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NSC m <1 ',1- GENERAL SESSIONS 19S0 National Safety Congress (Index to Transactions of all Sessions) Officers, Trustees, end Been! of Directors.............................. 5 Annual Council Meeting Minutes ............... -................................................................ * * The State Labor Deportment Partner or Policeman.... 13 Address by Wallace B. PMHIp*.................... ................... Why In Safety Wo*.............................................................. Banquet What Is Safety?.............................. -........................... .... 2S Safety Exposition Exhibitor*....................................................... 27 lodes ..................................................................................... 27 Voliat 1 TrtntactioflS 1950 National Scfsty Co>gr* NATIONAL SAFETY COUHCIL 425 Ha. Mtckl* Anna Cftfcago If, IU. I Officers of the CHEMICAL SECTION NATIONAL SAFETY COUNCIL 1950.51 Count Cheirmmr--R, H. ALBISSER, Merck tc Company, Inc, Rahway, N. J. yierChairmom m Cherpe of Program "JOHN R. BOLLMAN, The Procter and Gamble Company. rinrii'Mii Ohio. Secretary--J. E. NICHOLS, Reynolds Metals Company, Ricfcnwxf, Va. Chemical Industries Jl Pnbtie Relations Committee--GEORGE L. GORBFI.L (Chairman), The Monsanto CbcancU Company, Sb Louis, Mo. Adtieory Cvimnillee--*ALLEN L. COBB. Eastman Kodak Company, Rochester, N. Y.; JAMES J. DUGGAN, Carbide and Cacban Chemicals Corporation, South Charleston, W. Va.; 'RALPH O. KEEFER. Alnmanen Company of America. Pittsburgh, Px; s. M. MacCUTCHEON. The Dow Chcniol Company, Midland. Mich.; 'HAROLD L MINER. E. X. da Pom de Nosours & Company, Inc, Wilmington, Del.; "LT. COL R. C. STRATTON, The Traveler* Insurance Companies, Hartford, Coen. Stef Representative--A. VAN ATTA, National Safety Counol, Quago, III. 'Past General Chairman .Vrtw Lr//rr Cowmtl/rr--E. J. MEYERS (Chairman). Safety 8c Fire Protection Diriaa*. E. T. du Pont de Ncmeur* le Company, Ine WUmia*toet, DL; V. R. CROSWELL Hercules Powder Company. Inc, Wilmington. DcL; C. IL CUMMINGS, El Lilly a4 Company, Indianapolis, Ihd,; D, W. GIBSON, Cohnbis OksmsIi Diva, of Pittaturab Plate Class Co, Barberton. Ohio. Engineering Committee--DR. 5, C. MEITER (OnlnaM), Employer! Mutuals, Milwaukee Wti: HOWARD FAWCETT, Research Laboratory. General Electric Company. Schenectady, H. Y.: CARROLL A. HEBERT, Ethyl Corporation, Baton Rouge, La.: * PAUL C LAMB. Lever Brothers Company, New York; N. Y.J D. O. MASON. Gcacral .1 Division. Allied Chemical and Dye Corporation, New York. N. Y.: H. F. RE1NHARD, Union Carbide A Oubou Corporation. New York. N. Y.; S. F. SPENCE. Anxriaa Cyaxonid Company. New York, N. Y. Dots Sheet eW InetnvHert Cord Committee--R. S. MACKIE (Chairman), General Eire* trie Company. Ocrrland. Ohio; FRANK C. GAUGUSH. Sberwin Williams Cccnpaar, Chieacu. TIL: JOSEPH A. TARDIFF. Hooker Electrochemical Company, Niacin Fails, N. Y.; EARL R. WALLACE. Eastman Kodak Company, Rochester. N. Y.; R. C. WHEELDON, The Drackctt Company. CuKinnata, Ohio. Health Committee--S. W. GURNEY (Chairman), Liberty Mutual Insurance Compuy. Boftee, Mass.; LEONARD GREENBURG. MJD., Dtviaion of lodastrial Hyxiaw and .Safety S&uadard*. Slate of New York, Department of Labor, New York. N. Y.t THOMAS W. NALE^ M.D, Uniwa Carbide and Carbon Corporation, New York N. Y.: DR. K. H. SCHRENK. Industrial Hygiene Foundstion, Pittsburgh. Px; DR. FORREST WESTERN, Health Physio Division, Oak Ridge Nanocsal Laboratory. Oak Ridce, Teen. Membership Committee--W. W. FLANAGAN (Chairman). Atlas Pow3or Company, Wilmington, DcL: S. D. SALTONSTALL, Celaneae Corporatiou of America. Buhop. Texas; JOHN E. SMITH, Spencer Chemical.Co.. Pittsburg, Kansas. Poster md Vitsel Aids Committee--T. J. WHALEN (Chairman), Soltray Process Division. Allied Chcadml and Dye Corporation, Sotvay, N. Y.; F. H. WALLNEJL Colgate-Paioolive-Poct Company, Jersey City, N. J. i 18 Textile Industry Officers of the TEXTILE SECTION trail enclosures, prospect '- ~ --- he an conduct whatever type of ompajcn it within hit resource*. We urge that the section membership chairman jet *TMD member o( the cuon interested in working mon (tommme one cpanrticular oprospect with * view to doubting the membership. 1 would like to close on what It believe tis a note of urgency. There are today tre- NATIONAL SAFETY COUNCIL 1950-51 p*m lb* Hlioenres, upon ItnpMlld wniw * .iy wtwhieill,frineheedoremntloyf, prove to be action and aelt to a company'* v*.-- reatnekon* method ol problenu. | 1 I I J *i'<v General Ckairmom For Memberskifi--THOMAS R. SELF, Southern Dir. Engr. Mgr., American Mutual Liability Ia*. Co, Atlanta, Co. Secretary--ROBERT I. BARR. Safety Supervisor, Industrial Rayon Corp. Painesville, i*t imneosacafpwaibiclyi Tinhe,r.e.f,o.r.e,, it u- --fax |1 uOnhrieo. I IX'nr/sWletterra"nd' Wrwi?in'1h* Editor--H. S. BBAAUUCCOOMU.. SSa.fMety, DDiirrewct,o*r., NNoorrtthh CCaorolilimna lIon.. duatrial Commission, Ralegh, N. C. detonate Editor--LEWIS P. SORRELL, Deputy Commusioner, North Caroiina Dept, ol Labor. Ralegh, N. C. Statistical and Contest Ctrnmttffrr--HAROLD F. HAYDEN, Safety Director, Columbian Rope Co, Auburn, N. Y. Program Corurntflrr--CHARLES L. TROMMER. Chief. Safety Branch, Personnel Depc Mohawk Carpet Mills, Amsterdam, N. Y. Of-the-iob Committee--ARTHUR A. KINSMAN. Safety Director, Crown Mfg. Co. Pawtucket, R. 1. Htollk Committee--DR. STANLEY SPRAGUE. Medical Dir, j & P Coats, Inc. Paw tucket, R. 1. I'isrol Education Committee--NEIL NELSON, District Engineer, American Mutuat Lia bility Ins. Co, Manchester, N. H. C<up*eering Committee--1WILLIAM C. ENNIS, Deputy Commissioner. Dept, of Labor. Hartford. Com. Engineering Associate--E L. FERMENTER. Liberty Mutual Insurance Co, Spartanhurt, <>> C. Synthetic Fibre CViweitt/f-CLENN G. FLEMING, Safety Director, Ctlsnet Corp. of America, New York, N. Y. IIW <md Worsted Committer--JOHN J. BURGER. Safety Director. W. J. Dickey & Sons, Oella, Baltimore County, hid. Trade Associations Committee--P. M. WELPTON, Vice President, The American Thread Co, New York. N. Y. Cotton Committee--FOREST N. PETTY, Safety Director, Dan River Mill*. Danville, Va. Dyeing and Finishing Committee--EARLE SYLVIA. Bradford Dyeing Aaaooatea (U.5.A.) Westerly. R. I. ago, IIL `Past General Chairncm 'Deceased 19 > > v /{ 1331 OFFICERS p. 5 'Owens-Corningi "`EMBERS p. S ( National Gyp sum ) AUTOMOTIVE SECTION, GFFICER3 (Bendix Products Division, OwensIllinois 31 ass) p. 14, 15 CEMENT AND QUARRY SECTION, OFFICERS (National Gypsum) p. 231 CHEMICAL SECTION, OFFICERS p.S2, S3 (Pittsburgh Plate Glass) (coal mining section) ROOF DRILLING WITH DUST CONTROL EQUIPMENT P 44--43 harm of breathing, silica dust p.45 COAL MINING SECTION, OFFICERS p. 50. 51 CONSTRUCTION SECTION OFFICERS p. 22. 23 I ELECTRICAL EQUIPMENT INDUSTRY SECTION, OFFICERS p. IS, 13 GLASS AND CERAMICS SECTION, OFFICERS p. 11 (PPG, Owens-Corning Fiberglass) (No officers were listed for the Industrial Safety Section) INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE-1NDL'STR IAL DUSTS--WHAT EVERY ri.NGW p. 53-37 Hew long does it take for occupational disease lungs from exposure to dust? p. 55 asbestos disease and silicosis p. 56 fibrosis p. 37 SUPERVISOR to develop r-L_)| r\ artuwL.u in the MARINE SECTION, OFFICERS p. 25-27 THE USE (OF- WETTING'.' AGENTS TO CONTROL DUST IN INDUSTRY (Metal Section) 18-21.... sil icosisv-p. 'IS'. METALS SECTION, OFFICERS p. 37-33 MINING SECTION OFFICERS p. 32, 33 PETROLEUM SECTION OFFICERS p. 46, 47 PUBLIC UTILITIES OFFICERS p. IE. 13 RAILROAD SECTION OFFICERS p. 3S, 33 TEXTILE INDUSTRY OFFICERS p. 13, 13 NSC-13 E w CO E (; -z -- *?* *u 5> <* S -- - 8 is - -= 02 . < _- E 0 5^ re o <g "3 U tdllO O r- to' o o O -O -- r. re <-> I 2 -U= Oto .E u _ *%&^5> 22 2CO -- < Ifl s ' CU---*T. 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'>uu 0 ^ tr) *J2 ti 2 -5 5S if 5 o lU C3 >" S c3 5 5 UJ Uc X *~s O IAw w 2 i *, *j* 2 O -sf Io sJ S Cl =2 ?E a< O ^g li<0 5 >. Cl rt in .I 3 13 -- O --v ad I 3? c "O ac 0s na !r 1 rt Vo -- Cl -nO * -r x* 2 -- I -2S *> >l ; -r- .0. * "t 2 o ACCIDENT -- PREVENTION M anua i SECOND EDITION A-*- {'' ,-TA- Ml IP It 1 E R AT I O N S iTrr iViVi*. N / < /. ' ( - V. NSC-5P I % wP S ) v..'.-' '\'^o INV. '61ihv: o ACCIDENT. PREVENTION MANUAL for INDUSTRIAL OPERATIONS This book was written by the stuff of the National Safety Council, with the close collaboration of the Industrial Conference of the Council, particularly of its Manual Committee, under the chairmanship of William S. Smith, Director of Safety, Ford Motor Company. Appreciation is due the many consultants, especially the Executive Committees of' the Council's Industrial Sections, who reviewed material perti nent to their own fields and whose advice contributed so much to the authority of the final result. ENGINEERS of the Industrial Department of the Council prepared the major portion of the book. G. G. Grieve wrote Section 1, permanent structure and plant layout; Robert L. Moore and George MacDonald Section 2, maintenance. Mr. MacDonald also wrote Section 15, electrical hazards. William N. Davis prepared .the three Sections, iioilers, pressure vessels and reerigerating equipment; Arthur S. Kelly Sections 6 to 10, inclusive, on guarding machinery. Lester W. Dutton wrote Sections 11 and 12 on materials handling; A. M. Baltzer, Section 13, hand and portaiile power tools. Floyd E. Frazier and Mr. Davis collaborated in the pre irafion of Section 14 on welding. Glenn F. Griffin and Mr. Frazit- worked to gether on saeety organization and training, Section 24. Roy G. Benson is the author of the three sections on flammable liquids and lire, and of Section 26, the saeety man's resources. E. P. Marconi prepared Section 19, personal protective equipment; Floyd A. Van Atta Sections 21 through 23, industrial poisons, medical services, and industrial health engineering, H. Gene Miller, Director of the Statistical Division, is the author of the section on accident records; The Motor Transportation Bureau pre 3 pared Section 20, f- t."i " fJtANSPOKTATioN. Mrs. Mildred Grant of the National Safety Council Library did the alphabetical index. Kent W. Francis, Editor, Industrial Department, supervised the or ganizing, editing and production of the book. He was assisted by Mrs. Russell Perry, Editor, and by Elizabeth Valovic, Administrative Assistant. Ill y I COPYRIGHT NATIONAL SAFETY COUNCIL, INC. 1951 ALL RIGHTS RESERVED This book may not be repro duced in part or in whole with out written permission of the National Safety Council, 425 North Michigan Avenue, Chi cago 11, Illinois. PRINTED IN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA 18M851 I IV l CONTENTS Permanent Structure and Plant Layout . Maintenance and Maintenance Crews . Boilers.................................................................................. Pressure Vessels................................................................. Refrigerating Equipment................................................. Principles of Guarding and Transmission Guards . Power Presses......................................................................... Metalworking Machinery and Abrasive Wheels Woodworking Machinery................................................. Guarding Special Equipment........................................ Storage and Manual Handling of Material . Power Handling of Material......................................... ^Hand and Portable Power Tools................................. Welding and Cutting......................................................... Electrical Hazards................................................................. Flammable. Liquids......................................................... Fire Prevention................................................................. Fire Extinguishment and Control................................ Personal Protective Equipment................................ Motor Transportation......................................................... Industrial Health Engineering........................................ Industrial Poisons................................................................. Medical Services and Table of Chemical Hazards . Safety Organization and Training 7" . Accident Records................................................................. The Safety Man's Resources........................................ Index VII Section 1 2 3 4 5 6 1 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 2i-.r> INDUSTRIAL HEALTH ENGINEERING d e sig n of Industrial Exhaust Systems, John L. Alden, Industrial Press, 1939. 'The Determination and Control of Industrial Dust; Public Health Bull. 217, J. J. Bloomfield & J. M . DallaValle, 1938. JIndustrial Health Engineering, Allen D. Brandt, John W iley & Sons, Inc., 1947. *Air Sanitation and Industrial Ventilation, W . N. Witheridge, 1945. , W) !w H U o >4 W > 3Z, 3v> "t. 4 OS S-M "5 cto S!2 ^- H OS O jj CL t/) W H Z OH e < 2 os H aH 14 an z U4 to* 3S CQ M 'S) H -4 n o Du a w QC *CJ a z ? w > Z o u (8 M AJ S'" aa> & Q" 'ts a o 3 "5 3 S H to 3 Q 0 OOO O O OO 0000 O OO O O OOOOO 0 0 0 0 0 O 0 VC O O O -H 04 N m O 00 -4 OO 0000 O 55 0 O O O O O OOOOO 0 0 CO ^ h N to <S W ^ N CM vO *-4 '^tP--4 0f-0t O f<"l yp <N O fN w 'tr (N C4 rO Q0 O tON'p (N -VftnN N 00 0 * >p 0O 0O trv O fO O OOO 0000 minoo tr\ rO^T ^4 0000 0000 O O 10 irv rOfflfOrfi O 0O 0O fO <N OOOOO 6 OOOOO 0 OiAOOin in NtntnfNtfi 0 0 0 *n 00 00 in m rn xp 0O0 0O0 0O0 in n CO OO OO 'Otp *Orp O0 O0 O0 ^p O O OO O O 0O O O 0O '<r fO \r 'rp OOOO OOOO OOOO 'tp co >p 00 00 n in fO>P OO 0 OOOO 0 0 0 OOOO m n m in m in in VJ* XP rO pO rO fO fO O0 00 0 0 <N O <0 0 0 0 O O O 0 OOO 0 O O O O 0 O ir\ in O O O m on m en (N tf\ cO 0O OO (N O <N M OOOO OOOO OOOO m m m <n O O 0000000000 O O 0000000000 O O intnoninoooom rO fN mcrtMi-cmmcNcocoeo 0o<s 0on 0m 0s*o+0v\totCnnc oocn 0iCn^v0O00tOoN0^i^n0Nr^M0nN04Vv0oOm0CSo0oO0oOo0O<Q0ncO0\C*0*Vm0CcS0oOc0\Nv0OcoN0r''A.0iVn0Oin <N - H "4 *< tO OOo VOvOn O*(-N4 O<nsO^m HH o 0000 0000 0000000000 o to nNrA^'Ntf cWo^Oo cOvG^\ ("*Np N"C> 000 0n\OtnNM^rO^- o<O^'Ao hh ^ cn ^ OOOOO O o o 00 oao o <n 00 o 00 *n \on CO H H H ^ *-4 OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO OO^^NHNfOOOOQON\OminOiAC\0 oO^>fxrvoiAh-c\Opnr\inOT(NCV'tf-<nCS --i CA --* (S*<N --4 fO tMfitCnOrO*' 1-4 6-4 0 000 MN(0s rj r4 ni vo (N Cv 0O 0q Oatoao t'fn^n^No0'o0tO0o0Omo^oCOsnOvoNwotO01 0 hrs'VOrrc^n rn (N \0 tj* r^. in - tN -* m 00 vo co " H 'O'f -< Min* 60 60 aa ^S a m 4k4? H fflJS W CO QO bfl bfi C .S -u 3 c bo.g ic O u 01a u tS -O JO JO 61) u- s e w , J:3 bQ .S 3 v -O 41 Si JS in tn 6*3 W)6!fl G W bQ <2-2*2 S Q "S-2 rt o pacQOtoSHHcu Se 18 8. 04 N C * r ^3 w .2 "o 3 3 a a 5a 0 w a.2* tiVI a f 1 s s s - s.s!!!!!!!V in a 3 o C o c 3 (A .9 *O* rf e * tfi .3 3> 2 O w m 41 bQ bQ (A JO GG >T3 O C u . 2 3 uta P? GOo 3 --* acoJ o o o a-Qs-' -w e bfi bo ac UM vj m 3 ^In ww OO u ^ JB </> m %-G 2 35-a 3h SiS1 g's a js ^ -q E o Ifl * W Ifl (fl .J 3 w w 6flQ0 TJ'O 1 3 Sbfl?5 I" I issss-s-g s -Q --< m <n cJ a *2 Ou>4i4>J>4>4!-l5;QSQSc/}crt</}>:?^S>F*5*S>5* K 1' V j ARSENIC --BENZENE 22-7 \- much more common. Effects of antimony, used in this country is chrysotile. It is used resemble those of arsenic primarily in the almost exclusively for heat insulation or for dermatitis, which may start as an inflamma textiles which must resist high temperature, tion of the hair follicles and progress such as heat resistant clothing and brake through pus formation and sloughing to linings. !!' leave a contracted scar. Inhalation of excessive quantities of as * Arsenic, in the form of arsenic trioxide, is bestos fiber can produce a fibrosis in the traditionally the most important of the poi lungs similar to that found in silicosis but i' t sonous materials used for criminal purposes. somewhat milder and usually not so rapidly It is a profoundly irritating material which progressive. Like silicosis, the condition de produces inflammation of the stomach and velops slowly and advances slowly and is intestines, destroys the hemoglobin, and. equally resistant to treatment. causes nervous collapse. However, cases of severe industrial poisoning are rare. Prevention is essentially dust control. A maximum dust concentration of 5 million Men who handle the solid compounds of particles per cubic foot has been suggested, arsenic may suffer from a husky voice and precisely as for pure free silica. cough, perforation of the nasal septum, ulceration of the skin, loss of hair and nails, Barium. The soluble salts of barium are warts and sometimes skin cancers which toxic when ingested, as well as highly caus tend to follow a slow and not very malig tic on the skin. There seems to be little 1 nant course. These troubles are all severe toxic hazard in the inhalation of the dust nuisances, but they are practically never of the less soluble salts. fatal and seldom disabling. Barium is a heavy metal, and the dust of i. i Arsine. Severe and acute industrial poi the insoluble salts will collect in the lungs sonings with arsenic are likely to be the and give rise to the condition known as result of inhalation of arsine, produced acci baritosis. Its nodular appearance on X-ray dentally when hydrogen has been generated film may be mistaken for that of silicosis. in the presence of a material' which contains Men showing the sign of baritosis are ap arsenic. This gas has been reported in the parently not disabled or inconvenienced in acid cleaning of filter plates, in the handling any way. of wet dross from a light metals plant, in Benzene is a colorless, flammable, volatile the cleaning of tank cars which have held liquid with a rather pleasant aromatic odor. sdlfuric and hydrochloric acids, in the clean Its fire hazard is between that of ethyl alco ing of pipes with an acid contaminated with hol and that of ether. The greatest hazard arsenic, in the precipitation of cadmium is that of chronic poisoning by inhalation of with metallic zinc, and in other circum comparatively small amounts over a long pe stances as well. riod of time. It is one of the two or three Arsine rapidly destroys the red cells. After most dangerous organic solvents in com it has been inhaled, the first signs are those mercial use. of lack of oxygen. After some time the The action is primarily on the blood- body begins to excrete the damaged red forming organs, producing severe anemia, cells which appear as a dark or bloody bleeding under the skin, and great reduc urine. The kidneys may then become too tion in the ability of the blood to clot. clogged to operate at all. The extent of chronic exposure to benzene The possibility of arsine formation should may be determined qualitatively by measure always be considered when there is hydro ment of the ratio of organic to inorganic- gen formation around the active metals or sulfates in the blood. The most convenient around ores of the heavy metals*_since ar measurement of damage is given by a blood senic is widely distributed in small amounts count. and only a trace of it is required to pro People vho may be exposed to benzene duce enough arsine to be troublesome. vapor should have blood counts at regular Asbestos is a hydrated magnesium silicate intervals. Consistent change in the blood found in the minerals chrysotile, amianthus, count should be closely investigated. Par actinolite and cremolite. Practically all the ticularly significant changes are diminution commercial asbestos is either chrysotile or in the total numbers of red cells, platelets amianthus, and about 90 per cent of that or white cells. smsssxss TABLE OF CHEMICAL HAZARDS 23-29 *8 3 a ..1."3 rCt a a g .st41 G *d MH 5 U-g4v> s f3S-.2g i|g3;i J-S.S2 s--VH> a f. 60 g.s 5, a "2 'll (4 .1 in 3 JtS* 4(h1 eo >v 41 41 (-4 aS * 3-O3 Ow VS V5 JS ww 4fl) *122 S 20*~*a>* S u 5 a 6 soa'S o .wsQg00r '3S u* GTSJ *4*1 Soa's g * U vs > e o,-s 2*~ 0*`J3 Sg8g M |4 s *T3 u 4* aflcS N.-U o4 XJ c a" 4 9 00 J &g d 4 "fl . 2^| j*o wj vs Jt .22 S. ,, aJ5j tj a iSWsc r -- j(4. .5 2 <4 O 4 m C -C a, VI u so la j'-"2 . C4 M-a _c .a a? ao-o s a (A .5 304 CC UO *n S'* . So44#**Swa o a >? H S-2 4V1S 2 60 . al.i 3*2 o a 3 4) c u, o. in aw . o Cu C 22 ^8 Oja '5 60 ? B-S tA ^S3 ? 51 4aM4>>1) 1*<3A*-w0S3#3, (A w a o-o 441i 4(4) 3-= 4*) 4v? aO o a 04 'G O us 3-o i2 a 04 </T w SB G. COJ vV)i 41 QG 3(A ^ a-s*l m vj 4 " NO a a^.s ^'c2;> O" ^>b*3oaOa.Jf 4i =S % g.g +* M avs, wQ 4i m ; uu o O u* 13 00 in 3 4J -H >v - w js u-i *s ^ O 04 S3 a-a I 1-a a. 0 *, 41 `E a:I 3 H w VS 04 >> -O oo 41 *8 8 a. Hga Pa 41 M-i S 0.2 - tfl 5o eo 5C 4 VS :3 SH3 v a <= _o 2 gw .O < gu c > v8si c4g-a o g aos rB .9.a.s a -S .'fl-iio 2 "> u 3 *o* rt "3 fi 2^2 - a JG .c3-a0 ce SO a6 c 3s 2 o -- o ocS 3.2 11 g * ?3 a .3 a (4 U 3 2 V) 1 a fag a " .3 VI "O o c a 8 ^13 2 S* ABt = u".As a "* 2 ^g a -a o a O 4, ^u G3 5g W TT <1 o s ~ 8.ja (4 2 3 & V A I s^ u J3 3* a 4u3) 3o s 00 s a m w o s ..a a 5* c4 O ft44- S a.a 1 .2*^ 33 s 6 u <n ao aBd Q. S d4 o& o S 2 00 o u a u a. ad w6.2w W ^ <3*3c a ^.SPE 41 - 4> ss .5 M4 o3t4 |^ M 04 E E C4 <33 41 -0 vC 2a S'c o-S (A -o 3 ajs -E C4 0*04 E u-c E S2 GO (4 8 ja 8^ W H3 C 04 03 a C o c u > JU o a 4O -S 5 3 `S 3 s oH 4> o OS q C04 E cu acc i J- W IA Cb si- 1 >% G a c o E -Q 3 </) rct -o c 3 oO a. N E G41 ovi Mw E 3.241 E .2 *C 04 -Q C41 N C 41 >v 41 J3 i i PLAINTIFF'S EXHIBIT Officers of the TEXTILE SECTION SANT, RJL, Supervising Nunc, GcvtitevUle Company. Granitcrille, S. C; 'FRANCES BETHUNE. R.N., Employers Muttol liability Insurance Company of Wtsoonsin, Charlotte N. C.; FORREST H. BUMFORD, Director, Burrau of Occupational Health, Coocotd, N. H.; 'ROBERT I. BARR. Safety Supervisor, Industrial Rayon Corpora tion. Painesville, Ohio. NATIONAL SAFETY COUNCIL 1T53-54 General Chairman--CHARLES L. TROMM ER. Chief of Safetr Branch. Personnel Department, Mohawk Carpel Mitte, Amsterdam, X. Y. Vice-Chairman--H. S. BAUCO.M. Safety Director. North Carolina Industrial Ceemmisioa Kateigh. S'. C. 3(reiol Committee--Textile Fiber Sfonsfaeiuring--GLEN G. FLEMING (Chairman). Safety Director, Cdancsc Corporation of America, New York, N. Y.; A. E. CON NELLY. Safety Supervisor. Martinsville Nyloa Plant, E. I. du Pout Company, Martins ville. Va.; JEROME COLLINS, American Viscose Company. Nitre, W. Va.; * J. D. DROWN. Safety Director, American Enla Corporation, Enla, N. C.; 'ROBERT L DARR. Safety Supervisor. Industrial Raj-on Corporation. Painesville. Ohio. Rrfreientathx--FRANKLIN* G. PATER. National Safety Couodl, Chicago, III. Secretary--ARTHUR KINSMAN. Tle Waller V. Dark Association*. Barrington, R. | 'Pm General Qtairman .Vmiiiwlim Committee--'ROBERT I. BARK (Cltainnan}. Industrial Kayoo Cocporaikc. Painesville, Ohio; *C J. HYSLUP. Safety Director, Chaiham Maaafacmrinc Co. Elkin, N. C.; *H. E. WILLIAMS. Safety Director. FlcWcrcfl Mills. Dniskn of Mar- shall Field & Ccl, Spray, X. C. Engrain Committee^-RICHARD C. MORRIS (Chairman). Robert F. Coleman. Ioc. New York, N. Y.; GLEN G. FLEMING, Safety Director. CelancK Corporation of America, New York, N. Y.; T. B. 1POCK. JR, Director Industrial Retaaoeu. Firestone Textiles, Gastonia, N. C; "H. E. WILLIAMS. Safety Director. Ficfcfcncq Mill*. Din- tion of Marshall Field & Col. Spray, N. C. Membeeihifi Committee--HAROLD F. HAYDEN (Chatman). Safety Training St Medial Director, Columbian Rope Company, Auburn. N. Y.; *J. D. BROWN. Safety Dircetor. American Enlct Corporation, Enla, N. C.; 'JOHN BURGER. W. J. Didecy & Sen* Inc, Odla. Md. Engineering Ccfwti/Hff--E. L. FERMENTER (Chairman), Supcniier Lom Prevention Department, Liberty Mutual Insurance Company, 5,ortanburC. S. C; F. W. 1L\RCACCIO. Chief of the Division of Industrial Inspection, Department of Labor, Prow knee R. I.; W. B. UNDERWOOD, Hanford Accident & Indemnity Company, Greens boro, X. C; WALTER G. HOL2ER, Safety Supervisor, Bigekiw-Sanforcl Carpet Company Inc, Amsterdam. X. Y.; EVAN L. WOLFE, N.E. Div. Engineering Manager. Amencan Mutual Liability Insurance Co, Boston, itass.; JAMES M. FULLER, Drawer F. Branwood Station, Woodside Milt*. Greenville. S. C. Education and Training Committee--J. A. WINKLER (Chairman), Assistant Southern Division Manager, American Mutual Liability Company, Atlanta. Ga.; HEFLIN HAYNES. Personnel Director, Avondale Mills. Sylacauga, Ala.; JEROME COLLINS. American Viscose Company, Nitre. W. Va.; *C. J. HYSLUP, Safety Director, Oatham Manufacturing Company, Elkin, X. C.; L. P. SORRELL. Deputy Commissioner. North Carolina Dcpartmott of Labor, Raleigh, X. C.; GRADY E. GRANT. Personnel Director, Dixie Mcreeriring Company. Chattanooga. Tom. Health Committee--JOSEPH M. BOSWORTH. M.D. (Chairman), Divirioo Medial Director, Libaty Mutual Insurance Company'. Atlanta, Ga.; "MRS. SARAH VAN 18 19 'J ) . 42nd Notional Safety Congress" <t ) (Index to Transactions of all Sections) r \ i / Officers, Trustee* and Board of Directors. . 3 Annual Council Meeting Minutes ...............;.. ....... ................... ................ ............. II the Six Cs (Ned H. Dearborn) ............ ...... I.. 13 Address (Hthty T. Heald)............................................. .. T.. 17 Get' Everybody Into the Act (Jean Wade RJndtanb)21 ' Banq#u. et .. Address (Cravford Hr-Grcenewaft).... The Gist Award.............................. ........ \Women's Activities*___ C?.... .......... i Safety Exposition Exhibitors.-.............. (Tj). Indix .................................... :....... 26 ................._3I . C`.\___ .35 t. I .,'<40 - :..... .M9 Officers of the CHEMICAL SECTION NATIONAL SAFETY COUNCIL 1954-5*5' General Chairman--GEORGE L. GORBELL, Monsanto Chemical Ok, St. Louis, Mo. Vice-Chairman in Charge of Program--S. F. SPENCE, American C>anamid Co., New York, N. Y. ` Secretary--JOHN J. WHALEN, Solvay Process Division, Allied Chemical & Dye Corpo ration, Solvay, N. Y. % Ncioslettcr Committee--CARROLL A. HEBERT (Chairman), Ethyl Corporation, Baton Rouge, La.; EARL R. WALLACE, Eastman. Kodak Co., Rochester, N. Y.; E. C. MEITER, Employers Mutual of Wausau, Milwaukee, Wis.; A. B. RITTER, Hercules Powder- Co., Wilmington, DeL Engineering Committee--D. F. HAYES (Chairman), U. S. Atomic Energy Commission, Washington, D. C; G. C. HENDERSON,'Carbide Sc Carbon Chemicals Co., Paducah, Ky.; F. C. GAUGUSH,. Sherwin-Williams Co., Chicago, I1L; H. F. REINHARD, Union Carbide & Carbon Corp, New York, N. Y.; H. H. McGEATH, The`Procter k Gamble Defense Corp., Amarillo, Texas. Public Relation! Committee--R. G. WHEELDON (Chairman), The Drackett Co, Gncinnatr, Ohio; J. T. TROLINGER, Allied Chemical Sc Dye Corp, HopewdC Va. \Data.Skeet and Instruction Card Committee--H. H. FAWCETT (Chairman), General Electric Co^ Schenectady, N. Y.; G. G. FLEMING, Celanese Corp. of America, Char- lotte, N. G; D. W. GIBSON, Columbia-Southern Chemical Corp., Barbertoo, Ohio; W. W. ALLISON, Wcstinghouse Electric Co., Pittsburgh, Pa. Health Committee--S. W. GURNEY (Chairman), Liberty Mutual Insurance Co, Boston, Mass.; MERRIL EISENBUD, U. S. Atomic Energy Commission, New York, N .Y.; T. W. NALE, M.D, Union Carbide Sc Carbon Corp, New York,. N. Y. Membership Committee--S. D. SALTONSTALL (Chairman), Celanese Corp. of America, Bishop, Texas; W. W. FLANAGAN, Atlas Powder Coy'Wilmington, DeL :. '` Poster and 'Visual Aids Committee--G. R- CUMMINGS (Chairman>jHEli^ Lilly Sc Com pany, Indianapolis, Ind.; J. B. BLACK, National Institutes off Healtljj Washington, D. C; C H. SEYMOUR, The Carborundum Company, Niagara-TalD N. Y. Statistics and Contest Committee--M. A. SNET.I, (Chairman), Hartford Accident & Indemnity Company, Hartford, Conn.; R. L. ALLINSON, The Dow Chemical Com pany, Texas Division, Freeport, Texas. . Artery Committee--R. H. . ALBISSER, Merck & Company, Inc, Rahway, N. J.; LEN L. COBB, Eastman Kodak Company, Rochester, N. Y.; S. M.. MacCUTCH- EON, The Dow Chemical Company, Midland, Mic'h.;E. J. MEYERS, E. I. du Pont de Nemoari and Co., Inc, Wilmington, Del.; J. E. NICHOLS, Reynolds Metals Com*' pony, Richmond, Va.; R- C. STRATTON, The Travelers' Insurance Co., Hartford, Com. Staff Representative--F. A. VAN- ATTA, National Safety Council, Chicago, 111. ^. v / ( J t 4 Industrial Hygiene in the Petroleum Industry By A. C- PABST Industrial Hygienist, Socony-Vactmm Oil Co., Ina, New York, N. Y. Industrial hygiene is a field that is closely \ .The typical industrial hygienist usually interwoven with industrial safety. In fact, started ouV-as'T chemist or chemical cngi- it can be regarded as a medical engineering ncer who became interested, and studied phase of safety. toxicological effects of chemicals on man. Unfortunately, many people do not know what'industrial hygiene is and the functions of an industrial hygienist. The reason for this is that industrial hygiene is a compara tively new science and practically unknown twenty years ago. . Today there arc only about 800 industrial hygienists in the United States, and a large number of this group 'are not in industry, but working for the federal govepurient'-or state departments. Usually, people hearing the word "hygiene'* recall they, had a hy giene course in high school which-dealt with personal habits such as bathing, clean ing the fingernails, teeth, and so forth and immediately jump to the conclusion that an industrial hygienist in industry must be interested in.'keeping employees dean. In my initial visit to many, refineries, it seemed that the first place I was taken was to locker rooms to inspect .shower and lav Consequently, he has a good background of. chemistry and engineering combined with some medical knowledge--a sort of onethird doctor, one-third engineer and onethird chemist. His objectives are protection and improvement of health and safety of workers in industrial environments from all' manger of harmful exposures related to occupation. Industrial hygienists and safety engineers have pretty much the same objectives and should be regarded as- members of the same team. Actually, the functions of' each are . sometimes so inter-related it is not pos sible to draw a clear line of separation be tween the two fields, nor iyftnecessary to do so for if a man's health is^ehdangered , by working conditions it ii^an important part-of his safety picture. In many indus tries. safety and industrial hygiene are combined in the same department. t atory facilities. In some degree, industrial' In the petroleum industry, however, in- . hygienists are interested in the employee's dustrial hygienists are usually attached to cleanliness,'but only so far as it is neces the medical department .and work as. closely sary to protect his health. We are more as "possible with the safety department for interested in -keeping an employee's lungs, the protection of the employees. There is skin, and other organs clean and free from good reason why, the petroleum industrial hazardous gases, liquids, and other harmful hygienists must lean heavily upon the safety substances. department In the petroleum industry the Hygiene is defined as that branch of med ical science that relates to preservation of health. Therefore, industrial hygiene may be defined as the science of prevention and control of occupational illness. It resolves concept of industrial hygiene is relatively new as compared to the chemical and other' industries, consequently, the number of pe troleum industrial hygienists is exceedingly small. itself into the problem of finding factors or conditions in work places that may cause or contribute to the illness or serious 'dis comfort of employees, and of devising meth ods and means^of eliminating or controlling such conditions. Another term that may- On the other hand, safety departments- are . well established, welt acquainted with and dose to every day problems of the petroleum industry. They have considerably more cov erage and manpower. best describe industrial hygiene might be To illustrate, the American Petroleum In industrial medical engineering. stitute's roster of safety and fire protection The industrial hygienist has done much 'personnd list some 1,200 names, probably' toward bringing medicine and safety engi not all, in this occupation. Contrasted to neering into close cooperation partly because this, to the best .of my knowledge, there are His interests overlap these two fields. at present, only 17 industrial hygienists Petroleum Industry 5 working for petroleum companies--an indus 2, It can 'be harmful by direct contact try ratio of approximately 70 safety men to wi(h the skin or parti of the. bddy.'j one industrial hygienist. Most of the major '' 3. It can be inhaled as svgas, vapor, mist __ oil companies now have at least one indus or dust 1. / trial hygienist and anywhere from 50 to 100 . Ingestion safety men so you can see it is very neces sary for us to work with and through, our safety people. Fortunately, petroietim materials arc not commonly or intentionally taken internally 'and therefore, trouble from this is rather Basically, the practices of. industrial hy rare in a refinery, although it docs oca.-' giene in the petroleum industry, is the ^amc sionaily'ocoir unknowingly. 1 recall watch as in any other industry and it can be boiled ing a worker who had been complaining of' down to four general principles; stomach .trouble, whose duties involved the 1. A knowledge of the toxicology) of compounding of litharge or lead oxide in a chemicals and materials. 2. A review of all chemicals or.materials used and how handled and tabulation of toxic of potentially hazardous sutatinccs. doctor solution. This man proceeded to empty bags of litharge into an outdoor mixing tank and because of the dust and mists generated lie correctly wore a respirator. Of course, .his hands were covered with lead oxide, and 3. Measurement of worker exj>o*ure to my amazement, the first- thing he did liazardous substances. when lie came down off the catwalk was 4. If required, recommendation and in stallation of adequate ccHitrol measures and evaluation of the effectiveness of such cor rective steps. to' take an orange out of his lunch box which lie started to peel and eat--probably .one of the most effective ways to get- lead {Ktisoning. Toxicology of Chemicals In regard to tht toxicology of chemicals, it is'lusually difficult to adequately define a hazardous material liccause practically any thing \ can be safe or harmful depending upon now it is used or.where it is used. Unfortunately, when petroleum products get into the hands of customers ingestion is more frequent, usually, by small children whose parents carelessly leave products within easy reach. You know that every year there are fatalities reported from chil dren drinking kerosene. We have had hurry For example, air and water are not re calls from doctors involving children drink garded las harmful, but both arc quite deadly ing such products as penetrating oil and undep/certain renditions--air injected fly sprays. interthe blood stream and,' waterjif intro Some times adults arc even worse as duced into the lungs. ''s__y there arc' many cases, of anti-freeze poison In. the same manner, the use of carbon ing, drinking of brake fluid and one I recall' tetrachloride in a' process having properly of our radiator flush which contains muri designed ventilation would nqt be liazardous, atic add and Chlorinated hydrocarbon. How while the use of carbon tetrachloride for ever, this product is fully labeled including mopping floors would be ..quite dangerous. .poison warning with the skull and cross . Most- safety people' are aware that carbon bones. tetrachloride is a-hazardous- chemical because there has been considerable publicity regard ing itS toxicological effects, and in some cases, restrictive labeling requirements have lcen passed, for example, in New' York City. Many other, chemicals usedTn the petroleum industry have inherent toxic qual ities of the same magnitude, yet are not so well known. In regard to toxicology, there are three ways in which a substance can cause adverse effects upon man: It should be- emphasized' that hardly a substance exists that is not capable of pro ducing effects on the human body if taken in sufficient amounts or under the. wrong drcumstances. Even common table salt if used in sufficient quantities is toxic. It is reported that many years ago the Chinese used table salt as a means of committing suidde.' Every chemical substance, there fore, has. a non toxic dose for. man and a toxic dose for man. This can be well illus trated by the following slide on a widely 1. It can be Rested or swallowed. used commodity: * 1954 National Safety Congress Effect of Alcohol Level in Blood* Ounce* at Whhlccr Consumed in 1' Hr. or In* Percent Alcohol in Blood Bduvioc / A. primary irritant is a chemical that may ' caux dermatitis in' individuals frequently-, after only one contact. .They may lhave a strong chemical action, such .as adds, alkalis, amines, and so forth or they may have a Ya 1 2-3 3 - <5 S 10 16 2-4 30 0~0t 0.02 0.03 0.1 0.1} 0.2 0.3 o.-t a.f 0.6 0.7 Noraul. Pecitaf of w*nntb uit *odl behavior. EDene blunted, fat. impoltfre. Officially fall aober. Fumbling. staggering g*it. ctutmiaen. tlnrred speech. Officially drunk. Responses ind motor coordination strongly ttfeeted. Helpless, tuusei. Stupor. Com*. Paralysis at the retpiritotr center -- Death. Pfizer Spectrum, JAMA, March 27. 19W Skin and Body Contact weak chemical action but.require prolonged .contact to cause dermatitis. Most petroleum hydrocarbons are primary irritants but are.' classed in the latter category in that pro-' longed or extensive contact is usually re quired to cause skin irritation. Sensitizing agents, on the other hand, are chemicals that are innocuous to most skins but capable of producing dermatitis 1 ip a few- susceptible individuals followingre peated contacts over a long period'of time. Sensitization may require weeks, .months' or even yean of contact with the material betore dermatitis develops. Approximately 60 per cent of all com plaints received by our department are con cerned with iicrmatitis and' skin irritations resulting from contact with petroleum mate rials. The petroleum industry is now handling large quantities of chemical' additives and inhibitors, many of which are strong pri mary .irritants and very active chemical compounds. By nature, inhibitors usually By far, the majority of these complaints are from customers so this" is a subject that is very important in the marketing of pe troleum products. Cases ambng our employees or in our refineries are few when compared with those among industrial users of petroleum prod ucts, and it is believed that the reason for this is due mainly to the degree or extent have'to be very potent chemicals because, while they are used in very low concentra tions they exert a powerful influence on the characteristics or performance of the prod uct, and many of the inhibitors are just a* potent towards man. One very active class of inhibitors are the amines and substituted amines, and we are particularly concerned abour them because of contact. they are very damaging to jhe' eyes, aiyLa In the petroleum industry skin contact is not generally experienced to the extent that it is--for. example, in the metal working industries^ where^ a daily eight hour skin contact with'-cutting oils often takes place. It is definitely established that, skin is not an impermeable barrier to chemical sub stances, and it is increasingly important as a route 'of absorption for many material*. Action of chemicaU on skin may be local resulting in dermatitis. Examples we are familiar with are kerosene, anting oils, and so forth, or a chemical may be absorbed through the skin and cause damage to blood splash can readily result in blindness/ihe) atnines are usually strong smelling tfcuslfe liquids, insoluble in water, hence difficult to remove by washing. They can cause severe eye burns and necrosis- of eye tissue. In addition, most amines are . readily absorbed through the skin; and even low quantities may cause internal -damage and death. The following wilt show the effect on skin of one such amine-dimethyl phenylene diamine; Amount Skin Am , Effect 0.00 toe 0.003CC 1 *q. cm. Host -- rednesa -- r*h 1 *q. cm. Blister foemuioa ASXX. 12 *q.Death or internal parts of the body. Employees should be fully alerted as to Lead tetraethyl as an illustration docs not hazards, of such materials and should, be affect the skin or cause dermatitis but can .. educated`to the use of protective goggles, penetrate the skin and- cause internal pois- gloves and aprons when handling such prod- `oning. ucts, an activity within the scope of - the Regarding external or local skin effects, chemicals may be classified either as pri mary irritants or sensitizihg agents. safety engineer. The foregoing applies to concentrated or undiluted , inhibitors. Finished petroleum Petroleum Industry products should and usually do contain such A few of the materials commonly cn - * . a small quantity, and the inhibitor is so diluted as *to result in practically no_more harm in the finished product: than"there would be from the straight mineral oil itself.' Industrial dermatitis cases some times re sult in bizarre and erroneous conclusions as to their cause even by those who should know better. } . I recall a case of a young man wlio countered in the petroleum industry an listed below: G'dltt mJ Vdptrt , SobsUtK* _PPh Beoaeoc (bcnaol) ..................................................... 3) Cxxboa dioxJ<k ............................................................ 500C Cxxboa moooxkic ....................................................... 104 Csxboa tetrachloride ..................................... 21 Cssoliae . ..L..,............................... 100 Hydiocca nUdc ....................................................... 20 Nspbtns (pctxoteaa) ........................................... 300 Octxoc .. fi............................................................... . 10C Suitor dioxide........................................................... It worked in a gasoline station and developed a severe dermatitis. He went to a physician who made patch tests on him and found he had a sensitivity to special gasoline but no reaction to regular gasoline. Apparently, ' T*xie Dmill. Pmmti. Subaxnee MillI M*. Pc Cu. M . Iron oxide fame ................ ............................... II Usd ........................................... ......................... 0.11 Sulfuric xcid ................................... '................. t the. physician had heard special gasoline contains a lot of lead because the case was diagnosed as resulting from an excess of lead tetraethyl in the special gasoline. We thought this strange because while we all know that lead tetraethyl is a violent poison and can be absorbed through the skin, it is not a primary skip irritant and has never been known to cause dermatitis: A review of records of gasoline shipments into the particular area showed the regulir ga^line actually contained the same or some times more lead than the special gasoline, clearly proving\ that., lead tetraethyl was not to blame, put that some' other material was Substance Mimrrml Dmill ' MPPC1 Axbcxto* ,................................................................. Duit (ooissnee. no free tilici) ........................... Silks ' high (shore 10% free SiOil ........................... medium (J to 10% free SrOr) ....................... . low (below 3% (ree.SiOt) ........................... J 10 1 20 10 These values are based on the best avail able information from industrial experience, from experimental studies, and, when pos sible, from a combination of the two. They are not fixed values, but are reviewed annu ally by the Committee on Threshold Limits for changes, revisions, or additions as fur ther information becomes available - responsible. y Inhalation Threshold Limits should be used as guides tn control of health hazards and should not. Of the three avenues by which chemicals can be taken into the body, inhalation prob ably has received by fir the most study and investigation because it is the most impor be regarded as fine tines between safe and dangerous concentrations. They represent- : conditions .only within which it is felt that, workers may be repeatedly exposed, daj tant consideration in industrial health. after day, without their health being ad The vast amount of research on tile in halation of materials has resulted in publica tion of very useful data on safe human exposure levels known as Threshold Limit Values-or Maximum Allowable Concentra tions. This Is a Hit of several hundred com monly encountered chemicals, solvents, dusts, and so--forth, the toxicology of which has versely affected. It Is felt, at the present time, that workers should not be exposed to a working environment containing any of these substances in excess of the value Indicated. . I cannot over emphasize the importance of the Threshold Limit Values and believe that every safety man should be famlllar^wlth tben^ttlffTstve copies of the complete table, been hapcfnlly studied by medical research because>t!fey have been' incorporated-' in and industrial experience. states* codes and .have the force of law in The list is compiled annually by the Amer many states, and therefore,. must "be com-- - ican Conference'- of Governmental Indus . plied with.- So far some nineteen states have trial Hygienists and is published by the written Threshold Limit- Values' into their American Medicsd-Aisociation. It tabulates laws and often management is riot aware of the maximum umAint of the various mate rials workers can safely he exposed to for an eight hour working dajrrwtd*xt injury to health. { -' '*/ such requirements but would be Ih a vul nerable ^position if trouble resulted from excessive exposure to any of the materials. Usually rt-TH up to safety people and indus- 8 1954 National Safety Congress trial hygienists to alert management to the existence- of these codes and to institute measures for measurement of air contam inants so as to insure compliance. Even a common material like- gasoline has a maximum safe level which is 500 parts per- million. The results of exposure to concentrations greater than 500 ppm is shown by the following: A hazard U defined as--"the. risk of in jury or illness which may be encountered . during or as a result of any reasonably anticipated type'of handling or use of a substance; or during its specified use; if any. by reason of the toxicity of*- the substance through ingestion, inhalation or absorption through the skin, or due to its corrosiveness or irritating properties, or because of its flammability or explosiveness." Gasoline Exposure Similar labeling regulations already exist Symptoms: Headache, irritation of eyes and-throat, dizziness, nausea, loss of con sciousness, death. Parts Per Millton % Maximum Altovtblc cootentration for prolonged exposure...................................... '00 0.0' Slicht symptoms after severs! hours............ 1000 0.1 Miximum concentration tolerablefor I hr. 'Ooo 0.' Dangerous for short exposure.....................I 'OOO 1.' Fatal for short exposure................................ i'OOO Lower explosive limit...................................... t-IOOQ 1.4 in California, Illinois, Oregon, and the Ter ritory of Hawaii and are in the making in New -Jersey, Xew Hampshire, Ohio and Rhode Islam!. More can be expecte<L For tunately, most state ` regulations arc guided hy recommendations of the Manufacturing Chemists' Association, Inc. and with some few exceptions, conformity in one state results in conformity in other states. " It is recognized that as a rule labcliug Product Labeling regulations of many products arc advisable One very important function of the in and result in safer handling of the material dustrial Hygienist in the petroleum industry by customers, but it requires extensive work. . is precautionary labeling of product. This knowledge of product and toxieologicat in-: is receiving more and mare emphasis as formation to determine what products must ' state after state passes lalieling regulations. be labeled and how they should be labeled. The most recent is the state of New York In our company's .operations, we use some where the Council on Public Health passed < what over 2,000 - basic chemicals or raw- on February 26, 1954 labeling regulations materials and thanufacture some 3,500 fin which became effective August 24. 1954 as ished products 'tjrhich must1 be reviewed in Chapter IX-A of the New York State dividually in regard tq tlf above. 'S.X Sanitary Code. These labeling regulations To illustrate, the following arc just a. have the force and effect of. law and require few of the hazardous materials that arc-' precautionary labeling on any product which encountered in petroleum refinery opera entails a hazard in a reasonably anticipated, tions or that might W compotmrletl into use. finished products: Mntrtidlj Respiratory Irritant* AcroleinAcetaldehyde Aluminum Chloride Ammoais. Asbestos Ditcstixtr butvl pars crcsol - Dusts, physiologically inert, general Dusts, actapulsus clay Dusts, bauxite Dusts, catalyst Formaldehyde Fluorides Furfural Inhibitors Lime Nitrogen oxides Ozooc Silica Smoke Sulfur dioxide Fine Oil Welding fumes in Pttrtlrnm Ktpmcrj Toxic Materials Aniline, liquid Aniline, dyes Benzol (Benzene) Cadmium Carboa Monoxide Chlorinated hydrocaiboai . Chrome compounds Cobalt, metal Hydrogen sulfide Inhibitors Lead, metal ft fumes Lead, oxide, litharge Lead, tetraethyl Lead, soaps Manganese Mercury Methanol Radioactive materials, general Toluol (Toloene) Xylol-(Xylene)" Zinc , Skin Irritants Acids -- all kinds Ameses Benzol (Benzene) Caustics Chromium Salta Coal-tar Compounds Cobalt, metal aad compounds Dyes Inhibitors Nickel salts ' Oils, general Oils, high boiling from Cat ft Steam Cracking Otis, insoluble cutting Phenol Pitch Solvents Ultra Violet Radiation Wax, untreated Petroleum tndustry 9 The. petroleum industry has made re /(able progress in development of new and better products and-in improving proc essing operations. Accompanying this prog ress has been new problems of toxicology and health engineering which must be stud ied and investigated with the same zeal as other types of research. The advent of catalytic cracking resulted in production and handling of aromatic Hy bm drocarbons, and of importance to us, healthproblems long associated with the coal-jar industry. The use <?f new chemical catalysts, inhib itors; and other chemical compounds involve health problems tint chemical industries * have faced for years. To illustrate this trend we nerd only look at the modem gasolines, fuel oils and motor oils. Years ago motor oils were practically 100 per cent petroleum in nature with little, if any, additives; today they contain up to 15 to 20 per cent of chemicals, additives and inhibitors, ami this trend will continue txrcause there is no question tliat additives necessary and Contribute much to im prove performance characteristics. Every step in-this direction, however, doe-. !>o*c , nlw problems o| health ami safety among Aur plant personnel and our custom- ers. Because the petroleum Industry is be coming more and more involved in the lutndling of all kinds of chemicals having1 various degrees of physiological effects -upon .man. I would like to quote the following concerning chemicals from. a publication i^sqed by Du Pont's Haskell Laboratory of Toxicology: "It Takes All Sorts'* 'Chemicals, like peafie, can be mild, frac tious and often exasperating. Like people, chemicals are of. many types and disposi tions. Most are uncomplaining, law-abiding citizens who present no special problems. Some are unstable and unpredictable. Some arc out-and-out neurotics, requiring a sharp ami observant discipline. Others, harmless by themselves, may be influenced by bad company. Still others are troublemakers in solitary, but locile and helpful in tandem. Some arc just plain bad actors." It is my firm opinion that good industrial hygiene in the petroleum industry is de pendent upon combined skills of many and requires earn.est cooperation of industrial idivsidans. industrial nurses, toxicologists, chemists, safety men and- industrial hy gienists working together as a team. We all have a very important part in the picture. Safe Handling of Insecticides By F. R. WILLSEY Farm Safety Specialist. Purdue University, Lafayette, Ind. Insecticides are supposed to kill! Of opinion seems to demand higher quality course, they are supposed to kill only insects products now that people realize -such prod liut the fact that they are intended to kill ucts can be produced. anything at all should be enough to cause us to be alert In one sense this problem of "Safe Handling of Insecticides" isn't a new prob lem at all. For years, we've had insecti cides that could and occasionally did kill humans. We have also had some that were 2. And the government doesn't think l>eople sltould eat so many insects. Tliat's indicated by the fact that we have more laws and regulations governing quality of products, labeling of insecticides, spray resi due, and so forth. less dangerous. On the other hand, in a few 3. Insects travel more. They hitch-hike ' diort years we've dunged from a few old rides on the very' latest transportation facili tandhys to over 5,000 products involving ties. As a result they get more pktccs and about 70 chemicals. get there quicker than they could a few 1^4 Why all this change? yeari ago. ' 1. Apparently' $feopte don't tike to cat 4. N*ew chemicals, plus research, makes . worms as well as they did. At least public new insecticides possible. In fact with each PLAINTIFF'S EXHIBIT J Officers of the TEXTILE SECTION NATIONAL SAFETY COUNCIL 1954-55 General Chairman--H. S. BAUCOlf, Safety Director. North Carolina Industrial Cow mlssioa, Raleigh, N, C. I'ice-Chairrnan--GLEN G. FLEMING, Safety Director. Celanese Corp. of Auwia, Charlotte, N. C. Secretary--]HAROLD F. HAYDEN, Safety Director. Columbian Hope Co. Actum N. Y. Somutating Committee--''CHARLES J, TROMMER (Qairtaan). Safety sor. Mohawk Carpet Mills, Inc., Amsterdam, N. Y,; -ROBERT I. BARR. Safer? Supcrrisor. Industrial Rayon Corp.. Paiaenilk, Ohio: *C J. HYStCP, Director cr Safety*, Chatham Manufacturing Co, Elkin. N. O .\fetnbrrjhip Committee--.-111 Pact General Chairmen--'"FRANCES BETMLNE tOr>~ lady). Nursing Consultant, Employers Mutual Liability C& of Wisconsin. Otarleec N. C. Program Committee--}OIL WINKLER (Onirmaa). Asa*tant Wr Mgr. American Mutual LUbili';. Ins. Co. Atlanta. Ga.; WALTER F. HOLZER. Sue!? and Serriee Supvr. Bigelotr>Sanford Carpet Co. toe. AtrmentonC X. Y.: LEON* ARD B. McABEE, Safety Director. Firestone Textiles. Gastonia. N. C.. CHARLES L TROMMER. Engineering Committee--. L. PERMENTER (Chairman). Supervising Engineer, Liberty Mutual Ins. Co^ Spartanburg. S. C.; FRANK W. MARCACCIO. Chief, Div. of Industrial Inspection, Rhode Island Dept, of Labor. Providence. R I.: EVAN L. WOLFE, X. E. Div. Eng. Mgr. American Mutual Liability Ins. Go. Boston. Mass.; WALTER F. HOLZER; *H. E. WILLIAMS. Safety Director. Fieldcrest Mills, Inc. Spray, X. C Edueation and Training Committee--\AS1ES iL FULLER (Chairman). Safety Dircetor, Woodside Mills. Brinmod Branch, Greenville, S. C: L L COLLINS, Safety' Supervisor. American Viscose Corp. Xitro, W. Va.: FRED L. SNODGRASS. Safety Dept. North America Rayon Corp. Elimbcthtoa. Tcna.; LOUIS P. SOR* RELL, Deputy Commissioner, N. C Dept, of Labor. Raleigh, X. C; FRED L_ THACKSTON, Safety Supervisor, South Carolina Industrial Commission, Columbia, S. C; FORREST N. PETTY. Director. Safety & Benefit*. Dan River Mills, Ine, Damilk, Va.: *G J. HYSLUP. Health CwniW--JOSEPH M. BOSWORTH. M.D. (Chairman), Div. Medicti Direc tor. Liberty Mutual Ins. Ccl. Atlanta. Ga.; -FRANCES BETHUNE, R.N.: FOR- 6 REST H. BUMFORD, Director, Bureau of Occupational Health. N. H. State Health Dept. Concord N. H. Special Committee--Tortile Fiber Manufacturing--JEROME COLLINS (Qiairman): GLEN FLEMING: FRED SNODGRASS: h D. BROWN; -R. I. BARR. Staff Representative--FRANKLIN G. HATER, National Safety Council, Chicago, lit Past Gcnsal Gtairxzan 7 PLAINTIFF'S EXHIBIT Officers of the CHEMICAL SECTION NATIONAL SAFETY COUNCIL 1955-56 Central Chairman--S. F. SPENCE, American Cyarnnud Company. New York, N. Y. Vicc-Chairma* in Charge of Program--JOHN J. WHALEN, Solvay Proceaa Division. Allied Oiemical & Dye Corporation. Solray, N. Y. .7r(far3CARROLL A. HEBERT. Ethyl Corporation, Oaten Roogc ta. Off-the-Job Committee--. J. MEYERS (Ooirtnan), E. I. du Pont de Nemours & Company, Inc. Wilmington, DeL; `GEORGE L_ GORBEZX, Monsanto Chemical Co^ Sl LffnX Mo.; *R. H. ALBISSER, Merck & Company, Inc. Rahway. N. J.i "J- E. NICOLS. Reynolds Metals Company. Richmond, Va. .Uvisory Committee--'R. H. ALB1SSER, Merck St Company, Inc, Rahway, N. J*: "ALLEN L. COBB, Eastman Kodak Company, Rochester, N. Y.s *J. J. DUGGAN, Carbide & Carbon Chemicals Company, South Charleston, W. Va.; "GEORGE L. GORBELL, Moaaanto Qianlal Company, St Louis, Mo.; `S. M. MacCUTCHEON. ~Fbc Dew Chemical Cosapaoy. Midland, Mich.; `E. J. MEYERS, E. I. du Pact de Xeown Company, Inc. Wilmington. DeL; *J. . NICHOLS, Rquolds Metals Coeapwy. Rkfexoond. Va; `R. C. STRATTON. The Travelers Insurance Company, Hartford. Coon. Stag lii.<iOrr T A. VAN ATTA, National Safety Council, Chicago, IU. Mews Later Committee--'iL L. ALLINSON (Quinsaa), The Dow Oiemical Company. Pax General Texas Division. Freeport, Tex.; PAUL C LAMB, Lever Brothers Co, New York. X. Y.; EARL R. WALLACE, Eastman Kodak Company, Rochester, N. Y.; E. G. ^ MEITER. Employers Mutuals of Wausau, Milwaukee, Wts.; A B- RITTER, Hercules Powder Co, Witmiftgtoa, Del. Engineering Committee--D. F. HAYES (Qtairman). U. S. Atomic Energy Commission. Washington. D. C; C. C. HENDERSON. Carbide and Carbon Cbsiuais Compart}. Paducah, Ky; F. C. CAUCUSK, Sherwin-Williams Company, Chicago, III.; H. F. REINHARD, Union Carbide and Carbon Corporation. New York, N. Y.; H. H. McGEATH, Drug Products Plant, The Procter fir Gamble Company, Cmdrauti. Ohio. Publie Relations Committee--R. C. WHEELDON (Quirmaa), The Draciell Companj. Cincinnati, Ohio; J. T. TROLINGER, Nitrogen Division. Allied Oxsiial Sc D)C Corporation. Hopewell, Va.; ALDO P. OSTT, Oos. Pfixer Sc Company, Inc. Brookliw, N. Y. Data Sheet and Instruction Card Committee--ll, H. FAWCETT (Chairman), Central Electric Company. Schencciad), N. Y.; C. C FLEMING, Cdancle Corporation of America, Charlotte N. C.; D. W, GIBSON, Columbia-Southern Chemical Corporation. Barberton, Ohio. Health Committee--S. W. GURNEY (Quinton), Liberty Mutual Insurance Company. Boston, Mass.; MERRIL ElSENBUD, U. S. Atomie Euogy Commission, Ansoma Station, New York, N. Y.; T. \V, NALE, M.D,, Uirim Carbide & Carbon Corporation. New York. N. Y. Membership Committee--S. D. SAL.TONST.VLL (Qairmu), Ccixnoe Corporation of America. Didoft Tex.; W. W. FLANAGAN. Atlas Powder Co, Wilmington, Del. Poster and Visual Aids Committee--G. R. CUMMINGS (Chairman), Eli Lilly and Com* pmy, Indianapoln. Ind.; J. B. BLACK. National Ituriretes of Health. Washington, D. C; C H. SEYMOUR, The Carborundum Company, Niagara Fails, N. Y. Statistics ond Contert Comniitrer~--6L A. SNELL (Qairaoa), Hartford Accident and Indemnity Company, Hartford, Conn.; J. J. PRABUL.OS, National Distillers Products Corporation, New York, N. Y. > ESi. JU. -f PLAINTIFF'S EXHIBIT NSC-25 . Accident Prevention FOR INDUSTRIAL OPERATIONS yr I 1955 NATIONAL SAFETY COUNCIL CHICAGO * U.S.A. ) - Is 33 :in{ cniterixl which ,1 the stoouch sad hemoglobin, iad However. am ai Cn( sra mx. mild compounds of t busty rate* zad th ul septum, ji of hair and nails, kiit aneta which ad M( vy malig. i bln ar* all setat : pncziallf atra at* smiilativt poison, the tissues at the titles are found in riser*- are also can* the hair and aaila detreud about two tj at i&posuc* cod' -*tx and sometime* v a tenainaatd. T to a oamfdrt* sey* and eta be thin a few been at re and foe a log .ait at 0.3 mg/tn1 ia accumuladoa of a aoic ut the body. (2, J-duhio-prdjw aa an taddent for Ir " dStcart in g front othrrwiae cate compounds aunent of wining aate industrial po* IStely ta be dir sine, produced ii* bata beea tenanted rial which ennui* ca reported in the tea. In the hxndling he atetaia plant. * a which bare beW acida, in the draw cootaminated with ition of atdnuum fa other arcane the red edit. Altec :--t sign* ate tbo*e some time the - damaged red irk oc bloods INDUSTaiAL POISONS J-7 ( urine. The kidneys may then become too soluble to be toxic, although not very caus t clogged to operate at all.* tic. The luifatc, which is used aa a contrast ' The pouibiliry of ariioe locmatioa thouid medium in X-ray work, is too insoluble in slwxys be considered when thert ia hydro gen forma ado around the active metal* or show say toxicity, sod soluble sulfates are specific antidotes for ingested barium salts. around orrs of the heavy mctali, since ar* Since these salts produce violent cumula sesic is widely distributed in tmall amounts tion of all muscle, upon ingestion they pro aad only a trace of it is required to pro duce severe disturbances of the digestive duct enough arsine to be troublesome. system. After absorption, the barium salts One of the marc common sources of arsine produce an iacrease of blood pressure by : incidents in recent years has been the han constriction of the arterial muscle, a slow dling of dross from the aluminum redoing heart beat by in action similar to that of , of metals.* Probably the most significant digitalis on the heart, and first excitation observation about these cases, aside from the and then paralysis of the central nervous sys bet that the moisture in the atmosphere is tem. Is spite of the high inhereoc toxiciry, enough to form arsine, ia the fact that the there are few cases of industrial poisoning people involved ia them have not beta aware with barium. of the garlic*I3:c odor which is supposed to Barium ia a heavy metal, aad the duat of be a warning of the presence of arsine. the insoluble salts will collect in the lungs The extremely high acute toxicity is re jected in the threshold concentration of 0.03 aad give rise to the condition known aa baritosia. Its nodular appearance on X-ray ppm. Arsine, in very small amounts,', is film may be mistaken for that of silicosis. f also capable of producing a chronic type of Men showing the sign of baritosia are ap poisoning, but it ia more typically a source at acute episodes. parently not disabled or inconvenienced in any way. Atbaitei is a hydrated magnesium silicate found ia the minerals chrysolite, amianthus, actinolite and (resnolitc. Practically all the commercial asbestos Is cither chrysottle or amianthus, sad about 90 per etna of that used ia tbit cauatry is ehrysocile. It is used almost exclusively lor bear insulxiioo or for textiles which must resist high temperature, such as heat-resistant dothing and brake Batestne is a colorless, lammablc, volatile liquid with a rather pleasant aromatic odor. Its fire haaard is between that of ethyl alco hol and that of ether. Tie greatest hazard is that of chronic poisoning by inhalation of comparatively tmall amounts over a tang pe riod of time. U is one of the two or three most dangerous organic solvents in com* mercial use. t linings. The action h primarily on the blood- Inhalation of cxccasive quantities of is- forming organa* producing sever* anemia* .. bestos fiber on produce s fibrosis in the bleeding under the skin* and great redue* lungs similar to that found in silicosis but don in the ability of the blood to clot. socoewhsc mdder and usually not so rapidly The extent of chronic exposure to benzene progressive. Like silicosis, the condition de may be determined qualitatively by measure* velops slowly and advances slowly and is sent of the ratio of organic to inorganic equally resistant to treatment. mifa tea in the urine. The most convenient Prevention is essentially dust control. A measurement of damage is given by a blood ` maximum dust concentration of 3 tntlKoa count. panicles per cubic foot has been suggested, People who may be exposed to benzene precisely aa for pure free silica. vapor should have blood counts at regular * Barium, ia the form of its soluble salts, intervals. Consistent change in the blood ts both toxic on ingestion and inhalation count should be closely investigated. Pir* * and highly caustic when applied to the skin. ucularly significant changes are diminutinn The carbonate nd_ sulfide are sufficiently in (he total numbers of red cells* platelets, "Arsine. Poisoning. Epidemiologic Stud* ies of an Outbreak Following Exposure to Gases from Metallic Dross." Louis W. Spotyxr, B. N. Harger, Artbires of InJuttriai Hygiene aied Occupational Medicine, 8 :i 19-- 06 (1990). or white cells. Headaches, dullness, fatigue, loss of ip* petite, irritability, nervousness, nosebleed, and other signi of abnormalities of the blood may or may not be present in chronic poisoning. PLAINTIFF'S EXHIBIT Social Commiiite Texiiit Ftbtr l/ena/acfiimp--FRED L. SNODGRASS (Qiiirmao), Safety Dept.. North American Rayon Corp, EZcafaethtA Tren.: *ROBERT I, BARR, Safety Supervisor. lothatrial Rayon Corp, PaiaeiviUe, Ohio; WILLIAM A. HAWN, Safety Director, Granitevilfe Mill*. GnaitevtUe, S. C. Advitory Compile*--NEIL NELSON. America* Ifucaai Lability Zac. Co, Maaehester. N. H.: -JOHN J. BURGER. W. J. Dickey k Seat loc, Oefla. Ui W B. WEAVER. Spray. N. C; *T. A WILSON. Textile Iwurusce CA. Hijh Point. X, C MARCH 1956 Vol. 73, No. 3 See utsn htde2` on p<i*jr J/fl 20th Annual 1. PLANT DESIGN -AND CONSTRUCTION Plan Plants for People. Light for Safer Work. Know Your Floors. .Stairs. Ramps. Fixed. Ladders.-*.,............. --t --`-.tt-VF* Safety Equipment Issue 2. HOUSEKEEPING AND MAINTENANCE ` Housekeeping and Sanitation. Rodent and Insect Control. What Color'Does. Portable Ladders. Scaffolds. Work FuruiUire........ XI 3. INDUSTRIAL HEALTH ENGINEERING * Ventilation: Washrooms and Lockers. Skin Infections. Heat and Humidity. Controlling Air-Borne Bacteria. Drinking Water.' . Food Service ............................................................................................................. 117 Two Sections: Section 1 4. NOISE CONTROL Measurement of Noise,-Engineering-Control. Ear-Defenders'. Medical Control. Hearing Aids.......................................................................... Hi Section 2: 5. PERSONAL PROTECTION-PART I F.yc Conservation, Respiratory Protection. Protection for the Head...Ill Service Guide 2.1 6. PERSONAL PROTECTION-PART 2 Foot Protection, Leg Protection, Safety Clothing, What to Wear, Plastics for Every Purpose. Safety Belts and Harnesses.............. 151 .. 7. MATERIALS-HANDLING -....... ' ......................` Fundamentals, Trucks and Tractors. Wire Rope. Chains and Chain-Slings. Fiber Rope-. .Hoists and Portable Cranes. Conveyors... .207 8. MACHINE OPERATION AND GUARDING Guarding the Machine. Electrical Equipment, Hand and Power Tools. .23! 9. PLANT PROTECTION Fire-Fighting Techniques. Handling Flammable Liquids. First-Aid Extinguishers. Automatic Protection. Spontaneous Ignition, Plant Organization ................................................................................................. 247 10. MEDICAL AND HEALTH SERVICE Medical and Health Service. Care of the Injured. Resuscitation Methods and Equipment........................................................................................279 17. SAFETY PROMOTION AND TRAINING Training and Maintaining Interest, Signs for Instruction. Direction and Warning. How to Plan Effective Meetings............................................299 Norvau Bukgu. EdUortal Director, Conn- ' <:tl Publication.*: Carman Ftfiii, Editor Wilxjam R. Vatic, Associate Editor Balth Moses. Art Director It. W. Champuh, Advertising Manager Rentier O. Jones, Assistant Advertising Manager Ot-ivrs Micktca. Advertising Production Mannger National. SArrrr Mews is published monthly by National Safety Council. Copyright IU5G bv National Safely Coun cil Printed in \J.S.A. Entered as sec ond class matter June 21. 1921. at the Post Office at Chicago. Illinois, under the act of March 3, 1879. Subscription rate: to members. S5.SQ per year, smctc comes 55 cents: :o non-members. S7 7.n lie- year, single come-.. 75 rents Quar*if- nrice1 or ymriv ubscnntions ami ingle issue on reuue-*t. Member Audt Rtitjau of Circulation' Iruloxwl -n Mttwrial Arl< Index JO rnyti r Editorial ................................................................................................................................. 2 Fatalities Up in 1955 ......................................................................................................... 3 Accident Investigations--D. Paul Cochran .............................................................. -I Ionizing Radiations--F. A. Van4<ta ............................................................................. it What's So Special About Women? ............................................................................... R The Boy and the Peddler (Diary of a Safety Engineer)--Bill Andrews ___ 9 Wjre lrom Washington ....................................................................................................... 10 Coming Events ..................................................................................................................... GI The Worker's Armor--CarterKendall ...................... 140 The Safety Library ................................................................... 147 Is the Purchasing Agent on Your Team? ............................................ .182 Recognition of a New Industrial Disease--N, Cillmor Lung. ,'f.D and Fred porter. M.D............................................ , )8- "alls Have Many Causes . .. ... .191 Vcic<- of the Reader ............................ 274 Personals . f7f Sr^sideni's Medai f....... 27f. tiii-i,....-. nF.ilms " "DATA SHEET D-428 CHECKING .PERFORMANCE..O.E LOCAL EXHAUST SYSTEMS Published by the National Safety Council -- 425 North-Michigan Ave.f Chicago IT,`Ilf. 1. Changes in manufacturing procedures-in the last few years have resulted in the use of more toxic materials and in the gener ation of more finely divided par ticles and greater quantities of smoke 'and fume. At' the ' same time, there has been a greater effort to maintain a safe, com fortable atmosphere for the em ployee. 2. It has been estimated that about 80 per cent of the contami nants are controlled by ventila tion, and "today' many operations' have ventilation included in the original installation. Although aventilation system is considered necessary' for safety and comfort on new installations, s sponsibility for its satisfactory perform ance is seldom assigned to any one individual. Therefore, it frequent ly is not tested when put into op eration and is allowed to become inoperative from lack of mainte nance. 3. Excellent handbooks have been written on installation of local exhaust systems, but too little has been ;given on how to maintain them in top operating condition. There are two reasons for this lack of information. 4. First, a local exhaust system usually is not a piece of produc tion equipment. Its maintenance may be slighted in favor of ma chines essential to the manufac turing process. Second, a local exhaust system has a dual aspect. 5. Strictly, it is an engineering or mechanical device, consisting of sheet metal, fans, motors, ar resters, etc., whose performance is specified in terms of rate of air flow, static pressure, rpn. etc. Tfm Dala Sheoi it one of e lerim publi.itud by the Netionai Safety Coun-il, reflecting eipeficnco from many tourcet. Not every acceptable lafebr procedure in tho field il ncc* essarity included. This.. Data, Sheet should not he confused with Ameri can Standard Safety codes, federal lawt. insurance requirements, state la-rs, rules and regulations, cr munic ipal ordinances. This i.sbcct is the responsibility of the engineer. 6. Yet the basic purpose of a local exhaust system is mainte nance of health or comfort, and sometimes fire prevention. Its effectiveness is measured by how well it removes dust, fume, vapor, or gas that would otherwise make working conditions unsafe or un healthful. This aspect is the con cern of the industrial hygienist, who has been mainly responsible for developing exhaust and dilu tion ventilation for the control of atmospheric contaminants. 7. In the absence of an indus trial hygiene engineer, the safety engineer is usually responsible for the exhaust system. Whenever necessary, he should consult the industrial hygiene personnel of the state health or labor depart ment. of his company's insurance carrier, or of the home office if he is in a plant of a large cor poration. S. Management should try to develop in the plant engineer greater interest in the principles of local exhaust ventilation. Be cause these systems have been .nstni-eci for health reasons, the piant engineer may not feel re sponsible fo r t.li e i r-satisfactory performance. .The safety engineer, on the other hand, who docs have an interest in the safety of work places, is generally unfamiliar with the principles of such sys tems. 9. Therefore, in a plant which docs not have an industrial hy giene engineer, neither the plant engineer nor the safety engineer pays much attention, to ventila tion systems designed for the con-. trol of air contaminants. In such a plant, the safety engineer should be concerned with the satisfac tory performance of ventilation systems. With the guidance of outside industrial hygiene engi neers, he can become sufficiently familiar with ventilation equip ment and terminology to check, to some' extent, the performance of local exhaust systems. 10. The purpose of this data sheet is to suggest methods by which a local exhaust system can be checked when first put into operation, to determine if it ful fills the specifications, and by which it can be rechecked at in tervals. to determine when, where, and what kind of mainte nance is needed for maximum efficiency. 11. The performance of the system should be the responsibil ity of the plant engineering and maintenance departments. If. as in many cases, this responsibility is not now assigned and the equip ment is not maintained, then it may be well for the safety engi neer to try to interest manage ment in assigning the rerpon-- ity to the proper people. Mohond C0,rt' v*orr. ! 95o i Definition of Terms. 12. A local exhaust system is one. that removes an air-borne contaminant, such as dust, fume, vapor, gas, odor, or hot air, as near its source as possible. A gen eral exhaust system, or general ventilation, by contrast, removes a-- from the room after the con-: nnnt has spread.-The-general e.v^aust method merely, dilutes the room air by bringing in clean outside air, while the local ex haust traps the material at its source before it is dispersed throughout the room. 13. A hood, is a specially de signed fitting at the entrance of the duct to cause the flow of air to form a pattern that will best control the contaminant. It is a partial enclosure around the source where the contaminant is produced, connected with an ex haust duct, usually round sheetmetal pipe, to an exhaust fan. 24. A booth is a hood, usually rectangular or box-shaped, that encloses the operation on the two sides, the top and bottom, and the back, with only the front or face open. 15. A collector (arrester) is a device for removing the air-borne material from the air stream. It may be a cyclone or centrifugal collector for large-size particulate r -ial like rcugh-grinding dust, o cloth filter for finer dust, or a water-wash, fog or spray device, electrostatic pn-cipitalor. dynamic precipitator, or other type. 1G. Eyc-ry exhaust fan oper ates by inducing a suction or neg ative pressure in the duct leading from the hood. This means that the air in the duct is below at mospheric pressure so that room air rushes into the duct. This negative pressure is an indication of the air flow, commonly ex pressed in cubic feet of air per minute (cfm), that enters .the duct. The negative pressure may be directly related to air flow or, in the case of a plugged duct, in versely related. 17. The negative pressure is easily measured by gauges of var ious types, the basic one being a U-tube or manometer (a piece of glass tubing shaped like a U. the legs being about 8 inches long) half filled with water. A rubber tube from one leg is held at the point where negative pressure is to be measured, and the other leg is left open to the atmosphere (Figure 1). 18. The unit of pressure, which may be positive ("blowing out") or negative ("sucking in") is inches of water, abbreviated w.g. (water gauge). It is the elevation of one water column above the top of the other. General 10. A good local exhaust sys tem is a v.-ell-encincercd project, based on precise design data--not merely a .-ollection ol piping. 20 Mary 'tr.'c-' ....... hat -.pecifv due: mzcs and veloc ity of air in these duets (hence, air flow in cfni) for different in dustrial pmcc-ssc? and industries. These are minimum standards lbat.-must.he mo-u Good-engineer ing practice often calls for even larger air flows than those indi cated in the codes. The engineer should have a copy of state regu lations. Plans for new exhaust systems often have lo be approved by the -state before installation, and'he should find out if this-is the case.in_his stale.----- 21. The engineer should secure a blueprint showing piping layout, if possible,.together with data- giv ing the cfm the designer intended to exhaust, from each hood. For new systems, 'blueprints will be available. For old systems, the plant maintenance or engineering department may not have a draw ing.- It- is-still-possible; however,that he can get the layout and data by writing to-Lhc slieeL metal company from which his plant bought the equipment. 22. From (his material he can determine whether an old system is the same today as it was when it was-installed,.-or whether it- has suffered the fate of all-too-many exhaust systems -- has had extra branches added or changes made that may now render parts of it less effective. 