Document knDnzoqk5QzbEjROEMbmXLvE

hospitals continued of 11,770,000 (ot power, light tod heat, I: Hospital Wilt All or a Portion Insulated fuel nlooo cost $690,000. This repre- eat* to average o! $256 a bed for the mechanical service*. If we were to build thee* hospitals today, fully insulate all buildings and design economical boiler plants, we could hold these costs down to around $75 a bed--a saving of over one million dollars. What's more, aa a firm, w personally (eel panel heating could further reduce fuel costs as much Toronto, Ont Prince Edward Aland, Canada Hagerstown, Md. Glen* Fail., N. Y. Bethlehem, Pa. He. Ml On* ** 547 175,488 200 54,037 170 37,781 162 59,208 307 89,001 ratal cert 540,622 19,373 27,718 19,048 58,153. ` fitkt' PWff 5 74 97 163 117 188 30.83 .36 .48 32 A5 oa 25% 1 But more about this later. Insulation vs Radlotlon. Id the course of business wa'vo met many architects and engineer* who claim hospitals can't fl: Hospitals Thai Arc UohuulaM afford the expense of insulation. Let's analyse it from first-hand experience at Yonkers, N. Y. and Hagerstown, Md. Here the typical room has an outside wall proa of 130 sq ft--36 in windows and 94 in w*U. For Insulating the walls we used fireproofed fiber furring blocks, 20x80x3 its. thick. Together with a 12in. brick curtain wall, a 2-in. air spaee, and ft in. of plaster applied directly on the blocks, we got a heat-loss coefficient of 0.1065 Btu per sq ft per hr.^\ At the time of purchase, this furring block ran 35c a foot, but we could lay it up in a third less time than the usual ISc split-tile furring it replaces. P--erk No. om Mt cor* Tatal Mt Naw York, N. Y. Brooklyn, N. Y. Naw Amy 520 152/86 1169,129 341 96,966 117/97 284 71,856 71,367 bong Msnd, N. Y. 236 69,040 77,023 Cntral New York Stale 218 66,923 43,509 New itfssy 107 56,588 65/17 No. New York State 150 41,959 87/28 New York, N. Y. 131 29,741 58,541 Connecticut 134 36,157 43,1)0 Long Idcnd, N. Y. 110 32,843 36,775 Weitcheitsf Cty, N, Y. 100 28,261 33,975 Brooklyn, N. Y. 143 30,288 ' 43/75 5314 346 251 326 200 316 186 447 322 334 340 307 The local Ageret are from i group of hospital* wltk uniform accounUrtf. SoUsat-M Z.oiM LtlS .99\J\ 1.18 W 66J U6`| Msi. !.' I.ny 1.J0M 1.4IM The hermetically-sealed double gits- ing cost $2-50 a foot os against 35e for the double-thick glass. Allowing for extra labor on installation the selected III: Comparison ol fUdlaUon With and Wlttoiil InsolaUon windows run $2.25 a foot more. Thus to insulate the typical room described above we paid 20c extra for 94 aq ft of wall or $16.80, and $2.25 extra for 36 sq ft of window, or $81, a total of $99.80. So much for insulation extra*. For radiation in the insulated room at Hagerstown we selected 28 sq ft, and at Yonkers, 48 sq ft. Three contractors indicated they based their unit-estimating costa for In stallation of a complete heating plant at $5.75-$8.00 a sq ft of radiation (1950 Hmpltett eoaphtid Prince Edward Aland, On. BatMcham, Pa. Hagerstown, Md. New Haven, Conn. Toronto, OnL Hospital, brine plenntd Scranton, Pa. bony bland, N. Y. New Jeney Glen* Fail., N. Y. Virginia c it *r bcJfrffnf 550,000 750,000 560,000 1,605,000 1/80,000 333.000 514,000 425,000 605,000 1,137,521 A It at ratfaffefl 5,100 3,750 3,590 . 13,248 16/00 3,343 7,320 6/00 7,400 23/13 Ni, at cv II a/ rorfJatfoa 107 200 156 121 113 99 70 65 85 47 Waft* Yt Yi Yes Vet Yet WbAfl Toff v3i Yet N&fl Yet No Horn Yas Nsdfl Yes No3| levels). In the interests of extreme con servatism let's say $5.00 per tq ft. The stlmata hestlng-plant Initallalions @ 56.50 per quIpmtflL 20 sq ft less radiation at Hagerstown saved $100 a room, the full cost of the insulation. Fuel consumption is substan tially cut in hoif for the life of the building. What's more, the insulated building In three controlled tests has proved 8 deg cooler in summer than an adjoining uninsulated structure. This subject of radiation suffers from what our firm feels ere outmoded ideas. For too long, architects and engineers have revered the 18th-Century tradition calling for a radiator under .every win dow. It costs roughly $30 to hook up and valve each radiotor end-doubling up is rank extravagance. Heal requirement* may be roughly estimated at a ratio of 1 sq ft of radiii- lion to 80 cu U of space, and double that, or 160 cu ft of space, If the build ing is properly insulated. Table III in dicates the wide spread in engineering design and the varied allowance made (or insulation. This variation is further emphasised hy the following examples of the amount of radiation in roams of identical size and construction heated with hot-water radiators. 1. Yonkers, N. Y.--on a hill above the Hudson River, with extreme exposure --has 48 sq ft of radiation end radiator conned ions in the typical n 2. Pori Chester. N. Y.--20 miles** in a sheltered valley--has 62 sq f^4 radiation with 114-in. connection*- 3. Hagerstown, Md.--fully {n*d*! walls, double-glazed windows-'0* only 28 sq ft of radiation with se*'.^ copper-tubing connections. 4. Bethlehem, Pa.