Document mBOBQoe7nNg3NO2a29pG9YEGB

Lead Industries Association, Inc 2S2 Madiaon Avanu* Naw York, N. Y. 10017 Tataphona: (212) S7S-0O2O SUBJECT: July 12, 1971 ANNUAL REVIEW IZAD - 1970 To LIA's Board of Directors Industry Development Committee Members Please find attached LIA's latest publication "Annual Review" -- The U. S. Lead Industry - 1970. We sincerely hope you find the "Review" useful and informative. Extra copies are available upon request. LIA is distributing roughly ^,200 copies to a mailing list that Includes consumers, banks and brokerage firms, libraries, Universities and govern ment' agencies. We are also arranging for distribution of the "Review" to members of the American Association of Battery Manufacturers and the national Association of Secondary Materials Institute. A press release announcing its availability will also be sent out to the trade press. If you have any other suggestions for further distribution or consents about the publication, we would appreciate bearing from you. Sincerely, LEAD j HTDUSTRIES ASSOCIATION, INC DMBtrf Att: "Annual Review" Lead - 1970 David M. Borcina Secretary, Treasurer LI AC163C N 702.01 V A ,' J*<. .' * -* -- -r^'l *-V. ..*.' .'-'j-V' '. ' Z y.--JV--' ^ .- ~'A: ;. `.V~Y . . inr if 1 LIA01633 General Summary: The U.S. lead industry in 1970 continued to show remarkable growth in domestic primary and secondary production, reaching the unprecedented level of 1,175,000 tons. Imports of concentrates and pig declined to 357,000 tons and exports of these remained at thelow level of 7,000 tons. U.S. Government stockpile sales were a little over 12,000 tons, mostly for government account. Nevertheless, the year was unsatisfactory because of declining prices -- from 16'4 to 13'/s cents per pound in 4 moves during the last half of the year. Consumption of lead in the United States during 1970 totaled 1.355.000 tons, a little less than 3 percent down from the record breaking year, 1969. Imports of lead products (not included in U.S. consumption figures) totaled 35,000 tons. (See "Summary of U.S. Lead Statistics" inside front cover) Stock in the hands of primary smelters and refiners were 276.000 tons at year's end up from 190,000 tons a year earlier, and the highest since 1961. Consumer and secondary stocks at year-end were 117,700 tons. Supply Domestic mining in 1970 {Table I) continued the growth pattern established in 1968 with 585,000 tons produced, 15 percent higher than 1969. The 1970 total is the highest since 1929. Missouri, as a result of the new properties that have recently come on stream, continues to be the dominant factor in U.S. mining, accounting for 78 percent of the total, vs. 70 percent in 1969. Idaho remains as the second major producing state accounting for 10 percent, followed closely by Utah with 8 percent of the total. Secondary lead recovery (Table II) continued as a major source, contributing an estimated 590,000 tons in 1970, down about 2 percent from record breaking 1969. The major sources of lead from scrap are, a) old battery plates which represented about 61 percent of the total scrap received with, b) drosses and residues accounting for 21 percent, and c| the re maining 18 percent from solder, babbitt, soft lead, antimonial lead, cable covering and type metal. Note: The various civic and govern mental groups clamoring for environmental improvement through the recycling of bottles, cans, and general trash would be well ad vised to investigate how recycling is being successfully and profitably accomplished by the lead industry. U.S. imports of lead in 1970 declined for the third straight year to 357,000 tons, (Table III) off about 8 percent from 1969. There was a 3,000 ton increase in imports of ore and matte while imports of bullion and pig lead, dropped substantially by about 35,000 tons from the previous year's level. Australia, France, West"Germany, Mexico, Peru, United Kingdom and Yugoslavia shipped less, with Canada alone showing a sizable increase. South Africa's shipments remained about the same as in 1969. y '.t W-/.v . ,... , .T:Tf- o. * -* * w 7:: , -! -:Ur~y?: \X : >.->V.%. -. -.. r? .ts*- s/.. *'/ * - v ;- < ' V^r^'A % --J !>< ;- 'nKV - ..: -.',1 - >S .0i' '. \* '*V A Tv- ' v ' -' '* . f -. . t " ' *- i,."'. v ^ '- 1 i ^VV''-V---'.> >"> ; ." - -- - - . , . \ *: .. v ' ,,. -.i .-i TABLE I U.S. Mine Production of Recoverable Lead ' lin short tons) State 1966 Arizona California Colorado Idaho Illinois Kansas Kentucky Missouri Montana Nevada New Mexico New York Oklahoma Utah Virginia Washington Wisconsin Other States 5,211 1,976 23,082 72,334 2,285 1,109 484 132,255 4,409 3,581 1,596 1,097 2,999 64,124 3,078 5.859 1,694 195 Total 327,368 U.S, Bureau of Mines Incl. in "other states" 1967 4,771 1,735 21,923 61,387 2,384 1,031 845 152,649 898 1,500 1,827 1,653 2,727 53,813 3,430 2,762 1,596 - 316,931 1968 1,704 4,001 19,778 54,790 1,467 1,227 -a 212,611 1,870 863 1,363 1,396 2,387 45,205 3,573 5,655 1,126 140 359,156 1969 217 2,518 21,767 65,597 791 395 _ 355,452 1,753 1,420 2,368 1,686 605 41,332 3,358 8,649 1,102 3 509,013 Estimated 1970 400 1,900 20,400 60,300 1,600 300 - 436,000 1,700 1,200 3,600 1,200 500 45,800 3,300 6,000 800 - 585,000 Sales of Pig Lead from the U.S. Government stockpile during 1970 amounted to 12,300 tons. Stocks at primary smelters and refiners (Table IV) increased substantially during 1970, ending the year at 276,000 tons, up 86,000 tons from the end of 1969. The most significant part of this increase was 72,000 tons of Refined Pig Lead. The year-end holdings by the primary smelters and refiners was at the highest level since 1961. Consumer and secondary stocks (Table IV) decreased slightly during 1970 based on a U.S.B.M. revised figure of 117,700 tons at year-end. Stock figures have been in error since September, 1968 TABLE II As metal: At primary plants At other plants Total In antimonial lead: At primary plants At other plants Total In other alloys Grand Total U.S. Bureau of Mines Not yei - 'ailable Secondary Lead Recovered in the U.S.1 (in short tons) 1966 1967 1968 1969 9,004 147,215 156,219 2,538 147,806 150,344 2,259 136,607 138,866 4,966 149,344 154,310 10,758 272,977 283,735 132,880 572,834 7,808 280,911 288,719 114,709 553,772 6,862 301,701 308,563 6,409 336,066 342,475 103,450 550,879 107,120 603,905 1970 a a a a a a a 590,000 est. ltWPMSdWh ' \s >pr- - V- O r'-V / v H i V )S_- ' j * T`.v: t r. ii1******: *>^r>> V ;^>/*`./.rr,u T: ' -?