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f0 Use Lead Plumbing in low Cost Housing with Special Reference to Defense Construction HERE is every reason -- Tdurability, efficiency, econ omy--to use lead plumbing at anv time. These reasons are mag nified many fold, in time of na tional defense, for other than normal considerations also en ter into the choice of materials. Careful consideration of all as pects of the problem leads to the conclusion that lead plumbing can be of noteworthy assistance in defense building of all types. Availability of Material It is essential that the mate rials used be available in sufficient quantity and that manu facturing facilities be adequate. Lead is in an excellent position in both respects. Supplies of lead are available for meeting almost any demand, and smelting, re fining and manufacturing ca pacities are more than adequate. No shortage of lead has ap peared. Abouttheonlv directwar useof leadisinsmallarms ammu nition. a use of relative minor importance in modern mechan ized warfare, and one which - "ot utilize the manufac- WHITE S T Although the main focus of attention is now on defense construction, the proper mainte nance and construction of our civic and other peace-time buildings should not be neglected. The Department of Education Building, Schenectady, A'. }*., is an example of good maintenance practice, with white lead. which should be continued for all types of construction during these critical times. (Article on Page 5) 420 Lexington Ave. Lead Industries Association New YorkC turing facilities needed to produce lead plumbing goods. These fac tors, ample supplies of raw material and factory capacities, should re ceive great weight in planning con struction so that vital materials are not used where they are not needed. It is important not only to free critical materials for defense work but to in sure also, by using lead, that shortages of materials will not cause delay in deliveries, tying up large defense con struction projects. Temporary Building Much defense construction is con sidered of a temporary nature and it is sometimes felt that there is no reason to employ so durable a material as leadin temporary buildings. There are. however, several good reasons. Tem porary structures are of necessity apt to be of a type of construction in which considerable movement and settlement will take place. This is particularly true at Army and N avy bases where the buildings may be subjected to vibra tion from heavy artillery practice fire and ground demolition. Flexibility is needed in the piping system in order to prevent damage resulting in expense and unsanitary conditions. Lead is the only piping material that will ade quately supply this necessary flex ibility. Furthermore, lead pipe has the highest salvage value in relation to its original cost of any of the common pipe materials. Thus when temporary buildings are ultimately removed a large part of the original value may be realized. Also many buildings erected now as temporary may eventually be found more permanent than originally ex pected. Many "temporary" buildings of the last war are still in use or have been reconditioned for use, and the same thing will probably happen again. If lead is used in the plumbing, it will be prepared for any eventuality, temporary or permanent. Economy SPECIFY MATERIAL recognized top quality. However, be cause of its flexibility and method of jointing, lead pipe eliminates many expensive fittings. Furthermore, on large projects where a number of iden tical units are employed, lead work can be planned so that it is almost all done in the shop by production meth ods under working conditions that result in greatest efficiency. Because of this, in the last few years lead has been used in many of the large lowcost public and private housing projects and it has been demonstrated that it costs no more, and sometimes even less, than less suitable plumbing installations. Speed Speed is absolutely essential to de fense construction. Here lead plumb ing is outstanding. Ample supplies and factories in all parts of the coun try eliminate delays in delivering material. Since so much of the work is done in the shop, it can proceed in all kinds of weather and the good working conditions contribute to speed. Because lead pipe and fittings are flexible, extreme care in taking measurements is not necessary since slight adjustments can be made in the flexible metal when fixtures are set. Since all joints are bonded metal-tometal, no leaky joints have to be re paired when a water test is put on the system. Moreover, since there are no bulky fittings on lead work, time may be saved which is ordinarily required for furring out when such fittings are used. Adaptability Defense building consists of all kinds, from low-cost housing to hos pitals and