts of fienaene, get the exposed person to fresh air at once. Temperature: 6*f a Apply artificial respiration If breaching has topped. Can a doctor as soon as possible. 0. Steallototng. If benzene has bean swal lowed and the patient is conscious, do not Induce vomiting- Cell a doctor Immediately. hie limits in Air. % by Volume: Upper: 7.1*. ogutihing Media: Carbon dloxtdh " ", or foam. 1 Fire-Fighting Procedures: Do not V. sonmsL axqtrxamanrxe use solid etreem of water, since stream will If you are exposed to benzene your em ployer Is required to prpvlds the following medical procedures within thirty days of the effective date of this standard, consisting of a medical history end laboratory teats. These tents shall be provided without cost to you. scatter and spread lira. Water-spray can be keep Bra exposed containers oool. firs and explosion hazards: Benzene Its a flammable liquid. Its - vapors ~ explosive mixturee. All Ignition nust be controlled when benzene bed. or stored. Where liquid or vrL ossxsvinoH or Kowrrouoro be released, suoh. areas shall be Your employer Is required to perform measurements that are representative of your' exposure to benzene and you are en titled to observe the monitoring prooedure. You are entitled to receive an explanation of the measurement procedure, observe the steps taken In the measurement procedure, end to record the results obtained. When the monitoring procedure is taking place la an area where respirators or personal protective clothing and equipment are required to be worn, you must also be provided with, and must wear the protective clothing and equipment. - at hazardous locations Benzene i heavier than air; thus the vapors may travel along the ground and ba ignited by open flames or sparks at locations remote from the site at which bensene la bandied. 7. Benzene Is detained a* a 1 B flammable liquid tar tbs purpose at oonfarming to the requirements of 33 OPB 1810.106. A concen tration exceeding 3260 ppm Is considered a potential Are or explosion hazard. Locations where berxene may be present In quantities sufficient to produce explosive or lgnltable mixtures are considered Class 1 Croup D tot the purposes of conforming to the require- meat of cant 1910.300. akin or eyes. Benaens may also be harmful vxn. aoexas to szooans B. RcaotMty. i. Conditions contributing U you happen to swallow it. B. effect* of overexposure. 1. Short-term (acute) overexposure: If you are overex posed to high concentrations of benaens, well above the levels where lta odors are first recognisable, you may feel breathless. Irritable, euphoric, or giddy; you may ex perience irritation in eyes, note, and respira You or your representative are entitled to see the records of measurements of your ex posure to benzene upon request to your em ployer. Your medical examination reoorda can* be furnished to your physician upon re quest, to your employer. ix. nscaomoKs roe a*rx oar. Hinun awn to Instability: Best. 3. Incompatibility: Heat and oxidizing materials. 3. Hazardous deccrqpoeltion products: Toxic gates and vapors (such as earbetk monoxide).' m. mu airs uax moresmuz tory tract. You may develop a headache, SToaaox A. Step* to be taken if the material i* re- feel dlmy, neueeoue, or experience unsteadi ness In walking. Severe exposures may lead to convulsions. 3. Long-term (chronic) exposure: Re peated and prolonged expoeure of benaene Benzene liquid it highly flammable. Zt letted or rpiUed. Large amounts of water should be stored In tightly closed containers should be used to flush the spills. Do not In a oool, wall ventilated area. Bensene vapor . flush benzene into eonflned specs, suoh a* may form explosive mixturee -In air. All suae of explosion danger. Re- sources of Ignition must ba controlled. You dtion sources. Ventilate enclosed may cause headache, fatigue, exhaustions should use non-aparklftg tools when opening tendency to bleed, nervousness, sleepless- or closing bensene containers. Yon must i Disposal Method. Disposal-meth ness, shortness of breath, and serious blood ground or bond metal benzene container*. ods must l conform to other Jurisdictional disorders, tneludlsg leukemia. .Fire extinguishers, where provided, must be regulations. If allowed, benzene may. be dls- - ixl raoixcTxvx cxjOtbjm arm mvrptcan readily available and you should know where poeed of: (a) By absorbing it In dry sand cr they are ideated and how to operate them. earth andjdlsposlng In a sanitary land SB: A. lletpirator*. Beeplrators are required for Smoking la prohibited In areas where ben (b) If email quantities, by removing It to A those operations in which engineering con zene is used or stored. Ask your supervisor safe location from buildings or other com trols or work practice controls are' not avail able to reduce exposure to the permissible level. If respirators are worn, they must have a National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NI06H) seal of approval. If you experience difficulty breathing while wearlug a respirator, tell your employer. B. 'Protective Clothing. You must wear im where benzene is used on your work area and for additional plant safety rules. Afkndix B--SuzsTaNcs TxcHincaL Gtnncuxns SIKZXNZ t. THistcat srn> CHKxncaL cara bustible sources, pouring It in dry sand or earth and cautiously Igniting It; (e) if large quantities, by atomizing it in a suitable oombuetlon chamber. tv. uoxQoanra an> acxasoaxaczwx w Rocxavzxa A- Normal Monitoring Program: Measure pervious protective clothing (such ae boots, A. Substance Identification ments taken for the purpose of determining gloves, sleeves, aprons, etc.) over any parts 1. Synonym*. Benzol, benzole, ooel naptha, employee expoeure are best taken suoh that . of your body that could be repeatedly ex cyclohexatriene, phene, phenyl hydride, py- the representive average 8-hour exposure posed to liquid benzene. O. Myt cad Face Protection. You must wear splsah proof safety goggles If it la possible that benaene may get Into your eyes. In addition, you should wear a faoe robenzol. (Benzln, petroleum benxln, and benzine, do not oontein bensene). 3. Formula. C8H8 (CAS Registry Number: 000071433) B. Physical Data may be determined from a single 8-hour sample or two (3) 4-hour samples. Shorttime interval samples (or grab samples) may also be used to determine average exposure, level if e minimum of fire (8) measurements shield If your face oould be splashed with 1. Bolling point (780 mm Hg): 80.1 O Is taken tu U random manner over the 8-houf , benaens liquid. (176F). work shift Random sampling means that MCD 000000371 FEDERAL MOISTS*, VOL 42, NO. 103--FRIDAY, MAY *7, 1977