% :Vn .. TABLE III U.S. Imports of Lead (in short tons of lead content) '96619671968 ORE, MATTE, ETC, Australia Bolivia Canada Chile Colombia Germany West Guatemala Honduras Mexico Peru Philippines South Africa, Republic of Other countries 22,614 11,136 52,707 -- -445 35 11,132 624 41,610 164 1,394 2,130 25,553 13,764 33,--474 561 4,371 197 6,513 314 36,734 37 359 2,190 Total 143,991 124,067 20,592 5,718 36,815 490 9,272 303 13,976 608 62 87,836 1969 20 335 3,605 48,606 34^ 12 988 301 22 582 365 125 109,252 1970 29.360 3,034 41,337 10 464 15.054 439 21,339 1,361 112,398 i [ - BASE BULLION: Australia Belgium -- Luxembourg Canada France Germany West Mexico Peru United Kingdom Other countries Total 1,283 - 62 -- 56 547 64 -- - 2,012 _ 442 23 55 95 66 71 - 752 14 101 35 150 1,979 14 1,993 - 300 300 PIG AND BARS: Australia Belgium -- Luxembourg Burma Canada Denmark France Germany West Japan Mexico Morocco Netherlands New Zealand Peru South Africa, Republic of Spain Sweden United Kingdom Yugoslavia Zambia Other countries Total Grand Total 44,187 2,535 5,532 34,283 672 224 15,499 1,719 75,294 -- 5,137 51,593 11,986 3,101 31,322 1,148 1,157 285,389 431,392 53,156 23,281 2,548 37,238 423 8.202 49,077 -- 57,271 2,413 878 70,377 6.989 3,307 17,680 30,478 -- 280 363,598 488,417 46,919 18,649 60,161 - 4,604 20,711 -- 56,516 -- 205 75,105 8,298 3,868 22,919 19,775 _ 390 338,120 426,106 60,791 1,315 150 44,457 114 5,627 1.289 57,_451 - 57,249 12,558 _ 8,664 27,862 _ 853 278,380 389,625 51,705 680 341 63,753 141 1,255 703 38,368 - 52,471 12986 _ 2,929 t - 18,765 525 244,622 357,320 - ' i . * ' - . ;* v': \ , %: ti l- K t-'' *?r 6 TABLE IV SMELTERS AND REFINERS3 Lead Stocks -- United States (in short tons) End of 1 n Ore and Matte and in Process In Base Bullion At Smelters & Refiners In Transit to Refiners In Process Refined Antimonial Total at Refiners Pig Lead Lead Stocks 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 77,839 108,547 124,600 106.074 120,373 110,846 10,880 15,870 17,764 21,706 22,385 39,181 437 223 42 600 809 1,139 17,613 17,532 17,878 18,129 21,067 26,631 18,726 17,604 18,660 11,956 21,378 93,310 7,736 6,284 5,127 3,483 4,411 4,946 133,231 166,060 184,071 161,948 190,423 276,053 CONSUMER'S AND SECONDARY SMELTER'S*3 Refined End of Soft Lead Antimonial Lead in Alloys Copper Base Scrap Total - -' V -J-' -''f:^'.u .-i - r* ' 1/ .*i . ' '*. ^ . * ; - '*: : * '*' A ^ .- ' * 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 59,237 42,376 56,980 41,420 64,318 69,527 34,245 32,872 34,688 23,478r 47,969r 40,703 American Bureau of Metal Statistics U.S. Bureau of Mines r Revised 8,757 9,236 8,007 8,287 7,939 6,662 914 956 1,031 590 735 766 ^}k S,^>fei-.-^i4^ \ S> 't-vr ; .1? -* 'l1 -a -*'11; as noted in the January, 1971, Bureau of Mines publication "Lead Industry in January, 1971," which states: "Erroneous reporting of stocks of antimonial lead by one consumer was corrected in January, 1971. The error in reporting, which increased consumer stocks approximately 2,500 tons monthly during the September 1968-December, 1970 period, thus necessitated a revision in con sumer stocks downward at the end of December, 1970 from 145,300 to 73,000 tons." Total supplies for 1970, (Table V) taking into account changes in primary smelter and refiners stocks, were 1,452,000 tons, down less than 2 percent from the previous year. > 3 TABLE V ISlte^fSfefiiU United States Lead Supplies (in short tons) 103,153 85,440 100,706 73,774r 120,961 r 117.658 Domestic Mine Production Secondary Lead Recovered Imports: Ore and Matte Bullion Pig Lead 1968 359.200 550,900 87,800 200 338,100 1969 509,000 603,900 109,200 2,000 278,400 Estimated 1970 585,000 590,000 112,400 300 244,600 Total Production 1,336,200 1,502,500 1,532,300 At*.jp,- >.r&'*&}&4sci$M.s Change in Stocks at U.S. Smelters & Refiners Stockpile Shipments Adjusted Supplies giving effect to changes in Stocks Exports: Pig Lead Total Supplies 22,100 (deer.) 28,600 (incr.) 28,400 11,900 85,600 (incr.) 12,300 1,386,700 8,300 1,378,400 1,481,900 5,000 1,476,900 1,459,000 7,000 1,452,000 LIA01637 ----v? '7**r~ V :a i^Jh-A.-T- *,:*<%? VM-A <2 1*4 '. .iv *> - .' i ` 'jtjj - ':!*; I' "* .; <Cr.J T* --r *ig *&mwm jglggK|g *v.f-fc* S' - ^ ./< **)*V* *- pWf - ' rt >1 `*`4`v-~ r*'>-' '' ' * a ,-'-V.'-i;',.-'-<ii^3i'fifi<i;;v4<vi*ij.^*r-^; "'i '-' -'.A/-- * : r " " T". -. :''. -. .' , ". W * .. .' ' . ' -. '-'- * .'. >.-><1-, .*.-i ,'.; - '..v-. '<, '.*'^'.;;-.,. c. -- ;: .. - ,-. - - w i. >. - ' ^ ' ' ''--- '<--^ v--- *-* . -iv^-V- .-;:v#,V-T.' - "?' v U.S. Stockpile: The total amount of lead in the U.S. stockpile at the end of 1970 amounted to 1,140,000 tons of which 610,000 tons are surplus over the 530,000 tons, the present stockpile obiective. Included in the surplus are 78,100 tons unsold from 100,000 tons released in July, 1969 and 31,000 tons still authorized tor specific Government uses from the 50,000 tons authorized by Congress in 1965. Interestingly enough, the only sales from the Government stockpile during 1970 were for Government account, at 12,300 tons. Prices: The lead price at the beginning of 1970 was 16'/2 cents per lb. New York and at year-end had declined to 13/2 cents. There were four price changes, all down -- 1 cent on July 8, Vi cent on Aug. 7 and again on Sept. 1, and 1 cent on Dec. 21. Consumption: The consumption of lead in the United States in 1970 (Table VI) is estimated at 1,355,100 tons, nearly 3 percent below last year's record breaking tonnage of 1,389,358 tons. Consumption during the year fell off in practically all of lead's uses with the ex ception of the two major markets - storage batteries, up 2 percent and gasoline antiknock additives, up slightly less than 3 percent. These two continued to break all records, reaching the combined level of 872,500 tons, more than 64 percent of the total consumption for the year. TABLE VI Ammunition Bearing metals Brass and bronze Cable covering Calking lead Casting metals Collapsible tubes Foil Pipe, traps and bends Sheet lead Solder Storage batteries Terne metal Type metal White lead Bed lead and litharge Pigment colors Other pigments Gasoline antiknock additives Misc. chemicals Annealing Galvanizing Lead plating Weights and ballast Other uses unclassified TOTAL * U5. Bureau of Mines Estimated by L.l.A. United States Consumption of Lead ' (In short tons) 1966 1967 1968 78,435 21,588 25,447 66,491 63,250 6,671 11,987 6,041 19,984 28,938 78,898 472,492 1,966 30,421 8,131 89,500 13.695 8,562 78.766 19,561 20,467 63,037 48,789 10,083 11,299 6,148 20,184 26,763 68,833 466,665 1,620 28,554 8,087 76,589 13,041 5,473 82,193 18,441 21,021 53,456 49,718 8,693 9,310 6,114 21,098 28.271 74,074 513,703 1,427 27,981 5,857 86,480 14,163 3,234 246,879 614 5,441 1,639 428 18,090 18,289 247,170 609 4,202 1,854 532 15,794 16,396 261,897 629 4,194 1,755 389 16,768 17,924 1.323,877 1,260,516 1,328,790 1969 79,233 17,406 21,512 54,203 44,857 9,918 12,484 5,881 19,407 25,818 72,626 582,546 1,583 25,660 6,617 79,898 14,670 1,201 271,128 602 4,252 1,797 406 17,366 18,289 1,389,358 1970a 69,500 16,000 19,000 50,500 34,500 8,500 11.000 5,500 18,000 22,000 68,500 594,000 1,000 22,000 6,000 77,000 14,500 1,100 278,500 600 - 4,000 2,000 400 16,500 14,500 1,355,100 , (... r7~ fj&iK'L:'A;-"' *' * r> j~ 5>v rr' .