huge industrial buildings. Lead plumbing has fully proved its suitability for all types of buildings in all parts of the country. Hospitals, housing projects, real estate develop ments, schools, public buildings and Most people think of lead plumbing SPECIFY as expensive plumbing because of its LEAD INDUSTRIES' MATERIAL many other types, both wood-frame and steel and concrete construction, have found lead both economical and serviceable. Lead is as completely modern in plumbing as chromium plated fittings and stream-lined fixtures. Labor Skilled labor is important in these times. Many young men have been taken into the armed forces or are being trained at trades that require youthful stamina. But lead work is the easiest physical labor connected with plumbing. By specifying lead plumbing older men. who may tire quickly at the heavier work of using stocks and dies, can install the lead, thus releasing younger men for other essential work. Also, there is an ample supply of skilled lead workers in the country, distributed throughout the 48 states. And with good organization only a few craftsmen are necessary to handle the skilled operations in lead work, thus resulting in top-notch work manship and efficiency. Quality So far no mention has been made of the characteristics that make lead installations the finest of any kind of plumbing job. Lead's durability is unquestioned. It is the most durable of the common metals, particularly in the plumbing system where it is ex posed to ammonia, hydrogen sulphide and other destructive ingredients en countered in soil and waste systems that rapidly destroy some other mate rials. The importance of flexibility and the leak-proof quality of wiped joints in lead pipe have already been mentioned. Furthermore, the inner bore of lead pipe is smooth and rust proof so that it does not clog and re duce the flow' of water and circulation of air. Also lead pipe, fittings, and calking lead are covered by rigid industry standards and identified by the Lead Industries' Seal of Approval, so that if these standards are followed in the used of lead plumbing goods, the quality and weight of the material is assured. [2] LIa?5638 Highlights of Lead Plumbing In Low Cost Housing Projects It is r e c o g n iz e d t h a t l e a d ma k e s a n u n s u r p as s ed PLUMBING INSTALLATION. LEAD PLUMBING NOT ONLY HAS BEEN, BUT IS BEING INSTALLED EVERY DAY IN DEFENSE AND OTHER HOUSING PROJECTS AT REAL ECONOMY. I Preparing lead work for a housing proj ect in conjunction with the hiatal Air Base, Corpus Christi, Texas. There are 51 buildings with 250 bathrooms. All closet bends, drum traps, waste connec tions and tent flashings are of lead MCGREGOR STUDIOS Paducah, Ky,, below, and Jacksonville, Fla., at right. relv on lead in their V.S.H.A. housing projects. The group photos show the type of lead frames, bends and waste * connections used in these projects Below, appr: mately 1,200 bends are us-.,; in East River Houses, Mew York City, US. H.A. project COURTESY NEW YORK HOUSING AUTHORITY In Atlanta, Ga., the Clark Howell Homes, below, as well as a second project, the John Hope Homes, use all lead on the sewer side of fixture traps to the stack, as well as many lead fittings and all sheet lead flashings Installation detail of lead bends,drum traps and waste and vent connec -t1 tions for the Silver Bow Project,Butte, Mont. (See cover LEAD, Jan. 1941) AL S PHOTO SHOP * [3] LIA25639 Colonial Gateway To Western Frontier Mohawk Valley Homes Re tain Historic Charm and Beauty with White Lead No. 6 The Woodward. Home, a late 18th Century dwell ing in Mohawk, A. Y. The plain Doric columns and pediment serve to illus trate the strong Greek re vival influence apparent in many of the Mohawk Valley homes of this period. Pure while lead puint has contributed much to the life and ap pearance of this landmark TRIPLE B. PHOTOS Mattern Manor, a home stead built in 1799 in Sangerfield, N. Y. The charm of this interesting early Mohawk Valley home is being well pre served with pure white lead paint HE MOHAWK VALLEY, leading Tfrom old New England to the New West, was one of the first great path ways into the Western frontier. As the restless pioneers in New England sought new lands, they moved steadily Westward along the river valley, clear ing and planting the rich land as they advanced. The river was the first high way and line of communication for these early peoples. Travel overland was difficult at best, but the river, pre senting a comparatively sure and easy route between East and West, soon be came the great artery of traffic it is todav. Along its banks sprang up numerous settlements, peopled by the restless and by those who were dis satisfied with New England and the East Coast. As the years passed these settlements grew rapidly into well es tablished villages and towns. Many