Document mBveg2pJMKrDowj28vVG8MdaJ

308 NOTES TO PAGES 98-100 generate tumors; see "Niederschrift liber die Sitzung des Wissenschaftlichen Ausschusses beim Reichsausschuss fur Krebsbekampfung," April 13, 1935, THW 1493, p. 27, 89. Arthur Brandt, "Bericht liber die im Schneeberger Gebiet auf Veranlas- sung des Reichsausschusses fur Krebsbekampfung durchgefiihrten Unter- suchungen," Zeitschrift fiir Krebsforschung 47 (1938): 108-11. Rajewsky contin ued animal experiments on radiogenic cancer into 1945; see his article with A. Schraub and G. Kahlau, "Experimentelle Geschwulsterzeugung durch Ein- atmung von Radiumemanation," Naturwissenschaften 31 (1943): 170-71. In 1942/43, Rajewsky's institute erected a three-million-volt X-ray apparatus for cancer therapy, the largest in the world at this time; see Hans Danzer, "Boris Rajewsky zum 60. Geburtstag," Strahlentherapie 94 (1954): 3-11. 90. Neitzel, "Berufsschadigungen," pp. 15-21. Neitzel in 1937 showed that one Schneeberg mine regarded as particularly dangerous contained some 35- 44 ME, and that on Mondays, after ventilating fans had been off for the week end, radiation could rise to 111 ME. See his "Bericht iiber die in den Monaten Oktober-November 1936 im Schneeberg-Neustadter Erzbergbau ausgefiihrten Untersuchungen zur Frage der Lungenschadigung der Bergarbeiter," Arbeits- schutz 3 (1937): 70-72. Boris Rajewski in 1935 began a project to determine the "tolerance dose" for radium stored in the human body; his 1936 Toleranzmenge was used as late as 1950 by the London-based International Congress of Radi ologists. The value in question was apparently 3 to 30 ME, an extraordinarily high figure that seems to have considered radium poisoning but not cancer effects--see Kahlau and Schraub, "Krebserzeugung," p. 134. 91. Kahlau and Schraub, "Krebserzeugung," pp. 132-66. 92. Lowy, "Uber die Joachimstaler Beigkrankheit." 93. Julius Lowy, "Die Wirkung der Joachimsthaler Pechblende im Tierver- such," Medizinische Klinik (Prague edition), no. 18 (1936): 619-20. 94. Neitzel, "Berufsschadigungen," p. 17; Brandt, "Bericht," pp. 108-9; and the more extensive report in Hans Rudolph Dohnert, "Experimentelle Unter suchungen zur Frage des Schneeberger Lungenkrebses," Zeitschrift fur Krebs- forschung 47 (1938): 209-39. Dohnert joined the Nazi party in May of 1933 (BDC). 95. Hermann Hebestreit, Schutz utid Erhaltung der Arbeitskraft (Berlin: Otto Eisner, 1939), p. 204. Compare the similar assertions in Bauer, "Krebs und Ver- erbung," p. 475; and in Erwin A. Uehlinger and Otto Schiirch, "Uber experi mentelle Erzeugung von Sarkomen mit Radium und Mesothorium," Deutsche Zeitschrift fur Chirurgie 251 (1939): 12-33. Rajewsky about this time mea sured the radiation in homes of miners who had contracted cancer; see Brandt, "Bericht." . 96. Franz Stmad, "Der Lungenkrebs," Mormtsschrift fur Krebsbekampfung 6 (1938): 309-10. 97. See my Cancer Wars, pp. 186-92. 98. Wilhelm Engelmann, "The Present Position of Radium Emanation Ther apy in Germany," British ]oumalfor Physical Medicine, n.s., 1 (1938): 229-30and 244. 99. Heins Krebs to Heinrich Himmler, November 19, 1938, and Himmler to NOTES TO PAGES 100-104 309 Krebs, December 15, 1938, T-175 #87, folder 193, Captured German Docu ments, National Archives. 100. See my Cancer Wars, pp. 192-95. 101. Wolfgang Zank, Wirtschaft und Arbeit in Ostdeutschland 1945-1949 (Mu nich: R. Oldenbourg, 1987), pp. 65-66. 102. Forschungsinstitut der Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung, Wismut und die Folgen des Uranbergbaus (Bonn: Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung, 1992), p. 15. 103. Patricia Kahn, "A Grisly Archive of Key Cancer Data," Science 259 (1993): 448-51; "The Legacy of Schneeberg," Nuclear Engineering, February 1991, p. 7; Reimar Paul, Das Wismut Erbe (Gottingen: Die Werkstatt, 1991). 104. Forschungsinstitut, Wismut und die Folgen, pp. 15-16. 105. Ibid., p. 13. A 1991 survey by Bavaria's environmental ministry found that about half of all homes in the Oberpfalzischen town of Neunburg have radon concentrations in excess of 415 Bq/m3(= 11 pCi/1) in the winter; see Max Daunderer, Gifte im Alltag: Wo sie vorkommen, Wie sie krank machen, Wie man sich vor ihnen schutzt (Munich: Beck, 1995), p. 137. 106. Jonathan E. Helmreich, Gathering Rare Ores: The Diplomacy of Uranium Acquisition, 1943-1954 (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1986), p. 248. 107. "Mitteilungen," Monatsschrift fur Krebsbekampfung 5 (1938): 324. 108. Norman M. Naimark, The Russians in Germany: A History of the Soviet Zone of Occupation (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1995). The Soviet director of Wismut, Major General Andrei Mal'tsev, had earlier organized the construction of the Moscow subway and, by forced labor, a massive, secret tunnel under the Amur River in Soviet Asia. See Nikolai Grishin, "The Saxony Uranium Mining Operation ('Vismut')," in Soviet Economic Policy in Postwar Germany, ed. Robert Slusser (New York: Research Program on the U.S.S.R., 1953), pp. 127-52. 109. Helmreich, Gathering Rare Ores, p. 248. 110. See my Cancer Wars, p. 27. 111. Rostoski, Saupe, and Schmorl, "Die Bergkrankheit," p. 371. The authors identified a latency period of ten to eighteen years. 112. Korbler, Strahlen, p. 76. The Latenzzeit between exposure to chromium and the development of lung cancer was "between twenty and forty years" according to official commentaries on Germany's occupational health legisla tion; see the Monatsschrift fiir Krebsbekampfung 7 (1940): 215. 113. Pfeil, "Lungentumoren." Tobacco dust inhalation in cigar and cigarette factories was another early worry, one that looks somewhat odd in retrospect, given how slowly the medical profession responded to the much larger threat posed by cigarettes themselves (see chapter 6). 114. Richard Fischer, Die industrielle Herstellung und Verwendung der Chromverbindungen, die dabei enstehenden Gesundheitsgefahren fiir die Arbeiter und die Massnahmen zu ihrer Bekdmpfung (Berlin: A. Seydel, 1911); also "Die Gefahrlichkeit der Chromatbetriebe--eine Sage?" Beilage zum Proletarier, May 18, 1912. 115. W. Alwens, E.-E. Bauke, and W. Jonas, "Auffallende Haufung von Bronchialkrebs bei Arbeitem der chemischen Industrie," Miinchener medizi nische Wochenschrift 83 (1936): 485-87.