^v ' v.V * v. ;'. ...%.<r>vi - -,- *- r* 'V- r-*;.; *v*\ > ifia fffcii< -*w-i,-*-ij: ,- -' *!*/>' :v .<. -r^'# 'V . - . W -. ` -k ^ ;: v ;:.V.:; .rTr.%3^7%..-.-/. K- 1 ` - v i > K* . ' .< JT-v - % ?T KVVvT^tW .. * %v V7 --~- ` ' , , , ."- "* Ay.' ;v* ""` V* jV^.r.-.* V.. .V ' ' ' > '. ;:A* y.'x.T-S'7..: jpl^tv '' "V. ^ fjfc I&Vr- ^W--.'- ^-v* ,.,^C : -: 2 >' * ' -* *\ ' ' K'. - - -77* 7- -.v.. i>^v-. --y*-. .^-r > - v.<-- i - -. As important as is the production of motor vehicles to the lead industry, their operation and use demands far greater tonnages than are required for original equipment. For example until the vehicles are sold and in service there is no use of gasoline antiknock additives, replacement battery requirements are almost four times original equipment needs. In 1970 the total of automotive type batteries shipped is estimated at almost 46,000,000 units. Of these, 37,500,100 were for replacement while 8,500,000 were for new cars, buses and trucks. According to the Battery Council International, 'replacement battery shipments, in 1970 increased at a greater rate than did vehicle registrations." This is due largely to the fact that during the past two or three years, sharply increasing numbers of such batteries are being used in non-highway vehicles and equipment such as personnel carriers, golf cars, boats, snowmobiles. Lead used in industrial battery manufacturing for 1970 con stituted a bright spot in the market and showed a gain of more than 10%, increasing from over 57,000 tons in 1969 to more than 63,000 tons in 1970. A new organization of industrial battery manufact urers called The Industrial Battery Group was formed under the auspices of the National Electrical Manufacturers Association (NEMA), and this group forecasts a growth rate of about 8% per year for the next five years. The industry attributes this growth potential to the increasing interest in non-combustion type vehicles, with a contribution from an entirely new application in uninterrup tible power systems for computer reliability. Lead in Gasoline Of vital importance to the future position of lead is resolution of the question of continued use of lead anti-knock additives in gasoline. The position of the lead industry - through the Lead Industries Association - is stated in the following paragraphs, up dated from an L.I.A. "Position Statement" of April 1970. "Get the lead out" of gasoline has become a slogan in recent months. Like most slogans it attempts to reduce a complex problem to simple terms. Unfortunately complex problems, such as those of automotive emissions, cannot be solved simply. Automobile manufacturers, with greatest emphasis from General Motors, said in early 1970 that with unleaded gasoline, various catalytic devices to control emissions "could become technically feasible." In late summer 1970, General Motors an nounced one of their 1973 lines would carry such devices. However, in January 1971 Mr. Cole (Pres.) and Mr. Roche (Chairman) an nounced to the press that there would be no such devices on any 1973 model and that "they did not know when." But we do know that systems have been demonstrated that will meet 1975 and approach 1980's originally proposed Federal goals for emissions using leaded gasolines. These systems include traps which can reduce lead to the atmosphere by 90% or more. The estimates of cost for catalytic systems - originally low have now been so increased that cost parity to the consumer would seem probable whether "catalytic" devices, or others of a type com patible with leaded gasoline, are broadlv adopted. Neither have we seen any evidence that lead emissions from **3?,.; 8"A^S>$^ ~,r, +-**"*> r'Pv-'V : ' T ' '' ' * . \'A?- 7".:-.-3-y- LIAOI630 AiafrTA -Tl automobiles constitute a present threat to health or contribute to smog problems. Why should the public have to use an inferior gasoline which will give an unsatisfactory performance until the alleged devices which can operate on unleaded gasoline have been proved and have actually been installed on new cars? Unleaded gasoline has already been marketed in many parts of the country. Its price is commonly more than leaded regular and has in some cases been more than leaded premium. Thus, as now may develop the public may have to pay a penalty for an inferior product. The April 8 issue of The Wall Street Journal listed other ramifications and consequences of a quick switch to unleaded gasoline: 1. The oil industry will have to make a major investment in new refining facilities, variously estimated from $6 billion to $10 billion, as well as an additional 6 to 8 percent draw down in petroleum reserves. This, we believe, is of vital importance. 2. Small petroleum refineries may have to shut down be cause they do not have the capital resources to make the new investment. 3.. Asphalt, the backbone of road building, would be cultailed since this product is made largely by the small refineries. 4. The hundreds of thousands of retail outlets for gasoline would have to install new gasoline pumps and gasoline storage tanks. The availability of pumps is strictly limtied; the labor required to install them and the tanks will add to the inflation of construction costs. 5. Without lead in gasoline, oil companies would have to make greater use of benzene, toluene and xylene, thereby diminish ing the supply of these materials to the petro-chemical industry, with sharp inflationary consequences. 6. Seltersof bromine and sodium would lose a major market since these are the elements used in combination with lead for gasoline additives. 