of the homes of the first set tlers remain to be seen today in various sections of the valley. Three typical examples of these early homes are illustrated on this page. Protected and decorated with pure white lead paint, they will stand for many years as land marks to guide the traveler who re traces the Pathway of Empire linking the east with the west. The Van Epps Homestead, FultonviUe, N. Y. Built in 1790, this sturdy old home is occupied today by Mrs. Cora Van Epps Marlette, a direct descendent of the original builder and first settler oj Fultonlille. The early settlement was known as Van Epps Swamp until after the Revolution when its name was changed to Fultonville in honor of Robert Fulton. This landmark has always been painted with white lead according to the owner WfllTE STUDIO !g NO. 6 OF A SERIES REPRESENTATIVE OF THE MANY AMERICAN LANDMARKS IN VARIOUS SECTIONS OF THE COUNTRY THAT ARE PRESERVED FOR THE FUTURE WITH PURE WHITE LEAD AND OIL PAINT. MANY OF THEM HAVE ALWAYS BEEN PROTECTED WITH THIS RELIABLE MATERIAL ACCORDING TO AVAILABLE RECORDS. [4] LIA25640 Lumber and Paint Provide Styling Versatility For Any Home Lumber and paint provide the perma nent decoration and stylabilily for these homes in the Fair way Knolls develop ment, Maywood, .V./. H. E. JELTSCH HE ever increasing demand for Each lumber home--whatever the Tdistinctive, low-cost housing is re size or architectural design--is so emphasizing the durability of the limite asily made distinctive with white lead, less decorative treatments possible while the color treatment originally with the age-old combination of well- selected can be readily altered at will seasoned lumber and white lead paint. without costly surface preparation to Wood, on the one hand, presents the meet changing environmental condi- surface ideal for painting, while pure tionsor progressivestylingtrends. This white lead and oil has proven to be versatility is in direct contrast to the the economical solution to the problem limitations on both present and future of individualized styling in develop styling imposed with the use of syn ment construction. thetic siding materials--substitute for lumber--which either are impractical to paint or form foundations inferior to wood for the adhesion of paint. Consequently, builders with an eye to economy and increased salesare featur ing lumber and are turning away from unproven, or experimental paints which so often crack and scale or wash away to play safe with the same pure white lead and oil which has been the standard exterior coating since earliest colonial times. White Lead Features Schenectady, I. V., School Painting ASE of specification and purchase, as other recent city painting work was E and consistent good results, are supervised by F. G. Cary, Paint Super major reasons why the City of Sche visor to the City Engineering Depart lead bears out the practice of many other cities where economy, durability and beauty are all combined bv a white nectady, N. Y,, has standardized on ment. The success attained with white lead painting program. pure white lead and oil paint for its schools and many municipal buildings. The Schenectady Department of The Schenectady, N. Y. City Hall, painted with white lead as is the genera! practice oj the City and School governments. The Department 0/ Education building is shown on the cover w h it e s t u d io Education uses white lead for all ex terior, and much interior, school paint ing. The Department of Education building shows the beauty attained with white lead together with unsur passed protection. Among the municipal buildings the City Hall is outstanding. Built in 193U it was redecorated in 1936 using white lead throughout. A red lead primer is used on the metal dome with white lead undercoats for the gold leaf fin ish. White lead makes an excellent undercoat for gilding, providing a better bond and smoothing out any irregularities in the surface to be gilded. The City Hall redecoration as well [5] LIA256 41 I i ] 1 Careful Installation Methods And Instruction Develops Lead Service Pipe Advantages to Fullest Extent O other material for water serv N ice pipe has the long life and dependability of lead. However, al though lead will serve remarkably well under adverse conditions, like every other material it must be used correctly to give the greatest satisfac tion. Chicago. 