23. Rare is the exhaust system that does not require understand ing and cooperation on the part of the man who works at the proc ess. Sometimes he has to modify his work habits to permit certain hoods to be used. The engineer should always find out-just how the designer of the system in tended it to be used. The engi neer can often help by seeing that the men know the why of their exhaust systems and know how to use them. Air Samples 24. If the equipment handles silica dust, asbestos fibers, or other toxic materials, such as chromic acitl mist, lead fumes or dust, or solvent vapors, the sys tem may be exhausting the "cor rect" volumes of air (according to the blucprir.ll, the fan aria col lector may be in A-l condition-- ye! a health hazard rnay stiil exist. T!.-:- f::ia! and mportnnt meas ure nf wiidhe: an ?xhni:-:l !^vi b V r\ is controlling-a hazard-is whether : laincd -involve -detailed - and ex (lie air in (he working region is acting methods for which experi ciear. enough to breathe without irjury. This question can be an ence and judgment are necessary. In the plant where an industrial swerer: only hy taking air sam hygienist is employed, the prob ples ana analyzing, them .to,.find lem. .falls..within ^.jurisdiction. out if the contaminant is below the maximum allowable limit.* These tests are needed because a person cannot look at a dust cloud or smell toxic vapor and toll if the condition is unsafe. 2(i. In the absence of a staff industrial hygienist, the safety engineer may obtain the services of the state bureau of industrial hygiene (in cither the health or labor department), the services of 25. Collection of air samples, the insurance-carrier or of private both in general working areas and consultants. Such services- may ir. ventilation ducts, is a principal... ... also be found in institutes of in activity of the industrial hygien dustrial health or divisions of in ist. It is. therefore, imperative dustrial hygiene in some of the that the safety engineer have such medical schools or in schools of personnel secure this information. public-health.. Not only, does the. collection-of., . samples require extensive experi ence, but also the interpretation of the results and. equally impor tant, the analytical procedures ; from- which, .the results are ob- Onc.e . it-, has been- deter-., mined through air samples that an exhaust system is keeping an exposure within safe limits, the negative pressure or "suction" in each' branch duct;' the'" pressure" Most 'state labor or health depart ments have now incorporated maximum allowable limits in their codes: these limits should be observed. Engineers in states which do not have such limits are referred to "Table of Chemical Hazards," Section 41, Accident Preven tion. Manuel for Industrial. Operations, frd- edition '.1955), published" by (he National Safety Council. drop across the collector (if one is used), and the negative pres sure at the fan inlet may be meas ured. At any future date, if re checks show that these pressure reading-.-- are the same and if no . changes have been made in the process.' the "hoods, or raw'- ma-' terials handled, it can be assumed tltunai tall4ctd tints ltt CfltKfc Hnurt of operation COMMENTS of ntfl. and YOUR comment* (uie back. if nstary|; [nlen-at telvn rc tbtkiret ^C*o "SCM* C" '. that-the hazard .is still under.conr trol. (Cross drafts, as from a man- cooler, will change the control.) 2S. Arranging for air samples and suction tests is the responsi bility jhe safety...engineer, rather than the maintenance en gineer. (It is also frequently con sidered a responsibility of the designer.) 20. When the air contaminan: . is not toxic but causes merely a comfort problem; .little is gained by air-sampling. Checking the'"Sysfefii ' *" 30. For two reasons, it is well . to make a complete check of the exhaust system.- First, it can be .determined.whether.it. is meeting. ' specifications for -air volumes, re sistance of ducts, horsepower, etc. Second, this information will be available for reference when the system--is* rechecked--at later dates. 31. Some-of the measures which will provide the safety engineer, in the absence of an industrial hygienist, with a program for checking the performance of a local exhaust system are dis cussed below. 32. Layout. The safety engineer should get or make a simple line drawing showing the layout of each main duct and branch, to gether with the location of the arrester, fan, and motor. He should measure the duet diame ters and note them on the draw ing. He should also secure the open face dimensions of hoods and record them. He should note on the sketch the type and size of fan, motor, drive, and arrester. This drawing need not be elab orate, or even to scale, and can be taken from the drawing of the system mentioned earlier. 33. Test holes should be drilled in each branch. The easiest and cheapest method is to make a 1/16-inch hole, leaving no burrs on the inside of the duct. (See Figure 1.) It is not necessary to cover or plug such a test hole when it is not in use. Sometimes a one-inch length of small cop per tubing or even a small brass petcock is fastened permanently over ".he hole, but these refine ments are not necessary. Eacn hoie should be circled with a ring -r pa ini. anc .tr No tonof A*or<i. 19S6 eauoniuaH uBt<iMBiwH!^BCi!aiiitiiiiBt?aBraii,gafgflaiiBuniiiiiMBmi isaBauiusuzsaiuuaxiKi. iipiKwUAisiJSi.eei5!i number or letter painted mi tin1 ouct -- the Ics! points for tin: vhoio system being numbered .serially. /)n the sketch,.-each-test, hole, with its number, should be marked. 34. Balancing the system. Be fore routine inspections are be gun, and' even before air samples are taken on a newly installed system; the .system must be "bal anced.'' that is; the proper amount of air must, be-flowing through, each hood. Also, in the case of dust exhaust systems, the air velocity in' branches and- main ducts must be high- enough to .prevent, settliog.of material, -.which leads to plugging. ' 35. In the original design, one of two means of balancing a sys tem is used. The more common is to-.'provide- blast" gates' (damp ers) in each branch which can be opened or partially closed so that each hood, regardless of whether it is near the fan or at a distance, handles its proper amount of air. 36. The other method is to size 'he-. diameter -of the; branches so hat more or less air is introduced to serve the same, purpose as blast gates. This must be done before the system is installed, since once the duct work is in, the duct diameters are fixed. Figure 2. adapted from Brandt, Industrial Health Engineering, shows a bal anced system that does not rely in blast gales nii i:',''. iii .isi.*n ;o h*.*:ir ihe pipe . 37. Each method lias advan "run;.'' shnwing there is no appreei -hie iettlement of material in it tages. If blast gates tire used, The.frequency, of periodic^chpcks they should "be- 'bolted' or-welded wilTVary with the typo of service after the system is balanced, to performed by the system. Some prevent tampering. Blast gates systems will need checkups week should not be used on a long, ly; others, monthly. complicated system. 40. Interpreting suction pres 3S. A record form (Figure 2) sure readings. .If the suction pres can be mimeographed for each sure at a lest hole differs by more exhaust system, with a suction than 10 per-cent from the original pressure reading printed for each readings (printed on the report test hole. Thc.sc readings arc made formJV'-the reti's'rtr.-CtfA gSft'orSlfy" immediately after the system has he figured* out without difficulty. been balanced, and dustcounts Figure 3 shows how to interpret (or other air samples) have been the. U-lube values. made to' show that- the air con 41. Estimating control; velocities taminant. ,is_under .control. -. ... : oivvelocity. contours'. '.'One' of. the ' 33. Periodic checks..' Each time most important factors is ihal the the safety engineer makes an in control velocity at the source of spection, he fills out a report form. the contaminant or the face of the He compares the suction pressure .booth (where the source i,s,inside readings'he finds oh recheck' Witlv the booth) can be quickly meas the original readings printed on ured by a sensitive direct reading the report. He makes the follow instrument such as the velomcter ing observations and records the nr ihenno-anemomcter. Where results: the source may cover a consider a. Look at all hoods. Soe it they arc battered, paitially removed, miss able area, the maximum and mini mum should be indicated. ing. or mangled in any wav. ' b. Sec'if lhc"mnhufafcturihg' process arid machines have been altered in any way. Make certain that strong' cross drafts tire not- pre venting the air contaminant from 42. Source, location,, direction. ... and velocity of make-up air. In .addition to the amount and tem perature of the make-up air, its source and method of distribution entering the hootls. c. Whatever the provision for make up air. make sure that replace ment air has ample opportunity to enter the room. d. Tap the duct at various points with a screwdriver or other metal may be almost as important to successful control of the hazard as the design of the exhaust sys tem itself. Since air blowing out of a duct carries 30 times as far as the same volume1 of air mov ing toward a similar exhaust duct (Figure 4), it is very important that the make-up air be diffused in such a way that no disturbing cross currents interfere with proper functioning of the exhaust hood. Frequently, such s. disturb ance can be anticipated if the essential facts are noted, and smoke tests may confirm its pres ence. 43. Maintenance orders. When the system needs mechanical re pairs, such as replacement of worn ducts or hoods, filter clean out. duct cleanout, fan belt ad justment. etc., the safety engineer should see that work orders are Quit p/trti<jlly D1<JQ<J<<3 Ciutirg Ctmatmd miii<n, Nqi rQl t;r<T DIR* DA'* .tHv D'vqqeq - r-'-ef* and 't! -ci** *>..< processed to the maintenance de partment according to the plant s -,-w| <ncfaid pip* or In brdnrh. or pluqqinq in '>fHd*< JC) 0cr*ud fan OOdcitv, oO* rln^now' ,r d.iicinUC < '5) *:,tl pr.t<c.* Do pdr:d*lv *n iok jne r* - r c<* c11s;om.nrv procedure. !4. Record filing. T!'. . .a:".-:;. '::g:nee:' vnnih: keep a !ii<` of ni- -qur* 3. Ho^ `J-uoc . 4C.rci ' Cour* r \ 4 * r\ *" "c . : -o .rc^ -'*<''** ;.iucq*'*q SO .:.-pec::<ii; :en->r;s rnd rocorls .. r .a::;:::--- Periodic air .-.amples. if toxic mu:tonal i-- handled by tin.y.slcm, in addition to the tniti..l f air' satifplcs', * the"1"indusiriat hy gienist or safety engineer shottl.l arrange for periodic samples of the air-borne contaminant in the workroom. - . 3 *,C.oc;t 4.i so. o/a .****., i*0 M Inspection by Maintenance Engineer 46. The maintenance engineer should check, and lubiticale-Jlhe fan, motor, and drive on schedule, just as he would any other piece, of machinery. If the exhaust sys tem has any special interlocking CaHAUSTING Aicur tox o' tacc vctOCJTT {MA ' A*AT fHOM CMUtt ' OH MIHO, ! gates,, mptor-d riven.dampers,, sot-cnbids. o'r ' .he like,, "these1 parts-should come under this inspection an<I should be observed through a cycle to assure that they are 1 " ?iguro 4. Effect of air blowing OUT of a pip^ it felt, many foot awoy, but 4n exhaust pipe nrtt no effect beyond a few inchei from pipe end. Thu* it cannot "pick up" mot trial union pipe and hood are close to the dutt touren. (Courtesy ***lnduttrinl Ventilation---A Manual of Recommenced Practice.") operating: ........ 47. He should chock the inside hood. II particles are thrown olT anced" system, instead of relying of the collector with a-flashlight by the machine (e.g. a grinder).- on blast gates, should be consid each week, using an access door (he hood and the exhaust duct ered. Total pressure loss should in the casing. The clean-air side should be placed so that material be calculated carefully, not of the collector should be exam will be thrown into them. Acces guessed at. Natural drifts and ined to see that there are no ac sible e'oanoul doors should be cross currents of room |air that cumulations of dust, which would provided in ducts, collector, and may keep the contaminants from > mean that- the- collector was .not- fan houx ing. entering- the hood should -be ,4 functioning properly. He' should 52. Sheet metal thick enough to noted, 'the hood -should be ar look in the hoppers, to see that minimi-7 _ erosion should be used. ranged-so that it' will interfere as they are not overfilled and should For corrosive materials, ducts little'as possible with the worker check bag collectors for tom or should be lined with resistive coat and still be effective. leaky bags. ings or made from suitable corro 48. Wet collectors should be sion-resistant material. If con checked for plugged pray noz densation may be a problem, the zles, plugged drain pt> js, sludge need for thermal insulation, accumulation, and piwper water "drip" elements, water traps, etc. level. should be considered. The possi 49. Fan speed should be checked bility of a fire hazard, depending monthly with a tachometer. Fan upon the material to be handled.* blades and scroll should be exam should also be considered. ined for wear and dirt accumula 53. Construction details are of tion. For this check, a hinged utmost importance: gradual ta inspection door in the' side of the pers, baffled hoods, wide-sweep fan casing or in the outlet duct elbows. 30 degree angle of entry near the fan discharge is neces to main. etc. Design of a "ba.- sary. Design for Maintenance `Standards jor the Installation of Blaieer aurf Exhaust Systems for Dust. 50. Good first design will hold down maintenance problems later. 51. Hoods and ducts. The hood should be placed as close to the Stock, and Vapor Removal or Conrc;/-iiio Pamphlet No. 91, National Fi'*e Protection Association and National Bureau of Fire Underwriters. American Standard*: Association. Z33.1-1950. source of contamination ns pos sible. The source should be en closed if possible, with enough opo.nings left for air to enter. Can opy hoods should ho used spar Although the basic purpose of v<*n* Hating svrtoms is to serve health and comfort, the use of these standards will result in a system which .s also of value ficrn the fire prevention stand:k*i:U smee .1 vi:i not transmit smo/.e ine !v. Too often the "perator puts -us hcac between :r.e hood and o mil no mav .;c a:. treat'*" exposure onci flaire through fire walls unci throuuhoui the pjcmisrs. The stnno- ere wish rettarn to she other 'omponcr."* : *;*.e I .Mir- 54. Collectors. The collector should be selected for the sub stance to be handled, considering such factors as particle size, dust loading, wettability, corrcsion, etc. Thought should be given to com munity air pollution that may re sult if there is no collector or if too much contaminant is exhaust ed to the outside. 55. If -a bag-type filter is se lected: ! a. Consider size, storage hopper ca pacity, free-flowing hoopers. b. Provide a permanent outside lad der and catwalk for easy access: with nonflammable dusts, light the inside of the filter housing for ease of inspection. J c. Provide a motor-driven shaker rather than a manually-operated one wherever possible. \ ii. Provide time-delay relays and interlocks so that when the :an wheel comes to rest, afier the fan motor has been turned o;T. the shaker motor starts operating ana' continues for two or three .Tunltes. after which it slops and lb" `an can then be restarted. 56. Fan and motor. The fan sr.ou.ri be put on the ciem-a.r side of tho collector. When flam ,md nti'.cr parts of :i\o .system will mable solid materials or vapors interfere as little as possible with are passed through the system. his work. `He provisions of NFPA and G3.-F`or testing exhaust systems BFU Bulletins No. 91* should visually, smoke tubes are com oe followed. mercially available (or may be 57. Fan guards, and a test hole made by dipping cotton into ti for a tachometer to take speed tanium tetrachloride). The smoke readings of the fan should be pro given SIT reveals the path of the vided. Service and inspection air currents as they, enter a hood. doors should be placed in the side Smoke tubes are a boon to the of the fan housing, or in `ducts at safety engineer. Using them, he . 1 the inlet. ar.d outlet- of-the .fan.". can show the operator how a hood' Resistance of the fan discharge works, and thus often convince . stack . should .be kept low. `A him how important baffles - are, weather -cap should be omitted how necessary -it is to have the wherever passible. . hood close' to the dust source, and `Points ori festing so.on. .. . . ...... .. , 64. " Two common- fallacies need 58. Here are some over-all con clearing up. First, because peo siderations that should be kept in ple can feel air blowing out of an mind in the testing of local ex air line some feet away from the haust systems.' " en'd''of. the pipe;'they think'dusty', 59: One of the initial steps that air can be "sucked into" an ex may:be taken is to ensure that haust- hood from several feet outside vendors or contractors away. It cannot. ` Air can be provide a meaningful guarantee "sucked" only 1/30 the distance it of performance for their equip can be blown (Figure 4). In ex ment or system. Then the vender hausting, the air velocity at a dis is made responsible for equip- tance of one diameter from the nt or;'systems' 'which do not pipe end1 is "about 10 per cent of orm properly. the velocity in the pipe; in blow b'O. Many- a good exhaust sys ing, this 10 . per 'cent figure- is tem has been overloaded and reached 30 diameters from the made ineffective .by the addition pipe. of hoods in later years. Before 65. Suppose, for example, that hoods are added, it should be a pipe 6 inches in diameter has ascertained that the present air traveling through it at a ve equipment can handle the addi locity of 4,000 feet per minute. tional air flow which will be Six inches from the "sucking" needed without robbing the ex end, the air velocity will be 400 isting hoods. feet per minute (hardly detect 61. Make-up air is sometimes a able by feel); at the blowing end, bigger problem than the exhaust the 400 fpm velocity is reached system itself. Provision should some 15 feet from the end of the be made for the air to get into pipe. the room to replace the air ex 66. A second fallacy is that hausted. In winter the make-up downdraft ventilation or hoods at air may have to be tempered. A floor level are required because room should never be closed up organic solvent vapors, like ben tight and "air bound." zene (benzol), trichloroethylene, 62. The man on the job must carbon tetrachloride, and the like, know the reason for the exhaust are heavier than air. Heavy gases system and must understand how introduced into air tend to fall to use it. Better yet, the safety before they become mixed with engineer should consult with him the air. Thus, a vapor train of before the installation is made, to pure gasoline can form and travel make sure that hoods, enclosures. along the floor many feet. 67. However, as vapors are giv letin No. 91. Blower and Exhaust S,, .ns. National Fire Protection As sociation, 60 Buttcrymarch SL, Boston 10. Bulletin No. 91, Exhaust Systems 'or Dust, Stock, and Vcpor Removal, National Board of Fire Cmler-A-ntor-. 50 John St.. New Yor:< en of! from industrial processes, the atmosphere contains not pure vapor, but a mixture of vapor and nir. Even air saturated with the vapor remains saturated for a very short lime: it soon becomes uiij'.eu with more air because ol random convection anti wind cur rent in the rocir. 6S. A concentration of 1.000 parts per million of benzene, which is 25 times the maximum allowable health limit, is only L.00I7 times as heavy as air (al though pure benzene vapor is three times as heavy as air). That is, the ratio of weight of air to weight of the benzene-air mixture is only 10(1 to 100.17>--There could, never be any. sinking or stratify ing of even this dense. (J.,000 parts per million) benzene concerttra(ion. Consequently, a side or back hood would be just.as .effective as ' a downdraft hood." REFERENCES Perhaps the best technical reference not only Tor design ofcxKaVIst systems! hut also for checking of them, is: fndustrial Ventilation--A Manual of Rec ommended Practice, published by lluAmerican Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists (3rd ed., 1954). available from the Committee on In dustrial Ventilation, P. O. Box 453. Lansing. Mich. The following give infoimation on design of exhaust systems for various processes, as well as information on the toxicity of industrial materials: . Accident Prevention Manual for ilustrial Operations, National Safety Council. 3rd Edition. (1955). Industrial Health. Engineering. Allen D. Brandt. John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Heating, Ventilating, Air Condition ing Guide. The American Society of Keating and Air Conditioning Engi neers (published annually). Plant Process Ventilation, W. C. L. ffemcon. Industrial Press, 1955 edition. Industrial Dust. Drinker and Hatch. 2nd edition (1954). Excellent references for fire preven tion considerations are listed below: Flammable Liquids and Gases, Vol. I; Combustible Solids, Dusts. Chemi cals and Explo.rivas. Vol. 12. National Fire Codes, 1955. National Fire Pro tection Association. ACKNOWLEDGMENT The original draft of this data sheet was prepared by Willis G. Hazard. Owens-Illinois, an a project of the Health Maintenance Committee of the Automotive and Machine Shop Section. National Safety Council. A second draft was prepared by Frank A. Fatty, Gen eral Motors Corporation, with approval of Mr. Hazard. This publication has been reviewed hy members of the Na tional Safety Council and representa tives of chapters of the American So ciety cf Snfity En-':ncers. It has been approved for publication by the Publi cations Committee cf the Council's fit-- iustrtal Conference. 1957 CONTENDS NATIONAL SAFETY COUNCIL OFFICERS p. 5-11 SAFETY EXPOSITION EXHIBITORS p. 55-63 AVIATION SECTION OFFICERS p. 32-35 CEMENT AND QUARRY OFFICERS p. 11 CONTROLLING '-EALTH HAZARDS IN h CHEMICAL PLANT p- Sec t x or. ' prec.i7.c-cc.ix-sis, fibrosis, bust p. 10 9-11 (Chemical LIVING IN ~HS A IP wE BREATHE p. 11-32 Pl.31 ~ sap i r sc : r =, asbasxc; bust, p n SLUTioc on io3z.sp**.w respirators p. 15 f11 ms p. 24 asbestos curtain p. 2 (Chemical Section.) silicosis, toxic ^ dusts, 5 * A BIBLIOGRAPHY OF TOXIC CHEMICALS p. 44-51, (Chemical Section.') CHEMICAL SECTION, OFFICERS p. 57 COAL MINING SECTION OFFICERS p. 41-43 CONE-RUCTION SECTION OFFICERS p. 74, 75 ELECTRICAL EQUIPMENT OFFICERS AND PUBLIC UTILITIES p. 42-46 FARM SAFETY OFFICERS p. 30, 31 FERTILIZER SECTIONiTFICERS p. 22, 23 FOOD, MEAT"PACKING .'.TRADES, OFFICERS p. 59-63 SLkbs, CERAMICS,- RUBBER, OFFICERS p. 31-34 CRaybestos Manhattan!) " rr HOME^SAFETY CONFERENCE p. 59 INDUSTRIAL SAFETY - A.S.S.E. OFFICERS p. 108-110 OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH CONTROL THROUGH ENGINEERING p. 11-12 (Labor Safety Section) "~dust, industrial poisons i NSC-14 LABOR'S S^KE IN SAFETY p. 16-21 occupational disease p. IS silicosis'p.19 pneumoconiosis p. 19 asbestos-^and lung cancer p. 20 LABOR CONFERENCE OFFICERS p. 34, 35 MARITIME I'MARINE? OFFICERS p. 51-54 METALS SECTION (AUTOMOTIVE, MACHINE, POWER PRESS) OFFICERS p. 3134 INCENTIVE AWARDS FOR GOOD SAFETY RECORDS IN THE MINING INDUSTRY (Mining Section) Asbestos Corperat ion Limited p. 20-23 MINING SECTION OFFICERS MOTOR TRANSPORTATION 53, 59 NEW "RENDS IN OCCUPATIONAL nEAi_TH PROGRAMS p. all 1 I O 5 1 S p # 1 -orkmen's comp p. 14 14-17 OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH NURSING SECTION OFFICERS p. 19 PETROLEUM SECTION OFFICERS p. 43, 50 PRINTING, PUBLISHING SECTION OFFICERS p. 23 PULP AND PA='ER SECTION OFFICERS p. 61-63 RAILROAD SECTION OFFICERS p. 33-34 SCHOOL AND COLLEGE SAFETY OFFICERS p. 123-125 TRAFFIC SAFET.V' aFFfSERS d . 67 aci 5 #ft SS Tfce-fftt- - ft -ft 7 io? <=*L5> u .9 t*f5t 5ft-- 5 *23 fft^ft |.l fftt ?s XC1 . 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Sobm and Detailed Index to all Volume*................. ..................... O^IT--I 2 Aviation: Aeronautical Industrie* Section A Ait Transport Section................02t27--1 3 lute Step* in AccidentPrevention........................ *........... 02227--1 4 Cement and Quarry fndwtrie*................................................. . 01127--4 5 Chemical Industries ........................................................... ............... .......... G227---5 6 Coal Mining Industry....................................................................................... 022-27--4 7 Construction Industry and Public Employment (PublicEmployee Section)... 022J7--7 Electrical Equipment Industry and Public Utilities........................................ 022417--I 9 Farm Safety ................................................................................................... 02227--9 10 Fertiliser indurtry ............................. ................................................ ............ 022J7--10 11 Food. Meat Peeling A Leather Industries, Trades and Service*...................... 02227--1 I 12 Glam and Ceramic* Industry and Rubber Industry........................................ 01X27--It 13 Home Safety ............................................... ............ 022.27--13 14 Industrial Subject Sessinm (Sponsored by AS5)........... ....................... . 02227--14 15 Labor ................................................................................................................0Z2J27--IS 14 Mantime Industrie* (Marine Section).................................... 02127--14 17 Metals Industry ...................................................................................................0ZL27--17 15 Metals Product* Industries (Automotive and Mechin* Stay frrtiis Power Press and Forging Section) ......... 02227--! 19 Minins Industry ............................................................................................... 02127--If 20 Motor Transportation Industry (Commercial Vehicle Section)....................... 02227--20 21 Occupational Health Nursing Section...................................... <777.27--21 22 Petroleum Industry ............................................................................................ 022-27--22 23 Printing and hiUrtb'Af Industry........ ........................................................... 07227--IJ 24 Mp and Paper Indurtry............................................. 077.77--24 25 Railroad Industry ...................................... 02227--25 24 School and Collesc Safety.............................................................................. 02227--21 CHEMICAL INDUSTRIES 27 Traffic Safety...................................................................................................... 02227--27 21 TtataH indurtry....................... 022-27--2* 29 Wood Product* and Textile Industrie*............................. .......................... 02227--2f 30 Early Morning Session*, "Human Relation* and MaManagement'*........... 022417--30 PRICES OF EXTRA COPIES OF INDIVIDUAL VOLUMES VOLUME SIZE 12 or less page*13 to 24 page-- 25 to 48 49 to 96 page*-- Over 96 pages-- 1 to9 copits Each $025 25 .45 .60 25 10 to99 copits Each $020 28 J7 JO J5 100 to 999 tapirs Each $0.17 25 JJ ` .45 2D 1000 or more Each $0117 2S JJ .4S JO Complete set of Curreot Safety Topic* (50 vds.)--$950. Slock No. 022.17 All prices shown are subject to a 10 per cent discount to Natxbaa! Safety Council members. NATIONAL SAFETY COUNCIL 42f WOJtTtt MICHIGAN AVZ. CHICAGO >7. ILL 220011104 nuTtsiM4.i. 022JT--4 12 CONTENTS Safety in High Pressure Chemical Reactions........................................... M. R. Kinter 5 Controlling Health Hazards in a Chemical Plant............ Robert A. Kehoe, M.O. 9 Living in the Air We Breathe.....................................*................ ............. H. H. Fawcett II Laboratory and Pilot Plant Safety (A Symposium) Laboratory Barricading of High Pressure and Extra Hazardous Reactions.....................................................Godfrey J. Moll 33 Flammable Materials--System for Rating................................William S. Wood 38 Toxic Chemicals............................................................................. R. V.Monte4ll2o A Bibliography of Toiic Chemicals................................................................................. 44 Waste Disposal.......................................................................................*** ** 52 Acids and Heavy Chemicals (Discussion Report).............................R. L. Allinson 54 Industrial Gates Discussion Group...........................................................H. F. Reinhard 56 Officers......................................................................................................................................... 59 LEARNING TO LIVE . .. Learning to live--safely--^*15 the drawing card which brought more than 13.000 mca and women from the United States and 27 other countries to Chicago (or the 45th National Safety Congress. These people gathered to exchange the latest ideas in safe attitudes, safe methods and safe equipment. Through speeches, panel discussions and symposiums, they acquired sew ideas for helping others--and thauselves--to live, work, and play safely. This was the reason the National Safety Council was organized less half a century ago, a time when man's thoughts hardy kept pace with the industrial revolution. Since then, man has introduced an atomic age which is bringing'the continents closer and has made the earth a smaller world. And now man anticipates ioter-jpaee travel 1 Through science and technology, man is progressing to increasing speeds in travel and production, and increasing dangers--new dangers never before encountered. These, in addition to the everyday hazards of life, occupied the thoughts of the safety people at the Congress. To encourage more widespread knowledge of the various Gelds of safety, the National 5afcty Council publishes the Current Safety Topics--JO volumes of coodmsarion* of Congress speeches and exchanges of ideas. Each volume is a handy reference to diffcrwt phases of accident prevention. The complete set of volumes are listed on the back page of each volume. Since the proceedings have been edited and condensed for reference purposes, the complete original manuscripts with any charts or illustrations used, are available us the National Safety Council files. Views expressed ' at the Congress or in any volume of Current Safety Topics are those of the Congress parttopams, and not necessarily those of the National Safety Council. THE CHEMICAL SECTION This volume is a record of the sessions held at the 1957 National Safety CongTcsa by the Chemical Section. The conduct of these Congress sastons each year is only one of the many cooperative activities which the Chemical Sec* tton carries on in behalf of its members, and for the benefit of accident pre vention work in the chemical industry generally. The section gives guidance in the preparation of a great variety of technical and educational material useful in the day-to-day safety programs of chemical companies. The activities of the section are under the direction of its executive committee, the members of which are listed at the close of this volume. SAFETY IN HIGH PRESSURE CHEMICAL REACTIONS by M- ft. KINTEft assistant director, high pressure laboratory, The Dow Chemical co., Midland, Mich. Before we can intelligently dfoentt the Projectiles--In event of an uncontrolled subject of high pressure, we must first de reaction or explosion, parts of ruptured fine it. Any definition we propose wilt be vessels, gauges, or fittings may be pro arbitrary since it depends on your frame of pelled at high velocity from the equip reference. To a pipefitter, a 400 p.s.L steam ment. Such missiles can easily kill a man. tine may well be "high pressure.*' To the mechanic in an ammonia plant; the term may mean 5,000-10,OCX) p.so. The gunsmith will think of "high pressure" in terms of the breech pressures in a 30-06 rifle with a heavy powder toad, which go to 50,00055,000 p.sd. For many purposes we might say that anything above 500 p*S. should be considered as high pressure. However, when discussing this topic from the viewpoint of safety, we must remember that any amount of pressure may be haz "Secondary" Explosion--The sudden re lease of flammable gases into the cubicle or work area, followed by ignition may result in a violent explosion. The shock wave from such detonation can result in serious damage to the cubicle and injury to personnel. Toxic Motcriois--Failure of high pres sure equipment may release subsmatial quantities of toxic gases--when work ing with carbon moooxidc. ardous. A few jxars ago an auto mechanic Eire--The failure of high pressure equip in our city suffered serious permanent in ment or a buret frangible safety when jury when a new auto tire, which apparently was defective, ruptured while he was inflat working with flammable materials fre quently results in fire. Although usually ing it. A pressure of less than 30 p-s.t- was of short duration, these "blow-torch" type involved. The hazard attendant on working fires are often very Intense; I- with liquids or gases under pressure is not strictly a function of the pressure alone, but is more properly considered in terms of the amount of stored energy involved. A consequence of my last statement leads The safety measures taken in high pres sure work do not basically differ from good laboratory safety practices. However, the potential severity of the consequences of a given incident--e^, rapture of a vessel at to another point we must always keep in 50.000 Pii. compared to a erode in a glass mind. There may be hundreds, or cvm flask--demand considerable extension and thousands of times more mergy In a gas amplification of safety measures. at a given pressure thus us a liquid under the ante conditions. We do not commonly BASIC mkncipies think of hydraulic pressures of a few thou sand p-*i- as being particularly dangerous. However, a gas under the same conditions presents an sturdy different situation. 1 shall try to <-. the philosophy, prin Our first basic premise must be that all reactions under pressure arc hazardous. Not chat the types of experiments we may carry out are fundamentally any more unpredict able than most laboratory reactions, but we ciples, and pitfalls of working safely with must consider the amount of energy sJored- high pressures. In doing this, 1 hope that This emphasizes the importance of conduct we may come up with some ideas which ing unknown or exploratory experiments on may be of value to anyone working with a smalt scale. high pressure be it In a large elaborate industrial high pressure laboratory, or in the limited facilities found in many schools or small companies. In addio'en, a basic characteristic of high pressure vessels must be kept in mind. It is very easy to have a large safety factor in strength built into a small--say 500 ml. Id us first briefly mention the principal or less--pressure vessel This however, be hazards we find in high pressure work: comes more and more difficult as size in- m di 295? National Softly Congress creases, due to size and weight considera tions, Conduct alt pressure experiments behind barricades, and base practices and proce dures on the assumption that (he experi ments will get out of control. The barri cade or cubicle may vary depending on the scale of operation. It is essential that the men never, except under extremely unusual cireuxntances, enter the cubicle while the system is under pressure. Stnct adherence to safety rules is essen tial and presents the usual problem of `'Fa miliarity breed* contempt." We have Found no magical solution to this problem, I know of no other approach than repeated and re* repeated instruction and education of all people who have any contact with this type of work. Also, one must never assume that, because an experiment has been earned out many times without incident, it may then be regarded as harmless. concrete are most unnioa A ssuWr *e "sandwich" types may be cased, t-t- a dou ble steel plate wall filled with and. Th* latter type presents some someyirng prob lems if any new openings thromtM the ^0 are to be made. We use Md waJfe fcsrrmll-fcale work and hcatfly njwrfaetaM eo*. erete for large-scale expcrixsesca. WcMr: construction is much trtfenri wish wen plate, because of the pooftSry of huh* W- mg sheared by an orplasion. I know of a rase in reecac yean u hieh octensive damage was done by dyim* half-inch holts which were shored by as explosion of a vessel tn a betted sx*d eubi. clc. They were pcupcOcd with jaSorat force to penetrate a concrete block wall and would have easOy ldSed a mas. Meal cubicles may be lined with wood which will absorb modi of the force of a high-velocity fragment and reduce the possibility of pene tration of the metal plate. This calls to mind an accident resulting ONE UNIT CUI1CLE from just such a situation. The experiment, conducted at 500-1,000 p.su, had been run countless times in an open laboratory with out barricades. One morning a technician unthinkingly changed the order of the ap plication of heat and the addition of catal yst. The resulting explosion did extensive damage to the laboratory and, but for ex tremely good fortune, eoutd have resulted in very serious injuries. One type of cubicle we use for small scale work Is arranged so that the platform on which the equipment is mounted aad the front wall of the cell are ooe integral unit. When the equipment is in place die eubvde cannot be entered, since the area behind it is restricted. This system it useful where frequent equipment changes are accessary. Transparent plastic sheet is used as a , "blow-out wall** In these ctibidm. ft fas the o/atas LAYOUT, SAMtCAOiS The purpose of a high pressure cubicle or cell is to protect operating personnel from injury as a result of a mishap with the experiment. This is best accomplished by directing flying fragments and the force of an explosion away from the workers rather than trying to confine them. There are many possible arrangements which may be used to accomplish this, hut they all have one thing in common--at least one wall acts as Advantage of low cost and it admits addi tional light, thus making the area safer. A concrete cubicle is used for largerscale work. The walls and roof are 15-inch, heavily reinforced concrete. The observation windows are of two-inch laminated glass which is capable of withstanding a 35 raliber magnum shell at point-blank range. All lines and valve handles enter the cubicle through steel strips or sleeves mounted ia the concrete. n "blow-out wall." The area behind our high pressure cubi- Care should be taken in the installation ctes consists of a river and a large waste of doors to be certain that they cannot pond We have no wall behind the area. blow, out. When considering the labyrinth Placing a large wall behind a high pressure type entrance; tho possibility of shock wave area presents the problem of reflection of a rebound should be kept in mind. Many in shock wave, particularly from a secondary stances of senous injury by a reflected explosion of flammable material in the cubi shock wave are known. cle. Of course, it is not always possible to The materials used for the construction locate near a large, vacant area. The next of cubicles may vary, but sice) plate or best thing is a hilt or slope of some sort. Cbtmteal fndtufna ThM wifi abnorp any fragments and tend o <Awufwar the force of aa explosion. Coed irnrilxkc is important in a high .iijeart area. We recommend 10 to 20 com?inr acr changes aa hour. This is sufficient *i> itmamt any flammable or toxic materials which nay be released through leaks, which are aa cclasting problem ia high pressure work. Rapid air flow through the cubicle may also prevent the detonation of a quan tity of flammable material released by rup ture of the equipment Such ventilation shw'd be arranged to prevent the accumulauc. of heavier-than-alr vapors on the floor of the cubicle. An added safety feature may be the use of automatic detecting and alarm devices for juch materials as hydrogen cyanide, carbon monoxide, or hydrocarbons. The use of systems to flood the cubicles with carbon dioxide are useful Such in stallations vary from a simple manual ar rangement to empty* the contents of a large carbon dioxide cylinder into the cubicle quickly to an automatic system triggered by temperature sensitive efemoita. An in- mllatioa of the latter type recently pre vented extensive damage to pilot-scale equip ment m our laboratory wha several pounds nf a pyrophoric materia! were suddenly re leased into the cubicle. The ensuing fire was o quickly and effectively snuffed out that the pome inside the cubicle was oot etvrt scorched The hazards involved in working with purely hydraulic systems are much feu than with gaseous systems, ft is not tpcontmoo to work at extremely high hydraulic pressures without any protection. I knew of an instance in which this prac tice resulted in an unusual type 0f injury. The failure of a fitting in a high pressure system resulted tn the release of an ex tremely high velocity jet of hydraulic fluid. The spray hit a worker in the face, patetrating the unbroken sldn. The resulting inI jury- was quite painful and was several months in heating. Therefore some sort of ! shielding; even if quite light, should be used | even with strictly liquid systems. A high pressure system should never be 1 operated without some sort of pressure re lief mechanism. This usually is in the form of one or more frangible safety discs, de pending on the number aad locatioa of pressure vessels. However, it is sol suffi- riait to place frangibles in the system-- there have been innumerable cases of vessel rupture in systems in which (here were frangibles. Except for cases ` of an ex tremely violent detonation in a vessel, such failures can usually be laid to one of two causes. In the case of a suddai pressure rise, the frangible safety cannot do its job if the vessel fails before the pressure surge reaches iL It is therefore essential to place the frangible as close as possible to the vessel, and to use as large a diameter fran gible and connection to it as possible. We frequently conduct experiments with solids or liquids which cu* freeze, either of which can solidly plug a line. EQUIPMENT Thus, it is essential under such circum stances to arrange the equipment to mini mire the possibility of such materials enter ing the safety assembly. Careful inspection of the safety assembly after each experi ment is also necessary to be certain that it is dear. A frangible safety assembly should be pointed in the direction of the "blow-out" panel and must be securely anchored. If it is deemed necessary to vent a frangible to the outside; this must be done through a large line with no bends. One should not attempt to use a frangible disc at an oper ating pressure which is dose to its rated burst p?****nre. because of deviations of ac tual ruptur* treasure from rated pressure. Corrosion and fatigue of frangibtes must also be kept in mind to prevent unexpected failure. CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS A few genera! comments concerning ma terials of construction may be in order at this point. First. I should like to consider the question of hardness or ductility of the metals used in the construction of such equipment. This is important when we call to mind the relatively smooth, tangential "tear" type ductile failure as opposed to the unpredictable, random shattering effect of the brittle failure. Ductile failures rarely yield any fragments, whereas a brittle fail ure may result ia almost anything. For this reason, hardening b a poor way to achieve strength in high pressure equip ment. The most frequent occurrence of a Hu*1' 1957 National Safely Congrtu highly hardened component in high pressure equipment is the cap at the common. flat- gasket type high pressure reactor or "bomb.** This is required tor pnnoi, structural reasons, but we attempt to avoid it by using other types of closuro in all but grail, medium-pressure vessels. With this one exception, a minimum of 10 per cent elongation should be specified for materials used in the construction of high pressure equipment. When purchasing metal stock for this use it is wise to spetify metal that is free of Haws or inclusions, and is warranted by x-ray or other suit able tests. Before a vessel is placed in service it must be pressure tested, preferably to one and one-half times its maximum working pressure. A log sheet should thereafter be kept tor each vessel so that a history of its service is available. Frequent inspection of each vessel and regular periodic pressure tests are required to avoid failure resulting from corrosion, small stress cracks, embrit tlement, etc. CONES CONNECTION The common COncd high pressure connec tion has frequently been a source of diffi culty, most of whieh is easily avoidable with a little care and attention. The sealing surface is on the tapered end of the tubing, and the force is applied from the threaded gland via the collar on the tubing. First, the seating surfaces and threads should always be smooth, clean, and in good order. If not. they should be resnachined or replaced as may be the A common error la assembly of one of these connections is in not plaoag the collar the proper distance back on the tubing. If it is too far back a good seal ran be made but all of the force is taken by only a por tion of (be threads of the gland, resulting In failure under pressure. High pressure gauges present some prob lems, but a little thought when locating thesis will rasiiy remedy thW. Always use the solid front or `'blow-out'* back type of high pressure gauge and remove the glass face cover. A piece of plastic film may be placed over the front of the gauge to keep out dirt. Gauges should never be placed in such a position as to be directly io line with operating personnel, but are best lo cated behind a barricade and observed with mirrors. They should oot be used to more than 70 per cent of rating, and will last a lot longer and maintain accuracy better If used at only 50 per cent of rated pressure. Gas storage or supply cylinders are rather "thin.donned*' and should oot be located in an operating cubicle. In event of trouble, their presexe can only add to the problem. The use of check valves in lines between voxels. reactors, supply olmdert. etc adds greatly to the safety of the operation. These ooe-iray valves pixvaa the possible back ing up of a rraesam or catalyst, which on have disastrous cocseqoracca. However, a word of ratraoo conrensng the use of Cheek valves! They are usually a spring-loaded ball valve and are easily fouled and rendered inoperatire by small amounts of foreign t&atcnal or dirt. Fre quent inspection and testing of these devices is imperative, otherwise one may be led into a false sense of security. In essaice. the human side of safety re duces itself to oae point---education. The problem becomes ctao of teaching raea to understand their equipment and to thk carefully before they act. Fur instance one muat somehow get across the idea that high pressure equiptsait. just because it looks rugged, does not require a strong arm and a long-handled wrench for assembly. Care, cleanliness, and a sawed-off opcs-cod wreach will usually do a much more effective job on research scale equipment. OPERATING MUC71CS Points such as this must be emphasised, demonstrated, and then coBtimolly re emphasised. We had a teehoaram with whom we had to go so far u absolutely to forbid him to operate a high pressure valve with any more force than he could exert by holding the vahe handle between bis little finger and thumb. This tray have beat an extreme ovmsurc. but the wm finally understood. We use job description sheets, oar amdost prevention Key Point Cards and other means of discussion to review important points and hoards with the mul One must cultivate the idea that the safety prac tices are ground nils which are jt oot to be broken. In a targe plant socb as ours the men who come into the area from the shops and services department present a difficult problem. These people may be in the axes only occasionally and for short periods of time. They may have tittle knowledge of the equipment or work, and must be carefully Instructed regarding safety practices which may be peculiar to high pressure work. This type of situation will vary with the particu lar installation and circumstances, but we should always keep in mind the uninformed "stranger" who las occasion to be in the area. Gear thinking and attention to detail are essential in this type of work. Always be on guard for signs of trouble. For instance, when releasing the pressure from a system . it is possible to detect an obstruction in the entry to a pressure vessel by observing such things as the rate of fait of pressure in the lines. Abnormal behavior in this respect is a sign of danger. Observation of such signs cruy avert the disastrous consequences of opotiag a jup- Chemical fnJtutntr posedly vested vessel while it is still under full pressure. Men must learn to detect plugged lines, teaks, etc. by these subtle signs and to deal with them safely. The same philosophy applies to disassem bly and maintenance work on such equip ment. Each line and vessel must be (rested as though it is a loaded gun until you are absolutely certain about it. High pressure work may be done safely if we use clear, critical thinking and careful planning. We cannot afford to be hasty, to disregard safety practices "just this one lime'' or to let our guard down in any other way. This applio to all types of high pres sure work, be it large or small, simple or elaborate. Evra if the installation U small and funds are limited, it is still possible to keep this baste philosophy and conduct the work in a safe manner. In that raped, afery is like happiness--it is the man that counts and money just cannot buy it.dk. CONTROLLING HEALTH HAZARDS IN A CHEMICAL PLANT by ROBERT A. REHOE. M.D. head, Oepi, Preventive Medicine Industrial Health. College of Medicine, University of Gncinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio Kamrds that are likely to be present io a chemical plant are; 1. Ordinary mcehanim! hacards --accidental injuries (falls, dislocations, sprains, frwrures, contusions; lacera tions, thermal and chenural burns, for eign bodies in eye or stag) --in association with mechanical equip ment, ootsc. vibration, firra. explosion, flying particles or missiles, slippesy floors, rigging, stairs. Udders, elevators, vehicles 2. Modem physical hazards --ultraviolet and infra red radiation*. ultrasonus, high frequency waves; X-ray. radium, other alpha, beta or gamma radiation 3, Chemical hands --old and wd] known (but not fully contrailed) chemical* --new products of research and devetopmcnt (olteo unexplored) --exposure in course of research oo new products --pilot plant development of new products or processes --new manufacturing processes involving new ways of handling well-known chemicals or oew chunicalc. (1) locus of hazards--aspect of portal of entry--tocal effects, such as con tact with sldn, dermatitis--sensitisa tion. gross injury to sldn, skin on cer. or inhalation of gases, vapors. 9 I9S7 National Safety Congress mists, fumes, dusts. Also asphyxia tion, Irritation of lungs--acute (edenu, pneumonitis), irritation of lungs--chronic, pneumoconiosis, fi brosis, emphysema,`and granuloma (Be). In addition cancer of lung, deposition--raditioo within lung and hilar lymph nodes? specific carcino genic agents are hazards. Ingestion of chemicals, following upper-res piratory trapping of dusts, follow ing contamination of hands and handling things that go Into mouth and following contamination of food stored in work rooms -eaten i n dirty lunch rooms are potential dan gers. (2) nature of hazard--aspect of absorp tion--systemic effects such as: acute intoxication, percutaneous, respira tory, alimentary absorption (often (wo or ail three combined) ; chronic intoxication remote enzymatic or membolic effects and organic dam age: or remote radiation effects fol lowing absorption and distribution of ndloacuve materials in bodyexample--bone and marrow, follow ing abcorptton, dlstribuh'os and me tabolism of speofic irareinogins-- example--bladder tumor. RECOGNITION AND IDENTIFICA TION OF HAZARDS I. Toxicologic investigation (in laboratory) (stepwise with progress of resorch and development to industry) (a) screening--preliminary choice or elimination of materials under con sideration-- --immediate toxicity--indicative of type of control measures based on portal of entry (type and point of application of preventive procedure) (degree of precision required m protection, i. e. extent of apparent danger) (medical criteria--tj-pe ot snticipatcd-iniury or disease) (b) Comprehensive--(adapted to the problems to be met) --manufacturing hazards --hazards of transportation and ose as raw materials by others --hazards of consumer of final prod uct --cumulative effects if any --metabolic fate in body--remote ef fects--long-term--chronic--injuri ous effects ---diagnostic and prognostic procedures bused on results of investigation 2. Tojdcoiogjctnrmtigacjon--(in plant) clin ical tnrcstigaticD of posoctDel --basts of aD specifications for safe en vironment jmii [im i the only basis for recognition of hazard, c. g. beryllium, occupational cancer CONTROL Of HAZARDS l. Medical measure* of control--<nvirepmettal--(operations, plant conditions and (how mo work) --clinical cxamiimtioo--all types. --policing the plant--(clinical findings and tests on personnel) --(dentificaiioo and quantitation of re sponses to observed exposure--within physiological (toloable) llmit>--beyond physiological timita --warning of need for further protection --disposition of personnel with respect to exposure restnenon of time (duration) of exposure--removal from exposure --temporary or permanent --personal protective equipment (choice and supervision, physiological criteria) adequacy of equipment onployc^--ade quacy of its maintenance--adequacy of its use --education, group meetings, written in structions, hygienic manual, combined with opoating manual --reports to engineering personnel' (is both operations and industrial hygiene) and in managemoit Engineering measures of control --designing and applying measures of conl^V--physical devices for protection against chemicals--plant design--opera tions design--ventilating design illi im the plant (environmental moni toring) inspection--critique of mainten ance operations--analysis of materials --air analyses. --personal protective equipment (choice awl supervision engineering criteria) --reports to medial personnel, and man agement (directly or through phyaidaa) 3. Administrative measures of control --appropriate organization of hygienic fa cility in relation lo operations --appropriate budgetary provision for hy gienic effort Adequate control dcpaids upon the com plete understanding of the hazard through physiologic and toxicologic research. To addition, raOlfactory team work in cludes: Chemical Industries 1.Pbysidaa (tacludiog nurse and techni cians) measures applied to personnel measures to be applied to environment (hygienic spediicatiotts) 2. Engineer (including chemist, physicist and tcchnioans) measures to be applied to environment (hygianc technologic applications) 3. Management proper organiraiioo proper financial tmpfanai&riorw^. LIVING IN THE AIR WE BREATHE Wy H. H. FAWCETT safety director, research laboratory, General Electric eo., Schenectady, N. Y. Living in the air we bnathe has been a problem since Cod created man from dust and that breathed Imo him the breath of life] But even today, the vital role of breathing in our daily life has not been com pletely appreciated. This paper reviews briefly (!) air coocuninaats, sod (2) com mercially available respiratory promcavii de vices, with emphasis on their limitations, and on the training and maintasance necessary for safe and effective use. Each of us is a creature of habits, but none of our habits Ls more vital to life than is brathing. So automatic and effortless is this habit that we give almost no thought to our resptranoo. although most of us <lite without air for more than five minutes. From the second of our binh whas we de scend from In ulero (where the oxygen partial pressure corresponds to 33,000 feet altitude) into a world with a mixture of gases called air, we oust breathe several quarts of air each minute so our body cells can east, grow, and perform their func tion*. For art average lifetime of 70 yean, we may breathe u> excess of a half billion limes. By contrast, we consume "three square meals** and "six glasses of water" daily. Our air requtrexaeats which we obtain vir tually without effort are of grater signifi cance by any standards than water, food, clothing, and shelter, whidt dcxeaod much "day-byday'* thought and deliberate action to obtain. We live ac the bottom of an ocean of air called the atmosphere, a name givoi to a mixture of several gases which consist mainly of four-fifths nitrogen and one-fifth oxygen. Virtually limitless in volume and mass as we view it from the ground, St thins nit into space. Half of its density Is under 18.000 feet, In a multitude of ways the air assists all living things to exist FUNCTIONS OF AIR Besides providing oxygen for brothingoxygen which tungs transfer to the blood- air conveys both sound and tight absorbs hat aubles fires to burn, propels boats, turns windmills, makes possible air brakes, vacuum cleaners, and other useful machines. Air In motion forms wiads which modify climate; equalize hat and cold, and distri bute rainfall. Rivers high in the air, such as the jet stream, greatly uifluaiee weather and are an increasingly important factor as air planes travel at higher altitudes. The udat Creeks ranked air with earth, fire and water is one of (he four fundamental clancuts. Since each of us has been breathing sev eral times each minute from our birth, res piratory protect!cm and devices to aid or supplement breathing rrught sum unneces sary. If pure air were truly ubiquitous, and no harmful gases, vapors or dusts existed. Z95T National Safety Congress breathing problems would be rnofrnnd to underwater or to travd ux high xltitudes. Unfortunately, pure air is * relatively rare commodity, ud U much harder to obtain pure than many chemical dements and corn* pounds. Some variations of the air are caused by natural forces (such as moisture from rain or dust from winds on dry ortb), while seme are due to man (such as combustion products, unburned or incompletely burned fuels, solvents, vapors, dnsts, fumes, inerr and toxic gases). When these variations are small, we ay that the air is ``pure,'* but whox the variations, other alooc or in com* binitioci, exceed our ability to adapt to them, or our ability- to tolerate them, we ay the air is "bad." air rouimoN 2Co simple yardstick has yet been devised to tell us when air cesses to be "pure." although numerous air pollution studies are underway, and threshold limit vaioa (znaximura allowable concentrations for industrial exposures) are available as a guide. We have just begun to realize that air pollution control may be even more important than stream pollution control When cxtiuue conditions exist, as is loodoo, Mrttir. Dooora or Los Angeles, we loow that human life is more difficult than other time* when smog U not present. On a minor scale, every year a serious problem exists from dost or poDen (soeh as rose fever, hay fever, or ragweed fever) for allergic persons, and we (save fonnd that respirators are frequently coossdexcd a a welcome supplement to mediation for the relief of snch conditions. Most breathing air supply problems exn be controlled with adequate ventilation. If air could be properly created to remove par* ticulaie natter, noxious vapors, and tosc gases, hated or cooled, and tbaa distributed a* required, breathing on be reduced to a minor problem insofar as purity of air ts concerned. Uofortmately, adeqmtc ventila tion and air treatment is sometimes impos sible or impractical where emogency actirxi must be takes to preserve life and property. Therefore, we must provide man_ with respiratory protection if we expect him to survive. A glance at the case histories of tnrideats collected at random from many lZ sauna and appended to this paper show* that respiratory problems have occurred in oaaay (fivesse activities. Specialized knowl edge and actioo m advance is essential if ndi injuries are to be prevented. It is sometimes glamorous or mutual in cidents which produce serious res&Ja; fail ure of a pressure system in an airplane at high altitudes will qttsc blackouts in sec onds; above 43,000 feet, even breathing pure oxygen is not adequate-- a pressure smt or a pressurised edb is euerihL On the other band, no ten serious arc the problem* when .'i,iimnwpfrro materials, sueh as a few ansages overheating and bang oa a fry ing pea on a latrhei range prodneed satfi* snohexed coxae (no to otetmr tbe occupants; firqnm required retperany pro tective apparatus to effect a rescue of tbe Gases and smokes nadting from ro have been staged for years; nl exxxOa* rojwm are availsMe. hot it ia fagcm** predict what gams may be ijxmrivl in what concentration* m a gma fin A Uxje number of different fliirieMi^rV--' ctl compositions or dwnkxl eamano* that change with ben. suck n phSKS, fabnn, lanhlint itfnsuuo, njIksu. pmxs. imffriaA-t sad bmiding materials, p**y Im portant roles in cur daily live*. VARIETY CP GASS IN HRS Za additfo* to carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, and water (present in nearly all firm), one may expect annuaiU from tam ing wool, cyanogen from burning tiOc. ac rolein from burning fat*, sulfur-e^ahnog gases Into burning rubber and lather, and chlorine-cooGaining gases from tantisg or smouldering chlorinated plastic*. From pikri newspapers smouldering in limited azygos. 41 per cent of the total gases gives off was food to be carbon moooridc, and 43 per cost was carbon dioxide. A pile of newspaper* in a large open ballway would give an entirely different rnrurn txatiOQ of carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide within the brathing zone tin tbe pile bunting in a son11 odosed base ment. Determinations ranging fnxn two per cost to four per cent carbon monoxide have boot made using recognized CO de tector* in (he "wJf- of htnMirrg Sees in tbe qm/- room in which fiiuixa were mgagod in CTtwigwtvtrrTwvit, by a medial doctor Chemical Industries wearing self-contained breathing apparatus. A vigorous movement is sow underway lo encourage fire and other rescue services to ase adequate respiratory protection more effectively. AIR CONTAMINANTS The convatiotzal dastifiotioo of air eon* tamininis follow*: A. Aerosols (dispersoids) (particulate cent*mirnnts)--dusts, fumes -->1 mists. A bettor classification of aerosols is based oa physiological effects: A. Ktanoee am* Inert: produce oo laown injtsriea: aidum arboaate, magnesium carbonate; w*"*" B. Inert pulmonary reactions: oon-rpedfic pubuomiry reactions: sili estes, orbon, aluminons C. Minimal pulmonary fibrosis-producing barium compounds, tin, iron orides D. Extensive pulmonary fibrous-producing tilir*. asbestos E.-Qw-miril_IrritanNs pmAitg.Inll>i-w. tion or uleeratioB allciljne reactions: adds, fluorides, ebroeaxo F. Toxfc systemic poisons: produce patho logical reactions: lead, manganese, antinseny, arsenie (not more toxic than Pb). arscmtci. organic-phosphates, adroinm. radioactive, beryllium (more toxic than lead) G. Allergic manifestations: produce aller gic reactions: pollens. H-Fever-producing rcamsoa: action un known or allergen: meal fumes, cer tain textile dust, (heap, cotton, jute, bagasse) A. AEROSOLS Formerly called dispersoids or partienlste eoatamhacts; these are substances present in the stir as minute particles (such u dusts), as fimcs (sods as metal teacs), or as mists (snch as duansc-add mista). In grouping these together, it is nmpri they may be phystcsBy filtered, screened, or ad sorbed from tbe air with properly rigrigrvrf filters. Aerucols may range in size from ISO microcs to * tbocmndtb of a pumas in aze (I cocrou equal* 3937 ntiUiocths of an meb or 1 x 10-4 centimeter). Many dmta am also fire and -j-l-:--- hazards. PncussoDokcmioses (Greek for lung dust) or pneumoconioses are a group of long conditions which result from the inhalation of dost. Silicosis is ooc of the most common types of pneumoconiosis, and is caused by the inhalation of '`free.** or "uncombined" rifle*, rods as qtarir, op*J flint and oyito halite. Many other dusts nay predoes lung involvement such a* absestot, tale, tbe tiltcates, orbon, iroa and barium. Other dasIs ante chemical irritation, such as tbe adds, alloli rubsonres. fluoride* and dmxraits. Allergic reactions may be attsed by common dusts such as pollens, synthetic retina, plastics, felt, fur, gums, spices, to bacco. paper, rubber, wood, starch, flour, and wool The Bureau of Mines group* all tbe shore (fasts as "Pocumocamosis-Prodncuse and Ntnqpcc Dusts." TOXIC DUCTS Another classification of (huts refer* to "Tome Dusts." Some have a lower thnabold limit or W,T1',WI" allowable concentreboa than does lad, although tbe Borean of Wi dassificatioa uses lead a* a reference. Among aerosols more toxic than lad are: oxide fume, ebromac add and chromates, mu cm/, mercury (organic), ydJow phosphorus, picric add. sekmom, tellurium. calcium arwmtc. Respirators approved for all the above durts (both toxic and pnemnocooious-prorfuring and nuisance dusts) arc ailed "duit" respirators. A few substances, snch as bciytthnn and radioactive substances; are not currently covet Ld by Boroo of Misa schedules. "Fumes" include aerosols formed by the eoodensatioo of vapor* from bated metals. Meltmc cutting, and wddxng of aoe, lead. ^nrimiiuii 2nd other metals produce soch fume*. "Mista" and "Spray*" Include liquid drop lets formed who liquids are carried into tbe air or are formed by a roetioa with tbe moisture In the air. An interesting ex ample is CL3 parts per million sulfur dioxide, with sunlight, forms 20,000 particles per ee. of sulfuric arid mist. Tbe availability of filter* with pore sices from 10 millimicrons (approximately the ri*? of the polio virus) to five microns (tbe tin, of comraoQ contaminants ia liquids) has grotiy improved and speeded up analyses 13 J95T National Safely Congress of aerosols sach as add muts, raetal fumes. smokes, aad radioactivity. In recast rears, study and measurements of cn smaller particles in air thar prerionsly observed, known as condensation nuclei, have contributed greatly to our under standing of die reiturc and number of parti cles in air. The particles in the air on which water will condense are called condensation nuclei ,* under natural conditions only the larger particles are so effective. When the air is sufficiently super-saturated apparently any particle will serve as a condensation center. Particles from such diverse substances as platinum, silver, stearic add, glycerin and lubricating oil will all form droplets at a sufficiently high supersaturation of water vapor. Practical methods are note available to measure the number of particles tn aa aerosol in free air. A wider use of the technique already available for sice and numbers of an aerosol would not only throw light oo some of the problems of air pol lution but would certainly lead to furtho* improvements in our knowledge of aerosols. Respirators for inscctiddes are tested and listed by the U. S. Department of Agricul ture. B. GASES AND VAPORS Tn this major group may be included most of the air contaminants which are not classi fied as aerosols. 1. Irritant gases are those which produce inflammation of tissue, such as the akin, the eyes, and the respiratory tract membranes. They are divided mto two general groups: a. action is limited to ination (such as hydrogen choride) b. action extends to systemic effect (such as oxides of nitrogen) Some of these gases and vapor* have pro nounced odors, but the nose' cannot be depended upon as a reliable method of es timating ccneaitraticrts. 2 Asphyxiants are substances which de prive (he body tissues of oxygen, causing hvpoxia (oxygen starvation). Two general methods of action are known: simple asphyxiants (soeh as nitrogow hydrogen, helium, and methane), which dilate or re place the oxygen partial pressure in air; and chemical asphyxiants (sach as carbon mon 14 oxide, hydrogen cyanide; hydrogen sulfide, acetonitrile; aromatic uitro and amino com pounds tike aniline, nitrobenzene and deriva tives), which combine with the hemoglobin of the blood to prevent oxygen-carbon diox ide exchange. The insidious nature of the action of the simple asphyxiants, and the speed with which they can act, is still not widely appre ciated; whereas most people have a healthy respect for the chemical asphyxiants. Under proper medical supervision, jre nitrogen may be breathed for several seconds and thu technique has bees used clinically by Himwich and others. However, nitrogen and the other simple asphyxiants give almost no warning between the rime breathing air is replaced with the asphyxiant and uncon sciousness overtakes the subject. PHYSICAL REACTIONS A. loss of mental faotitics begins within a few seconds, and unconsciousness may occur shortly after with oo warning. The brain is the first organ of the body to be affected seriously by oxygen want, and the subject *bhda out" quickly. Mention is of this littSe-apprcoalbd phenomenon not only because asphyxiants can be released in a room or cask with inadequate warning from the action of a fixed carbon dioxide fire extinguishing system, from a large spilt of liquid mtrogen. from a leaking gas sys tem. from an inert-gas producer, or from a leaking cylinder, but also because airlinesupplied respirators, hoods and suits are frequently attached to a plant air supply with tittle appreciation of the hazard. For cximpte. at the Adds and Heavy Chemicals sob-secoco meeting. Chemical section. National Safety Council. October 23. 1936; no company present reported use of a special air system for respiratory equip* nifflL If a oms-mnncction should occur anywhere in the air system which would permit an asphyxiant, toxic, or flammable gas to enter the air used for breathing, the results can easily and rapidly be fatal. Oxygen, osed uxEscrinrinately, may also be a IraxardL rince serious fires have bcoi reported where oxygen, either from a cylin der or aa airtiae. or a leaking hose or pipe, was used for breadting purposes in an air- Ibv respirator or hood where welding or other were involved. Only a com Chemical Industries pletely separate air supply, supplied by a compressor which cannot evolve carbon mon oxide, carbon dioxide, oil mist or other un wanted impurities or from cylinders of tested known purity should be used for airlinc respirators, boods or suite. In any event, regardless of supply, the system should include pressure relief valves, filters and absorbents as recommended. 2. Anaesthetics are gases and vapors whose action is primarily by indacaog the symptoms of anaesthesia when inhaled in sufficient' quantities. These include the sub stances which come to mind when the word "amesthetics" is mostioned, such as the ethers, chloroform, methyl chloroform (1,1,ttrichlorocthane), trichloroethylene, ethylene oxide and nitrous oxide (laughing gas), as well as hydrocarbons, aldehydes, ketones, other halogcnated hydrocarbons, the aro matic hydrocarbons, alcohols, esters, aad carbon disulfide. DECOMrOSITION OCCURS In addition to the physiological action of these materials aJcoe and in combination, decomposition products are produced in a fire or when they are otherwise subjected to hot. Even relatively harmless substances such as the Freon* and the Genctroas, (widely used as non-flammable refrigerants of low toxidty. as replacements for am monia. sulfur and ethane), will evolve toxic decoraposition produces if they are heated above their decomposition temperatures. This has occurred where Freons and Genetroos were used as dcuring solvents. Metal parts, after cleaning, were heated above the safe limits in order to dry and flash off the remaining solvent. Several persons were hospitalized with pulmonary congestion Trichloroethylene degreasers, properly installed. <a?ntafn#d and operated, are safe, yet the failure or misuse of these vapor degreasera has created serious haz ards including both fires and toxidty. Mass hysteria and imeoosriousaexs due to the little-appredatcd anaesthetic action of the trichloroethylene has occurred in sec onds; in one inrideit 72 persons were over come, aad in another. 26. Fortunately, all recovered after removal to fresh air and oxygen inhalatioa. The hazards of carbon tetrachloride mixtures in fire fighting and in other applications are well doeumojted. 