7. The lead industry would lose 20 percent of its total market. A replacement market cannot be found overnight. The problem is complicated by the fact that many lead producers have recently made major capital outlays for plant expansions. All these dislocations and difficulties might be justified if there had been demonstrated, beyond question, the availability of devices to deal with emissions from unleaded gasoline that would materially reduce air pollution. However, this has yet to be proven. In fact, a May 1970 Department of the Interior report states that greater air pollution might result from the use of unleaded gasoline, and there are others who are seriously concerned about the unknown health effects of replacements for lead additives. Such considerations have to be weighed against the fact that there is no" existing or threatened health hazard to the public from lead additives. The Lead Industries Association believes that it is poor public policy to compel the abandonment of an existing proved source of efficient automotive power until there has been a clear, accepted demonstration that the alternative represents an improvement. i. ; - ' . - -.1 Mm ' -,- -____ - - . -Vt-. 5.'- - "'Jv v'~ x ^ 'V 'i , -. x - -. r S'-i-^1 h ---. ' *-' / > ^ -* \\ ' *-n - Vs < * IS ?rjS-^ ` S-rS Other Markets For the second successive year lead for ammunition declined substantially, 12 percent, as did calking lead, down about 23 percent. The latter use is undoubtedly suffering as a result of the fewer building starts during 1970. Substitute type jointing materials for cast iron soil pipe are also contributing to this decline. Similarly affected, are sheet, cable, pipe, traps and bends. As serious as some of these declines may appear, it is notable that the 1970 demand for lead held up exceedingly well when compared to the other major non-ferrous metals. The drop in use for ammunition deserves a special comment. Several possible factors have been cited, not surprisingly, the general slump in discretionary spending for sporting arms and ammunition has had its effect on lead. In addition, about 11,000 tons of lead were transferred during 1970 from Government Stockpile to the Dept, of the Army for manufacture of ammunition at the Federal arsenals, and unspecified quantities of that metal may not have been reported to the Bureau of Mines as lead consumed for ammunition. Finally, it d is a fact that the 1968 Gun Control Act, which prohibits the sale of ammunition to minors and the sale of mail order guns, as well as requiring registration of rifle ammunition, has produced a noticeable drop in the use of sporting arms ammunition. . \ -! -y,-' , >fV' -V-* : - ' -/ j .2xjuw,v -: .-Jr' Report on Free World Lead Situation: The International Lead Zinc Study Group representing es sentially all of the lead producing countries of the world met in Geneva in November, 1970 and ceported that: a) World mine pro duction of lead (primary) in 1970-was estimated at 2,591,000 metric tons, an increase of 168,000 tons or about 7 percent over 1969. b) Lead metal production (primary plus secondary) was ex pected to reach 3,383,000 metric tons, an increase of 117,000 tons, about 3'/j percent above 1969. c) World consumption (primary plus secondary) was expected to reach 3,171,000 metric tons, 15,000 tons more than in 1969, a small growth of about 'A percent. The study group also reported that the statistical picture for 1970 showed supplies exceeding demand by 198,000 metric tons. (See tables pages 21 and 22) *- *-*> * --V. 7v-.->.t a *'ftf '.'i .J W ,. R 7. &,; a.- \ -s -, " Short Term Outlook: Consumption in the U.S. for 1971 should remain at or near the levels attained in 1970. U.S. mine production in 1971 in all pro bability will not reach the 1970 levels as a result of production cut backs announced during the last quarter of 1970. It would appear that secondary smelters are limiting intake of scrap judging from the announced increase, at least in the East, of higher smelting charges. Also bearing on the market are the 78,000 tons of lead unsold from the 100,000 tons U.S. Stockpile release of July, 1969 and 31,000 tons from the 50,000 tons released in 1965. The influences sur rounding the present lead situation are so many and varied that the best that can be said of the short term outlook is "unsettled." A con tinued sturdy growth in the market for batteries seems assured. If -- at worst -- lead is phased out of gasoline, such will be gradual and not be significantly felt for more than three years. 11 - - ,, ' V,,\W' ' - V' V- ''*** - - .'rt -. / * .f' w A--T-V. * * a w "t m 11 *' "TTT Ll*0l6 41 MMU fa. "rUSaJiil* ' -rr n nUrttfSYn i>i~1MA<dulrittMb Lead Research -- 1970 By Schrade F. Radtke Executive Vice President and Director of Research International Lead Zinc Research Or ganization, Inc. Major efforts through research, development and promotion continue by the lead industry in developing new markets, while pro tecting and expanding present market areas. Included in the aggregate effort is a free world program (Zinc and Lead Information Service -- ZALIS) that is aimed at expanding lead consumption in the developing areas of the world such as Latin America, South East Asia, South Africa, India and the Near East. In this connection three new lead information centers were opened in 1970 and are now functioning in Argentina, Brazil and Mexico. Reports on Research and Other than U.S.: The remaining portion of this review consist of tables of world statistics, statement on the research activities of the lead industry through the International Lead Zinc Research Organization, and re ports from some other free world countries. International Lead Zinc Research Organization, Inc. (ILZRO), the cooperative research arm for the lead industry on a world wide basis, conducted approximately 33 research programs dealing with existing uses of lead as well as new product areas. The effort in cluded architectural and wrought lead applications, cable sheathing.^k lead-coated steel, battery applications, chemicals, paints and pig-^F ments, ceramics, and basic research. Considerable efforts was directed in 1970 to development of lightweight roofing systems, plumbing applications and wrought lead architectural components. Roofing research lead to development of composite lead-sheet roofing shingles which offer the appeal and performance of quality roofing systems at a cost competitive to all but the most economical paper roofing systems. Another program involved development of a reinforced lead sheet composite for roofing and other architectural applications. Continuous production tech niques are being developed to make possible application of lead as roll roofing from which long coils also could be blanked into standard shingle configurations. Efforts also were continued in related programs, including research to develop a quick method for providing a uniform and decorative patina on the surface of lead and lead alloy products used for architectural purposes. The program also involves study of the paintability of such products. Research also was conducted in