111. and Belleville, N. J., where lead services are standard, are Two views of the exhibit of service pipe connections in Chicago laboratory, includ ing connections to mains relaid at new elevation two cities which recognize this fact fully and have bent their efforts to gain every last bit of lead'sadvantages. At Chicago's Water Pipe Extension Plumbing Laboratory of the Depart ment of Public Works. Bureau of En gineering, is a display of the correct method of connecting lead services to the main. This exhibit emphasizes the importance of proper goosenecks to preparing and wiping solder joints in service pipe work, covering cleaning and other preparatory factors. In all, the City does everything possible to in sure the most practical and efficient allow for ground settlement. Corpora tion cocks with tail pieces bent at a 45 deg. angle are used and tapping is done on the side of the main, in the upper segments. In all cases in making the bend in Commissioner Waters, of Belle ville, N. J. the lead pipe tow'ard the tap the bend must be always on the right hand side of the tap so any settlement will, if anything, tighten coupling and tap-in tvpe of installation, under the able di threads. rection of John G. Mitchell, plumbing In addition the City provides de inspector in charge in the Water Pipe tailed mimeographed instructions for Extension Division, and B. W. Cullen. Superintendent of the Water Pipe Ex tension Division. Similar care is exercised in Belle ville, N. J., whose water system serves more than 10.000 homes and factories through 57 miles of mains. This Citv now installs cast-iron pipe with lead joints for mains and lead pipe for all underground services. In 1925 Commissioner Patrick A. Waters who since then has served 16 years as Director of the Department of Public Works, was instrumental in the adoption of lead services as a manda tory provision from the main to the house itself. The change to lead was away from rigid services and the wis dom of the change has been fully proved by the practically flawless ex perience with the lead. Almost every leak that has occurred has been in the old services or at the curb or corpo ration cock. Although Belleville is completely sold on the benefits of lead services. PHOTOS BY JOHN MONAGHAN Above, detail of correctly wiped joint on display board at Belleville, N. ].; and, at right, the full display board showing how joints in lead water services should be made [6] LIA2 56 4 2 T nevertheless, like Chicago, they paystrict attention to installation proced ure. especially in joint making. In the Municipal Garage a display board has been erected for the precise purpose of showing the "right" and "wrong" way to make up the joints. In actual installation all joints in the pipe from main to curb are wiped by Ed Hicks, a plumber employed by the Department. We are indebted to Commissioner Waters and Town Engineer Matthew' J. Sheehan for the information on Belleville's excellent water service practice. - N the last column of "Strokes from I the Paint Brush" the question of winter painting was discussed, empha spring. The proper procedure is then to thin the paint to brushing con sistency with turpentine at the same study of winter painting--that is the desirability of specifying and using a painting material which, by being sizing the proper oil and turpentine time preserving the original and cor mixed on the job. may be varied ratio in paint to achieve success during rect pigment-vehicle ratio. If lin easily to meet changing conditions. A the winter months. seed oil instead of turpentine is used One further important point is a Closely allied to that problem is that to thin the paint, an improperly bal factor in tackiness. In the past there of soft or tacky paint, a situation to be anced paint results. This paint con has been frequent misunderstanding guarded against during the closing taining excess oil not only tends to concerning the formulation and func winter and early spring days. Slow- remain soft and tacky, but also will tion of undercoats. It should be re I drying paint films result in loss of wear away more rapidly from lack membered that the first or priming 4 time to painters and in consumer dis of sufficient pigment to give the nec coat must carry sufficient linseed oil to satisfaction due to sticky windows, essary "backbone" to the film. A satisfv surface porositv, but also gummy porch floors and the like re paint dries by a process of oxidation should contain sufficient thinner to dry maining soft long after painting and of the linseed oil in the film; the hard without gloss. A gloss undercoat accumulating much dust and dirt. relative concentrations of pigment in remains too soft to provide a firm The causes of retarded oxidation-- the paint influence the speed of this foundation for following coats, be slow drying--of a paint film are rela process, producing the correct dry sides extending the drying time. tively few in number and are generally ing characteristics only when the pig Naturally, it is best to paint only- fairly easy to control. The failure of ment and vehicle remain in the in clear weather, with moderate tem an ordinary formula to give satisfac proper balance. perature. However, it is easily pos tory results should lead to an adjust Another cause of tackiness