4. Substances producing other effects-- This classification includes several substances whose action differ from previously-men tioned substances. Included in this group are mercury, white phosphorus, tetraethyl lead, nickel carbonyl, arsine, the boreo hy drides, phosphine; hydrogen rulfide, and the widely-publirixed military "nerve gases." The initial action of these gases and vapors is primarily on the nervous system, with respiratory arrest following. CONTAMINANTS COMWN6 If the above classifications appear com plicated, it must be remembered that these air contaminants seldom occur aloe^ and that even less is known about the combined action of two or more substances, especially if they are in different groups, than of the individual substances. Even if particles to the air are non-toxic in thonselves. they are known to act as amn of condensable toxic vapors--formaldehyde can have its toxicity increased five times by the presence of an aerosoL It is tittle wooder. then, that respiratory protection ran become a highly complicated subject, and that the practical application of respirators; gas masks, and self-contained breathing apparatus (alt with their limita tions). even by persons thoroughly trained in their use. is not cut-and-dried or fool proof. Relatively untrained persons ua an ernergotcy situation, are in especially vulnerable positions. Many of the rase histories at tached to this paper clearly point to the need for more widespread appreciation of the nature of the hazard, as well as of the limits of the various respiratory protective equipment used. RESPIRATORY PROTECTIVE DEVICES A. AIR-PUFJFYING RESPIRATORS The Fundamental limitations of any air purifying device are that the air must be within the limits for which the respirator was designed (Cor example, the oxygen content must be more than 16 percent); the particular uat will only protect against the specific substance or combinations for which It was designed, (for exampin aero sol [disperaotd] [filter type] respirators will give no protection against gams aad vapors); and the canister or filter must be IS 195T National Safety Congress maintained is proper working condition (on a properly maintained facepiece that fits snugly enough to exclude leakage). Aerosol (filter type) respirators require frequent changes in filters when breathing resistance becomes uncomfortable when used where excessive dust or fumes are involved. Chemical cartridge respirators will safely protect only against the specific vapors and gases in non-emergency situations where no more than 0.1 per cent is ojcountered. Extremely toxic mtcrials, such as aero* Icin. acrylonitrile, aniline; dimethylaniline, atJine,^ bromine; carbon disulfide; carbon monoxide, dtsncthylsulfaie, hydrogm cyan ide, hydrogen fluoride; hydrogen selenide. hydrogoi sulfide, iodine, methyl bromide. methyl chloride euekel and iron carbonyl. nitrobenzene, nitroglycerine, nitromethane. oxides of nitrogen, ozone. phosgene, phos phine, phosphorus; trichloride, stibtne, sulfur chloride, the boron hydrides ***** others are too toxtc even In low concentrations for re liance to be placed on simple cartridge type respirators. NOT FOR ODORLESS GASES Chemical cartridge respirators should not be used against gases which are odorless or whose odor threshold is high, since the only wanting of failure of the respirator or of concentrations which are above the ability of the respirator U odor. Methyl chloride is an example of such a gas whose warning properties are loo slight for practical pur poses. Substances which are highly irritat ing to the eye*, such as sulfur dioxide re quire eye protection (such as a gastight goggle, an air-supplied hood, or a foU-faee-v, piece). Several lacrimatory (tar-producing) sul^ tanecs. such as benzyl chloride, are in the same classification, and a respirator alone is clearly inadequate. Some substances, such as carbon monoxide, cannot be stopped by a chemical cartridge (except by the Hopolite in the Type N universal gas mask and In the miner's pocket jdf-rcscoer). Ammonia cartridge respirators will protect against ammonia up to 1,000 p-pun, while eye irritation from ammonia begins at about 700 p.pan. Mercury cartridge respirators are effec tive against concentrations of mercury vapor normally encountered at ambient tempera tures. but service life is proportionately 16 redoced where higher concentrations of mer cury from elevated temperatures and pres sure* are present. (There is no Bureau of Mines approval schedule for mercury rojuratore), Gombinatioa cartridges have the limitation of a shorter service life whtm used with oue particular type of hazard than the equivalent specific single-purpose canister would have for the same hazard. FAOIECE Type Normally, respirators use a "half-mask** facepieq; covering the sosc and mouth, while gas use both full-masks and full facepieces. (Only full facepieces on gas masks are approved by the Bureau of Maes). Recently, the "self-rescue** or "pocket** respirator, normally used with a cartridge coutainiog Hopcalitc with a dryer and designed for escape from mines, has been extendsi into other cartridges. The mouthpiece of this style respirator Is held tightly by the front teeth of the wearee. are]"the breathing is accomplished through the mouth. A nose damp blocks off the openings of the nostrils, and prevents irri tation of the membranes of the oose. A neckband permits the respirator to be worn ready for instant use. Twelve different filter cartridges will fit the basic bolder and mouthpiece. Industrial canister-type gas masks, with omstcra designed for specific substances or <vmif;wn^w have the one limitations in general a* chonied cartridge respirators, except they are effective in concentrations of any specific (u or members of the same group of gases (or which they are designed of hoc more than two per cent in air or a two per emt toed for a mixture`of aso for which tbc oxnster is designed. The "--v'* canister la approved for three per cent ammonia. For shorter periods of time; industrial canister-type gas masks can be used In higher concentrations, but the ti*"r of service life will be reduced. Depending oo the size of the canister, and the service for which it was designed, the service time varies. Protection for a combination of various gases, such as add gases, organic vapors, and ammonia on all be obtained Is one canister, boa the service life of such a combination Is shorter in the combined can ister wbm used with one spedfic substance; than Is the fife of an equivalent canister Chemical Industries designed for spedfic substance alone. The only wanting that a .canister or cartridge is "exhausted* is the detection of odor of vapor or gas passing through the canister or artridge. Persons who need corrective lenses m order to work property when wearing the respiratory protection, especially full facepieces. tony find of interest two methods of incorporating lenses inside a facepiece. One method consists of wire frames which fit around the dresaftrence of the sight lenses, and hold a 30-nan round prescription lens. PRESCRIPTIONS IN FACEPIECES A second method consists of a center pose butte inside the mask, onto which on be attached 40mm rimless glasses. Such arrangements seldom allow pcrfci.t align ment of the prescription lenses to the view er's eyes, but. with adjustment; a suffidentiy accurate fitting can be achieved for most purposes for reasonably long periods of time. The type K universal gas mask canister is constructed of several layers including activated carbon (to remove organic vapors), soda lime (to remove add gases and carbon dioxide), copper sulfate (lo protect against ammonia gas), u'Ea gel aad other dryers (to remove moisture both before and after the Hopcafitc), and Hopcafite itself (a mix ture of metallic oxides which catalyzes the conversion of carbon monoxide to carboo dioxide), plus a filter for smokes. This canister on be used as protection against smoke and gases which do not ex ceed two per cent by voliene total, where adequate amounts of oxygen are present. Sixteen per cent oxygen is cited as the practical arinimtgn. but life is not actually in danger until about 14 per cent or less oxygen is present. A timer is used to count the manber of inhalations, and indicates aboat two hoars total use. 0J9OSE OF CANISTERS A canaster should be discarded at lost as soon as the timer indicates the pointer has completed ooc revolution, if not sooner. Odc authority recommends that universal canisters be weighed immediately on re ceipt from the manufacturer, and that they be discarded as soon as they have gained 45 grams. Hus 45 grams limit was imposed dace it reprisals the limit of the dryers to keep the Hepatite dry, and also to prevent excessive breathing resistance from developing as the dryer becomes molft. The shelf-life of the universal evuster, once the canister has beta attached to the facepiece is one year, if stored with the bottom scad a place, even though the mask has not been used, ff stored with both top and bottom seals unopened, as received from the massJactorcr. the shelf-life is considered by some to be four, and by others, five yet. With an respirator or gas mask the prob lem of proper fitting of the facepiece is critical, fa addition to the time honored technique of bolding the hand over the oporing a the bottom of the canister while mhatiag gently to see that the facepiece will collapse oo the face, another technique re cently suggested by the A4LC is to use isoamyl acetate. Since Isoamyl acetate (which smelts sunihr to bananas) oo be delected in a concealratioo of as low as one part per mil lion, a small leak will be detected if the accate is placed on cotton and the cotton passed slowly around the edgcs.oC the mask without touching other the wearer's face or the mask. If the wearer on detect the odor, % Irak is indicated and the oaik should be further adjusted until the odor oa no looser be detected. ovn. OEF&ISfi MASKS As part of its chemical' warfare defense program, the Federal Cavil Defense Ad ministration is stockpiling a mask desig nated as CD V-800 organizational mask for use by emt defense personnel. The canister m this chm-st>le mask is the same as used in the U. S. Army Assault Mask. This mask is reported to give "excellent pro tection against C\V (Chemical Warfare) and BW (Biological Warfare) agents, as well as against the Inhalation of radio logical particles, or CBR (chemical, bio logical aad radiological)". Designed to be used In conjunction witha detection lot. CD V-fJlQ, which, will detect and distinguish betwees the serve gases and the mustard gases, the V-800 cask is a specific mask for war gases (including nerve gases) and will not protect against carbon monoxide, arnmoda and ether gawn- The Army Chqmkal Corps recently an- 17 I9S7 National Safety Congress oouoccd a new E-13 ----(or troops. It ts designed to give the soldier complete protection against the inhalation of war gases, germ warfare agents and airborne radioactive fallout particles, but does not protect against direct radiation. The sew mask docs oot have the pro truding canister used in current tnaalra. This was made possible through develop ment by the Chemical Corps of a new light-weight, pliable gas-aerosol filter ma terial. Pads of this material are enclosed within cavities molded Into the rubber face piece of the mask. Lower breathing re sistance, superior vision, better speciJj trans mission, and greater comfort are claimed. It should fce noted that the CD V-600, the existing and the new Army gas masks should he used for purposes for which they were designed only. After both World War I and II. several instances were reported where "surplus' Army masks were used for protection against gases for which they were oot designed, with serious conse quences. It is aaportant that gas masks are not misused. R AIR-SUPPUED RESPIRATORS Since the simplest solution to all respira tory problems is to supply pure air to the breather, the use of an air supply from some remote source where the air is oot contaminated is both simple and logical. For many applications, air-supplied equip ment has real advantages, but this equip ment is subject to definite 1mutations. The simplest type U the Bureau of Mines Type B hose mask, which is a facepiece to which is attached a hose without a blower which must extend to a respirable source of air. This mask depends on the breathing action of the wearer to move the air. For this reason, a maximum hose length of 75 feet has best established for the bose mask with out blower. Low pressure blowers, operated either by hand or by power (power blowers do not carry Bureau of Mines approval) are used to supply Bureau of Mines Type A hose masks up to ISO feet. AU hoses should origidate at the blower. A respirable source of air must be as sured, and a safety man must be present at the blower at all times. Fouling of the hose may cut off the air supply, and the exit route must be the same as the entrance 18 route. These hote masks can be used safdy only if the above preewtioo* arc observed. Airtine-soppfied Bureau of Mines Type C respirators are divided into two daises: (a) the continuous flow type and (b) the demand or intermittant demand flow type; (a) ts usually used with a powered compressor or blower, while <b) is usually^ wid with breathing air supplied from cylinders. The use of such equipment in atmospheres im mediately hazardous to life is not recom mended since failure of the air supply or foullog of tbe bose would be serious, and further, it Is absolutely necessary to have respirable air of unquestioned quality. We have previously noted the hazard of using a plant air supply for air-strpplied breathing equipment. It ts recommended that a separate air system be used exclu sively for breathing air. Depending oo the pressure available and the diameter of the hose, there is a limit to the Irogth of bose which is practical. Wherever possible; soda systems should be piped as dose to the omlct as possible, so possibility of fouling of the bose and cutting off tbe air supply will be rmainszed. Exit from areas where air-tine respirators arc used must, of cemrse. be the same as the route m. If a compressor or tank sup ply is gw*, suffidst pressure relief control must be available to protect the water against pressure in excess of that ^rc,. *ibcd 'for tbe equipment Al(UNRATED SUITS Air helmets, air hooks, and air-supplied suits have the same general limitations as for air-tine respirators. An interesting de velopment in *h?e fidd is the use of airinflated suits for protection of the whole body against hazardous materials. Io form, tbe Urge impervious plastic tunnel or pipe allows a mam to work in one room whale using air from another-- the slight air pressure supplied giving both breathing air aad inflation (or body) totbe suit. The front of the suit is tailored into a facepiece, and arms with gloves are at tached. Mobility ts reported good within the obvious limits Imposed by tbe length of th* I'rr--i jjticboL In another form, a complete stat with built-in arms and legs is supplied with air for inflation aad a hood also air supplied. Chemical Industries is used for bead face and respiratory pro tection. Depending oo the particular fabric, plastic, or composition used in its construc tion, ' this suit allows work inside reaction. vessels and other confined space which still a hazardous atmosphere. Properly used together with safeguards to insure that the wearer's air supply and life line are always in proper positioa and -work ing order, this suit has increased safety and decreased operating costs in maintenance work inside tanks ccBtaiaing materials which are corrosive or are easily absorbed through the skin such as aromatic amino and rutro compounds. The same limitations noted above for air-lcne respirators should be noted. Regardless of the type 'respirator'* used, a definite program of control is necessary to injure the device is used properly, is prop erly maintained, and that it ts doing what is expected of it. After the Canadian Chalk River atomic reactor incident, respirators were used to prevent inhalation of radio active contaminants. This program was suc cessful only after a respirator official was appointed to control the use and mainte nance of respirators, regular uriae-samples were analyzed to show definitely the degree of absorption, and an improved respirator was made available. C SELF-CONTAINED BREATHING APPARATUS SAS-aaatxaxd breathing apparatus supply complete respiratory protection in any con centration of marie gases and under any oxygen deficient atriM.*rhcrc. However, cer tain gases and vapor wiD cause systemic poisoning by tlon absorption. Although a atoll group, these carccpocm are highly important, inrfading hydrogen cyanide, nitro and ammo aromatic cumpounds, ethylene uniiw. pbesob ad a few others. These gases aad vapors require complete slan protection of aa Impervious type in addi tion to respiratory protection. EAiay RESJtEATHING APPARATUS Tbe early stif-cooataed rebreathing ap paratus, which was imported from Europe; bad serious defiaoaties. Lou of life was reported by users la this country; 19 acridems are reported involving 26 facilities between 1911 aad 1940, due partly to equip ment failure and partly to improper use. Where life-lines and standby rescue squads were employed, the apparatus was generally satisfactory Id the hands of wtU-Uuined users. The first self-contained breathing appa ratus to be approved by the U. S. Bureau of Mines was of the two-hoar rebreathing type. The oxygen ethicsthing type apparatus is relatively heavy (39# for the two-hour type) and is bulky. Most self-contained (dosed circuit) oxygen breathing appara tus in use today require mouth breathing with a nose dipt, but a full facepiece has recently bees approved. Careful training is required In use and in taanttaanee of this apparatus. A nuxsroum of 20 hours initial training is tetouunqtdcd by the Bo reas of Muses. RESTRICTS MOVEMENT Demand-type air and demand-type oxygen breathing apparatus is available in half-hour, quarter-hour and 7*4 minute ratings. Only the half-boor demand apparatus is Bureau of Mhxs approved; the Bureau has no approval schedule at present for any selfcontained apparatus of less than a half-boar. Although the schedule of work oo which the Burma's half-hour rating ts exhaust ing; targe men under extreme stress hare exhausted a half-hour (40 crx. ft.) cylinder in signifioady less than a half-hour. Differing only m whether it is supplied with compressed oxygen or compressed air, the apparatus weighs nearly 30 poinds for the half-hoar type, with the large cylinder (40 cubic feet) on the bask. It U relatively awkward to put on and it restricts action in confined spaces. With practice, it may be put oo and into operation from a mounted backboard in less than 20 seconds. Tbe bock position of tbe cylinder makes it difficult to crawl under equipment. Climbing in and out of small openings; such as manholes, requires care when wearing this type apparatus. Operation of a motor ve hicle is awkward when wearing a cylinder on tbe bade (IS-minute and 7$4-miautc demand apparatus use smaller cylinders slung oo the ride of the wearer, which overcomes this objection to some ettat) The purity of the air or oxygen with which the cylinder has beet charged should always be qnestiooed since other gases such 19 1957 National Safety Congress u nitrogen, acetylene and carbon dioxide and ga* mixtures other than air have ac tually been found in "breathing air" cylin ders. Errors in compressed air used for breathing may be rapidly fatal, and every newly-filled cylinder should be checked to insure it actually contains "breathing air,'* regardless of the source of supply. Unless the user has his own compressor producing air of an unquestioned purity, no cylinder should be put on a denond breath ing apparatus or air-supplied respirator, hood or suit until the contents have beat checked for purity. The Orsat gu analyzer or the Beckman paramagnetic oxxgcn ana lyzer are often used in analyzing oxygen percentage white carbon monoxide nuy be checked with the National Bureau of Stand ards colormctric tester available from two manufacturers. High pressure cylinders may leak, and frequent inspection is necessary to insure that the air or oxygen is actually available for use in an emergency- High pressure valve, gauge, and demand regulator must be maintained in top operating condition by inspection and a regular preventative maintenance schedule as recommended by the manufacturer. ATMOSPHERE cuts service If demand-type apparatus is worn in environments where pressure above one at mosphere is present (as in caissons or tun nels under higher than atmospheric pres sure). the service time is reduced as the pressure increases. This is also true of un derwater use of the regular demand-type apparatus: a special adaption is available for underwater swimming. Other peculiar effects have been reported when demand and closed circuit oxygen breathing apparatus was worn under pressure. The use of oxygen in atmospheres above two atmospheres absolute pressure should be avoided since oxygen produces a toxic effect under such conditions. For periods up to 12 hours at normal atmosphere pres sures. however, oxygen may be used without apparent ill effects by healthy persons-- persons in questionable physical condition should not wear any emergency breathing equipment, but should remain away from contaminated air and underwater. When the supply of air or oxygen has been depleted, the supply in the demand type apparatus cuts off abruptly, and the facepiece must be removed immediately or asphyxia can occur. One British balf-bour breathing apparatus has available as op tional equipment an automatic waning whistle (Pat No, 6*4105) which will start to blow when the cylinder pressure falls to 300 pound/square inch, to aid in wanting the wearer to return to fresh air at once. The seal around the facepiece must be absolutely gas-tight in a toxic atmosphere since in the demand-type apparatus the facepiece is under slight negative pressure momentarily during the beginning of the inspiration phase of the cycle. A revest revision by one manufacturer eliminates this negative pressure part of the cycle. Another novel feature of another demand mask (34 cubic feet of air or oxygen di vided between two 26 cubic foot cylinders for balance) is a plug-in attachment orried with the mask for administering re suscitation to an overcome person on-the-spot while stilt in a toxic atmosphere. In the above discussions, no mention has been made of the fire and explosion hanrd of air which is richer than 21 pc' cent in oxygen, or of pure oxygen itself. Certainly air should not be replaced with oxygen, cither in a breathing apparatus, in a ventila tion technique, or for any other purpose; without full consideration of the increased potential hazards from fire; as (he oxygen concentration increases above the 21 per cent oxygen content of air. A flammable vapor-oxygen mixture requires only abwit one thousandth the energy to ignite it as does a corresponding flammable vapor-air mixture. The resulting fire or explosion is many times more violent. Failure to appreciate these facts (which have been published and welt documented for years) has cost many lives. For this reason, it is as important to analyze a suspected atmosphere for oxy gen concentration as for flammable vapors and gases, and for toxic gases. By using other die time-honored mine safety lamp as an oxygen indicator, or the more re cently available Beckman paramagnetic oxy gen analyzer, it is possibte to obtain fast and sufficiently accurate oxygen analyses for practical purposes. Combine sach oxygen analysis (which will refleet inert gases or oxygen deficient at mospheres as well as excessively high oxy 20 Chemical Industries gen concentrations) with a cheek for flam mable vapors and gases (using- one of the many instruments commercially available), and a check for whatever toxic gas is suspected (for CO. (or example, the Na tional Bureau of Standards glass tubes con taining palladium chloride which changes color with CO). To ignore any one of these fundamentals is to run risk of trouble. SAFE 4S MINUTES The self-contained oxygen-generating breathing apparatus is approved by the Bureau of Mines, and is rated for 45 min utes. Some of the models produced for the military* are not Bureau of Mines ap proved. however. The weight of 14#, car ried on the chest and stomach, gives it a decided advantage both in weight and con venience over the demand-type apparatus, although the chest positioo crestes limita tions in use under some conditions. The highly exothermic reaction which generates oxygen from the potassium super oxide (ICO,) evolves significant heat, which might serve as an aulo-ignidoo source to carbon-disulfide or nickel carbonyl vapors under extreme conditions. This tempera ture of the canister surface nay reach Z50*F, and is equivalent to the hazard pre sented by unshielded incandescent lamps, hot plates and strain pip*5 in such an atmosphere. When worn in hot arras, or "bile work ing hard in the heat, the oxygen generated may occupy a volume v\hlch requires "dumping" of surplus oxygen to maintain comfort. The apparatus requires care in starting, especially in sub-freezing tempera tures--for this reason it is considered good practice that both tbc apparatus and the canisters be stored inside or in a heated truck cab or automobile, and that the ap paratus be thoroughly started above freez ing temperatures, if possible. Unless the sub-freezing starting is thor ough. the wearer may be aire of itauflv. dent oxygen during the first few nucules, by a feeling of "light headedness" and diffi culty in coordination. If such a condition is noted, he should return to fresh air, deflate the bags and re-start the apparatus, until the breathing rate and the generating rate balance before re-entry. In inserting the canister in the canister holder (canister it stored separately), ore must be exercised to avoid cuts from the tom top seal when removing it, and the canister brought securely into place after It has been punctured by the sharp point designed into the apparatus for that purpose. The facepiece should not be donned until the canister is completely seated. A fresh canister should always be used in any emergency. Once opened, a canister will continue to evolve oxygen even when removed from the apparatus and re-capped. To enter a hazardous atmosphere with a used canister is a highly dangerous practice--a fresh canister must be employed to insure safety. In view of the relatively high cost of these canisters, the tonprarion to re-use canisters is great, but should be avoided, and canisters promptly disposed of to insure the safety of the next user. DONT RE-USE CANISTERS The disposal of the self-contained oxygengenerating canisters must be performed ac cording to the instructions. Oil crease, gaso line. or other flammable or combustible liquids must be kept from the canister mouth, or an explosion will occur. Only clean water in large quantities should be used to destroy a canister. The canisters should be promptly disposed of, and not be left strong around where the)* could contact combustibles. For reasons noted under* discussion of demand-type breathing apparatus, the selfcontained oxygen-generating apparatus should not be worn under pressures greater than two atmospheres absolute. Smaller Self-Contained Breathing and Oxygen Inhalation Droiees U. S. Bureau of Mines approval for selfcontained breathing apparatus currently makes no provision for apparatus rated for less than 30 minutes. In emergencies where a smaller, less cumbersome device with a shorter life weald (ivt sdeast protection. the only available devices until recoitiy were regular demand masks with smaller cylinders for 29, 15, ami 7J4 minutes serv ice; using die same facepiece, reducers and regulators as oo the larger approved devices. Recognizing that many (perhaps most) breathing emergencies eaa be brought under control in 10 minutes, and that the first I30ec of expired air relatively Jit- 21 m ;r ii I lf>S7 National Safely Congress tie COu there is now* available a lighl- weight device in which oxygen from small cylinders, supplemented by the dm lOOcc of the previous exhaled breath, is used for breathing at a rate of seven liters per min ute. The device is still too new for exten sive field experience, but represents a novel and new approach to the weight, bulk and cost of presently approved equipment. Another recent development is a small portable anaesthesia and oxygen breathing device which is designed for use by medical personnel primarily, but which has obvious application as & "self-rescuer" for escaping toxic atmospheres. The device consists of a face piece with pressure limiting valves an aluminum central body, a soda time canister in volumes of lOOee to SOOcc, two aluminum cylinders, each containing three liters at oxygen, and a six liter rubber rebreathing bag. Using the device for escape, it is claimed a young male adult walking three mph caa travel safely for 1100 yards using a 200cc soda lime canister,^ and 1600 yards using a 500ce canister. Since the complete unit weighs less than two pounds, and the oxy gen cylinders are pocket-size; the device may rightly be called pocket-size, and. us the hands of trained personnel, should be useful for telf.-rescue oxygo inhalation or resuscitation. Maintenance, Training and Medical Precautions la discussing respiratory protection, we have shown the importance of breathing "good" air, briefly reviewed the major air contaminants, and discussed briefly appara tus available. We have stressed the limita tions of each type, rather than the advan tages. since we believe that limitations were not as widely appreciated as advantages. The ideal breathing apparatus has yet to be developed. We have tried to create the im pression that a thorough knowledge of the particular apparatus used is essential for its safe use under various conditions. Maintenance of the apparatus in first-class condition so it is immediately ready for use at any time is likewise important Metal parts of apparatus will wear, tarnish or corrode; rubber parts will slowly "age." Facepieces wilt take a "set" and must be discarded. Cylinders, regulators and valves on demand-type apparatus must be checked frequently for leaks; canisters on industrial or universal service masks or chemical cart ridge respirators must be replaced. Washing the facepiece with an antiseptic solution or soap, rinsing in dear water, and drying will assure that sanitation and clean liness is not neglected. This also prolongs the useful life of the facepieces. Proper storage oooditioss and frequent checking for deterioration are as important with respira tory protective equipmejt as with fin ex tinguishers, parachutes and life-lines. TRAINING OERCIENT Training is the third, and perhaps roost important leg of the triangle of respiratory safety. There is serious deficiency in thi phase of the respiratory program. Putting on a device for a few minutes ooce a year is not adequate training. The U. S. Bureau of Mines Health and Safety Activities, through its district and sub-district offices; eondoets training courses in first-aid, and also in the use of various emergency breath ing apparatus. The course can be modified to meet spe cial needs on request. Addresses of offices which offer these courses may be obtained by contacting the Hrafth and Safety Divi sion of the Bureau of Mines, 4600 Forbes St, Pittsburgh 13. Pa. This service of the Bureau is available to the soneral and allied industries, as well as to governmental agencies. The Bureau baa at each of its Health and Safety field offices throngbemt the oatmtry mine-rescue eqtapeaent, and wiU make it available to trained perumcl in any emergency. During training; breathing apparatus should be worn for refcrtrrdy long periods, in dark and confined spares, hills or stairs, duplicating all manual labor ex pected, and in smoke-filled atmospheres by hand-carried lights while performing work. Smoke generators are available winch will quickly 611 a room, a basement, a tunnel or a small building with a smoke that is real istic but which is relatively harmless and on be ventilated out without any The "buddy" system and team drill should be practiced, as in a real emergency.' The use of life lines should be part of this training, and should he a stinted part of any underground, task or smoky operation. 22 Chemical Industries Signals as used by mine rescue teams based on OATH (OnOK=l pull; A=adva&cess2 pulls; T-take-up--3 pulls; H= help--4 pulls) should be employed and stand-by men. ready to oitcr the area for rescue; should always be oa hand. Hand-carried short-wave two-way radios may also prove useful for cocnmuxuotion between base and field party. When used in atsoosphses which may cootain flammable vapors or gases, aoy electrical devices should have a "permissible- rating by the Bureau of Mines for the gases or vapors involved. ffWSfOU.1 EXAMS LACKING The need for proper pbysaal examina tions for persons wearing emergency equip ment has not always beat appreciated in the post. A regular program of physical check ups with particular attention to the respira tory and circulatory system as wdl as general physical condition probably would have prevented some rases where inhalation of a smoke combined with physical exertion with or without respiratory protection; has produced serious illness. Pulse rates before, during and after cx- enase, general physical condition, moderate weight, good eyesight and proper teeth aime- menr (where naootbpiecc breathing is in volved) are considered vital m pre-crahx&g by the Bureau of imtrnciuis. A practice of not permit!ing petairs to return unprotected to smoke or fumes after they have beet overcome and retired, wredd help prevent more scrioes mhahriao effects. Such restraining action may require physi cal force to tmplancot it in practice, rince a patient who it partially recatered from fume or smoke inhalation may display highly irregular behavior. One *1*""1* that persons suffitimtly expoaed to smoke and carbon monoxide to require treatment should not return to active doty in less than four to six hours; while those who have been rendered semteonsoous or ttoounarious should rest 24 to 48 hours. Properly maintained breathing apparatus, used with full approdatSoa of its Emitsdoes; by bcalthy persons, property amd ade quately trained, will eliminate most "fume" disabilities in the future. However. the ideal breathing apparatus for all tppfadmn has not been developed and may nee be devel oped until there is sufficing Jurard for St, CASE HISTORIES AMMONIA The incident in question took place in Singapore. Malaya, daring the early days of the war 1942, just prior to the fall of the city to the Japanese. Our ship was tied alongside the docks, having just completed a The city was under air attack cootimlly, so that we maintained a full scale Watch, ready for any emergency. It was after one of these raids that a strong odor of ammonia was observed on our ship; oar blower venti lating system was picking it up. Investiga tion by our shore patrol informed us that a large cold storage plant bad beat hit and that the local fire department was attempting to rescue several members who were trapped inside the baildxngs. Oar fire and rescue section was dis patched to the seme at once; we were equipped for inch work with demand-type breathing apparatus, with proper protective equipment and safety Goes. Upon arrival we were briefed as to the phut tayoac and the possible torifim of 10 met* inside the build ing with a British type for protection. We am red tbe area working in pairs, and during the oext 20 minutes reiwiql 10 firemen, who had been welt trained by tbe best of British methods, bat uafortggitdy U2 equipped for sods violent conditions. \Vbo found. aQ men woe tmcoosaous and upon removal from tbe bonding were rated to the horprtil. oxygen bang admin istered carouse by a fine Australian medical team. Of tbe 10 earn rescued, six died from tbe effects of imnvuia mhabtiew. four men recovered completely. During the entire operation none of our team experienced any breathing difficulty: tbe try.fiTug of damage control, fire and rescue work by Naval standards are very good. Their rareful selection of reliable oqtapcjcat has beas tbe result of careful re search and experience. NITROGEN IN AIR-LINE RESPIRATOR Employees us an arm were required to ose air-Eae respirators as a precaution apimt inbabtion of radioactive particles. Tbe air tine was also used to provide instnxnoit air. 23 1; n; ; 1957 National Safety Congress FILMS Mechanism* of Breathing (EBF) 6IIL2-1, Peruiyslvanta Stale University. AudioVisual Aids Library, Sole College, Pa. or Encyc. BriL Films. Inc. USO Wil mette Ave, Wilmette, 111, (16mm sound. It mm). Oxygen. 16mm sound. 10 min, B&W and color. Coronet Fitms, Coronet Btdg. Chicago 1, 111. The Air We Breathe. 16mm sound, 26 min. B&W: Mine Safety Appliance Co, >45 49th A\e, Long Island City. N. Y. or local sales office. The City That Disappears (Los Angeles), 16mm sound, color. 30 min, (Stanford Research Institute. Menlo Park, Calif. A Report on Smog, 16mm sound, color, 20 nun. (same source as 4). Yon Bet Yo*r Life. 25 min, 16mm sound B&W. available same source a* 3. Use of Oxygen in Aviation, TFl-4595. 2Z min, 16mm sound, color, same source as & Oxygen, In-Flight Requirements, TF-1-5038A. 25 min, 16mm sound, colon Air Force Tninsnc Films, Eastern Film Exchange; 1336 Film Library Flight (APCS) (MATS). Marietta Air Force Station. Marietta. Pa. Oxygen-In-Flight Equipment. TF 1-5038B, 30 mtru 16mm sound color, same source as 8. The Physiology of Anoxia, 30 min, 16mm sound, J3*W. same amerce ai II. . The Breath of Life. 10 min. 16mm sound color. H. J. PoDc, Oxygen Therapy DepL. Linde Air Prod. Div, U.C.&C, 30 E. 42nd Su New York 17. S'. Y. , Safe and Efficient Oxygen Therapy, 20 min, 16mm sound color, avaiL same source as II. , Nitrooen Inhalation Therapy, 10 min, 16mm sitat color. Dr. H. E. Himwich, Galesburg State Research Hospital, Galesburg, !1L . Sotoey Chlorine Emergency Devices, !6mm silent color. 40 mm. Research DepL SoWey Process Dir, Allied Chon. & Dye Corp.. Solvey. N. Y. or local Solvcy sales branch off. , Use of the Air-Chem Suit. 16mm sound. 30 min. color, Cost Reduction Section. Chamber Works, Organic Chemicals Dept, E. L DuPont deNonouts Sc Co. Inc (Penns Grove N. J.) avail, both with magnetic sound tract fir regular optical sound tract- . Breathing Apparatus. Fire DepL Training Film, 16mm sound B&W. 30 nun. Public Relations sect, Los Angeles Fire DepL. Los Angeles. Calif, also avail, as Xaiy Train. Film Breath of Life, 16mm sound, color. 10 min, Scott Avia. Corp, Lancaster, K. Y. . No. Z Training Film. !6 sound B&W. 20 min, Scott distributors. . Damage Control, Oxygen Breathing Apparatus, MN-6931A. 16mm sound. B&W. 22 min. Navy Train. Film, U. S. Naval Train. Aids Center, E. Coast. 207 W. 24th Sl, N. Y. 11. N. Y. . Rescue Companies, l6mnt sound 30 min, by Warwick & Tomplan, Public Rela tions section, Los Angeles Fire DepL. Los Angeles, Calif. Nerve Cos Casualties & Their Treatment, 16tnm sound color, 30 min. State CD Offices, or thru the Federal CD Admin, Battle Creek. Mich, on Fed. contribu tions prog, or thru W. B. Jacques, E R. Squibb & Co, 74S-5th Ave, New York. N. Y. Cos Obstacle Course. TF-14440, 16mm sound, B&W, 19 min, 19*3 (Air Force) same source as 8. . The Effects of Weather on the Travel of Smoke & Gat Clouds, TF-l-4666. 16mm sound. B&W, 21 mm, 1949, avaiL same as 8. Chemical Industries A regular compressor and a standby com pressor were provided on the air line. Over a week-end, both compressors were out of service; so bottled nitrogen was manifolded into the line by a temporary jumper con nection to maintain instrument air pressure. An employee, aware of (he circumstances, was told to wear a fitter-type mask. By habit, however, he entered the area and was found dead several minutes later due to nitrogen inhalation in the air-line respirator he had worn instead of the filter-type mask. Breathing air systems, using an approved compressor or tank system, should be closely supervised and used only for breathing. Employees whose work takes them out of contact (visual or audiabtc) with others should be closely supervised. Human error caused this fatality. CARBON TETRACHLORIDE AGAIN Bunker C oil leaks had sprayed oil over the walls and ceiling of a small boiler room. Fearing the fire hazard which might result from using kerosene on the electrical equip ment, the plant engineer had four men use a bucket of carbon tetrachloride with a long-handled brush. Respirators of the proper type were pro vided and worn, but due to a g part and poor fining on one masla coe of the men became ill and was hospitalized three weeks with typical carbon tetrachloride pei- toning symptoms. A properly adjusted respirator, a lets toxic solvent (such as t.l.l-triddonttthaoc), and ventilation--any combination of these measures would have prevented this injury. It was also noted that the injured man occasionally consumed alcoholic beverages-- a contra-indicated action in solvent areas. PHOSGENE A chemist suffered a major injury when phosgene gas containing dissolved HC1 es caped from a cylinder too fast for the cap acity of the hood. The chemist was wearing a Type N universal canister mask, but he noticed that his e>es were irritated when he took the mask off moments later in the fresh air. Two men who worked alongside him were waring air-line respirators and did not smell phosgene nor notice any eye or throat irritation. The chemist was hospitalised for 10 days from a toxic exposure to phogcnc fumes, and was absent from work for about one month.* The two oiber men suf fered no ill effects whatsoever. XO RESPIRATORY PROTECTION A chemist was decomposing a reaction mixture containing phosphorous oxychloride in a hood by pouring it over ice onto a four-liter beaker. While his back was turned, the reaction became violent and the mixture overflowed onto the hood floor. A small amount also spilled onto the laboratory floor, since he did not have a catchpan under the beaker. He directed his laboratory assistant to leave the room promptly, but stayed behind to throw some iee on the spill on the floor and open windows. He re-entered the labo ratory after 10 minutes, when the fumes had subsided considerably, and cleaned the spilled material off the floor. This required 10 minuces, during which period he inhaled some of the fumes, chiefly HCl. He did not use any respiratory protection, although it was available. He did not notice any ill effects that day, other than e>e and throat irritation, but he was hospitalised on the following day for bronchial and pulmonary congestion. He was in the hospital for four days. A vertical catalyst bed was bring rodded out to remove solids. Dust and fumes from the solids being discharged at the bottom of the reactor were sufficient to cause coughing and discomfort, to the operator, although spot ventilation was bring used at the top of the column. The operator continued to work out his shift but that night he had an attack of nausea and vomitting, accompanied by persistoit coughing. Following a recurrence of the original attack, he was admitted to a hospital far four days. An air line respirator was readily avail able, although the magnitude of the dust hazard wa$ not fully appreciated at the time. During the operation of a small scale reactor housed in a barricade, it was nec essary to enter the barricaded area and with draw condensate every half-hour. This re moval consisted of opening a valve at the 1957 National Safety Congress bottom of a condenser to check for and re move any unconverted by-products. In perfomuoff this operation it was necessary to discharge some vapors to insure complete withdrawal of the condensate. The injured had been doing this during Ms shift without using the rir-ime respi rator which was prescribed protection equip ment for this operation. In addition to this exposure, he had entered the barricade during the early part of the shift to make minor repairs to a laky blower. The injured worked for several days with no apparent til effects. White at home he developed a fever and shortness of breath which was subsequently diagnosed as acute bronchial asthma. He was home for three days. In this case, the injured (riled to obey writtei and verbal instructions to wear an air-line respirator, and the injured** shift leader failed to enforce this rule. Since then, all operators in this group have been reinstructed in the necessity for observing regulations regarding barricade entry, and have been informed that repeated violation of safety regulations may constitute grounds for dismissal. WRONG TYPE MASK An employee washing out a chlorine tank car passed out due to umiffio'ent oxygen. A fellow employee put oa a Type N uni versal canister ga mask and entered the car for rescue purposes. He, too, passed out and it was necessary to use self-con tained breathing apparatus to rescue both. Fortunately, both men recovered. built up enough to activate a sprinkler head, which transmitted an A. D. T. alarm. Since very little smoke was visible external to the drying room (which was held at approx. 150*F) the first firemen wait in without any protection. They were quickly overcoma Members of the rescue company followed closely behind using Type N universal can ister masks These functioned well on the sixth floor outside the drying rcocn. but in side, one of these five men was overcome. The other four heeded the warning sign of ''overbreathing* and retreated to fresh air before being overcoma These same mas returned to the room after donning selfcontained breathing apparatus. In all, 30 men were overcome In this multiple alarm fire--multiple only because all men from the first companies Were overcome. All the firemen recovered. NO RESPIRATORY PROTECTION A chemist was preparing to use hydrogen sulfide for a determination and when the valve was opened, a leak developed because a washer did not seat properly. Before the employee could dose the valve, the hydrogen sulfide was ignited by the flame from a bunsen burner located in the pme hood. In an attempt to close valve; the employee re-entered the room, without wearing protective equrptnoit, was overcome and struck his head on the edge of a bench as he fell to the floor. He was res cued by another employee who was wearing a demand self-contained breathing appara tus. He was hospitalised for three months and as a result of this incident lost his sense of smelt FTre was located in a drying-storage room of steel construction, measuring 8 feet x SO feet x 50 feet dosed by an abscstos curtain at one end. There was no possibility of ventilating. The room was located on the sixth floor of a factory and contained a targe quantity of "wood flour-* (pulverised aw dust), used fit casting ornaments, con tained in 100# bags. Fire was started by an clcctriq motor in the rcar-moit portion oi the room. The fire had smoldered for some time and this room was heavily loaded with smoke; and obviously a high CO and CO* contentAlarm was sounded when the heat finally ANOTHER SOLVENT INCIDENT Two electricians, journeyman and appren tice; were working in a concrete pitfour by six foot top opening and standing on the bottom, the ground level was in the proximiry of their eyes, nose and mouth. Repair of the small motor involved using a solvent an Inhibited grade of 1,1,1-friefttoroethane. Approximately 10 minutes after en tering the pit, the one dectriaan appeared to be swaying, somewhat in a stupor, and somewhat incoherent. A combination of lifting and pushing forced the tnan out of the pit. The other dectridaa used the lad der to leaving the pit 26 Chemical Industrie* A few minutes exposure to fresh rir and the "overcome"* electrician stood up and walked to the dispensary. Examination^ re vealed him to be coherent and no signs of narcosis. He rested for about half an hour and returned to his job--by this time the job in the pit was completed. A few pertinent facts are in order: sot\ent was oat spilled on the floor of the pit, the "overcome-* electrician had returned to work that morning after being, off for sev eral days due to a bronchial inflammation, and the other electrician never demonstrated or mentioned any ill effects. INERT GAS IN TANK CAR A tank dcreer entered a tank car (which had previously coorained caustic soda) and started to wash it down with a hose with the bottom outlet open. After failing to reappear in a normal time, iuvesrisatioo re scaled the man King ax the bottom of the car. Upon removal and attempts at resus citation. it was dmcreamed that be had died as a result of weak aOesS sohmoa having been takas Into the respiratory tract This is strong evidence thus the inert gas used to unload the car was a byproduct of chemical operations. krw a oxygen and could have contained carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, nitrogen and ocher constituents. Upon checking the air oxygen and 2000 ppm of reducing gases which woefid commonly be reported as carbon meomexfe. Inasmuch as the erffiriil coroner's report stated that the tma fcS tn the bottom oi the ear apparottiy dor to beat ftharmion, there was oo significant ptACelty camerateg this inddeat. Cotrectire iimxtrc* have besa takas to avoid any remitoxc- TANK JOB CLAIMS UFE A maintenance u.wxJbinic Vast his lifa aod his assistant narrowly escaped m rank inci dent. Repair work had bem sehedrrkd inside tbe tank to begin after hawb. and two men as signed to the fob. The tacchaxxie decided to look over the job about U JO ajn. and went into the rank after sending his helper for certain supplies. The inert gas (which con tained casmtally nitrogen with small per centages of CO and CO) supply to the tank had not been shut off, since the me chanic had not Informed anyone of his entry. The mechanic was quickly overcome; His helper returned a few minutes later, shouted (or help, then went into the tank to aid the first man who was unconscious. Before help arrived, the helper was also overcome but both men were promptly re moved to fresh air. The helper was suc cessfully revived, but the mechanic could not be brought back to life. Failure to follow established tank-entry procedures was the reason given for this fatality. INERT GAS Two raca entered a kettle to repair an agitator, which is normally a two day job. On the first day oothing unusual happened. Oa die second day the mea vot into the kettle, worked foe an hour, and came up for a coffee break. 'When they re-entered kettle, they began to fed weak. They were actually too weak to dzab oat of tie man bote after 15 niniw, We finally crawled out They came to a* they trapped ere into the rir. After uweglgackaa i* wa* dbeorered that oae of the sea had opened as inert gas line instead of aw air fine. Gere to the top of tbe kettle re* rectfan for a here lire to be piped *a oucwti* the braiding. Tbe free was only half-wav dawn mm the kettle. Tbe mere -wa* brevier than air. when they beat over to pick up tools, they would get ben gm nD they ventr->Hy were node QL An engineer wens down to inspect a kettle. He beraa to fed sack and oae out. Upon investigation later they found the kettle had been "blown-oat** with meet gas and did oot follow through by mowing the gas with proper air ventibtioo. (The aigt- oecr recovered inmofialdy span leaving the kettle) ** A rraa went Into a ooo-otamelcd kettle. The complete kettle was bhnked off with exception of entrance, Tbe kettle bad been "blown-out** with Inert gas. He was over come. It was necessary to rereadfate the man quite a while before he recovered. ILLUMINATING GAS IN TRENCH Two men were working in a series of three by seven by seven foot trenches dug along a 75-foot length of a street. While tapping a high pressure illuaunating gas main to a jumper fine Into a low 21 1957 National Safely Congress pressure main, a drill slipped and opened a valve in the tapping machine. Gas was re leased into the trench. One man immediately left (he trench, but the other was overcome. A laborer standing on the bank observed this, and immediately descended into the trench. He lied a rope around (he waist of the unconscious man before he. too. was overcome. Meanwhile the foreman of the job put on an air-line respirator and went into the trench to close the valve. By the time the two unconscious men were brought to the surface by the foreman, one was sufficiently ill that inhalators could not revive the laborer even after a half-hour of resuscitation. The other un conscious man was revived. The final scone; three men treated at hospital for gas inhalation while one man was dead on arrival. MASK IMPROPERLY ADJUSTED A near fatality occurred when an oper ator went to tighten a chlorine line In the Waste Treatment Plant and the line disin tegrated thus exposing him to a full blast of chlorine. He had his face mask on. but due to maladjustment, ho was hospitalised for twenty-four hours. NARROW ESCAPE A plant protection officer entered man hole to inspect water salves, collapsed after about three minutes, was unconscious for three and one-half hours, revived by artifi cial respiration. If there had not been another officer watching and a truck with a rope on it nearby, this would likely have been a fatality. A six inch artificial gas main JO feet away had broken and the gas had seeped into the hold. Ko* respirator was worn. METHYL CHLORIDE A leak developed in the methyl chloride compressor which was being used to transfer methyl chloride from the drier through a tank to storage. The leak was first dis covered by a foreman who had heard the compressor pounding and who entered the area to investigate; Two men inhaled excessive Quantities of methyl chloride. An operator entered the area with a filter type respirator, but left when he detected methyl chloride through his respirator. Shortly afterward he was 28 observed staggering and shouting wtsidc. He was wearing a dust respirator. Both men were given oxygen and seat to the dispensary. Each of the men had a pate white complexion with a bright red over tone. An examination of the compressor after the incident showed a crack along the base of the compressor housing. This wo* mused by liquid methyl chloride in the compressor. The tank had been full for three days and had been frosted over, tnffieatmg the presence of liquid The inddou was caused by attempting to transfer through the full oak. OXYGEN WASN'T THERE! During degreasing operations involving the use of Freon-113 <Trifioorotrichlotocthane). it appears that one operator felt into the tank while attempting to disengage the bas ket. The other operator, without tolling for help, immediately entered the tank to go to his assistance. Both mot lost their lives due to suffocation in the oxygm-defident atmosphere. In fire safety, we have long hammered at the point of catling assistance before tack ling any fire alone. The same point should be reiterated again and again in training personnel where the hazards of suffocation or entrapment exist. In many large chemi cal plants, personnel are oftei widely spaced and telephone* arc not always readily avail able at all locations. In practically all plants, however, a fire alarm box is tocated quite conveniently to all operating stations. Pull ing the fire alarm box summons trained assistance and supervision in a matter of seconds: Where feasible, employees should be trained to use the fire alarm box instinc tively to summon assistance before attempt ing on their own. In any case where hazard evaluation dis closes the possibility of suffocation or en trapment, personnel should be thoroughly trained to overcome the instinctive reaction to go immediately to the victim's assistance and to summon help first by the fastest available means. HYDROGEN SULFIDE:' One nan suffocated and two escaped death when exposed to HiS. This accident was caused when a precipi tation tank overflowed and spilled add Chemical Industries bearing liquor on the floor. The liquor drained into a sump near the Inch station and was then pumped into a reserve holding tank. Later, pipes from a reserve sulfide holding tank were disconnected, allowing the contents to drain on the floor. The sulfide, during clean-up was washed into the sump and then pumped into the <ame reserved holding tank. An immediate reaction generated targe quantities of H*S. biting the area surrounding the tank. Una ware of this, three employees entered the area. The first employee cottapied just as he passed the tank. The remaining two men walked a few feet farther: one collapsed and the other reached a wuiduw and called for help. Other rashers arrived and gave artificial respiration while the ambulance was summoned. On arrival as the hospital, the first employee was pronocmctd dead. Processing plants aod laboratories in the program contain the elements to produce not only gases like H*S bos disastrous fires and explosions as well. These on occur from an uncontrolled chemical process reaction or. as in this case, from improper mixture of two chemicals. lafrequouly. storage of incompatible chemicals can be separated physically for safety, which was done here afterward. More reliably, however, the em ployees should be imtniatd fully in the advene effects of chemical combinations possible in the operjuim. ALIPHATIC HYDROCARBONS _ A pipe-fitter, aged 26. was gassed by aliphatic hydrocarbon fumes in a pit 2D feet by 10 feet by 6 fees deep in an oil re finery while be and mother were in serting a blank in a ptpeCnc which bad beet shut off. Both men ware wcariog bcothsog apparatus supplies with air from a hand- pump, a V piece being used to supply the two sets of apparatus from a stogie pump. White working m the pit. the pipe fitter, who was apprehensive aod difficult to reas sure, was seen to iiuiuii his mask. The safety attendant, who. with the foreman, was watching from ground level, replaced the mask and assured him that It was work ing properly. When the joint was opoed. some liquid escaped owing to residual pres sure; and the pipefitter endeavored to come away, but was persuaded to return Later, when he again attempted to leave the pit. his airline aught oa the bottom of the handrail and impeded his exit This caused him to panic and he took off hit mask. The foronan and the safety attendant running to his assistance, pulled him to safety as he collapsed. His workmate con tinued to work in the pit without any trouble After being given artificial respiration and an injectioa of eoramme, the pipe-fitter was removed to hospital where he recovered. The apparatus which he had beta wearing was suhsequauly found tt> be in good older, bus it was unwise to compel hiss to work under circumstances of which he was obvi ously afraid. AMMONIA One afternoon, while the engine-room foreman of as tee-cream factory was stand ing near an oil separating unit, there was a report and ammonia liquid and gas issued from the sump. It was later found that the rubber seal betweci the sighting gloss hous ing and the sump had `blown." The engine room was immediately evacuated, the fore man taking with him a canister respirator from a rack. The fire brigade was called and warning given to all employees in the factory. As the coaeaitration of gas was too high for the canister respirator, the foreman was unable to re-enter the oigine room Co rr.ich the ammonia isolating valve. The gas spread rapidly through the factory area and many of the 100 employees, mast of them women, were affected. There was some degree of pame and some women were rescued from the canteen by firemen. Sixteen women enployees and two firemen were admitted to hospital but only three persons were detained overnight Seven of the women were sufficiently affected to require notification. Occupants of houses within a radius of SO yards of the factory were also affected. The firm had already been advised to provide self-contained breathing apparatus and they were again advised to keep apparatus of this land out side the engine room as well as the canister respirators. TWO FATAL ACCIDENTS WITH BENZENE VAPOR In one aeddent a laborer, aged ZJ, was family gassed and an ambulance room atten dant and a fireman were also gassed while 29 1957 Hatianal Safety Congress attempting to rescue Him. The foreman had given instructions for four of a series of 16 benxot tanka to be cleaned after they had been steamed out, tested and declared free from gas. While the laborer with his workmate was preparing to start work on a tank which had been steamed out, he en quired about another tank which had not been steamed and was told they were not instructed to dean that tank. When the workmate returned after fetch ing a respirator and a lifeline he saw that a ladder and hose pipe had been towered into the unsteamed tank and that the laborer had unaccountably entered without a lifeline or respirator. After shouting for help he at tempted to enter the tank, at the bottom of which there was about 12 inches of liquid, but was forced to com out because of the fumes. During the rescue operations a fireman, who in his hurry eatc/ed the tank without a mask, was gassed, as was the ambulance room attendant who had donned a fresh-air mask and a lifeline bet dislodged his face cask while in the tasks and lost conscious ness. Tlve laborer was given artificial respi ration and oxygen but failed to recover. The other fatal case was a bcnxol house attendant aged 47, who was found lying prone and unconscious on the Boor, which was saturated with bcniol. He was im mediately dragged into the open air and artificial respiration was started at trace, this being continued with the aid of a rocking stretcher, oxygen also being given. Despite this treatment, he was found to be dead on arrival in hospital. When the distillation temperature had been reached it was the attendant's duty to reduce the steam sufficiently to allow distil lation to proceed in the normal manner. If this was not done, the crude motor spirit would boil rapidly and would eventually overflow on to the floor. After the accident, the plant was found to be in order, and it was assumed that the accident was due to the use of too much steam. CARBON DISULPHIDE Following the discovery of a leak at a rotary valve on an electric arc furnace used for the preparation of carbon bisulphide, the manager decided that breathing appara tus was necessary while repairs were bong 30 effected and he issued a permit-w-worfc certificate accordingly. Without being In structed to do so. a laborer climbed up a ladder to the top of the furnace. He was not wearing breathing apparatus and, being overcome by escaping gas, he felt to the ground about 10 feet below. After recovering consciousness he was able to walk to the ambulance room. four cases of chlorine POISONING In four in which only slight expo sure to chorine gas occurred, the effects were sated to have been aggravated by the existence of a previous chat condition. One of these cases was a plant operator who inhaled a whiff of chlorine when adding hydrochloric arid to a reactioa vessel tader negative pressure, after having put in a slurry of sodium chlorite. The doctor who treated him in hospital considered that the inhalation of a snail amount of chlorine had `'triggered off" an acute attack in a man subject to asthma. A process operator, aged whose expo sure to chlorine from a Irak m a plant for' the chlorination of tEonhybcccal was slight, suffered from cough. bratHcwwn and pain in the chest. The chest physician. who found a lesion in the left upper acne and kept him under observation at rest at borne to xvess the activity of the tuberculous lesion, thought the infection was a^ factor greater than chlorine apauw m this rase. A night watchman, aged 58. raid to have had a previous chest < trafition. suffered from a sensation of choking, cough and respiratory tightness fotlowrag a slight Irak r.i chlorine from a control valve. The fourth case tn this giuup m a fitter, nged 57, who, with other men was cleaning an air-cooler plant from which some water containing four p.p.m. of chlorine was leak ing. The other men were unaffected by the smalt amount of chlorine, but the fitter, who wa stated to be a heavy snoker. which caused him to cough continuously, became unconscious and suffered from Uchrymation and cough. IMPROPER VENTILATION A laboratory teehnidaa was cleaning a vessel with a mixture of hydrochloric and nitric adds. The work was being dooc at a M'k in front of an open window. How Chennai Industries ever. there was not sufiidajt remibtxxi to prevent the worker from inhaling fanes to mala: him sick to his stomach. The proper type Canister Respirator was available aa the lower floor but the person was not familiar with its use. NO RESPIRATORS PROTECTION Several specific instancesare fearers where personnel should hare won proactive ecase ment and did not although it was imhtk and the specific persoeeel were CseeSnr with use. For the most port there bsnarca involved prafe&sioaal grade puicul of the "difficult personality" category soerl * Research and Developant. tayarics were in all of these eases from volatile itarmy and though injuria were reiiwit enough to hare resulted in lost time, there wav. n fact, no lost time. fn one instance the mapfayee was con vinced to use recommended safety proce dures by a combination of greatly Lxreased supervisory pressure and alarmist exkmiial hygiene propaganda. In another tmtaoee such stresses produced no apfarest effect. RESPIRATORY PROBLEMS We have had people injured wfeSe they were wearing respiratory equxpooK and also are have than injured by oot wearing than even though they were available. Some of the latter are the "Smoke Eater" type who think they can get along without the stand-by equipmot. A basic problem with any respiratory protective equipment is knowing the limita tions of a particular device. Actually, the popularity of the sdf-cocitamed breathing apparatus can be attributed to the fact that its limitations are far less than any of those that depend oq chamois for air purification. In addition, the operator does not have to be concerned ns knowing whether there is suSricm oxygen in the air. In one particular process wc were con fronted with a number of saga in which reactants were more or las open to the atmosphere. In spite of a number of spot ventilators there was a prevalence of noxious odors, most free' chlorine Chlorine is considered here for its nui sance and noxious characteristics rather than far its toxidey. Even small amounts have a definite odor and they usually cause as operator to get out of the contaminated area. TVs Utter taddcoily provided cause for aa addition) problem and usually ended to a km trnre injury. Many times the tn- drridtsai would go outside for fwb air where is was too cold for Ins coodfticw. He wirald catch cold aod weald come orar to developing into putumnnii, Daring the time this paxticnlar process wa* being developed, operators got used to tfcre ddorene type odor. At this same time the sclf-canamed breathing apparatus was nor the popular item it is today. A chemical mittidgu respirator was what they gener ally ortkd draped about their neck. Prob ably many tuna the trouble was located nd lire temmed after the contami nated arm was under control without the operators' having as exposure. A ownber of times though, the capacity of the cartridge -was ualoauwidgfy depleted by prior uses. Thai again, the general contamutatioct would instill in the operator the idea that his nask was O.K. when it realty wasn't. The operator would then protong his trip beyood limits and have an exposure. To sum up then an operator: a. would not know the conditions of Ms mask because he was gaerally conditioned to the contaminant. b. would not hoow the remaining eapadry of the mask. c. would realise that the mask was not working but would remain in the area thinking he could get by or hold his breath a moment longer in order to complete the job. The second part of the problem refers to the people that do not use the equipment that is available. These are the "Smoke Eaters'' or the ones that think they can chance it- Even today with the self-con tained breathing apparatus available, this practice continues. I witnessed an entry to a contaminated area (FH fog). This particular entry was made for no good reason at all. Two men were putting their self-contained breathing apparatus on and this fellow decided to go in with a handkerchief over his nose. It turned out that the men waring self-contained breath ing apparatus made the neecssary emergency shutdown, ventilators soon decoolaminated the area, and normal entry could be made. 31 1757 National Safely Congress SOAP DUST Our operation is essentially a soap manu facturing plant and the air In our factory is frequently contaminated with soap dust from deergenis and dust arising from fine woodflocr and eocnmcaL We issue our em ployees adnn mask (ooc Bureau of Mines ap proved). The filter element consists ofa honey comb coonructioa of whipped foam latex. Tliis device does a modest job of filtering, however, we have never been eorapletdr satisfied. Despite the fact that we have issued ncuks to all personnel about half of our personnel prefer to use an on&tary handkerchief wrapped about their faee which appears to do a satisfactory job without the unpleasantness of the dust ni ulr, idh wtujk rua sucttm mmsTMT ftonsnrE octjces HAZARD Hm pdr --tMUIlM(if_*Nl hit *JMIm Hem wesk ***** rasinta# Umi W*w* Mrttcalat* * Omt. Mr Cfcinksl cartrtet* nssirw** "I rwttecMe -+- tel.I* -+ NWMlI CSM*t* Mmmt apatul tefiti --I-- r- - / ChJlS. LABORATORY AND PILOT PLANT SAFETY (A Symposium) LABORATORY BARRICADING OF HIGH PRESSURE AND EXTRA HAZARDOUS REACTIONS by GODFREY J. MOU. chemical engineer, CIBA Pharmaceutical Products, tnc^ Summit, N. J. Safety engineers are often oiled on to formulate or approve plans for laboratories in which high pressure or extra hazardous reactions will be safely operated. In these designs the protective shield or barricade is the only fixed piece of safety equipment which will remain operable 100 per csit of the lime. Equipment, instrumentation, and safety devices are all apt to fail at any time regardless of maintenance and inspection. The judgment of the best-trained operating personnel need only be wrong oocc. The barricade may be considered as the primary safety device. High pressure and extra bannlou rc- srareh projects are being carried out in tmharriraderf laboratories in many imiversities and at some industrial research centers in the United Stales* Workers at these in stallations will point with pride at their per fect safety record, but tomorrow might yield their first and last accident. The managematt of CIBA Pharmaceutical Products Inc of Summit, fw, has recognised the risk involved in not barricading high pressure reactions. Our high pressure laboratory was con structed in a built-up arcs presenting the problem of not only protecting the operating personnel but also the personnel of adjacent buildings from the effects of missiles and shock waves. A suitable barricade was con structed of 16-inch reinforced concrete with a reflector wall of similar construction eight feet from the frangible walk Further pro tection was provided by hanging one-half inch wire rope blast mats between the build ing and the reflector wall, which would operate on the ballistic pcnduhmt theory in stopping missile* and dissipating shock waves. This is but ooc approach to the problem of barricading. The question often arises as to what should be cmtidcrcd hazardous enough to warrant the expense of barricading. Some authors feel that when equipment is in stalled to handle inflammable materials at pressures greater than 500 psi the use of some form of barricade should be consid ered. When research at high gas pressuro or work on known explosives is conducted the protection of personnel and other facili ties with an adequate barricade must be considered. In small-scale flow experimotts where the amount of material In process is small, it is common to use pressures as high as several thousand pounds without special barricades. Once it has been decided to build a barri cade there are still many questions to be answered. The two most important as far as the barricade is concerned are the mate rials of construction and their thickness. MUST KNOW MISSILE If we knew the velocity, weight and shape of the missile and the maximum force expected from an explosion, we could de sign a barricade using a minimum wail thickness. Barricades must be designed to prevent penetration by large missiles at low velocity, such ad reactor heads, and also small missiles at high velocity, such as tub ing, nuts or other small fittings. Penetra tion is dependent upon the veloaty of the missile at impact, the physical properties of the misrile, and the characteristic of the material used lo construct the barrier. The speed of sound has been suggested as a velocity, as most objects when propelled through air decrease in velocity to the speed of sound. If missiles of higher velocity are expected, the modified Petry equation for penetration ran still be used to calculate a 33 lj .V" 1957 National Safety Congress satisfactory wall thickness. Ballistic tests For extremely hazardous reactions the have shown that if the velocity of missile Is use of earthen or underground barricades twice that of sound, the depth of peneira* provides a maximum In protection at a mm*, lion Is almost quadrupled. High pressure mum In cost. For every right feet of sandy autoclave heads have sheared eight-inch soil placed between an operator and a re *T* beams without briny stopped and have actor the equivalent of one foot of rein penetrated as nzoch as 40 feet into dirt forced concrete is rallied. The added cost embankments before being stopped. of remote control operation in some A barricade which will prevail penetra tion if designed properly can withstand the blast effects of explosive gases and the shock waves of a detonation within the equipment. The thrust of an explosion should be absorbed by the mam framing of the building behind the barrier and the floor of the abide should be of sufEdent instances might offset the savings afforded by the use of the natural barrier earth. The advantage of soil over the other types of materials cm be realized In the cwmruction of embankments as safety or reflector tames to protect the surrounding arm. Army and Navy Ordnance have long made use of this type of barrindc. thickness and weight to resist the turning As a temporary protective shield a three- moment ui 1101 by the pressure on the foot thick wall of sand Inga filled with barricade. It Is assarted that some form of dry sand cannot be bat in cost and avail frangible wall or relief area will be in ability. When a haard is recognized and a cluded in the design with a recommended shut down would cause delay of a research minimum of Eve square feet of relief area project, a sand bog wall would solve tbe for every' 100 cubic feet of volume. problem until a more permanent iastalbzkn Many formulas have been proposed to could he constructed. find the resistance to poteuation of various materials. Although most of them have a ROPE, STEEL MATS USED theoretical basis, practically all involve con stants for different types of materials. The formulas which seem to be the most logical are the sectional pressure formulas. The formula proposed by Pctry in 1910 with additional constants arrived at by Baxant in 1937 for more recent balding naterials were the standard used in British bomb shelter construction. Knowing the weight and area of contact of the largest probable missile it is possible to calculate the nuiri- onsn thickness of any desirable building material to be used as a barricade. The use of rope mats as protection - missiles has been practiced marry years Steel blast mats have found thrir maxlmusa use as missile-proof ceilings In lasraQariem where the roof is part of the relief arcs. Mats are also hung a few feet away free frangible walls to deflect missiles. As an adtfiriooa! or auxiliary protective barrier the steel mats cannot be excelled. Modem tanks require a minimum of five Inches of steel armour plate to stop higb- velority amour piercing shells. Focto- natdy tbe encountered in a normal COHSTKUCnON METHODS There arc seven basic methods of ccosiructwg effective barricades in use today: 1. Earth rmbankmcit or underground eta laboratory explosion do oot have a propellast to maintain thrir velocity and will de- crease m velocity to the speed of sound in air. Sled phtes may therefore vary in thickness from a quarter Inch to ooe inch according to tbe severity of the haard. 2. Sand bag barrier AcridoCS unrolling barricades of the riv 3. Rope or Sled """"t 4. Steel boiler or armour plate 5. Various sandwich-type eoortruaioas A Reinforced coucrete 7. Protection based on the ballistic peniKiiny eted or bohed type construction have shown that tbe volmo* of the rivet or bolt on prodaoc additional missiles on the operating side of tbe barricade. It has beat food that a continuous weld oa both the inside and outside of the steel plate will proride five times the resistance Of these renforced concrete aod steel in to shock wave damage as a single wdd on varioos forms are the most widely mM the cctridc. Sted ponds should be fastened 34 Chemical Industries to angle irons or structural members that arc an integral part of the building and not bolted to the concrete floor with expansion belts which would not prevent the entire barrier from being overturned by a major explosion. Care must be exercised to pre vent coiroiioo of the steel which would rapidly lower its effectiveness as a barri cade. Field tests performed by the Ordnance Deportment of the U.S. Army have shown that two sted plates with an air space in IcTween are 20 to 30 per cent more resistant io penetration than a single plate whose tbiclaiess is equal to, the two plates. This essentially is a sandwich-type construction md eliminates the necessity of bracing to paeue the sted plates' resistance to shock atts. Tbe sted plata are often welded to rvodnch pipes imbedded in the concrete of Ae structure or to four-inch "l" boms bids axe pan of tbe structural steeL REDUCE SHOCK WAVES By axrodaring dry sand into this sted -arriwich is is possible to reduce the shock aw tiaojuiitui to tbe outer manber. (kber fiflers which will tut pour through hole* drilled for control purposes have been iaccafclly used, such as cottoo batting; rope. wood, and more recently fiber gbss ririoa which wilt also contribute to the wanndi of the hnaldmg. Another mrrhrri of reducing the shock m flying rrisriks is to place a wooden bamer am the inside with the sted on the owtarir, This may also be filled with a drtfraMr filler. Where space Is extremely United tbe entire sandwich wall can be mounted oa floor astas and overhead trol leys so that it can be rolled out of the way when not required. Sted has one distinct advantage over concrete as a materia! of truetioo in that it is able to absorb abum 1.600 times as much energy per unit olsme: hence. enormous masses of cooCrete axe i utilised to provide energy capaci ties cqmraJas to steel. Daxiac tbe war it was shown that masrive walls of cnpcictc do not afford ua- " ed protection. A test missile with a velocity of 2,000 fat per Second was ahle nxnxc 25 feet of rexnforoed concrete and remit with a residual velocity esti mated m 300 feet per second. Missiles of this velocity are not likely in laboratory work, aod walls of this thickness are out of tbe quolion. Many factors determine the effectiveness of reinforced concrete as protection against penetration by missiles. Concrete with a crushing strength of less than 4,000 pri should not be considered for barricade construction. To obtain resistance to penetration, anc-balf to three-quarter inch reinforcing rods should be placed in both faces of tbe wall with a maximum sparing of six inches in both a horizontal aod vertical direction. Lateral reinforcement with three-eighths to one-half Inch rods on a maximum of 12 Inch centers would decrease scabbing on the outside of the wall. One laboratory uses an ''anti-scabbing** plate of sted on the operat ing side to guard against spalling. Welding at ail Intersections would provide additional protection against penetration. Data .from the Bureau of Yards and Docks on the use of reinforced concrete is included in the Appendix. There is a wide spread of opinion as to what Is an adequate barricade, which is evi denced in the manner in which the various laboratories have constructed their barnado. The type of resarch conducted de termines the best type of barricade to use. One research laboratory has an extremely flexible system using oae-half Inch steel plate as the barrier. The high pressure equipment Is mounted oq a one-half inch steel plate welded to two pieces of six inch channel iroo to which a front one-half inch sted plate Is welded and braced. This as sembly Is placed into a -cubicle which has a frangible wall aod relief type eating. The necessary facilities are connected from the outside through steel overhead hatches. The front panel is fastened rigidly only at the top which la case of an explo sion wilt allow the unit to take advantage of the ballistic pendulum theory developed by Robins In 1740. This flexibility allows the shock wave time to burst the frangible wall without crating undue stresses In the barriade wall. Having established a satisfactory method of barricading a reactor, care must be tidem not to reduce the effectiveness when intro ducing the remote control systems neces sary for operation. Openings for tubing; control rods, visual Inspection, and other 35 r 1957 Notional Safety Congress nettiBrj' breaches of the barrier must be engineered so as not to weaken the wall. 1 f the method of entry to the hazardous area is to be through the barricade wall, the closure used, whether it be a sliding or swinging door, should be designed to with stand the same conditions as the barricade itself. Baffled entries leading into an oper ating area have not proven satisfactory for stopping or dissipating blast waves which are not affectod by mining corners. It ukes only about ooe pound per square inch to hurl a person about and at sevoi pounds per square inch the ear dnsns are frac tured. LOOSE ITEMS DANGEROUS The hanging of control instruments and other accessory cqoiptaou on the outside of a barricade wall has proven to be a dangerous condition. Shock waves passing through the wall are transmitted to these relatively loose items casting them about the operating ana. If at all possible the harrier wall should serve only one funcoon and that is to protect the operating person nel. It should not be wakened by drilling and tapping to support items which could be easily supported in other ways. The physical location of the high pressure or extra hazardous laboratory will determine the type of construction and the need for a safety or reflector wall. Regardless of the amount of open space behind the frangible wall the hanging of a steel blast mat curtain or the forming of an embankment should bo considered to protect penomel who might acddentally wander into this area. When a laboratory is located in a built-up area the reflector wall should be at least as heavy as the barricade itself. Barricades are too often based on the reake-il-btg and make-it-thick principle. If the operators of high pressure and extra hazardous laboratories would pool their ac cident histories, it would be possible to evaluate the various twricade designs and cheek the validity of the application of bal listic information on missile penetration. APPENDIX Sand Bag Walls--Filled sand bags are 20 inches by 10 inches by live inches and conmin one-half cubic foot of omi, These walls require about 40 to 50 bags per foot of length. 