the area of lead-plastics com posites for use in hermetic sealing and packaging, as well as for moisture and gas barriers in architectural and industrial use. Another program concerned with lead-plastics composites was aimed at de veloping an improved cable sheathing material. Such composites have exhibited tensile elongations of over 500%. This superplastic quality combined with the corrosion resistance, conductivity, impermeability, and other unique properties of lead are expected to have significance in many other application areas. A second ILZRO program in the cable sheathing area involved efforts to extrude a series of commonly used lead alloys into tubular form, employing a continuous screw^ extrusion machine and starting with particulate material made from the melt and supplied from a complementary ILZRO project in which rod extrusions were made from particulate lead. Programs to improve the lead-acid battery included a study to 12 --lav 'K'f I ' '*; 7iV - -*v> J '.v ' '. ^ - . \ .*"'" .*-------.' identify the effects of a range of variables encountered in com mercially available battery oxides. Another program was directed to development of an optimum power system for vehicle propulsion. This is a successor to a study which demonstrated the technical and economic feasibility of battery power for multistop delivery vans. Several ILZRO programs were concerned with development of new techniques for applying corrosion-resistant lead coatings satis factorily and economically to steel. One such effort led in 1970 to development of a method for cladding steel through "explosive welding," whereby the lead is bonded to steel sheets up to 4 x 8 ft. by use of explosives. The research demonstrated that the process is a feasible and economic method of applying lead to steel. ^^v*V^-iS/ jv* s> Synthesis and application research of new organolead com pounds was intended to establish new applications to augment the w5.- .'i,'<;>^,r''<'. ^H*-'-' ,.^'V^ tV- outstanding example of lead chemical utilization represented by tetraethyllead as a gasoline antiknock additive. Many of the com pounds are showing technical and commercial potential in such &vs -; *,y'^ t '1V. '" ^ diverse applications as antifouling paints, catalysts for polyurethane * *** \ foams, fungicides, biocidal agents, corrosion inhibitors, preservatives /'^'Jkfor wood and cotton, rodent repellents, lubricant additives, stabi- ' 'Mizers for polyvinyl chloride, molluscicides for the treatment of coccidiosis, and anthelmintics, among others. Fellowship programs were directed to such diverse ceramics areas as photochemical properties of lead oxide, development of oriented high jead ferrites, and preparation of large-scale phase dia grams for lead-glass systems containing strontium and calcium. While some of these are essentially fundamental in scope, others are aimed at expanding lead use in various applications. Additional major research areas included programs devoted to paints and pigments, including development of lead-pigmented water- based paints and electrophoretic paints. The environmental health program was pursued on an expanded basis, with many projects con ducted jointly with other industries and government agencies. fryw -f- ' "y^c 9 The consumption of Refined lead in the U.K. amounted to 261,700 m. tons in 1970, 5% less than in 1969. In addition, 88,500 m. tons of scrap and remelted lead were used, making a total con sumption of 350,300 m. tons, which was about 5% below the 1969 total. As with other metals, consumption of lead was affected by a general slackening of industrial activity particularly in the second half of the year. The only end-use categories which showed an in crease compared with 1969 were anti-knock compounds (up by 2Vi%) and miscellaneous uses (up by 2%). Anti-knock compounds use only primary lead and the majority of the production is exported from Britain so it is likely that the increase was mainly due to increased consumption elsewhere. (Mo breakdown is published for the uses of primary lead and so the table shows only figures for total lead. The continuing fall in cable sheathing is attributed largely to a reduction in the installation of new medium voltage power cables, following the period of high activity at the beginning of the decade. The decline in lead sheet was Lead in the United Kingdom -- 1970 R. L. Stubbs, Di rector-General, Lead Development Assoc iation, London, England >.ww l-twt LI A01643 k S. ;-.^5y"` ' " -'",'. > v r V '. t.\ . -i. '* ' - - 4. -. - V. - * * >. ;' mainly due to a fall off in building work generally. A surprising feature of the year is the 4.8 per cent drop in the consumption of lead for batteries since the demand for batteries was in general quite well maintained. It seems that the higher price level for lead, particularly in the first half of the year, caused manufacturers to slow down ad vanced production and draw more heavily on stocks. Another factor was the loss of output sustained by one major manufacturer in a move to close down the factory in order to concentrate production at another works, and for a while demand greatly exceeded supply. Production of refined lead in the United Kingdom amounted to 287,000 m. tons in 1970, an increase of 26,500 m. tons. Production of refined lead from imported Australian bullion rose by 22,000 m. tons to 140,300 m. tons and there was also a small increase in pro duction from domestic scrap. Imports of refined lead, mainly from Australia and Canada, dropped from 106,000 m. tons to 96,900 m. tons. At the same time, exports to Germany of bullion produced as a by-product of the U.K. zinc industry rose from 32,300 m. tons to 39,700 m. tons. Exports of refined lead increased from 94,400 m. tons to 97,500 m. tons. The biggest export markets were mainland China and the Netherlands though China bought only 26,000 tons^fc compared with 43.000 m. tons in 1969. UNITED KINGDOM Consumption of Lead in all forms by End Uses (thousand metric tonsl End Use 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1 Batteries 85.1 87.2 96.2 99.3 94.7 -J Cable Sheathing 115.1 102.6 80.8 66.5 60.4 Sheet and Pipe 67.4 68.5 664 58.5 53.1 Other semi-manufactures 12.8 11.0 11.3 10.9 10.7 (shot, collapsible tubes, foil, etc.! Antt-knock compounds 35.2 36.9 40.4 39.5 40.4 ' Pigments and compounds 33.9 32.4 33.4 35.8 34.6 Solder and other alloys 39.3 34.6 34.5 35.2 34.3 Miscellaneous 21.1 21.8 21.1 21.5 22.1 i Total Consumption 410.7 395.0 385.1 367,1 350.3 Refined Lead Supplies (thousand metric tons) Production 1 from imported bullion 66.2 65.9 92.2 118.9 140.3 from secondary and scrap material 112.8 126.1 143.9 141.6 146.7 Imports 147.7 115.5 121.3 106.0 96.9 Exports and re-exports 19.5 39.9 60.2 94.4 97.5 Source: World Bureau of Metal Statistics 14 --* - - - .. v ' . A . v S- " v ' -> ~-;-j&r* . ' -v ., */ (, -. 