is insuffi sible with correct adjustment of ment of the ingredient ratio to pro cient drier. This may occur, of course, formula to obtain highly satisfactory duce a firm durable film. on any job but is particularly true painting during the blustery months I The most common cause of slow during periods of excessive humidity. and other days generally considered drying is the use of too much lin Here again experience with local con unfavorable. A knowledge of how seed oil. A paint made with the ditions will help to determine the white lead paint formulation is af proper ratio of pigment to vehicle correct proportions. fected by these conditions and the may be found to be too thick for Both these causes of slow drying use of material easily adjusted in its proper application in the lower emphasize once more the outstanding formula are the two primary requis temperatures encountered in the early theory determined by our previous ites for satisfaction. [7] L3 Sheet Lead Waterproofing Pans For Hotel Pipe Shafts A suggested drawing of a lead pan for pipe shafts. Similar pans are used in the Robert Driscoll Hotel, Corpus Christi, Texas, to protect the mezzanine floor, from condensation or leakage in the shafts which are offset over the mezzanine floor OR general installation purposes pipe shaft pans F may be constructed by welding or bolting together 2 x 6 in. angle irons into a frame extending at least 6 in. on each side of the shaft. The iron should be painted with two coats of red lead. A wood bottom is laid in the pan. painted with white lead to protect the wood from moisture. The sheet lead is made in one piece to fit inside the frame and with upstands turning over the top of the frame and dow'n about 1 in. on the outsides. The pan may be attached under the shaft with adjust able bolts to get the proper pitch. The pan should be attached to an indirect waste, the end of which is exposed as a tell-tale of leaks develop ing. The wood floor is countersunk around the waste opening and the sheet lead dressed into the countersunk part with a gradual slope and soldered to the waste pipe with the soldered seam made in the direction of flow. The following articles and reprints contain information, drawings and specifications on the use of lead products helpful to architects, engineers and others in the construction industry. They are available, free of charge, upon request to the Lead Industries Association, 420 Lexington Avenue, New York City. WHAT TO EXPECT FROM WHITE LEAD PAINT An attractive 28-page booklet with charts, formulas, and mix ing instructions covering some of the problems of painting and how white lead meets these problems. PAINTING YOUR HOME by Dr. F. L. Browne, Senior Chemist, Forests Products Laboratory, Madison, Wise. A discussion of house painting reprinted from American For ests, May, 1939. SOME PAINTING PROBLEMS AND THE ANSWERS By Dr. F. L. Browne, Senior Chemist, Forests Prod ucts Laboratory, Madison, Wise. Reprinted from the National Real Estate Journal, Sept., 1939. STAMFORD'S DOUBLE LIFETIME HOME A complete analysis of hard lead flashing, white lead paint, lead plumbing, plywood and red cedar Certigrade shingle details and installation methods. Reprinted from the American Builder, July, 1939. SHEET LEAD INSTALLATION DETAILS A detailed analysis of the principles and application of lead flashing and sheet lead work for small homes. Reprinted from Sheet Metal Worker, June, 1939. SHEET LEAD SHIELDING X-RAY ROOMS A discussion of X-ray protection and installation methods re printed from Sheet Metal Worker. PLUMBING CODES--AN ANALYSIS AND SURVEY-- Part II by Bob Dick This paper, delivered at the annual meeting of the American Society of Sanitary Engineering in Wilmington, Del., in August, 1940, constitutes the most complete and up to date study of plumbing codes available. Everyone interested in plumbing codes should have a copy. LASTING LEADWORK IN MODERN PLUMBING By T. N. Thompson, Technical Editor, Plumbing and Heating Journal. Reprinted from Plumbing and Heating Journal, Feb., 1939. HOW LUMBER AND PAINT KEEP YOUR HOME ALWAYS IN STYLE A brief digest of the advantages of painted lumber homes with color-styling suggestions and other interesting information. LEAD CHIMNEY CAPS Notes on the installation and advantages of lead chimney-cap protection, reprinted from American Artisan, May, 1940. NEW SIMPLIFIED STANDARD FOR LEAD TRAPS AND BENDS File size leaflet with new standards for lead traps and bends as well as existing standards for lead pipe and calking lead, and other informative data. UPON BEQUEST, THE I.r.in INDUSTRIES ASSOCIATION WILL BE GLAD TO MAUL "LEAD" REGULARLY, FREE OF CHARGE. TO THOSE INTERESTED, AND WILL COOPERATE WITHOUT OBLIGATION, IN THE SOLUTION OP YOUR LEAD PROBLEMS LIA25644 PRINTED IN U. S. A. Y PUBLISHERS PRINTING COMPANY NEW YORK CITY