36 Proparb'wa, Strength Requirements for Portland Cement CMcrcte Nominal Mix Minimum resistance to crushing (cube strength) in Ib/ln* within 28 dart after mixing Preliminary Works 1:1 -2 1 :t-l/2:3 1:2.4 3250 4373 3500 4300 3750 3000 Bnpirieil Ezprcuiao For Penetration Petty Formula V D=KA4og. (1+--------------- ) 215.000 D=depth of powtration. ft. K--experimentally determined cocflieies of penetration ftVlb A*=sectional pressure, weight of missile . divided by its maximum cross-sec tional area, Ib/ft* V--impact velodty. ft/cec Values of Penetration CnAmM (K) fee Various Materials Material AT.//V/4 Soft soil...................................................00732 Soil with vegetation............. 00482 Pine wood...............................................00410 Sandy soil................................... 00367 Oak ...................................................... 0.0328 Gravel .................................................. 0.0205 Brickwork ........................................... 00205 Stone masonry.................... 00117 Concrete (I)....................................... 0.00799 Limestone ............................................. 000536 Reinforced concrete (2).................... 000475 Specially-reinforced concrete (3)... 0.00282 1. 3(ass concrete with a crushing strength of 2200 pit 2. Normal reinforced concrete with a crush ing strength of '3,200 pri and a 1.4 pc' cent of reinforcement 3. Spedally-rdnforctd concrete with ; crushing strength of 5.700 pa and 1.- per cent of mnforcenext. When calculating the depth of pcpeualion, D. the effect of rdbriv* thickness aor be considered. If the barricade thickness r only 20. the wall will be pmeu sled. Tb thickness non be not less than 30 to pre vent penetration. Viimw Barricades Used by Indvttrial Research Laboratories Steel 1. 3/8-inch all welded steel plate with 2 x 2 x 1/4-inch angle iron stiffeners welded with 3-inch welds every 6 Inches. 2. 1/2-inch steel plate tastened at the top and weighted-down by the weight of the reactor attached to a steel plat form welded to the front plate and braced by angle irons. Sttel and Wood 3. l/2-ioch steel plate with 3/4-inch ply wood fastened to inside walL Double Steel 4. 1/4-inch steel plates wdded to 4-inch "l" beams, no (tiler. Double Steel, Sand-filled 5. 3/8-inch steel plate inside and 1/4-inch steel outside welded to 4*inch "I" beams with space in between filled with dry sand. Steel, Wood, and Send 6. i/2-tnch steel plate with 2-inches of Chemical Industries wood on the inside and 4 inches of sand in between. Reinforced Concrete 7. 8-inch reinforced concrete. 8. 12-inch reinforced concrete, two com panies. 9. 12-inch concrete with 3/4-inch steel reinforcing rods on 6-inch centers, both horizontally and vertically in both faces of wall. ID. Same; except with I/2-inch steel rods. 11. 16-irtch concrete with 1/2-inch steel rrinforcing rods oo 6-inch centers, both horizontally and vertically in both faces of wall 3 companies. 12. Same, except with 3/4-tnch rods on 4-inch centers, and lateral reinforce ment with 3/8-inch rods on 12-inch centers. 13. 18-inch reinforced concrete. Reinforced Concrete and Steel 14. 18-inch reinforced steel with a steel plate on the operating side to prevent injury from sobbing. Chemical Industries FLAMMABLE MATERIALS--SYSTEM FOR RATING QUESTIONNAIRE OH HAMMAIU MATERIALS i /. Please indicate below in order of importance the factors you consider in evaluating the by WILUAM S. WOOD flammability hasard of a material. safety engineer, nsudi and development dept, Sun OH co^ Marcus Hook, Pa. \ Cos Liquid Solid 1st 2nd 3rd 1st 2nd 3rd 1st 2nd 3rd Flash Point ...................................................................... 3 2 2 16 4 l 4 The purposes of lh`i u set op that taken by the National Fire Protection Fire Point ...................................................................... I 424 I last spring were as follows: Assoc. Committee on Classification of Mate Vapor Pressure ............................................. 1 292 1 2 i 1. To review published information oo flammable materials. 2. To collect ideas from the members of the laboratory subsection by of a Questionnaire.. rials under the chairmanship of J. Sharp Oocener. The three part preposed classifi cation s>*stan is briefly ootlined at tbe bot tom of the page. A questionnaire was made up by the com* nuttce to find out how laboratory safety Lower Flammable (Explosive) Limit....................... .. 13S2246111 Upper Flammable (Explosive) Limit......................... 62 2 Spread of Flammable Limit....................................... 33 2 4 Autoigmtioo Temperature............................................. 3 3 S 3 t 3 S 2 2 Vapor Density ............................................................ * 23 tI Boiling Point............................................... 1 3. To present information oo flammable men evaluate the flammable hazard of mate* Melting Point............................... ................................ I1 materials as applied to laboratory rials frequently found in thrir areas of Water Solubility ........ .................... .............. ............. 1 and pilot plants. work. About ISO questionnaires were mailed Paitide Size................................................................... S3 4. To study the definition of flammable hazard ea the hope of improving standards of toe in laboratories This last objective coold iw--wlt (he rma realistic recognition of flintmhie bunds to bboratories sod lad to better control of amounts, improved procedures for safe me and the opchtann m protective rocamies. Perhaps tbe most pramnmg approach is out and 30 were returned answered. A few AfKimt nh answer ^*m|1** of tssnSricos experience. Others were unwilling to answer the questions as piemtcd and capsused tbor reasons. A cumber of notes and cnmnicmt oo the questions and their answers are Hsted fol lowing tbe question. These remarks were peri^p* the mast important gab from this effort. Special Properties Impact Sensitivity .............................................. .. I 2 4 2 2 Spontaneous Heating................................................ 2 222 Friction Iguitiuu ......................................................... t3 2 Ignition by Moisture Absorption................... .. 1112 Spontaneous Ignition in Air.................................... 1 3 423 Igmtian by Moderate Hating................................ 2 3 13 Other (Specify) CrwipmhaTity with other chemicals.................... Deccmporioon Airing storage............................... Rate of fin Twaioiy . NEW NFPA COMM. ON OASS1ROTION OF MATEMAL5 Flask Pakd 6- Vapor Pressure Stability Health Hasard 1. Flash above 140*F 2. Flash 10b-140*F t. Normally sable 1. Low hazard. No injury if no treatment is green. 2. Reactive with strong 2. Light hazard. Minor in contaminant or catalyst. jury if uo treatmmt is given. 3. Flash 73-I00*F 3. Reactive with cootamimni including water. Self n^ezive at elevated temperature or pres sure. 3. Major injury if treatment is gives. oo 4. Flash below 73*F 4. Detonate with shock a. BP over 100*F or RVP below 14.7. b. BP under 100*F or RVP above 14.7. 4. Major injury a spite of prompt treatment - 38 Common: The of importance varies Five gallon limit--avoid five gallons in with material and aho with environmental glass where possible. . . rriatire importance of a dttraeterwse depend* its test value, NFPA Ccuninw am Purification of Ma- tenia had 33 hazard characteristics. . ____ , .____ . ,. .. .. --Limitation based on amount of damage if Df the material were to catch ................... ,. --Should be limited, usually on a cocnbtna- `TX r..,ifwonte^Mmoa- of ilewLSwmrked m fl)rYes 2SNo 2 standing` Single Combt- --NFPA classification (which?) factor nation Inlaboratory areas.......... 10 IS h. Ia proems as glam ....... ....... 5 9 - In process a pOoeplants... 1 7 --Would allow methanol in dry ice traps in anas not explosioaproof sincethe methanol temperature would be belowthe flash point. If comfcmatinv grec an cample showing --Due to nature of work .we must disre gard lower explosive limit and provide more than adequate ventilation. --Limit solvents to to 1 quart. --n------ nT v--p jeo \ gter Qf voU- tile --Limit admits m safety -*'+* to five gaitacts. --Sodium, metal hydrides, aluminum a!kyls, sodium amide and extremely toxic materials are segregated. --Raney nickel in glycol is not hsxardous. in acetone it is a great hazard. 39 2957 National Safety Congress J. Do you specify safety cons or other containers for use laboratories based on the properties indicated at (l)t Yes 23 No 3 Single (actor 13 Combination 10 Commmts: --No Class 1 or II liquid in glass larger than ooe quart. "Original suppliers metal containers not larger than five gallon. "All solvents must be stored in safety cans. "Safety oni specified for more volatile flammable liquids, acetone. eth>l acetate; etc. "Should require safety cans for larger quantities. Small amounts is glass or plastic may be justified to avoid contamination. "Specified in some cases for large quanti ties. --Containers specified primarily for in surance and toxidry reasons--based on vol ume of use. 4. Do you provide special or additional fire equipment based on the properties indi cated in (l)T Yes 20 NO 5 Single factor 5 Combination 15 Comments: "Provide automatic dry chemical units in hoods where 5-12 liters of fiammables are used. "Combination of extioguishen for vari ous materials. "Provided on basis of flammability and reactivity of the chemical with the extin guishing agent. COi extinguishers used throughout. May be supplemented by dr)* chemical or pow dered sand for metals. 5. On what basis do you specify Class f Group D electrical equipment in areas where flammable materials are usedt Do not specify 3 Do specify 22 Commons: "National Electrical Code. Article 500. --Local state laws. "Plant standards. "For all test cells from floor level to about four feet. 40 --Where Class I flammable* are used or stored. "Where Class I or II flammable are used or stored "Where extremely flammable materials are to be used Where high vapor pressure low explosive limit gases or solvents are used "where highly flammable liquids or gate? are customarily used --Where flammable vapors may be prespit tn the atmosphere. "Where large quantities of volatile flam mable* are used. --Where oxidiring or flammable metal powders are used ---Qtianrity of pues and liquids and de gree of hazard in (1). --Where spills will occur. Each area analyzed separately and classifi cation made on basis of all factors considered in (I). --All centrifuges and vacman pomps are equipped with explosion proof motors so they can be used anywhere. <5. Hcras would you rate the following with regard to flammable hesarif Check m proper column. Ex- Mod- treme High crate Has- Has- Has- Carrs ard ard ard Acetylene.................. ... 21 7 2 Ammonia.................. 3 27 Butadiene.............. .. 11 7 Carbon Monoxide .. ... S 14 ID Coal Gas.................. 17 4 Ethylene.................... 18 3 Hydrogen.................. 61 Hydrogen Sulfide ... ... 9 5 15 Methane.................... 17 6 Oxygen...................... 89 Propane .................. 15 5 General Comments: (apply to gases, liquid} and solids) --NFPA Committee on Classification of Materials has four categories. --Hazard depends on circumstances of .use. --An explosives laboratory considered that none represents more than moderate hazard assuming (1) Control of quantity. (2) Skilled and trained personnel and (3) Proper laboratory equipment. Chemical Industries 7. How would you rate the following with regard to flammable hasardf Liquids Ex- Mod- treme High crate Has- Has- Has- ard ard ard Acetic Arid (Glacial). " 4 25 Acetone......................... IS 8 Benzene ....................... . 7 18 6 Carbon Disulfide ....... 22 7 l Cdlosclve..................... _ -- 8 21 Cyclohexane ............... .. 7 14 7 Diethyl Ether................ 2! 6 3 Ethyl Alcohol.............. 13 17 Gasoline......................... 10 14 7 Isopropyl Alcohol ... . 1 11 17 Kerosinc....................... __ 2 29 Methvl Alcohol ............ 3 14 14 ifethvl-cihj l-kctonc .. . 3 19 8 n-Hexane..................... .. 6 18 6 Oleic Add................... __ _ 25 Stoddard Solvent........ __ 6 22 Turpentine ................. 4 22 Commons: --"Low hazard category designated by one respondent for 10 liquids including MEKL --Very moderate tuard designated by another for cdlosotve. cyclohexane, keroiinq oleic add. --Alcohols, methyl, ctbvl and isoprop} I were considered extremely hazardous be muse of flammable limits. t. How would you rate the following with regard to flammable hasardf Ex- Mod- treme High crate Has- Has- Has- Slolids ard ard ard Benzoyl Peroxide ...... 18 6 4 Cellulose Nitrate ... ... IS 9 3 Excelsior ...................... 1 7 18 U A! Hydride........ . 93 Lithium ........................ 8 12 4 Magnesium Chips ...... 4 16 7 Paraffin Wax.......... . -- 2 23 Phosphorus Yellow . ... 14 4 5 PoMcctum ....................16 10 2 Raney* Nickel........... 13 2 Sodium.......................... 14 11 2 Sulfur....................... . 6 21 Comments: Cellulose Nitrate Dr>--extreme haaard Wet--moderate hazard General comments on the entire question naire. Cannot be rated without knowing condi tions of use. The questionnaire showed how little we knew about properties of hazardous materials. Most standards are based on NFPA recommendations. One NFPA sub committee is covering "dangerous reactions." Demonstration of flammable hazard of alcohols suggested. (Put alcohol on rag. place in can, shake, ignite.) Conclusions from resu'ts of the question naire. Although flash point and flammable (ex plosive) limits are the most widely accepted criteria of flammability, most people take other properties into consideration as well. Sometimes one particular property other than flash point will carry great weight as for example, shock sensitivity, reaction with water, spontaneous ignition or low ignition temperature. No&tions as the questionnaires returned showed that knowledge of the environmental conditions and of the properties of the indi vidual material are essential to the proper evaluation of flammable hazard. Some answers indicated a lack of infor mation about the properties of natenals and also an insufficient grasp of the signifi cance of the propertio listed in literature. Laboratory safety men need the best in edu cational background, adequate information sources and then constant study to prepare them to do an adequate job. Recommendations: I suggest that this cootmiltce be continued and that it work closely with others such as the NFPA Committee on Classification of Materials contributing such ideas as may stem from laboratory experipice. To this aid a complete bibliography and library of information on classification sys tems should be maintained as a service to the subjection. Information on new com pounds and materials should be sent to the committee for general referptce or distribu tion. Another suggested activity is the collec tion from many people in the laboratory subsection of accounts of fires they have had involving flammable materials. Large or small they would help instruct all of us in proper measures for fire prevaition and cxiinguishment-Ak. 41 Chemical Industries TOXIC CHEMICALS by R. V. MONTELLO Research division. National Cath Register co.a Dayton, Ohio We do nor have to let them die! Many millions of man-hours with no lost time doe to serious injuries to employees are being worked in one of the most hazard ous occupations of all times, the field of atomic oiergy. This is possible only because the hazards are recognized and the proper precautions to preserve human life are faithfully observed. Great strides have been made in over coming many occupational diseases which a few years ago due to a tack of safety knowl edge meant a serious loss of health and even death. This uupiuiuooit has come about not without much personal effort on the part of many individuals either singly or through committee action. The laboratory sob-section of the Chemical Section of the Mariana! Safety Council has appointed a new committee to study the problem of Toxic Chemicals. The members of this committee are John E. Fox. Mon santo Chonital company, Texas City. Texas; Robert A. Quisnci Hill Top Re search Institute, Inc. Miamiville, Ohio; and Ralph - V. Mootdla, National Cash Register company. Dayton. Ohio. INFORMATION DECENTRALIZED Today there is much good and nscfnl in formation an the toxicology of dangerous chemical materials. The unfortunate part is that this information is not available in any one place. Talk to any two people on the subject of toxicology and you soon realize that ads will have seme different source of information about dangerous chemicals. A study of the avaltotality of information regarding the hazards of chemicals used in the chemiqaj laboratory or pilot uas shows a rather varied list of sources for this type of information. VImolly every technical magazine fea tures articles from time to time on seme hazardous chemical or process which yields hazardous chemical by-predaos. A check oo the number of scientific magazines estimated by one librarian revealed 50.000 current world-wide publications. When we consider the field of ntsccttades. pestiddes and herbi cides. we find important afety articles in magazines that are distributed in the subur ban and farm home. If we more over to the field of paints and organic coatings and finishes, we find in addition to the technical magazines, interest ing articles in such magazines as the todies Home Journal. Countless articles covering a wide number of hazardous chemicals are published by various governmoital agencies It is indeed fortunate that manufacturer* of new chemical products both raw and finished materials go to great lengths to thoroughly analyze their products to obtain toxicological data. COLLEAGUES EXCHANGE NOTES This information s available through the manufacturer and ray not appear in published form anywhere else. The practiee of writing to a colleague with particular experience In the field of the new chemical is believed to be widespread. Supplementing all this information on dangerous chemical* with books on spcrific fields like the sol vents, with the many excelleit safety articles in safety magazines, and with the wealth of unpublished Information in private, univer sity. and industrial laboratories^ we are impressed with the formidable task required to be well informed on toxic chemicals. The tremendous growth of chenicd reteudi in iemit years has crated an ex panding field of industrial toxicology. One I author estimated that more money was sport on chemical research in the post right years than was spent in ail of the rest of this century. Hus committee aims to cooperate with all persons promoting safety in the use of toxic chemicals so that the hazards of these materials to tnuinn health cui be recognized and proper protection used to meet these hazands in the most efficient manner. Deciding which chemicals are toxic and weighing 200-300 grams, when in those that are not depends upon the defini haled continuously for a period of tion one chooses. Wrbrttr's dictionary, for one hour or less at an atmospheric instance, defines the word, toxic, as Hl. of, concentration of two milligrams or pertaining to. or caused by poison or a toxin less per liter of gas. vapor, mist, or 2. Affected by a toxin 3. Poisonous.1* dust, provided such eoneottration is Handbook of Dangerous Materials by likely to be encountered by man when Sax lists "toxicity as the sum total of all harmful effects upon a warm-blooded ani the chemical product is used in any reasonably foreseeable manner; or mal." It goes on further to explain that c Produces death within 48 hours in "toxicology thc study of the manner in half or more than half of a group which these toxic ' taterial* produce their of 10 or more rabbits tested in a poisonous effects on the body." dosage of 200 milligrams or less per VARIED DEFINITIONS kilogram body weight when admin istered by continuous contact with In the new, completely revised and en the bare skin for 24 hours or less." larged edition of the Handbook of Danger our Materials by Sax which is entitled "Dangerous Properties of Industrial Mate rials'* toxicity is defined as "The ability of a chemical molecule or compound to produce injury once it reaches a susceptible rite in or on the body." It goes on'to state that "Toxicity hazard is the probability that injury may be caused The writer has associated toxic chemicals as those uatcruds which enter the body by the nose, mouth, or skin and produce an adverse effect on the blood composition. This change in blood composition is such that thc vital organs (liver, heart, kidneys, etc.) are restricted in performing their lifegiving functions and doth on result. by the wanner in which the substance is used." The new definition of toxicology is t "fn simple terms, toxicology may be defined as the study of the action of poisons on the living organism. Industrial toxicology is concerned with the human organism and consequently lies within the broad field of median*. Since medicine cannot be con TOXIC CHEMICALS ABSORBED If the above can occur to the operator through absorption Into the body by any chemical handled in a routine fashion which is normal for that class of chorucal mate rials generally considered non-toxic, then the materia! is a toxic chemical. sidered an exact science in the same sense The committee has received many valuable as chemistry, physics or mathematics, toxi suggestions on areas of interest to our sub cologic phenomena cannot always be pre ject. dicted with accuracy or explained on the basis of physial or chemical laws. It is this unpredictability which frequently re duces conclusions and decisions to opinion rather than fact." One letter suggested that a large compila tion of references on,toxic chemicals avail able to all interested persons would serve immeasurably to further the cause of safety in the chemical field. There is so much new The Manufacturing Chemists' Associa information bring printed that the books tion states in their Manual L-l, under Warn that we have become accustomed to using ing Labels. "POISON*--A chemical or mix are soon out of 'date. Work has already ture of chemicals which falls within any started an this idea. A list of references of the following categories: has been compiled and is available. While a. Produces death within 48 hours in the list is extensive, it is not believed to be half of a group of 10 or more labo complete. ratory white rats weighing 200-300 Another letter suggested an index of toxic grams at a single dose of 50 milli chemicals. Such an mdec may be a re grams or less per kilogram of body finement of just a straight-forward com weight, when administered orally; pilation as suggested in the first letter above. or The references could be catalogued accord b. Produco dath within 48 hours in ing to the chanirat name, the common name, half or more than half of a group or perhaps by the type of industry in which of 10 or more laboratory white rats tbe laboratory or pilot plant is associated. 43 V3S7 Motional Softly Congress FUSUSH CASE HISTORIES Still another letter recommended publish* uiS actual case histories of the misuse uf toxic chemicals and thdr results. Since the same toxic chemicals are used in many laboratories or pilot plants, it would no doubt be worthwhile to make available in* formation of this land. Setting up a toxicology chart was another idea received. This chan could contain columns giving the name of the toxic material, maximum allowable concentration, appearance, the type of operation where this material would be used, bow it i* absorbed by the body, the symptoms, first aid and the safe way to use the chemical. These are all good ideas but your com* mittec on Toxic Chemicals needs more In* formation both on an expansion of the pre ceding ideas listed as well as new ones. It is the responsibility and moral obliga* lion of each of us to do what we can to further the cause of safe practices which will prevent suffering and the loss of human life Please send your ideas on the use of toxic chemicals to R. V. Montcllo, Re search Division. National Cash Register Company. Dayton 9. Ohio-A. A BIBLIOGRAPHY OP TOXIC CHEMICALS Prepared by: Toxic Chemical* ContwHtte, Laboratory ud Pilot Ptoxt Groap. Chemical SecHoa of Hm Natioaot Sofaty Coaaeil This compilation of references on toxic chemicals is made possible through the coop eration of the following committee members: John E. Fox. safety director of the Mon santo Chemical co_ Texas City. Tex.: Robert A. Quisno, president. Hill Top Re search Institute, Inc., Miamivillt, Ohio and Ralph V. Montdto, head, materials dept- Research Dm. National Cuh Register Co.. Dayton, Ohio. Assistance was also given by J. B. Black, department of health, education, and welfare: A. H. Christian. American Viscose Corp.; H. H. Fawcett. General Electric Co.: and /. N, Ronune, Phillips Petroleum Co. The scope of this work is aimed at pre senting a list of references on the toxic chemicals useful 10 members of the chemical industry*. It covers books and periodicals. tOOKS 1. Toxicology and Hygiene of Industrial Solvents. Lehmann and Flury. The Williams & Wilkins Go. 2. The Symptoms and Treatment of Acute Poisoning. G. H. W. Lucas. Toronto. Clarke: Irwin & Co., Ltd, 1932. 3. Handbook of Emergency Toxicology. bv Sidney Kaye. Charles C. Thomas. Publisher. 1954. 44 4. Accident Prevention Manual for In dustrial Operations, 3rd Edition, Na tional Safety Council. 1955. 5. Dangerous Properties of Industrial Ma terials, by Sax. 1957. (This book is the latest work by Sax and follows his Handbook of Dangerous Materials.) 6. Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology. New York. Interscience, 1947. v. 12 7. Manufacturing Chemists Assodation. Safety in the chemical laboratory. New York, Van Nostrand, 1954. 8. Pieters. Honors A. Safety in the chemical laboratory. London. Butterworth. 1951. 9. National Safety Council. Supervisors safety manual. Chicago, 1956. 10. Association of British Chemical Manu facturers. Safety rules for use in chemical works. London. 1952. 11. Macfarlane, Donald I. Safety in indus try; and introduction to the protection of personnel. New York, Philosophical Library. 1955. 12. Blake. H- P, ed Industrial safety, 2d ed. New York. Prentice-Hall. 1953. 13. The Merck Index of Chemicals and Drugs, Merck St Co, Inc., 1952. Chemical Industries - -"-v ,..wu ,-urrra/, on. *,. Gleason. R. E. Gossdin. H. Hodge. The Williams Se Wilkins Go, 1957. 15. Accidental Poisoning in Childhood. Edw. Press. American Academy of Pediatrics, 1801 Hinman Ave. Evans ton, III. RA 1216-A52. 1956. 16. Toxic Solvents, Dr. Ethel Browning. Edw. Arnold & Co, London. RA 1270. 56B8, 1953. 17. Handbook of Poisons. Dr. Robert H. Dmsbach, Lange Medical Publicau'on. Los Altos, Calif. RA 12U*D7, 1935. 18. Poisons 7'heir Isolation and Identifi cations, Frank Bamford. The Blakiston Co, Philadelphia. RA 12U-823, 1951. 19. Manufacturing Chemists' Assoc Chemial Safety Data Sheets (covering about 70 chemicals) complete list of publica tions available from Manufacturing Chemists* Assoc, Inc, 1625 Eye St, N. W, Washington 6, D. C. (Refer also to Warning Labels Manual, Man ual L-l) 20. National Safety Council Industrial Data Sheets (covering about 40 chemicds) complete list available from Na tional Safety Council. 425 N. Michigan Avc, Chicago II. Illinois. 21. Chemical Safety Supervision, by J. Guclich. 221 pages, Reinhold Pub. Corp, New York. 1956. $4.50 Prevattion of Blindness, Inc, 1790 Broadway, New York 19, N. Y, $1.00. 28. Clinical Toxicology, by Thicnea and Haley, 457 pages, Lea & Febiger, Philadelphia. 1955. 29. Handbook of Toxicology, VoL !, Edi ted by W. S. Speetor, 408 pages, W. B. Saunders Co, Philadelphia, 1956. 30. Toxicity of Industrial Organic Sol vents, by E. Browning, 411 pages. Re vised American Edition, 1953, Chemical Publishing Ca, New York 10, N. Y. 31. Assoc Brit. Cbem. Mfgro. Safety rules for use in chemical works, Pt 1-- Model rules. 3rd ed. 1947. PL 2--De tailed Instructions, 1950. 32. Atomic Energy Commission. Effects of atomic weapons. Combat Force Press. 1950. 33. Blout, . R. Monomers. Inteudence, 1951. 34. Browning, E. Toxic solvents. E. Arn old Sc Co, London, 1953. 35. Elkins, H. B. Chemistry of industrial toxicology. Wiley, 1950. 36. Guetich. J. Chemical safety supervi sion. Reinhold, 1956. 37. Hamilton. A. Industrial poisons in the United States. Macmillan. 1929. 38. Henderson. Y. It Haggard. H. W. Hoxious gases, 2nd ed. Rdnhold. 1943. 22. Modem Occupational Medicine, by Fleming. D'Atonzo and Zapp, 414 pages. Lea & Fcbigcr, Philadelphia, 1954. 23. Poisoning, by W. F. von Oettingen, -S3* pages. Paul B. Hoeber, Inc, Dc- - partment of Harper & Bros, New York 16. N. Y, 24. Industrial Hygiene Sr Toxicology, in two volumes, by F. A. Patty, 1138 pages. Interscicnee Publishers, Inc, . New York. 1949. 39. .Jacobs,^ M. B. Analytical chemistry of industrial poisons, hasards and solvents. 2nd cd. Intersciercc, 1950. 40. Johnstone: R. T. Occupational diseases. Saunder, 1942, 41. Johnstone R* T. Occupational medicine and industrial hygiene. C. V. Mosby Co, 1948. 42. Lehmaun, K. B. & Flury, R. 7Yricology and hygiene of industrial sol vents. 25. Industrial Toxicology, by Hamilton & Hardy, second edition, 574 pages, Paul B. Hoeber. Inc, Harper & Bros.. New York, 1949. 26. Industrial Toxicology, by Fairhall. 483 pages, Williams & Wilkins Go, Balti more, 1949. 4J. `McNally. W. D. Toxicology--Indus trial Medise. Industrial Medicine: Chicago, 1937. 44. Manufacturing Chemists' Assoc Gen eral safety guide for safety in the chemical laboratory. Van Nostrand. 1954. 27. Toxic Eye Haxards, Pub. No. 491. 101 45. Sax. N. I. Handbook of dangerous pages. The National Society for the materials. Reinhold, 1951. 45 1957 National Safety Congress 46. Von Oettingen. W. F. Halogenated hydrocarbons, toxicity and potential dangers. U. S. Public Health Service, Pub. Ho. 414, 1955. 47. Bjorksten Research Laboratories. Health Hazards (of polyesters) Pages 247-52, 558-61, imbook "Polyesters and their applications'* Reinhold, 1956. 48. Williams. J. L. & K. J. Qeereman. Physiological properties of polystyrene. Page 491 in OtapL 10 of book "Styrene, its polymers, copolymers and deriviadves,** ed. by R. H. Boundy & R. F. Boyer. Reinhold, 1952. PERIODICALS 1. Gleason, Marion N. Clinical toxicology of commercial products, Fums and MacEachem. 1957. 2. Dretsbach. Robert H. Handbook of poisons. Lange, 1955. 3. Decomposition products introduce haxord to heoith. H. H. Schrenk. Ind. 3: Eng, Chem. 47: sup 87A-S-A, Dec. 1955. 4. Increased industrial use of sireonitan has stimulated studies to evaluate health hazard. Tnd, Si Eng. Chem. 46: supp WA-lOOA-f-. Dec 1954. 5. Criteria for the diagnosis of occupa tional illness. R. A- Kehoe Ind. Med. 24:427-42. Oct. 1955. 6. Hazardous exposure to some so-called safe solvents. }. P. Huge*. N'at. Safe. Hews 70:50, Dec. 1954. 7. Evaluation of toxicity. R. S. Ingals. bibliog. Sewage & Ind. Wastes 27-26-35, Jan. 1955. 8. Bronchial asthma and asthmatic bron chitis m the chemical industry. R_ Lxrncr. Ind. Med. 24:454-8, Oct. 1955, 9. .Mellon. Ibert and Mellan, Eleanor. Dictionary of poisons. Now York. Philosophical Library, 1956. 10. Health and safety problems increase as commercial production end industrial applications of hydrazine increase. H. H. Schrenk. Ind. & Eng, Chem. 46: sup 93A-95A, Aug. 1954. 11. Communications lines and problems of a toxicology laboratory marking for industry. H. F. Smyth, Jr. A.M.A. Archives Ind. Health 15 : 269-73. April, 1957. 46 12. Physically toxic chemicals end indus trial hygiene. J. C. McGowan. A.M.A. Archives Ind. Health 11215-23, April. 1955. 13. Power engineering handbook; maxi mum allowable concentrations of toxic vapors end gases. J. D. Constance. Power Eng. 60:122, March, 1956. 14. Annats of medicine; case of carbon tetrachloride poisoning, B. Roucdie. Hew Yorker. 3123-6, Feh 26. 1955. 15. Engineering phases of plants health control. W. A. Cook. Chen. & Eng. Hews. 29:1517-18. April 16. 1951. 16. Field of chemical hygiene. H. F. Smyth. Jr. Chem. Si Eng. Hews. 29:1196-7. March 26, 1951. 17. How to get rid of toxic industrial wastes. Eng. News. 146200-1, /l. 14. 1951. 18. Medical aspects of the industrial hy giene program, J. H. Sterner. Chem. & Eng. News. 29:1399-401, April 9. 1931. 19. Prevention of accidents when handling chemicals. R. Winderlsch. J. Chem. Educ 27:670-3. Dee. 195a 20. Sulfuric acid; hazards and precautions; data sheet. Kit Safety N. 6J29-40+. May 1951. 21. Toxic effects of exposure to vapors of oliphates amines. H. Brieger & W, A. Hades. A.M.A. Archives Tnd. Hygiene and Occupi Med. 3:287-91. March 1951. 22. Toxic substances; their properties, ef fects, and controls. Management data sheets. Factory Management, 106:136. 138. 140, Dee. 1950. 109:1421 144, Jan. 1951. 23. How to control hazardous substances. G. A. Sherman. Safety Maine & Prod. 103:62-4, June 1952. 24. Maximum allowable concentrations. H. H. Schrenk. Ind. & Eng. Chem. 43: sup 105A-106A+, Dee. 1951. 25. Organic polyphosphates; safe manner of handling them. Nat. Safety* News. 64:124-6. Dec 1951. 26. Safe handling of hazardous materials. L. B. Johnson and R. D. Lawrence. Mill and Factory. 50:134-8, March 1952. Chemical Industries 27. Studies on the toxicity end skin effects of compounds used in the rubber and plastics industries; accelerators, acti vators, and antioxidants, F. S. Malletie and E. von Kaam. A.M.A. Archives Ind. Hygiene and Occup. Med 5:311-17, April 1952. 28. Toxic metals cause new industrial disease problems. W. Schweisheimer. iron Age 168:159-60. Dec 6. 1951. 29. Toxicity of ethylene dibromide deter mined on experimental animals. V. K. Rowe Si others. A.M.A. Archives Ind. Hygiste & Occup. Med. 6:158-73, August 1952. 30. Toricotogical study of some polypro pylene glycols. C. B. Shaffer and others. A.M.A. Archives Ind. Hy giene & Occup. Med. 3:448:53, Mav 1951. Jl. Amyl acetate; hazards and precautions; data sheet. Nat Safety News 6820-1+, August 1953. 32. Chemical hazards in glass and ceramic industries. J. A. Houghton. Glass Ind. 34269-371. July 1953. 33. Experience accumulated in three years of on occupational medical clinic. H. L. Hardy, rnd. Med. 21:424-6. Sept. 1952. 34. Health; more core is needed. G. G. Carr. Iron Age 170:21-2, Dec 23, 1952. 35. Hote safe are safety solventsP M. Z. Poliakoff. Nat. Safety News. 67 28-9+, Feb. 1953. 36. Studies in the toxicity and skin effects of compounds used in the rubber and - plastics industries. F. S. Mallene & . von Haam. A.M.A. Archives Tnd. Med. & Occup. Med. 5211-17: 6231-42, April. Sept. 1952. 37. Xylene and toluene; hazards and pre cautions; data sheet. Nat Safety* News. 6828-9+, August 1953. 38. Current method of determining safety in the application of new chemicals. T. W. Nalc Tnd. Med. 20:501-6. Nov. 1951. 39. Toxicity and Health Hazards of Boron Hydrides, by E. H. Krackow, A.M.A. Archives of Industrial Hygiene and Occupational Medicine 8. 335-339, Oct. 1953. 40. Unpublished paper "Respiratory Pro tection," by H. H. Fawcett, presented to Greater New York Safety Congress, March 21, I9S7. 41. Investigation of Accident Involving Titanium and Red Fuming Ari/rfc Acid, Dec 29, 1953, Information Grcular 7711, U. S. Bureau of Mines, 4800 Forbes Street, Pittsburgh 13, Pa. (March 1955) ; see also Infury and Death from Red Fuming Nitric Acid, by A. J. McAdams, Jr. and S. Krop, JAMA 1SS, 1022.1024 (July 23. 1955); and Nitrogen Dioxide, Hy gienic Guides available at 25c from American Industrial Hygiene Assoc. 14125 Prevolt. Detroit 27, Michigan. 42. IJJ-Trichtoroelfusne, Hygienic Guide available at 25c from American In dustrial Hygiene Assoc. 14125 Prevost Detroit 27, Michigan; see also Nat. Safety Council Safety Data Sheet. Ij,l-Triehloroethane, available May 1, 1957 from Nat. Safety Council, 425 N. Michigan Avenue, Chicago 11. Illi nois. 43. Hazards of Isocyanates in Polyure thane Foam Plastic Production, by J. A. Zapp, A.M.A- Archives of Indus trial Health. IS. 324-330. April 19S7. 44. The Mean Amines, by P. J. Bailey, National Safety News, 74, p. 61. Nov. 1956. 45. Dry Ice (CO*), Chemical Safety Data Sheet, Nadonal Safety Council, 425 N. Michigan Avenue Chicago 11, Illinois. 46. Accident Prevention in Childhood-- The Kerosene Hazard, by Hugh A. Carithers. J.A.M.A. 159, 109-111, Sept. 10. 1955. 47. Let's Stop Killing and Crippling Our Children, by H. F. Dietrich, Ladies' Home Journal, LXXII, No. 9. p. 84. Sept. 1955. 48. Public Health Aspects of Poisoning, by E. Press. JAMA 163, 1330*2; How Toxic Is Itf. by R. E. Gossclin. J..LM.A. 163, 1333-7; Practical Man agement of Common Poisoning, by J. M. Arena. J.AM.A^ 163. 1341-3; Manufacturer Looks at Child Poisoniny, by J. H. Foulger, J.A.MA 163, 1344-7. April 13. 1957. 49. Operational Memoranda on Economic Poison, by Tech DevcL Lab. CRC PO 1957 National Safe)y Congrts* 769, Savannah, Ga, Revised April 1. 1956. refs. Reinforced Plasties Dir, SPI Confer. 1951, Sect. 16. 50. Industrial Hygiene Digest, Monthly, published by Industrial Hygiene Foun dation, 4400 Fifth Ave, Pittsburgh 13. Pa, 64. Coleman, E. H. fie G A. Thomas Products of combustion of chlorinated plastics. J. AppL Chem. 4, 379-83 0954). 51. AUA Arch, at Industrial Health, monthly, published by The American Medical Assoc, SIS N. Dorbonx St, Chicago 10, Illinois. 52. American Industrial Hygiene Assoc, Quarterly, published by the A.I.H.A, Howard N. Schulz, Editor, 605 N. Michigan Ave, Chicago II, Illinois. 53. Bulletin of Hygiene Reprints. Monthly. Bureau of Hygiene & Tropical Dis uses. Kcppel St, Gower Street, W.C 1, London, England. 65. Cnauch, A. G. Toedcity of some of the newer plastic*. Tod. Med. IS, 168-70 0946). 66. Erwin. J. R. Ftberglas plastics. Indus trial radical aspects and experiences, lod. Med 16. 439-41 (1917). 67. Goss. A. E.4 A.M. Rocl Effective control of lead dust in manufacture of vinyl plastics. ASHE Paper #52, A-I59 meeting; Nov, Dec S952L 68. Grimaldi. J. V. Haaazds of synthetic plastics. Mech. Eng. 72. 987-9 (1950). 54. Spccaal Karards Bofictios of the Assoc, fannlty and Surety Compasses, 60 John St, New York 38, N. Y. 69. Kuloe. J. G Toxicity of 3ob|Sixj4 diphenyl phosphate; stadia of the esctractioa of 5nirirrr 141 from poly 55. Survey of Compound* Which Haw Been Tested for Carcinogenic Activity. 2nd Ed, by J. L, Hartwell. 583 pages. Public Health Service Pub, No. 149, 1951, OS.G.P.O, Washington, D. C. vinyl chloride films by foodstuffs under various conditions of storage. Arch Ind Hyg. Occup. Med. S, 281-3 (Sept, 1953). 70. Lehman, A. J. & W, Z, Patterson. $42S. FDA acceptance criteria: determining 56. Data Sheet* on Toxic Chemicals issued by American Industrial Hygiene Assoc, 14125 Prevojt, Detroit 27. Michigan, 57. Toxicological Reviews of the Ameri can Petroleum Institute, Dept of Safety. 50 W. 50th St, New York Qty, N. Y. safety of chemicals used in food pack aging materials. Mod. Packaging 28, 115-20 (1955). 71. Lehman. A. J, et aL Procedures for the appraisal of the toxidty of chemi cals in food, drugs and cosmetics. Food, Drug; Cosmetic J. 10, 679 (Oct, 19S5). 72. Lehman, A. J. Title Unknowa-oo 58. American Petroleum Institute. API toxicological review*. 1st series. 1948; ' 2nd series. 1953. 63 reviews. safety in food packaging. Assoc. Food & Drug Off, U. 5. Quart. Bud 19. 87 (1955), 73. Liebcr, E. E. Dermatitis--an industrial 59. Asner. Cyuunid. Co. Toxicology of acrylonitrile, August 1954. problem. Brit. Plastics 28, 428 (Oct, 1955). 60. Anon. Barrier greases protect workers: 74. Little, G. E. -Formaldehyde in derma dermatites from synthetic glues and titis attributable to synthetic resin resins. Chem. Age. 73. 739-40. October 1955. glues. Brit. Select Govt. Res. Repcx. V. 7--Adhesives, 1950. 61. Banff. L. G Biology of phrriyy, SPE Journal 9. #|, 14-5, 1953. 75. Locser & Bommzzm. Biological effects of monomeric styrene. Fene Seifen 62. Berger; I_ B, et aL Toxidty and Same Austriefamirtle 54. (3). 181 (1956). resistance of ffarrto-settzng plastics. 76. Lurofu, R. Dermatitis from pkehot- U. S. Bur. Mines. Rept Invest. 4134. crcsolic resins. Ross. mad. Ind. 22, October 1947. 333-6 (1953). 63. Bradley, W. R. Industrial hygiene con siderations in manufacture of rein forced plastics (polyesters) 9pp. 17 77. McCormick. W. E. Industrial health problems in the rubber industry. Am. Ind Hyg. Quart 12,37-51 (1952). Chemical Industriex 78. MacDougaU, JJD.B. Toxicity studies on silicon* rubbers and other sub stances. Nature 172, 124-5 (July 10, 1953). 79. McKinley. C Scott Practical experi ences with dangers and illnesses from plastics. Ind. Med. 16. 432-4 (19(7). 80. McKinley. G Scott Practical prcmi*tioas with plastics. Occupational Haz ards 10. No. 3, 14, 38 (1948). 81. Mallete. F. S. & E. voq Haam. Toxi dty and skua effects of compounds used in the rubber and plastics indus tries. I. Accelerators. 2 Plasticizers. 3. Caremogenicity of carbon block ex tracts. Arch. Ind Hyg. Occup. Med S, 311-17 (1952): 6, 231-42 (1953). 82. Morris, G. 8 Condensation plasties: their dermatological and chemical as pects. Arch. Ind. Hyg. Occup. Med S, 37-43 (1952). 83. Morris, G. E. Synthetic rubbers. Their chanistry dermatologies! aspects. Arch. Ind Hyg. Occup. Med 8. 540-6 (1953). 84. Morns. G. E. Vinyl Plastics. Their dennatologied aspects. Arch. lod Hyg. Occup. Med 8, 53S-9 (1953). 85. 86, 87.' omitted. 88. Oser, B. L. Evaluating safety of chemicals in packaging materials. Bibtiog. Food Eng. 27, 57-9 (April. 1955). 89. Perm. Dept Labor & Industry. Safe guarding of health in the plastics in dustry, Safe Practice Still. No. 88. Jan- 1942 90. Foui. Dept Labor & Industry. Safety in the manufacture and application of acrylic plasties. Safe practice Bull. 9S, May, 1942 91. Plastics Materials Mfg. Assoc. Contact dermatitis from synthetic rcaia adhe sives. 1945. 92 Pokrovsldi. V. A. Professional hazards in the production of synthtlic rubber (in Russian). Gigiaa t, Sanit 1953, No. 9, 17-23. 93. Rogers. J. G Industrial hygiene problons in the field of plasties. Arch. Ind Health 18. 749-1 (Oct, 1955). 94. SaJvini, M. Occupational sickness in manufactures of phenolic resins. Folia Med (Naples) 36, 691-9 (1953). 95. Schrenk, H. H. Basic considerations in evaluating health hazards of food packaging materials. Ind Eng. Chem. 47, sup. 95-6A, (Oct, 19S5). 96. Schrcnk, K. H. Decomposition prod ucts introduce hazards to health (Teflon) Ind. Eng. Chem. 47, Sup. 87-8A (Dec, 1955). 97. Schrenk. H. H. Isocyanate toxicology. Ind Eng; Chexa. 47 sup. 107-8A (June. 1955). 98. Sehreik, H. K. Toxicology of zynthetic resins. Ind Eng. Chan. 48, supi 103-4A (April, 1956). 99. Schwartz, L- How to guard against dermatitis. Plastics (Chicago) 3, No. 5, 48-52, 80-4 (1945). 100. Sherwood R- J. Title unknown' on toxidty of ICI's Fluon. a Polytetrafluoroelhylene. Trans. Asroe. Ind Med Off. S, 10 (1955). 101. Snell, Foster D. What are the hazards of new materials (melamines) Foster Dee Snell Bull, 1946. 102 Sunderman. F.W. & H.B. Hoag. Irri tating and sensitizing effects of two polymeric plasticiser*. Arch. Ind Hyg. Med. 9, 210-11 (March 1954). 103. Swenson. A_, et aL Title unknown--on toxicology of isocyentes used in lac quers. Brit J. Ind Med. 12, 60 (1955). 101. White, R. B. Dust irritatioa problems In fabricating reinforced placttcs. Mod Plastics 38, 129, 227 (Nor, 1954). 105. Wilson. R.H. & W.E. McCormick. Toxicology of plastic components and solvents. Ind Med & Surgery 23. 479-86 (Nov, 1954). 106. Wilson, R.H- & W.E. McCormick. Tide unknown"-a compilation of toxi cological `information on some of the more important materials used ia plas tic manufacture. Summarizes dam from 78 published reports. Ind Med & Surg. 24, 491 (19S5). 107. Aeon. Safe containers hold organics for irradiation--Nucleonics 24, 54 (Aug, 1956). 108. AEG Costrol of radiation hazards ia the Atomic Energy Program, July, 1950. 109. Graham. R. G. Industrial atom, AEC experimental program on reactor safety. TID-8009. Feb, 1956. 49 (=> S k 9 I 1957 National-Safety Congress 110. Mat. Acad. So. Biologial effects of 125. Canada Dept, of Health. Nitrous fume atomic radiation. A report to the pub* poisoning, 1941 RL Ph. lie, I9S6. 126. Carpenter, C. P, et al. Inhalation of 111. Mat. Acad. Sci. Biological effects of IJrbuladience; a comparison of its atomic radiation. Summary report, 1956. narcotic effects with that of bensene, toluene aod styrene by human subjects. 112. Spiers, F. \V. Rad&tton hazards in the J. Ind. Hyg. Tox. 26, 69-78 (1944). scientific and industrial use of atomic 127. Carpenter, C. P, et al. Toxicity and energy. Chem. & Ind 1955, 1447 (Nov. and hazards of dibutyl kentone vapors. 5). Arch. Ind. Hyg. Occupy Med. 8, 377-31 113. Mat. Bur. Stand. Maximum permis (1953). sible amounts of radioisotopes in the 128. Cellulose Plasties Mfgn. Assoc Safe human body and maximum permissible guarding pyrosyline plastic. Jan, 1937. concentrations in air and water. MBS Hdbk. S2. March, 1953. 129. Qimcako, D. R, et al. Leucotoxic ac tion of benzol. J. Ind. Hyg. Tox. 24, 114. Lehman, A. J. Some toxicological rea 289-92 (1942). sons why certain chemicals nay or may not be permitted as food additives. Assoc Food Drug Off. Bull. 14, 82-93 (July, 1950). 130. Davenport. S. J, et aL Review of fluorine and its compounds in the min ing allied industries. Bur. Mines Ore 7687. 1954. 115. Mackenzie. El F. W. Effects of alkathene upon water quality. J. fnst. Water Engineer? s. 596-605 (1951). 116. Mfy. Chem. Assoc Chemicals in foods. Symposium held in Mew York Gty, 1952. 131. Deichmann. W. Toxicity of methyl, ethyl and n-but>! methacrylate. J. Ind. Hyg.'Tox. 23, 343-51 (1941). 132. Downing; J. G, et at Dermatitis from cashew nut shell oil J. Ind Hyg. Tox." 22, 169-74 (1940). 117. Mat. Res. Council, Food & Nutrition Bd. Use of chemical additives In foods. Dec, 1951. 133. Dudley. H. G, et al. Toxicology of acrylonitrile (vinyl cyanide). 1. Study of the acute toxicity: 2. Study of 118 Sale; /. W. Regulatory problems in the effects of daily mhalariea. J. Tod. Hyg. food flavoring industry. Assoc Food Tox. 24, 27-36.255-8 (19(2). Drug Off. U. S. Quart. BulL 17, #4-- 134. Elkins, H. B, et aL Determination of (Oct.. 1953). atmospheric coniomznants. 1. Organic 119. Mat. Soc Prevention of Blindness. halogen compounds. J. Ind. Hvg_ Tox. Industrial first aid in chemical injuries 19, 474-85 (1937). of the eje. Pub. 419, 1944. 135. Friberg. L, et aL Toxicides of tri 120. Adams. E. M. et a!. Acute vapor toxi chloroethylene and tetraehloroethyirne city of ally! chloride, J. Ind. Hyg. 22, and Fujiwara's pyridine-aJkali reaction 79-86 (1940). far trichloroacetic acid. Acta Pharm. 12t. Anon. Safe spraying practice. Org. Tox. 9, 303 (1953). Finishing 6, #1. 25-32; #2 24-28. 136. Gadbcrry, H. if. When yno use or 47; #3, 23-7 (Jan.-Maieh, 1945). ganic solvents. Mac Safety Mews 1954, 122. Barnes, E. C,, et al. Determination of 24-5. 68-9 (December). formaldehyde in air. J. Ind. Hyg. -Tox. 1J7. Hendry, J. A, et al. Cytotoxic agents. 24, 10-17 (1942). I. MetkylaSemzudei with inhibi 123. Blank. T, et aL Studies of organic fluorine compounds. TV. Synthesis of esters of fluoeooxaloaeitie and of flu- tory activity aod related gtartive com pounds; Brit J. PharmacoJcgy 6,201-34 (1951). oropyntvie arid. J. Chem. Soe. 1955, 138. Kosalq A. L Chemistry of cigarette 2190. smoke and its relation to hmg cancer. 124. Bourne, L. B. Industrial hazard of dichlorothylene. Med. lavoro 43, 259-60 Trans. N. Y. Acad. Sci. Scr. II. 18, 585 (May. 1952). 0952). 139. McBirncy, R. S. Trichloroethylene and SO Chemical Industrie* dichloroeihylene poisoning. Arch. Ind. Hyg. Occup. Med 10, 130-3 (I9S4). 140. McCarroll, C F. Hazard of mercury vapor in analytical petroleum labora tories. Bur. Mines Rept Invest. 3475 (1939). 141. Mallette, F. S. Industrial hygiene in synthetic rubber manufacture. Ind. Med 12, 495-9 (1943). 152. Spencer, H. C, et at Response of laboratory animals to monomeric sty rene. J. Ind Hyg. Tox. 24, 295-301 (1942). 153. Voo Oettinger, W. F, et al. 2-chlorobutadiene (chloroprene): its toxicity and pathology and the mechanism of its action. J. Ind Hyg. Tox. 18. 240-70 (1936). 142. Monsanto. Org. Div. Toxicology and 154- Beilis, M. P. Hazardous chemicals. dermatology of pentachlorophenol and Alpha Oil Sigma 40, 3-16 (Oct, 1949). sodium pcnachlorphcnate, 1942. ISS. Brie Dept. Sci & Ind. Res. Methods 143. Morgis, G. G, et aL Review of litera for detection ol toxic gases in industry. ture on health hazards of beryllium and its compounds. Bur. Mines Rept. Invest. 7574. (1950). 144. Pouani, U. C, et al. Subacute vapor toxicity and range-finding data for 156. Foulger. J. H~ Toxic vapors and gases. J. Ind Hyg. Tox. 18. 604-8 (1936). 157. Industrial Hygiene Foundation. Tran* actions of the Chemical Toxicological and Engineering Conference, 1952. ethyl acrylate. J. Ind Hyg. Tox. 31, 311-26 (1949). U5. Public Health Service. I. Method for tea Labor Stand Bur. Discussion of in dustrial accidents and diseases. 1936 Convention of International Assoc. quantitating neuromuscular irritability. The effect of certain drugs on the neuromuscular apparatus. 2. Pharmacologic action of some atcholic phos phoric esters. XaL Health Serv Hull. 165 (1936). 146. Public Health Service. Study of chrome mereurialism m the hatters' fur-eutling industry. Pub. Health Serv. I Bull. 2H (IM7). 147. Roue. V*. K. et al Determination of monomeric styrene in air. J. Ind. Hyg. Tox. 25. 348-53 (1943). 148. Rowe; V. K, ee aL Remits of toxi Industrial Accident Boards and Com missions. Bulb 10 (1937). 159. McLean, D. D. Dust control in indus try. Canada. NRQ TIS Rept. Mo. S (1950). Ifi0 Monsanto. Org. Div. Res. Library. Toxicological Research. News & Motes, Mo. 36 (Dec. 1953). Ifi Navy Dept Industrial poisons and dan gerous substances. General Safety Rules, Sect. 4. 1931. ixy Public Health Serv. Occupational and related dermatoses, abstracts from the literature Julv 1943--`Dee, 1953. PBS cological studies on some commercial silicones. Dow Chem. Co, 1948. BulL No. 12, 1954, by D. J. Binningham. et aL 149. Sayers, R. R, et aL Hazard of hydro- gtn fluoride poisoning in the material and allied industries. Bur. Mines Rept. Invest. 7311 (1945). 163. Stewart. W. R. Gases in wartime plants. Safety Eng. 86, Mo. 4, 48, 50-2 (1943). 164. Anon. Prevention of atmospheric and 150. Schrcnk. H. H. Toxicity of oxides of nitrogen and hydrogen peroxide. Ind. Eng. Chem. 47. sup. 93A (Feb., 1955). 151. Smyth. H. F, et al. Some pharma cological properties of polyethylene glycols of high molecular weight (carbowax compounds) J. Ind Hyg. Tox. 24, 281-4 (1942). water pollution in the chemical indus try. Chon. & Ind 1955. 1363. 165. Hoalq R. D. Theory and practice in stream pollution control. Sa. Monthly 75. No. 3, Sept, 1952. 166. Stairound, C F- et al Role of the cyclone in reducing atmospheric pollu tion. Chem. 8c Ind 1955, 1324>46t 51 WASTE DISPOSAL by EARL R. WALLACE senior safety engineer, Eastman Kodak co., Rochester, N. /. Editor*s Hotel The information presented in the following '"summary of waste disposal questionnairem should not be construed OS recommended procedures. Many of the methods reported are not in keeping with safe standards. The summary was presented primarily as a beginning of committee activ ity to develop a good, recommended safe disposal data sheet or recommended proce dures which could be used by ell industries. In order to report to you on the subject of wane disposal, a questionnaire was sent out asking for information dealing with waste disposal methods throughout the mailmg list of the Laboratory Subsection. Ap proximately 50 corporations are represented in our mailing list and of this group 36 companies answered the inquiry. Many of the companies who answered the questionnaire indicated the definite need for assistance, and it is my hope that this group can. through the ensuing discussion, come up with information which can be presented to industry at large as a published report through the National Safety Council's Chemical Section. Dealing with. tint, flammable liquid dis posal, wc find that more companies are us ing the incinerator method of disposal than ever before. This method may vary in its actual application, but, in general, the sys tem operates by using an oil burner nozzle in the combustion chamber through which the flammable liquids are vaporised and burned. Many flammable liquids can be redistilled for recovery at a fairly nominal cost thereby providing a continuing source of material for roue or sale. Open field burning ox flammable liquids is used by many, although it is felt by some that this syston presents hazards which might bet be removed. The hazards of pranarare Ignition, of odd winds and of smoke are among those to be considered. Today, with the high rate of community growth, indications are that available space for open field burning will be lessened con siderably in the near future 52 Certain groups bury flammable liquids and here, I think, we might make a note for general discussion later in the program to determine i possible the hazards of burial of flammable liquids. Plant sewer disposal of flammable liquids is used by many, but most of those have indicated that only water miscible materials are so disposed and always with copious quantities of water. Radiaaetive -.Tastes are presenting prob lems to many today who. a short time ago. had no idea such a problem would exist. In this case, the best source of adequate information on disposal, we believe, la the Atomic Energy Coraimuicn. Rivero are not used for frequent disposal of any industrial waste by nearly all plants reporting. Most plant waste water system are operated today on the basts of srdl engineered and controlled systems where harmful materials (to fish, wild life and humans) are removed. Trealinen plants for industry are proving themselves valuable additions to the company's holdings. Many hundreds of organic and other ma terials were forwarded with the question naire together with other valuable informa tion which we hope wilt prove to be of some later value to our groups and others. BURY Rubber Dope Vinyl Dope Aluminum Chloride Fluorides Radioactive Wastes Sulfur Tetraethyl Lead Radioisotopes Parathon Cans, Drums Arid Cleaning Solution Used Oil Acetone Mixed Solvents Sulphuric Arid Chromic Add Concentrated Sulfur Cake Caustics Phosphorous Oxychlonde Metallic Sodium Aluminum Hydrides Potassium Cyanide Lead Acetate Benzene Alcohol Styrme Syrup Solid Noncombustibles Fine Organic Chemicals Tar Acids Research Chemicals Spent Zinc Carbon Radioactive Wastes Thionyt Chloride in Chloroform L'nrcelaimablc Mixtures !SCtSERA TE Laboratory Animals Paper. Rags, Boxes Paper Waste Non-miseible Wastes Explosive Wastes (20 gms). Highly Toxic Wastes Ether Ethanol Benzene Radioisotopes Solid Propellants Radioactive Oil Garbage Alkyl Aluminum Chromic Arid Fluorides Zirconium Vinyl Cyanide Phenol in water solution Metallic Sodium Solid Combustibles Paint, Varnish and Lacquer Thinners Research Chemicals Solvents .. BURS OPES FIELD Chtorosilana Resins Varnishes Lithium Hydride Flammable Solvents Cyanide Waste AHali Metals Acetone Potassium Dispersions Metallic Sodium Powdered Metals Chemical Industries Acrolein Magnesium Dust Titanium Zirconium Organic Solvents Fuels Lacquer Sludge Resins Tars and Oils REDtSTILLATtOS Butanol Acetone Methanol 3A Alcohol Styrene Petroleum Solvents Chlorinated Solvents Mineral Spirits Solvents COSTROLLED VESTING Ether Benrcne Alcohol Acetone Petroleum Ether Ethyl Acetate Barium Trifluoride Carbon Bisulfide Piperazine Vinyl Chloride SETTLING BASIS Trichtoroethj lene Viscose Dope SLUDGE PIT Acids. Unknowns, and Reactive Chemicals SEWERS Waste filtrates from organics Water miscible solvents--acetone, methanol, etc,--small quantities Acetone Betzene Arid or Caustic Laboratory Wastes Highly Toxie Wastes Detergent, Synthetic Adds Nonflammable Solvents AUoIis Inorganic Sails Adds S3 Chemical Industries 195/ National Safety Congress RriDIO.-tCTIVE WASTES Corrosive Liquids Perchlorates Solvents. Oils. etc. Glycol Wastes Potassium Bromatc * Propionic Acid Caustics and Salts ary dump Charcoal Alumina Filter Cake RIVER Metallic Sodium Chlorine Gas SEA BURIAL Radioactive Wastes SUBMERGE AND SHOOT Chlorosulfonic Acid CONTRACT DISPOSAL SERVICE Radioactive Wastes Mixed Chemicals Phenols Formaldehydes Creosote Acetone Chloroform and Gljeols ATMOSPHERE Phosgene SOLD Methanol Mcthjlethjl Ketone^ ACIDS AND HEAVY CHEMICALS Oitcauloa Report the question, does this weaken the use of radiation sources. One man explained hote? the use of an elementary educational plan The next question dealt wiih the affect for employees that is available from A.E.C. of ammonium nitrate on steel cables. This The point was also made that the technical | man has guy lines on large towers that are people who actually use the sources are the being deteriorated by ammonium nitrate ones most apt to become injured due to fumes. N'o one present knew of anything familiarity. easy to apply that would protect the steel. One simple little lest of use to people Coverings of rubber or plastic were sug not too familiar with solvents was men gested. tioned. This was the old trick of putting The next discussion subject was snap-on some solvent in water to determine if it is or quick couplings for small hoses. This chlorinated. If it does not float, it is chlori apparently is not a problem in most plants nated. represented. Those who did use a good The next question was on the use of many quick couplings said it is best to con electronic guards for machinery. There fine specific makes and types of couplings were several affirmative answers and the to specific uses to eliminate (he danger of feeling was that most applications had using hazardous materials in equipment and worked out very welt at a reasonable cost. tools operated by water or air. The next question was on the use of In answer to a question on new loading capacitance probe. These are used a good racks, one man stated that they had installed a Nichols rack and were well-pleased with it. deal and no hazards were reported in their use. Returning momentarily to radiation, one The next scries of questioning dealt with rran sated that they had discovered that phenol: through a periodic (four times a year) Question--any experience of fires where dental X-ray of some employees, these Substantial quantities of phenol are in people were receiving more than the re volved? commended amount of radiation. IL U ALUNSOM--OIsmsfM Umder director of safety. Texas dnr., The Dow Qtcmteal eo. Freeport, Tex. The first ubjeet was presented by a gentleman who had asked m last year's mectins it the group felt it was reasonably safe to transfer strong acids from carboys by using air pressure. The reaction of the group at that time was negative and the gentleman on this occasion described a new system he had since set up that <till utilized compressed air. Thi system has a gauge in the line, then a valve, next a pressure regulator set at 2.5 pounds, then a J/S in. T in the line with one opening venting air to the atmosphere. The line then goes through the stopper into the canvas covered carboy but also has a leg going into a mercury seal that is an additional safety and will blow at 5 lbs. This rig is operated by the simple method of "thumbing" the small open T while visu ally watching the flow of acid from a dip pipe. Another man attending suggested the use of Thompson hand pumps for this service. The neat question was on fire fighting techniques on fires around or involving torage of ehlorosulphonic acid. There was no one present familiar with this problem and it was suggested that the DuPont com* jnny might be able to help. USE OF LARGE HOSES A discussion on ihe use of large hoses brought out the following points: 1. Thu is a specialized field because of the variety of services but in general, we have learned to use the best avail able for the specific purpose. Z. In attaching hoses to flanged nozzles it is wise to secure damps to flange by steel straps. 5. The use of hose made with the rubber flanges vulcanized in place was recom mended. -I. High pressure testing of hoses is prac ticed. There was no sure answer to Answer--no experience Question--are two people desirable in un loading phenol? Answer-- ves. Qucsttoiw-U etii'I alcohol being used for first aid? Answer no water is best first ad for this. The next question resulted from the above and was. "Do any medical people recom mend the neutralization method in field first aid on chemial bums?" No one present knew of any medical doctor that recom mended anything other than water. The subject of hrating water for eyebaths and safety showers was discussed briefly. Tracing with steam and resistance heaters was suggested as well as holding tanks with regulated heat. The techniques of fighting fires in bulk ammonium nitrate was discussed. There was little experience evidenced on this but simple water extinguishment was suggested. Radiation was introduced but the group as a whole had little experience as jet m the Floor grating was the next subject. Very few thought that common checker plate was much good. The new plate with em bedded abrasives seems to work well; others recommend plates with beads welded on them for stair treads. Some of the adhering abrasives are good but need replacing peri odically. A new method is to punch plates with small holes and then invert the plate; It was also mentioned that twisted rod was superior to round stock for ladder rungs. Someone stated that they used reinforcing steel for rungs. Welding characteristics might be a problem here. Life jackets for use around water were discussed next. Evidently not much expo sure represented except some barge load ing. In most cases jackets were available hero and sometimes their wearing was com pulsory. The next question was oa the availability of "break-away aprons." By this was meant a chemical resistant apron that could be ripped off easily. No one knew of any commercially available. A. 55 INDUSTRIAL GASES DISCUSSION GROUP H. F. REINHARD. Discussion Leader manager, Safety Codes dept, Union Carbide & Carbon corp., New York city The meeting opened with a brief resume of the notes from last year's meeting. Some of the important nfc practices men tioned la these notes were re-emphasised. The compressed gas industry has been interested from the beginning in the safety of people who handle and use its products. The Compressed Gas Assn, and several other associations sneb as the National Safety Council. Manufacturing Chemists Assa- National Fire Protection Assn- National Board of Fire Underwrit ers. International Acetylene Assn, and The Chlorine Institute publish pamphlets on the safe handling of compressed gases. A list of 35 commonly used pamphlets published by these associations was cir culated among the group. During the past year, the National Safety Council revised and reissued its Safe Practice Pamphlet 95 entitled "Compressed Gases.** Compressed gas cylinders are safe con tainers provided they are handled with reasonable care. Valve protection caps, if provided, should be on the cylinders handtight except when the cylinder is in use. Also, cylinders should not be dropped with great force on hard surfaces. Several pictures of special pallets, troughs and other devices used for the safe handling of cylinders in plants were circulated. Some of these pictures appeared in the article "Safe Practices for Handling Compressed Gases'* by Messrs. H. F. Reinhard and F. R. Fctherstaa, published in the Octo ber issue of Industrial and Engineering Chemistry- SULTHUA DIOXIDE FACTS A participant asked if there is any new data on the toxidry or physiological ef fects of sulphur diosdde. The MAC for SO which is the maximum concentration that can be shfely endured for eight-hour periods is about 10 parts per million. Al though he was unable to obtain a reading of one part per million in his plant, the employees complained of headaches, nausea, sore throat, etc. Since the SO* concentration in his plant was far below the MAC, (he group felt that other fac tors must be responsible for the discom fort of the employees in his plant. There is no special cylinder valve out let thread for breathing air. The outlet connections described in American Stand ard B 57.1 are arranged so that each con nection is used for a group of gases rather than for an individual gas. The ex ception to this rule is Connection 540 (.903"--24-R.H.--ext.) which is used only for oxygen, industrial and medical. Con nection 580 which is recommended for water pumped (breathing) air. is also used for argon, helium, crypton. neon, nitrogen and Xenon when water-pumped. Fethercton suggested that people in terested in using small breathing air cylin ders for deep sea diving etc, consider the adoption of the pin index system as used on small medical gas cylinders equipped with standard Hush outlet cyl inder valves. Two holes arc drilled in the valve at specified locations for the partic ular gas that is in the cylinder. Matching pins are installed in the yoke connection so that only a matching yoke may be connected to a particular valve. The pres ent system provides pin locations for eight different medical gases. The familiar question of rocketing cyl inders was raised. It was revealed that industry experience over the past 15 years includes only two or three instances where high pressure oon-lijueed gas cylinders had apparently rocketed. The last instance occurred in Norway, a year or two ago. A cylinder valve is installed in such a way that it will shear off when struck with a sharp blow*, leaving the valve inlet in the cylinder. The hole In the valve inlet is small, usually 3/16 to 1/4* which restricts the flow of gas so that the cylinder say move but will not rocket. However, the escaping gas or mov ing cylinder may injure nearby personnel and therefore, it is strongly recommended that valve protection caps be kept m place on the cylinders except when in use. 56 Chemical Industries The question was asked if the function ing of a safety device would cause a cyl inder to move. On high pressure industrial cylinders, the safety device discharge ports are designed so the flow of gas pro duces opposing forces. Thus a cylinder may fall over or move when a safety de rice functions but it will not cause danger ous propulsion. Acetylene and other low pressure cylinders will not move. How ever, the group agreed that cylinders should be secured at all times. In handling a flammable gas cylinder which is involved in a fire, it is recom mended that general Are fighting princi ples be followed. First, evacuate alt per sonnel except those actively engaged in controlling the fire. Second, use water to cool exposed materials and the cylinder. If the flame is impinging upon structural steel or another cylinder, use a hose stream or other method to move the cylinder so that the flame does noe im pinge upon the steel or other cylinder. Do not extinguish the flame unless the flow of gas can be shut off because the escaping flammable gas might cause an explosive mixture which is to be feared far more than the burning of gas from a functioned safety device. IF a cylinder is involved in a fire, the user should bring this fact to the atten tion of the owner by attaching a tag to the cylinder valve. Fire might weaken the cylinder wail and therefore, the ICC requires that ati fire damaged cylinders be retested before being charged with gas. Above ati, do not try to hide the fact (hat a cylinder has been fire damaged by painting it. Most compressed gas cylinders with the exception of acetylene must be periodi cally tested or inspected to requalify them for service. Oxygen and other high pressure cylinders are subjected to a non destructive hydrostatic test in such a man ner that the permanent expansion result ing from the hydro test is measured. If the permanent expansion is below a cer tain limit the cylinder is suitable for con tinued use. Cylinders are not discarded or removed 'from service after a specified number of years. As long as a cylinder can pass the retest requirements it re mains in service. HELIUM IN -AIR** CYLINDER "Is there a chance of getting nitrogen or other gas fa a certified breathing air cylinder purchased with self contained breathing apparatus ?** was asked. _ One member of the group reported that in 20 years experience of using several cylinders a year, only one such mistake had oc curred. In this case the "air" cylinder was filled with helium. Howard H. Fawcett who presented a paper. "Living in the Air We Breathe,** at the Chemical section of the Congress, men tioned that a similar mistake was made a short time ago. He recommended that "no cylinder should be put on a demand breathing apparatus or air supplied res pirator, hood or suit, until the contents have been checked for purity." An orsat gas analyzer, or a Beckman paramagnetic oxygen analyzer are often used for this purpose. A discussion on color coding of cylind ers resulted from a request for informa tion on color coding of cylinders in inter national service. The group indicated that color coding of cylinders was not desir able for many reasons iocludiag the fact there are more than 100 different com pressed gases used in industry making it necessary to use up to four different colors on each cylinder. The only positive way to identify the contents of a cylinder is by the name of the gas printed on the label. LIQUID OXYGEN CODE Receiving departments should check cylinders as they are unloaded to be sure that the label is legible and intact on the cylinder, UnUbcted cylinders should be returned to the supplier without using the contents. Cylinders in international service should be labeled with both the name of the gas in the language of the country of origin and the chemical symbol of the gas. Details for labeling of cyl inders are described in American Stand ard Z48.1 "Method of Marking Portable Compressed Gas Containers to Identify the Material Contained." This standard is available from the Compressed Gas Asia, 11 West 42 Street, New York, N. Y. At last year's meeting of this group, a member ot the missile industry pointed 57 k W7 fictional Safety Comgreu out that liquid oxygen is commonly re ferred to u LOX m the Missile sad Rocket ladustf>'. The ox>'tn aaaafae* turers were not aware of this practice but felt that it should be discouraged because for many years the term LOX has stood tor liquid oxygen explosives in which liquid oxygen is only a pan. Also, tanks, sold under such trade names as I.OX and LOX Ei t E. may be used for the storage and handling of many liquefied gases such as oxygen, nitrogen, argon, hydrogen, etc. At that meeting the group suggested that the secretary of the International Acety lene Assn, take steps to discourage this usage. The secretary of the IAA wrote severaMettcrs to principals of the Rocket and Missile Industry. A safety engineer in the Air Force read the minutes of last > car's meeting in the Chemical Section Safety Newsletter and contacted the IAA. Through his efforts, the Air Force has taken steps to discontinue the use of the term LOX. This was reported in the October 1957 issue of Missile* and Rock, cis in an article entitled "Liquid Oxygen Replaces LOX Abbreviation in L'SAF." The Air Force is undertaking this ac> lion to prevent dangerous and possibly disastrous results of the use of the term LOX for liquid oxygen. The term LOX Hill be deleted from all L'SAF technical orders and contracts including rc-idcntification lo the Department of Dcicnse that it also take steps to abolish the use of the term LOX. A member of the group reported they had received a full tank ear of helium, compressed in long tubes manifolded to gether. In attempting to open the single outlet vatve. they twisted the stem off. He wanted to know how to release the pressure. It was the group's recommends, tion that the gas supplier be contacted in any case where the valve is found to be inoperative, whether ii be on a tank ear or individual cslinder^bw OFFICERS OF THE CHEMICAL SECTION NATIONAL SAFETY COUNCIL 1957-58 Genera/ cAotnnnn--CARROLL A. HEBERT, Ethyl corp, Baton Roug^ La. Viee-Chairman in Charge af Program-.R. L. ALLIXSON, The Dow Chemical co.. Texas Dir, Freeport. Tex. Secretary--A. B. RITTER, Hercules Powder co., Wilmington, Del. Artviletler Committee: E. G. MEITER, Chairman, Employers' Mutuals of Wausau. Mil waukee. Wis.; A. H. CHRISTIAN, Ammon Viscose corp., Philadelphia, Pa.: J. T. TROLlNGER, Nitrogen Div, Allied Chemical 4: Dye corp., Hopewell, Va.; FRED LORENTZ, HofTman-Laroche, Inc, Nutley. N. /. Engineering Committee: H. F. REINHARD, Chairman, Union Carbide and Carbon corp., Xew 'iork, X. Y.; F. C. GAUGUSH, Sherwin-Williams co.. Chicago, III.; D. F. HAYES, U. S. Atomic Energy Commission, Washington. D. C: PAUL C LAMB. Lever Brothers Company, New York. N. Y. Public Relations Committee: R. G. WHEELDON, Chairman, The Drackett co.. Cincin nati. Ohio; ALDO P. OSTI, Qiaa. Pfitcr & co., Inc* Brooklyn, X*. Y. Data Sheet and fntlrvelion Card Committee: H. H. FAWCETT. Chairman. General Electrie co, Schenectady, N. Y.: D. W. GIBSON, Columbia-Southern Chemical Corporation, Barberton, Ohio; J. N. ROMINE, Phillips Research Center, Phillips Pelrt^ leum co, Bartlesville. Okla. Health Committee: J. B. BLACK. Chairman. National Institutes of Health. Washington. D. C; T. W. KALE, M.D, Union Carbide & Carbon corp.. New York. X. Y.; H. W. RAPP. JR, The Travelers Insurance co, Hartford. Coon.: J. A. HOUGHTON, Libo-ty Mutual Insurance co, Boston, Mass. Membership Committee: J. J. PRABULOS, Chairman, Natioral Distillers Products corp. New York. N. Y. Potter and t'wMof dids Committer: G. R. CUMMINGS. Chairman, Eli Lilly 5: co, Indianapolis. Ind.; A. L, KLIXG. American Cyanamid co. Xew York, N. Y.; E. BONER. The Chemstrand Corp. Pensacola. Fla. Statistics and Contest Committee: M. A. SNELL. Chairman. Hanford Accident and Indemnity co, Hanford, Conn.; T. J. LANIGAN. General Electric co. Syracuse. N. Y. Off-the-Jab Committee: R. WALLACE, Chairman, Eastman Kodak co, Rochester, X. Y.; G. G. FLEMING, Celanesc Corporation of Amtrio, Charlotte N. C. dominating Committee for 195S-1959: J, J. WHALEN, Chairman. Solvay Process div.. Allied Chcmiol St Dye corp, Solvay, N. Y.; S. F. SPENCE A/nericm Cyanamid co. New York, N. Y.: G. L. GORBELL, Monsanto Chemical co, St. Louis, Mo. ddvisory Committee: R- H. ALBISSER, Merck 4; co, Inc, Rahway, N. J.; ALLEN L. COBB. Eastman Kodak co, Rochester, N. Y.; J. J. DUGGAN, Carbide & Carbon Chem icals co. South Charleston. W. Va.; G. L. GORBELL, Monsanto Chemical co, St. Louis, Mo.; S. M. MacCUTCHEON, The Dow Chemical co. Midland, Mich.; E. J. MEYERS, E. I, DuPont de Nemours 4: co, Inc., Wilmington, Del.; 5. F. SPEXCE, Amcnon Cyanamid CO., New York. N. Y.; R. C. STRATTON, The Travelers Insur ance eo, Hartford, Conn.; JOHN J. WHALEN, Solvay Process div. Allied Chemical & Dye Carp., Solvay, N. Y. Staff Reprejentative--EDWIN L. ALPAUGH, National Safety Council, Chicago, Ilk S9 PLAINTIFF'S EXHIBIT m !*=* OFFICERS OF THE CHEMICAL SECTION NATIONAL SAFETY COUNCIL 1958-59 General Chairman--R. L. ALL1NS0N, Safety Director, The Dow Cbemkal Co, Texas Division, Freeport, Texas Vice-Chairman im Charge of Program--A_ B. RITTER. Safety Engineer, Hercules Powder Co.. Research Center. Wilmington 99, Delaware Secretary--E- G. ItElTER, Ph.D, Director. industrial Hygiene Division. Employer* Mutuals of Wausau. 6620 Wot Capitol Drive, Milwaukee 16, Wise. Newsletter Committee: HOWARD FAWCETT (Quirman), Safety Director, Rcsorch Labontoi]', Gmcra! Electric Co. P.O. Box 1084. Schenectady. N. Y.; A. H. CHRISTIAN, Corporate Safety Engineer, Amcncan Viscose Cotp.. 1617 Peuuylwna Blvd, Philadelphia 3. Pa.; J. T. TROLINGER. Nitrogen Division, Allied Chcmiol 4 Dye Cotp. Hopewell. Va.; FRED LORENTZ, Safety Director, HoffnutfURodx Inc, Roche Pnsie, Hurley, S. J. Engineering Committer: F. C. GAUGUSH (Chairman). Director of Safv, SherwroWilltams Co. 116th 4 Qrtmphtn A*c, Chicago 28. IIL: PAUL C. LAMB. Safety Engineer. Lever Brothers Co, 390 Park Art, Hew York 2L N'. Y.; R. 1L KEARY, Union Carbide & Carbon Corp, 30 . 42nd SU Hew York 17. N`. Y.: D. F. HAYES, Chief, Safety 4 Fire Protection Branch. U. S. Atomic Energy Conminiod, Washington. 