'v. -'f ,' " *- . /-. ,%V.. : -- w: - ., -...y...,..s..... .. v . - ' r*. . -- *. f- - **- >y *.rvv -t ?.*sivs jaTv,Z..;. .TTrr \ >-- Vq^|l :-->S - - V.'-s.' ' '~-'.K f~ * i iT- E-^-i ' ** i. - ijs FRANCE Consumption of Lead by Uses (In Thousands of Metric Tons) 1968 Cable Sheathing Batteries Plates Oxide Semi-Finished Pipe Tubes Sheet & Strip Ammunition Wire Collapsible Tubes 46.7 76(38,-) (38,-) 44,4 (15,81 ( 0,41 (14,-) ( 9,2) ( 0.6) ( 4,4) Alloys Solder Bearings Printing Misc. Chemical Lead Oxides other than for batteries Tetraethyl | Others Total 18.8 ( 8.9) ( 0,6) ( 7,3) ( 2,-) 35,1 (22,1) (13,-) 4,5 225,5 1969 42,86,7 (43.3) (43.4) 44,4 (14,-) ( 0,4) (14,-) (10,-) ( 1,-) ( 5,-) 19,1 ( 9.5) ( 0.6) ( 7,-) ( 2,-) 36,3 (22,8) (13.5) 5,7 234,2 1970 37.7 86.7 (43.3) (43,41 43.6 (12.4) (-) (14,1) (10,-) ( 0,5) ( 6,6) 15.7 < 6,4) ( 0.5) ( 6,8) ( 2,-) 42,3 (30.5) (11.8) 6- 232,- Lead in France -- 1970 J. Chauvin, Secretary General, Centre D' Information Du Plomb, Paris, France *** =- VdA-S~i<j-a In 1970 the decrease in consumption in cable sheathing, at about 10%, followed the trend established in 1969. Batteries remained at the high level of the year before. As concerned semi-finished products the total is essentially unchanged from year to year. Alloys of different type dropped sharply with solder accounting for the major change. On the con trary there is a major increase in consumption for chemical pro ducts primarily in oxides other than for batteries. For 1971, the expected consumption will normally be about 3 percent in progress on the total. The progressing items will be particularly in sheets (building, sound attenuation), tetraethyl lead, lead for nuclear and chemical equipment and oxides other than for batteries (red lead and others). A smaller raise can also be expected in batteries. The pipes are expected to decline again, but slower and less than this year. The same trend for cable sheathing. For the differences of 1970 compared to 1969 one must emphasize a change in the way of two estimates as follows: For TEL, in 1969, figures were for lead pig deliveries to the manufacturer. In 1970, figures are only for the tonnage of lead used into the really manufactured TEL - So the tonnage appears lower. For oxides, other than batteries in 1969, figures did not include the exported lead powder. In 1970, figures do include this exported powder, so the tonnage appears to be much bigger. In reality it is in progress of nearly 6 percent only, for lead oxides properly. 1 JxCl fc A1? Lead in India - 1970 M. N. Parthasarathi Indian Laad/ZincIn formation Cantre. New Delhi, India. The total consumption of lead in India during 1970 is estimated to be between 38-42,000 tonnes. Of this, 32,000 tonnes were imported, 2,000 tonnes were produced indigenously, and the balance came from secondary sources. There was no significant change in the pattern of consumption; the most important use of lead - in batteries - continued to grow and accounted for about 35% of the total metal consumption. The lead-acid battery industry is poised for a big expansion and Indian battery manu facturers have embarked on an export promotion programme in a big way. An appreciable rise in the consumption of lead for batteries is, therefore, envisaged. The cable sheathing industry was the second biggest user of lead and accounted for over 25% consumption. However, the future for lead in sheathing, particularly for power cables, does not seem to be very bright as the Government is contemplating to extend the ban on the use of lead sheathing for power cables up to and including 11KV cables in favour of plastics. Plastics are gaining importance even in telephone cables but lead will continue to be used for some time to come. However, the overall lead consumption in cables may not be affected much as there has been an increase in the activity of power cable manufacturers and a new telecommunications cable unit has been installed for the manufacture of telephone cables. The other principal use of lead was in paints and pigments;" accounting for about 20% of the total metal consumed. The appli cation of lead sheet and pipe has also increased due to the establish ment of a number of chemical industries and the spurt in building activities. These, together with lead-base alloys, used about 15% of the metal. The balance was utilized for various minor applications. Lead in Italy - 1970 Elemer Varady, Di rector, Istituto Italiano del Piombo e dello Zinco, Milano, Italy Italian production of lead from ore in 1970 amounted to 54,300 metric tons, a drop of 8,000 tons from 1969. Production of refined lead from by-products amounted to 25,000 metric tons, as against 17,700 tons in 1969, an increase of 7,300 tons. Imports reached a figure of 118,000 metric tons of metal as against 63,000 tons in 1969, with an increase of some 55,000 tons. Supplies in creased by 12,000 tons and therefore the balance for the year closes with a consumption of 184,900 metric tons of lead ingots. Lead consumption for final uses breaks down as follows for the last two years. Unfinished products Cables Batteries Alloys Chemical uses Miscellaneous ITALY Lead Consumption by Industry (in metric tons) 1969 50.000 24,000 43.800 5.000 38,700 3,500 165.000 1970 50,000 25,400 52,300 5,700 - 45.000 6,500 184,900 16 LIAOlfc46 - `'" * f?r-.Zy*^ *;-U>,-~*v***7r*;-- '; r* ~" ^ * *~ Excluding the standstill in unfinished products, all other final uses of lead registered increases in consumption in Italy in 1970, Among all the final uses, the battery field, which is especially tied to the automobile industry, merits particular mention: despite tumult and strikes in the sector that is the largest consumer of batteries, the fact stands out that there was an 8,500-ton increase in lead over the 1969 figure. In unfinished products consumption for lead shot was below, albeit by only 100 tons, the 1969 level: the reason for this slow down in the sector, which for Italy is rather important, is to be found in the poor hunting season and the new legal regulations for issuance of hunting licenses. The consumption of lead in this area amounted to 12,900 metric tons in 1970. In the field of chemical uses, consumption for antiknock mixture (tetraethyl and tetramethyl) registered as increase, after the sluggishness of 1968 and 1969, of 2,500 tons (from 14,500 to 17,000 