--with the < corridor plan--requires only 1 *4 riuliotion to each 200 cu ft of *Pj 78 INOINIMtNO AND MANAGEMENT SECTION US Reqidremeals foi V: Hospital Plinls Willi One Boiler Honepower or Lest per Bed m ippmImI <x M --*. M'-M kno.l.dg. ol Vd*r - m^Jtonlltlo "-low *-* [I"'1 J&m boll* hP " l" " LV'-Wbt` llfe'iad ovf. *"* 0,tB lacatJea frtcW M|i Ms Men 1918 Hagentown, Md. 1936 1943 1940 1940 Rome, N. Y. 1939 1941 Weitaheittr, Cty;, N.Y. 1945 1936 1937 1932 White Plsint, N. Y. Yonken, N. V. 1939 1929 3 5 11 2 8 1 8 4 8 2 4 4 6 Total Averts* hp per bed 1.4 100 158 295 70 213 135 385 145 162 200 547 < 196 195 2/01 2 8 3 2 3 3 3 3 3 2 2 3 2 SNtor Ha Ap#rt> M Wlntr StarWPr ht*4 100 100 0 130 130 300 150 14 60 60 0 136 2 @60 K 109 2 @63 0 300 J5L 14 150 8 @ TOO 0 150 150-60 14 60 60 All 250 250 14 160 2 @ 106 V4 185 123 None 3923 *Oat< imUt fi *w ttMl r*c*t bslWInp *h" vOH a *. * * ImiaHfC It urr offlifcri si all In center service ",tiirqo outside wall exposure, jyjirc. a very good summary olil steam requirements for a iftiViplul. These demands, as bie lists them, for hospital needs iSjm heating, represent only o estimated total boiler load, til. U.S. Public Health Serv- \iicslion, referred to before, suge^more than one boiler horte>ptr bed when the heat load is Ijjmdfit`sero F. We have records of 'Inipitili, Tsble V, with a total of BOjTbeds where boilers of one hp per NttVsuilly less,'.have carried the win- m^.ToI<1 boiler capacity In these StUlibhi, including standby, average bed. Six general hospitals ^WrYark City, on the other hand, 'J29Q0.bcds have boiler plants aver- - per bed. ^*.pmblem of standby boiler capec- smell , one. We have found Ml engineers specify two high- re boilers, each sufficient to carry ^.Jiter bad. But this premise enj^^Niatds th* summertime dropJ^lJibout a third of this load. So for n'nths a year one large t * lood level way befj\P,**d sad at its most inefficient per"SW*-range. * i*"01* Gnomical boiler installa0ur money, for a 100-bed hos- V.,\Tjb!e IV, combines a 70-hp steel 8^^ boiler with two 40-bp Jgfr5 h** 'lad lu MiUUn n ik* to Dm *k*r i On bM t .VS7:d?r ?"*rivwd -B*.ii i* loitiiti in 125-psi designs, a saving of 50 hp over the conventional two 100-hp 125-pti units. The hol-waler heating boiler costs less than the high-pressure units. You can repair or recondition it in the sum mer months. In event of a winter break down you can get by comfortably with * the two 40-hp htgh-prcssure unit*. A check bock on Table IV indicates that with the variable demands you have to meet, ihe two high-pressure boilers need work at 725% rated capacity for only relatively limited periods. Hooting Method*. As long ago as 1937, a study, put out by the Central Bureau of Hospital Information, Lon don, England, presented panel-heating advantages so strongly that, as a firm, we felt its inclusion in American hospitals was a certainty. Greatest ob jection seems to be first cost. The impression exists with many architects, engineers and contractors thot panel heating runs 20 to 30% more than is radiator job. However, from a business standpoint, we'ra convinced that given insulated buildings, proper structural and heating design, it should cost leas to install than radiators. Prefabricated coils In flat-slab construction eliminate hung ceilings and plaster, save weight and cubage; cushioned floors would control sound transmission. Two recent projects in.our office confirm this belief. One small hospital In Rhode Island drew up alternate plana for a circulating hot-water system, and panel healing with prefabricated ceiling .coils cast in a thin, concrete floor slob. An experienced heating contractor bid and saved 10% on a highly successful panel installation for this hospital. An article in Schtaeiteriteht Bautei- tang, April 19, 1947, bears out this be lief. It reports oa the operating expe rience of 170 panel-healing installations in Switzerland from 1937 to 1947. There were 34 in hospitals, 85 in office build ings, schools, etc,' and 51 in residences. Total tube length was 4S0 miles. Re; suits were excellent and, significantly, no tube leaks were reported. Mechanical Ventilation. One of the. bfg hidden teaks in hospital construc tion and operation budgets has been too much ventilation. Clven plenty of windows, e forced fresh-sir system is rarely if ever justified, particularly so, when you consider the extra boiler ca pacity you need to heat the induced air. Smalt local, fractional-horsepower fans will do the job well enough. There is no point in going to the lerge central fans popular in the past. Operation, Maintenance. In the last analysis, though, much of a hospital's experience with its mechanical services is wrapped up solidly with Us operating engineer. In the average hospital he maintains buildings and grounds as well as running mechanical plant. Since the public notices broken shades and peel ing point more than a leaking steam valve or a dirty boiler, first considera tion usually goes to this housekeeping phase. For our money it would be smart and economical to retain the consulting en gineer who designed a hospital's plant to inspect it at least twice a year and supervise an efficient operating and mninlenance program. CNGiNECtlNO AND MANAOEMFNT SECTION 79