25. D. C Public Relatione Committee: ALDO P. OSTI (Ouirman), Safety Engineer. Chaj Pfiter Sc Co, Inc, tl Bartlett St, Brooklyn 6. H. Y.; G. R. CUMMINGS, Hod of Safety L* Industrial Hygiosc Drpt, Eli Lilly 4 Co. Indianapolis 6, JcxL Data Shaft and Instruction Card Committee: D. \V, GIBSON (Chairrmn), Oirector of Safety. Columhia-Sotnbem Oenial Corp, Barberton. Ohio: F. SZYMANSKI, Na tional Lad Co, P.O. Box Rt Sooth Amboy, N. J.: F. W. KRASTEL, E I. doPont de Nonours 4 Co, Pons Crave, H. ). Health Committee: H. W. RAPP, JR. (Quitman), The Travelers Insurance Co, Han ford 15. Conn.; J. A. HOUGHTON, Liberty Mutual Insurance Co. Boston. Mass.; T. SMIST, Linde Air Products, P.O. Box 44, Toruwanda. K, Y. l/fiberskif Committee: J. J. PRABULOS (Chairman). Supervising Safety Director, National Distillers Products Corp., 99 Park Ave, New York. N. Y. Poster and Visual Aids Committee: A. L. KLIHG (Chajmsut), Amnian Cvaramid Co, 30 Rockcfdler Ftaaa. New York 20. H. Y.: GERALD M. ELLSWORTH. Mon<anto Chemical Co. Springfield, Mats. .vu/i/fiYr and Contest Committee; M. A. SHELL (Chairman). Supervising Engineer. Hartford Accident and fndenvtily Co, Hanford IS, Conn.; T. J, LANIGAN, Safety S|>ceulist. General Electric Co., Bldg. 7. Room 105, EJectromo Park, Syracuse, N.Y. OS-thfJob Committee: E. R. WALLACE (Chairman), SoSor Safety Engineer, Eastman Kodak Co, Rochaier 4, N. Y.; G. G. FLEMING, Director of Safety, Cdanrac Corp. of America, P.O. Boa 1414, Qxarlotte, N, C. dominating Committee far 19S8't9S9: C A. HEBERT (Chairman), Supervisor Safety Fire Protection, Ethyl Corp, Box 341, Baton Rouge 1, La.: J. J. WHALEN. Safety Coordinator. Selvaj* Process Division Allied Chemiol 4 Dye Corp, P.O. Bos. 271. Syracuse 1, N. Y-; S. F. SPENCE Director of Safety 4 Lou Prevention, American CyaraunW Co, X Rockefeller Plan, New York 20. N. Y. Laboratories & Pilot Plant Committee: J. N. ROMINE (Chairman), Safety Dircctur Re search and Development Dept, Phillip* Research Center, Phillips Petroleum Co, Bartles ville. Okb.: J. 8. BLACK. Safety Officer, National Institute of Health, Bcthesda 14, Maryland Advisory Committee: R, H. ALBISSER, Safety Mgr, Merck 4 Co, Inc, Lincoln Ave.. Rahway. H. J.; ALLEN L. COBB, Director, Fire Protection and Safety, Eastman Kodak Co, Kodak Park Works, Rochester 4, NT. Y.; J. J. DUGGAN, Carbide 4 Carbon Chemicals Go, South Charleston. W. Va.; G. L GORBELL, Mgr, Safety and Fire Pratccrioo, Monsanto Chemical Co, 1700 S. Second St, Sl Louis 4. Mo.: C. A. HEBERT. Ethyl Corp, Box 341, Baton Rouge 1. La-; S. M. MacCUTCHEON. The Dow Chcmknl Co, Midland, Ukh; E. J. MEYERS, E. I. du Pont dc Nemours and Co, loc, Wilmington. Dd.; S. F. SPENCE American Cyasamld Co, X Roekcfr1 Plaza, New York 20. N. Y.; R C. STRATTON. The Traveler! Insurance Co, Han ford 15, Cona: J. J. WHALEN, Sotvay Proems Oirisai, Allred Clemta] 4 Dye Corp, P.O. Box 271. Syracuse 1, New York Staff Refreieniatro*---E. L ALPAUGH, National Safety Council, 425 North Michigan Atm, Qiiogo II. Illinois i ' r.!; OFFICERS OF THE TEXTILE SECTION NATIONAL SAFETY COUNCIL 1958-59 General CAai'rman E. L. PERMEXTER, Supcnuiac FrgfrVTt*. Lou Prereatiox Dept. Liberty Munxal Insurant* Ca, Spananburg, S. C. Viee Chairman FORREST'N. PETTY, Direct*, Safety and Soda, Dxa River MtSa, lot. Danville, Vx. Secretary -MRS. IDA C AYERS, Penowmtl Autow, Collins and ASona Corp. Morwood, N. C. .Yomuio/inp Committee--/. A. WINKLER. District Engineering Marocer. Araoicui Mutual Liability Inmnoce Co, 600 Pcaehtrca Struct Bide. Atlanta 5. Ga.; "CHARLES L. TROMMER. Safety Supervisor, Mohasco Industries, Inc, 57 Lyon St_ Amsterdam, M. Y.; *GI.ENN G. FI FlILNC, Safety Director, Crimes* Corporation of America, P. O. Bax 1414, Charlotte X. C Pntfnm Committee--A & CONNELLY. Safety Supervisor. E. I. du Poot d< Nemours 4 Cix. Inc. MartinrriBc Va.; ALVIN RILEY, Safety Dinxmv, Firestone Textiles. Toe, Gastoxia, N*. C: JOHN W. LANGFORD, Safety Engineer. Atneiotroci Corp, Aberdcta, N. C. Hemherrkiy CnMatfcr^ljUV BOOKER, Safety Supervisor, Chcnutraod Corpu, 212 Ariota Arc. Ptnaeoh, Fla.; ROBERT A_ FOX. Safety Director, West Point Uua- factnriag Co, Fairfax MSI Div. Wot Poirt, Ga.; LEWIS P. SORRELL. Deputy Conunisricoer. North Carolina Depc of labor, Raleigh, N. Cl; WTLLlAM A. HAWN, Safety Director, GtasttcnUe MUU, GfamtcviBe, S. C. giWcvoy amJ Health Committee--W. U. KXJEIN11ANN, Safely Director. Johnson and Johnson, 4949 W. 6oih St, Chicago 28. Ill; FRANK W. UARCACCIO. Chief. Di vision of Industrial Inspmtioa, Rhode Department of Labor. 83 Paris St, Providence 2, R. L; JOHN B. SKINNER, Industrial Hygxmst, American Mutual LcabiUty loHnm Coi. 142 Bcricelcy Sl. Boston 17. Uau.; F. G. SMETHURST. District Enginccriag Manager, American Mutual Liability Insurance Co. Room 324 Sooth Station, Botoa, Uua: DR. WILLIAM D. PALES. Dears-Tocdl* Scboois. Rhode Island School of Design, Providence. R. I.; W. C. CREEL, Safety Director, North CaroSr* Department of Labor, Raleigh. N. C.; 'ft E WILLIAMS, Safety Director, FVkicrest Mills, Inc. Spray, N. C. Afacr Letter Committee--JAMES R. YOUNG, Publisher Tri.State Safety Journal, Andenoo. S. C; NOEL WILLIAMS, Safety Supervisor, United Stater Rubber Go. Wizxubonv S. C Education and Truuduf Committee--. B. MANNING, Supervising Engineer. Liberty Unaal Insurance Co, 1629 Sooth Boulevard. Charlotte N. C.; H. A. JOHNSON, Safety Supervisor, Crimes* Corporation of America, Inc, P. O. Box 1414, Charlotte, N. C; RALPH HOKE Safety Supervisor, Csraon Mills Co. Kanoapolts, N. C; JOHN G. SAYERS. JR. Supervising Eatnen', Accident Prevention. Employers Mutuals of Wausau, 1101 Johnston Bldg, Garlottc 2, N. C Of`Th**fob Safety Cammim*--JOHN UeALPDfE* Safety Sgpavtwv. Ccfancs* Corpora, boo of America, . O. Box 10QJ, Rode HQ1, &C,;CL HKNKrtL, Safety Super, visor, E L da Pang d* Ncmoatg It Co. loo, Ktnrtqa, N. Ci ROY F. DEAN, Safety Sopervbor, Courtaalda (Alabama), toe. P. O. Box 1074 Motile Ala. Special Pthre Committee FRED L. SNODGRASS, Safety Dept, North American Rayon Carp. EHribcthtoo. Teoo.; R. J. COLLINS, Safety Supervisor, American Viscose Corp. Nltro, W. Va.; "GUY BOOKER, Safety Supervisor, Qxmstraad Coep. 212 Ariel* Are, Pensacola, FU.; `ROBERT L BARR, Safety Supervisor, Industrial Rayoo Corp. PamemBe, OIuol Special Advisory C^wstirter--*NEIL NELSON, American Mntual Liability Insurance Ox. 1245 Elm St. Manchester. N. H.; `JOHN J. BURGER. W. J. Dickey and Sous, loo, Oelb, lid.; *H, S. BAUCOM. Safety Director, North Carolina Industrial Com. colsrioo. N. C; W. B. WEAVES, Spay, N. C.; "FRANCES BETHUNE, UN, Employers Monad liability lonznuie* Cbcnpaoy of Wtscomm. II04 Jahnstoa Stdg. Charlotte Z. N. C; *T. A. WILSON, Textile Iasuraoce Co. Highpoint, N. C; GLENN FLEMING, Safety Director, Cehnese Corpoatfoo of America, P. O. Box 1414, Chartone; N. C.; *fL E. WILLIAMS, Safety Director, FTeldcrest Miitt. Inc_ Spray, N. C; *C- J, HYSLUP. Safety Dim:tor. Chatham Manufacturing Co. Ell-in. N. C; "CHARLES L. TROMMER, Safety Supervisor, Wchasco Induatriea, Inc., 57 Lyon St, Asuterdatn, N. Y.; `ROBERT 7. BAJZR, Safety Supervisor, Industrial Rayon Corp. Psinerville, Ohio; `J. A WINKLER, District Engineering Manager, Amen* can Mutual Liability Insurance Co. 800 Peachtree Street Bldg. Atlanta S, Ga. Past General Chairman. Staf Refeitenfolm--J. EDWIN CROUSKORE, Nadonal Safet)* Council, 4Zs N. Michi gan Arc. Outaro 11, III v3/.. OfFKEKS OF THE CHEMICAL SECTION NATIONAL SAFETY COUNCIL 1959-60 Count Qrimw A- B. Rrrrrt, Safely Engineer. Retouch CcUcr, HereuJea Powder Go, Wilmington. DeL V%et Chairman it CJmege of Program E. G. Utnn, PHd, Director, ladwrml Hygiene Employers Mortal of Wausau. Uihnmken. Wt*. Seiteiorf Howasp H. Fawcett, Safety Director. Research Laboratory, Gcoctal Electric Ox. Schenectady. N. Y. tokorotoriee Sr P3ot Pkmt Snh*Stetio--Jo** M. Rciun (Chairman), Safety Director. Rwirrh A DcrelopcDent Dept. PttSSpa Petroleaa Co, BanfarriQc. Ofcfat; W*uiam S. Woos (Secretary), Safety Engineer, Rorereft A Duiiupaxat Dept, So* Oil Go* Uum Hook, Pa. Rocktir amd XiiutUr Seb-Sertiim--H. A. Vau (Qainass). Safety Dtaor, CaBerjr Cheat kxl Co, Pitabwgh. Pa.; C. D. (Doa> Attaway (Secretary), Chief Safety Fipwer, ThscJcot <*>wiwi Cora* ManftsH. Texas. .Vetoitetter Committee--E, R. Waclaoc (Chairman), Seoior Safety Engineer. Esatman Kodak Co, Rochester, N. Y.: A. H. CatreriAtr, Corporate Safety Engineer, American ViacoK Corpi. PhBsdefpfta. Pa.; G. R. Ctminxcs. Head. Safety A Iodastriai Hygiene Dept* Eli Lilly A Co, Indianapolis, Ind.; R. G, Wsmsur, The Drecfcett Co, Gnaw and. Ohio. Emgmtermg Committee--F. C Ga*ctj** (Chairman), Director of Safety. Shwip-W3Gama Cb, Chicago, &L; Pact. C Luo, Safety Engineer. Lerer Bros. Co, Hew York, H. Y.j D. F. Hayes, Chief, Safety ft Fire Protect** Branch, U. S. Atonic Energy Comorinwo. Wtahiagtoo, D. C. PebSc Relation* Committer--Aim P. Om (Chatman). Safety Eogiaccr, Chaa Pfker ft Co, Ine, Brooklyn, N. Y.; F- G. Stmrotaojt, Secretary. General Safety Gamnutten, Ufp <"*?** AuocatiaD, Inc, N. W, Wartungtoo, D. C. Dot* Sheet Sr frvtrmtum Cord Committee--E. F. SmiAlon, Safety Engineer, National TmA Col, South Amboy. N. J.; F. W. Kxastel. Sapcrinttndent. Piutoctioa Dir, & L da Foot de Nemours ft Co* Work*. Penns Grore; H. J.; W. W. BuxtOH, Drvinoa Manager of Safety, Aerolex-Geoeni Cbcp, Secrauimrn, Calif.; D. W. Cof Director of Safety. Colombia-Southern Chrnrical Carp, Barberton, Ohio, Heotlh Committee--H. W. Rxrr. J*. (Chairman). The Tracers Isfurene* Co, Hartford. Coot: D. J. Knuur, MJ>,, Medical Director, Tens* Dbr, The Dow Oirrmril Co, Freeport. Texas; J. A. Hoocbtok. SoperiateodeoC. Industrial Cbrnkat Service Re search Center, Liberty Miami Insurance Co, Hopkmtca, Mare; J. B. Black, Safety Officer. National of Health. Bctbetda. MdL Vrmhrjfti> Committee--i. J. PsAsotos (Chairman). Supervising Safety Director. Natiocal Disasters Products Cocp, New York, N. Y.; R. U. Nea*y Safety Codes Dept, Union Carbide Cory, New York, N. Y. S9 Audi* & VUwml Alia Committte--AiMi L. IQmc (Oainni), Dtredor, Safety ft 1am Prevouieo Dept. Ofia Mittnaao Cbcnical Cbcp* New York. N. Y.; Cout* U. ELtswotra. Safety Director. Sfringfiald Uiirfwim Pin*. Ifnawntn CVtrunl Co, Spnogfidd, Uw,; Fkan Loeorr*. Safety Director. Hoffa-- La Roche Zac. Roche Pari* Nntfcy. N. J. Sfatixticr 6* Comttit CmmRw>T, J, Lakbax (Qninnu), Safety Sptotiitt, Dcfcrnc System Dept. General Electric Co. Syracuse, N. Y.; J. C Flato, Indostrial Hygiene Enirnrrr, Unjiwuinc Dept. Hartford Accident ft fndanuty Co* Hartford. Conn.; T. SAfter, Lisle Air Products, Tenawanda. K, Y. i Off~ik**lob Committm--J. T, Tmuscu (Qaiman), Niintn Drr* Allied Chonim* Gorp* HopewtQ. Va.; G. Lajtdox Fcaith, Chief. Safety Branch, Arfrarnittnrioa L-i Department of the Army. Office of the Chief Chemical Officer, Waahnagteu. D. <*.; Mtmc Kunour, Area Safety Director. Reynolds Metals Co* Reynolds Metals Bldg, Richmond 10; Va.; C. G. Fkzxm; Director of Safety. Celanese Gorponetsca of Amer* to. Charlotte. N. C yemimtimf C*mmieu*--R. L. Atuxsox (Ottoman), Safety Director, Texas Drv* The Dow Chemical Go. Freeport. Texas; CArarat A. Htmr, Sopervisor. Safety ft PUot Pmtgctim. Ethyl Gory* Baton Rowe. La; J. J. Wbajlo, Safety Coordbotor, Sotny Process Dir* Allied Chemical Gorp* Syracuse. V. Y. Advitoty Coimmiltro--fL. H. Auuuk, Safety Manager, Merck ft Col, Inc* Lincoln Are. Rahway. N. J.; ft. 1* Ail nrtow. Safety Director. Texas Dir* The Dew Co, Freeport, Texas; Alter I* Coat Director. Fire Protection ft Safety. Eutaran Knhk Co* Kodak Park Worio, Rochester. N. Y.; J. J. Dta*Aur. Director of Safety. Union Carbide Qwmarata Go* South Charleston. \V. Va.; G. I* Gonoi. Uni|cr, Safety ft Fir* Protection, Mopsamo Chemical Co* Sc TMo.; Cunt A. Ham; Sopcnrisor. Safety ft Phase Protection. Ethyl Gorp* Batna Rouse, La.; S. M. MAcCtnoicox, The Dow Chennad Go* MMhnd. IRh; E. J. Ucru, Assc Manager. Safety ft Fire Pro* tectiott Dtv* E. L da Pant dc Nemours ft Go* toe* Wltmmgtoa, DeL; J. EL XiatotA Director of Safety, Reynolds Moils Co* Reynolds Metals Bldg* Ridonood. Va.: 3L A. Sxxzi* Supervisee Engineer, Hartford .Accident ft lodcmity Co* Hanford, Coon.; SL F. Snetot; Director. Safety ft Lota Prevention. American Cjmn'j Co. New York. N. Y.; R. C Snumnr. The Tratelcis Insuranoe Co* Hartford. Gockl; J. Jf. Wiaus. Safety Goordkator. Sotray Process Dir* Allied Chemical ft Dye Gorp* Syncme. N. Y. Sftf L. Altaogh. National Safety Council. Chicago. ItL Additional OgUtrt / Sub-Section*--Laboratory Sr Pilot Plant--J. B. Black (Chairman Elect). I* Romoxt (Asaxtiat Secretary). Safety Supervisor. EL I. da Pant de Nemours ft Co* loe* Experimental Sfsfira. Wikiwagtan. Dei. Pocket* Sr Jf'unfrr--JoKX J. Mai tor (Membership). Mimgcr, Safety ft Security. Rodcnd>ne Division, North American Aviation Inc* McGregor. Ten*; Paul F. Heath (PdNkxty). Safety Engineer, Aerojet*Geaeral Gorp* Sacramenus, CiRf.: A. 1* Hixszmax (Information), Chief Safety Engineer. Grand Central Roefcct Go* Rcdmb, CaHf. : ^D* I l; 1 I ! I ^iiK {I Trad* iUnasAMi Committee--Hecron J. Qaic (Qumaan).**Wetteni Btttl I mrfiu men's Alan, 407 Scott Blodc; 272 Mam St, Winnipeg; Manitoba Canada; T. Kotn. Rajroolcr Canada T irrj, 1111 W. Georgia, Vaacoovcr 5, BL C, CanA: Bracer M. Orsm, Wcytitimer Co. Tacoma, Wuk. Advisor to ComsmtUs Jack DumuK, The Mrncrt Ox, Louimil^ Ky. Of-Thc-Job Safety Committee--Haixy K. Uimrr (Qtanwi), Nidaty Brotkax Inc, Mrrnphr*. Tom; F. S. Post, British Columbia Larnbcr Manufacturer* Aml, SSb Ber* rard St, Vanaxxver, B. C, Cock; L. W. Haout, LaebeWi M^nl CmmHt Col, Chicago; IQ. Advisor to Committee Cwat.ii Zrsar, Jx, T. H. Uutb end Co, Kansas Gtjr. Ua Contest omd Statistics Committee--Cuaslo H. Joshes (Cbaamm), UmmI T.itbigty Ca, Chicago, IQ.; L. F. KtAinat. White Rmr Timber Dir, Wtjuluaag Co, Enumclaw, Wash.; Wauzx A. Gostatsox. New York Mntnal Cuxxity Tam mu Co, New Yorfx N. Y.; Reamer P. limp, International Payer Co, Low Bdl Dir, Longview, Wash. Advisor to Committee Loot* OrAmt. Dfcrfca Forests, lac, Kami Gtj, Uo. Cooperage Committee--W. E. Lranr (Oeinaa), ffinoa WaSeer rnrf'Srnar. W Cooper* Dir, Peam, HL; CxAauc* S. Hoar. Keolwfc Barrel Co, Keoldx Ion; J. Rax* nail. Thomas, Edwin BtO Cooperage Go, Pittabargfc, Pa.; Jcse Rnaanot Bier Gras* Cooperage, LoofeiBe, Kj, Advisor to Committee--8. C Cxnacxas, Cooperage Dmaoa, National DittiOtn Products Co, Memphis, Tam. Nominating Committer--Huour A. Labwxg (CabnatB), Employers Mtztmis of Waasao, Waniau, Wes.; R. C Cxzuaxss, Cooperage Diroaao, National DbtSeri ProAreta Ca, Mrmphh. Term; Ror Jotnacost, Kroefcler Mfg. Co, Kulaks* HL 44 omcats Of THE TEXTILE SECTION NATIONAL SAFETY COUNCIL 1959-60 Gtaarai Chmrmm FoasrsT N. Pcttr, Diracsac; Safer mod Bcncfe, Do Sorts MaQs, Ik, DnrriSe. Va. Vies flrimm ft E Comnoxv, Safely Sftnisor. ELh Pom de Kcnoon ft Co, Inc, Marttnnrine. V*. ^tf-rfey--Mm, Iaa C Arras. Penoond Asshom. Cottas and Aikxsaa Carp, Norwood. N.C r. Committee-->*E. L. Pauctxnat (Oiiiww). S*frnriring Engineer, Lem Pre* vwiw Dfe, LJMrtr Matted Uwrree Ca, Sprofeg S. C: *J* A. Worm*. Dntrfax r lfsnagrr, American Mstoi T fsiTBry larnaiui Ca, Adams. Gn.; Cunts L. TaOMXCK. Safety Sepcrriscr. MahroB Untriex Inc, Aantirraun, N. Y. 'toftmm Ci iff 11 A. E. Comnur (HI ill). Safety Snpcrrisor. E* L da Pom da Nr i ft Ga, be, MartferiBa, Va.; J. D. Bin. Safety Director, American Eria Gorp, Enfca. N. C iiemkmktf C* mmirtrr W. C Cm (CUrwo). Safer Dtmeaor, North Carefea De* partneac of Labor, Raldgfc. N. C; Atoms Rair, Safer Direesor. FIrertooa Textile*, Inc, Cml,ir*i. N. C.; C E. Bajearn. Safer Sagwrimr. J. P. Sterena ft Co, lac. Jrlisrmr and Jnbwia, Chkago. DTiiii: fkasrc W. MaarAcno. Chief, Dhdsioa of bdntvnl fepaofev -* Ifeaw t Labor, Prwxfcnce. R. L; Jo* B. SxnnoB. Indwszml Hygieebe. Amnrian Mw--il Uikiftr Inswranoa Co, Wshefidd, Mam; L M. DAvaoaac, Aaxfiom MmadUabOiy faawiari Co, Atlwrta, Ga.; Waiib Roaxx, Safe*/ Dwwctor, Aaondafe Hlx SjhcavA Ala Semdetur Cniiirrfrr Jomm G. Saties, J*. (Ox*naiin), Superrising Engineer, Lots PrevrxXwa, Engdoyers Mntnals of Want*. Oarfattc. N. C; fosir W. t^mesmm. EfafetM W Trainnig CowMUfee--E. B. Maxvixc (Oainran), Se^crriring Engineer. Ltbertr Mntoal bonax Co, Charlofe, N. C; Gov Boon** Safely Supervisor. Cfacmstrand CeryL. Pensneota, Fla.: K. A. Joxxaosr. Safety Sagerriror, Crhncw Gxperadon of America. Inc, Omfccritod. Md.; Wouam A. Hawk; Safety Director. GnniteriSe irm. CrajxteriDe, S. C; H. E. Wixiaxs, Safety Director. FSdderest MIBa, Inc, Spray, N. C Of-tks-Job Safety Committee--Jomx McAiaonc (Qrnnnaa). Safely Supervisor, Criaaese Garporadon of America, loc. Rode HH1, S. C.: C L. Kurxzz,'Safety Supervisor, E. L da Pool de Nanours & Ca, Inc, IGnsmn, N. C; Ften L. SxcneaAis, Safety Deportno* North Aswrietn Ra Corp, EKnlatltwy Tean. Stead! Fiber Committee--Fkzs L. Snoboass (ChinBu), Safety Department, North Aamoa Rayax Carp, EEot-gthton, Teas.; R-J. Gouzwt, Safety Sopendsor. American Viscose Corp, Nhro, W. Va.; *Roactr I. Ban, Safety Soperrisor, Indmtrial Rayon Corpi. PamorriQe. Ohio. 45 ) Cottcm Guumng CommutU*--W. Ktunx Bmmm (Qaamin), ExecntiT* Vice PnB^tst, Arim&aa*MIssoari Cotton Guacrs Ana, Blytkcs-nlfc, Ark,; M. E. Ony of the Baud, Cootincotal Gtnn Co, Birmftnthaay Ak_; Aim* M. Pnrauxoc, Ex. teMiat Acrtcnhonl Teams; T. V. Md-oocwrn>, Penowid Hihuu, Pso&accn Cotton OH Ox, Eresxv Calif.; Cxjuus Ifnrni, U. SI Cuaxflg Labotatocy, ScooeriDe, JCa; Ea Bosh, Executive Vice PiuiiiuX, Teams Cottixt Ga*tn Ann, pn, Texts; Tox Uvmr, Director, Nation*!' Cotton Gaaen Atm.. Dcotfur, Ga.; Hirant UcRa*. Director, Nitiocal Cotton Coonril, Manpfcii, Ten. SPtdd Aioitory CommitU*-*N*ii. Nxxsox, Americtn Mutual liability lamraaoe Go, Kandxstcr, N. H.; Vox* b Bom W. J. Dkkey k Soma, Zac, Oefla. Mi; *H. C Baocoic, Safety Director, North Industrial Ommiaaioo. Rxhitfa. N. C.; *W. B. Wcatex. Spray, N. C; *F*ahcts Bcraomc, RN, Employers Mutual LoZa&ty Insur- Company of Wisconsin, Atlanta. G*. *T. A. Witso*, Textfl* Iomxssce Go, Hfefa Point. N. C; *Guom a FUxotc, Safety Director, Cdasese Corporation of America, Charlotte N. C: *H. E. Williams, Safety Director, FfcMcrejt Mills, loo. Spray, N. G; *G J. Hmor. Safety Director, Chatham Hansfactorin* Co, EBda, N, C; *Ouaul Twxm, Safety Supervisor, Mefaaseo Iodustries, Ine, Amtttrfun. N. Y.; Romxr L Ban, Safety Supervisor, XoJnmial Rapa Carp, PajnesviQe, Ohio; *J. A. WarXL**. District En^oeerinc Uner. American Mntml Lability Insurance Co, Atlanta, Gs.; +E. L Pxxatonx*, Saperrisiac Eaczaeer, Loss Prerentioo Dept, Liberty Mutual In* wnoce Co, Sputxnbun; S. C St*yf ftkmsWtw-J. Euwur Caousaoan, National Safety Coaodl, Qwcapo. BL *Put General Qtairaion 46 "WZfilaV' CONTENTS WOOD PRODUCTS SESSIONS Sawmill Safety-- Edgar to Green Chain (a) In the West.......................................................................... .A.Roltt S (b) In the South...................................................................Joree.ft.-Mom 10 Starting from Scratch................................................... .......... W. D. Shmifatik 12 Material Handling in Woodworking Hants (a) furniture Plant.............................................................. W. ft. Koe Loo (b) Sadi and Door Mill.............................................. Fma* H. RidarStaa 16 It Hearing Conrervetioo.................................................................................... rWdfr 21 TEXTILE SESSIONS OffthaJob Safety Pay. for Induby....................................John M. Mcrt/pinc 2S Safety Oryaniiatiou and Remit. in a Typical Mill.... a......... Sore O. 'liootea 2t A Different Way to Meaeure Job Performance Without frequency.......................... .................................. .David 7. Sarftb 32 Method, to ftomotc Off-the-Job Safety....................................... O. H. Spurn 37 What Are Wa in Indurtry LooHoj For in Safety?................Wattar /Setter 3* Officer of the Wood Product. Section. I95M0............................................... Offiem of the Table Section, 1959-60.................................. ................ Other Volume, in the 1959 National Safety Consra. Tramactioo......... Sad Cover I was pud for by tbc FadSc Gout Associa frets* America* ludosml Hn( tion of Pnlp sad Paper Mimifarturcr* as TEXTILE SECTION a pohUc service. We hope oar wboQy wmtfsrtnry experi Boobs dot ate rcmmmcpd for yoar ence faring op to oar wbe problem m. library are "Handbook of Noise Mcuw- ttcniei others to do Tflrr.uist. If t c OFF-THE-JOB SAFETY PAYS FOR INDUSTRY meat,** available from General Radio Com- provide ssdstxgc* from our taperimer, are jmbt, asd lodattRil Kobe Uml,a m3* shall be dad to do so. By JOHN SC NeACPZNB Stpaaaw of Safety and Plant Protection, CshUsc PUwt. Celiaese Coep of America,SockHQ, 9. C. ry ha* made prodigious undlesin that inch a ifratio* anil, yt I am confi safety during tbc past 25 years, rcritwmg dent this particular orgwtiratinn would not die scodax rate from 31 to 7. make aoefa a chum mltsa U were true. WU* adaiiy was making aoch trebaspeoveoMsts in protecting the mfcer oa the job, little or do thought was pros to the wotfco~ ooee he left the plant With today's fad of `do-it-yowrtdT*, wc are all perforating jobs ns or about the borne that arc strange and new to ns and as a result we are nofamiliar with the gnxmds. Tariooc ntmticuc ami &dnrent haords. We tare often heard the expmsoa of House printing. caipeutry, ptabfog, dee- one's rdigioa on the church door tried tnxaflstioza. roofing, eaowiflg lawn* when Session church each Stxaday. Pnc- sod fimtredi of other sack jobs faff into dolly the suae condition cadsted rtfadva this category. Not too many yum ago we to safety. Wc taOced safety oa the job, wen able to hire a handy scan to perform day at and (fay out, always qnVaig some many of the treks we now do oorsrfves. progress la reducing on-the-job uddem, For fonar or Sewn dsUsa* per ssowtk we Vot we said little or nothing about off-tbe* could hare a man or boy tend oar garden Job hazards sad their resultant effects. sad mow oor lawns. Now it costs to For years we ignored the gmtest aottrcc of "the betrc."' Key men and worae* or faadSes of such perecuud were bang iojored and sometimes lolled while $L50 per born to wndby sods hdp asd as a vwmeh, wc attempt to save ea this ex pense. I often womiar If the savings is realised or wot- goinc about their everyday work of keep* A very dear frfsnl Wilt a new hoots and tag the bococ going. Their services wen decided to and tutset the yard lost, aesr people had to be trained and as aa a home project Ttn was heavy work a resalt, prodoetiaa was affected asd costs and frequently be would mm to the office were mamting. Still, our efforts to con la the moraings tired> and worn ont, Ms trol each acLSJoiU were either desultory hands badly bfiatered. WhBe trying to com or entirely Defected. plete his project. bn suffered a beaxt sltidc Finally, race the but World War asd really within jnst the past few years, setae ' mm is aacfautxy have cvne to rgatlre the shocking loss we were overlooking a oot -which laid hrm up for months. Fbrtuostely, he recovered. However, bn must now lead aa entirely different life. I wonder bow rotate ht wwt qykf to <to te btmiU. crerytag oor safety program off the job This ts ody one incident fnffintmg the as wen as at work. Now we are attempting price paid for jobs performed at home. To to correct oor most serious sources of me there Is oo quests* ss to this bring an Injury those, occurring j the borne *ad off-tho*Job taltzry, a severe mjtsy to the while enjoying the letiurt time afforded by heart Probably all of yoa here ooatd a 40-boor work week. recall rinxhr kilfNi that have happened While watching a TV program latdy, I to friasdt or acquaintances. noticed ooe of our largest manufacturers Another type of servient that is becoming of ^r1?1 equipment <ave all of its ad- more and more ficqwait ** that resulting Ttrrittng time to safety iff tbc job. They from the use of the rotary type tawu mower, dted figures that, during I9S8, there were hi a smalt town near our ptiaq a child was oiae injuria, o-er half of wbirib lolled wfaem strode by a atooe buried by the occurred at hone. The -e did not include rotary blades of the mower* Many cases traffic Tt is (iasost aabdierable are oo record of revere foot injuries to 2f I &3? National Safety Congress operator* of power memos. However, hoe (t a case where eeporicace gained h in dustry can pay off--the use of safety shoes. In die short tone we here been farting records, we have at least IS cases where safety shoes have prevented serioos foot injuries because oar employees were tiring shoes poreftssed at our plant shoe store. We have organized a phot off-the-job safety committee to assist in pubBearing off- ibc-joh safety. Through this committee we pba to contact various organizations sod croups in an effort to educate them as to the hazards aroaod the home Our fire chief has a most jsforeative ,t< I*1rl fwi** F*** **tv QQ firy juranlt tint are coatmoQ m the home or m an indttfnil pitot. Daring the past year be has ap~ peared before 2^500 people, service cfnht. PTA'i, .church orgsmatioos, etc. The ia- (crest displayed by the people of <xzr cony inanity in s-* is ,^nCwy We know of two fires that have hern ex* anguished before they caused serious dam age, hrrnnsr the owuers of these pcopenies iffasM these fire donotistraticns and knew the extinguishing qualities of cocmion bak ing soda and were tfans able to extinguish the fire with tins powder. Sods experiences as tins are proof that off-tbe-job safety' can be sod actually is effective and u Justified economically. Pos sibly there are scene of you who cm pro vide similar information to your respective communities. If , you are mating a wooderful opportunity In hdpmg an off-tbcjob safety program by neglecting inch an approach. Daring the past few weeks there teems to have been an epidemic of fires that have caused the death of many persons who today could possibly be alive fad somcooe taken the effort to acquaint them with a few baric facts of fire prevention or fire exrmptKhnwn*- Ptisribly oar best source of information cooceremg off-tbe-job accidents is our medi cal department. Here our nurses and our .doctor hear at first-hand the histories of sscb scodents. Here we can learn the source and the cause of these Jost within the past month we were ac quainted with a severe injury that occurred in the home of aoe of our employees. This female employee was preparing dcooer in a pressure cooker and chimed the steam from the relief valve annoyed her, so rite stopped the noise by pfafgmg the relief valve with waxed paper. All of you fanr the answer --the cooker blew np and the housewife was badly boraed aroand the face, shoulders and arms. The visiting nurse (or group insurance benefits is also aw exreUcor source of m formation caooernt&g off-tbe*job injuries. Yoa should talk to her at freqenc inter vals to learn what she knows of injuries suffered in the borne or elsewhere Ah* she can give you valuable infonnatiow re garding in the home of ibe avenge worker. So you see we do have a source of ooctacting the worker in bis home I had not intended to disease the problem of off-tbe-Joh safety as it penains to traffic aeridoit*. However, the situation has be come so acute throughout the country Hat I fed morally bound *o commeat on tins tape statin. Daily, wc are bombarded with accident facts and figure* coocootag the number or traffic fatalities of our state and the whole United States; the National Safety CboncS to place spot auaooaccmcntt on radio and tdcvxaoo. These announce- meat* coutim warnings, admouirions and finally, ifljtrnction* on how ta drive care fully. Our highways are cfettcrcd with signs waning us Co "Drive Slowly. Slow Down, Danger Garres, Esc." Wle fare en tire radio and tclcririas programs and mo tion pictures made to depict the hazards of highway travel, yet the toD keeps rising and rising; Why? The automobile manufacturers are work ing to make automobiles safe even though yoa crash into a steoe wall, or torn over-- or crash into another xnre. It may be this is the wrong approach to accident preven tion. Safety belts do not stop an acodcnt. safety doors do not stop an accident. We must approach the problem from a different angle if we are really going to make our highways safe and a place to enjoy. It could be that we are making pleasure cars too powerful. U coaid be that we are tux requiring rigid enough driver graminariom.1' it may be that mental tests are not suffi ciently enfightemog to disclose persons cn- wniod to drive a modern vehicle. % I da act know, but I do know that our highways are so farerdocs that many per 26 TextiZr Industry fects dread using them to any great * itcaL Tediy we are being wanted not to u c the kigbway on holidays unless It is necessary. 1 on remember when holidays wer the pt-M* when the entire family looked f 'ward to nsdt holidays Cor a da/s drive, a rieme off-the-job injuries compared to 1,747 on the job--end we ffid not count the time charge 'for fatalities occurring off the job. This year to date we have had 90 Injuries off the job compared to 1! at work; plus 2 fataStiea off the job. md a chance to gel out into the c .ntry. Today I for ooe and many of my -leads joy home on holiday* to be free i the worry of holiday traffic. I rivrM tike fa again remind you that our home is not the favor we have been tunght to believe. It Is truly_ the most dan gerous place we frequent during our normal There are cany contributing fac -rs to our high death rate on the high*-; ---the great number of vehides, the ou -wded highway--bot Set me call to your a -ntioe tfae terrible unber of traffic fatals cs on ihe Penaijrlvana uipechighway wh h, to all intents and purposes, is uoe of the mart nodem m the country. - It is my belief that the problem d-nands a new approach and I think that a troach is through the driver of the vehicle, ot the me of safety beks; safer highways ar other pdfiatives. Certainly safety belts u ! help after on accident, and superhighwc > will help sake more room for more c. *. but t* going m reduce the number acci dents? The prebtan is greet and we mtu all do our part to attempt a solution. L- ( year 24-boor day- It Med not be tins way. However, if we cnoritme in our present habit, it will continue fa be the hazardous place It has hem In the past. We must control this "do-it-yoursrir* urge a* least to those chores we are able d experienced *a performing. You know, there used to be a saying; HUn't work lasts tsQ set of ttm, bet a woman's work is never done." Today the men have ought up with the women .and now our work is never dour. There are many items we css take rare of, or instract our children to care for. In rr*krng our homes nfc such as keeping coys off Stairs, out of poorly lighted falls, walkways, eta, fasten floor coverings. There are many items on the market to keep scatter rugs firm. guru ladders are in good Condition term of our employee* were kSkd n auto and firmly placed; don't toe makeshifts for aeridtnfa ao far this year we have id two ladders. Use care ia operating a power to tore thdr tires in traffic reddenis mower and invest la a pelt of safety shoes We are trying to mstHl safety cc- sdoos- oess in our workers, in the families >( our worker* and in the cStin-nt of ot com- cranfty. We hdp promote the Pr' ident's Safe-Driving Day. We don't think we do to wear when using such a took Don't overtax your heart; learn to relax and enjoy your home. Make It a haven from danger and enjoy every moment you can spend in it. enough as yet; but we plan to tnernse our Finally, when driving oa our Highways, publicity, our safety isstructiea W oar, make your motto "Be Courteous." It doesn't general program for off-the-job so tty. cost a cent, and it can mean the raring of During the year 195S_ we had -W _ in juries occurring off the job in coi- mrisoo with 44 within oar phot*. We had ' fatal ities occurring off the job. Nooe -curved at work. We had 5,094 days lost irough a fife. I know It gets exasperating to find yourself back of a large tractor-trailer oo a fcsn, but just realize there Is a top to the hill and it w01 not be long until yoa get to a place where you may pass safely. 27 larked c NATIONAL SAFETY CONGRESS TRANSACTIONS l. 1900 VOL. 1 GENERAL SESSIONS NATIONAL. SAFETY COUNCIL 425 NO. MICHIGAN AVENUE * CHICAGO 11, ILLINOIS .Mb & .1 1- H IW0 A'Mumd Safety Cempress third ilmrw 1* the ri|i)4 inn, rijthl fide of bU riant and cat hi* right foot. The ctppfciyec cm a 10 foot pipe rack, with* not the benefit of a eaffo4d. when this aevi dent occttpuL Ke mumei arl hock Ki work io a?|uxiin3idy two weeks. After this xcidta. iU of the new cm* ploytx* were cwniowd n the oi i.umni'iM nitrate sad the accident was ex. phuaed to than. Two dtys bw. the ww condition* ex isted; and another w employee decided he would play tt uir and disconnect (k hose by tying a 15 focx- nioa of wire to the quick milling ui the end of the hose while Handing on the rruuix!. This he did. The taiwt in the tmtrace fine was great enough to cause die hose lo whip back an] forth, ipm^tnc the employee the neck, shoulders. and arms, with hoc ammonium nitrate. In addition to performing an unsafe art. hi wire wa* not long enough. This em ployee wax off foe ajifiroXKratde two week* J<foee returning to work. To remedy the cause of these aeodenu, explicit instructions were given, and (he necessary drain valves were installed m Ihe line. After the above two accidents, all safety devices, including safety howen, were in stalled before any additional equipment was put into service. This was done ahead oi process piping and construction. officers of the CHEMICAL. SECTION NATIONAL SAFETY COUNCIL 1960-61 General Chairman--E. G. Umo. Ph.D,, Director, lodostrial Hygiene Division. Em ployers Mutuals of Wausau. Milwaukee. Wu. i"wf Chairman m Charge of Program--H. H. Fawcttt, Consulting Engineer, Research Laboratory, General Electric Co, Schenectady. N. Y. Seeretary^-K. R Walaacx. Senior Safety Engineer, Industrial Safety Department Acci dent Prevaition Section. Eastman Kodak Cel, Kodak Park Works, Rochester. N, Y. laboratory and Pilot Plant Sub-Section--J. B. BtACX (Chairman). Safety Officer, Na tional institutes of Health. Bcthesda. M4; E. L. Stout (Secretary). Safety Engineer. Los Alamo* Scientific Laboratory. Los Alamos, N- Hoc, Rockets and Xfutiles Sub-Section--C D. (Dos) Attaway (Chairman). Chief Safety Engineer. Thiofeoi Chemical Cor?.. Marshall, Texas; G. S. IxisR (Secretary*). Head, Safety Depc, Solid Rocket Plant. Aerojet General Gorp, Sacramento, Cafif. ,Wtvslelter Committee--G. R, Cum mincs (Chairman), Head, Safety and Industrial Hy giene Dept, Eli Lilly & Co., Indianapolis, InA; Fees Locexrc, Safety Dir, HoffmanLa Roche, Inc, Roche Park, Kuticy, Nr. J. Engineering Committee--F. C G'uccsw (Chairman). Director of Safety, SherwinWilliams Co, Chicago, 111.; P C. Lamb, Safety Administrator. Lever Brothers Go, New York. N, Y.; Johx N. Roxirrt, Safety Director, Research and Development Dept- Phillips Petroleum Co, Bartlesville, Okla. Public Relations Committee--Also P. OsTt (Chairman), Safety Engineer. Charles Pfiacr & Co, Inc, Brooklyn, N`. Y.; I. A. SttjXX. Head of Safety. The Upjohn Company. Kalamazoo. Mich. r<fAnrW Publications Committee-- H. Chbistiax (Chairman), Corporate Safety Engi neer, American Viscose "Corp, Philadelphia. Pa.; \V. W. Buxvosr. Corporate Director of Safety, Aerojet-General Corp, Sacramento. Cilif-J F. W. KitASTCt, Soperiwtatdent, Protection Diviamn, E. L du P-wit de Nemours 4b Co, Chambers Works. Penas Crorc, N. J-; F. G. Sixthexsox, Secretary*. General Safety Committee. Mfg. Chornm' Asso ciation, Inc, Washington, D. C . H. A. Vote. Safety Director. Caltery Chemical Com pany. CaJlery, Pa. Health Committee--H, W. Rapt. . (Cliairman). AttL Supr. Chcm. Eng, Tlie Travelers Insurance Co, Hartford, Coni' ; E. L. Altaurh. Industrial Hygienist, Intentational Harvester Co, Chicago, III.; .* V Houchto.s*. Supervisor. Industrial Chemical Service. Liberty Mutual Insurance Co Bouon. Mass.; D. J. Ktuuue, M.D, Medical Director, Texas Division, The Dow Chcv cal Company. Freeport, Texas. Trainiug Aids Committee--Gtxvi. M. Eujtu'ouTH (Chairman). Safety* Director, Springfield Massachusetts Plant. M< Amo Chemical Co, Springfield. Mas*.; ALAN L. KlINU Director of Lo>s Prevention, > >i Matlurson Cltemicnl Corp, New York. X. Y.; H. K. Uxr. S.tfrty HaMKrr, K-<- re \hmitmnn .1- Chrtnka} Cofft, Oakland, Calif. Membership Committer--). Pf\huii' (Otaimum), Supervising Safety* Director, Na tional pij|ill< ntd Clwiiio. Cnr|>. .Yew* York N. Y.; F, E. MacvuuiY, Safety* Supervisor, Wyandotte Chen .ul Cnrp, Wyamlotte, Mich.; R. M. Xcaby, Safety Codo Dept, Union Carbide C'WP, New York. X. Y. ,V) Safety .Inmds Cm^ittre T. J. Lunon (Quiiuiza). Safety Spcciiiat. Defense Sn* terns Department. Gooa] Electric Co, Syncne. N. Y.; P. J. Ckutar, ^xpfniiui Health Safety. Heebr CWfr-sl Coe*, Nopn Falk, H. Y. SVrrifTicr Analysis Committee--E. L. Altatoi (Chunaa), Twhrriif Hjpois, Inter, oatmeal Harveaer Company. Chicago. TIL: Mna Kptomax. Are* Safety Director. Reynolds Mcxal* Co, Ridnood, Va. OffKBtS OF THE FERTILIZER SECTION NATIONAL SAFETY COUNCIL 1960-61 Off-the~Job Committee--J. T. Taousoot (Qaitma), X'ftrortq Rrritins. Aflicd Qxi ol Cory, Hoyewefl, Vi; G. L. FiAtot. Director for Safety, U. S. Array Chemical Corps, Washington. Q, C-; G. G. Fuyiitc, Director of Safety. Cilvea* Cbrp. of Asxria, Charlotte, N.C. Xoninating Committee--A. B. Rinu (Chairman). Safety Eapacer. Research Ceater. Heroics Powder Co. Wilmington, DeJ.; R. L_ Aiuxsox. Safety Dir, Tex** DivtXxm. The Dow Chemical Co, Freeport. Texas: C A. Hcacar. Supervisor. Safety 4 Ptex Protection. Ethyl Corps Baton Rooge, La. General Chairman A. I. Raxct, Safety Director, Phillips Chrmical Co, BartfeavUfe, Olda. Vice-Chairman and Program Chairman CAmtex T. Xcwxax, General Manager, Jndnstrial RdatKW. Insurance 4 Safety, Smith-Douglas Co, Inc, Norfolk, Va. Secretory--JoMit S. Maxx. Manager, FerriCier Manufacturing Division, Farm Bureau Coo*. Association. Inc, Cohanbus, Ohio. Advisory Committee--R_ H. Aluiio, Safety- il*r, Merck 4 Cos lac, Ucok Avr, Rahway. X. J.i R. L. Auixsox. Safety Dir, Texas Dmtim, The Dow Chemical Cos Freeport. Texet; Aujcx L. Com. Director of Industrial Safety. Kockk Park Works. &stman Kodak Co, Rochester. X. Y.; J. J. Doocax. Director of Safety md Fire Protection. Union Carbide Chemicals Cos South Oaj-ieXcn. W. Va.; CL JL Gcmu. Manager. Safety 4 Fire Protection, Uootuto Chondral Cos St f -fi. Mol; A- Hcaor. Supervisor. Safety 4 Phot Protection. Ethyl Corps Baton Rouge. La.: S. If- MacCvtcmcox. The Dow Chesdcal Co, Uhflui Mich.; E. J. Umu, AuceOm Mgr, Safety 4 Fire Protectisa Dfririon. E. 1. da Post de Kemonra 4 Tac, Wilmington. D*L: }. E Xrcwau, Director of Safety. Rcyuofcfe Metal* Co, Rkdvooni Ya.; A. B. Rrriut, Safety Engineer. Research Center. Hercules Powder Co. waning. Jon. Del.; ilvsox A. Sxeu, Supervisor of Ttchaioi Service^ Hartford Accident k Indemnity Co, Hartford. Cotaa; S F. Srctcz, Director. Safer* 4 Lorn Prevention. American C>unamid Co, Xew York. X. Y.; R. C. Stkattox. Hanford, Com.: J. I. Wmaixx, Safety Coordinator. AUled Chemical Corps Sotvay Prana* Drr, Syracuse. Xv^-Vatimg Officers of Snb-Seetions--Laboratory and Pilot Plant--W. S. Woon (Chair* man Elect). Safety Eng, Research k Der. Dmjioo. Son Oil C i|my, Marcaa Hook. Pa.: L, E Romoxv (Assistant Secretary). Safety Supervise, E (. do pone de Xemoors 4 Company, toe. Experimental Station. Wilmington. D*L; Rocket* and Missiles--A. L. Hexsxmax (Vice Chairnao). Chief Safety E^feeer. Graad Central Rodoet Cos RnSands. Calif.; L. W. Gczzxra (Vice Ominraa). Manager Safety Ex(donves Dept, Hercules Powder Co, WUnwagTon, DeL Staff Representative--]. T. Siductu. Xational Safety Coondl. Chicago, 1IL .Vrwatetter Editor--Fkaxk A. Gouts. Director of Safety 4 Health, Ofin Mathieson Chmioi Corpu New York, N. Y. Assistant Xevetetter Editor--VJ. C Caro, Safety Director, Stale of North Carotin*. Dept. Labor, Raleigh, X. C Xational Plant Food Institute--Liaison--Loui* H. Wiuoa, Secretary 4 Director of In formation, National Plant Food Institute. Washington, D. C. Engineering Committee CWnma--EkotSOX Joxri Midwest Supervisor, Technical Set-r ice. Nitrogen Dcvinon, Allied Chemical CocfL, IndUapotis. Tod. Fublie Reunions Committee Chokman Stkattox M. McCaxco, PcrsooneJ Soperrisor. GJ--F. Soil Building Service. Terrace HiB, Ithaca. K. Y. Membership Committee Chairman--C. S. GaimTW. Superintendent. Virpam Carolina Chemical Carp, St. Bernard Station, Cindnmti. Ohkx Statistic* Cf Contest Committee Chairman--F. Watw* High, Manager of Operuiemc, The Baugh QiexiictJ Coi. Baltimore. Md. taenromee and Legishth* Committee Chairman -*E- O. BuaaoOOXS, Ja, Maiwger, Iiwtwance DqnximcnC F. S. Royaler, Goano Co, Norfolk, Va. Research Committee Chairman--'Johsc E Sxmt. Safety Director, Spencer Chemical Co, Pttlsbnrg. Kan?. S'ominatmg Committee Chairman--Ei.utn C PnuilNY. Director of Technical Service. Nitrogen Division, Allied Chrmical Corp., New York, N. Y. Supervisory Training Committee Chairman1 "W. C. Cwn, Safety Director. State ot North Carolina. Dept, of Labor, Raldgh. N. G. 4 Of-the-Job Safety Chairman--Jaxcs W. Sxrra, Production Superintendent, Western Phosphates, fnc. Salt Lake Gey, Utah. Members-os-Lorge--"Geoact F. Dtert, Saiety Director, Feniliaer Mamifactisieg Coop erative; Baltimore, Mi; C E Auua*. Supcrintendoit. W. R. Grace 4 Co, Damson Chemical Div, Xew Albanv. Ini; Kouxak F. Masoux. Phut Manager. Florida Nitrogen Co, Tampa. Fla.: S. Comm, Director of Operations, 01m Matbioon Chemical Corpw Little Rock. Ark.; Mtax C Eujsox. Safety Director. Mmuappt - Chemical Co, Yazoo Gty. Miss.; Jack Akkas, Pcmocad Supervisor, JnttnmLiooal Minerals and Chemical Corp.. Skokie. Ill; Qwccttx S. Ltt. Director, Plant Food 61 'I -K OFFICERS OF THE TEXTILE SECTION NATIONAL SAFETY COUNCIL 1960-61 General Chairman--A- E. CoKKO-LY, Safctr Supervisor, E. I. do Pont dc N'emocn * Co, lac, MartimviUc. Va. Vice Chairman -\V. U. Kleixmaxk, Safety Dir. Johnson & Johnson. Chicago, 2IL Secretary--Mas. Ida C Areas, Persoaael Asiisont. Collins and ADonaa Cory, Nor wood, N. G Newsletter Commi///*--Jobtt O. Sayers (Chairman). Supervising Engineer. Lou Prcveurico. Employers Mutuals of Wausau, Otarlotte, K. C; E. B. Maxxixc, Sopernxng Fnf'iwr Liberty Mutual Insurance Co, Quriotte. N. C Engineering Coenmittee--Joux 8. Sksxxex (Chaimon), Chief Industrial Hyyj Sec tion, Axaericia Mutual Liability Insurance Co, Wakefield. Mass.: I. M. Davtpsox. Southern Dpr, Eofineoing Met, American Mutual Liability lnairence Co, Atbun. Ga.; Fiaxc W. An~*r-nn Chief of Industrial Inspection, Rhode Island Dcportmes of Labor, Providence R. L; R. W. Uxt. Jr, Plant Mgr, Union Asbestos k ftxktxr Co, Ifarsfaville. N. C; -Charlzs L. TaoMXER. Safety Supervisor. Moha*co lndosmo. Inc, Amsterdam, K. Y. Education and Training Committee--Gut Boom (Chairman). Safety Supervisor, Chess, strand Corp, Pensacola, FI*.; T. M. Gwyx, Dir. of Safety & Training, Chatham Mfg Co, PTVin, M. CL; Wbiir Williams, Personnel Manager, Hatch Mill Cory. Coheliu. N. G; Wntuu A. Hawk, Safety Dir, Graniteville Mills, GranitevrJIe, S. C: "H. F. Welllams, Safety Dir, Fielderest Mills. Inc. Spray, N. G Special Fiber Committee--Etm L. Sxoocrass (Chairman). Safely Dept, North American Rayou Corp, EHzabethtoc. Tern.: Rowar I. Ba**, Safety Supervisor. Industrial R*> Corp, PaioesviUe, Ohio; S. H. Strjl.hc.hi, Chemstrand Corp., Greenwood, S. C. -the-Job Committee--JOHN McALnxe (Otiinnan), Safety Supervisor, Cefanese Corp of America, Inc. Rock Httf. S. C: G I- Hex*33, Safety Supervisor. E. I. do Poo* dr Nemours & Co, Inc. Kinston, N. C Colton Ginning Committee--W. Kxura Baurox (Chairman), Executive Vice Proidem. Arlmnsu-MIssouri Conoa Ginner Also, Blytbcville, Ark.; Charir,s Mracn, Cocu* rwnral Gin Company, Birmingham, Ala.; Altuo M. Paxsifrox, Extension Agricultural Engineer, Dallas, Texas; T. V. McLaOCDUX. Personnel Manager, Producers Coeon Oil Co, Fresno. Calif.; Ea Busts, Vice President, Texas Cotton Comers Asm, Dallas, Tens; HotseucL McRaR. Director. National Conoa Council, Memphis, Tcno.; Tom Murray, Director, Natioaal Cotton Ginncrs Asm. Decatur, Ga_; Verxox L_ Moot. U. S. Ginning Laboruory. Stoocrille. Miss. Membership Commutec--E. B. Maxxixc (Chairman), Supervising Engineer, Liberty Mutual Insurance Co, Charlotte. N. G; W. G rrn, Safety Director, North Caxulha Department of Labor, Raleigh, N. G; Raxjt* F. Joaxsox, Safety Supervisor. Fire stone Textiles, Inc, Gastonia, N. G 50 Program Committee--W. If. Kuzhkajot (Cbainnan), Safety Director, Johnson & John son, Chicago, I1L; J. D. Baowx, Safety Director, American Enka Corp. Enlea. N. G dominating Committee-- Forrxit ff. Pmr (Chairman), Director, Safety and Benefits, Das River Mills, Inc, Danville, Vs.; "E. L. Pouektzr, Supervising Engineer, Loss Prevention Dept, liberty Mutual las, Co., Spartanburg; S. G; "J. A. Wiiotm, District Engineer Manager, American Mutual Liability- Insurance Co, Atlanta, Ga. Advisory Coui//fr--`Nm. Nslsok, American Mutual Liability Insurance Co. Man chester, H. H.; *Jobh J. Btreexx, W. J. Dickey & Sons, Inc, Odla, Md.; #H. S. Baucom, Safety Director, North Carolina Industrial Commission, Raleigh, N. G; "Fiakos Betbuxz, R.N.. Employers Mutual Liability Insurance Co. of Wisconsin, Atlanta, Ga.; -Gtxxx G. Fluix^ Safety Director, Cetmesc Corp, of America, Charlotte, N. G Staff Representative--R. G. Belcxap, Nation! Safely Council, Chicago. IIL Past General Chairman s\ National Safety Congress Transactions voi. 1 GENERAL OFFICERS OF THE CHEMICAL SECTION NATIONAL SAFETY COUNCIL 1961-62 General Chairman--H. H. Fav\cctt, Conulting Engr. Research Laboratory. Ceneral Elec* me Co, Schenectady. N. V. Chairman in Charge of Program--E. R. Waluck. Sr. Safety Engr.. Industrial Safety Dept.. Accident Prevention Section. Eastman Kodak Co. Kodak Park Works. Rochester, X. Y. Secretary--G, R. Cumminc*. He'id, Safety and Induirul Hjgicne Dept. Eli Lilly & Co. Indianapolis. Ind. Laboratory and Pilot Plant Sub-Section-- t B. Bt.vcic (Chairman), Safety O/Bcef. Ha* tiotul institutes of Health, Bethesda, Md : E._L. Stout (Secretary), Safety Ener. Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory, Los Alamo:, N* Met. Rocket/ and Mi/iilcr Sub-Section--G. S. Lcisk (Chairman), Safety Dept. Head. Sali'l Rocket Plant, Aerojet General Carp. Sacramento, Calif.: A. L. Hcsscsun (Secretary). Chief Safety Engr.. Grand Central Rocket Co. Redlands, Calif. \'ewleUer Committee-- I I. PkabCLOS (Chairman), Supng. Safety Oir., National Di. tillers and Chemical Ccrp. New York. N'. Y.': I. X. Hominf. Safety Dir. Research Ss Development Dept. Phillips Petroleum Co. Bartlesville. Okla.; W S. Wnnn, Safety Engr.. Research & Development 0v, Sun Oil Co , Marcus Hook. Pa. Engineering Committer--G. M. Eu-Sworrn (Chairman), Maintenance Supt, Monsanto Chemical Co- Plastics Div. Springfield. Mass.; *A L Com. Dir. of Industrial Safe!' Kodak lark \Y--V* Fastman Kodak Co, Rociiesier. X. Y, H. A. Voiz. Safety Di Callcry Chemical f*". Muskogee. Okla. Publie Relation/ Commitlee-- P. O.-Tt (Chairman/. Safety Engr. Charles. Pfitcr Co, Inc.. Brooklyn, X. Y : P. C. Last*. Safety ^dtn. Lever Bros. Co. New York. N. Y.: *S. F. Sreivct. Dir. Safetv & Loss Prevention. \menenn Cvananud Cn, New York. X. Y. Technical Publication Committee--H. Cmkivti v.n (Chairman), Corporate Safety Engr.. American Viscose Corp.. Philadelphia, P.a.: P. J McDonouch. Mgr. of Loss Pre* vaitson. Chemical* Div.. Olin Maihieson Chemical Corp. New York, X. Y : F. G. SttfhcSsoS. See. Gen. Safety Committee. Manufacturing Chemists' An. fnr. Wah- <05100. r>. c. Health Committee-- H, \\\ K vir, la. tChairm.ni), A*t. Suprac. En^r./ engineering k Loss Control Div., Tin* Traveler* Insurance C*.. Hartford. Conn.; E. L AtrAuctt. Ind. Hygienist. Iniemaiifrfial Harvester Co, Chicago. Hit .1 \. Houghton. Supv. Industrial Chemical Service. I.ibertv Mutual Insurance Co.. Boston, Mass.; O. L Kiltsv. M. O, Medical thr.. Texts f he., The Don- Chemical Co, Freeport, Tex. Training Hid* C^mmitl. c--(i. L. Fc-vruj. t luiirumn). Pic. iyr Safety. L\ S- Anuv Chemical Corp*. Washington. ll. t\; C. U \rrw\w. Chief Safety Engr.. Thiokot Chemical Corp, Marshall. Tex.: H. K. Lvunit. S.victy Mgr.. Kaiser Aluminum & Chantcal Corp.. Oakland. Calif.: *F. .1. Mtvw*. .Aut. Mgr. Safety & Fire Protection Div., E. I. du Pwnt de Nemours Si Co, Inc. Wilmington. Del. Membership Committee--F. L*. Cmccumi tChairimitt), I hr. of Satel), Shenvin-Wtlliims Co- Chtago, III.; *C. .V. Htaurr, Supr, Safety i*l.ni Protection, Ethyl Corp, Baton Rouge. La.: R M. A laky. Safety Codes I *qu. Ctumi Carbide Corp, New York. X. Y. 79 \n(rt\ r.n- T. 1. La.mcvn tChairman), Saicij SpcoaliSH Detente S**- itrn, I *ct*< "mcrn' Electric Co., Svrjcnso. X. Y.; C M Ol.50S. Supv. Health S. -*sicty KjMcm Chemical Div- Hooker Chemical Corp- Su|*n Falls. N'. . C-mmtlte, -- E L. Alpauch (Chairman). livJuMrial Hvgindst. !" lematiorwl Harvester Co. Chicago. HI-: F. E- MacaClvv. Safety ?upv. yandottc Cherrual Corp.. W)andoitc. Mich.: M, A. Ssux. Supv oi Technical Service*. Hart ford Accident S: Indemnitv Co, Hartford, Conn. ><-! Cffinmi/;,-.--0. C. Fixsung (Chairmenl. I hr -i Safrtv. Cflaneve Crp., m \menra. Charlotte. N. C-: M. KancootAx. Area Safety Ihr. Kevnolds Metals >. Richmond Va ; W. L. Tispmx, Dir. of Safety. Midland Die- Dow Chemical Co. Midland. Mich. \'onunoJino ('etnmiffrr--*E. G. Meat*. Pk.D. fCAtfirma*/. Dir- Industrial Hvgienc Die. Hniptovcrt Mutuals of Wausau. Milwaukee. Wis.; *A. 8. Rmot. Safety Etigr.. Hr*earch Cenier. Hcrcule* Powder Co- Wilmington. Dcl-j .!. I Whaixs*. Safetv Co'*rd. Mlird Chemical Corp, Solvay Process Die, Syracuse, X Y, Rr>e.,reh mid Planning Commi/fre--*S. F. SftNCc (Chairman). Dir.. Safety aad Lo<s Prevention. American Cvanamid Co. Nor York. N. Y ; "R. H. AuiS`M. Safety Mgr Mcrrk ind Co. Inc.. Rahway. N. .1.; A. H. CHui-rtA.s*, Corporate Safetv Ensr.. \nimrao V:coe Corp- Philadelphia, Pa. Id:-u..rv c winimVfrc--G. L. Gorjux, Mgr- Safety & Fire Protecoon. Monsanto Chcmical Cn. St Lotus, Mo.; I . NtCKOt.s. Ilir. of Saietr, RcynoWs Metals Co. Rich mond. \ a y.m.l'otuuj Opiti'rt oj Sub-Sections--Laboratory and Pilot Plan/--W. S. Moon /(.Innrman FJeetl. Safety- Engr., Research 4. Deedofmait Dir- S* Oil Co.. Marcus Hook. Pa.. L H. Rowtu-v lAsnstoxt Secretary). Safety Scpv. . I. du Pont de Nemours .V Co. Inc.. Experimental Sutton. Wilmington. Dd.! Rockett and Misules--B. O Rixntmvv (Viet Chairman), Safety Engr- Roefcetdyne Div- North Amman Awnon. Inc. McGregor, Tex.. W G Havocs (V\tt Chairman), Mgr- Safety S. Sc- mnev. Thiokol Chemical Corp. Wasatch Div- Bngham City, L'tah Staff /?r/*rr/rii/a/r--f. T. Siewxcki. National Safety Council. Chicago, 111. 'Member* of Advisor* Commute* 1 pt OFFICERS OF THE FERTILIZER SECTION NATIONAL SAFETY COUNCIL 1961-62 Genera! CAoimton--(iMTmCk T \t*VN.\>1. Dir. *u livlu.mnl LcI.iumi. liMimncc .ind Safety. Smith-PMigla** Co. Inr. V* rfolk. Va. I`iVr-C/iai'nujH and Program Chairman--lan't S Maks.. Mer. Frrnli/cr M umiartunng Div.. P.irm Bureau Coop \<u l*r, Columhu*. Ohm Secretary--C S GxttrrrH. Supt.. Virginia Carnhru ChcmicW C'.i-p. (inemnatt, Ohio Wistletttr /`ai/or--CiEOtcr. f. DtCT/. Mtcty Lhr. Fernhrer Maimiirmring 'rerun c. Baltimore, Md. \seislant \'ra!tlett.r LJltort--Ei.mih C I'CJiKtM- thr. .if Tecfnuc-il ^r*ice. Niiroccu Div- Allied Chemical Corp. New York. N. Y.: Gkae Hvki.w, l'cronnd Dept. Indiana Farm Biirrau Cooperative A**n, Inc.. Indianapoli*. Ind. Kitiiatmi Plant Paud /ur(i(H('-f.idMn--111 > vvt ^v Kirsnu*. Trc.i*. National Plant Puol Institute, Wuhmtion. D C. fingixserutG E ,M. ,lo.\i (Chairman). Midwest Product Mgr. Nitrogen Div- Allied ChemioJ Corp, Indianapolis. Ind.; R. 6 Chamiuuv. Safety Supv- Cnopcra* live Farm Chemicals A*n, Lawrence. Kan*a; Rjvv Escti.. Sdimele Bros. Co. Con* cerville. III. Pmblie RtSaiiona Committee Chauwati--WiulIaM S. HtTNOUK. Treti*. Xatitxtal Plant Food Irvjtirme. Washington. D. C .\(tynbe*ttnf` Committee--*A. 1. RASCY (Chairman). S^fet) Dir. Philhps Chemical Co. Bartkmlie. OkJa.; R. S. Bkowk. Safety- Dir.. ,1 R. Simplot Co. Minerals St Chordal Div- Pocatello. Idaho: R. L. FttastAN*. Supv.. Safety and Maintenance. Hooker Chem<cal Ccrp_ Phosphorus Div- Houston, Texas: Chakizs Fxvnki.is, Technical Reprceentative. Inteirtational Minerals and ChemtalS. Indianapolis, fnd. ''UtiitUt O' Conint Ci^wmiiV/er C/iarrmon--W. A. SrosE, Plant Mgr- Wilson 2c Tonic* Fertdtrer Co. /aduonville, Fla, /nsurQnee and Legislative Committee Chairman--'*E. O. Ui*aw)trcit>, Jx, Mgr- Insurance Depu F S. Royner Guano Co- Norfolk. Va. Research Committee Chairman--*}ohs K. Smith. Safci* Dir. Spencer Oimncal t'. Pitisburph. Kansas Xomimaiing Committee Chairman--*A. I. R.vaEv, Safety Dir- Phillips Chemical Co. Bartlesville. Okla. iuftnSsory Training Commuter Chairman--W C. Cxcal. Safety- Dir- State oi North Carolina. Dept of Labor, Raisgh, N. C. r,tf-The-Job Vt/V/y Chairman--Iames \V. Smith. Fr<*luctton Supt., Western Ptiojplwtcr, Inc.. Salt Lake City, Utah ifrnsAcr/-.-l/-Lorpr--Qui.stxv S. Lee, Dir.. Plant FovaI Production. The Cuhoh Producers Assn., Atlanta, Go.; F. A. Cuau, Mgr. of Safeiy, Olio Mathicsoa Chemical Corp. New York. N. Y.: C. E. Alkcm, Supt., \V. R. Grace i. Co- Daviws Chemical Div,. New Albany, Ind.: M. C. Eii.i<ot, Frotertmn Snpv., Mi*i*ippi Oiemical Corp. St 1 Div., Peona, HI.; R. fC Fo**lstal. London Sc Pctrolia Barrell Co, Loodoo. Oct, Canada; J. Randall TkokaS. Edwin Bel) Cooperage Co, Pittsburgh Pa.: /fdtfisor to Committee--*R. C CHtLD*css. Cooperage Div.. National Distillers Product* Co. Memphis, Tenn. Trade Astociatton Commi/r,Roetar P. Millex (Chairman), [atenuuoaal Paper Co., Long Beil Div. Longview. Wash.: Fan) Wade. Northern Interior Lumbermen's Assn.. Prince George. B. C.. Canadi; V Corun.H, Forester. Southern Pine Assn., Nerw Orleans, La.; sldnsor u Coimintter--. H. Reeves. Lumbermen's Sitctv Asn. Toronto, One., Canada Off-tht'fob Safety Comt.nttee--Gtac.z Nomis (Chairman). B C. Lumber Manufacturer* Assn., Vancouver, 8. C, Canada; L W, Hacesup, Lumbermen's Mutual Casualty Co, Chicago, IIL; Louts Posey, Diamond National Co. Spokane. Wash.: Advisor to Committee--"Charles Zcskev, J*., T. M. Mastin Sc Co, Kansas City, Mo. Contest and Statistics Committec-Louti D. Hoejlfcke* (Chairman), Safety Dir.. \\'e> crhaeuaer Co.. Tacoma, Wash.: Chibc.cs H. Jones, Michigan Mutual Liability Co. Chicago, 111.; \V. D. Williams, Personnel Mgr. ICroehler Manufacturing Co. of Kentucky, Louisville, Ky.." Advisor to the Committee--*Lovts GLazce. DierVs Forests. Inc.. Kansas City, Mo. AVminarinp Committee--A. F. Rciwvaiit (Chairman), T, H. Mascin and Co. SL Louis. Mo ; E. H. Reeves, Lumbermen's Safety Assn., Toronto. One., Canada: Hcxaor A. Ladvvig, Employers Mutuals of Wausau, Wausau. Wis. Staff Repretcntative--RnsznT Cl'rkje National Safetv Council. Chicago, til. "Past General Oiurman OFFICERS OF THE TEXTILE SECTION NATIONAL SAFETY COUNCIL 1961-62 General Chairman--W. M. Klxinv Safety Dir- Jchnson A Jchnson. Chicago, IIL Vice Chairman--Mas. Joa C Amjl*. PerM,nnel AJtt. Collii i L Aikman Corp, Norwood, N. C. Secretary--JoHS B. StIN'NX*. Chief. I* . Hygiene Section, American Mutual Liability Insurance Co., Wakefield. Max. ,,VrwsitHer Committee--ft S. Sree.HCTK C^sirmanf. Chenutrand Corp.. Greenwood, S. C.: E. B. Manmnc. Sup.ruling Engr. Liberr. Mutual Insurance Co. Charlotte. N". C. Engineering Committee--l. JL Dattosov (CkatmuM), Southern Div. Eng. Mgr., Ameri can Mutual Liability Insurance Co. Atlanta, Gx. John G. Save**. Supervising Engr.. Lots Prevention. Employers Mutual of Wausau. Charlotte. N. C.: Fea.sk W. Max* Caccio, Chief of fnd. Inspection. Rhode Island Dcpartmait at Labor. Providence, R. I.j R W. Lanc. /_ Plant Mgr. Cmon Asbestos 4: Rubber Co, Marshvtlle. N. C.; Chailes L TlOJiStC*. Safety Dir. Mohaco Industries, Inc. Amsterdam, N, Y. Education and Training Committee--Guv Boom (Chairman), Safety Supvr. Chenutrand Corp, Pensacola. Fla.; T. M. G<ayn. Dir. of Safety' & Training, Chatham Mfg. Co. Elkin. N. C: WCLLIAU A. Haws-. Safety Dir. CrajutmUe Co, Granitcville. S. C.: H. E. Williams. Safety Dir. Fielilcrest Mills, Inc, Spray, N. C.. Ralth F. Johnson. Safely Supvr., Firestone Textiles. Inc.. Gastonia. N. C. Sfreiot Fiber Committee Chairman--*Cua*US L. Tkommol Safety Dir. Mohasco In* dtutrie*. Inc.. Amsterdam. N. Y.; Roxtfcr I. Bute. Safetv Supvr.. Industrial Rayon Corp, Painesvnlle. Ohio: *Clcnn. C. Fleming, Corp. Safety Dir., Cclanese Corp, of \menca. Charlotte, N. C. Off-the-Job Committee--C. L. Henkzl (Chairman), Safety Supvr. E. I. du Pom dt Nesnoun Sc Co. Kinston, N. C.; John McAlmne, Safety Supvr.. Celanesc Corp. of America, Inc.. Rock Hill. S. C.; *H. S, Baucom, Safety' Dir.. North Carolina Jnd. Commission, Raleigh, N. C. Cotton Ginning Committee--W, KtMrtx Bttrrox (Chairman). Executive Vice Pres., ArIcuuas'Miuouri Cotton doners Assn. W. Memphis. Ark.; Cuiius McmL Con* tincnol Gin Co., Binmngium, At*.: ALrus at. Pe.-teunev, E*Uauoq Agricultural Engr* Dallas, Tex.; T. V. McLaughlin, Personnel Mgr., Producer* Cotton Oil Co. Fresno, Catif.; En Buss, Executive Vice Pres.. Texas Cotton Ginners Assn, Dallas. Tex.; hascag. McRae, Dir. National Cotton Consei], Memphis, Tam.: Tom Muk* iay, Dir. Narioaal Cotton Ginners Assn, Decatur, Ga.; Volnon P. Moose. l\ S. Ginning Laboratory, Stonevrlle, Miss. Membership Committee--E. B. Manning fCtaiVmanJ, Supervising Engr.. Liberty Mutual Insurance Co.. Charlotte. N. C.; W. C i^Ph Safety Dir.. North Carolina Dept, of Labor, Charlotte, N. C. Program Committee--Mas. los C. Areas (Chaimjan), Personnel Asst.. Collins and AiL* man Corp., Norwood. N. C; J, D. BaotVN. Safetv Dir. American Enka Corp, Enka, N. C Saminoting Committee--"A. E. Connilly (Chairman). Safety Supvr.. E. I. du Pont de Mmoun & Co. Idc. Martiasvslle. Va.; Fo**est N. Prrrr, Dir. Safety and Bene* I fit*. Dan Riter Mill*. Inc. Danville. Va., *E. L. PutMttrrt*. Supervumg Engr. Loss Pro cniton Dept. Liberty Mutual Ins. Co, Spannnsburg. 5, C. Adliiory Committee--`Francis BCTHUKE. R.X., Emp1o>ers Mutual* of Wausau. Atlanta. Ga.; *John } Bout. W. I. D.cke> & Sons. Inc. Oelfa. Md: /. A. Wocaxx*. Disu Engr. Mgr. Amencxn Mutual Liability Insurance Co. Atlanta. Ga. Staff Repri'tcnlatite--R. 0. Odlk.vm*. National Safety Council. Chicago. Ill Past General Chairman 42 9 natcha^. sArE~v count:;. off::e=5 p. SAFETY EXFCS CTCON EXHIBITORS p. 33-45 Cr^CE-S OF t-e ibyen-, TUA^Ey. AND mins 'T " T"C "'C" "'.iC " --CM ^ 'Vy"** **" " ~kj ^ "* L-E" STUDY =-F.Ci3F:A!" p. 2--EE S I - 1 C I 5 l 3 p -J-t a=Pest := ^ r- sr.a employer l laril ip/ p. 25 oust at,,;p- 3=r=onr,e.' p. 25, 27 SECTION p. 1 _DI~`D\ .^---tsr Wheeler' p T*T`* ' "* -- MCV "7T ""HE CLASS, CERAMICS. AND RUBBER SECiI0N5 p. *v / r*`T"7" 'r "CC'C-- OF ~HE : * di mrii^v'JCICST1 Cfr.1 T* T**!-- '4. --rr.ENCE p. 35 i---- l _AEDR 3A~ETV 3E.TI0N - OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH HAD AFlD MEDICAL ASPECTS p. 5--12 a=,Z33~Z C 3 1 3 -R C~FLCERE OF 7'-iE i_A5'0F: CONFERENCE p. 33 -- IC EE E THE MARINE SECTION p. 35-37 OFFICERS OF THE METALS SECTION p. 16-13 2F>ICERS OF THE PETROLEUM SECTION! p. 23,30 OFFICERS OF THE public u~:li_:es SECTION p. '45, 4S OFFICERS OF THE RAILROAD SECTION p. 14, 15 WOOD, TEXTILE SECTION OFFICERS p 33--42 g? IJ M 33 ro ?Q n* ,2 a-- 3) 3 33 o' 3 5* 3' :P g g-^ i era '3.3. u v* < 3 | 3 g 3 IasiZ * 3 *S S3 3 !!,>> u 3S 3 r mo. . sr . gigs. wi cn- 2 a2 3M r o _o q-Sa 1.5 5 If _ 3 S' 2.' I 3TM -- E. srs'2 - 3 3 5. S- s2. 2rs. *J S--o* '. 3 H" _ 2 v JJ. O a 2.S SZ 3 <* u " i c--o n - M c3 x3 a s =r = 1 g *< (A n * 2 y I ^ s'" - 3 5- .. 3 _ O C/1 c 3* 3 ?4 -- s -i --o s* = y o sr ='. n* n-- SirSr ra tit -- -- 3 o3 2 = = IJTSSS;.? D cu3m"< z7-o--wcy^X ni3Js'*oi25-J" C <s 3 = 3 a= y w2^" 2oq--=S"fi^*2*--* <02 o 2 S' 2 r S *? n - cr.. x0X =r3<*1 3. f w3 2SOio** 5* X C. a:0 " =- *- = a S's.-a2- li ft P ,* ;s >= n rt a w n * 3% 3 H-- 2 s a1 _, w -- Mm MM <* r--t s-*r S'5 -----3 i. 2"= - S'S S n ^ w --2 ^; --<S MS^JVI^VI Kj 3 N) N) O S2 MS 33'' = -. 35 =ci"SuS3OAn s* an s " X- o : o . i5. -- ST i n 2 e." v* n n t rt c 3* M C r: a n -- 5' " o To 3 3. 2. = jjj 0a S 9 S I r i n s < o aS 3 " S 2.50 CT ut 2 n * gsal i ^ rt 2,5 f 4 lit ssC* .= p c S -i cr n 3 35O r="?3 22 * rt =- rMt ^2 --M -- 2, 3* u o-- ~o n* ~ 2.3- o a iJ o "' =? -t 3_| |. 2. ?5 n 3 2 3. 5 Ia "115 Ifi x. Soq s S..* si V--* c3t, a3. c-j .w -- S ,, U^ s< -a ^3 2 3 ra T* O c " * * M ls.3" 2.=.! a os JJ 3 3. S S 2 S 21 *: I.*- sill 5 a r < E-2 S 2T Ha, S' W 52.*^" ? sal gsS 3 S. i = 3 = nm s w" W s S. n s r 3 f* 2=3ft n s. m -j 2* O w* X 3- s-* <-* -i Oo Sr** 22 n a o "5 = i I."'! - 3 ns "! !3s.Ss Ow O "-- .S- 2 -s g|3 ^ c <* o =3l2:"'5-s:.aif53?!?o fsZ:. S <* ?a rg-= s 5 a flV, a I'-yiro -ift^ a - 32, 3 rt i 2 ='H- ; stz7ri.i^i 1 V wm J* fi 5 "M 5M Jw S2> = 'S Ifo o' --~ oM s-- 5 n w^? s;. Ss ' =5 =Z5.*5.S2.3S`2| S5.S5 uM-'rOnt--i i.?o- . 53235 - a? 3Oo5 _ ;2*s -. 5 =- ? 0 = S' 5.s =.-_ ; -- " *a n 5 5 ; j': = 15 5 s2i 5si^ ^ A =-.r s ^ J a . = s-3 6 s33 n _ ?* x 2 rt VI s S' 5 3 ^ o = r, = = 5 m a ?5^s : o s s3ja? ae- !T3 t.v2 =*=*^" O S' rt o o = = H ipso n " 3 y. ^ w a ^ Si m, 33' z o.-; o' So = E "^. c s Hr^o.3" wK n"! 3ft. r2. ?*! = 23 -- (1 < c. 2--. s- ti o= t* u ft *JI vc - -gI 2* Si M o 2, S ^ 'X i'li? O M o 5 I S'i. ,A. v 3 --' < 0.3- 2* : ?. ^ n 3 C =o13 a s SI nO^^S 3^a--o3Sn8 a -- ?S-, S S. o w 2 -* x ~ o U " ift ^3 3 n rt _ "O'0.3 ra.~ o* ^ O ^ ,,._ = 3 3 1 . o .-- -_ = 21 - :r?^OsAOi-A=..?" As=- T.S1-.i3-3or*3o<-sK35w2--o-3soa^5O<*.2sP^5a a; s 2 S; ' ?32' a2 -- x- 5/i 2 n ft S' (2^3n--3-=23s--* MA /3> -o S*S '3 2- ^ ft a s: 'i. ".= 31 3 2 * j 3 - 33 sr -- / c" --<2-s--v 1m2oft n5ii *A | _ /. 2..-- o a "2 '* *a a. 2* ^ * - .j 2 SS o jjt n2 .32--. - rsi3*' O352S.. o S"I : = 1 < 1 S ," 1-3 5s x5.3jT- 13C 63w xO^ o--1 ^^ a ft a --* Jp m _ '<'3 " = 7T = O -I i rt (A ^ 2.i 1*^ a n a " 25. o , ff 5.2 = 3 2, ^ rr>a - f ||.3 a 3 - s- z ? s% i'3 a n zr 3.S ;sr? ^*3 ft - ' H 0 --s h" :s033 " 2. =- 3 - = !,"f = --" 5 Izfs [152S-3 5-5r5 3 ? ?nf x. -. s s: n <Q # '< sr n <* 2 X s5 i. ^ c* O st 2. SI' 8 In- --. o 3.3 22 TJ *> - -1 -- 2.-3 --3 2.T ?fgs-ssa_a :jL-IsijtlS ?,*a 2=q ^3*3C*j2 S* O 1 2T - <3 d oa <*C2ir"T -- =f jfJ! 0=r=- 2 3 2.-0 .'53 ras< P3 3X3 333SSl3?Z = c. -?-=aSS-3 ao-3=.o eis!la=^3Si sj 5- T-H | n s' 5r=?_?iS-5=a. 3 = ga.H?~ =}" *332 3 5=- ~33ia,:r3;;- snPrlo:l?o72n.ciiJ.3=; 2 ^ SsSajlS--a3^0-'*TMsS"*l---i is-s.pPs-SfslP' l 2'- 2 ,*P2.ott32 *---3-g r. y -- 3 x a?- H-- ~a2 xz. isn - FT3"-3 =. = =--! o 0-i ;= Il33%i-ilflifll I sr." I S' .5^3 i-5 3 7=3 15 - r -, ~ _ - -- 2 = 2 = 5 ='_.fl = 3Sg=-nE.= =- is S' r I" 5 i 3 s =' 3 5" 2 3 5. -- 5; 2. -- = vi 2-^ ra - rt s. S3-- ? * A s s- .w * 2. S. 2. Sr? --* i =U *= *-2I -- ycow Art * -- fl n H.* e. s 3 S!s i"=*Z(m: 3 33x*otr- J" 3a$^ ^ - c--------- jag 3- 5flflC2 g xffCo2a,,a-3og3?ssfl22Sl9srSs 3- r3w3<<* Si > - SK JO v: =s 5 X 3* 3 >1 -=Sssr5i",&?2l li;!o'"i- 3 3 * *?=3 iS P2 ^ B>*fiCO f ^ n % 3q 23n3 3233.. o c "3 My cU. 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(--> X i: > a. u- 3* siti r S "< v jo <5 3 5.' ws in-*'* 2o " - = y 3 *4*, cs >s /zai Ss 32,5= ?v a 5 zl. 35 s? Ifl -5 nt- r gglgf rzSS-s -1 if-p^P3-? * =o1. Is*? X? pi r2%. --<?" 5?*.* z; 05 a 2. I ? z" <> -- -- -- -- 3 yjn~S -i~ 2 5 i =* = '=-1 f < 2 ^Q < s: ~ SfR* 5 = ? = |P P"' r w?' v0 or -;F a |2 3 s no n> - t *\ 5S33=fSi.i=->?>553 'r-2 w r\ cX -ui iS ' - 3 2. = " ? * n* r*> ?*=5 <^=- > - JpMjsi * =S .<S ?Sl 2!' V? mm 53 * in >s 5s S* 2. 2--*y>* pg =. a vs o z1a s_"IT ar; S n . == ."3 r< Caxn` 2. .1-<: -- 5* a 21 &3 S* 3 -? - 2 o3r 3* >*>3 <i?2fff13-l7-* | r. ~ - r-. I a: 2 x > ?!? - 2'3 * 5.5 - x ~5 ^ 2:. >j 2.. O ar -5 5 *3 > v:* * =* = si 4* V.r.5? 2.2.5* 115 *< >< -T!* ."3 - <^ -- S* - r* r?r 5 O o o & - 4 (C maas JS 55 K Si ss1! Hj STi > | 25 3 Jr* o S^S> 3 11 3p S? IS* 3 I DV s<_~- *3 3 ? if P m* -? r| f* ? 3 *rl S\" a t >p 2 * ifw 3* * 8 <2 Xa< s* rt* a > e _, X t>--. CO x f g s. > c DS SJ.XS*-CX r$ J* F* S**? s a: cn"* I^ Mi c/ ^o_ **3 ffl p M 3M # g3 3P CM 9 nc ,a^'Ho. s ip *n< W 5> <3 5 -s o 0P 2: fScS | >gi. fi1! a o A^ ^S: CJ f V) e S sszaz. X^ l ff n . 2Di - BERYLLIUM ASSOCIATED DISEASES p. 4S :hem seitio'j or-:cuR3 p. -3, 73 INCuS^R :AL HYGIENE p, S" 3 I --i."g c ; "5 s;?1: ' * ~~s IzOO' s .TS^3, ' SSp : ' ?."! = 3. 5 LABOR CONFERENCE Or'ICE^S p MARINE SECTION OFFICERS p. : METALS SEC-!ON OFFICERS p. ARTICLE: MINING SEC-1 ON BRADEN CORPER p. 1--1S 3 'C LI <d 1 S 3 O T * -v r* C T 13'r*OSI3^ - DEVELOPMENTS IN - ------- ; -- 3 1-1 =5 1 = yi 1 -r i. t INDUSTRIAL SAF! p. 13 MINING SEC"ION OFFICERS p. 5C, ARTICLE: PETROLEUM SECTION -- SAFE HANDLING OF ADDITIVES p. 5-1C dust respirator p. 9 PETROLEUM SECTION OFFICERS 13, 19 PUBLIC UTILITIES OFFICERS p. SC, 70 ARTICLE: PULP AMD PAPER SECTION - SAFE CHEMICAL RECOVERY 50ILEF OPERATIONS p. IS-di CSaboocL and Wilcox) RAILROAD SECTION OFFICERS p. 10, 10 WOOD PRODUCTS, TEXTILE SECTION OFFICERS p. 35, 37 b^sbr^l _ _ _^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ~ c 5 ij. __*_ * s -- ,, 5 5t j ^ ~(Z ,6* S^'--.**"_xfc 5 2**j"*-** .* "2 -- /. "' *3 4W S j* Crf TM i " |2 - "* ^ ^ '5 2 t< s -- ;* J*; -- --S C^ H-- s fc! = S=S cr r^ i-- hf cs Si --> cu . ^ ^ M3 2 2w 0_3_ Cw o a> ra 2= *c ~ 3 o ^ <0 >- c/) Q> .isc aao<t Xo u_>--Ti s<n 5x ^2 *7o X ~cu0ei o>oO- XO *azoc*j o= w "<=. S >> 60 C *X *E e :s 5 S-a.i n g 3 c. o. O SI > > - ^ W2^ '".2 .5 e; e >, O 60-- > i-s *-2 g-a 2 2 s 2 5 2 3, ? TLcS 5 S >> o & ,.u-f -31 DUSTS, FUMES, AND MISTS IN INDUSTRY Published by National Safety Council 425 North Michigan Avenue, Chicago 11 fl^5, r.~ laxmsi- n Introduction -I. Industrial dusts, mists, and fumes; their hazards and their con trol, are discussed in this data sheet.* The general principles presented can be. applied to evaluate most in dustrial situations involving these air contaminants and to determine the need for controls. This data sheet is intended to guide employers, plant safety engineers, personnel man agers, and supervisors. 2. A plant manager who believes that he has a toxic or irritating dust problem should consult a competent industrial hygienist. Such help may be obtained from his own company, insurance carrier, private consul tants, or state health or labor agency. 3. To protect the health of em ployees who work where a dust, fume, or mist created by a manufac turing process is released into the at mosphere, a control program may be required. In such a case, three steps must be taken: . The properties of the specific dust, fume, or mist and its possible physiological effects on employees must be ascertained. Thu data sheet covers toxic and irriUlin( air contaminants encountered in industry, tl does not include a discussion of the explosive properties of such air borne particulate matter. Thia data sheet is one of a series published by the National Safety 'Council, reflecting txperience from many sources. Not every accept able safety procedure in this field is necessarily included. This data sheet should not be con futed with American Safety Stand ards, federal laws, insurance re quirements, state laws, rules, reg ulations or municipal ordinances. b. The particular exposure must be evaluated by dust counts or by chemical analyses of air samples, and a step-by-step analysis of the operations must be made to find the areas where employees are ex posed to hazardous amounts of the material. The operational anal ysis also should determine how the dust, fume, or mist is dispersed, e. Appropriate methods of control must be provided where indicated. The type and extent of controls --will depend upon the physical, chemical, and toxic properties of the dust, fume, or mist, the evalua tion made of (he exposure, and the operation that disperses the con taminant. The extensive controls needed for lead oxide dust, for example, would not be needed for limestone dust, since much greater quantities of limestone dust can be tolerated. A. Except for the skin diseases, most occupational diseases are ac quired by inhalation of material. Lung tissue is by far the most efficient medium the body possesses for ab sorbing materials. In addition, the surface area of this lung tissue aver ages 55 square meters or about 590 square feet. 5. Certain dusts that reach the lungs can pass directly into the blood stream and be absorbed over a long period of time. Others may stay in the lungs and set up local irritant or dam aging action. 6. Toxic and irritant dusts can also be ingested in amounts that may cause trouble. If toxic dust swal lowed with food or saliva is not sol uble in body fluids, it is eliminated directly through the intestinal tract. Toxic materials that are readily sol uble in body fluids can be absorbed in the digestive system and picked up by the blood. 7. A third way in which toxic and irritant substances may enter ihe system is skin absorption. Many or ganic compounds, such as TNT, cy. znides, and most aromalic amines, amides, and phenols, can produce systemic poisoning by direct contact with the skin. Contact of ioxic and irritant dusts with the sk;n 3L0 may result in skin irritation. 8. As compared to inhalation. KAT10MAL SA^CTY COUUCIt. IS] 23. Dust particles are, of course, attracted by gravity. Their settling rate through still air will vary with their size, density, and shape. Mi croscopically small particles settle out more slowly than larger panicles be cause of (heir relatively minor densi ty and because of their being in fluenced by Brownian movement. Mineral particles larger than 10 mi crons will- settle out relatively fast The estimated settling rates for silica dusts in still air are given in Table I. TA8LE I. SETTLING RATES FOR SILICA OUSTS Size in Microns 0.25 0.50 1.00 2.00 5.00 Time 10 Fall 1 Fool (minutes) 590.0 187.0 5A0 14.5 2.5 24. Most of the panicles in air borne industrial dusts are small. Be cause of air currents, the fine parti cles in dust clouds at an operation win remain suspended in the work room air for relatively lone periods of time. The smaller dust particles, moreover, will travel farther away from their point of origin than will the larger panicles so that the far ther dust is from its source, the greater the percentage of small par ticles it contains. Inhalation of Ousts, Fumes, and Mists 25. With the exception of such fibrous materials as asbestos, dust particles must usually be smaller than 5 microns in order to enter the alveoli or inner recesses of the lungs. Al though a few panicles up to 10 microns in size may enter the lungs occasionally, nearly all the larger panicles are trapped in the nasal passages, throat, larynx, trachea, and bronchi, from which they are expec torated or swallowed into the diges tive tract. 26. When larger particles of cer tain toxic dusts are trapped in the upper respiratory passages, they can be absorbed by the body fluids in (he nasal passages and in the naied. Hence the final toxic effects -of larger dust particles may be de layed. The larger particles of irri tant dusts can cause immediate effects in the upper respiratory system. 27. Rag-weed pollen, which var ies from 18 to 25 microns in diameter can cause hay fever from its action in the upper respiratory system. This type of dust and oher allergenic types, as well as 'bacterial and irritant dusts, can cause difficulty even in the larger air-borne sizes. 28. When dust-laden air is in haled, some of the larger particles are trapped by the hairs in the nose. Other dust particles are removed from the air as it passes over the moist mucous membranes of the nose, throat, and other portions of the upper respiratory system. 29. The bronchi and other re spiratory passages are covered with a large number of tiny, hairlike cilia or microscopic whiplashes, which aid in the removal of dust trapped on these moist surfaces. The cilia, ail bending in one direction, make a fast stroke toward (he mouth and a slower return stroke. This action tends to push mucous and deposited dust upward to the mouth so that the particles can be ex pectorated or swallowed. Retention of duet 30. Many studies have been made in an effort to determine the amount of dust that is retained in the lungs, but there is no simple answer to this question. It has been shown that the size of the dust panicles, the rate of respiration, the density of the dust in the air, the efficiency of the dust-catching mechanism, and probably many other factors are in volved. Sixes of particles inhaled 31. Although an occasional dust panicle of larger size will enter the lungs, particles less than 3 microns in diameter are the most likely to do so and thus have the greatest oppor tunity to cause a physiological re action. In sUicotic lungs, for example, dust panicles under 3 microns greatly outnumber larger ones, and many "panicles are less than 1 micron. 32. In the case of very fine fibrous asbestos dust, an exception occurs in the size of particles in haled. Many fibers up to 100 microns long have been fouad in the luags Ftqg/# 2. M#q/ by S<qr at w*fd* Irtf J9l9f (O^rnwi (arm < /ym* Ort "Tit* irttrallqfiQn, fvmti art t ih*if pqiflf by fihquif iiurgllQhort. {Cowr*iy Am'<CQrt f wndrymetA'i SoCtqryJ of asbestos workers at autopsy. A typical fibrosis caused by asbestos is produced by fibers ranging from 20 to 50 microns in length, but oniy a few microns wide. Physiological effects 33. The physiological reactions caused by the inhalation of air borne paniculate matter will vary with different types of dusts, fumes, and mists. The reactions include: a. The cardiopulmonary reaction which consists of the pneumoco nioses, such as silicosis and asdestosis. In certain cases, specific types of lung pathology result, and the heart may be affected (cor pul monale) when the fibrosis is ad vanced. In other cases, there is mainly just an accumulation of a relatively inert dust m the lungs. b. The systemie reactions which are caused by toxic dusts of such ele ments as lead, manganese, cad mium, and mercury, by their com pounds. and by certain organic compounds. C. Metal fume fever which results from the inhalation of finely divid ed and freshly generated fume of zinc or possibly of magnesium or of their oxides. This is a transient condition. d. Allergic and sensitization reactions which may be caused by inhala tion of. or skin contact with. such materials as organic dusts from flour, grains, and some woods and dusts of a few organic and inor ganic chemicals. e. Bacterial and fungus inie;:um which occur from inhalation of dusts containing ac'.i'e organisms, such as wool or fur dusi contain- SWCaTES (CompounJt madt up a/ lilicon, oxygen, and on< or mart m.ialt with or without hydrogen. Th. dutti eouit nonipecif*< dust reaction*, hut generally do not interfere with pulmonary function or retult in ditobiiiry.) Fuller's earth Jfao/w* Mkz Fordo nd cement Silicon carbide (Carborundum) Tok VeTRUeuBtO A hydrated silica--alumina compound, associated with feme oxde. Used at a Hilar medium and a* a catalyst and catalyst corner and in cosmetic* and insecticide*. A type of day composed of mixed uKcates and used for refractories, ceramics. Kle, and stoneware.____ A large group of silicate* of varying composition, but similar in physical proper* fie*. Ail have excellent deavage and con be split into very thin sheets. Used in electrical iniulafioftw Fine powder containing compounds of time, alumina, silica, and iron oxide. Used a* construction material. 8(uah-bfaefc, very hard crystals. Used as abrasive and refractory material. 50 mppeft i so mppeft 20 mppeft 50 mppeft SO mppeft A hydrous magnesium vlkate used In ceramics, cosmetics, paint, and phar maceuticals. and as a filler in soap, putty, and plaster. An expanded mica (hydrated magnesium-aJuminum-iron silicate). Used in light* weight aggregate*, insulation, fertiliser, and soil conditioners, as a filler in rubber and paints, and as a catalyst carrier. 20 mppeft SO mppeft IThrahold limits given for substances in "Silicates" group are for compounds containing lets than I per cent crystalline silica. For compounds containing more than I per cent silica, calculate threshold limit from formula: 230 * SiO- + S Tag anthrax' spores or wood hark or (rain dust containing parasitic fungi. L Irritation of the nose and throat, which is caused by acid, alkali, or other irritating dusts or mists. Some dusts such as soluble chromate dusts may cause ulceration of the nasal passages or even lung cancer. Damage to internal tissues, which may result from inhaled radioac tive materials such as radium and its daughter products and from other radioisotopes that emit highly ionizing radiation. Pnumoconioses 3d-. Pneumoconiosis comes from three Greek words that mean "lung," "dust," and "abnormal condition." The present generally accepted meaning of the word is merely "dusty lung." The kind of dust inhaled determines the type of condition or injury. A number of organic dusts are capable of producting lung dis eases, but not all these diseases are classified as pneumoconioses be cause they are not all a "dusty con dition" of the lung. 35. In very rare cases, enough dust had been inhaled to cause mechanical blockage of Ihe air spaces. Flour dust has been known to cause this condition. Some dusts may be essentially inert and remain in the lungs indefinitely with no recognizable irritation, and a few like limestone dust may be gradually dissolved and eliminated without harm. Silicosis 36. The most important lung dis ease caused by the inhalation of mineral dust is silicosis--well-known in industries where crystalline free silica dust is present, such as- foun dries, glass manufacturing^ granite cutting,. mining, and tunneling in quartz rock. It is found throughout the world, and in the past it has had many names, such as miner's asth ma, grinder's consumption, miner's phthisis, potter's rot, and stone mason's disease. The same occupa tional disease, however, is meant by all these names, and it is caused by dust from crystalline free silica, us ually quartz (see Table II). 37. Although considerable prog ress has been made in dust control in industry, men still develop sili cosis in plants and on jobs where dust control is not adequate. Engi neering control is still the basic mean? of preventing this disease, and dust control equipment and proce dures must be carefully maintained. 38. Definition. Silicosis has been defined as "a disease due to breath ing air containing silica (SiOu) characterized anatomically by gener alized fibrotic changes and the de velopment of miliary nodulation in both lungs, and clinically by short ness of breath, decreased chest ex pansion, lessened capacity for work, absence of fever, increased suscep tibility to tuberculosis (some or all of which symptoms may be present), and by characteristic. X-ray find ings."