tons). Consumption for alloys continues to remain stationary and onsumption for cables exhibits only slight variations. The total Australian primary lead consumption for 1970 was 39,831 long tons which is consistent with the average of 40,000 tons which has been maintained over the past decade. Although the total is down 4,885 tons on 1969 consumption, this was almost entirely due to a reduction of 4,391 tons in the lead used as cable sheathing. This reduction is the result of the continued trend to other sheath ing materials, particularly in the communications field. Some of the large variations in these figures compared with those for 1969 are mainly due to the more detailed classification which was adopted last year. Lead in Australia--1970 Neil A. Hanley, Gen eral Mgr., Australian Lead Development Association, Mel bourne, Australia End Use Cable Covering Batteries -- Metal Battery Oxides Red Lead & Other Cmpds. White Lead Sheet & Pipe Foils & Collapsible Tube Solder Casting Alloys Other Rolled & Extruded Caulking Brass, Bronze & Bearing Metal Galvanizing, Terne & Lead Plating nnealing mmunition Unclassified TOTAL 1966 10,145 6,349 4,952 4,503 942 2,817 39 2,762 1,522 1,840 n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. 2,569 38,440 l -xZjf< 2 -r * -} t .-J vA-'-AV^' ***'`^ > *? C >, 4 A ''ti-'v r*"r W.J.'i-S'V ; 1967 11,227 8,353 4,710 4,240 1,169 2,939 41 3.307 1,134 2,015 n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. 3,171 42,306 1968 10,377 7,391 4,767 4,230 734 2,402 35 3.782 1,031 1.279 IU. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. 2,088 38,116 1969 178 44,716 ygr'.-y jny. 1970 8.075 7,336 10,171 3,400 357 3.802 68 1,839 2,801 n.a. 140 271 39,831 - f..- ^ * -- - * ' * 'V y> ;v -` /v ' : ^,**7->V',~ -** . . - , /. .j .. ~ *-,* * ''* . Vltrt i-firliiifi V^t'-vy -.j fe>>V/V.!v'>: :.: i Lead in Japan -- 1970 Sunao Tokanaga Di rector General Japan Lead Zinc Develop ment Association Lead sheet and pipe In 1970, the consumption of lead for sheet and pipe was about 28,600t which occupied nearly 13% of the total. During the past ten years, some substitutes such as plastics and aluminum replaced lead as the materials for sheet and pipe. For the break through, we have to persuade the sheet and pipe makers to reduce their production cost and to exert more efforts to develop the new fields of application. We have been sponsoring a series of research works on sound attenuation with the use of lead sheet. The research result will be helpful for our campaign to develop the use of lead sheet sound barrier in buildings and housings. Lead-acid Storage Batteries In 1970, the amount of refined lead used for lead-acid batteries was 89,000t and its share of the total consumption was about 41%, and this is, of course, because of the remarkable expansion of the automobile industry in Japan. There is a constant increase of the production and use of battery-driven industrial vehicles such as forklifts, and, as a results, the share of the units of electric forklifts of its total units approachedEB 12%, and has been increasing steadily because of the clients' recognition of its sanitary and quiet operation. Some of the auto mobile manufacturers and storage battery makers have been en deavouring to develop battery-driven electric cars for commercial use, and some of them have already made their prototypes of batterydriven cars showing satisfactory performance. The performance of these electric cars is more than enough to run in the congested districts in the big cities. Inorganic Chemicals The consumption of lead for inorganic chemicals has been growing steadily, and its share of the total domestic consumption has also been increasing gradually. In 1970 consumption of lead for inorganic chemicals was 54,600t, about 25% of the total lead consumption. i) Red Lead Use of red lead has been growing year by year. Major kinds of its use are paints, Braun tubes for TV, Vacuum tubes, fluorescent lamps, optical lenses, crystal glasses, glazings, pigments, etc. Lead consumption in this category in 1969 was about 14,000t. ii) White lead Major of the use of white lead is as the stabilizer of polyvinyl chloride, paints and glazings. The production of these commodities has been growing as the demand for white lead has been increasing appreciably and will continue to increase for some years to come. Its consumption in 1970 is estimated as 2,000-3,000t. iii) Litharge Litharge is used as the stabilizer of polyvinyl chloride, raw^fp materials for lead arsenate, and the component of'Braun tube, vacuum tube, optical lens, etc. In favour of the increasing demands for these commodities, it is estimated that the amount of the demand of litharge will grow up to nearly 45,0Q0t in 1970. LI A 18 V-\/l -^TLv--:-,'.v ; *i Vi r.Srfi? V| ;;.>.fc>.;; ,. V' :.. ****-*-* V; - .i^^n-j,J^..v5 , ; ;:-V: :' Cable Sheathing In 1960, consumption of refined lead for cable sheathing was 33,200t which was about 30% of the total lead consumption. How ever, in 1966, since the alternative such as alpeth and stalpeth began to replace lead for communication cable, lead producers in Japan lost the two-thirds of the demand of lead for cable sheathing. For that reason, the consumption of lead for cable sheathing in 1970 went down to only 20,000t, about 9% of the total lead consumption. Other Uses Lead is used as the raw material for solder, collapsible tube, printing type, hard lead castings, etc. Two groups of the enterprisers in Japan has been planning to commence the production of tetraethyl lead. However, according to the hot arguments against the air pollution due to the exhaust gas from automobiles, they decided to give up the production of tetraethyl lead, JAPAN ^ Lead Consumption in Various Uses On metric tons) y ` - . -->5> v.-- - . . '5*.% V,,'v* . ` .j. -s Fiscal Year Sheet and Pipe Storage Batteries Cable Sheatbinq Inorganic Chemicals Others Total 1960 19,400 28.600 33,200 17.900 8,900 108,000 1969 25,700 79,900 18,100 49,100 19,100 191,900 1970 (Estimated) 28,600 89,000 20,200 54,600 26,500 218,900 ifefcv*t The developing countries of the world - Latin America, Africa, the Middle East, India and other Asia (excluding Japan) -- to gether took about 11 per cent of the total free world consumption of refined lead in 1970. In these countries as a whole consumption has been growing at a faster rate than in the rest of the world but there was little growth in 1970, reflecting the slowing down in the ;-? .