* 39. Factors of influence. Sili cosis has been known to manifest itself after widely differing periods of exposure to silica dust. Appar ently. development of the disease depends upon: a. The amount and kind of dust in haled. b. The percentage of free silica con tained in the dust. c. The form of the silica. d. The size of the particles inhaled e. The duration of the exposure. "Report (Joint) of the Committee on Pneumocomosu and the Committee on Standard Practices in Compensation oI Occupational Oiseises." Year Boot i`)!J American Public Health Allocation. 1.90 Broad* ay, New Yorfc 19 p 100, pn\ itoiocical effects of these prod ucts have not been well defined. Until more experience with human beings is available, it 'is believed these products should be handled with care. 57. Free silica and silicates. Free silica is uncombined silicon dioxide (StO-.). Silicates contain silicon and oxygen combined with other ele ments in a more complex molecule. Analyses of minerals, particularly in geological reports, are sometimes re ported as percentages of oxides, which may include SiO.j. Al;Oa, 5C;0, Fe-On. The Si02 reported in such chemical analyses is the total of the silicon dioxide present, both the free silica (if present), and the silica combined in the mineral. Such analyses are not reliable'indications of the silicosis potential of the material. 53. It is uncombined or free silica that is most important in industrial dust exposure. So that an exposure can be properly evaluated, the per centage of uncombined silica must be determined by petrographic analysis using a polarizing microscope or. preferably, by X-ray diffraction analyses and special analytical chemical procedures. 59. There has been some experi mental evidence that some dusts may tend to inhibit the action of silica on the body, but this inhibiting action is so slight and uncertain that it must be discounted in practice. In fact, there also is evidence that the nonsiliceous components of a dust mixture containing free silica may provoke a disabling condition more severe than that caused by the silica acting alone. 60. With the exception of asbes tos and some talcs, the silicate dusts do not ordinarily cause a serious disabling lung condition such as is produced by free silica. Much higher levels of silicate, dusts than of free silica dust can be tolerated. 61. In many industries, men have worked with silicate dusts that con tained no free silica without devel opment of disability or of nodulation in the lungs. The X-ray'may show shadows indicating dust deposits in he lungs, but the pneumoconiosis is essentially harmless. However, par tially disabling pneumoconioses have been reported where men have worked for long periods of time in very high concentrations of certain silicate dusts. 62. Disabling pneumoconioses from exposure to abnormally high concentrations of mica, tremolite talc, and kaolin dusts have been de scribed in the literature. The clinical signs are not the same for these sili cate dusts as for free silica, but the symptoms can be marked. __63. The body does not have ade quate defense against indiscrimi nate amounts of dust of any kind. Therefore, although specific symp toms have not been described for many mineral dusts, the general ex perience would indicate that dust levels should be kept within thresh old limit values or below (Table II). Asbestos!* 64. Asbestos is a general term ap plied to several minerals having a fibrous character. These asbestos minerals are hydrated silicates of magnesium with variable amounts of iron, calcium, sodium, potassium, and aluminum present as impurities. 65. Asbestos. when inhaled pro duces fibrous tissue in the lungs of both men and animals. It has been shown that fibers of asbestos must be present for the production of asbestosis. Other silicate minerals of the same chemical composition but nonfibrous in form produce no re action or a relatively mild reaction, but not the severe reaction of fibrous asbestos dust. 66. These facts lead to the con clusion that asbestosis is mainly the result of physical irritation of the lung tisssue and not of a chemical action, which is thought to be one of the causes of silicosis. It is suspected that lung cancer may be induced by asbestos. However, there is no im pressive amount of evidence to sup port this assumption. 67. The fine air-borne fibers of asbestos can pass through the upper respiratory tract to the lower parts of the lungs to cause irritation and to form "asbestos bodies" where the fibers are encapsulated. This diffuse fibrosis probably begins as a "collar" ibouc the terminal bronchioles. There is evidence that other min erals having a fibrous character can produce a reaction similar to that of asbestos. Fiber glass, however, docs not produce such a reaction. 68. Following a stuiJy by the U. S. Public Health Service of the asbestos textile industry.* u a. as recommended that the dust concen tration be kept at less than 5 mppcf to prevent asbestosis. Evaluation of an exposure to abestos dust is based on the total amount of dust because it has proved out m practice mat if the fine dust is kept below the suggested threshold limn, the concen tration of injurious fibers will also be kept within safe limits. Talcoxit 69. As used in industry, "talc" is a very general term. To the geolo gist. talc is a hydrous magnesium sili cate, which may be a relatively pure mineral or may be mixed with tremo lite or with dolomite depending upon where it is mined. The term "talc" is applied commercially to carbonate mixtures that have the same general feel and physical properties; it also is applied to pyrophyllite. a hydrous aluminum silicate, which frequently is mixed with a high percentage of quartz. The free silica generally found with pyrophyllite can cause silicosis. It is therefore essential to know which talc is being used in order to evaluate a specific dust ex posure. 70. Taicosis is usually associ ated with tremolite talc. This disease produces changes in the lungs and symptoms similar to those of asbtosis. Anthrocosilicosi* 71. Anthracosilicosis, a complex form of pneumoconiosis, is a chronic disease caused by breathing air con taining dust that has free silica as one of its components and that is generated in the various processes involved in mining and preparing anthracite (hard coal)** and. to a lesser degree, bituminous coal. 72. The disease is characterized anatomically by generalized fibrotie changes throughout both lungs and by the presence of excessive amounts Orceven. W. C_ Dalla Valle. J. M.. Edwards. T. I, Miller. J. W,, and Savers. R. R,, A Study of Asbestout m 'he As bestos -Tezrile Industry. U. S- Public Health Bulletin No. HI. U. S. Public Health Service. Washington 25. D. C. 193*. *Anthracosilicosis amonf WJ'd-CJai Miners. U. S. Public Health Bulletin So 221. U. S. Public Health Serv.ce. w'aus. ington 25. O. C, 1935. rcxicTJkfclE III. ScLECTEO OUSTS ANO fumes (Csnnnv^iI Substance Description and Effect* Threshold limit In Milligrams per Cubic Meter of Air* Manganese NmacMorophnol Phosphorus (yellow) Pkric acid Selenium compound* Sodium hydroxide Tellurium Silvery gray metal. Hazardous from inholotion of fume* or duct* Oarlt-colored flake*. Harmful Emit* toxic fume* when heated. duct. Poisonous mainly by inhalation. Severe burn hazard from skin contact. Yellow crystal* or liquid. Explosive-- particularly metallic salt*. Emit* toxic fumes on decomposition. Toxicity varies somewhat according to the solubility of the specific com* pound. Often causes confect dormatiliu Whin, deliquescent piece* or lumps. Ha* severe action upon all body tasue. Simitar to selenium chemically and m physiological effect*. 5.0 0.5 (liin**) 0.1 0.1 Ukin**) 0.1 2.0 a) Titanium dioxide Trinitrotoluene Uranium Vanodivm pontozido Zinc oxide fume White to block powder. Considered in the nuisance category. 15.0 Colorless to yellow monoclinic crystal*. Emin toxic fumes of oxide* of nitrogen when heated to decompaction. Highly pettoaow* explosive. UUkui"! Highly toxic and a radiation hazard that requires special consideration. 0.05 (soluble com* pounds) 0.23 (insoluble com* pounds) Yellow ta red crystal*. Acts chiefly os an irritant to the conjunctiva and re* spiratory tract. Q.5 (dust) 0.1 (fume) Amorphous while or yellow powder. The powder ts essentially nantoxic, but, freshly generated fume may cause metal fume fever. 5.0 Zirconium compound* Most compound* are Insoluble and have low toxicity. 5.0 'Thes* threshold limit values were adopted by the American Conference of Govern mental Industrial Hyfienisti in 1962. The word "skin" in thii table indicates that the substance can penetrate the skin to contribute to tbc exposure. of the individual, may be alarming example, can show very marked in a general X-ray screening pro shadows on X-ray films without pro gram. On clinical examination of in ducing signs of significant pathology dividuals showing the X-ray mark -- (barium dust that is soluble in the ings, however, often no disability or body fluids can give a toxic reaction). symptom can be found. 82. Iron oxide, particularly ex 81. These shadows are frequently cessive fume from welding opera encountered when the dusts contain tions, may produce siderosis with a atoms of relatively high molecular pigmentation of the lungs (black in weight because the heavier atoms are w-elders and red in iron ore miners) fairly opaque to X-rays. Insoluble without disability. The X-ray shad barium dusts and tin oxide dusts, for ows produced by the iron oxide in the lungs are soinewhai similar to the shadows from silicosis. Because of this, similarity, differential diagnosis is often difficult, and heavy exposures to iron oxide dust and fume may lead lo medicolegal problems. It is there fore important lo control iron oxide exposures even though siderosis is not disabling. 83. Limestone, marble, lime, gyp sum, and portland cement dusts ap parently have no serious effect' even after long exposures. Also, many sili cates and other minerals have not caused impairment in individuals in haling the dusts, and the resulting pneumoconioses are generally classed as benign. Toxic Dusts and Fumes 84. Systemic reactions are caused by toxic dusts and fumes of various elements and their compounds and by certain organic compounds. All metallic fumes are irritating, especi ally when freshly generated. Indus trially important metals and their compounds that can have a toxic effect when the dust or fume is in haled include arsenic, antimony, cad mium, chromium, lead, manganese, mercury, selenium, tellurium, thall ium. uranium, and a few others.* 85. The effect of some metals, such as magnesium and zinc, appears to be transient. Only limited data are available on the exotic and rare earth metals. 86. Although the dusts and fumes from metals with low toxicity do not need as much attention as the dusts and fumes from highly toxic metals, they should not be neglected or disregarded. The metals with lowtoxicity are controlled more readily because greater amounts can be tol erated, but their dusts and fumes should be kept at reasonable levels since excessive amounts of any of them can be harmful (Table 111). lead pollening 87. Although extremely severe cases of lead poisoning are rare In industry today, lead exposures must be controlled to prevent even the moderate symptoms, which can be See ihe following Niiionjl Safen Council Data Sheets: Ant.many and Its Compounds, 40S. Arientc and In Inor ganic Compounds. 499: Cadmium 312. Lead, 443; .Kfagnrsium, 4*6. Wuncwnrj^. 306. Mercury. 203, Titanium 4^5. Z-nt and Ztnc Oxide. 267, Zirconium Ponder 312. _-s ;i ;r.c cn of b.c- ijria' ahd fungi exists in several in dustries. Pulmonary anthrax from the inhalation of dust containing an thrax spores has occurred among em- pfoyoes encaged in the handling of j-ool and the crushing of bones from nfected animals. 105. Fungi (molds) growing on grain have been found in sputum of workmen shoveling the grain and are believed to be the* cause of out breaks of respiratory disorders. Fungi found in sugar cane residues (bagasse) are believed to be pan of the cause of bagasso.tis. Fungal spores formed under the bark of some trees have been blamed for respiratory- difficulties among em ployees who debark dry togs. 106. Although the incidence of occupationally related bacterial and fungal infections is found to be relatively low, the respiratory effects can be troublesome and. in the case of pulmonary anthrax, even fatal. The basic methods of control are the same as those for the pneumoconio sis producing dusts, but sterilization and disinfection must be added. Radioactive Ousts* 107. A radioactive contaminant .ray offer a chemical toxicity hazard in addition to an ionizing radiation exposure, and it may be present as a gas, dust, fume, or mist. 108. Radioactive contaminants taken into the body may be deposited in various organs where they consti tute sources of internal radiation. The chemicaj characteristics of the radioactive contaminant or isotope determine the organ in which it will be deposited. The excretion rate is also dependent upon the chemical nature of the isotope; because the radioactive isotopes of an element follow the same metabolic process as do the stable isotopes of that ele ment. 109. If a radioisotope has been deposited in the body, the internal exposure is regarded as continuous until (he isotope is lost by radiologi cal or biological decay. In some cases, exposures may last a lifetime. For a detailed discussion of radioacti'ii> and an extensive bibliography, vee ihe chapter entitled "lonixinj Radia tion" in the AtnJfitt Prexrntiott Wiimtul for Operutntrti' published by ihe National Safety Council. I 10. Since rzJij.yo:op-.*s are se lectively uken up in individual or gans. they may cause only localized irradiation. The radiosensitivity of the organ dictates ihe extent of the hazard of a particular radioactive substance. Solubility and panicle size determine how much of the ac tive material will gain access to and remain in the blood stream and var ious organs. __111. If radioactive air-borne con tamination is known to be present, control measures are mandatory. If the presence of contamination is un known but suspected, sampling must be done to determine whether or not air-borne concentrations of the ra dioisotope are below the threshold limit value. 112. Good personal hygiene and good operating techniques are much more important in the handling of radioactive materials than in the han dling of most other materials used in industry. 113. Engineering controls for radioactive dusts are similar to those for other dusts and depend primarily upon capture at the point of genera tion. The difference lies in the fact that controls for radioactive dusts must be extremely efficient. Thresh old limit values for radioactive par ticulate matter are very low, and in some cases 100 per cent efficiency in capture and retention is required. Permissible Dustiness 114. Threshold limit values of mineral dusts and toxic dusts--(hat is. time-weighted average concentra tions considered permissible for ex posures of eight hours per day. five days per week--have been pub lished by the American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygien ists. These values have been obtained from the experience of many groups in industry and from laboratory studies on animals. They are re viewed annually and changed as nec essary on the basis of experience. 115. These values are set only as guides for the best practice and are not to be considered absolute values. There is reasonable assur ance that occupational disease will not occur if exposures are kept be low these levels. On the other hand, occupational disease is likely to de velop in some people if the recom mended levels are exceeded consis tently. 116. The currently recommended threshold limits of particular dust* can be found in the most recentlv published ACG1H list, or the ACGIH can be consulted directly. Information on threshold limits aNo can be obtained from ihe National Safety Council, state occupational health agencies, the American Indus trial.Hygiene Association, and com pensation insurance-carriers. 117. No one knows the exact concentration ar which men will start to develop silicosis, asbestosis. or lead poisoning. With some toxic dusts, however, experience has been wide enough 10 establish the present threshold limits as fairly reliable. 1 IS. For example, if the level of lead in a workroom is kept below 0.2 mg "cu m. experience has shown that cases of lead intoxication will not occur. Experience also has shown that many men can tolerate lead levels well above 0.2 mg.; cu m without signs of trouble. Mineral dusts 119. In the United States, the threshold limits for mineral dusts are expressed in millions of par ticles per cubic foot of air (mppcf). The concentration of a mineral dust is determined by counting dust par ticles that are less than 10 microns in size in an aliquot sample after sampling a known volume of air in a known volume of liquid. In some European countries, mineral dusts are weighed, and permissible levels are expressed as milligrams of dust per cubic meter of.air (mg-1 cu m). In England and some other areas, the number of particles per cubic centimeter is the current basis of measurement. 120. In comparing United States and foreign dust counts, it is helpful to keep in mind that 100 particles per cubic centimeter is equivalent to approximately 3 million panicles per cubic foot. 121. It is' difficult to compare dust counts with results obtained on the basis of weight. However, with either type of measurement, a thresh old limit can be set as an objec tive. Experience has shown that maintaining dust levels below ihe recommended threshold limns has resulted in a great, decrease .n the incidence of occupational diseases. 122. Threshold limits ire haved on the percentage of free s.lica where this substance is the rr.por- 4. juKl ffcr jrindof ? tf**W w warMty l ffco l*atl *httcf cy tam mmI b d|wamfeU. TH# ItoxiWo dv<r (A) potmta mvNAtM *4 rfx# xKucf (B) ff (CMdtiy iiMriiM dmffi nevertheless. should aot be con sidered u a universal substitute for adequate local exhaust re moval. elimination of (he Con taminant, or containment. 129. Many states and municipal ities have dust control codes or or dinances with which employers must comply. In a few states, for instance, written approval of plans must be obtained before a local exhaust system, is installed. Each employer should therefore know his state and municipal dust control re- uirements. 130. Each type of exposure must be considered separately. For ex ample. a local exhaust system suit able for welding or cutting of steel might not be satisfactory for weld ing or cutting steel coated with red lead. local exhaust systems 131. A local exhaust system for the control of an industrial dust or fume traps the air contaminant near its source so that an operator standing at the process is not ex posed to harmful concentrations. The system should be designed to enclose the process as completely as possible; This method usually is preferred to general ventilation, but should be used only when the contaminant cannot be controlled by isolation, process revision, or substitution of less harmful mate rials. Even though a process has been isolated, it may still require a local exhaust system. 132. A local exhaust system con sists of four principal parts: a. Hoods or other inlets, into which the air-borne contaminant is drawn. b. Ducts, (o cany 'die cr.:iimr..ted air to a central point. c. Dust and fume collectors, to clean the air before it is discharged. d. A fan and motor to keep the air moving through the system. 133. While each of these pans should be designed and installed to perform its required function with respect to the system as a whole, design of the exhaust hood demands tla greatest care. The degree of control of dust at the point of "gen eration or dispersion is determined by the shape of the hood or degree of enclosure, the location of the hood and its distance from the dust source, and the rate of (low of air into the hood. A poorly designed hood can make an exhaust system ineffective. 134. There is no standard hood. In every case, the hood must be designed to fit the specific opera tion and to make the exhaust effec tive without interfering with the operation (Figure 4). Among the factors to be considered are the nat ural air currents in the room and other exhausts or windows in the area. 135. The hood should be shaped to conform to the shape of the area of dust production so as to secure reasonably uniform air velocity over this area. A hood which does not en close the process should be placed with its opening as dose as possible to the point of generation of the dust or fume (Figure 5) because the veloaty of the air in the zone of the hood influence is inversely proportional to the square of the distance from the face of the hood. 136. The hood opening, or pan of it, should be located so as to re ceive directly dust that is thrown off along a well-designated path (Figure 6). The directional energy of the material can thus be used for its own-capture. Air movement must always be past the employee, then over the dust source, and di rectly into the face of the hood. 137. The fan should be of suffident capadty to maintain the re quired air capture velocity at the point of generation of the dust. In ternal baffles should be installed to guide the air flow where it is most aeeded. Flanges should be provided wherever possible to reduce the air Bow from areas where no dust is produced; that is, air-flow contours should be controlled. I3S. E '''-.th air i.iust be sapplied to the room from the outside to replace the air that is removed by the exhaust system. Otherwise, there will be interference with other exhaust systems in the area or with gas or oil flames in nearby furnaces. Great difficulty has occurred where an exhaust system caused a slightly negative pressure in a room con taining a gas furnace. As a result air came down the furnace flue, and the area became contaminated with carbon monoxide from the furaace. 139. With small exhaust systems, air that is removed usually can be replaced by infiltration flow, but larger exhausts may need a positive air supply (Figure 7). An adequate supply of make-up air, tempered when necessary, is one of the most frequently overlooked fundamentals of ventilation. Air always should be supplied in quantities equal to or slightly in excess of the amounts exhausted. 140. The size of the ducts, the type and size of the dust collectors, and the type and size of the fan and motor (explosion-proof where necessary) are among the other fac tors which must be considered in the design of an exhaust system. Pre venting ignition of a combustible rt9w* 5. t * * j(K' *' W*"*1 '. ox* bo * do we ' !*/** 5e<* potW-'omA^ -orf* pqn.bU by '* *oo<J% * o lUy from <* C*J (Cowf*1*** S; '.hc-.'J r.ot be oicricoied. The .periodic medical examinations provide a good opponur.ity for in struction of employees in various personal hygiene measures. 157. Good washing facilities, clean lunchrooms, and clean work clothes can help prevent additional, even though minor, exposure to toxic materials. Also, contaminated work clothes should not be taken home where a toxic dust could contaminate the home or expose other members of the family. These recommendations become manda tory where such materials as beryl lium and radioisotopes are handled. 7. In ritit fawrtdrp, local **hautt Hoods mt i*gtaltd avr rocK tfsfion having a iH*U.Molding machioa d glw* pru. Ad*qvat mok*vp air it twppiSd from ventilating duer uiuqitd bt^ftn maiding machinat and pr*%**t, (Caweroty AmincaA Fei*ndfTrm*rt`i Society) HatlOOtAFHT Accident Prevention Manual for Industrial Operations. National Safety Council, 425 N. Michigan Ave., Chi cago 11. Anthracosilicosis Among Hard-Coal Miners, U. S. Public Health Bulletin No. 221, U. S. Public Health Service, Washington 25, D. C. 1935. Brandt. A. D., Industrial Health Engineering. John Wiley and Sons, Inc., 440 4th Ave., New York 21. 194g. Data Sheets, National Safety Coun cil: No. 408, Antimony and Its Com pounds No. 499, Arsenic and Its ganic Compounds Beryllium (in preparation) No. 312. Cadmium No. 443, Lead No. 4 26, Magnesium No. 306, Manganese No. 203, Mercury No. 485, Titanium No. 267, Zinc and Zinc Oxide No. 382. Zirconium Powder Inor Dreesen. W. C.. Daila Valle, J. M.. Edwards, T, 1., Miller, I. W., and Say ers, R. R., A. Study of Asbestosis in the Asbestos Textile Industry, U. S. Public Health Bulletin No. 241, U. S. Public Health Service, Washington 25, D.C. 1938. Drinker. Philip, and Hatch, T. F.. Industrial Dust. 2nd Edition. Mc Graw-Hill Book Co., Inc., 330 W. 42nd St., New York 36. 1954. Elkins. H. B., Chemistry of Indus trial Toxicology. 2nd Edition. John Wiley and Sons. Inc., 440 4th Ave., New York 21. 1959. Hunter. Donald. The Diseases of Occupations. 2nd Edition. Little Brown and Company. 34 Beacon St., Boston. 1957. Hygienic Guide Series. American Industrial Hygiene Association. 14125 Prevost. Detroit 27. Industrial Ventttation--A Manual of Recommended Practice, 7th Edition. American Conference of Governmen tal Industrial Hygienists, Committee on Industrial Ventilation. Box 453, Lansing. Michigan. 1962. Johnston, R. T., and Miller. S. E^ Occupational Diseases and Indus trial Medicine. W. B. Saunders Com pany, Philadelphia. 1960. Lanza, A. S., Silicosis and Asbes tosis. Oxford University Press. New York. 1938. Patty, F. A., editor. Industrial Hy giene and Toxicology, Volume I. 2nd Edition, 1958, and Volume II. 2nd edition (in preparation). Interscience Publishers, 250 Fifth Ave., New York 3. "Report (Joint) of the Committee on Pneumoconiosis and the Commit tee on Standard Practices in Com pensation of Occupational Diseases." Year Book. American Public Health Association. 1790 Broadway, Hew York 19. 1933. Review of Literature on Dust. U. S. Department of the Interior. Bureau of Mines. Bulletin 478. U. S. Government Printing Office Office, Washington 25, D. C-, 1950. ACXXOWlfDGMCNT The text of this data sheet, which re places Health Practices Pamphlet No. . was prepared by the Health Committee of the Chemical Section. National Safety Council. The content has been extensively reviewed by members of the National Safety Council, representatives of chapters of the American Society of Safety Engi neers. medical authorities, and industrial hygienists. The data iheet has been ap proved for publication by the Publications Committee of the Industrial Conference. National Safety Council. OFFICERS OF THE CHEMICAL SECTION NATIONAL SAFETY COUNCIL 1964-65 General Chairman--J. J. P*ABinxiSrSafctv Mgr,- National Distillers and Oiemieal Corp, New York, X.Y. Vice Chairman In Cliargc of Program--H. W. Rapp, Jit., Stipvg. Chemical Engr,'The Travelers Insurance Co.. Hartford, Conn. i Secretary--J. X. Romine, Safety Engr, Research & Development, Phillips Petroleum Co., Bartlesville, Okla. ' Laboratory and Pilot Plant Sub-Section--E. L. Stout (Chairman), Saiety Engr, Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory, Los Alamos,'X. Mex.; L. C: Wecer (Chairman-Elect), Safety Dir., Research Center, Monsanto Co., St. Louis, Mo.; H. S. Brasted (Secretarv), Safetv & Securitv Coordinator, Merck, Sharp & Dohme, Research Labs., Rahway, N-J. - Xesrsletter Committee--D. T. Smith (Chairman), Supt.. Protection Div., E. I. duPont de Xeroours & Co., Inc., Penns Grove. X.J.; H. A. Volz, Safety Dir., Gallery Chemical Co, Muskogee, Okla.; A. P. Osti, Corporate Safety Engr, Chas. Pfizer & Co, Inc,Xew York, X.Y. Engineering Committee--M. Krikorian (Chairman), Corporate Mgr.'of Safety and Medical, Brunswick Corp, Chicago. I1L; J. B. Black. Safety Officer, Public Health Service, Washington, D.C.; P. J. McDonouoh. Mgr. of Loss Prevention-Chemicals, Olin Mathieson Chemical Corp, New York, X.Y.; W. Laumxback, Safety Director. Texas Eastman Co, Longview, Texas; J. Snyder, Safety Mgr, Merck & Co. Inc, Railway, X J, Public Relations Committee--R. Xeary (Gtairntan), Safety Engr, UniMi Carbide *Ctrj.. New York, X.Y.; *J. R. Bollman, Safety Dir, Procter & Gamble Co. lv-.r>(laie, Cincinnati, C)hio Training Aids Committee- .\. I... Ki.inu (Chairman), Director of Low Pfrvettti*i, Olin Mathieson Oiemieal Corp, Xcw York, XY.; A. Mims, Safety Engineer, Procter'It ' Gamble Go., fvorydale. Cincinnati. Ohio; R.'H. Sttrrr. Hanford Laboratories, General Electric Co, Richland, Wa-h.: J. V. Savejuuol, Coordinator of Safety Sc ls> Prevnition. Allied Chemical Corporation. Morristown, XJ! Health Committee--J. A. Hocohton (Co-Chairman), Supvr, Industrial Chemical Service, Liberty Mutual Insurance Co, Bo-ton, Mass.; E. L. Alpauch (Co-Chairman), Supvr,. Industrial Hygiene Service, International Harvester Co, Chicago, I1L; R- E. HaWJCINSON, Dir, 5peeial Services. Employer.-. Mutuals of Wausau, Milwaukee, Wis.; D. J. Kilian, M.D, Medical Dir.. Texas I>iv.. Dow Oiemieal Co, Freeport, Texas; Mas. Anne Klmees, R.X, Supervising Xtirse. I'ah*t Brewing Co, Milwaukee,'Wis.; Mrs. V. Maolio. R.X, Plant Xtirse. Great I-nkcs Carlion Corp, Niagara Falls, X.Y. Technical Publication Committer--W. S. Wood {Chairman). Safely Engr, Sun Oil Co, -Marcu-. Hook, Pa.; M. A. Snell. Supvr. of Technical Services. Hartford Accident & Indemnity G, Hartford,. Conn'.; E. Levens. Safety Mgr, Aerojet-General Corj>, Azusa, Calif.; C: MacDiarjiid, Senior Chemist, Polymer Corporation, Sarnia, Ontario, Canada r-lWrtT Membership Committee--P. C. Lame (Chairman), Safety Ailfrt, Lever Eros. Co., Xew York, X.Y.; F. C. Galmusk, Assistant to the General Mgr., Sherwin-Williams Co., Chicago, 111.: W. J. Rankin, Division Safety Engineer; 3M Co.. St. Paul, Minnesota Steiistics Analysis and Safety Awards Committee--W. K. Gibson (Chairman),- Safety Coordinator, Union Carbide Corp., Xew York, X.Y.; F. . Macaulay, Safety Supvr., Wyandotte Chemicals Corp., Wyandotte,- Mich. On-tUc-Iob Conimitlee--G. H. Mentor (Cliairman), Safety Engineer, Bristol Divi-ion of Bristol-Myers Co, Sj6^cuse;=X.Y.; C M. Olson, Supvr., Health & Safety, Eastern Chemical Division. Hooker Chemical Corp.. Xiagnra Falls, X.Y.; A. Wilson, -Div. Safety Manager, Dow Chemical Co, Midland, Michigan; D. .M. Van Wecen, Safety Coordinator, Stauffer Chemical Co, Xew York, X.Y. Stan Representative--G. Shibley, Xational Safety Council, 425 X. Michigan Avc, Qiicago 11, III. Educational Liaison Committee--.'Intcrienn Chemical Society: *H. H. Fawcett (Chairman). Xational Aca<!cmy of Sciences, Washington. D.C. Manufacturing Chemists' Association--G. G.Fl.EMtxo, Dir. of Safety ami Plant Protec- tioo, Celanesc Corp. of America, Charlotte, X.C. Scientific Apparatus Mahers Association--). k. Ikvi.v;, Executive Secretary, Scientific Apparatus Makers Association, Chicago. Illinois American .Vurses' Association--Mrs. A Kloiber,- R. X, Supervising Xursc, I'ali.-t Brew ing Co, Milwaukee, Wis. American Material Handling Society--E. V. Clancev, Safety Engineer, Eastman Ko<lak Co, Rochester, X.Y. . ' American Inst, of Chemical Engineers--H. W. Rapp, Jr, Supvg. .Chemical Engr, The Travelers Insurance Co, Hartford, Conn. -- r American Society of Safety Engineers--A. H. Christian, Cun*,rate Safety Kngr, Amcri- , can Viscose Div, F-MC Corp.-, Philadelphia, Pa. ' federal Curvernment Liaison--E." A. Van Atta. I-fc-ptHy Director, Ollier of (V<ujutiooal Safety, Bureau of Labor Standard', Washington. D.C. dominating Committee--*(.i. R. Cumminos (Chairman), Head. Safety awl Industrial Hygiene Dept, ,Eli Lilly & Co, Indianapolis, Ind.; *E. R. Wallace. Senior Safety Engineer, Safety and Fire Protection, Eastman- Kodak Co.. Rrjchester. X.Y,;' *H. H Fawcett, Xational Academy of Sciences, Washington, D.C. Research and Planning Committee--*S. -F. Spencf. (Cliairman), Dir, Safety and Loss Prevention. American Cyanamid Co, Wayne. X.J.; *R. H. Auusser. Div. Safety Mgr, Merck ft Co, Inc, Rahway. X.J.;'*E. J. Meyers. Asst. Mgr, Safety & Fire Protection Div, E. I. du Pont de Xemours & Co, Inc, Wilmington, Del.; *0. L. Gorbeij, Mgr, Safety awl Fire Protection, Monsanto Co, St. Louis, Mo. Adz-isr/ry Committee--*?;. M. MacCctch eon (Qiairman), A-st. Director, Corporate Safety and Loss. Prevention, Dow Chemical Co, 'Midland, Mich.; *J. E. Xichols.'Dir. of Safety, Reynolds Metals Co, Ridunond, Va.; *A. L. Cobb, Dir. of Industrial Safety, , Eastman Kodak Co, Rochester. X.Y.: *J. J. Whalen. Safety Supervisor, Solvay Procc-s Division, Allied Chemical Corp, Syracuse, X.Y. `Past General Qiairman 60 OFFICERS OF THE TEXTILE SECTION NATIONAL SAFETY COUNCIL 1964-65 General Chairman--G. A. B4x>kks, Safety Supervisor, Clicmstraud Co.. A Div. of Mon santo Chemical Co, Pensacola. Fla. I 'ire Chairman--#. S. Strength, Safety Supvr., 'Chcmstrand Co., A Div. of Monsanto Chemical I'n , Greenwood, S.C. Secretary--Fred L. Thackstox, Claims Adjuster. Abney Mills, Anderson, S.C Newsletter Editor--1. M. Davidson, Southern Div., Engineering Mgr., American Mutual Liability Insurance Co., Atlanta, Ga. Engineering and Health Committee--J. D.. Brown (.Chairman), Safety Director, American Enka Corp., Erica, N. C; Raymond E. Macjc, Safety Supervisor, Firestone Textiles, Inc., Gastonia, N.C.; *H. E Williams, Safety Dir., Fieldcrest Mills, Inc, Spray, M.C \. Education and Training Committee--R. W. Lane, Jr., (Chairman). Plant Mgr., P. ,F. M. Division. Johns-ManviUe Products Corp, Marshville, X.C.; `Charles L. Trommer. Corporate Safety Director, Mohasco Industries. Inc, Amsterdam, X.Y.: Ralph Howland, Head, Public Relations Dept, Chatham Mfg. Co, Elkin, X.C. Membership Committee--*H. S. BaUcosc (Chairman), Director of Safety, Xorth Carolina Industrial Commission, Raleigh, N. C; J. F. Gjnn, Personnel Mgr, Scottdale Mills. Scottdale, Ga. Synthetic .Fiber Committee--*Glexn G. Fuming'-(Chairman), Corp. Safety Dirrrtur, Celanese.-Corp. of America Charlotte. X. G: William A. Hawn, Dir. of Safety & Training, Graniteville Co, Granitevillc, S. C.: 'Robert J. Bam, Safety Supervisor. IRC Fibers Div, Midland-Ross Corp, Painesville, Ohio- Cotton Ginning Committee--Rowset Collins (Chairman), Executive Vice President. Arkansas-Missouri Cotton Giimers Asoc, West Memphis. Ark.; Arthur B. Bond, Education Specialist, Production & Marketing Div, Xational Cotton Council, Memphis. Tenn.; Vernon P- Moore, Engineer in Charge. Stoneville Cotton Ginning Research laboratory. Lcland, Miss.; Alfred M. Pf.sdletos. Extension Agricultural Engineer, Dallas, Texas Off-Thc-Jnb Cirinmitlec--John. G. Sayers fChairman), Sujiervising Engineer, Loss Pre vention Dept, Employers Mutuals of Wausau, Cliarlotte, X. C; *A. E Connelly, Safety Supervisor. E. I. du Pont de Xemours & Co, Martinsville, Va.; MaX D. Poore, In dustrial Relations Mgr, The American Thread Co, Marion, X. C. Fire Commit/ec-sJoKN M. McAlpine (Chairman). Supervisor of Safety and Plant Pro tection. Cclanc-c Fiber- G, Rockhiil. S. C..; `FonsrsT X Petty. Safety It Benefits'/ .Dan River Mills. Inc, Ibmvillr, Va. Publicity and Association Committee--W. C. Creel (Chairman). Safety- Dir, Xorth Caro- t lina Dept, of Labor. Raleigh, X. C; 'Mrs. Ida C. Ayers, Asst to Dir. of Personnel. Collins & Aikman Corp, Albemarle, X. C . 61 L 4 Rules and Regulations Committe>--Frank Hurnhy, Jr. (Chairman), Insurance Mgr., J. P. Stevens & Co., Inc, Xew York, X. Y.; *\Y. M. Kleinmann, Safety Director, Johnson & Joluison. Chicago. 111. Contest Committee--*E I- Pi*m tstir (Chairman), Senior Div. Service Representative, Loss Prevention Dept.. Liberty Mutual Insurance Co, Spartanburg,-^- C.; C. L. Henkel, Safety Supervisor. H 1 'lu Punt de Xemours & Co, Kinston, X. C. .Yumtit'iri.ifi Committee-- `John Jt. Skinner (Chairman), Chief, Industrial Hygiene Sec tion. Americ:in Mutual Liability Insurance Co, Wakefield, Mass.; 'Mrs. Ida C. Ayers. Asst. t'i Dir. of Personnel, Collins & Aikman Carp, Albemarle, X. C.; *\V. M. KeeinMas.n, Safety Director. Johnson & Johnson, Oticago, III. .Idvisory. Committee--John- H. Skinner; Mrs. Ida C. Ayers; A. E Conneily; John J. Bcruer; Forrest X. Petty ; E L. Pekmentev ;' H. S. Baucom; H. E Wjumams; C. L. Trovjier; R. I. Barr; \V. M.' Ki.kinuann; Glenn-G. Fixminc Stan Representative--Paui. SchleICH, Xaticmal Safety' Council, 425 Xorth Michigan Ave, Chicago, Illinois 60611 Past General Chairman t ; . 3 Y. I \ f : .' ' /, \ \ ' National Safety Congress transactions Volume 5 CHEMICAL and FERTILIZER INDUSTRIES fit* NATIONAL SAFETY COUNCIL _ F 425 N. Michigan Avenue Chicago, Illinois 60611 -:J iI 52nd NATIONAL SAFETY CONGRESS Papers delivered in the CHEMICAL SESSIONS CONTENTS importance of Near-Miss Accident Investigation . W. E. Seuberling 5 Handling New Hazardous Giemicals . .David T. Smith 7 Orientation for Newcomers Interested in Chemical Safety .. (Discussion) 11- JOINT SESSION WITH OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH- NURSING SECTION Why Good Liaison Is Required between Safety and Medical Depts. Hazel H. Leedke, RJf. How the Safety Supervisor Worts with the Medical Department on Problems Requiring Medical-Advice . W. H. Lauderback Consideration of ihe Sore Back Problem in Industry .Dr. Paul W. Rush 13 17 19 JOINT SESSION WITH PETROLEUM SECTION Safety Pitfalls in Automation. Safe Electrical Equipment in Outside Areas Handling Flammable Liquids and Gases Explosion Venting of Buildings and Tanks . .Donald W, Richmond 22 Dr. Richard Y. LeYine 26 .. . William H, Doy/e 30 JOINT SESSION WITH HIGHER EDUCATION SECTION Automated and Fail-Safe Research Arrangements for Unattended Operations... .....................................John E. fox 35 Fail-Safe Unattended Operations........................ .............. D. K. Lynch Laser and Maser--Health Hazards and Controls.................... ................ Lt. Col. Roswell G. Daniels, MJ)., and Bernard L. Goldstein, B.S.C., MJ>.H. 37 38 Current Studies of Eye and Fact Protection in Laboratory Operantios . ----... .7, ;.I .. ,G. H. Quam 43 FERTILIZER SESSIONS Overhangs and Slides in Bulk Storage frank W. Bless, Jr. 47 Preventive Maintenance to Prevent Accidents .D.W. flagler 50 A Practical Off-the-Job Safety Program .............. Joseph Serio 51 Eyes and Chemicals Hedie S. Kuhn, MJ). 55 Safety and Efficiency Through Effective Supervision G. H. Mueller 57 Officers of the Chemical Section 1964-65 59 Officers of the Fertilizer Section 61 five Years of Future Dates for the National Safety Congress.......................... -63- Other Volumes in 1964 National Safety Congress Transaction's........ Back Cover 3 ('hrmxcr.l -srrti^n ORIENTATION FOR NEWCOMERS OR OTHERS INTERESTED IN CHEMICAL SAFETY: A DISCUSSION Question from floor:-In the slide illus trating safety ladders for the"paper Han dling Hazardous Sew Chemicals, there was a bar acting as a gate at the entrance to the top of the ladders. What causes the bar to close after opening? Answer' by David T. Smith: That's just a gravity return. We used to have them - spring loaded but found those difficult to maintain as long as they were exposed to weather. Question from floor: Does your company furnish safety shoes free to supervisors? Answer: It is not company prdicy to sul>idize safety shivs at its plants. However, at our location, we make many hazardous rhemirals flat we do not ssjnt rmployrs taking home on riiri'r shors <ztlver amsiderations enter also. Therefore, svr sub sidize safety shoes for all supervtu/rs who enter prriduclion areas. That i>. all of them, but at this plant only. Question by J. I'ralmlos: Grant Sltibiry. would you describe how the National Safety 1 Council can help us with our work in safety? .Answer by firant Sbibley : f I >e-rripti'*i of the'National Safety Council.) Come on in cllows. awl meet'us at the Council. Persz<rui contact heljzs understanding. Question by Ted Swenson of Helene Curtis: There is not much available on research anil development safety. Can you help us with this ? .Answer: The laboratory subsection of the Chemical Section meets on Thursday and you wifi lie interested. There is a lot of information 'on hazardous properties of materials. The National Safety Council, publishes Data Sheet 486 (revised), Chemical Safety References covering' this. I believe they also publish Safety Practices Pamphlet No. 60 on laboratory safety. We have this problem of getting informa tion for the newsletter. We would like to see articles written on "Safety in Reactions," "Spacing and Layout of Pilot Equipment," "Hazards of Working Alone/'' and "Han dling New Chemicals." Answer by Howard I'ux.-r*:: I I,,iVc re cently given a paper on ri-rmiral safety literature at a mrcting of the zAmerican Chemical Society's .Divi-icn of Chemical . IJteraturc. This was the first time that I know of that this subject was recognized as a separate branch of the literature by that Division. Steps will be taken now to cate gorize chemical literature under "Chemical Safety," wltcre that heading is applicable. The paper has a lot of useful references for you people and if you write to me in Schenectady, I will ::.ai! any, ropier I lave left. The Manufacturing ('la-mists z\Mociati>m publishes a "Guide tz< Safety in Chemical laboratories," 234 pages for-$5 50. Tlie Vill.inma Prrst, Villanr/ra, Pennsylvania puhlistird a ibemiral laboratory tafety pam phlet in 1663. Thu 73 imu I would like to take this oppzzrtunify to announce that W. S \\ ivd and I have the galley prv-im iand o: a 1*iok we have just edited. to. be puMish.ed by the Inter,-. ; srienre Division z,f lohn Wiley and Sis early in 1065. Tlicr^ are 520 pages in 31 cliaplers by various authors. The title is Safety and Accident Prevention tu Chemical Operations. I want to give Bill Wood credit for yeoman service on this job. I. mention this because I know you gentlemen are interested. We fed this booJc fills a gap in the literature and answers, some of the questions that come up here. Question by Bob Mills of General Cable: There was an article in the New. York Times about the possibility of asbestos workers developing cancer. What are the facts about this hazard? Answer by Dr. Floyd Van Arta: This question is about 25 years old. It has not been settled' by any incontrovertible, de finitive evidence of excessive cancer amongst asbestos workers. I suspect there may be something to this idea, beeurse o: hs per sistence, but no completely thorough investi gation has ever been made. One reason is that there is a better recognized hazard which also leads disability and death. That is asbestods. .If we make every effort to II l> ! St . ' 'J96f Nali'Hal Safety Cbmgrrss 1 1 t- eliminate a'bestn.'. it seems likely we will have ikitie ulial iw- <t,u t. climinati- the ranecr hazard nl.n. Question li> a Safi-I> llirnior: ticntlemen. we have 17 drums of hydrazine stored in a fiekl at our iaetlily. ami I would like a suggestion on how n. di-potc- of them. Unfortunately, tlir-e drums- have Inst their integrity. Answer hy H. H Fawcett: Hire somebody to remove the drums to a safe area. If no private rontrartors ar.c willing to hid, call the Army Corps of Knginecrs. Actually, yoiir supplier should Ik Mr to handle those dnims. Whoever moves the drums should take them out into a remote area and detonate them one by one. I have had the problem of getting rid of old gas cylinders which had been standing in various parts of the labo' :y for years. They were unidentifiable ano possibly dangerous, f took them out in a field and blew the valve oft each with five turns, of detonating fuse (I'rimacorrl), set off by blasting op'. 1 set them off one at a time. Answer by Dave Smith: On that hydrazine jmi rould also usr sprrial rx|Jnsivc raps, re motely cx|k*{fd.,wflirfl ftmid deteoate a rfnim . fstalrrneht from floor Mr Fawcett, whm -.on" set <,i! tinnr gat cylinders you ibouJd hav- first dug a hole and. set therti upright tn it You were taking a rliance of having than tjkr off likr 3 rnrkct wbrit you knocked off thr valvr. Answer by IT: ff. Fawcett: 'Yes, ft is ' -atc-l to set them in a hole. Question from floor: fientlemcn, before we digress any further. I suggest that wr haven't answered the question of the Safety Director of NASA in Atlanta. He isn't worried about hm: they destroy this stuff; he just wants somebody to get it out of his field before they blow it up. Question fiy.H. H. Fawcett: Did you`call your supplier? ' .. Answer by Safely Director: Our supplier refuses to deal with us any further on this matter. Also the Army Corps of Engineers and the Air Force have demurred from offering help or advice. Frankly, when I get back to my office on Thursday-. I will be ready to consider any contract based on a reasonable proposal to get rid of this hvdra zinc, if it hasn't left by that time. Answer by Dr. Floyd Van Atta: John Kochr at Kdgcwood Arsenal would know as inurli. alumt this problem as anvlxidy. You can write to him. This illustrates a i*iint that must lie considered about liandling any new rlitmiral. That is, how are you going to di>pos<: of lia/ardous products afid by-' prixlurt, #,f jour prices-. Here you vc what happen- wbm you don't make ade quate provision. Question from floor: I have come to this session three years in a row now, and this is the third lime the general question of dis posal has come up. We .should have a session or some further discussion of the problem. Question- from floor: Mr. Chairman, there is another aspect of this question of securing information about oliscurc problems. We Itave often asked other organizations for answers and find that firms or societies do not wish to admit full hazards for business reasons, or they -wish to maintain - secrecy for its competitive advantage. Can the Na tional Safety Council arrange meetings to develop this information without reference to specific sources. This may reduce, some people's fear of talking. . Answer by I. I'ralmlos: Ye, next Thurs day, we arc conducting a series rd con- fcrenrrs.nn safety in varknis suliseetions of the Oiemiral Section. \Vc have group dis- rii-sious on I'tnr ( hrmunh. elfids and. Ilftiz'v (. hnnittdr. bibnratnry ilundltng nf Chcmitnli 01 kntbrt Miidlr Industry and Ittgh I'rrnurf /'r..,vrintf/ The scssirm on high prrisnrr pn<e-ev cos-ers a typical arra where few pr*iplr want to lie put on the record. You should join disciis-ions that interrst yiiu Answer by Howard Fawcett: This is a problem hreau.-r questions of safety people often impinge on process security. Often higher officers of large companies are more generous with'.such information than the lower ranks. Statement bv Grant Shibley: You can also write and ask us directly: we will try to get the answer for you. Our motto is, "There Are So Secrets in Safety." We have not had a lot of trouble getting information we needed for our publications. You should attend discussion sessions. You can bring up your own questions there: and many points will be discussed in detail that will not be recorded in the notes or printed in the transactions. I t I * 3 l i 1. .Si OFFICERS OF THE i' 3 ` CHEMICAL SECTION NATIONAL SAFETY COUNCIL 1964-65 Central Chairman--J. J. PRACUtiiSf Saxetv Mgr,- National Distillers and Oiemical Corp., Xew York, N.Y. Vice Chairman In Clfargc of Program--H. \V. Rapp, J'k, Supvg. Chemical Engr," The Travelers Insurance Co.. Hartford, Conn. \ Secretary--J. N. Romi.se, Safety Engr, Research &. Development, Phillips Petroleum Co., Bartlesville, Okla. Laboratory and Pilot Plant Sub-Section--E. L. Stout (Chairman), Safety Engr, Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory, I-05 Alamos," N. Mcx.; L. G Weger (Chairman-Elect), Safety Dir., Research Center, Monsanto Co., St. Louis, Mo.; H. S. Brasted (Secre tary-) , Safetv & Security Coordinator. Merck. Sliarp St Dohme, Research Labs., Rahway, N.j. - Xesrdetter Committee--D. T. Smith (Chairman), Supt., Protection Div\, E. I. duPont de Xenxours & Co., Inc., Penns Grove. X.J.; H. A. Votz, Safety Dir., Callery Chemical Co, Muskogee, Okla.; A. P. Osn, Corporate Safety Engr, Chas. Pfizer & Co, Inc, Xew Y'oric, X.Y. 1 Engineering Committee--M. Krikoriax (Chairman), Corporate Mgr. ` of Safety and Medical, Brunswick Corp, Chicago, III.; J. B. Black. Safety Officer, Public Health Service, Washington, D.C.; P. J. McDonough, Mgr. of Loss Prevention-Chemicals, Olin Mathieson Chemical Corp, Xew York, N.Y.; W. Lauderback, Safety Director. Texas Eastman Co, Longview, Texas; J. Snyder, Safety Mgr, Merck & Co. Inc, Railway, X J. Public Relati.mj Committee--R. Xeary (Chairman), Safety Engr, L'nion Carbide`Corp.. New York. N.Y.; *J. R. Bck.lmax, Safety Dir, Procter St Gamble Co. Ivrjdaie, C incinnati. Ohio Training Aids Committee- A. I- Kl.t.v; ((.Imirman), Diro'tor of l.os> Prevention, Olin -Mathscson Otcmira! Corp, New York. NY.; A. Mims. Safety Engineer, Procter A ' fcxnhle Co, Ivory-dale. Cincinnati. Ohio; R. H. fxtim. Hanford Laboratories, General Electric Co, Richland. Wadi.; J. V. S.wun/oox, Coordinator of Safety & Preven tion. Allied Chemical ("orporatiwi, Morristown, N.J. health Committee--], A. Houghton fCo-Chairman), Supvr, Industrial Chemical Service, Liberty Mutual Insurance Co, Bo-ton, Mass.; E. L. Alpaugh (Co-Chairman), Supvr,. Industrial Hygiene Service, International Harvester Co, Chicago, I1L: R. E. Hawkisson, Dir, Special Services. Employers Mutuals of Wausau, Milwaukee, Wis.; D. J. Kilian, M.D, Medical Dir, Texas iJiv.. Dow Chemical Co, Freeport, Texas; Mrs. Anne KloCeer, R.N, Supervising Nurse. Pafot Brewing. Co, Milwaukee. Wis.; Mrs. V. Maguo, R.N, Plant Nurse, Grrat I-akcs Carlion Corp, Niagara Falls, X.Y. Techniral Publication Committer- -W. S. Wood (Ouiirman), Safety Engr, Sun Oil Co, Marcu, Ibs.k, Pa.; M. A. Snku, Supvr. of Technical Services. Hartford Accident & Indemnity Co., Hartford. Conn".; E. Levkns, Safety Mgr., Aerojet-General Corp, Azusa, Calif.; C: MacDiarmid, Senior Chemist, Polymer Corporation, Sarnia, Ontario, Canada Membership Committee--Y. C Lame (Chairman), Safety Aden., Lever Bros. Co., New York. X.Y.; F. C. Gauwsh, Assistant to the General Mgr., Sherwin-Williams CoChicago, III.; W. J. Rankin, Division Safety Engineer; 3M Co., St. Paul. Minnesota Suciistics Analysis and Safely Asvards Committee--W. K. Gibson (Chairman), Safety Coordinator, Union Carbide Cbrp., N'ew York, N.Y.; F. . Macaulay, Safety Supvr., Wyandotte Chemicals Corp., Wyandotte, Mich. Off-the-Job Conimitlec-s-G- H. Mentor (Chairman), Safety Engineer, Bristol Divi-km of Bristol-Myers Co., Sjfc^cusegALY.; C M. Olson, Supvr., Health & Safety, Eastern Chemical Division, Hooker Oiemica! Corp.. Niagara Falls, X.Y.; A. Wilson, -Div. Safety Manager, Dow Chemical Co.. Midland, Michigan; D.-M. Van Wet.en, Safety Coordinator, Stauffer Chemical Co., New York, N.Y. Staff Representative--(I. Siiibley, National Safety Council. 423 M. Michigan Avc.. Chicago 11, 111. F.dueaiiimal Liaison Committee--American Chemical Society: *H. H. Fawcett (Chairman). National Academy of Sciences. Washington. D.C. Manufacturing Chemists' Association--G. G. Ft.f.mi no. Dir. of Safety and Plant Protec- tion, Cclanesc Corp. of America, Charlotte, X.C. Scientific Apparatus Mahers Association--J. R. Irvino, Executive Secretary, Scientific Apparatus Makers Association. Cliicago, Illinois American Xarses' Association--Mrs. A Kloiber.' R. X., Supervising Xur-c, I'ab.-t Brew ing Co., Milwaukee, Wis. American Material Handling Society--E. Y. Clancey, Safety Engineer, Eastman Kodak Co., Rochester, N.Y. . Anu-rican Inst, of Ctumical Engineers--H. W. Rapp, Jr.. Supvg. .Chemical Engr., The Travelers Insurance Co., Hartford, Conn. American Society of Safety Engineers--A. H. Christian. Cur|x>rate Safety Engr. Amrri- , can Viscose Div., EMC Corp.-, Philadelphia, Pa. ' federal Government Liaison--E. A. Van Atta. Ilepiily Dircctnr, Ollirr of Ocriijatiuoa! Safety, Bureau of I-llior Standard-. Washington. I>C. Xominating Cemmiltee--*G. R. CuMMINoS (Chairman), Head. Saiety ami Industrial Hygiene Dept., F.li Lilly & Co., Indianapolis, Ind.; *E. R. Wallace. Senior Safety Engineer, Safety and Fire Protection. Eastman- Kodak Co.. Rochester. N.Y,;' *H. H Fawcett, National Aradcmyof Sciences, Washington, D.C. Research and Planning Committee--*S.`-F. Spencf. {Chairman). Dir., Safely and Loss Prevention. American .Cyanamid Co., Waj-ne. N.J.; 'R. H. Albisser. Div. Safety Mgr., Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway. X.J.:'*K. J. Meyers. Ast. Mgr., Safety & Fire Protection Div., E. f. du Pont de Nemours & Co., Inc., Wilmington, Del.; *0. L. Gorbeu., Mgr., Safety ami Fire Protection, Monsanto Co., St. Louis, Mo. Advisory Committee--M. MacCutcheon (Chairman), A-st. Director, Corporate Safety and Loss. Prevention, Dow Chemical Co., Midland. Mich.; *J. E. Nichols.' Dir. of Safely, Reynolds Metals Co., Richmond. Va.; *A. L. Corb. Dir. of Industrial Safety. S . . Kastman Kmlak Co.. Rochester. N.Y.: *J. J. Whalen. Safety Siijiervisor, Solvav Frocc-s Division, Allied Chemical Corp.. Syracuse. N.Y. 'Past General Chairman U-r- L_if ACCIDENT PREVENTION MAN UAL for Industrial Operations EDITION please co -.or s r- : J.3N3CM 'A'Cbfi CjtT r ; NATIONAL SAFETY COUNCIL Chicago. 'HinoU 6C6 3na 3iva r > t \ r-SV??' L r" ' f^-rr - r : - -* . ----------- --- , - i:*'. i. - ,?5-3i xcr^' - __ ' . A . .* ' * ... -- .____ ** . . 1 'i * "J " *.*'.* . . , ra *' ,,.** g-sitfajsrt&i--; U * ^ ; .. -w " n< I-- iBiir^rriTiinrfiir^^--^ Lg dusts. Radlfrer radioae. a extremely nely divided reused many 1.061 cu in.) cube when l give 10" iq) particles -q ra (9.100 1 cm (0.990 nely divided by the mass e voids benncentration .i ft of lb ti of mated- i- iU ic dults. lorkrooni atsample, the : adopted by os eru'icn'.a! ; per cu <" per cu i- ,:y 0.002 0* he threshold i of dust cu ft ( to WT re-V-'^ cicnl ma INDUSTRIAL HYCIENE velocity. This type of dispersion is known : u dynamic projection and is a result of the " hectic energy of the particle's motion. As 1 the mass of the particle decreases, however, ' i point will be reached when its kinetic C eergy (which is one-half the mass times the square of the velocity) is too small to r-- overcome air resistance. The particle's for.. rid velocity is thus minimized and it re. mains suspended in the containing air mass. * As a rough approximation, macroscopic ; particles (those visible to the naked eye) 1 ire considered to be dispersed by dynamic projection. Microscopic particles (those " dnble only through a microscope) are con sidered to have a mass so small that their movement is dependent on the containing ib mass. Contaminants such as the larger dost particles, mists, and sprays, which are " dirperjed by dynamic projection, can cause I eitemil injury such as acid bums, eye dam' ije, and dermatitis. The microscopic parti eiea ire dangerous to health if inhaled. --- Separation in airborne dusts Dust in the air may or may not have the *^e composition as its parent material. ` Toe determining factors are the particle i; *d density of each component in the "Onal mixture, and the hardness of the f *V,n*k (hard materials will resist the " ^'etiting action of a mechanical device). k ^r ,T:lrnPlf, foundry molding sand can- U * 'Jre PefcentJSe f free silica with * percentage of clays. Most of the rj 'Posist of Sne particles that can be r 2r>rne' ^ut m0 of the free silica parti- I L^lf* 100 large to be airborne. Theuair* |Ust- therefore, as compared with the _ miature, may contain a much hight _ ent3Se of clays and a much lower p^auge of free silica. t'av^? PJrt*cIes arc. of course, attracted hv w v'\ ^e*r `ettling rate tiirotigh still <".'^lry with their size, density, and ^*1 ', lct05COPic particles settle out more "jUv ,.ln.!:1,Ser particles because of their *1 minor density and because of tlicir , ^ JOuuenccd by Brownian movement. C, Jj Particles larger than 10 will set- tfia ,atively fast. The estimated seti.t u sdica dusts in will air are .? " Tjl>lc 19-a. ftf at, b\j j tne particles in airborne indus*rc<i, thl`e3rc !rna^- tlec.iusc of air cur- ' nc Particles in dust clouds at an TABLE 39-A. SETTLING RATES FOR SILICA DUSTS IN STILL AIK Size (H> 0.25 0.50 1.00 2.00 5.00 Time to Fall 1 ft (minutes) 590.0 187.0 54.0 14.5 2.5 operation will remain suspended in the workroom air for relatively long periods of time. The smaller dust particles, moreover, will travel farther away from their point of origin than will the larger particles so that the farther dust is from its source, the greater the percentage of small particles it contains. Mechanism of inhalation With the exception of such fibrous mate rials as asbestos, dust particles must usual ly be smaller than 5 u in order to enter the alveoli or inner recesses of the lungs (see illustration of the bronchial tree in Chap ter 42, "Ionizing Radiation"). Although a few particles up to 10 u in size may enter the lungs occasionally, nearly all the larger particles are trapped in the nasal passages, throat, larynx, trachea, and bron chi, from which they are expectorated or swallowed into the digestive tract. When larger particles of certain toxic dusts are trapped in the upper respiratory passages, they can be ahsorhed by the body fluids in the nasal passages and in the digestive tract befure they are eliminated. Hence die final toxic effects of larger dust particles may be delayed. The larger particles of Imtant dusts can cause immediate effects in the upper respiratory sjitem. Ragweed pollen, which varies from 13 to 25 u in diameter can cause hay fever from its action in the upper respiratory system. This type of dust and other allergenic types, as well as bacterial and irritant dusts, can cause difficulty even in the larger airborne sizes. When dust-laden air is inhaled, some of *r ': j ; l * r u .I WfesS-- ___ . _ ..--. . .. -j*- ;-3--.* * dusts. Hadfher radioac. i extremely re. -acly divided .eased many 5-061 cu in.) cube when 1 p've 10* :a) particNi q m (9. j(X) ; cm (Q.93Q uely divided by the masa ie voids beoncentxation i ft of afr m /'c mated- , will ^Qtjc dusts* *orkroom at- l^e i adopted by overnmepul ; pet os tn per cu tt- \y 0 00- Ol he thre>held -i of dust or , cu ft (SSO C'-'t ted rtob^y is req"1'*' Scictit Ldj. * <* V.,? INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE relocity. This type of dispersion is known u dynamic projection and is a result of the liaetic energy of the particle's motion. As I the mast of the particle decreases, however, t point will be reached when its kinetic eergy (which is one-half the mass times the square of the velocity) is too small to tnercotne air resistance. The particle's for* tt ' vtrd velocity is thus minimized and it re miss suspended in the containing air mass. As a tough approximation, macroscopic 1 particles (those visible to the na d eye) re considered to be dispersed b - dynamic projection. Microscopic particle (those stable only through a microscope) are con- _ adered to have a mass so small that their nevement is dependent an the containing 5- air mass. Contaminants such as the larger iast particles, mists, and sprays, which are \ Opened by dynamic projection, can cause ctterail injury such as acid bums, eye dam age, and dermatitis. The microscopic partieie are dangerous to health if inhaled. Separation In airborne dusts Dust in the air may or may not have the aie composition as its parent material. L' Ihe determining factors are the particle > * and density of each component in the : ^riaal mixture, and the hardness of the f aeaienah (hard materials will resist the wheriaing action of a mechanical device). For example, foundry molding sand con- ***s a large percentage of free silica with *(loer percentage of clays. Most of the t-*yt consist of fine particles that can* be jj-ome, but most of the free silica parti. r are too large to be airborne. The. air- *ue dust, therefore, as compared with the t ^Saal mature, may contain a much high- e Percentage of clays and a much lower * --xraaiage 0f free ,jlica. particles are, of course, attracted by Their settling rate through still V *ul vary with their size, density, and jP?- Microscopic particles settle out more r than larger particles because of their } U?.t*Ve?y m'nor density and because of their j,*' ioOuenced by Brownian movement, --ual particlej targer than 10 yi will set- - **** relatively fast. The ^ttuuatcd set- rates (or silica dusts in still air are "1,1 Table '1'3-A. st of die particles in airborne indus- ^^uuits are small. Because of air ctirthe fine particles in dust clouds at an TABLE 39-A. SETTLING RATES FOR SILICA DUSTS IN STILL AIR Size (is) 0.25 0.50 1.00 2.00 5.00 Time to Fall 1 ft (minutes) 590.0 187.0 54.0 14.5 2.5 operation will remain suspended in the workroom air for relatively long periods of time. The smaller dust particles, moreover, will travel farther away from their point of origin than will the larger particles so that the farther dust is from its source, tbe greater the percentage of small particles it contains. Mechanism of inhalation With the exception of such fibrous mate rials as asbestos, dust particles must usual ly be smaller than 5 is in order to enter the alveoli or inner recesses of the lungs (see illustration of the bronchial tree in Chap ter 42, "Ionizing Radiation"). Although a few particles up to 10 u in si2e may enter the lungs occasionally, nearly all the larger particles are trapped in the nasal passages, throat, larynx, trachea, and bron chi, From which they are expectorated or swallowed into the digestive tract. When larger particles of certain toxic dusts are trapped in the upper respiratory passages, they can be ahsorhed by the body fluids in the nasal passages and m the digestive tract before they arc eliminated. Hence the final toxic effects of larger dust particles may be delayed. The larger particles of Irritant dusts can cause immediate effects in the upper respiratory s) teiu. Ragweed pollen, which varies from 13 to 25 p in diameter can cause hay fever from its action in the upper respiratory system. This type of dust and other allergenic types, as well as b.ictcri.il and irnt.mt dusts, can cause difficulty even in the larger airborne sizes. When dust-laden air is inhaled, some of 39-5 T1 !i! .j i t i r*-** J" r- ~ * lc*a *T *~S,' > .- V ,-Tj --ri^ar \ iri*-____,_____i. t- -i --C >,* - ,<%t '`*i *.**?.&* gy resuif, (cor puladvanced, y |ust an rt dust m tre causal s as lead, rcury, by n organic from the id freshly ossibly 'of This is s ans which f, or skin S organic ne woods inorganic Serial and fr- ina- t. -nC or gmm {See the }ther Ochis chap- at, which er imtats such as se ulceraveo lung '.ich nso'" nutcrii'1 prtxfi'C'5 \hat emit Cha;-tcf INDUSTRIAL HYCIENE r lo very rare cases, enough dust has been [ inhaled to cause mechanical blockage of the r air spaces. (Flour dust has been known to i ause this condition.) Some dusts may be essentially inert and remain in the lungs indefinitely with no recognizable irritation, r iad a few (Site limestone dust) may be * gradually dissolved and eliminated without harm. If Silicons is the most important lung dis esse caused by the inhalation of mineral dust. It is well-known in industries where 7 crystalline free silica dust is present, such u foundries, glass manufacturing, granite * cutting, mining, and tunneling in quartz ` nxk. It is found throughout the world, and . b the past it has had many names, such as | tuner's asthma, grinder's consumption, f miner's phthisis, potter's rot, and stone^ mason's disease. The same occupational dis ease, however, is meant by all these names, ad it is caused by dust from crystalline 1 free silica, usually quartz. Silicosis has been de6ned as "a disease | Cue to breathing air containing silica char1 Jnzed anatomicallt/ by generalized fiv 01u changes and the development of miliC 00^u^tian in both lungs, and clinicallj j shortness of breath, decreased chest exL. ^sssion. lessened capacity for work, absence 'ever, increased susceptibility to tubercur. (some or all of which symptoms may . ~ ) Present), and by characteristic X-ray ( "lings." . Silicosis has been known lo manifest it^-f after widely differing periods of expo* *re to silica dust. Apparently, develope'eut of the disease depends upon: J" The amount and kind of dust inhaled. , ~ Jhe percentage of free silica contained ; in the dust. The fomi of the silica. The sit* of the particles inhaled. The duration of the exposure. The powers of resistance of the indij v'tauil concerned. ' The presence or absence of a eomplicat- S process such as infection. ^Many theories have been advanced over years to explain why crystalline free bei,1 SC1S 15 lt ^ocs ,n 'b lungs. It is now ^ excel 'Jut the fibrosis produced is caused "y the hardness or sharpness of the particles, but by a combination of slight solubility with a physiochemical effect and an immunological effect--but no one is cer tain of the exact mechanism of the disease. Experimental work on the reasons for the development of silicosis is still going on in various parts of the world. If the precise mechanism of silicosis could be determined, better medical preventive measures might be developed and possibly a cure could be found. Amorphous free silica differs from cry stalline free silica in physical structure and L-. physiological effects. In the amorphous ate, molecule) of silica are rar nly orioted and may be naturally c: :ted to opal and diatomaceous earth (1 .elguhr) or artificially converted into such forms as silica gel, silica fume, and fused silica or quartz. If amorphous silica is heated to a high temperature, as in calcining, forms of cry stalline free silica called cnstobalite and tridymite result, intermediate forms of amor phous silica are known as crypto-crystalline (ultra-microcrystalline). Inhalation of these crystalline forms can readily cause diatomite pneumoconiosis. When diatomaceous earth is calcined, par ticularly in the presence of a trace of alka line Sux, appreciable quantities are con verted to eristobilite. As a result of studies made by the U.S. Public Health Service, it has been recommended that the threshold limit value for crude or amorphous diatomite be placed at 20 mppcf (million particles per cubic foot), but that the atmospheric con centration for dust containing cristnbalite be kept under S mppcf. Various commercial products containing particles of silica under l is in size are available. The physiological effects of these products have nor brrn well defined. Until more experience with human h>':nc< is avadahlo. these products should be handled with care. 'American Public Health Association. 1790 Broadxx-ay, New York City. "Report (Joint) of the Committee on Pneumoconi osis and th-- Committee mi Standard Prac tices in Compensation of Occupational Dis eases.'" Tear Book, 19J5. m m " 'i m . h i i 1u m w a ; *nmm i II !i i i t i! .i -i i i i- : jsi. v - 35." * *T W'*'W. -T *v ,fcv IJcr v-J-: >*. *: *t , 'X INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE Free silica is uncoinbincd silicon dioxide ;SjO,). Silicates contain s...ccn and aty*gen combined with oilier elements in more complex molecules. The S1O1 reported- in chemical analyses for iiimer.-ii ..nd geological reports is the total of the silicon dioxide present, both the free silica I if present), and the silica combined in the mineral. Such analyses are not reliable indications of the silicosis potential of the material, because it is the uncontbined or free silica that is most important in industrial dust exposure. So that an exposure can be properly evaluated, the percentage of uncombincd snica must be determined by petrographic analysis using a polarizing microscope or, preferably, by X-ray diffraction analyses and special ana lytical chemical procedures. There has been some experimental evi dence that some dusts may tend to inhibit the action of silica on the body, but this in hibiting action is so slight and uncertain that it must be discounted in practice. In fact, there is also evidence that the nonstliceous components of a dust mixture containing free silica may provoke a disabling condition more severe than that caused by the silica acting alone. With the exception of asbestos and some talcs, the silicate dusts do not ordinarily cause a serious disabling lung condition such as is produced by free silica. Much higher levels of silicate dusts than of free silica dust can be tolerated. Ia many industries, men have worked with silicate dusts that con tained no free silica without development of disability or of nodulation in the lungs. The X-ray may show shadows indicating dust deposits in the lungs, but the pneumoconiosis Is essentially harmless. However, partially disabling pneumoconioses have been reported where men have worked for long periods of time in very high concentrations of certain silicate dusts. Disabling pneumoconioses from exposure to abnormally high concen trations of mica, tremolite talc, and kaolin dusts have been described in the literature. The clinical signs are not the same for these .silicate dusts as for free silica, but the symp toms can be marked. The fine airborne fibers of pass through :.ie jppe: retpuaiorv the lower parts of the lungs to - lion- and to form "isbcstos bodies' " the fibers arc encapsulated. 7>iU ,, fibrosis probably begins as a "coliir'- the terminal bronchioles. There U that other minerals having a Sbrous ot ter (excert glass fiber) cats produce ,' lion similar to that of asbestos. Following a study by the U.S. d Health Sen-ice of the asbestos tertale i. Izy,* it svas recommended that the centration be kept at less than S prevent asbestosis. .Evaluation of xo'. sure to asbestos dust is based on the amount of dust, since the concenr-a-' injurious fibers will be kept within" limits if the fine dust is kept below suggested threshold limit. Miscellaneous pneumoconioses. r though a dust is classified as haiamounts above the TLV can lead to !by causing a pneumoconiosis, rreehan irritating the walls of the respiramn rv or interfering wirit ordinary Mica dust and kaolin dust are two amples of dusts that ordinarily ire -rered benign but amounts above the Tk. cause a troublesome pneumoconiosis, pneumoconiosis has been observed .3 ; ing operations where mica dust, but 1 silica was present. There were changes in the X-ray pictures of the and some disability. The cases ccr where the dust exposures were miss.>many yean. Toxic dusts and fumes Systemic reacu'oos are caused hi dusts and fumes of sarious e'-emcr.their compounds and bv crfi.n .-rgic, pounds. All metallic fumes are .mu:, pecially when freshly generated fnd^ important metals and their compounc can have a toxic effect when the i fumes are inhaled inc'ude arsenic, a.-' cidmium, chromium, lead, mancinese cury, selenium, tellurium, thallium, ur and a few others. Asbestosis. 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Sre D z` a<X4o to i 1* to Uio**t*i 1? \u CO 52 J5 56 C fc. *,,3 ECO S ,S5 oa5(r.ej u^*>iua. u*r Is c c^COO.5KJd o2>w r * >? |n- |- S vj Soo2>jej2***o5v>, .5!>o*re I U o L-'D O CO o *) % I I CONTENTS OFFICERS p. 5-20 Armstrong Cork p. 9 Portland Cement p. 13 Pittsburgh Plate Glass p. 19 SAFETY EXHIBI"ORS p. 37-53 CEMENT QUARRY MINERAL OFFICE! Rubberold p. 32 r 34 CHEMICAL OFFICERS p. 77-79 CONSTRUCTION OFFICERS p. 57-59 ELECTRICAL OFFICERS ARTICLE:' GLASS, CERAMICS, RUBBER SECTION - DUST CONTROLS IN RUBBER AND PLASTICS p. 20-22 asbestos dust hygiene practice controlling exposure p. 21 airborne asbestos p. 20 GLASS, CERAMICS, RUBBER, PLASTIC OFFICERS p. 35-33 ARTICLE: INDUSTRIAL SAFETY SECTION - WHAT SAFETY PERSONNEL SHOULD KNOW ABOUT DUST, FUMES, ETC. p. 131-135 asbestosis causing mesothelioma p. 132 INDUSTRIAL SAFETY OFFICERS p. 151, 153 ARTICLE: LABOR SAFETY SECTION - WHAT'S BUGGING YOU? 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CO ^ Q u . /, n ^SS*".i <. :_5< = - G- < iw< : ^ u o; ' :* ~- .? ^^:c .'"If: V f/. 6 c ^ ,vj u'/~ ~y. ? d . i- o O 5 V *t CCy 'A g,8&^ = o-= /: i 5|3,S ^ o"o |3U i V. X ~ < ut ,-'L> = i-37 O x - j X 7 " 5 -- _` o J 7= C 'J j o-- 'U G w P v" i " r-\ ''Vv c* o Z CLr n o U--u W Scy 'u V> C=T. O= (A S a :n 2 ~ ^ < V'j _. h ~ 3 -= J^CO u X *r_* S t: a < v -i: crt o w !: * * 'J S - r;,~3^' CH" es'^ ca. .si: <i*"~:`Uo -=gwto 2i:. u Cc :s r* N * A 'JS^iS cf/t; " ^5 y| - f? *rt*i . ii 5 iS ^ lT ^4 -^r^ JxH: --yH.-22- >w; "v SO AA to S*5 c r= *-' ^ 'll1-;-: (S *< >\ S: Wvi oWU (cc/)j v3i? Voi ^< >N IS _9 < 0 1 Ul X LaU: U o to o u >" i-- LU U. < to _l < Z O i-- <z .- . W j~ C(Ot H~-. u #>% 0CftO Gsft. J*3 o1 uZ-*f f5C=J 12 -3 eco.-~tos Q'l l~ fw cw> tf25 a, =3"* Uc</ V-) cuaUcrfti. rL"fuftni-ot* Sg <=? X" S' e? v_,4 2 5 a ..^u iSg'n <. < dOS-o nfi=3s s.E it-- .a o *-* fcps s-c r&t4j.ca iU-.. i3.23.SXo-a=<. ia c.| . U J = > So *!f >5c/J. fi,, $ Ca,3o AO^c,-i>jy*5iQ.W.. 1S 5"^ JW o > = UW UK*O^ Cm. C w < -= u :I /) *_rt i S cO SO 4/ oP S ^u i c .5C.5|s eH ,, oga U Uo ii? ,5so-fisl:a 5i? U _ yrt > S|a i|sSip Q|Q = *>. .5 E ii & O f2fl *B* SW `"c> l5S,S . a u> VJ e aw j; ^*3 w CSS 0 . 5.(5 . . SC .. gs S 3 . S?.*/?: jt < SSS'ZZ'i ?(jw2, :u -CdX'Sg- O T>. ^4 ra ti . -,.o -s .-> S" .H-5 tmprtvfji rT'^f- ^ .h ^tv. .P5^2S~" si^7 3S * %** -i'S 1 `s' 'g^T" ':iA `I.-, --fe sncisti 1 iSsll E ^ ,g -*? 8 nK "-rtt. -~`.-f ^ . c - . JQ3e2-Z^s- 35-O3, . *5 *9 -3 "5 **o O CO -O erat So--S ^r.vgi gtj 'IScj-'wS^: 'a^ 5 P- -c3/) "c. <! w Ju = u ^ 5 r' w sj"3 - 2 u u^ J -^S Sgrjs ?t E . ~sS= : =o* 5? uo u -2 =S'OS3 cT. . r u 3 S S 5> + J g /i' 2 !== let 2 '5 W .S 5 -jf(=/=; ~ t- | = 5 .2 5 * y i; ----r-=.13<. .U=2 ^S= .n^a 2z: <cA: 5 *-l .- I a s5tp. U aD - ti1 o'>'-S . x',U9 SE'.x5 .53? t.:) o o o *5 i M -a u .s5 -Ss v a o; -3 xn p jb; 2^ O3 l 5 ---- w; = 5*= .-- I fj i-1 w ^ t> cto oH-S G 3 = w rr - Z `5~ -ydi-/i m. - C fOt _S fUt ~ t) = 2 2 ? " ^ ~ c ^vtj zT? 2 to y v) , -- / ^ -9 s3 ,-s; ,f| '=fti_|y f c- ?S t ---- j--z -- -u )s yt-o J3s-c o. _; ^tC ?=C "c*n --' oiCO- f* -- fctc .7 -- /-"TO -3 j. _r s. ; |sa f 3^"? = ,,T '.S-tJ-E 2 -Z- -- 5 yL t) =o z-jc tn % - vr 5 _ ^ 3 2 = ^ = *Q-> "2 ^ "o --- tr S2 g3hVA--_---"5 ?j i to ? >y.; --- "---S5-- E--Mo3M; wVI v ' s o> -- u U iOXV. c="3* t y o O to'-- . 3o yo o y"r > 5 .! -' ". *rz - s -= = /. "O* _y/_>_ o -i; - t: *= ^ a -- CJ f- = s o - =^r '"c-o---. :sOuX0 .^ryr r.w? "--1 C/5 5Z ; ojq fCtO ej *u to rt g X u. aw-5 ro T3 C.5 . ^o3a3 iyurnt vr,^^c. --urti SCeoW. I w ,n o rj V. * - U a. Ja: K- U. o CO O' U4 U cu u. o < Z o M* H* < z z 5 >u t. I'Z z ^' -Is -Z CJ *r 2;= z 0; aqC rt si Lu <0 tj 1, O mJ '? Ss J -Z .V) .1-2 :.<3 r - < .52 wtj. ?U 8* IjH >U = to U 5 =~ 2 -I f>.i t; rofrf_ -s's *< So . rt 5 3^ t^ tcf.l QnUCmJc . S; O cjj .O cq*- .2 .5 = r . .= ^ t5"E^ O u w- _ rt # o [r o . ^ S S* v - .2vj rt js 2O 5<> s<~^ "3 V, si ) S !''- = -ci g 00 | a 5 -s j,- S _ ^ tfl O Q3 -> ou 6) o r: ,, o r: -- - CO f 14 , S Wy >' | | a -r - `i^. = u J2 U ssw . w cs v ! o .h 2: 5|i 23w;rzw "oci.3--P=S .*5 ^r\ X--3, 0& 55 ono:luuw(,.sgO>- ll IT. d* u, ~- ^ *r^2 5U 3 c/i > .3 oC2 i? * O u .r c2^= --v u "= -J v-r co y *3 ~ 1 ha. 2 t3, ~= ^ | i W i af --~ OwS V? 'n S| pt^ C 1 =1 O Co Co r CONTENTS OFFICERS p. 5-20 CEMENT.QUARRY, MINERAL, OFFICERS p. 31-33 CHEMICAL OFFICERS p. 39-41 ARTICLE: COAL MININS SECTION - IMPORTANCE OF DUST CONTROL p. 3-5 pneumoconiosis p. 3--5 ARTICLE: COAL MININS SECTION - WHAT THE COAL INDUSTRY IS DO I NS TO CONTROL DUST p. 6-8 sil:c5 dust p. S silicosis and other respiratory ailments p. 3 COAL MINING OFFICERS p. 36-33 ARTICLE: CONSTRUCTION SECTION - OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH IN CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY p. 21-25 lung cancer in asbestos insulators p. 21 asbestosis, asbestos dust, asbestos spray gun p. 22 computer output of lung cancer in asbestos insulators p. 24 THE CONSTRUCTION OFFICERS p. 59-61 ELECTRICAL OFFICERS p. 14, 15 GLASS, CERAMICS, RUBBER, PLASTICS OFFICERS p- 43-46 INDUSTRIAL OFFICERS p. 155-153 LABOR SAFETY OFFICERS p. 38, 39 MARINE OFFICERS 43-50 METALS OFFICERS p. 36-33 ARTICLE: MINING SECTION - THE MINER AND HIS ENVIRONMENT p. 4-15 pulmonary dusts p. 6 silicosis p. 7 MINING OFFICERS p. 54, 55 PETROLEUM OFFICERS p. 43, 44 PUBLIC UTILITIES OFFICERS p. 30 WOOD +7 r> x-.* . - ;. /'- V v -......................... >>' r``'P'T - *> . - - . ----<--' ` . \- ^V* Wj \: *;' i--i r* * CD O -& O , # o. 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" 2~ , -g CJ o cr * s c . ^ o : 0 c. cl 5 .^2 j --c -- ^ 3o >.^= 82 = JC 3 r. &' ^ ^' s r- * w CS i- 6- ' 1 ' c O y G ' 3 vj S ^ 2 . 2 - 3 3 _^~ cra __ pci ^C2 h B-Pl e^.= ;-| r.M ml c 15 J9 S- o o si;1 3 y3 s o -r P o -- , S 2 = H -. 3 v* o o-- 3 o E^ 2 o " o 2 ^j = -j- r: SHillil|1il^':l!ll-1 Nllllilfl c -3 O .wv *3 0 .-"0 -- < n^ = c: 3 3O 5 =-= J s O --s .3 o *2 -3 W c 1 PLAINTm'S EXHIBIT NSC-52 breathoH Hf-e- Mouth-to-moulh resusci-. tation was applied to power-line worker by a. co-worker. The victiih; brushed against a live wire during routine linework, and', was knocked :C _r_ " : 12-a'5?'& :- Y-f *; -W' '*' *. 7- Have a heart Heart and circulation diseases ",are>c^ ' - listed as the third' highest handicapping U.SA. Yes, it: is true/- Heart.' dis'disescaies''te;ividmi^$i^ but in some cases, it frightens the 'boss ''evOT'mbrelflp^fi you are wondering just how much, of a problein.gh:|isg^-.r. to hire a heart case; a hew booklet wiH be ofrihSfest--^l^ Workmen's Compensation and the Cardiac. It stiows' - ' - how labor, management, and the med^M;lpfofessi6n:';;:':4'' cooperate to employ and rehabilitate cardiac patients: It is available from Chicago Heart Association,' 22 W. ' Madison. Chicago. 60602. Have a heart Heart ana circmanon uibeasc^ axe but in some cases, it frightens the boss even more! If Workmen's Compensation and the Cardiac. It shows V-' - r ,v. ft is available from Chicago Heart Association, 22 W. Madison* Chicago,- 60602. - Asbesfos dust and cigarets pose cancer risk -- AcV . ^ cording to a recent study by- three New York medical til b! in oi tfc ic arets' have' a hihetyfoid `ghbater risk'of dying ffoni-lung " ' . than, persons who neither, smoke "nor work . S< Comprehensiveairport plan -- The federal?Aviation:^;r ^ :: v, - National Safety News, October 1967 JC55l3Si^^^S5SSK5K35Sni?w ,-- _______________ S!feaS!^^hi!.<v^:-`.iru.*' ;:<:, -............... ..... . -- r- ,.- - liJ-ti^-^'is-sV. r ,.. - --.. - - - .....................-. -/."JVA^-.rwwn!.-- ,-- --^^Cnqllenging.inner space --r An artists concept shows - i *-! .?'z'/& Or" -rnta f3 in*frV-m ... /^nf_nroxr `trtiaTir r\f T rV,lr!'lArfr1 A/flccil^C Rj .....r......,.../ n^^^5ch|.a^svpi^rt5:systemr.`cquldrnelp' move; divers.- and- . ^#^W^uipment|safelwfromi-i\tiit3he:.surface to'underwater sites...-;.;: man.%tb.vihcrease?the A _-.. .la! ''.i':-!-.^.!.:' ; r. -t-i.#/*' S-iSf .*1& -- ~4TtV^ jfi ia . and other submersi- -^^Wes^Thiese^ promulgated, will: .-add --1 ----^ determme--seaworthiness* **-'*"* i** tw^- Quest) on' the basis of Marine Office-of Amer- i.-. .> i., ' .inexpensive., electronic system. ;ic'3?j252E3&r--b's>o:4v- .-..'---. *. 5?J>W;-.'- -**7 - -<T- ' |V >;% ;'->a*w , " ..*;. yv>;Wr>- C* _. I, o. g- , :Q ^4=--:C^^0^::'--r :L- .' V=:vO-Dv=:<>V ' -.E;>v:*c:.5 6>ov'^rl>v:a>vU - - - '4 '^^ -'': ~ jF4-^ r:'' TT"'' ;.rJ i-- o J" *:> f* -" i^iircfr^-- - -- - o :ib^"D; uv- -C^..c rs::U.v ^ o...b-i-t-- TSr:-ac>-.-';/->>s,: V-C-- -. : ' j-- O- CD WMMB* O "! " Jj o o^ il) cil >5 ii l0T) r--s D ' cn o I 'r'Sr-j 'l-<'-'f e **8r}~' _o rt Co~</> . co CO^'4> d ti l> O X3' "');*" irbftrpagm:48 ' " Mixtures. Special consideration should: .;5^..:^;-?.S^^V/^Sfe.'^'.r'?:0--Y;r ^ 'v -- '': -.- ..` . ';*!*_< r' M4Vvs't\1 "Cvy!.-**** -r .". . . ',V.;'sease:"or:physical condition, or 5) for * ;-.. ^radoijficm^byi^couiitries- whose ^working the United... .- r where substances be given- also to the application of these ' values in :^assessingV the''health^haza "* which may be associated with1 exposure ' > to mixtures of two. or more substances. A brief discussion of basic considerations, involved in developing,.threshold.;.,limits: values for mixtures, and ' methods - for:: their development,: amplified : by- specific examples are given hi-ApperidiX"Br ' '^Ifth^TIjys} isTsshed'iby ACGIH under this gives the.. pertinent . ^^hSoientffic^Mc^iation^ and data with, ref-\ :hat were documen-. ""Inert" or. Nuisance - Particulates:' A number of dusts or particulates. that oc cur:iri the working environment Ordinar ily produce no specific effects, ujpon pro;., longed inhalation.. Some insoluble sub-\ stances ate; classed as inert(e;g.,iron and . steel dusts, cement, silicon , carbide, tita nium dioxide, cellulose); others may. be. . mliMwtii^ mi^aM^ihg^hs^v^.-v^v^activity' that, in^'cqn&ntratidhsTbfdinaiilyv: ' ^-^is'Vhptiappfopriate r to: the "time-weighted ' ples are needed to permita time-weighted ' 'avefage'cohcentfation'throiighout a com plete ' cycle of' operations or"throughout the work shift. Whereas the ceiling limit' places a defi- ir,!re *->o,indnr"tr which conc?ri'r2r?on<: impairment;"st317othersThay^dxfkpi ;eMna^.OT?;^roy^i^^ryf (vegetable:?6ils;?5 j^yrih^^CTC^)^iIn^ the case oftheiii^I^ may. .be :^nie^ai^ii&|aSo^m|^^ff. : juratory solublesubsfcmc^ti^ %SSet;.'' ordiharily^'beytaiqx>i^^ fere to .. some'^e^nt^wtli.^i^i^atdry processes.^; Hencef: it ^is^desirable;to'rcdn7 trol. the i'cdncehfratibns/jbfsuch particu^ lates in ti-vair^bi^ i vidiial,V:in ?; keeping^'^with^goodrindustrial hygiene' practice.; : ...r: *A-ttBresihold.:-; lir^t?:.df^fSmg^m^^ot^ 507. mppcf^whichever is/le^, :is^rd5ommerided . for- substances ::ihi the^Mra^gonS^andf for . which no" specific^thrShold^lmiits.. have been^ assigned.- This -limit-Vifor^ a normal .work 7day,77 d6es%not3pply^ fo . brief .'exposures at higher-: concentrate Neither does it', apply. to';tho^7substahces which may causephysiologicimpairment at lower concentrations but for which a threshold limit has not vet been adopted. c0rpe it;neT'\" ^a'rt"c'U:a''es "vr^ ^v.^-- * SOiUUiC J)U.U^L0jl1W^07 __ ____ ___ --. ii ordinarily^be; temporary^buti-.may^-inter-., ferh - to some'extent1 - with ~respimtGry- . processes. Hence, it is desirable to con -6n.;';this^ ^fticulan'fes^nser". Substances trol the concentrations of-such, particu f^{wit^vtbisf:typeoftresponse^aren-besticon.--... lates ;.in the air breathed by . any, .ind''"v l'jolted'by;"aceiling "C" limit that -should vidual,: in keeping; wthrg<^'-'indus^^ .. . not';, be exceeded-:;It -..is, implicit in these definitions!.',that the'manner .of samnline hygiene practice. A threshold limit of .15mg/m3, or 50 mppcf,.whichever, is less, is recommended for ;sub^ahc^''in:/the^.v categoric and:y for which no specific threshold,-limits have been assigned. This limit, for a normal ,.work.day^.does .not apply to.. brief ..exposures at, higher con<^n&ations. Neither does it apply to those substances 'which, may ;caus physiologic. impairment, at lower concentrations but for which a threshold limit has hot . yet been adopted. Some-, "inert" particulates;: are v ^ven-. .in;-:. 'rj: :}y- shoidd,-'~iiof?be^ permitted \ to. exceed, the Appendix D. .. - - -v'/.' SimplC Asphyxiants---"Inert^ Gases or T6reach: simpleTa^-^.^---^- - Hmhmg>fa(*^ lAtmosphef^^ ^de:/adeqimtejwar^gtand*m^^^5le.|.;- r asphyxiants iahts17are; hsteiyin ~ asphyxiants^present^2ni'e^lcwioir=harardi^--. inf'limitmg-vtherT^ 'asph^ahLy eyehtibi^bf*vcuttmiM^ ^absoi^tioh-^^ " ;f^that^tiie(;threshold; limit-is not invalidated. V^'-'-^'^^eseiiyalues Vare- reviewed: annually by--: the* Committee'-'on-' Threshold ' Limits Bk,,--- .for revision . or. additions, as further in- . ' ^'formation becomes available. -^'Ihysichl^act^^^ ' .'-t------ such - physical ; factors. as heaL?;mtrayiolet.i= and iomzingfradiafron,^ huiiudi^l'abhor^ mal pres^e^imh4ti^{?hfe^ma^ph' ? added stress. on -ithei. body-^^thatitheir effects, from exposureiVaf:iay-ftineshbld^ 52 m 7*. x*AClJ - - : aai'v'fcW^V **w^u Wi.. uv*~ r;act^'advar^y":;to^-inCTease^: theV'-:.% ` t by^specific;;.asv,io;taKe care or gross, deviations. For dixfe/'V. example, continuous work, at temjpera- tes that oc- r;'.. might be considered gross deviations. In jnt ordinar- '.?<& such instances;-, judgment. must be exer-' j/djn^i>r6V;'.:..^'/cised;in-\the ;:propeir adjustments of the 6lubIe';T.su^ &,ricg^ values.: . ^of Intent" At . .the'. .beginning irbide,vtita-.'of., each year, proposed' actions" of the year are Notice, ofln*'notv only -~c- : commended:r - permission ; is ' bbtained:.; frbm' the Sec- 5gorles?;'ahd?' reteuT^Thes^^ Conference and holdyimits . that it be published in its entirety. imit;\;for a The TLV's for 1967 reprinted here ^apply; .to are. copyrighted by the American Con jitrations: ference of Governmental Industrial Hy Vsubstances gienists. -- End. impairment :or which a :en adopted. 2 f. o'l 1.- . U/l I I ever;r?tne-listis'so usedVithe intent.of the ; "concepts contained in the Preface should V' mi- ;; '- Reprint'"' Permission. This, publication :;teiz . ;tv> -^rv End- " Vi.v '~S~ includes' the-fol-- -". 7.%-wV* -- I/1? - " . * , -.y .". :- ' .' National Safety News, October 1967 :dnstp'jc~:ck of": :onstf.uot:ON off: iefani :s JSEF 3FFICEPS p. 112-125 OCCUPATIONAL HAZARDS asoestc-H Oust p. 12 co; 1 sr i r, spec t : r i c. -'AKINS THE INVISIBLE 7ISIBL _ABC.", IFF I CEPS p. -I )AL -EAL7H - CTC" =- -ETPQLEUM EPS p J?t_____ PAIL"CAD Q-"- 3-2-0 c./.____ t 5-a.: PLAINTIFF'S EXHmrr NSC-20 >. o oc 3 O ow jr o O *2 v) o B 3 o u o c o 5k + a; H- 0 VI 20 - o -*** Z J* 3^ H 5 "* ^4 rt s O =5 u*5 D as 1<3 ~*gz S CO =~ i 5*3 us c. n " "E I= Jj V* g 4i go : u 5S 3o ,, Zr4r .ua>U I5' I "2* H.H a iwd yo 5 $<3 So I5to <; e O6^_ 2 t3 Co *wtn b __ o IIa' I > u t- o _ OM ` , *u 2 -S ti a z 0$ so Si o ft. ww < 2 IS.2 5 "J 2-E -2 S" rs 2 St ^a .$<3 U = a S j? <^ o 2> 2 IS ii !* 1 w'J ^o c41 f^jl ri? wbo .3 ft* 3 i c is in g << sf in ,. uu _*3S < So < *tn a 4 c --w ;gW 'c e s8 Si*' I* w.S . .32 5Zj< ^W) b.O S 2>* " g S5s 2. t-1 ** oO u >J > "S e s& x2 W 36 rj<Q 2 ?z o *iT<* 33 W-. .si S-2 Ct "* M*s CCHc S =U H Cl ** w.? *2 5s 2 s <W So U2 b5 ^Sifl a 5rK* ae to tc re la i N a lio 60611 VI .*5> Mo QG H< lT g o tc II 52 to Cl< <M -IT Q.*=T 3a 5 4 n m =~ 3 .9 111 _ E?S o u _; u *- 41 co o 4J to gs Id to < t> OS o< w CO M 4s 5^ g &* Qc* ryz C 13 r '^Si-.a6r4 IIMHUUtmuHIMIMtMIMHHMItlMMfMHIUIimtHIHntMIMIHIUIinHtUH<Hmmtnni(HIWtlltlUlinmtMltltUIIIIIIIUIWtMIMmiltlllll||IIIMtMHIUMMmMMtMlltllllttllimilMIMtimM*<tMHM*IMMMMmm &* St lI l.se 8 ?i I is 6i.622 5jO' ?o I s leCO .5 5*o l! 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IS *c ii 3 I ~ `I 3==vat3o 5 w. ^ o ,s ; 2 j, = __ so to _o u 33 .y i - u = ^ 5 c . O - s G ! 13s c --jg"c > o *"* :=%' 3 c cjt os . b. . 's e["S S . = es5 a U2S 53 a5*3 5 m c -la 1 W52JI ~ J c^Satj-ai*' E c & S' I j? Wfrf Si-If5! &5.S~ 5 *x ~3*uo o U. *5 o 2 jj z c-a-7. 3 2 2 * -s s 5 * J: " 15 * " *5 ** -- V S3 W. ,2 2 rt -- be . 5 u S: at C * ..sa cdS Z~ *-t? Boat e SO cj o^fcjo a cr* S'-C^StnH -- -- o" = -si 2 S > 5 u&mw s * * u o L- 3 s<: ||5|8S to - - = (fee -s. C 2S .2 S ?. >' ~: gs- P1SS15I5 S'1161 I a-5 21 i s-a-s-a I =1 e 5 " 3oD fv *- g 0.-3 0 3 I *" -s.8 >'= = 5-33.2^ _ " 2 n- i cf J3 1 2 al 3.2 S WS& 1.5 3 5 " .S <" I = 0 "*s=.2 .SsiB^o 0 3 ,,.*--# w e s e >.:;JS-0.52<i s 1" |olE < ;5i8s s.a o g|-=.2 2* lf|s*S 8 8"-g b-V| ,, * u~ 3 s:l? isi3 3 n* JJ -3 ** *wh V k Scrt -- i* ?1. 1 "4 5l= *i rr* rt bO rt 11 _ _ to . o o *5 v 5 .2 3 s s 2 "3 -- 2 " 8 i s a-ss^ i -?i o-|s--=g 3I su=s ii ; I: " ^^3 3 2 5 t ii. S! 5 i? TM. 5 > w c -? s;. > 5.E 2rt |^ ~ "; = "o 2: ^ o2 'I > u (, W ~ i- tor-_3.5 ^ x: jj -- g J;cE-3.iEH'7.i'S 000707 V. 6 SE;-.iEPA_ 5E35 13'-Ki5 ~ use cr~ hers members r. 4-is SAFETY EXPO EXHIBITORS p. 15-51 IEMENT, OUAPRY, MINERAL OFFICERS p. 13, 14 CHEMICAL SECTION RESPIRATORY PROTECTION p. a-12 Is new respirator designed for protection against asbestos fibers a success!' p. 12 CHEMICAL RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT OFFICERS p. SO, 51, 54-66 CONSTRUCTION, PUBLIC EMPLOYEE SECTION use of respirators p. 71-36 respirator testing and approval p. S7-8S CCNSTRUC-nDN, =L'BLIC EMPLOYEE OFFICERS p. 136-142 ELECTRICAL OFFICERS p. 24, 25 GLASS, CERAMICS, RUBBER, PLASTICS OFFICERS p. 53-56 INDUSTRIAL OFFICERS p. 125-123 LABOR OFFICERS p. 37 MARINE OFFICERS p. 43-46 METALS SECTION - DUST, MIST, FUME, RESPIRATORS p. 5-10 silica type dusts p. 7 METALS OFFICERS p. 26-23 MINING OFFICERS p. 56, 57 PETROLEUM OFFICERS p. 36, 37 PUBLIC UTILITIES OFFICERS p. 23-25 RAILROAD OFFICERS p- 32, 33 WOOD, TEXTILE OFFICERS p. 26-29 PLAINTIFF'S EXHIBIT = - / i v c *.2 y ^ s- K < .go D w ^= " -- c o~ s - ~. *rt 2 is IT, c *-- " 5 './i *--' "3 vs lii 0 J5 - .15 3 l" 3 *3 *"* j? a x d.3 . \ ,5 2 5 2<~>^ ^-3 rt ^ ^ = y *sj b7 _J r- > '** X y ..i"3 6* . fi 5 3# w rt v V) U "/ -c *5 ^ n Jj ts -I, cd `Sw^. ni c/C u u-5 O. o s Ii i I55 E -- = P o-- .* 5^3-Sl&? = 0 j;'3' > B > g 2 " u > ^ .= _ 2 = o 'to TM-=",J5 5 - S I1.-2 f, Jijfgjj. o y i > ts > ISM-lsi a-; - s " ^ 41 M is '* u,*03 b5?U sg o=!,'S3s5`gu 2s s5 a 2 -- 5 0^ 5 - S .2 .a=3'al8 gl'Sallf 8 2S=,,"" a o = 2 s 2 e = u 5 ^ >- _= O. ; *5 J5 rt o *-S > I J-l ^ 'I*3 Ss 3 _ 55 "S 0 - J.a 3||ag|-f 3L..,S.*3&la |rs Si * 2 * 81 T5 .? 8 2 s I a gi ?-2 *.a3 Gu *"5. --.a 5sE.xM -2 3 T3 ^ -- 73 f5 >aWs. o5CEL.^2*s 5^-* i: & " " X > >; . = rt --EJ-I o*y tt | S 8 u ti ucn>. 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P CLC3 Om m _ * 3 o 3 T_.g S51 5 3 7 o.H.3 s-o f V ? ? ? s 2 3 5' mi %i a *-} ;a O _ alier'iSfl! isV3 51 S 1 5* 2 2^ -- '5*- ^n ^ 2ds -. x * 53 -t 2 3 =*73 ,, C3 ? i c =T **=== S-S.2 B O =-- ** C- _ n <, ,, S..S C ft SO. if2nt. c2. cr a f<t sa ~~ * -r ; TTH-3---o2-.3--a < $ -o"-=3s >S_ =- --7r r x S'** j ois o 5 s* ji r< .25T -S|-5 . --21:, tvo2/ii n --. _2.n*3 2 -- --.- - ft2 rs2 "*1ay5 < _ . = S 2 l'=l 5 i 1-5=1 |3. n -n zi - ;i* 'SI ^ " s o s" sr o !?" = :-==!2C3SsE3 s,,=o- ?-=|C5rrro-Mc="in"o'i/^nC C3-M -2^- G-- ! : o -- FT" c/). o I < * >2.wm _ S s -- " ft X* w=' s="* i2 fi.n o ? h5-=-i--Po 1- -=! S 2 5*1- = wpr - = :i?sg)=fj;iI--aso .- -ra <05 ;o . ?-2.3 _-- > 2 3 5* r*.n --v ~ "o C2 - S' o 3 ja -. ^ IA *3 *s2. =* --< a-c-- w*-- -wy-f"*tirH5s*3->fotf^it. rs ?=?z .1 cr. ^ 3 ~ ?2 . 1 ft -- o -i ^_0, =-2? 32== 1^= "! 2." o ^ ... -- _ o r 3 o2^C-_5= ?=: 'o'oS'--'='' 5"=Lc"0=.= g5-asn2^=---S."=.-i-aS" = - 3 3 ^ =-S 2 = -2r-=~,,^ CT ~ftCv'-*o--*sQ Ey`--2G-- Hft "o =. --< y<o == nCr*22. i e IF* = SH 2. cr Z E - -? sCrsc*2'**< rn. on' csr_* -ft- --- -- -- ^ ft --'Jft2,i = .-* -^yJS.'nOaft - 5'- a 2 ft 2 '=3. S-g ft ** G ^ 3 = * E 3 3 : VI 0 " 01*1y- ft c a"o C:. = E-- *~Mf"t 57 ^ y 2 H. -- ft"H. ft y -2 ~ yy2-y:J --^ ,a-- 3 = = 2..j2l = g S " I >" S s r ft ui' ? *t3>-0w c 2 5;P? 3M2_ . 5 r- ' 1 r* 2 o s. ^ ft "=. v. D?i ^ vi ft ~ - y n- ft ft w ft -- _, 3 ft ft ^ <- -- ~ft -- ft . ^>- - O rS r r-~ VJ ft 5. r* c ft = ft 2" .-= tr 3 =. =" ' ft 3- -< - i.J- = J^x; 3-;.= = 2.-oS ^r.^S-x flW S' r> 2. * Volume 1 . 1 '* , . * * " . ` " *\ National Safety Congresi . Transactions : GENERAL v SSSIOIIIS J ANNUAL MCETIN& OF.MCMfERS . coNotes* banquet ust of exhibitors - . GENERAL INDEX OfALL VOWMEf ; i # " 1 RATIONAL safety COUNOL \ 1 425 N. MkhtQan Av*nu Chicago, IRinois 606T1 * 1 ` ' 1 1 jVl-rJ Volume-5 > National Safety Congress Transactions . CHEMICAL and FERTILIZER INDUSTRIES NATIONAL SAFETY COUNCIL 425 N. Michigan Avanua Chicago, Illinois 60611 *' ' . ;i tv ,..... -1 1 * 1 i. ` [: m 51st NATIONAL SAFETY CONGRESS Ptpara cMhnrad In U ' . CHEMICAL SESSIONS . CONTENTS Seafe-Up and Transfer of Chemical Processes from Research to Manufacturing........................................Sfm/cy F, Spcace 4 Testing Reaction' Mixtures for Stability............................ .Jack S. S*y*f** S Who Knows What?---Who Has tfio Technic*! Knowledge?............. 14 Theory. Applicability and Design of an Explosion Suppression System.....................................................R, Ji Jfeafi 15 h lightning Protection of Electric*! Equipment..................... ArfAoay D, Deyim (4 The Unique Features of University laboratory Safety Program............... ........................... ....................... William W, Joy 2! Minutes of Adds and Heavy Chemicals Sub-Section Meeting........................ 25 JOINT SESSION WITH OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH NURSING COMMITTEE OFF-THE-JOB CHEMICAL SAFETY U*a of Poison Control Centers............. ...........................Htnry L Varhntst 28 ' Hexards of Home Chemistry................................................... W. W. fewcett 32 Chemical Hazard* of Do4t*Yowvaif PlojacU..................... .... Morton GJccsoa 37 JOiNT SESSION WITH CAMPUS SAFETY ASSOCIATION-- HIGHSt EDUCATION SECTION f AinCondansIng Cryogenic Hurds.................................. .*............ R, M. Hoary 42 What Safety Knowledge Does Industry Expect of the Technical Graduates?' (a) Chemical Engineer Graduate................................... lost M. Adwaa 48 (b) "The Chemist Graduate........... ............Terse M. Aon 66 (a) The Physicist Graduate..............................1...............Donrie Mood* S3 (d) The Btelogist.Graduate...................................... J. l. f/ec* 56 FERTILIZER SESSIONS Safety in Handling'Ammonium'Nitrate..................................Ralph D. Millar 57 Liquid Nitrogen--*Mixtafi Storing and Application..Bfmat C. Fortin* 61 Hunan Relations and'Safety Go Hand4n-H*nd................. H. H, Van BnchJ 63 A Workable Small Want Safety Program.'.......................Poster C Rlntfort, Jr, 67 Officers of the Chemical Saetiets 1443-64............... ................... . 74 Officer* of the Fertiftter Section 144344................... -........................... ..... ` 74 Five Years #f.Future Dates of tha National Safety Congress.................. .\L... 76 Other Volumes In 1443 NajRanal Safety Contras* Traraaetions............. fecit Cover OFFICERS OF THE CHEMICAL SECTION NATIONAL SAFETY COUNCIL 1963-64 Central Choirmmi G. R. Cukutxcs, Head, Safety toA Industrial Hygimc Dept, Ell Lilly A Co, Indianapolis 6, lad. ~ Viet Chairman, it Charge ofProgram--J. J. Pxajciot, Safety Up, National Duliltert art Chemical Corp, New York 16, N. Y. Secretary--H. W. Rapp, Jk, SttpfVff. Qianinl Engr, Engineering St Los Goitral Dir, The Travelera Insurance Co, Hartford 1$, Conn. Laboratory art Pilot Plant SuArtflJoit--W. S. Woos (Chairman), Safety Engf., Research and Development Dir., Sun Oil Co, Marcus Hade, P**.; E. L. Snor (Ottlrfflao-Oeo), Safety Eogr, Lot Alamos Scientific Laboratory. Lee Alarms, N. Mtx.; L. C. WlCEt (Secjrtary), Safety Dir, Research Center, Monsanto Chemical Co., St. Louis 66, Mo. tfewletter Committee--]. N, fkuiltflt (Chairman), Safety ogr, Research (e Devdopaest Dept* Phillips Petrolnun Ca, Bartlesville Om.; A. H. Cbwstiah, Corporate Safety Engr, Amencan Viscose Corp, Philadelphia J, Pa.; D. T. Surra, Supt, Protcctko Dir.. Employee Relations Dept, E. L du Pont de Nemours Sc Co, Inc, Penns Grove, N. J. Engineering Committee--H. A. You (Chairman), Safety Dir, Gallery C7*~mirU Co, Muskogee, Otcla-j J. S. Black. Safety OSoer, Public Health Service If. S> Dept. of Health, Educadco, & Welfare, Washington 25, D. C.; P. J. MeDoKwett, Met. of Lots Prevention, Chemicals Dir, Olin Mathieson Chemical Corn., New York 22, N. Y. Public Relations Committer--A. P. Osn (Chairman), Corporate Safety Engr, Qua Pfieer & Co, Inc, New York 17, N. Y.; *j, R. Boumah* Safety Dir., Proctor be Gsmhle Co-, Ivorydale. Clrctnoau 17, Ohio; A, L. HCXSCMAN, Chief Safety Ergr, Lockheed Pro* pulsion Co, Redlands, ChKf. Technical Pu&fSrotMtw Commiller--R. NwiT (Chairman), Safety Engr, Safety Codes Dept. Uoloo Carbide Carp,, New York 17, N.' Y.; 2d. A. Shill, Supvr. of Technics! Senna Eagr. Dept, Hanford Accident & Indemnity Co., Hartford 15, Coon.; E. Irvui, Salop Met, Aerojet-Gesera] Corp, Am**, Calif.; G. H. Mura, Safety Engimes. Brio** Laboratories, Division of Bristol-Myers Co, Syracuse, N. Y.; C MAcDiAUSta. Senior Chemist, Polymer Corporation, Sarnia. Ontario, Canada Health Committer--J. A. Houcsxotr' (Chairman), Supvr, Industrial Scrrvx. Liberty Mutual Insurance Co, Bmtcm 17. Mass.; E. L. AtrAtretf, Supvr,. ladumrial Hyglme Service, fntmutioru! Harvester Ox, Chicago 1, IB.; ft. E. Hawkwsox, la* duitrial Hygienist, Employers Mutuals of Wausau, Milwaukee 16, Wis.; D. J. Katsv. M.D, Medical Dir, Texas Dir, Dow Chemical Ox, Freeport, Texas; Mas. Axrf* Ktataea, R.N, Supervising Nurse, Pabtt Brewing Ca. Milwaukee 1, Wls.; Max V. Macuo, R-N, Plant None, Great Lakes Carbon Carp, Niagara Falls, N. Y. Travnutp Aids Committee--A Kmi (Chairman),- Director of Loss Promtkp. OGo Mathleaos Chemical Gory, New York 22, N. Y.; D.U. Van WccxH^Safety Coordinator, Stanffer Chemical Carp, Chaunwy, N. Y.; A. Uwt, Safety B>gfawr, Proctor k Gamble Co, dneianati 17, Ohio; ft. H. Scott, Hanford Laborstorim. Bldg. 7702. Kao* ford Atootle Pndntts Operation* General Electric Co. Richland, Washington; R. Pantorr. Administrator, Allied Chmlcsl Corp. New York Membership Committee--?. C Gaucvsn (Chairman). Dir. of Safety, Sbenrin-WlHiatos Co, Chicago 29, ill.; W. J. ILtMnw, Division Sefety Engineer, Tape Group, 7M Co, St Paul 19, Minnesota t W. Laucciback, Safety Director, Texas Eastman Co, Longview. Texas ' Statistics Analysis art Sefety Affords CjuSnit/rr--W. K. Gmsa (Cbaimaa), Safety Coordinator, Udon Carbide Carp, New Ycsk 17, N. Y; F. E. Uscaduy, Safety Supvr, Wyandotte Cherokalt Corp, Wyandotte, Mich. Off-the*Job Committer--Ksnoux (Oiairman), Corporate Mgr. of Safety, Brunswick Corp, Chicago 5, tlL; C. M. Ouoit, Snprr. Health bt Safety, Hotter Cbemxal Carp, Niagara Fills, N. Y.: A. Wttsoir, Safety Manager.' 401 Bldg., Midland Div Dow Ovnwsl Co, Midisad. Michigan; P. C. Laus, Safety Ada, Lever Bros. Co. New York 22 N. Y.. Bducatitmei Liennet Committee--American Chemical Society; *H. K. Fawxitt, Ccswihiag Engr, Research Laboratory. Geocral Electric Ca. Schoxetedy. N. Y.; Siomafoetwmg Chemist? Auoeiotiem G. G. FLinire,,Dir. of.-Sarfrtys-ajat.PlMt-Pw<iiqw-^rivtw* Corp. o{ Anscsn^ Qatloctfv Sf^-GTv Scientific Afijanbu Sfaiert Association: j. (L _Isvrwc. Executive Secretary, Chicago a, HI.; Inst, of Electrical & EUcbvmc Eagiaarrti W. T. Rooms, FTwsors Serviees, Inc, New York ^RY.; American Hates' AssoeiaMam: Max. A. Ktnnwx R_N_ Sapervising Norse, Pabst Brmrifig Co, MBwantee 1. Wh; Amwrvon Haterrt ffmdlmg Society: & V. ClahCET (Chatrceas o| the Btffc Hvafiag sod Safety Comouttces). Eastman Kodak Co, Rochester *. N.< Y.; dwnew lam. Chemical Engineers: HL W. Rasp. Jx. Suptrg. Engr, EngbccxiDg fe Lom Gmeicl Dir. The Travelers Insurance Co, Hartford 15, Com. ^ J/ortmating Committee--*E. R. WalLacx (Onirmaa^, Smor Safety Engteer; Safety wf Fire Protection. Eastman Kodak Co. Rochester 4, N. Y.; *H. H. FawowL; Ccmuhtel Eogr, Rcaordi Laboratory, General Electric Research Laboratory, SAe--cm^y. N. Y: J. E. NtcnoLA, Dir. of Safety, Reynolds Metals Co, Richmond 19, Va. _ Rcstmt* art Pignming Committee--*S. F. SRlkS (Cbainnan), Dir, Safety wad ton Pro* vnapoo. Amcpraa Cyanarod Gx Wayne; N. J.; *R. K. Aunsa. Safety Mgr. Modi Olv, Merck * Co, Inc, Rahwxy, N. J.; E. J. MrrtB. AaaL Mgr, Safety ft Fire Preecetwo Drv, E. I. do Pont de Nemours k Co, Iocl WEmagtoei ^ Dri. Adeieary Committee--Z-- Cwbil (Chairman). Mgr, Safety aod Fire PiiMUka* \M.*Cunn Qicnuol Co, St. Lows 66. Mo.; *A. L. Cam. Dir. of tndaorial Safety, rmirwn Kodak Co. Rochester A N. Y.; *S. U. UAcCtncsoow, Asst Mgr, Safety and Lost Prevention, Dww Chemical Co. Midland, Mkh. Staff Rsfiresmintiet G. SHnarv, Natiorul Safety CoaxS, 42S N. Mktdgas Ave. Chicago U. IB. ' Part Gocral Qaitmaa ) ^v nu, Consolxlited Undcrwritrr*. tCiAui City ft Wo.: Rumai /. Dukhacak, North Carolina Dcparanoit oI Labor. Wiastcn-Sahiu-a. N.C; Axmrr Swmm*o Weeterw ELetrsc Co, Hawthorn* Station. Qiaii III: Adtiis* to Cutn'rot: 'Horar A. Laawic, Employ** Uunnlaof Wausau. Wausau. Wlx. CooftrOQt Comtmlltt--I. W. Shi/TT (Quintan). Jot. E. Sapini .4 Sons. Imi. New York 72. N.Y.: W. E. Lyhr, Hiram Walker ft Son*, lac. Cooper*** Div. Peoria. TIL: R. K. Fouutju, Canada Barrels & Keg*. Ltd, Waterloo. Ont, Canada; J. Ranpau. Thomas, Edwin Bell Cooperage Co, Pittsburgh i. P*.: Adtiror to *R. C Cu lUtUL Cooptrage Div, National Disolter* Products Co, Memphis, Ttnn. Trait (timistn Cewnnillrr--Fan* Wam, (Chairman). Northern lot. Lumbermci'i Attn. Prince George, B.C. Canada: V, W. Orsur, Forester, Southern Pfa* Aun, New Orion* SO. La; P. J. Muscutt. Timber Operators Courail lac. Portland. Ore.: Ad. WW if Committee! *E K. Rotn, Forest Products Acodent Prevention Assn., Toronto 1. OnL, Caosda. Of-the-Job Safety Committee--Louis B. HoclsChc* (Qxaimun), WcyerHscwser Co.. Tacoma 1, Wsih.: Ctoaot Neuass. Council of the Forest Indiana. Vancouver. B.C. Canada, i, W Hacxxur. Lumbermen's Mutual Casualty Co, Chicago CO, 111: Lotna Poixv. Diamond Natieaal Co, Northwest Lumber Div, Cocur D'Alene, Idaho; Advuw to Commute*! *T. E. Ncwth, Safety Dir, Raycnier Canada Limited. Van couver S, B.C, Contest ad Statistic Committer--VS. D WujUamc (Chairman), Kroehler Mfg. Co. of Ktmudty. Louisville, Ky : H. C. Beuenor. Wood Producti Div, Weyerhaeuser Co, Marshfield. Wise,: A. F RUMwapy, Consolidated Underwriter*. St Lous, Ho.; Adtnsor to Ihr Cemuntlce: *Louii Cuzn, Dicrki Forests. Ine, Kansas City. Mo. Nominalmf Co>amittee--'T. & NortH (Chairman), Raymer Canada Lid, Vancouver ^nS. B.C. Canada. *A, F. Runwact, Consolidated Underwriters. St Lous. Mo.; & H. Ruru. Forest Producu Accident Prevention Also, Toronto 1, Oftt, Canada. Slog Rr/rternlelrve--CtiAttZl Weerr. National Safety Council, 41$ N. Michigan Ave. Chicago. lit 0611. Past General Chairman OFFICERS OF THE TEXTILE SECTION NATIONAL SAFETY COUNCIL 1963-64 Central Choirmm`.]ome B. Sximmcx. Chief, ladustrsat Hygiene Section. American Mutual Liability Insurance Co. Wakefield, Mass. Viee Chairman G. A. Boom, Safety Supervisor, Chetprtrand Co, A Div. of Monsanto Cherries! Go, Pensacola, FIs. Secretary--B. S. Stxrnerw, Safely Supvr, Chemstnuid Co., A Div. oPVoaaanto Chewu* cl] Co, Greenwood, S.C. Ntvtletler Editor--Saxo L. TmaCsutom. Claims Adjuster. Abney Mills. Anderson. SC EnfinieriAO aiU Health Committee--l. M. Davtmok (Chairmas), Southern Div, Engi> netting Ugr, American Mutual Liability Insurance Co.. Atlues 4, Ca.; *Cnun L, Tsommol Covperaio Safety Director. Mohaaeo Industries. Ino. Amsterdam. N, Y.: J. D. Buntse, Safety Director. Amman Enla Carp. Enta. N.C. Education and Training Committee--idem D. Poo*C (Chairman), Indusirial Relatione Mgr, The American Thread Co.. Marion, N. C: *E. L. Pnwttmx. Souor Div. Service Representative. Loss Prevention Dept. Liberty Mutual Insurance Co., Spartanburr. S. C:CL KtMKti* Safety Supervisor, E. I. du Pont de Ncmoura ft Co. Kinston. s. c. , .tfrm6rvAi> Committer--R. W, LakC. J- (Chairman). Plane Mgr, P. F. M. Division, Jehns-MannUc Products Corp, Manhvslle, K. C. `Rowan 1. Baa*. Safety Supervisor. Industrial Rayon Corp, Division of Midland-Rots. Pameivitle. Ohio: Ralth HowtAtro. Head Public, Relations Dept, Chatham Mfg. Co, Elkin, K.C Synthetic Fiber Comeaititi--Rayuom* E. Macx (Chairman). Safety Supervisor. Fire* stone Textiles. Ine, Castotua, N. C: *A. E. CoMNOXY. Saletv Supervisor. E, I. du Pont de Nemoure ft Co, Martinsville, Vs.; Fume Hoensr, Ja, Intumace Mgr. /. P. Stevens ft Go, Ine, New YorfcM, N.V. Cotton Gwummp Committer--Tone Paics (Chairmm). Public Relations Dimior, Teas* Cotton Cinncr* Assn, Dallds 26. Texas.: Rotor Coojhs. Executive Vice President Aricuuaa*Mitsouri Cotton Ginnert Assn. Wat Memphit, Ark.; HaseitcL McRat. Director. National Cotton Cotaial. Memphis 12. Tow.; VnxoM P. Moose. Engt* nrer in Outgc. Stonevitie Cotton Ginmng Research Laboratory, Leland. Mitt: Amo M. Putaixtow. Extension Agneultural Engineer. Dallas 2, Texas. Og.lho-lolt Committer--Jantc G. Sayxxs (Chairman), Supervising Engineer. Lost Pre* vcaaoo Dept. Employers Mutuals of Waimo. Charlotte 2. N.C: *K. S, Bauoom, Director of Safety, North Carolina tadumial Cotntnurioa, Raleigh. N C.; J. F. Gimt, Personnel Mgr, Scotxdale Mills. Soottdalc. Ca. Fire Committee--'*K. E. Wiluams (Chairman). Safety Dir, Ficldemt Milla, Inc. Spray. N.C; Gconr-G,FL*MtXCV Cor^. Safety Dtmtar? Celanepe. Cotpv^i AaKncs*.,- 45 j ; , 1 . j X K \ \ *-A/. au CJurSottc N.C; Chau J. Dt Witt, Ajiu Division UgT. Lou Prevention Dept. Liberty Mutual Insurance Co. Allans Z, Ca. Publicity amd Aisotiutot Cormmffrr--Jonh M. MeAtriKl (Chairman). Supervisor of Safety and Plant Protection. Cetanes Fibres Co. Rock Hill. S. G; */MtK J. Bunco, W. J, Dickey * Sons, Inc. Odla. lit Rttln mU JtffulitttAi CtmmitUe--W. G Cm (Quitnu), Safety Dir. North Carolina Dept, of Labor, Ralegh. N.C. *W. M. Kuomuanr, Safety Director, Johnson U Johnson Chicago St, ILL Ctmittt Cmmiiir--Weuiu A. Hawn (Chairman), Dir. of Safety & Training; Granitevtlte Co. Gnnucvitte, S.C; "Foaatsr N. Petty, Safety lie Benefits, Dan River Mills. Inc. Danville, Va. NomiMtsM Commtitff--Uas. Ida C Areas (Chairman). Asst to Dir. of Pcrsoooel, ColUai * Aikmafl Corp. Albemarle, N.G: aW. M. Kaummamm, Safety Director, Johnson Sc Johnson. Qiisgo IH. aA, E. Cojtwtixv. Safety Supvr. E. L dis Pont dc Nemoon h Co. Utnmvillc, Vs. 9Adtiracy Cemmlttrr--Uu. Ida C Ami, Jomm J. Bunt A. E. C6khiuv, Pocaur N*. Put*. E. Xl Passeim*. H. S. Baucqm. H. E. Wiluams, C. I- Taouuu. R. I. G.Baas. W M KiSkmahk,<* Fuuikc. , Slof Rrprttrmlolrrt--Paul Scmuich. National Safety Council 423 N'4nh Mkhigan Ave. Ouaga, Moots 00611, STATE OF TEXAS COUNTY OF TRAVIS I I I CERTIFICATE I, che tindersigned, hereby certify chat in cry official capacity as General Counsel, Texas Department of Health, I *n authorized to sake this certification. I further certify that che attached is a true, correct and exact copy of the following described document: Occupational Health Regulation No. 3 entitled "Maximum Permissible Concentrations of Atmospheric Contaminants in Places of Employment" as adopted by che Texas [State] Board of Health on June 9, 1958, effective July 1, 1958, ' .. as contained in che official records of che Texas Department of Health. Witness my hand and the seal of the Texas Department of Health on this the 29th day of April . 19 87 . Hal L. Nelson General Counsel Li:. Texas Department of Health oEPOsrnoti V NO. 3 OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH REGULATIONS MAXIMUM PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATIONS OF ATMOSPHERIC CONTAMINANTS IN PLACES OF EMPLOYMENT EffattW* Jaly \, D T CONSULT LOCAL HEALTH DEPARTMENTS AND PHYSICIANS FOR INFORMATION AND ADVICE ON METHODS OF CONTROL OVER HEALTH HAZARDS TO ALL YORKERS AND INDUSTRIAL OfSEASES AND INJURIES CERTIFIED TEXAS DEFFF.TKEKT OF HEALTH ON-13-2 Jly 19St (lapM*Nn OH--IS--1 SapNakt 1TS7) Kal L. Mi;!;an Caup?ii TEXAS STATE DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH DIVISION OF OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH Amtin, Tmi Tbait standard* wri aaendad and adoptad by The tuii State Soacd of Health on June 9, 1958 la accordance vieb tha authority granted la Artlela 4418 A of tha Revised Civil Statutes, Stata of Taxes, and ara promulgated also la aecordaaea with Artlela 4477, Section 19 cowans 1. Scope; Purpose; Availability of Pertinent Refeneaeas ................................................................................. II. Applicability of Figures Hated Herein................. .... . III. Revlaloa..................................................................................... IV. Deflaitloaa .............. ..................... V. Maxima Peralsslble Concentration* During One Working Day........................ A. Gaaaa aad Vapors ...... B. Toxic Dusta, fine* aad Mists C. Mineral Dusts ....... 1 1 1 I 2 v. MAXIMUM PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATIONS 0? ATMOSPHERIC CONTAMINANTS IH PLACES OP EMPLOYMENT I. Seeoe: Purpose: Availability of Pertinent Reference* Seooa: This regulation applies eo all places of employment in Taxaa. It doaa not cover maximum peralaalbl* dose of radiation or eh* minimum environmental sanitation requirements, nor in clude measures required for control of ccamunity external air pollution or air pollution nuisances. Purpose: The purpose of this regulation is to prescribe to employers the meTins average atmospheric concentration of contaminants to which they as* permitted to expos* employees during an eight-hour working day la their plaees of employment, in cluding industrial establishments. Pertinent References: Copies of .related lavs, regulations, opinions of the Attorney General of Texas, and Advisory Standards . currently applicable will be provided to any eitiaea of Texas upon request. II. Applicability of figures Listed Herein Individual people reaet differently after excessive exposurss to atmospheric concentrations of contaminants in plaees of employment. Listed herein are weighted average concentrations generally safe in places of employment during an eight-hour working exposure. These ara not maximum values which cannoe be exceeded momentarily depending upon, but not limited to, such factors as nature of contaminant; frequency of occurrence of high concentration; variable durations of exposure; probability of acute poisoning from high concentration for even short periods; cumulative effects. Employers shall consider these factors prior to exceeding .values listed herein. III. Revision Values listed barein ara based upon Information obtained from raeenc experience, experimental study reports, or s combination of the two. Regular review will result in revision as Justified. The State Board of Healeh solicits end will consider pertinent data baaed upon facts and experiences received from individuals, industries, governmental agenelea, or othare. IV. Definitions l. Industrial Establishment is defined to mean an institution, a plaee, building -sw- location related to manufactures or to the produet of Industry or leber. 2. Pieces of Employment is defined to seen any place where two or more persons ere directly or indirectly employed by enoeber for direct or indirect geln or profit. -2 - V. MAXIMUM FSHMISSI3IS C0NCZS73AT;3Ii5 3U3ZNC ONE VCRKTKG SAY A. Gaaea and Vatora P.P.M.* Approx. Mg. per Cu. M.- Acetaldehyde . . ^........................................................... Acetic aeid........................................................................ Acetle anhydride ................................................................ Acetone............................................................................... (t)Aeetylene tetrabroaide.................................................... Acrolein. ........................................................ ... ................... Acrylonitrile.................................................................... Allyl aleebol....................................................... Allyl chloride.................................................................... (t)Allyl gly'eidrl ether (ACE)............................................ Allyl propyl disulfide.................................................... Assonla................................................................... Amyl acetate........................................................................ Aoyl alcohol (iaoaayl alcohol) ................ ..... Aniline................................................................................ Arsine.................................................................................... Benzene (benzol) ................................................................ Benzyl ehloride........................................................ (t)Boren trifluoride............................................................. Broaine......................................................................... Butadiene (1,3-butadiene)............................................ Butanone (nethyl ethyl ketone).................................... Butyl acetate (n-butyl aeetate)................................ Butyl alcohol (n-butanol)............................................ (t)Butyl glycidyl ether(BGE)(a-butyl glycidyl ether). Butylaalne ................"............................................. Butyl eeUoeolve (2-butoxyethanol)............................ (t)Butyl aereaptan ................................................................ Carbon dioxide.................................................................... Carbon disulfide . ................................................. . 7T Carbon aonoxide................................................................. Carbon tetrachloride........................................................ Cellosolre (2-etboxyethanol)........................................ CellosolYe aeetate (2-ethoxyethyl acetate) .... Chlorine................................ '............................................... (a)(t)Chlorlne dioxide ................................................................. Chlorine trifluoride........................................................ (t)Chloroacetaldehyde........................................................ Chlorobenzene (aonoehlorobenzene)............................ (t)Chlorobroaoaethane (ClBrCHg) ......................................... Chlorofora (trichloroaethane)..................................... 1-Chloro-l-nitropropane....................... Chloropicrin . --......................................................... 200 10 5 1,000 1 0.5 20 5 5 10 2 100 200 100 5 0.05 25 1 1 1 1,000 250 200 100 50 5 50 10 5,000 20 100 25 200 100 1 0.1 0.1 1 75 400 100 20 1 360 25 .20 2,1*00 H 1*2 * i5 12 15 45 12 70 1,050 360 19 0.2 So 5 3 ;7 7"0 ' 950 300 270 15 240 35 9,000 60 110 160 740 540 3 0 0.4 3 350 2,100 490 100 7 rarta of vapor or gas per Billion parts of air by roluae. /Approxlaate allligraas per eubie oeter of air. (t)Toxicologieal inforaatlon or injury reports on -these lteas la of recent origin and aost probably viU require reelsion at an early date. (a)Nev - Added I958. -3- A. Gases and Vapors (Coot.) P.P w Chioreprene (2-chloro-l,3-butadiene).................... Cresol (all isooers).................................................... Cyclohexane . . . ......................................................... Cyelohexanol . ................................................................ Cyelohexmnone....................................................... Cyclohexene........................................................................ Cyclopropane.................................................................... Pecaborane.................................. Plaeetone alcohol (b-bydroxy-b-oethyl- 0.05 2-pentaaoac) ................ ........................... Plborane.................................................... ....................... o-Piehlorobenxene................................ .... Dlehlorodlflueroaethane................................................. 1.1-Diehloroetbans....................... 1.2-Dlchloroctbans (ethylene dlchlorlde) .... 1.2-Diebloroetbylene..................................................... Dishlnrocthyl ether ....................... PlchloroBonofluoroeethane ................. ....... 1,1-Dlchloro-l-nitroetbane ........................................ Piehlorotetreflucroethsoe ........................................ Plethylaalne............................................................ Plfluorodlbrososetbane..................................... '.... (t) Piglycidyl ether (PSE).................. Pilsobutyl ketone............................................................. Plnsthylanlllne (n-diaethylaniline)......................... (t) Plsethyl foroaoide ......................................................... (a)(t) l-l Diaethylhydroxine ............................. ...... Dimethylsulfata ................. Ploxane (diethylene dioxide)..................................... (t) Olpropyleaeglycolaathylether..................................... (a)(t) Epiehlorohydrln................................................................. Ethyl acetate............................................................ Ethyl aerylate................................................................. Ethyl alcohol (ethanol).................... (t) Ethyl mercaptan ............................................ Ethyl etsine ......................................................................... Sthylhensene................................ Ethyl broaide.................................................... Ethyl chloride................................................................. Ethyl ether ............................................ Ethyl formta..................................................................... Ethyl sllieate................................................................. Ethylene shlorobydrln........................... 25 5 ^Oo 100 100 boo boo 50 0.1 50 1,000 100 100 200 15 1,000 10 1,000 25 100 10 50 5 20 0.5 1 100 100 25 boo 25 1,000 250 25 200 200 1,000 boo 100 100 5 90 22 i,boo bio boo 1,350 690 0.3 * 2bo o.l 300 b,95o boo boo 790 90 b,200 60 7*000 75 B60 55 ' 290 . 25 60 1 5 3^0 600 90 l,b00 100 1,900 6bo b5 870 890 2,600 1,200 300 850 10 *Farta of vapor or gaa per Billion parts of air by voluae. /Approxiaate ellllgraas per cubic seter of air. (t)Toxleological inforoation or injury reports on these iteos is of recent v. origin and most probably vill require revision at an early date. (a)Hev - Added 1950. A. Cases and Vaoors (Cant.) -4- P.P.M.* Approx. M5. per Cva. Ethylenediamine............................ *........................ Ethylene dibromide (1,2-dibreaoethane) ..... Ethylene lain* ........................................................... Ethylene oxide . . .................................................... Fluorine ............................................................................ Fluorscriehloremetheae ............. Formaldehyde . ............................ ................................... Furfural ............................................................................. (t) Furfury1 alcohol ..................... .......... Gasoline ............................................................. (t) Glyeidol.................................................................... Heptane (n-hepcane) ......... .................... Hexane (n-hexane) ....... ......................... Hexanene (methyl butyl ketone)............................. . Hexene (methyl lsobutyl ketone) ......................... (a)(t) see-Hexyl acetate ............................................................. Hydraxine ................................................................. .... Hydrogen bromide ................ Hydrogen chloride ........ Hydrogen eyaalds ................................................ Hydrogen fluoride . ......... Hydrogen peroxide, 90X ............. Hydrogen selenida ................................. .... Hydrogen sulfide..................... .... Iodine ..................... Isophorone ......................................................................... (t) Isopropyl glycidyl ether (IGE) .... .................. Isopropylamine ............................. ......... (n) Mesityl oxide..................................................................... Methyl acetate ..... ............................................. Methyl acetylene ....... ................................. Methyl aerylate ........... ..................... Methyl aleohol (methanol) ............ Methyl bromide ................................. ........ MethyL eellosolve (2-methoxyethanol) ...... Methyl eellosolve acetate (ethylene glycol moneaethyl ether acetate).................................... Methyl chloride ..... ............................................. Methylal (diaethoxyme thane) ........... Methyl chloroform (1,1,1-trlehloroethane) ... Metbjlcyclobexane.................... Methylcyelohexanol ............... Methylcyclehexanone......................................................... 10 25 5 50 0.1 1,000 5 5 50 500 SO 500 500 100 100 100 1 5 5 10 3 1 0.05 20 0.1 25 50 5 25 200 1,000 10 200 20 25 30 190 ,9 90 0.2 5,600 6 20 200 2,000 150 2,000 1,800 410 410 590 1.3 17 7 11 2 1.4 ' ^ 0.2 " .30 1 140 240 12 200 610 1,650 35 260 80 80 25 100 1,000 500 500 100 100 120 210 3,100 2,700 2,000 470, 460 *Parts of vapor or gas per million parts of air by volume. /Approximate milligrams per cubic meter of air. (t)Toxicological Information or injury reports on these items is of recent origin and most probably will require revision at an early date. (n)New value, 1958. (s)Nev- - Added 195S. A. Gaiea and Vspcre (Coot.) 5 P.P.M.* Apyrax. g. P*r Co. K.i Methyl fcrsate ................................................................ Methyl isobutyl carbicol (aethyl asyl alcohol) . (t) Methyl aereaptan .......... ..................... (t) Methyl etyrene................................................................ Methylene chloride -fdichlorooetbene) ...... (t) Menoeethyl enilin# .................................................... .... Haphtha (cool ter) ............................................ .... Raphtba (petroleum)........................... Riekel carbonyl..................................................... Ritric ecid .................... P-Hitrceniline ....... ................. ..... Hitrobenxena ............ ..................... Ritroetheaa -.................................... Ritrogen dioxide .......... ..................... Ritroglyeeria ..................................................................... Hitroaethane .................................... 2-Ritrspropeae.................................... Ritretoluene .................. Oeteoe- ..... ......................................................... . Ozone ..................... Pentane .................................... Pentanone (aethyl propyl ketone) ............................. Perehlcroethylene (tetzeehloroethylene)................. (t) Perchloroaethyl aereaptan ..................................... . . ' Phenol (t) Phenyl glycidyl ether (PSX) ......................................... Phenylbydrnsise ..... ......................... ..... Phosgene (carbonyl chloride)..................................... Pboephine ...*................................................................. Phosphorus trichloride................................................. Propyl aeetate ................................................................. Propyl alcohol (isopropyl alcohol) ....... Propyl ether (isopropyl ether)................................. (a)(t) n-Prcpyl nitrate...................... . . . t.................... Propylene- dlchlorlde 0lf2dlchloropropane).... Propylene .mine ........................................................ (t). Propylene oxide................................ Pyridine............................................................................. Quinone............................................. .................................... Stiblae ..................... Stoddard eoltest ................ Styrene sonoaer (phenylsthylene)............................. Sulfur dioxide .................................................................. 100 25 50 100 500 2 200 500 0.001 5 1 1 100 5 0.5 100 50 5 500 0*1 1,000 200 200 0.1 5 50 5 1 0.05 0.5 200 400 500 25 75 25 100 10 0.1 0.1 500 100 5 250 100 100 460 1,750 9 600 2,000 0.007 25 6 5 310 9 5 250 ISO 30 2,350 0.2 2,950 700 l,3fo - 0.8 19 310 22 4 0.07 3 640 980 2,100 110 350 6o 240 30 0.4 0.5 2,900 420 13 of vapor or ^a per million parte of air by volume /Apprexiaate milligrams per-cubic aater of air. (t)Toxicologicai informtion or injury reports on these ltens is of recent origin and oost probably vlU require rerielon at an early date. (a)Rev - Added 1958. 6 A. ftaaee and Vapors (Coot.) Sulfur hexafluoride Sulfur menoehloride Sulfur pentafluoride . . . . . E-Tertiary butyl toluene . . . (t) Tertiary butyl alcohol . . . . l,l,22-Tetraehleroethana . . . Tetrahydrofuran ............................. Teeraaitromethane ......................... Toluene (eoluel) ......................... o-Toluldine . . . ..... . . . . (c) Tolylene-2,4-diiaoeyauata . . . Trichloroethylene ....... (e)(t) Trichloropropane ....... (t) Triethyl amine ......................... . Trlfluoromenobroaemethane . . . Turpentine . ............................ Vinyl chloride (ehloroethylene) (t) Vinyl toluene .......... Xylene (xylol) ........ (e) Tylidiae......................................... (#)(t) Teflon decempoeltion produeta . <#)(t) Pantaborane (8589) ...... P.P.M.* Approx. Mg per Cu. y. 1,000 1 0.025 10 100 5 200 1 200 5 0.1 200 SO 25 1,000 100 500 100 200 5 0 0 6,000 6 0.25 60 300 35 590 8 750 22 * 0, 1,050 300 100 6,100 560 1,300 480 870 25 0 0 B. Toxic Duett. Pumas. and Miata Aldrin (1,2,2,4,10,10-hexaehloro-l ,4,4a,5,8,8a- hexahydrO-l,4,S,8-dlmeehanoaaphthalene) .... Asmara (aamoniua aulfamate)..................................... Antimony .................... AHIU (alpha naphthyl thiourea) ......... Aracaic ......... ................. ....... Barium (aoluble eespounda) ........... (c) Beryllium..................................... ................................... Cadmium oxide fume........ 0.1 Calcium araeoate .............. p . Chlordane (l,2,4,5,6,7,8,3-oeeaehloro-3a,4,7,7a- tacrahydro-4t7-metbaaolndaae).......................... '.. Chlorinated eaaphene, 60X ............................................. Chlorinated diphenyl oxide . 0.5 per Cu. H.f 0.2S 15 0.5 0.3 0.5 0.5 0.002 0.1 2 0.5 *Parta of vapor or gas per million parte of air by volume. /Approximate milligrams per cubic meter of air. (t)Toxieologieai information-or injury reporta on theee iteaa ia of recant origin and moat probably will require revision at an early date. (a)Hev - Added 1958. (#)Until more data are forthcoming, it la Important that atmospheric concen trations of these awcerlals to which workers are exposed must be kept at as near 0 as possible. % - ^Milligrams of dust, fume, or mist per cubic meter of air. -7B. Toxic Dusts. Fumes and Mists (Cone.) w*. per Cu. M. f Chlorodiphenyl (42% chiorint) ........................................................ Chlorodiphenyl (541 ehlorlns)........................................ .... Chromic odd and chromates (at CrO.) . . . . ............................ Crag harblelda (aodlua 2-/3,4"dichlorophenoxjr/ ethanol hydrogen aulfaea) . . T........................ ....................... ... Cyanide (aa CM) ................................................................................ ... 2,4-D(2,4-dichlorophenoxyecetic acid)........................................ DOT (2,2-bialp-ehlorophenyl7 -1,1,1-eriehloroaehane) .... Dieldrin (l,2,3,4,10,10-hexeehloro-6t7-epoxy-l,4t4e,S,6,7,8, &a-octahydro-l,4,5,B->diothenoaaphchaln#) ........ Diaitrobensane ........................................................................ ... Dinitrotolueae ....................... Dinitro-o-creeol ................. . ... .............. EPS (O-ethyl 0--nitrophenyl chieaobaasenaphoaphoaata) ... Ferbaa (ferrie dimethyl dithiocarbaaata)........................... Ferrovaaadiua dust ......................................... .... Fluoride .......................... Hydroquinoae ................................................................. ... ....................... Iron oxide fuse ................................................................ Lead ............................................................................................................. Lead areeaeta ......... ............................. ...... Lindane (hexachlorocyelohexane, gaaoa isomer) ....... (e) Liehiua hydride ............................................ Magnesium oxide fuse .................................... Malaehlen (0,0-dlasthyl dlthiophoaphate of diethyl oereapcoeuceinate) .................... Manganese , ..................... ........................... Mercury ..................................................................................................... Mareury (organic compounds) ......................... ......... Methexyehlor (2,2-di--mechoxyphenyl-l,l,l-triehloroetbane). Molybdenum (soluble compounds) ..................................... (iaaoluble compounds) ....................................... Hicoeine ......... ................. ............ (e) Paradiehlorobeasene ........................................ Parachion (0,0-diethy1 0--nitropbenylthiophosphate) .... Peneachloronsphtbeleae ................................. ....................... .... Pentaehloropheaol ..... ................ (a)(e) Phosphoric Add ...................... Phosphorus (yellov) Phosphorus peaeaehioride . ................................................. .... Phosphorus peatasulfida ...... ..................... ...... Picric seid............................................................................................. X 0.5 0.1 15 5 10 1 * 0.25 1 1.5 0.2 0.5 IS 1 2.5 2 15 0.2 0.15 0,5 V 0.025 15 15 6 0.1 0.01 15 5 15 0.5 450 0.1 0.5 0.5 1 0.1 1 1 0.1 ^Milligrams of dust^--fume, or alee per eubie meter of air. r. -- (a)Toxicological information or injury reports on these ltaaa is of recant origin sad most probably vlll require revision at an early data. (a)Hsv - Added 1958. f B. Toxic Dusts. Punas and Mists (Coat.) M*. per. Cu. H. * ..................................................................................................................... 2 Rotenone ...... ............................. .... ........................ Seleniuw compounds (ssSe).................................................................. Sodiun hydroxide 7*................................................................................ Sodiun fluoroecetate (1080) ....... Strychnine .................................................................... Sulfuric acid .............. ...................................... TSDP-(Tetraethyl dltblenopyropboaphate) ................................ TBPI (Tetraethyl pyrophosphate).................................................. Toiler!ia ............................................................................ Tetryl (2,4,6*trlaltrophasylaethylaltrawlne)................... . Thirsn (tetranethyl thiuraw disulfide) .......... Thallium (soluble compounds)................... , Tlecalua dioxide Trlehloronaphchalena .................................................................................. Trinitrotoluene ...................................................................................... (ajTriorthoeresyl phdopbxto................. Oranlta (folublo couponed*) .................................................................. (insoluble eonpounds) .............. Vaaedluw (V2O5 duoe) ........................................................................ (V2O5 f)................................ ..... ................................................................. Verierla Q*-aceeonylbeosyy -4-hydrosycouwarin) (e) Tttriua cad inorganic compounds ............. Zinc oxide fusses ..................... Zireenlua eonpounds (ee Zr) ........................................ 5 0.1 2 o.l 1 0.2 *0.05 1.5 5 0.1 is o.l 0.25 5 1.5 0.05 -m 0.1 0.5 5 15 5 C. Mineral Duett ilixsimas oxide Aebettae ........ ................. ...... ..................... Duet (nuisance, no free slllce) ............. Mice (below 51 free tlllce)........................................................ foreland comae .................................................................... Tele ......................................................... Silica High (above 501 free SIO?) ..................................... ... Median (5 eo 501 free SIO2)............................................ Low (below 51 freeSIO*) ............................................................... Silicon carbide ..................................................................... . Soapseoaa (below 51freeSiC^)........................ K.P.V.C.? 50 5 50 20 50 20 5 20 50 ' 50 20 ^Milligrams of duet, fuse, or alee per euble water of air. (c)Toxieologlcal information or injury reports on these leans is of recent origin end note probably will require revision ee an early date. **411111000 of pertielee per cable foot of air. O Pagi 13230 13330 12800 12*40 12840 12841 12842 12843 12844 12854 12554 12554 12535 12555 12355 12555 12555 12555 13888 12348 13721 12358. 13230 '3230 '80 358 3773 .3773 13358 12358 12339 12338 12338 123SB 12803 .12898 . 13244 12371, . 13794 . 12951 . 12951 13244 . 13244 . 13244 . 13244 . 13244 . 13244 . 12508 . 13833 . 13774 . 12508 12888 . 13794. . 13794 '2888 488. "N, 834 11834 . 12741 . 13001 <u. lo-n-'l 7 Paom lS809-13m Part II FEDERAL REGISTER volume n ^O/irrEO^ numiek mi WmhSngtm, Wadnmday? D*cfnb*r 28, 1960 Title 41---PUBLIC S0KTRA0H tkuas where .evidence .jlsfenot..required.^toe regulation* herein promulgated has Where, therefore,, the; cotnmnn:expert-'-1--retted quite extensively.on the cotetaad- Chapter 50--a# ?obll Son- ooe of men le an that ie needed to lead a rational and prudent perm to the lag contributions of the private and pubHe organisations whloh are generally ac trads, Depertmenf a? labor conclusion that oertaln oondlUons of em cepted as preeminent to tola field. PART 50-204--SAFETY AND HEALTH STANDARDS FOR FEDERAL SUPPLY ployment are incompatible with the safety and health of employe**, no de fense is provided by the statutory Among these an toe pobUoationa of American Standards Association, toe., American Society of Meehanteal Engi CONTRACTS "prima-facie evidence" rate mesaly be- neer*. National Fire Protection Associa The walah-Healey Public Contends oanee swh conditions may not be spe Act (49 SUt. 2015, 41 U.B.C. 35 at saq.) requires that eontrsota entered Into by aay agency of tha Unitad States lor the manufacture or fumlshtng of material*, oupplie*. articles, and equipment tn any amount atcwdlng *10.000 must contain, among other provisions, a stipulation that no "part of such contract win be cifically prohibited in the State safety, sanitary, and factory Impaction laws, or toe mguUticmg hereby ptopuasd. Neither is It aeoamaxy to oall a uiln-- to testify ooooerning toe haimdoat nature of sash conditions, tv.-... The statutory rule of "prfma-fsde vidance" was not designed to deter toe performed nor win any of the materials, Secretary of Labor from diligent inquiry supplies, articles, or equipment to be manufactured or furnished under mid even beyond toe safety, sanitary, and factory inspection laws of toe aevetal contract be manufactured or fabricated in any plants, factories, buildings or states to discover maze directly what am tha "nothing <yirmB.inff which are surroundings or under working condi unsanitary or habardous or dangerous tions which are unsanitary or hazardous to the health and safety of employeee.1' or dangerous to the health and safety This U demonstrated by the provttiomi of employees engaged In the performance . of said contract". A single standard of safety and health conditions la thus required for all wort: subject to the Act. An objective descrip in sections 4 and 6 of toe Act, directing tha Secretary to administer it and au thorising him to appoint expert*. m-lrinvestigations, hold hearings, whwH toe production of evidence, and maira find- tion of the working conditions encoun lags of (act. Accordingly, following en tered. established by a preponderance of actment of the Act, experts were ap the reliable, probative, and substantial evidence. Is, of course, essential to the pointed and thair testimony used in the administrative enforcement proceedings administrative application of thu stand ard. a second question which must to conducted under section S of the Act, Differences of opinion aver what condi resolved is whether conditions of the type described arc "unsanitary or haz tions of employment fall to meet the statutory standard have thus been re ardous or dangerous to the health or safety of employees". This is a question solved with the assistance of expert testi mony on a ease-by-case basis in nearly of fact. For assistance In Its resolution, a quarter of a century of hearings and the act provides a special rule of evi dence: "Compliance with the safety. findings under the Act. These have been conducted in accordance with sections sanitary, and factory Inspection Laws of the State In which the wort or part thereof is to be performed shall be .5. 7. and 8 of the Administrative Pro cedure Act since lts enactment. Tha hazardous characteristic of a par prima-facie evidence of compliance with this subsection." ticular working condition. Is, of course, the likelihood that it will cause Illness, The statutory provision concerning "prima-facie evidence" does not purport to take the place of the uniform national standard. It has application only to issues which require evidence. In the or Injury in the employment situation. This characteristic is not always im mediately apparent. Causative analysis of injury frequency rates tn Industry has shed much light on the Importance of absence of opposing evidence, it author certain precautions not fully appreciated tion, National Board of Bin Underwrit er*, the Public Health Berrios of toe United States Department at Health, education, and Welfare, tha Bureau of Mina* of toe United State* Department of toe Interior, and toe Atomic Energy Commission. Section 7(d) of toe Administrative Preoedurs Act recognises that, even to the mote formal type of administrative adjudications, agency decision may rest on "official notice of a material fact not appearing tn the evident* to the record." but It requires that "any party shell on timely request be afforded an oppor tunity to show the contrary". The At torney General's Manuel on the Admin istrative Procedure Act paints out (p. 90) that this authority "extends properly to aQ matters as to which toe agency by reason of Its functions is presumed to be expert, such as technfa-ei or scien tific facts within Its specialised knowl edge. Cf. Hja. Rep. p. 38 (Gen. Dec. p. 272). * The matters tom noticed bsoemr a. part, of the record and. unless successfully controverted, furnish the same basis for wnrttnf- 0f feet as dees `evidence' to toe usual The hazardous characteristics of many working conditions, thus being facts of a "technical or scientific nature, and having coma within the Department's "speoi&Uted knowledge" by reason of Its experience, proof of them In administra tive adjudications by omwiiii notice is appropriate. The tacts declared in these regulations are soundly baaed in the ex perience of toe Department end in the experience of outstanding public and private experts in their specialised di vision* of the field of health and safety engineering. The regulations herewith promulgated extend, however, into areas In which reasonable men may differ. izes resolution of such issues compatibly by those responsible for the operation Any party to an administrative adjudi with the prima-facie evidence. Also, of Industrial establishments. The De cation who la adversely affected by them rules concerning prima-facie evidence partment's discovery end evaluation of will, therefore, have to* opportunity to obviously hare no application In sltua- the** hasards and the development of contest them by presenting to* issue in No. 341--Part n------ 1 13*09 13810 RULES AND REGULATIONS hit rwpocttr* plttrtlnc tad tatrodudn* uah ivUMoee tt ht wiB to tbit to nntMr aviaanre or ORM-aat Ptoses, himwi sjto xmrwAn tar ooatidtrttiao tt.hit bttrtnt. 0404*8 OpswuidMt floor and pUtfcna. PubUotttaa at rtenriird* which win 0-80488 Haaway.fuHttag. underfill* the tsteraMMat policy of the egeocy which irtatnlrtore the Weiib* Httley PshttsOaometi Act win pioaott ohMrrsaM ot Um aefety tad httlth tequiienesti by eurteBlnr unoertaiatr m thepertottboei wboentuty ttiitoooaply. Such poNhartton will permit the 040847 to-tooi o-toot liuif m asiatt auadrednlUag. attirnaiBC. etrregth ot stands?* rsfllnc sat stair ratting. xtersTots dmloittraUit adjudication ot iBtay 040844 safety tad httlth ctttt without the xMcoalty ot etSiac ta export wltaav to the pltoo of httrln* to tottlty to tht btx- H-XU1 0404*4 0-804*7 Bavmiar inspection. Hoistway*. OMwearaafttydevtee. Hatch limit controls. ardous nature of tht working eoodltloet XtXOKtHSTlOW deaounotd In tht regrulaUona. Except 80-804.43 la ease* whtn t party dm notice ot Ja unt to challenge the etlety tttadtrdi expressed la tht nculatloa tt beerlBC. 0-3084? Minimum itandsrda. Zt4B0CBS Construction cad use cf portable u prodded la the regulation* herein prooultmttd, thU tiemeat ot poodblt ooatmtnor, tad oooetlnn of pomOk variety la decision, win be tllmlnttert vTbett trt tht oooelderatlont which prompt this att at the eutharlty ex *0-404. 0408AS 10-40480 80-40841 BftU<penftbUU4d*tt. Patastac of woodsa ladders. UpUdder*. Pined Udder*. Amm ana Pmsasswra pressed !n-section 4 of the Wtlth-Htelty 80-40448 MHtUnifies. Public Coatreeti Act to make "tueh rules 10-30847 Aislewietha end regulations tt may be mesettry to Ksxaeut arouse carry out thsprovUdons ot tbit Act." so-aot43 Hstgaa Bartlttina tttadtrdt for lachattoa la 80-408 ti tatatttielts. the regulations herein promnlgated at amendments ue currently beta* drafted. They wot apply the recomnumdatkim 0-40848 to-30848 60-40848 Pipe indotbsr Mag stock. Weifrtrm* ittistnictR 000 m cylinders. of the Pedcnl RtdltUno CoaaeU ap proved by the President lor the roidaaes 80-408.71 Aide spadng. ot federal agendas May 13,1968 (25 TSL 4403). As these regulation* art rules ot agency procedure or practice dalinesttng iaets 0-408.71 0-008.71 0-30474 (0-404.78 0-304.78 Hoossktsplng. Dsataaya CMaranoctlgn*. Detail and bumpar blocks. T*at*s aontrot signs. which win hs oOeiafly noticed la en 80-30477 Op*n ptta tanka, vats, ditches, forcement proceedings under section I set. of the Act. notice ot proposed rule mak Ptasocuu lieKjma Ins and public prcettdtnxi In thdr adop 90-40441 aowora of Ignition. tion arc act required by suhttctlaea 4 (a) and (b) of the Administrative Procedure Act. la aooorrtanot with lection 4 of hie 90-4044* 90-30448 0-00448 80-t044S 0 10447 TwseooatmwnL Hoosefeasplng. msstrttal lighting. VcntUsUen. Bstuss starmss. Administrative Procedure Act (68 Stafe 238, S UjBjC. 1003), therefore, and under the authority of section 4 of the WalshBsaley Public Contracts Act (49 lta&. 3038, l UJBXL 88), effective 80 days after o. 10441 10-tO44t *0-104*0 0-40441 90-30443 Open tlaardcvtoM prohibited. Bonding and grounding. lUUer vruu. storage in othar than flammable tnrag* buildings. Safety am tainws. pttWl ration la the Pxatair, Rmuszix. & new Part 10 *08 Safety and Baalth Standards lor Ptderal Supply Contracts, is hereby tddtd to 41 CFR, Chapter 59. 90-40447 90-10441 90-8044* PatMTs on Panmrrs Sterags of paints, varnishea, lacquers. thinsas. sta. Storage locations. Storage oc nemmable paint ouu tnwt Ifi ODVtMd ttSttlMn. 604044 Seeps sat appUssthm. 90-304400 Pelnt-coUed clothing and drop sloth. Bvtfanras ass AyvwnrsiMncsa 90-304.101 Housekeeping: paint scrapings 90-3043 so-aota 90-304.4 BttUdttSS. JVocn. Building egrata. and paint saturated eontainm. '90-304.103 Ventilation of harmful sub- 90-3044 90-304.10 0-S04.lt 90-304.12 arsswsvs ea Sum Stair width et Woods and height ot neeta. Stairway malatensnoa. Treads. Stairway railings and handrails. OQmsnca or Tuna Orswmas asre Ptooa Hates S0-S04.1CS 80-304104 90-004.108 80-104101 80-004.107 80-304.101 7antUatlon of nasamabls TKpora atoaklng or open fumes pro hibited. Beotrtcal rquipmint. Beatrlo motora. Ennlosurt drfrlng balu. Stormgs of oocabustlble and Oammabl* oltanmg materials. Ptaa Btrmnrtoit 90-304.17 90-10418 90-304.19 90-30440 Stairway door openings. taddsrway floor openings. Hatchway and chute floor. Ploorbola. 80-304.UB 90-304.114 80-004.119 Xquipoant. general. Mrst aid flrs fighting sstingulah- srs. ganeral rules. OUaelfloation ol ecunguUhma. Puaeoai Vaaasia 0-8041*0 Bottw*. 80-1041*1 mrnrn oootara, dlgsatsra. flu* pottetc. 80-40(4*8 Uaflrad prsastai TwterU. < Tools asm xranoorr 80-0084X7 **<------ 0-4041*1 Portable slectrte poww tools. 0-4044*1 Portable pneumatic tools. 0-408410 Dsblss, ropes, and ehalna. Tnmunox ako peotacRoN rp Watsixo am Otmiwa 0-304138 80-4041*8 >0-4044*7 0-008.188 W-0084M 0-004480 10-304481 Welding and cutting in confined paces. Ventilation In confined spaces. Mechanical ventilation. . Welding and cutting Involving metals of testa significance. Protection w other employees. Inert-gas-metal are waldlng. Osnsral welding and cutting. tURICU SOOWaOBT* 60404483 Osnsral plaat wtnag. Uioutraeil. Powm Taamurausesr ArvsiUTtra 80-404188 flywhssls. 90-808468 Clanks and connecting sods. 90-004188 Tall rods or cstesaiou jstotsn 90-30419 Oovecnor bails. 80408487 ehsftlng installatlnn 90408418 OuaRUng becisomtal ahafttng. 60408488 Ouardlng vsrtieal and 1 llUfttfif, 60404180 Projecting shaft ivnds. 80404161 80408483 90-308483 Powsr-trmnsmlMifiB apparatus located mhsmmmts. Pulleys. Horlsonui hslte. ropes and chain drive*. 88404168 0404188 904041M 80408417 8040840 8040840 80404178 80404171 90-304173 80404173 80404178 Overhead chain and Unh belt drives. Vertical and inclined baits. Vertical belt*. Oooe-pullsy kalis. Oean. Sprockets and ehalna. Openings tot oiling. Prtetlon arivet Keys, set sersws. and other proJeaUons. CoUtra. Couplings. Ovens BTittBtxm raa Usctsantcai. Poraim TtaKswustow 80-308.176 0404.1*0 0408.111 040410 8040410 90-204.134 80-308488 Mstsrialt. Disk, shltld. and "O" guards. Approved materials. Wood guards, Guards for hcrisoatal overhead btltte auards for horlseatal overhead rope and chain drives. 1 Guard rails and too boards. Mracsujiiisoua Uacimra Ovanmna 60-308.10 Lathes and autmnatls screw ma chines. 80408.111 Drill nreuee. 80404.192 Pianvn and shapero (metal). 80408.10 Shear*. 804041M Gutiletine cutters, power-driven. 80-308498 'Powerpreasra. 804041M Foot and hand preosaa. 80408.10 Othar powtr-proes safety devloes. 80408.10 Platen pratse4 80408.10 Abrasive wbeeU. 8040840 Revolving drums and cylinders. 80-304401 Pans. WooeweaRiNC Hacmnasv 80-308401 90-308401 80-304410 80-304411 Ctraular table un. Swing and sliding cut-off saws. Znvertvd swing cut-03 aews (Jump tews). liedlei. tO-JOCll} KrUM* tr*oUr an. minimum safety and health standards <e) Oampllance with the standards to-aotdis lutatuM tndiwit. IMH1U MiMl M-HMil Weed shapsra. hand teed penal which win be applied in the arirntnlitratton and enfaraement of tha Ant. In* eluding pnrnewflngi under Its Motion I exprsased m Pan 80-304 of this chapter will nos relieve anyone tram any obiica* tka to comply with any more strict 8040i.xis K-HUI? Raatat, amMteg. sttkiag aad MttittBMUMk >iMnsganMhtnm toauww and 41 cam Part $0-103. Bubpart A. te detsrmlns whether particular ecctraete suhlect to the Act are being. or hare been, performed in oompllanoe with It* safety tad health requirement*. standard stemming from any other ouroe whatsoever. Bmunrae *n ArrptxxxAwcn (S0-40U BalUlngs, S0-J04J2S 10-30*330 S0-S04.231 wwosaso 80-30l.su *0-304334 Qmmi. ?VXR. yUmmAfel* materials, Took a&d ether Material*. newpMelK for wests disposal. dwsspuig aad refuss mooraL (b) h I& admlnlitrattfc. enforcemeat, sad laveetlgatlve pmocartlnst oonducted hr the United Ststss Department of Tabor under the Act, aBrtal notice win be taken of the fset that faQuiw to Buddings and an appurtenanoM there to, tnoladtng bridges, towers, balconies, runways, and platforms, shall be struc turally safe to prevent canapes, Tocxr ytaurat ax* Was* Books 10-3043 kfmH teUst tor sech *. IO-3O4JN0 tOMUOO. *0-304341 WkUrtlastU&0-WH343 oonswostiooof teOstroooM. so-304343 Chemical skssvt and prtvisa. *0-304.244 WSShlBg tkOllttlm W-WUM Gbiac* toons. M-304344 Betimig room* for worosn. Ltrxcx Boasts ivs Poes Sabsuns 40-S04J51 Losatlga. *0-304343 Warn food disposal. SO-JC4J43 yisKnot at was materials. Pamaixe Warsa *0-3043S Potahlswatar. 80-30436 Hee-gotabi* water. oompiy with the requirements aiTiisaml I80-W44 Heen. In this Part $0-304 of this chapter results In working conditions whleh an``unsan itary or beardous to taptejoae** within the meaning of aeetlon 1(e) of the Act. aad contracts incorporating the ttipula- (a) No doer or platform than be so loaded as to have a factor of safety of tern than tour. That U, the weight piaeed upon a floor or platform shall tion It require*. not exceed one-fourth of the breaking (e) Informal enforoement praeaedtoss tmder aeetion 1 of the Act, respond* ants win be permitted to demonstrate, by reliable, euhetentlal, and probative evidence, that their taQnm to eampty with the requirements exprseeed hi Part strength of the platform or floor. Ploors, other than those reerinr directly on solid ground, whest need for heavy storage shall be dearly posted to bow maximum safe floor (e> An floor surfaces than be kept *0-304 of this chapter did not result In dean and dry and maintained la a western ocndlttoce which were "uaeanltary or hatarrtmia or dsnsscoua to playeee," but only it the answer to the smooth (free from holes or pnaieodona that might cauee tripping aad reason ably Mnsttppety) condition.. complaint, filed under 41 CKtM-mi, <d> Where tha type of operation ne- 1 so-qecwi icsdisai ssrvisas. makes express allegation to that effect, omftatce working on floor areas which idanttCytns the- particular .-eode unit weald be otherwise wet cr tUppecy, each eheDensed and getting out tha faotual anas sbafl be eovwred with mats, gratae, 0-00436* Omwal isqubemsat. to-304Jrro yuet^ia toe chsmissi towns. sarvaosnaorrAi. Conrans basic for the ahaOsnce. m tbeevect deets, or other high friction floor such Imae ia draws. and nUable, sub coverings, . stantial, and probative svideoae is mtre- (e> safe means of new, suited to duoatf in support of the thansasa,,tbe conditions, aban be provided to every 80-204378 Tart* pm. tspsre. fosss, dost pertinent porticos of tha rMwtw" of overhead point to which wnpteywes an iMo *0-304374 TfettsboM limit vajusa. tha Amartoas. Btandards-^Aamclaiion, oaOedupon to go In oennaotienwith thetr Zac- American Society of1 Mechanical 80-004388 8O-S0438* tamunn General vantUarieo asd tanpsson nooinawat. Leal aachsun ventilation, ftcan Xndneen. National Fire aoedatian. National Board Protec of lire Und^er writers, the PubUe Health Mrvloc of the United States Department of Health, Hdanetlon. aad Wetfarw, the Hunan of BCtaae of the United Stelae Department | S0-3M4 HolUhv ecrM*. (a) Cxtts. Not Ism than two meens of verms (other than ladders or elevatons) as remote tram each other as poMlble. than be provided on every floor, 80-204398 WodE*. of the Interior, aad the Atomic Xaeryyi tneiadiag basnents ssd oeneia of evvey Ptbsomaj. faantarra Bwravwasre Commlglen win be,oonstdered,'tocether! tBriVltngj or, section what* persona are 80-204398 Psnamtl pretsotlva aqnlpsaaat. with any other rrldepoe tharmayjbradJ* amplayedjrOatthe-'ttnet-fioor at least dueed to suppon:ofttheinculatiixi.\OB` [eoemfitbeee:ibafl-be a door leadtag dl- Krass the iasue whether the prepooderwac* of raotiroutidde the bunding, and the other S0-3C4JC0 Ttdcr*] in Safety Cods. the reliable, eohetentltl. aad peubattve may-`be? a door leading outside the Aorsoairr: II80-S0U So 20-804300 1a. **d BOOK oo. 4. t Sut Ml, 41 T73.C. 88. latsrprst or apply sse. 1, 4S Sts*. *0*4, 41 03.0. W. evidence supports a finding that ths wnwtlng condltinne prohibited In the reeulatton are unsanitary or baeardobe or danswroos to the health and safety of bunding. r a standard bortaontal exit On upper floors and basements, one exit shan be an enclosed stairway or smokeproof tower aad tha other or others may 8 SO--304.1 Soaps sad euppUeaSAs. <*> Tha Walth-Hsoley Public Con tracts Act (40 SUt. SOM. 41 VJSJC, U t *eq.) requires that contracts entered into br any a*may of the United Ststos (or the manufacture or furnishing of material*. supplls*. arUtiss. and squtp- employee*. (d> The standards itpi--id in Part 10-304 of this chapter tie tor sppUea* tloo to ordinary employment situations, and do not preclude proof or rwoocnltloo of the nooowdty of higher standards for employment situations of extraordlnary hsxani. Neither do tha standards be tatide stairways or hortsontal exits or Are escape stair*. (b) Jhttt doors. Doors shan swing in the direction of exit aad open in suoh a manner as not to ohetraet.pa ways or oorridoa used as ways m i No chairs or Mata, fixtures, chutes, ma terials, or equipment shan block or In ment la any amount exceeding $10,MO exprmeed in this Part $0-304 of this any way JeopexdlM the um of way* and must contain, amonc othar pnrvUUms, a chapter purport to describe ell of the means provided for egreat. All ndt stipulation that "No part o( such con Tffortririy OOZUilUOQt Whtffh tU% U&ML&l* doors and windows used as means of tract will bo performed nor will any ftf the materials, supplies, articles, or equip, ment'to bo manufactured or furnished under said contract be manufactured or fabricated In any plants, fastorias, build, lnss or surroundlnit or under working conditions which are unsanitary or has. ardous or danscrous to the health and tary or basardous or dasgerous to the health and safety of employees. Other working conditions may be found to be unsanitary or haxardous on dangerous to the health and ealety of employees on evidence to that effect, or without such evidence, where such unsanitary or egreos In com of fir* or panic shall be so arranged os alwoy* to be opened readily from the Inside. Looks on doors and windows. If provided, shall not re quire the um of a key to open. (c) txtt signs. All exits or means of egr*M shall be provided with a sign hav ing on it the word 'EXIT' which shall safety of employees encased in the per* hazardous or dangerous characteristic be in lettsrs at lsost five InehM In height formance of the ocatract.~ This Part should be apparent to a rational and and plainly Indicate to persona within 50-304 of this chapter expresses certain prudent person of common experience. the building the location of sueh etna*. 13812 RULES AND REGULATIONS Directional signs to tha awni of | 50-304.19 Hatchway ud diets fleer. (a) Runways, uaed exclusively far ecras should be provided necessary. Bttnswats o> flrtrs S 50-204.9 Stair width at height of riees*. where and Every hatchway and chute floor open ing shall be guarded either by: (a) -Hinged floor-opening cover of standard strength and construction equipped with railing constructed in ac cordance with sections 60-30437 and special purposes (such as oiling, shafting or ailing tank cars), may have the rail ing on one side omitted where operating conditions necessitate sueh omission, providing there is no falling hazard. . RAItlNCS AMS OOAXDS There h*n be so variation In the 50-30439 ao as to leave no exposed side. width of trade and height of item la When the opening Is not in use the cover ear flight Where variation in height* then be dosed. of risen in different flights is nseeesaxy <b) A removable railing with toe on seoount of varying story heights, such boerde on not more than two tides of the variation* shall sot exceed fa inch. All opening end permanent railings with toe tresds han be nt least 10 Inches wide. boards on all other exposed (Idea both | 50-304*10 Stairway aaalateoaace. constructed in accordance with sections 50-30437 and 50-30439. The removable Every gteirwny or step shell be msIn- railings shall be kept in place when the tsJdied in good repair, free iron protrud . opening is not in use. ing bolts, sorews, noOs. dtrt or slippery <e) Whare operating eoudltlco* naeas- conditions, end no stored# shell be per attata the feeding of material into any mitted on stairway*. 150-304.11 lamia. Trends shell be renewed whenthesurface, including the nosing, shows weer to the extent of Yt Inch or more. Ah metal tresds *n have e surface which will hatchway or chute opening from an sides, the guarding requirements win be mtisfltrt if bars, chains, or otbar ade quate protection Is provided to prevent a perron fromfalling through the opening. * 50-30430 FUor Me. | 50-20437 Standard railing. A standard railing shall consist of top rail, intermediate rail and posts, having a vertical height of 42 inches from upper surface of top rail to floor, platform, run way or Tamp level. The top rail shall be smooth surfaced throughout the length of the railing. The intermediate tall shall be approximately halfway be tween the top rail and floor, platform, runway or ramp. The ends of the rails shall not overhang the terminal poets except where such overhang does not constitute a projection hazard. | 50-30438 Stair railing. A stair railing shall be of construction similar to a standard railing but the vertical height shall be not more than reasonably prevent slipping. 