** ' v -~'i world economic expansion. Although statistics for consumption in the developing countries are improving, in many countries the figures still have to be based on estimates from unofficial sources. More information has become available following the establishment of ZALIS -- the Zinc and Lead International Service -- and the table gives a broad picture. The use of lead in most developing countries is very largely for the manufacture of batteries for automobiles, but there is a wide range of outlets in some countries such as India, Mexico, Brazil and Argentina, where there is a traditional pattern of lead usage similar to that in Europe and the United States. It should be noted that about half the lead consumed in Mexico is for making litharge, mainly for export. Lead in the Developing Countries -- 1970 t'-,vv` /**. > * LlfvOlfc^9 - ''V-V 4 VJ:v i .- ; *------ -. - ^ ^iA,.. . .. Peru and Mexico in Latin America, and Morocco, South-West Africa and Zambia in Africa, are important mine and metal pro ducers who supply concentrates and/or metal to world markets as well as to other developing countries. There were only small increases in production in 1970 when the developing countries together pro vided about 27 per cent of the free world mine production and 13 per cent of refined lead production. LEAD IN THE DEVELOPING COUNTRIES Consumption of Refined Lead 1.000 m tons 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970* LATIN AMERICA Argentina Brazil Mexico Others 36 35 38 41 41 24 25 28 26 26 60 65 70 79 78 30 28 28 28 28 AFRICA (Excluding South 16 20 21 18 18 Africa) MIDDLE EAST Israel o24 28 32 ------ 6 6 Pakistan ------ 6 -* Iran ------ 44 Turkey --- 8 8 Egypt - -- - 10 10 Others --- 4 4 INDIA 40 55 38 -47 60 OTHER ASIA (Excluding 19 24 -- _ _ Japan) Korea Rep. of Malaysia Philippines Singapore Taiwan Thailand Hong Kong Others 445 --- 1 1 2 ---- 8 7 7 --- 1 1 2 ---- 4 4 5 ---- 2 4 6 -- 4 4 4 -- 2 2 2 Total developing areas 249 281 281 304 322 * Estimated Source, international Lead and Zinc Study Group and ZALIS estimates 20 . J. ' * ' % t' ' r>>r- - ' & - u-'#*'-. J ' ',.,**** " -i.. . ^'h -V'' *: '. r- ; * - " i- '/>.' -:y 4 y7s ' - * * ' *7- ../,... ,.r.; * -'*.V 1 > -. . - ,,'%*> " ,-\. v$r;v,;>^-w,-.-'j5Vr\><*.vi'',,`"vT .. , / v'-''-- * . v .--.7 V -.; 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970a America's 1,060 1,113 1,135 1,204 1.321 1,460 World Lead Mina Production (in thousands of short tons) Europe Africa Asia 399 470 509 517 503 506 271 241 221 209 234 228 114 120 124 127 123 127 Australia 397 399 410 417 484 478 "Source: "Lead and Zinc Statistics" Published monthly by International Lead Zinc Study Group. Lead content by analysis of lead ores and concentrates plus the lead content of other ores and concentrates known to be intended for treat ment for lead recovery. a Estimate based on reported figures. fev -; >,;` - '' . - \*..f * 'v;5*V ^ --' f-?*'-: '. ,, ;y.'i>J.-V o,' ^VSUr.-^'_7 ' y. >_ .<3 "'vS ' < '-ff<'/.< ; -> i?' * --3 .. t ` - 4.,' -.,.*- - * :^-- -... i '-.. *f ?/\^t'*:'`-K *V' $?x-t '*'+& 1?\'V>>*>T_^ ' V; >- vk .;.V'V/v''*''/.?'* `.'> "* y^/* 4 W - %'' rk;,jf? \^ . *i ,l;,r<' ^', v, -1' - ' ' *-v-*'.`'i;,'v . *mVi '*!.''' >- ^s^--r'H^!'35'-.'.s#ir!.' - *,"r -s' ' '7 . ' v>` ' 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970a America's 1,359 1,393 1,316 1,456 1,652 1.674 World Refined Lead Production* (in thousands of short tons) Europe Africa Asia 1,027 1,064 1,164 1.203 1,295 1,308 132 141 138 129 150 157 143 151 184 201 223 248 Australia 241 243 239 224 266 227 "Source: "Lead and Zinc Statistics" Published monthly by International Lead Zinc Study Group. Total production by smelters or refineries of refined pig lead, plus the lead content of antimomai lead -- including production on toll in the reporting country -- regardless of the type of source material, i.e. whether ores, concentrates, bullion, alloys, mattes, residues, slags or scraps. Remelted pig lead and antimomai lead are excluded. a Estimate based on reported figures. Total 2,241 2,343 2,399 2,474 2,665 2,799 Total 2,902 2,992 3,041 3,213 3,586 3,614 .3 ,,Vs World Refinery Stock Figures* (in short tons) Dec. 31,1969 Dec. 31,1970 United States O.E.C.D. Countries All other Total 46,654 66,422 71,889 184.965a 124,760 .76,178 1*02,580 303,518a "Based on American Bureau of Metal Statistics - "Summary of Lead Re finery Statistics in U.S.A. and outside U.S.A.'' a Represents approximately 85 percent of the Western World or 76 percent of the World Total. L i . P 11 r 1 : V, JT : r vy,*-w V^- ^-'. - .*;`.W,ir,--WJ:*i v-U^^4:y &'!*w-i - .Cy*:. -\*./'; kV4-; >-,r r'* .* * 'V ,* ' * \- * ^- . .f . . l ' v-; ' '- '-,.. -a .- : .J i 4 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970a World Refined Lead Consumption* (in thousands of short tons) America's 1,309 1,412 1,367 1,453 1,531 1,478 Europe 1,315 1,307 1,293 1,366 1,463 1.540 Africa 36 40 36 34 42 43 Asia 217 228 282 289 321 355 Australia & New Zealand 70 76 79 74 77 72 Source Lead and Zinc Statistics" Published monthly by International Lead Zinc Study Group. Includes consumption of the types of lead reported under "World Refined Lead Production" Estimate based on reported figures Total 2,947 3,063 3,057 3,216 3,434 3,488 , y.Vvj.'-' {Kj -?V'' ' -r-.s.^'i--.*-'- jr* -" 4 5V*V'*-- f`r'j* -. y* *>^*/.-r*' j;c....^ I: ''VVi * V-i*'*1'*! ` *r'vvl:r *'' vV ~ .-\ - % v'; ; /jj " iv>^7vS.3* **s&Cijt:* r *-} tK tfc'Av'v-`s ''<'r? cr^' V- .-`v v'T' rev* ~ -r1-: > gsv^V?' J"^'T * , v*' (V* i-.'-r .. -. V Sy_,-*v" ' ' |' . -v, `*~: ^ Li i0U5 2 I22  -/ -- ; . . ' .y..\- ~. .&*?"%-A y: v `^-;y,, : -:-\. '2.-'5iv^;'C;../ y^Y= ;V-\*'. . ' '' '.-v . . \ ': .- ,, .<.< ' - , - j. ^r-^ - .y:..- ' ,, , .< . : - ; '/'./ ' . r. ` - i ' .-. . . ` s-r. - ifilMii Ini' ii in < 'mJ ii'V-r<iit n - ~~Vt h ~-----*~W*~T~ ^v> -i'w*-'- li . . ' - "-\ .- : ^ - The Lead Industries Association, Inc. was organized in 1928 and now includes sixty corporate members representing all seg ments of the lead industry. LI A is a non-profit trade association for the lead industry of the United States with sister associations in major countries throughout the world. The association neither produces nor sells lead, but collects and distributes information relative to the uses of this metal. A booklet entitled "Publications and Films" is available upon request. An extensive library of lead information is housed at the Association's New York headquarters and data pertaining to lead and lead products may be obtained by letter or telephone inquiry to the technical service department. The staff of the Lead Indus tries Association will cooperate without obligation in the solution of your lead problems. ! L I AO 16 52 PRINTED IN USA