150-304.13 Stairway railings and head* rails. Every flight at stain having four or more risen shall be equipped with a stair railing or handrails constructed to eon- form to the requirements of sections 50-20431 and 40-30439 under the fol lowing conditions: (a) on stairways of width lass than 44 inches and haring both sides en closed--at least one handrail on the rtebt dd# daaocodlse. - ** * (b) On stairways of width 1ms than 44 inches end having one side open--at least out ftatr railing that shah be on Every floor hole except those described in sections 40-304.17.40-39434,50-30439 shall be guarded either by: (a) A railing constructed In conformanes with the xequiremant in sections 50-30437 and 80-30439 with standard toe board on all expand tides; or A floor opening cover, hinged in piece. While the cover is open, floor holes shell be constantly attended by someone or sfaan be protected by % port able enclosing railing. Otutsora crOrnr-toxs Ftooes, FurvocactAveRuwwsTs 150-30434 Open-sided fear sim! plat- 34 inches nor less than 30 inches from upper surface of top rail to surface of trad in line with face of riser at forward edge of tread. (a) Intermediate rails shall not be required where stairways art 22 inches or less in width. | 50-30439 Strength af standard railing atad stair railing, the strength of standard railings and stair railing* under different types of construction is specified as follows: (a) Wood railing: For wood railings, the posts shall he of at least 3 inch by 4 inch stock spaced not to exceed t feet; the top rails shall be of at least 3 Inch the open side. (e) On stairways of width leas than 44 inches end hating both rides open-- one stair railing on each ride. (d) On stairways of width 44 inches or more but lees than IS lnehea--one handrail on each enclosed ride and one stair railing on each open side. (e> On stairways SS inches or more in width--one handrail'on each enclosed side, one stair railing on each open side and one intermediate stair railing Io cs,usd approximately midway of the width. <a> Every open-sided floor shall be guarded by a ratting constructed In ac cordance with sections 60-20437 and SO20439 on all open side* 5 feet or mare above the adjacent floor or ground level, except where there is entrance to a ramp, stairway or fixed ladder. Hie railing shall be provided with a toe board wherever, beneath the open rides, (1) Perrons can pass, (2> There is moving machinery, or (3) There la equipment with which falling materials could create a hazard. by 4 Inch stock or of two right angle pieces of at least I Inch by 4 Inch stock snd the Intermediate rails shah be of at least 2 Inch by 2 inch stock or of at least I inch by 4 inch stock. (b) Pipe railing: For pipe railings, the posts and top rails shall be metal pipe of at least 1ft Inches Inside diameter and the intermediate rails shall be metal pipe of at least 1 inch inside diameter. The spacing of posts shall not exceed 4 feet. tc) Structural metal railings: For structural metal ratlings, the poets and top rolls shall be angle Iron of at least (f) Winding stairs shall be equipped with a handrail ao offset as to prevent walking on any portions of the treads haring width lees then 4 inches. OnaxoDto or Float Onwrxcs in (b) The intermediate railing and toe board required by sections 50-20437 and 50-20439 may be omitted where ma terials have to be regularly passed over the edge of the floor fas in lumber stor age) . or whare the railing is set back 13 lft inches by I'i Inches by inch or other structural shapes of equivalent banding strength; and. the Intermediate nils shall be ancle iron of at leaat 1 % inches by 1% inches by ft Inch or other structural shapes of equivalent bending FiooeBoux inches or more from the edge. strength. The spacing of posts shall not 5 50-304.17 Stairway flaw sy-alags. (o) The entire railing may be tempo exceed t feet. rarily removed from particular sections (d> Anchor posts.* The anchoring of A railing constructed to conform to the of open-sided floors where regular oper posts and framing of members for rail requirements of sections 50-3043$ and ating conditions make a permanent rail ings of all types shall be of sueh con 60-20439 shea be provided on efl exposed ing wholly impracticable. sides of stairway floor openings (except at entrance to stairway). StandanTtoe | 50-30435 Itanway guarding. struction that the completed structure shall be capable of withstanding a load of at least 300 pounds applied in any boards shall be provided also, exospt in . - Every.runway shall be guarded by a . dlraation at any point of the top rail. stair towers, rantngiooostruotad ln'-aoecrdsnoe.withi (e) -Toe board.- A too board shall be 50-304.14 Ladderwey flew opening*. Every ladderway floor opening shall be guarded by a standard railing with standard toe board on all exposed sides, except at entrance to opening. aeoriom 80-30437 andK40-2043# on all' 4 Inches In vertical height from top edge open sides 4 laat or more above floor or to the level of the floor, platform, run ground level. Wherever tools, machine way. or ramp. It shall be securely fas parts or materials are likely to be used on tened in place and with not more than ft the runway, a toe board shall also be Inch clearance above floor level. It may provided on each exposed side. be made of any substantial material either Mild or with openings Dot over 1 130-204-49 PaWUg of woodew leddors. | 30-204.64 Pipe aad other laeg stack. inch In length. Wooden ladders shall not ba painted, Pipe and other long stock shall be Eusratoaa aa painting outers up defects, tinseel stored la suitable racks or blocked to g 30-204.34 Elevator laspeetlaa. oil or oil stain shall be used instead. Hmtor Inspection by a competent IS9404J0 Stepiadders. prevent spreading or rolling. Projecting ends shall be protected by location, rail ings. or barriers. elevator Inspection sendee or mtnUnanc* contract on tn annual basis win be - AH stapladders shall be provided with an automatic locking device or spreader 150-304.63 Hacardout chcaricmU. acceptable as erldenoe of satisfactory of not more than 40 degrees to hold the Batazdous chemicals shall ba distinc installation and maintenance. front and back sections In open position. tively marked to indicate their nature $ 30--20-1.33 Eetavijn. | 50-204451 Fixed Udders. and stored in containers or locations suitable to the material. , All hoistway openings at the floor level to the elevator shall be protected by doors or gates either manually or me* chanlcally operated, and interlocked with the elevator control to that It U impossible to start the elevator until the door or sate is locked in the dosed posi tion, and also so thst It is impossible to open the door or ftte when the ear Is not at the landing. S SO--204.36 Under ear safely device. All elevators other than hydraulic ele vators shall be equipped with an under car safety device operated by speed gov ernor control-that will bold the elevator in case of cable failure or over speeding. g SO--204.37 Haleb Umit controls. All types of elevators shah be equipped with upper and lower travel limit de ta) Rest platforms: If fixed ladders are used to aaeend to heights H"r 30 feet, a landing or rest platform shall be provided for each 30 feet or fraction thereof unless the ladder is provided with safety cages. (b) Ralls: Ralls.of fixed ladders to Undlngs shall extend a distance of at least 3 feet above the landing. <e) Rungs: The rungs may ba omitted above the landing. Where an employee must step a greater distance than 14 Inches from the ladder to roof, tank, hoist, etc- a landing shall'ba provided. (d) Guard rails: AH fixed ladder landings shall be equipped with stand- and guard rail and toe boards, m ar ranged as to give the safest possible ac cess to the ladder, finch platforms han not be less than 34 Inches. In width. 1 50-204.66 Caac* in cylinders. (a) Cylinders shall be supported In an upright position so as to prevent them from iftUlxur or rolllBf* (b> Cylinders shall be kept away from excessive heat, such as the direct rays of the sun. (e> Cylinders shall be stored away from oosnbustlbls materials. (d) Empty cylinders shall be plainly marked ''XMPTT," and the valves shall be closed. The empty cylinders shall be segregated from the full cylinders and returned to the supplier as soon as prftcttc&blt* (a) Valve coven shall be kept In plaee at all times when the cylinder Is not In use. 09T900X StOBAOS vices that will normally bring the ear to rest at either terminal, and a final limit switch that will prevent the movement in either direction If opened by the ear as the result of excessive over travel In either direction. XLnnaxAnow S 30--201.42 Minimal* standards. ca) Illumination shall be provided and distributed to ah working areas as re quired in these regulations. tb) Seeing tasks requiring discrimina Amus in Puuoxwats 3 30-204.71 AM* tpaelac. Aisle* than ba maintained between 8 50-204456 Kthltuma, pile*, between buildings, and between Permanent aisle* and passageways shall be kept dear and in good repair, with no obstructions across or in aisles that might cause tripping. Where, due to lack of proper Identification, aisles and passageways are Ukety to beooms piles and the boundary of the storage alt*. Aisles shall be wide so as to reduce the danger of spread of fir* from pile to pile and to permit ready access for fire fighting or emergency removal of material. hesardoas. they shell be dearly defined | 30-204.72 .Hoawkecplag. by painted lines, curbings, methods of marking. .. or other .u. 4,.The entire storage site shall be kept 'free from unneoeseery aocumulatlom of tion of tin* detail under conditions at 30-304-57 AM*" wMthfcY&H loombostlbi* materials. Weeds aad grata fair contrast and where the nature of the work is very reacting and prolonged shall be provided with a minimum of 100 foot-candles of Illuminaticm. <c> Seeing tasks requiring discrimina tion of detail over prolonged periods of time and under conditions of moderate contrast shall be provided with a mini mum of 30 foot-candles of Illumination. (d) Seeing tasks requiring moderate When Industrial trucks areincustocn" ary use. one-way traffic aisles shan be at' rahaHtb*<kapt down . cl*sn;wgTAte<:*.'. and ` . the ana kept least 2 feet wider than tbs widest vehicle.' : | 50^204.73 Drainage. Two-way aisles shell be at least 3 feet Proper drainage shall be provided. wider than twice the width of the widest vehicle. { 50-204.74 Otarann alga*. Mattsial arouses Clearance signs to warn of clearance limits shall be provided. 130-204.62 Height. 8 50-204.75 Quail tml.hinyW'MtAh discrimination of detail over intermit tent periods of time and under conditions of normal contrast shall be provided with (a) AH material In bags, containers, or bundles, stored in tiers, shall be stacked, blocked. Interlocked, and limited In Derail end bumper blocks shall be pro vided on spur tracks. a minimum of 30 fcot-candles of height so that It Is stable, so that It la 8 50-204.76 Traffic nninl olgne. illumination. (el Casual seeing tasks not Involving discrimination of fine detail shall be pro vided with a minimum of 10 foot-candles of illumination. <f> Rough seeing tasks nof requir ing critical seeing shall be provided with a minimum of 0 foot-candles of Illumination l*sazas S 30-204.47 Construction and ee* of portable Udders. Portable ladders shall be substantially built, get level and well secured. g 50-204.43 Ralls of portable Udders. secure against sliding or collapse (b) Where automatic sprinkler pro tection U provided, clearance of at least It Inches shall be maintained between tbs tons of materials and the underside of lowest beams or other overhead structures. Where reliance U placed on boee streams, clearance of - at > least. 3 Traffic oontrol signs to warn pedes trian, vehicular, and railroad truffle shall be provided. 50--204.77 Open pita, tuaba, vats, ditches, etc. Covers or guard rails shall be provided to protect aH..open pits, tanks, vats, feet, shall be maintained;between-the: dltehaa,>4te.- near which. people are tope of pfiee and the underside'of the regularly employed.11'-........... lowest beams, girders, or other obstruc Putotssig Lmtrrae tions which restrict the pley of hose streams over the material. 5 50-201.32 Seurres of Ignition. All sources of Ignition shall be pro | 50-204.63 Snail artk-leo. hibited in areas where flammable liquids Rails of portable ladders shall always Small articles shall be stored In con ere stored, handled, and processed. project at least three feet above work tainers suitable to the material, such as Suitable warning and "No Smoking" ing level and shall be of sound material. small cans or trays that can be stacked. signs shall be posted in all such areas. .1 a 5 J 13814 IDLES AND REGULATIONS { S0-2A4A3 VwttltM ttnL materials stall be kept tightly closed Tax Ptnmno* Tta inu where flammaMs liquid* when not la actual use. 8 50-204.113 Equipment general. re (tend, handled. or prneeaefrt stall to* lift el**r of rubbish. brush, loot (rut, or other combustible material at mil timet. | 50-204.9$ Storage locations. Sealed ooBtalner* of paints. varnlshas, lacquers. thinner*, and other flammable paint materials, stall bo kept in a w*D- Hire fighting equipment suitable to the conditions and hasards involved shall be provided and maintained in an effective operating condition. A sys 150-204.14 Hetuekeeplag. ventilated loeatloa, fro* from excessive tematic Inspection of these devices Is re Accumulations of flammabls liquid* oc floor*, wall*, and ottar surfaces, art pro- heat, saioke. sparks, flame, or direct ran of the tun. quired. |50-2M,]U First-aid fire fighting ea- . hlblted. All spin* of towtli liquids | SO-204.99 Simp of flammable paint stall bo olotaod up Immediately. material* in opened contalaers. tingaittan, general rate*. Tta following general rules htt he | S0-204JS Electrical Ughtli*. Flammabls paint materials, when in Electrical lighting stall to* tto* only exoaas of 10 gallons and not exceeding mesa* umd for artificial illumination la. SO gallons, stall be stored In a ventilated unj wtar* flammable liquids, vapors.) steel cabinet, or a cabinet lined with fume*, dust, or. gassa an promt. AH) XTtfttfT^V COCUtaffl electrical equipment mad Installation*, stall be kept tightly dosed when not in stall bo of tta oxplnstrn proof type. net , 15O-S04JA VeatOasims. S 30-204.100 Faint-eeiled tUebhtg and All bctldltaSi mesas aad compart- deep doth. menu wtar* flammable liquids are Paint-eoflod dothlnf and drop sloths, applied to all type* of first-aid fire ex tinguishers: (si Persons who may have occasion to us* any fire extinguisher shall have knowled** of the proper way to use the deviea effectively. (b) Tta Instructions of tta manufac turer of the extinguisher as to charging, maintenance and operations nn he followed exactly. AU extinguishers shall ta ersmtned at least once a year to de stand, proeoasod, or used stall bo prop- when not la tat. stall be stored In well. erly Tsutastort to promt acetzmulatiocT:ventilated steel cabinets. . . termine positively that operating condition. they are in - cfTtammabti TtpgfSoj^ysyjrt c\s 8 S0-2Q4.l7j^B*ifwa*^*<eragc. m toufldteS^`*ta5iT'oe roams where, > Frequent inspections stall ta mads - to dft*ratn*:that extinguishers are in i;-Paintiacrapins* and,paint*aatar*tad debris stall be.removed fromtta proa- . -their designated veamflrie, have not places, are readily acbeen damaged or tarn- flammable liquid* an* handled or stand,a self-okwing motal refuse can stall bo provided md mattitsilned ta good condi tion. isee dally. % 50-204.102 "Ventflatlaw 'k sabetewtts. '* fewsM pared' with, dogged. - and that noteslas are not f 5O-S04>11S does!flealies of estie* gulsiien. 50-104-1$ Opem Same devices pi. Open flame tasting devices stall not b* used In areas where flammable liquids arrpnyent Ventilation adequate to rsdooe tta concentration of harmful suhstanoes in the atmosphere stall ta provided, as referred to In section 50-2MJ6. g 50-204.183 VepUlvUen f SaaraosMs Listed below are various classes of fires and tta extinguishing equipment which stall be maintained appurtenant to tta various materials Identified. <a> Class "A" Fires. Fires in ordinary 8 50-204-S9' Bemllag aad gmadla, Stonge tanka and systems' shall be electrically Seeded and grounded. 3 50-204.90 ltdSri mu. Stonge tanks shall be equipped with proper relief vents. Tank vents ahait not ta-located .does-to open flaw, stacks, heating apparatus, or any other eombostiblt materials wtar* tta quench Ventilation adequate to prevent tta aocmnulaflnn of flammable vapors to hasardout levels of onnoenoration shall ta provided in all areas when spray painting, dipping or similar proomssa aro performed.,. . f ' f \ ,,"'v `" ' *^**r ' ing and oooling effects of quantities of water or solutions oontalning large per centage of water are of first Importance. Required extinguishing equipment- aoda end add. pump tank extinguishers or water barrels and buckets. vVj(b> Class "IT Fires. Fires in flam f 50-3*4.104* Snoklaf '<& apes Semes mable liquids, greases, and similar mate court* of ignition. Vent screens stall prattMted. rials. where blanketing effect Is essential. not be painted. 3 50-204.91 Storage ta altar tbsa Sam- makU weemge Wildings. A ventilated steal oabisat or a cabinet lined with ncooombnatlbl* material shaft be provided for the storage of more than Ho smoking, open flame, exposed flame heating elements, or other sources of ignition of any kind shall ta per mitted in areas or rooms where spray painting, paint dipping or similar proc esses are dona. .. Required extinguishing equipment-- fount, carbon tetrachloride, CO* dry powder type extinguishers, or sand buckets and scoops. Carbon tetraehJorid* extinguishers stall not ta used in a confined are*. to) Class "C" Fires. Fire in electrical a total of io gaQoot of flammable liquids in btsfldtog* taad far other than storage, not more than a total of 60 gallons shall be stored In any one cabinet, nor shall any Individual con tainer neead 6 gallon capacity in such a cabtnat. Containers must be of metal 3 50-204.185'.^ Electric*! esfsjpsstcai. When electric lights, switches, or elec trical equipment an necessary where in door spray painting, paint dipping or similar process** art performed, they shall be of tta exploeion-proot type. equipment where the use of nonconduct ing extinguishing agent is of first importance. Required extinguishing equipment--CO,, or dry powder pres sure-type extinguishers. PaessmcB Vssssls and kept tightly closed. Storage In drums of over M gallon# of flammable liquid* stall be outslda the work room. 8 50-204.91 Safety container*. ---- Handling of all flammable liquids by hand containers shall be In approved 8 S0-2O4.1O* Electric meters. Eectric motors driving exhaust fans shall not ta placed inside booths or ducts exhausting flammable materials. 3 50-204.107 Encloses* driving belts. 8 50-304.120 Bailers. Boiler Inspection and approval on an annual basis by s recognized boiler In spection service will ta acceptable evi dence of satisfactory installation and maintenance. type safety container* substantially con Belts shall not enter duct or booth ex 8 50-204.121 Steam cookers, digester, structed to avoid the danger of leakage hausting flammable materials unlessbelt glee pots, etc. and designed to minimise the likelihood of spilling. and puller within the duct or booth are thoroughly enclosed. AH pressure vessels to which steam is supplied from an outside souros shell ta Psnrrs AH8 Pawnus 8 5*1--304.97 Storage af paints, varalah* eo, Iscqoen, thlmeen. etc. Packages containing paints, varnishes, 8 50-204,10$ Storage af eemkoatikla and flammable eIrani** malarial*. Combustible and flsmmahU cleaning materials at tta establishment shall ta designed for the maximum 11ns pleasure to which tta vessal will ta subjected. On such veaMls it Is required that. In addition to th necessary pressure re ducing valve, a safety valve ta Installed lacquers, thinners, or other volatile stored In tightly closed metal eontainsn. on the vessel Itself cr oc the line between Wednesday, December 28, I960 FIDUAL IICISTU 13815 it and the pressure rvdneer. There *h*n be no means of cutting off or bypassing this safety relv*. Inspection onA ade quate maintenance of the vessel. toctodInc regular tasting of tb safety valve, tS?S&vt^5L1gs.-Jayn!!r-. Fratectlwa h emptaroes la the fcamadl- are aendetary. 50-304.133 UN&rrd a) Air receivers shah be ao Installed that all drains, hanrfhnlaa. and manholes therein are easily accessible. tb> Air receivers shall be supported with sufficient cleeranee to permit a com plete external Inspection and to avoid corrosion of external surfaces. ic) Under no circumstance* shall air receivers be burled underground or lo cated In an inaccessible place. id> The receiver than be located as close to the compressor or after-cooler as is possible to keep the discharge short. (> The raeelvtr shall be ioested-to a cool place to faeilitata tha condensation of moisture and oil vapors. interval*. . ' VkHmarrow uaowftCwuwrrciHn*o* ** w**tta"hnmTM **-304.135 WefcBac >mI omfaig in Stem tbs Inert-gas metal-are welding pro oeas Involves the production of ultra- rinltt radiation of lntanittiaa Una to For the purpose of this section a eon- thirty times that produced during fi*d space shall "" . ahleldad metal-arc welding, tha deoom- (a) A space of lest than 10400 eubto'.poatttoa of chlorinated solvent* by ultra- . feet per welder, or <*KV.;:^T:5tvJoJat>rayi.'.and-tb* liberation-of tttie A space haring an overhead heightVvtfumes and gases.'employe* shall xx* be of leas than 10 fact; or , v--w'uPttted to engage In. or ba exposed to <e> A space m which there are stroc-'. tbe praam unless: '* ............- tural barriers to the extant that they. <a> Th# oh of ehlorlnatad solvents ntHr rftmrt fw 1* kept It laStt 300 faet ttOO. ti *XPOS*d ,**** tmu. i-^-ss5gssas5KSsas; . ~ ..T^fthsAKiStwaMlne^fc,permitted on maiti mrrtm**w*z Toots AX9 Batiifxer 3 30-304.137 Ma&eteMare. AOwaldmcandenttmgoperationcer-!iMg(b)}8baijadvtatg)es wftortiderahkldgi'iV- riad on to be-*de^j;ere3warntbylh*lpsr* andfottaCT!to;the-:'c*.. Each employe shall be responsible for fwox to# teauiaununB ot.ifluw Cam# op.-* MXMoof*G&tjtfr __ the safe condition cf the tools need by hie possible axygsc dafldener,'*; tir*m^M\z<o)}Fmt&Teftloth^tafTO&br employees, whether furnished by him or plied mpixwton approved bythe-UB.'-welder* and others within'the area.ax- by them, and be sure that such tools axe Bureau of Minas shall be provided to the poutf to-tidtotion'W toed .toe toto is suited by safe design and construction for the work to be dona. welder and ell other pateeonel to toe Immediate vicinity. aovared aompietaly topreimt betas and otoff damage tor QltriTloM nys; shirts S0-204.12S PeruUe etertrte power tool*. is) Electricpowertool*shewingworn, deteriorated or inadequate Insulation, split or chipped phis*, worn or best plus*, terminals, defective switch, shall be repaired. tb> Portable electric power tools shall be effectively grounded to maintain at an times an effective ground os the soncurrent earrrlnx parts of the tools. SO--204.129 Pen&Me poemaulk tools. <a> The operatise trigger os portable hand-operated poeumatio equipment shall be so located as to mtnfaBtr* the possibility of accidental operation and shall be aroused to cloae the air Inlet valve automatically whan the pressure of the operator's hand is removed. A tool retainer shall be installed on each piece of pneumatic equipment which. without such a retainer, may eject the tooL ic) No tool chans* or work other than regular operations shall fca made or dona on any piece of portable head-operated pneumatic equipment unleea the atop J 50-304.157 Merfcaakal vewtflMloa.' Mechanical ventilation shell oomdst of either general ventilation systems or lo cal exhaust systems. <a> Oeneral ventilaUon ahaS be at the minimum rate of 3.000 cubia feet per minute per welder. (hi Local rThanst shall consist of freely movable boodi intended to be plseed by the welder as osar as prac ticable to the work being welded and pro vided with a rat* of air flow sufficient to maintain a velocity in the direction of the hood of 100 linear feet par minute to the root of welding when the hood is at worn are dark to ooter to adust tefiaotios to the fane from underneath the hairnet; exposed oottca olothiag is oovered time it dltintegrataa rapidly whan axpoaad to high totanaiUas of ultraviolet tays; welding hehnata and hand shields are free of leaks and opening*, and free of highly reflective surface*. <d> Local exhaust ventilation or sup plied air respirators are provided to an cases when doing Inert-gas metal-aro welding of stelnltse steal to protect against dangerous concentration* of nitrogen dioxide. t 5*-34.S4X Geaeral wellteg and ewt> Its most remote distance from the point - - Urn*. . of welding. Welding and cutting not involving | 30-304.158 VeUiag aarf csttiag ia- eoedltioos or material* daaeribad to mo valving afl *f tosk significance. ttoes S&-304JU and fiO-SOUM may <a> Welding and cutting Involving the toQovrtng metals whether or not In amfined spec** or in other enclosed spaces shall be don* In aooordanca with the pco- . normally be done without apodal pre cautions, but where, became* at unusual physical or atmospheric oonrtlttneia. & harmful accumulation of contaminants would enrtst, mechanical ventilation or (1) Zinc-bearing base of filler metals or metals coated with tine-bearing ma 5* Wtoimeryprotective euulpmant shall beprovldedL.-i * * terials. . . ,> v *. XtscraicatTXmaiunon am aorowatt valve in the air line supplylnc that equip ment Is closed. (3) Lead baa* metals. .- ' (S' Cadmium-bearing filler materials. 150-304.10' Eieclvkal tawlalUttesi sad 3 SO--204.ISO CaUeo. FOfw*. and chaiaa. Welding or catting Involving the following metals in eonflnad apaoea shall (a) Chains.ropes.cables,hocks.Tins*, -be-don* using local exhaust ventHatian sllnss. and other used for hoisting devices and accessories and Ilftiny shall not be : voUrJSa. tBou-lrteoa*uraoaf pMtmtotaors*..-tajippprroav| edib__y_it_be Beetrlcel ecodactors and equipment installed- within or on buildings and other, promts** end the ooeduntore that ooon#et*,the installation to anpply of subjected to greater working leads than' w (1) Metal* eontalnlnx leadTo recommended by tbalr manufacturers. as an Iimmupourrtitryv, onrr mmeattael!s. ooaatetadd*'*writtthh - ^StoteTOSqSSe^f^lS: They shall be frequently inspected and shall be renewed when Inpectics reveals unsafe conditions. Bolts or nails shall not be used to connect splice. or shorten ehatna. lead-bearing matsrials. Including paint. (3) Cadmium-bearing ^or oadmlum- coated baaa metals, .r - y: tiooal Eeetrical Code. IMS Xdltion, MsUocal tore Protection AaaodatWa. . ----rr ' ( Metals ooated.wlth BMmay-betr^ TmwmreetoH tog matala. Including painty Arrmrus Knots shall not be tied in the chain. - (4) BeryUlmn-oontalnlng <c A hoist cable shall be considered metals. Because of its highttoxieitr, unsafe and shall be replaced when upon work involving beryllium shall ba dam Flywheels located so that any put le inspection 10 percent or more of the total with both local exhaust ventilation and 7 leet or tat above floor or platform shall number of wire* art broken In a length air-line neplratort.;; .-.iiWtV tuarded In on* of the following weya; 13818 RUUS AND REGULATIONS <a) With in anckwura of zbaet, pcrN orated, or metal, or aorta wire. Tor standards,- aeettooa lb- *354.179 aad M-SOtaaO^^ri' , ; With,guard raite^piseed not test sides of tha trough shall extend at least <e) Horizontal overhead belte more 3 inches beyond the shafting or proto* than 7 feet above floor or platform k*h beranee. Tor requirement* regarding be guarded for their entire length under material* and wewhuctioo, ate sections-,.-the following, conditions: 50-204J7I aad 5C-30AlIL':^^.;>^^j^-U)cir. located over putumn or than 15 todemaor more than 30 inch** | *^04.15* Ca*dla rrnkal ^U te. ***** trareUnx 1500 feet or . "-front rim.': When flywheel ertenda 1ate &>s*pttcr U wttbta U toohea of floor. * fgFi* standard toe boardshall alao be provkted. = Tor standards. aee aaeUoo 50-3O4J.8S, * ' <e> An adjustable guard to be used for *.*T.*"r the engine or lor Tunning ad* ' 'iuetmeat mar be provided at the fly wheel of ne or oil enitnee A slot HI--I tesftteg. Vertical aad inclined shifting T feet or lew from floor or working platform, exeebttng maintenance runway*, than be enclosed with a stationary casing in accordance withrequirements of sections 50-204.17* and 59-204.111. more per minute. (3) If center to center distance between pulleys u 10 lect or mote. (3) a belt is t inches or more In width. Per detail of guard construction and for sites of material see section 50-204.183 and table following section 50-304.1X4. (d) Where the upper and lower runs opening for..the Jack bar will" be 150-204.140 Trejcetlag skaft red*. of horteontal belte. am so located that *' - permitted.. (d> Wherever flywheel* are abort working area*, guard* ahall be installed haring sufficient ttrencth to hold the weight of the flywheel in the event of a shaft or wheel mounting failure. (a) Projecting'shaft and* shall pre sent a anooth edge and end and shall not project more than one-half the di ameter of the shaft unices guarded by nocrotatlng cape or safety sleeve*. paeaage of persons between them would be poadble, the passage shall be either: (1) Completely barred by a guard rail or other barrier in accordance with sec tion* 50-304.179 and 50-304.181. or (3) Where passage la regarded as nec- f 0-204.154 Creak* ead eeonaeliag (b) Unwed key-way* shall be filled up or covered. eaeary, thtrs shall be a platform over the lower run guarded on either side by a Crank* and connecting rod*, when ex posed to contact, (halt be guarded in accordance with eeetlona 50-304.17* end 60-304.190 or by a guard rail a* described | 50-304.141 Pewer^raMMieslew spy*, rat-- 1--led La lutnaiu. All mechanical power trannnlsslon apparatue located in basements, tower*, railing completely filled in with wire mesh or other filler, or by a solid barrier. The upper run shall be so guarded as to prevent eonteet therewith either by tbs worker or by objects carried by him. In In section 60-304,188. and room* wed exclusively for power power plants, only the lower run of the 150-304.153 Tall rad* r oatemiea ptaaa rad*. Tall roda or extension platen rude ahafl be guarded in accordance with Motion* 50-304.17* ami 69-3044*1 or by a gnard rail on aidea and end.-wlth a clearance ip&fr;of not lea* than.1 ncr.mor* than toshes when'rod ie fuflj^exteDded.7 transmission equipment shall be guarded beltneed be guarded. in accordance with three standards, ex cept! that the requirement* lor sale- fttiuniUnf btlts, - tad ituufttfif f 50-804.144 Overhead ehala aad link kail drive*. may be omitted;if. the following coo- . Overhead chain and link belt drives . dittene are.metf^eter are governed by the same rule* as over- ".-.MaKThe baawnnt;towcr,~flnooaae^`bead'.hocmontel belts-and shall be enpted by.'ttranamission tegutecasotate'**guarded In the asms manner as belts locked-.agah>*t^gnanthriTi*edicti*nce.^,lsectlcc50-204.183). .. BO-2Q4.15<^iraSaSSM ^ ;(blThe vartteaTelcarmnoe tepamage-^r-^ia? i'*r s:___ _ Ml. Govnmr'tUaTi(eerSr|iM* from floor or other^wixtlug'levtL when poeed to oanteet ahaa be provided with" an enclosure extending to the top of the governors bah* when at their higbeet . position. . The material need in the con struction ef thi* encioeure shall coolocm to atcUcna 50-304.17* and 50-304.1i. tecta, la not Isas than 5 fact C JtHbse.W'<e> The footing Is dry, firm, and levaL <d> The note followed by. the otter is protected in such manner as to prevent accidents. 8 50-304.143 Talleys. (a) Vertical and Inclined belte shall be enclosed by a guard conforming to standards in sections 30-204.179 and 50-204.181. (b) All guards for inclined belts sh&Q be arranged in such a manner that a minimum clearance of 7 feet is main 1 50-304.157 Shaftiag buealWkM. Any parts of which ara 7 fset or tees tained between belt and floor at any (&) Saeh ooaUnuous line of shafting shall be secured in a position against exeasave eod-wiM movement. Inclined and vertical shaft*, par ticularly inclined idler shafts, shall be from the floor or working platform nn be guarded in aooordanoe with the stand ards specified under section 50-304.17* and 60-304.181. Pulleys serving as bal ance wheels lag- punch pmaes) 00 point outside of guard. 8 50-304.144 Vertical hells. Vertical belte running over a lower pulley more than 7 feet-above floor or teeuxely held in position against endwise which the point of contact between belt platform shall be guarded at the bottom thrust. and pulley Is more than 5 feet *no*f in the same manner as horizontal over 0 50-204.153 Geantiagherliamla] shaft* from the floor or platform may be guarded with a disk covering the spokes, head belts. If conditions are sueh as stated hi section 5Or204.183(e> (1), (3), V' *<a) AlltcmoMd*]^*^ horizontal flee seetkm 60-204.180. < shafting 7 feet or tea* troa floor or work-. mg.platform;!excepting.runwaya used 8 50-304.143' HarizoaialMu, rapes aad' chain drive*. g.SO-OU67 ConcpwOty Mil/ (a) The ccn# belt and pulley shall be excluxtvely for oiling, or running adjust (a) Where both runs of horizontal belte quipped with a belt shifter so con ments, shall be protected by a stationary are 7 feet or teas from the floor tend, the structed as to guard adequately ths nlp- rasing cryJnatng shafting oomplatety or guard shall extend to at least fifteen potnt of tbs belt and pulley. If the hr a trough sneiostng aidea and top or inches above the belt or to a standard frame of tha belt shifter doee not ade sides and bottom of shafting as location height (see table, section 8<3-304.111) ex-' quately guard the nip-point of the belt require*. eept that where both runs of a hori and pulley, the nip-point shall be fur (b) Wherever shafting extends over a zontal belt are 42 inches or lets from the ther protected by means of a vertical driveway, it shall be protected as stated-- floor, the belt shall be fully enclosed guard placed In front of the pulley and above unless it is located 15 feet or more in accordance with sections 59-204.179 extending at least to the top of the above driveway. and 60-204.181. In power plants or largest step of the cone. (c) Shafting under bench machines power-development rooms, a guard rail (b) If tha belt is of the endless type or shall be enclosed by a stationary casing, may be used in lieu of the requirement laced with rawhide laces, and a belt or by a trough at sides and top or sides In section 50-304.153. shifter Is not desired, tha nip-point of and bottom, as location requires. The (b) Overhead horizontal belts, with tha belt pulley shall be protected by a sides of the trough shall come within at tower part 7 feet or leu from the floor or sip-point guard located in front of the least t inohe* of tha underside of table, platform, shall be guarded on. sidee and oona extending at least to the top of the or if shafting is located near floor, with bottom in accordance with section 50- largest step of the con*, and formed in 3 Inches of floor. In every case the 204.183. to show the contour of the cone In order *> V:>/ c t .1 a e r .t .f Wednesday, December 28, I960 FEDERAL REGISTER 13817 to five Um nip-potot of the bolt tad covered with safety alceree or where they U square feet, additional frame mem puller the maximum protection. are need pezaBal with the ahamnt and bers than be provided to maintain panel (c) If Um oane Ik located Isas than are countersunk or else do not extend ana within this limit. 3 feet from Um floor or working plat* beyond the flange of the coupling, () All joints of framework ** be form, the coo* puller and belt shall be guarded to a height of 3 feet teg*rdlam of whether the belt le eodleei or laced with rawhide. I 50-204,163 Gear*. Oeara ahall be guarded In accordance with one of the following ipeelSeatlona: la) A complete eaeloBure. lb) A standard guard aa deeesibed in section 204.131 at least 7 feet high ex tending I lnebee above the mesh point of the geera. <c> By a band guard oovertn* the face of the gear and having flanges extended inward berood the root of the teeth on the exposed side or rides. Where anr portion of the train of goat* guarded by a band guard la leae than t feet from the floor a disk guard or a complete enclosure to the height of ( feet ahaa be required. 8 50-204.169 Sprwdui* aad efaala*. Qmm Bxaatxm rot Umumcu. Bowxx TtsKsmaeioif made equivalent In strength to the ma terial of Um frame. (50-204.179 Materials. 150-204.130 Disk, shield, and "IT (a) Standard conditions will be se guards. cured by- the use of the following ma (a) Sisk guard: A disk guard *h*n terials: Expanded metal, perforated or consist of a sheet-metal disk not leae Mild metal or wire mesh an a frame of than No. 23 gauge fastened by nr bolts angle Iron or iron pipe securely fastened or rivets to (pokes of pulley*, flywheels, to floor of to fnsM of moohioo (an M" - or gears. When postibltity of contact Uoo M-aOUSD.is;- with sharp edges.ef the dWc exists., tha ill AH metal shall be free'from'burre? edge 'sbaUibeFroDed ar^wired.<In-aH U1' and sharp edg*e.~^-' . i the nuts shall be provided with lock (3> Win mash dun be of the type in Bata which shall be plaoed on the unes- which the wins an meanly fastened at posed side of the wheel. . every cron point .either-by1 welding, ;. Shield guards. soldering, or galvanising, except In earn '-(l) A (hield guard shaQ consist of a of diamond or square wire mesh made of framefined to with win mash. expended, No. U gauge wire, % inch mesh-or perforated, or solid sheet metal. heavier. (2)' If ana of shield does not exceed ib) Design of guards: tequan feet the wire mesh or expanded ^ (1) Wh_en I.t. Is. necAessary to ch_ange _metal xoay.be fastened.In a framework .. AH sprocket wheela and chain* shall belts, make adjustments.or apply.ofl ?of.gfc'&HbaoUd rod. %;lncfa x % inch x. be encloaed unlaas more than 7 feet mease. above the floor or platform. Where Um s1*j".. :eqatnlsnt>gtienith.>e4^7??^^r.pr::/ - drive extends over other maehlnas-or working areas, protection against fall ing ahall be provided. 50-204.170 Openings fnr riling. (3) OuardsahaHbe (Ueignedaoasnot to interfere with the usual machine op erations, but give the mexhnwm protec tion to the operator. . f,,.. <e> Methods of manufantme - (j> Metal shields may have edgta cattnly rolled around a 88 inch solid iron rod. AH material of shield guard shaH the.^requirements of When frequent oiling mutt be mada. --> nOer.material shaH'be:w--. openings with hinged or ggjf, metal, sheet toraperforateidginetal.'Scr closing coven shall be provided. AH points not readily eccaarfhls shaH have oil feed tubes if lubricant is to be added while machinery is in motion. '..win mesh andjbejncuralyifMtanadfr frra*mrr"e. * -wown -liiwdueiwyirf ;* '>. By UngJtoifrSeJ Er wearing through channel or {bars shaHbe desigsed tdoovxr the under" reurfaoe'aad lower edge of belt, amttipla efaain.7or;repefdhre.<Xt!iban;be:eoB- '*'*1 8 50-204.171 Frieda* drives. (a> The driving point of sH friction drive* when expoeed to contact shaH be guarded. AH arm or spoke friction drive* and ell web friction drives with holes in the web shaQ be entirely enclosed. <c> All prelecting bolts on friction angle frame, or If No. 14 gang* % toots math or heavier Is need, fay handing en tirely around rod frame*. (3) Where openings in pipe railing are to be flHad in with expanded metal, win or sheet metal, the filler material shaH be made into panels with rolled edge* or bound with "V" or "17" edging of No. 34 gauge or heavier sheet metal of faction CO-304111 and shaH enfant to the requirements of eectione 1030410 end 10-304.1S4 Edges shaH be nooth. and If site of guard requires, thee* edgts shaH be reinforced by rolling, wiring, or by binding with angle or fiat iron. g 50-204.131 Approved mlcriala. drive* where exposed to contact shall be guarded. 3 50--204.173 Key., wt projection*. and olbn All prelecting keys, set screws and other prelections in revolving parts shall be removed or made flush or guarded by metal covars. Thla does not apply to fastened to the panels with bolte or rivet# spaced not mart than fi Inches center to center. The bound panda shaH be fastened to the railing by sheet-metal clips spaced not more than i inches canter to center. 14) Whan the design of guards re quires filled material of greater area than (a) Minimum Requirement*. The materials and dimensions spwrtftwl in thla section shall apply to aH guard* ex cept hnrtsrmal overhead belts, rope, oable or chain guards men than 7 teat above floor, or platform. CPor the latter, eee table following section 50-304.1*4.> keys or set screws within gear or sprocket Tiur or Inmui ilmmu as Pwavnom casing* or other enclosure*, nor to key*. ' set screws, or oil cup* is hub* of pulleys leas than twenty inch** in diameter where they are within the plena of the rim of the pulley. -- - 3 50-204.173 Cdlars. All revolving collars. Including split collars, shall be cylindrical, and screws or bolts used in collar* shaH not prelect beyond the largest periphery of thi collar. 5 50-204.174 Coapllaga. (a) Shaft couplings shaH b* so con structed a* to present no hsxsrd from bolts, nuts, set screws, or revolving sur face*. (b) Bolts, nuts, and *et screw* will, however, bs permitted when they an _ Wrvw vtn. XjeiwM artal......... .............. r*x,,u4 swai Steri _______________ XCwhtl r 9trul rtrtp srwwd---- 4 9*1 mmXV * or mrtal tfrtp rrt. rmfl____________________ {Ssafil'iizrr::: ; }*M CUarirt IW JUDh* *rtkm SM.IM. No. 3St--Part n------ 3 ' 338X8 RULES AND REGULATIONS (b) Framework: belt and follow the line of the pulley to of the pulleys which the guard encloses ID Minimum dimension*' of material the ceiling or be carried to the nearest thus fomlng a trough. These side filler Tor the framework of *11 guards except wall, thus enclosing the belt effectively, members shall be reinforced on the edges as noted in subparagraph (St of this Where belts are so located as to mska It with 1V4 Inch x ft inch flat steel, riveted paragraph shall be angle Iron 1 Inch x 1 Impracticable to carry the guard to wall to the fining material at not greater than Inch x ft inch, metal pipe of % inch In or celling, construction of the guard t Inch centers: the reinforcing strip shall side diameter or metal construction of shall be such as to enclose completely the be fastened or bolted to aU guard sup equivalent strength. top end bottom runs of belt and the fees porting members with at least one % i2> All guards shall be rigidly braced of pulleys. See section 50-204.103 (b) inch rivet or bolt at each Intersection, every 3 feet or fractional part of their and <e). axsd the ends shall be secured to the cell height to seme fixed part of machinery (b> The guard and all its supporting ing with lag screws or bolt*. The filling or building structure. Where guard la members shall be securely fastened to materials shall be fastened to the frame exposed to contact with moving equip wall or celling by gimlet-point lag smews work of the gusrd and the filler supports ment additional strength is neeeasary. or.through bolts, in ease of masonry by 34* inch rivet* spaced on 4 Inch cen . (3) The framework for all guards construction, expansion bolts shall be ters. Tht width of th multiple drive fastened to floor or working platform used. shall be determined by measuring the and without other support or bracing tel Suitable reinforcement shall be distance from the outside of the first to shall consist of 1% lnehx lft inch x ft provided for tbs celling rafters or over the outside of the last rope or eham In Inch angle Iran, metal pipe or 1ft Inch head floor beams, where such Is neces the group accommodated by the pulley. Inside diameter or metal construction of equivalent strength. All rectangular sary. to sustain safely the weight and stress likely to be imposed by the guard. | 50-204.163 Cuard nils and toe board.. guards shall have at least 4 upright The interior surface of all guards, by (a) Guard rails shall be 42 Inches In frame member* each of which shall be which Is meant the surface of the guard height, with mid-rail between top rail earned to the floor and be securely with which a belt will come in contact, and floor. fastened thereto. shall be smooth and free from aU pro (b) Posts shall be not more than 8 (4) Cylindrical guards shall have at jections of any character, except where feet apart; they are to be permanent and least 3 supporting, members carried to construction demands it; protruding substantial, smooth, and tree from pro floor. shallow round-hssd rivets may be used. truding nails, bolts, and splinters. If <5) Guardi thirty Inches or less In Overhead belt guards shall be at least made of pipe, the post shall be 114 Inches heirht and with a total surface not In on*-quarter wider than the belt which Inside diameter, or larger. If mad* of excess of ten square feet may have a they protect, except that this clearance metal shapes or bsrs. their section shall framework of ft Inch solid rod, % Inch need not in any ease exceed ( Inches on be equal in strength to that of 114 by 114 x % inch x ft inch angle or metal con each side. Overhead rope drive and by ft* Inch angle iron. If mad* of wood, struction of equivalent strength. The block tad roUsr-chata-drive guards shall the posts shall be 2 x 4 lnchea or larger. filling material shall correspond to the be not las than g Inches wider than the The upper rail shall b^ 2 x 4 inehas or requirements of the table contained In drive on each side. two 1 x 4 strips, on* at the top and ooe paragraph (a) of this section. (e) The specifications given In para graphs (a) and (b> of this section an the minimum requirements; when guards are exposed to unusual wear, deteriora tion or impact, heavier material and construction shall be used to protect amply against the specific hazards Involved. In overhead sfignt chain-drive guards where the chain Is held from lateral displacement on the sprockets, tbs side clearances required on drives of 30 inch centers or under shall not be leas than ft bach from the nearest moving chain part and on drives of over 30 Inch centers a minimum of 14 inch from the nearest mono* ptft. 3 50-204.163 Wuud gunU. (d> The table following section 10- (a) Wood guards may be used in the 204314 elves sixes of materials to be woodworking and chemical Industries. In industries where the presence of fumes - need and general construction of guards for belts 10 Inches or more in width. or where manufacturing conditions No material for overhead belt guards would cause the rapid deterioration of should be smaller than that specified, in metal guards; also In construction work this table for belt* 10 to 14 Inches wide, and in locations outdoors where extreme even If the belt is less than 10 Inches in cold or extreme heat stakes maul guards width. However, No. 30 gauge sheet at the side of post*. The mid-rail shall be 1 x 4 Inches or more. The rails (metal shapes, metal bars, or wood), shall be on that side of the posts which givas tbs best protection and support. When* panels are fitted with expanded mstal or wire mesh as noted in table. aaetion 204.161 the middle rails may be omitted. When guard Is exposed to contort with monnr equipment, addi tional strength may be neeeasary. <e> The boards shall be 4 lnchea or mote in height, of wood, m*taL or of mstal grin not exceeding i inch mesh. Mxscsujmsous Macximx Gudiho $ 50-304.190 Lelhcs end Automatic misv machine. and railings undatlrable. In all other industries, wood guards will not be metal may be used for belts las* thin as 10 larmfhilelesrwoidneg, uaerdxs (a) Chucks and fac* plates shall be free from projections, and dogs. If used, alio* ed. panded metaL because of the sharp shall b* of th* safety type only--circular (pi Material and construction. edges, shall not be used as a filler in hori in shape with no projections beyond the (1) Wood shall be sound, tough, and zontal belt guards. periphery. free from any looae knots. <*> Tor clearance between guards and (b) Chip guards to catch flying, chips, <3> Guards shall be made of planed belts, ropes or chains of various center particularly in the case ot th* high lumber not lea* than one inch rough to center dimensions between the shafts, speeds used In the softer metals, shall be board measure and edges and corners see bottom ot table following section provided. rounded off. 60-204.1*4. <o) Rotating stock In turret lathes and (3) Wood gusrd* shall be securely fastened together with wood screws, hard wood dowel pins, bolts, or rivet*. | 50--204.1S4 Guards for fcorisonta! overhead rope end chain drives. automatic screw machines shall b* com pletely enclosed in pip* long enough to contain th* longest stock used. <4> While no definite dimensions are Overhead-rope and chain-drive guard <d> Suitable shields and oil catchers given under this heading for framework construction shall conform to section 80- shall b* provided to prevent tllpperlness or filler materials, wood guards hn -bg-- 304.113 for overhead-belt guard con from oil thrown from the automatic equal In strength and rigidity to metal struction of similar width, exespt that screw machines. guards specified 304.111 (a) tb) to). In section 50- the filler material* shall be of tht *ni|d type ss shown In tabi* following section i 50-304.191 Drill presses. (5) Tor construction of standard wood 80-204.1I1U) unleu the fire hazard de (a) All projections on the rotating railing, set section 50-304.185. mands the use of open construction. A spindle and as much as possible of the I SO--304.163 Curds for horlxoatal cisrlisaj Mu, (a) Guards for horizontal overhead belts shall run the entire length of the side guard member of the tame solid fin ing material shall be carried up in a vertical position 3 Inches above the level of the lower run of the rope or chain drive and 3 Inches within the periphery spindle Itself should be guarded. (b) fiplndl* drive belts, when in range of the operator's head or body, shall be guarded to protect th* operator from both contact and breakage. J m 3#- ' ^ Wednesday, December 28,1969 RDIKAL REOISTR Ovano Rm Uatan ntmmmx OrmwuiNu Iisuan.mtom, m cxub t Trxt a* Moat jkion Otrr to" to W" Witt* Ovwtl'*w r Otar ft* UalatW Qensret rmtntrententt /or potnt of operations guarding. *wry point of opcratien guarding dstloe than be aad reliable in construction, application, and adjustment It shaQ be perma nently attached t# the praas or the die. It (ball sot offer iny amtH^ beiard m ynuwToft---- _______ Illkr (bait ggartol--...__ -- miHsrIiHf"ex --.. r*xt*tM*,-- -------- TUkr tid Tank&l *lda anaikar-- TUltr tuppom..................~. 1" x Mt" *at ha. Na-U A.WXL-. rx* feta**. Ouanttupponi.. I'xJU"......... rsH*............. ririw___ **xt("----------- - AFlaast fbcainaa. . . Nt.ttJLV.fl___ Bns*iMtAakaAaaSdaaa. taL JH-xH*----------------- natkaa. . itself. (1) The device shatl be designed amt constructed ao that it it tmposslbla for the operator to place or permit bis hawt or Angara to remain within the danger runma FBIer moptru u Sxawvarfc..-- m u"........ KM. FlUac IUU U MpparU (tatt (1) Ms"----------- Jhakrttvtf. zuanU) FUkr to tiuoa ud Mpparts }(** rtTau tpaaaiL raamitittn ut " aaatan tx hatlaai. (npa nd 1W1 (aank). nuara tuppana U tnaaararr,.. n vr_____ (Iuanl ana topparu u afarlmi crlUoc. wtaiawT" (31 Ml*.*" M-s"fc* imnaaar H" Srxi*k at l* Uliama com created by the movement uf the nun. (S) Car* shall be used In the selection of the method of guarding for each par ticular job. Quarts shall be fnTaiiy maintained, and adjusted to produce safe operation at each setting of tbs ptml (3) Ouards which are -*-*Krl to the BtTtnj--wxasn. cie. lVtdik or mrd,,........ .......... aaa^aariiT wUar Um* halt, papa, r stale AVtcav' Kpaotat batwaaa SDwmpa*u_ JTC. ta c. itr o.uc--. ------- Bpacts* bttvrae SOW Sal (Mt I" apart. cuanlil. Sprout batva* giarampparU. jrr.ter........ ttr c. to e~_ nm and which move downward ao that tha operator's .hand or finger* might be [caaghkbetwwargate sndjloww^di* ahaS^ not:b*<WgEfref nni4iHiHl||| Xiilntmifbrritr gw&BwfitlcSSii. barrier guard 1* an enelorare to prevent' ointt saw aeiu nun maim* thehands or finger* of the operator from entering the area between the die*, zt Phrrt nielal data--J aa 1* npa So. ft A.W.O___ Ka.lt A.W.O.-- Na.4* A.W.O. tad abat* cuanlt. Warns am, T* aal..-------- Xa.UA.W.0____ Sa.lt A.W.O. Ka.4 jUV.a.. tmttdtaortaTtn may be attached to the pram or individ ual guard* may be attached to the dies. . <3> Thera shall be no exposed shear' CULAOASCS ROM OCB OT SCfcCe BOTX. M turn mkts ro *tim point* between the guard and any mov ing part. nttUmtTMUruwviwWslMfts. Cy toil* lad------- OnrirtoSTM. OaryttCM. OtttW. Cfetnact tnm toll, tvps, ar W"--...-------------- U* ____________ a. *uo u |wt 'Kb (I) Openings In the guard or between the guard and working mrfao* *han not be greater than those shown tn the Tfcbla -below: g 50-204.192 Planer* and aHuptra, consist of a two-handed device requiring (metal). the simultaneous.use of the worker's two <a> Hit spaces between the fray* of planer frame* shall b* filled In smoothly with ).e*ry sheet metal to ellmlnata the shear hazard. (b> When there la not a 13-tneh clearance between a fixed object and the planer table and the work carried on the table, a ratlin* shall be provided between the fixed object and the table and the work on the table to protect worker* hands at points outside the mo* at 4aoff*r (b) In addition to the point of opera tion guard or device described in eeotlcn 50-304J*4(a), the power-driven guillotine cotter shall be provided with an arrangement which will prevent the cotter from making a second stroke untfi the lever or two-handed devlee Is again used. petting between the fixed object and the I 50-204.195 Fewer pna*. planer. (a) ff/*p*rdtap clcuMtestIon.: One I 50-204.193 Shews. or mote means of safeguarding the pr**a (a) Alligator (hears shall be guarded by running a heavy U-shaped metal strap horizontally around the moving (upper) jaw with the lower edge at the at the point of operation shall be pro vided and used on every power prase, depending upon the method at feeding, in accordance with the foliowring:, strap just tar enough above the cutting mraotunoc* Cuatsneamni edge of the fixed (lower) law to allow the iUthcC of fmdlnt material to be Inserted In the shear*. gs/Sfuerdbig nqulrti (b) Squaring shears shall be provided Automats* lead: nxac banter guard or with a fixed barrier which clear* the top Autooutl* roil read. gat* guard (antioa of the table by not more than ft Inch plus the minimum thickness of material for which used. Automatic damp* shall b* acceptable as guards when cutouts Automatl* peak, so-aouw (a), (d) pull or dial lead. Besuautocoatsa lead: Plxd bamtr guard or Chut* read (born gats guard (asetsos gravity and tal 80-3M.1M (). (d) are filled In so that finger* of the o=~" low lead). erator cannot enter the. danger zone. Hilda or push read. Sliding dto*. g 50-204.194 Cellletlna cullers, power* Dial read. driven. Devolving dies. (a.) Power-driven guillotine cutters Manual l**d________ PIsad banter guard or gat* guard, two- shall be equipped with a guard or device hssd tripping davtaa. which will prevent the hands of the workers from entering the asm* traveled by the knife while the knife la In motion. or pull-out guard, tlaetroni* sweep guard (section 10- sotu* (*). (d>. (#), This may be a fixed barrier or it may taoswcoKjt Orxim (raosae) DUtaaoe at opening traaa alp point: Oft ** IK IK *o*K IK*oK *K *K- *K to KK 9KIK iK <4) For the portion of the guard be tween the operator and tha die or work ing area. It Is required that ftt-Inch minimum vertical steal rods, vertically slotted material, or shatterproof, nonilemmahle. teangparmt material be uaed. Mettu or perforated plat* shall not be used between the operator and tha die. (1) Any hinged or-movable section of a fixed barrier guard dbaO be con nected to an mtariocking device that win prevent tripping the pram while the sec tion 1* open. (d> Get* guard*. (1) A gate guard Is a movable barrier arranged ao that it completes the enclosure of the point of operation before the operating dutch can beoama engaged. (2) Opening* In the barrier of tbs cat* guard shall be not greattr than those specified for the opening* in fixed barrier guards in section S0-2O4.ll&(o) <t). Tha mechanism of the guard shall be de signed so that there win be no positive linkage or other does motion which may trap the band of the operator. (3) Oats guards shall Include either fixed or movable side enclosure* around the die. 13820 RULES AND REGULATIONS (4) When tha speed of the nun li ao reach behind the guard In the danger 150-304.19* Platen presses. tow that n operator might beat thv run on tha down itzoka Biter the preas ' has been tripped, tba cat* guard shah be designed to that the gate remains etoeed until the ran has completed the down stroke. (e) Ttoo-fteni tripping ittlci. (1) TwO-hand tripping device* tnelude only those whieh make It impomtble to tnp the press without the simultaneous un of both hands outside ths danger sooe. It shall bs designed, located, and arranged ao at to prevent tying, wedging, gone before the nun hag completed it* downward stroke. <J> The sweep or sweeps shell not offer any haaard of or In themadves by creating a shear'hazard between the sereep arm and press tie rod*, die (traps, or ether parts of the prem or guard. (1) One-hand tripping deotce. When ever a press 1* set up so as to require tripping the ram or plunger by one band, additional guarding as specified in sec tion 50-304415 shall be provided. <J> Special hand tools. Bead tools Platen, presses shall be provided with an automatic feed device, an automatic stop device, a guard gate or sweep motion device, or another device, all as defined In thla section. (a) An automatic feed device it on* which does not require ths operator's hand to be placed between tha platen and bed. (b> An automatic atop device is one which will prevent the platen from riot ing If the hand or hands of the operator are caught between the platen and the or otherwise eteurlng one handle or but* for placing and removing material shall bed. ton or operating It with any gesture or device end tripping the press while the be such as to permit easy handling of material without the operator's placing <e> A guard, gate or sweep motion device, is one which will throw the op other hand may be m the danger gone. a hand in the danger gone. Such tools erator's bands out of tha way before (3) On Metloa*chrteh*operated presses, the control* shall be arranged go shall not be aeoepud m lieu of other guarding at provided In tbit section. the praaa dotes. If the guard la of the type which lifts the bands out of the that if any hand is removed from a cob* feral during the down stroke of the nun. It will be inctentty stopped. ' (3) Whew two of move persons are | 50-1N.1N ' Feet peeeees.'' ' danger aone. It shall rise at least 4 Inches above the platen before the press doses. Foot prsesea shall be guarded hr one The guard shall be arranged ao that it or more of the guards described tn sec win prevent a shear between the guard engaged m the operation of a single tion 50-30443* <S> to (d). inrinatve. and the top of the platen. press, separate two*hand controls shall <a) fixed barrier poods. Read her (d) "Another device" Is one that will be provided for eeeb person, except that der guards shall conform to section 10- prevent the platen from dosing on the an auxiliary foot control (air or electric) 2044*0(0). operator's hands before they are removed may be used la lhu of one set of two-hand (b) Limitation of stroke. Xf a foot from between the platen and the bed. controls, provided the foot control la located so that the nip point is out of the reach of the operator, but the foot con* troU shall In no ease be leu than a dis tance of 3i Inches measured horttontaUy from tht "to point, if) Pull-out guards. (1) Pull-out guard* shall be so constructed as to be attached to ths operator's hands or arms and connected to the ram. plunger, or outer slid* of the press In such a way that ths operator's hands and fingers will be withdrawn from the danger sons before the ram. plunger, or outer slide descends to a hazardous point. (3) Where the open distance between the top of the work and the tower ex tremity of the punch Is leu than 3 Inches thsenuluptylng action of this ruard shall be such that ths hands will be with drawn a safe distance before this open distance Is V, closed. (g) Xlectronic tafetf device. fl) An electronic safety dsrlea shall be or kick press is guarded by limitation of the ram stroke.'th* adjustment must be set and locked securely in position to limit the maximum travel of the nun to % inch on each stroke, lhers shall be no pjw^niwg or crushing hazards be tween other perts of the ram or dla shot. to) Gate ffuardt. a gate shall be de signed to dose tba opening at ths front of ths press before the foot lever can be operated. (d> Tux>-hand operation. Two-band operations shall conform to section 50204405(e). (e) Steeep ffuardt. Sweep guards shall conform to section 60-304405(h). (f) Pun-out ffuardt. Pull-out guards shall conform to section 5O-304.195(f). (g) Location. Foot presses shall not be located in a position which will permit the operating lever to extend Into an aisle or passageway. (h) Mosnting. Foot presses shall be securely bolted to the floor. 150-304.199 Abrasive wheels. (a) The machine shall be securely mounted on substantial floors, benches, foundations or other edequata structures. (b) Quardt. Every stationary abra sive wheel and portable wheel used In stationary position shall be equipped with a hood or band guard strong enough to withstand the shock of a bunting wheel. A guard of this type shall also be used on every portable wheel where the nature of the work will permit (e) Spindle. The spindle and nut and flange projection, if any. shall be guarded. (d) Mountlngt and fattening!. Hoods shall be mounted so a* to maintain proper alignment with tha wheels, and the strength of the fastening* shall exoeed the strength of tha hood. (e) Dust exhaust prooitiont. Hoods on machines used for dry grinding and other operations where dust la produced shall have provisions mad* for connec so designed and Installed that when ths operator's hand or any port of the body is in the dla sens, the press cannot be tripped and If the hand or any part of the body is Inserted while the nun is in a downward mottos; it win Immedi ately stop the ram. (3) Thtss guards shall be operated from a circuit wired so that interruption 5 50-104,1)7 Other power-press safety device*. (a) Treadle guard. A substantial guard shall be placed over the treadle of every foot-operated power press to prerent toctdentsi tripping. (b> Foot treadle. The use of tension sprints or counterweights an any treadle tion to an exhaust system; (f) Work rests. Work rests shall be kept adjusted close to the wheel with a maximum distance of ft inch to prevent the work from being caught- between the " wheel and the rest. | 50-304400 Revolving drama and cyl inder*. of the electric current will automatically shaft or tension springs on any treadle- Every revolving barrel, drum or other prevent the preu from tripping until the shaft Irrer Is prohibited. revolving container shall be guarded by current hu been restored. (c> Latch on hand-operating lever. sun enclosure which Is Interlocked with (3) Electronic safety devices shall not Hand-operated power presses, shall be tha driving mechanism, so that the be used on positive clutch preanes where equipped with a spring latch on the op-, barrel or drum cannot revolve unless the the ram continues for & complete stroke - crating lever to prevent accidental or guard enclosure Is m place. after each tripping of the presa. (hi Stoctp ffuardt. (i> Sweep guards may be provided with either tingle or double sweep arms. Ths sweep arm, or arms, shall bs connected to the ram in such a way as to forcibly sweep the premature tripping. (d> Interlocking device. Each hand- operated power press. If tended by more than one person at one time shall con form to the requirements of section 50204.105(e) (1) and (3). | 50-304.201 Fan,. When tha periphery of tha blades of & fan la leas than 7 feet above the Door or working level the blades shall be guarded. hands of the operator from the die cons () Single-stroke attachments. On WOODWOStUMO .MACBIXZBY u the ram or plunger descends and be fore there la danger of injury. poslUve-type clutch presses a single stroke attachment shall be provided, by | 50-204408 Circular (able saws. (2) Sweep guards shall be so designed which the treadle or operating lever Is (a) Guards. Each circular saw shall sind operated that the operator cannot disconnected sfter each stroke. be guarded by a hood which shell com- Wednesday, December Si, 19& FIOEKAL KEGISnt-^.;.^: 13821 pleteir enclnea that portion of the mw from flying splinters, brokcean saw toeth, ^rental head ~ahaH be squlpped with a above the table and shaH be arranged so ato, and will deflect sawdus^t away from ojlladrleal cutting head, tba Imtfa pro- that the hood wfll antonatlnsflr adjust tba. operator. The side* of tba lower Mf m+tOth thrill QOt itself to tba thickness of. aad remain ta txooead wwtinw of tha blada aha& be beyond the cylindrical body of tha bead. contact with, tba matorial.bel&g eat. csaxdad to tha fan dlaaetar of tba blada (2) Tha olaarancs between tba-edge Whan than U a paUbflttr of aooUet br d*rio* tbt vis autaaatiaaQr d* of tba mi tftbl* tad the mrttor bead with a portion of a circular taw beneath J_ ust ltailf to tba thietaaaa of tba stock than be not non than ft Inch. Tba or behind tba mw table, that portion- and main in contact with stock bring table threat opening shall be not more ahall be covered with a nerd to prevent cut to fire maximum, protection possible than 3ft Inches when tables are sat or accidental contact with tba aaw. tor tha operation beinr performed. allmod with each other for aero cut. k spreader*. Each circular ripsaw Spreaders. When radJal aaws an (b) Automatic guards. (1) Bach ahall be furnished with a spreader to used tor rippinr, a spreader shall be pro hand-fed jointer with a horixpntal prevent material from aqucextnr tha aaw vided meeting tha requirements ex cutting bead shell here an automatic or beinr thrown bach on the operator. pressed in section Sft-20420S(b). guard which will cover all the section A spreader need not be used for work (e) Won-kickback Angers or dogs. of the head on the working side of the which Is restricted to froorinr. dadotns. Each radial saw used for ripplnf shall fenoe or gage. The guard shall keep or rabbetlna. be provided with non-klckbstck fingers or tba operator's hand from opening in con (e) Non-kiekb*ck Angers or doe*. docs located on both sides of tha saw tact with tba revolving knives. The Each circular ripsaw shall be provided so as to oppose tba thrust or tendency of guard shall automatically adjust Itself to with non-lcichback flnsare or docs ao the aaw to pick up the material or to eovar tha unused portion of tba head located as to oppose the thrust or tend threw it back toward tha operator. and remain In contact with the material ency of the aaw to pick up the material <d> Adjustable stop* sad return de at all times. or to throw it back toward tha operator. vice*. An adjustable stop shall be pro (2) Each hand-fed jointer with hori f 50--204.209 Swiax end silitSag eat-off vided to prevent tba forward travelofdbe zontal cutting head shall bare a guard blade beyond tba position naoamarr to which will cover tha section of the head complete the cut tn repetitive operation*. bade of tba gage or fenoe. The requirements expressed In this section apply to all swine cut-off saws 150-204412 FeetaMe drcalsraawa. <S> Each wood jointer with vertical bead ahall bare either an exhaust hood and to those alldin* cut-off aaws which All portable power-driren mws shall or other guard ao arranged as to enclave are mounted above the table. be equipped with rusrdx shore and below completely the revolving heed, except for (a) Hood. Each of the smws.to which the boas plateor shoe. The upper mard a slot of soeh width as may be neoaanary this section applies shall be provided shall eovar tba aaw to tha depth of tha and convenient for the application of with a-hood that shall completely en teeth, axoept for tha are required to tutorial to be jointed. close the upper half of tha saw. tba arbor permit tba base ta be tilted.^The lower, |M-26441S&Vei shsjyas^l^reUed; end. and tha point of operation at aQ. guard shaQ.eorer^thSjaaw^toithaiidipthj positions of the taw. - The'hood shaH 7. of tbe teeth; except for tba arintoren are1 -jUperea-relsen^md slmflsr^merlitoe.,* be constructed In such amannwaad of' required to allow,proper retnotta'aad; taV)The-cStlng*beadii*of eech^wood such material that tt will protect the ooataet with the work. When tba toot shaper, hand-fad panel raiser, or other operator from flying splinters and broken 1* withdrawn from the work, tba lower tfnUftT Trtuntitng JJOt t#d* saw teeth. It ahall be designed so that guard shall automatically and Instantly shall be snclneed with a cage or adjust It will auto nattrally cover the lower por return to covering position. able guard designed to keep the opera tion of the blade, eo that when the aaw is returned to the back of the table the hood will rU* on top of the fence, and f 50-204413 tsww Bawd taws net Wad re tor's hands away from tha cutting edge. Tba diameter of circular shaper guards shall be not lees than tba greatest di when the taw ta moved forward the hood (a) Xnclextng band-tme blades. AH ameter of the cutter, in no ease shall will drop on top of and remain In con portions of the aaw blade shall be en a warning device of leather or other tact with the table or material being closed or guarded, except for the work material attached to the spindle be cut. ing portion of the blade betweea-tb* bo4- toMpttbk. (b) Countenoeights. Each of the tom of tb# void* TOUt-ABd tftblft. <fe) CyHndrieal beads shall be used sawe to which this section applies shall Band-saw wheel* shall be fully encased whenever the nature of the work will be provided with an effective device to The outside periphery of the onalnwuo permit. return,the taw automatically to the book shall be solid. The front and back of (0) AH double-spindle shapers shall of the table when released at any point the band wheels shall be either aneloeed be provided with a stoning and stopping in Its travel. by solid material or by wire mesh or device for each spindle. (e> Limit stops. Limit chains or other equally effective devices shall be provided to prevent the aaw from swinging beyond perforated metaL Such tnesh or per forated metal shall be not leas than 0437 inch <U.fl. Gauge No. 30). tad tha open 150-204414 Flaadag. maUlae. sticking aad Sftfttdtlftg seachlaea. the front or back edges of tha table. ings ha be not greater fhsn % 'inch. (a) Each planing, molding,- sticking. (d> Latches. A latch or equivalent aolid material used for this pqrpoeo shall. and matching machine shall bare all device shall be provided to prevent the be of an equivalent strength and firm cuttlng beads, and saws it need, covered saw from rebounding upon Us return to the rear of the table. ness. The guard for the portion of the blade between the eliding guide and the by a metal guard. If such guard Is con structed of sheet metal, the material used S 50-204410 IftTcrtcd swing m-off saws (jump saws). upper-saw-wheel guard shall protect the operator from the saw blade at the front and outer side. Brakes shall be pro shall be not lam than Ms inch in thick ness; and. If east Iron Is used, tt shall be not law than ft# Inch in thickness Inverted swing-cut-off saws shall be vided to stop the wheel In case of blade (b) Where an exhaust system la used, provided with a hood that will cover the breakage. the guards shall form pert or aU of the part of the saw that protrudes above the Wr Tension. Each band-saw ma exhaust hood and shall be constructed top of the table or above the material chine Shall be provided with a tension of metal of a thickness not less than that being cut. It shall automatically adjust control device to Indicate a proper ten specified In paragraph (a) of this section. itself to the thickness of. and remain in sion for the standard saws used on the to) Feed rolls shall be guarded by a contact with, the material being cut. machine. hood or suitable guard to prevent the } 50-204.211 Radial saws. (c) Feed rolls. Feed rolls,Of bend re hands of the operator from coming in saw* shall be protected with a guard to ooctact with the in-running rolla at any (a) Hood* astd guards. The upper prevent the hands of the operator from point. Tha guard shall be fastened to hood shall completely enclose the upper coming in contact with the in-running the frame carrying the roll* ao at td re portion of the blade down to a point rolls at any point. main in adjustment for any thtcfcneas of that will Include the end of the saw arbor. The upper hood shall be con ( 50-204414 Jointers. stock. <d) Surfaoere or planers used In proc structed In such a manner and of such ca) Point of operation. (1> Each essing multiple pieces of material simul material that It will protect the operator hand-fed planer and jointer with hori- taneously shall be provided with sec- ' tfcajal infeed rolls having sufficient yield | 5A-KHJM Teels tmi ether materials. to) Cowed receptacles shall bo kept i.la.tbe oosweraetidn of the sections to - provide Heeding onntsot pewwure on the stock. aw the pwrmtaslhte nan at variation in stock ttilckn-- speclfled or Tools, materials, at debris shaD not be strewn about m a manner whieb may cause tripping or other hasards. In-all toDst rooms used by women. | SO-M4JX42 CmUucitmt tf I 11 e t tor which the machine is destined In lieu of (taeh yielding soeUonal nil*, suit- | iMOtJM peeel. Receptacle* far waste die- (a) Each toUet facility Celoaet) shall . occupy a separate compartment, hie aection kickback Unger devices shell Any rooeptaole used for deoaying solid equipped with a door, latch, clothes be provided at the infeed end. or liquid waste or refuse shall be to eon- flyirtlr f S0-204dl7 Bsadhm weriiU**. strutted that It does not leak and may be (b) The waQa of compartments or . eanveaiestiy and thoroughly cleaned, partiturns between fixtures may be less - (a) Feed roll*. Feed rolls of self-feed and It shall be maintained In a aanltary then the height of room walls, but the nir-hfrr** **"*n *--** condition, such a receptacle shall be top than not be leu than ctx feet?from a ssml-cyllnrtrtnai guard to prevent the equipped with a tight-fitting cover. the floor and the bottom not more than hands of the operator from coming in contact with the in-running roQs at any point. The ensrd shall be constructed g StdttSU Sweeping sal tefnee ve one toot from the floor. (o) Tho door to every toilet room aheD bo fitted with an effective self-dosing of heavy material firmly secured to the AD sweepInga, solid or liquid waste, device, and the entrance to the toilet fxaau carrying the rotle eo as to remain in adjustment for any thickness of stook. The bottom of the guard shall come refuse, and garbage shell be removed in such a manner as to avoid creating a nuisance or mum* to health tad ae roams shall be to screened that the In terior of the toflet- room it not visible from theworkroom. . down to within % inch of a plena formed i by the bottom or contact lace of the feed [roll, wbetw-tt toooha* tho etoefc. (b) Dnm.mdtag^mseMtim. Xach 'firms sanding-.machine'shell have an %exhaast hood,' or,other, guard.-arranged to enclose the revolving`drum; except for * that portion of the dram above the tabled often ee neoeewy to maintain the place of employment is a aaaitaxyaeadltton. <d) The floors, walls, oefltngs. parti tions, and doors of all toilet roams shall /'TatmFaauixaairawigiBooio^ be of a finish that can be easily cleaned. p|roSX^vOwide^reRpediMaawmJ.^alt7yth^afa&af|qdap'eneqipnuslaotte7em_t_oe_fn_ltttTlfsahcaffBltl'ebee%gpc.t.hlo(a(mao#tpa)ItsseTatneooolyionl;eaetartpraricontliosolmipe.taesodr,eenmwxtcieftehrnpo-tsmotohnlotliyhds,eemsomhauattwselliordibraeke.l plf.a table k.attd&rfirfQBti' . ?< <e> ZHtk z.mUtnt * ntoHitut. wu which in' separate tor each aex.< privies. U*eta"; o ad ' disk sanding machine shall have the exhaust hood, or other ensrd if no eathaast system is required, amnged to eodoee the isvolring disk, except for that portion at the disk above the table, If a table Is need. | SM04M* ToOet techiiiae shaD bo provided to sa to be readily inreeribli to all employees. Toilet faculties so located thatemployees must use more titan one floor-to-floor flight of stain sro not ooneidned ae Whan chemical eloeeta or privies an permitted hy looal law they abaQ be of a type approved by th health authorities having jurisdiction and shaD be maintataedm a aanltary condition, (d) Sett eeadfwg mtchixts. Belt roadQy aocaaelWa. g S0-W344 Wadbiag ferilUiee. sanding machines shall be provided with guardsataaehslppaiatwhsretbesandlns beltnmsootoapaJQey. Tbeunueed run of the eenfilnr belt shall be guarded against accidental oontaet. Hoossxestbvs g SO--204-23V Ceim-eL Ail phases of employment, p&seagewuya. storerooms, and semes rooms shall be kept alean and orderly and in a sanitary condition. 5 S0-204JSP0 FWa. fa) Floon of every workroom shall bo maintained to a clean, and. eo far as possibie, a dry condition 'Where vret proc esses are used, drainage Hatl be main tained. and false floors, platforms, mats, g SOSOiMl Water dawn. Water eloesta, or chwnlcal closets or privies where permitted by local law, shafl b provided for each ecu and shall be in accordance with the following table. The number fo be provided tor each sax shall in every ease be based on the maximum number of persona of that sox employed at any one time at work oo the premises far which the fae&tUes are furnished. When persons other than nrloyees ant permitted the use of toDst faculties on the premise*. a reamsfill allowance shall be made for such other persona In computing the minimum number of toilet faculties required. (a) Vfotassst amber ef Adequate faeDiUes for maintaining poteonal eletnUneu shaD bo provided in every plaoe of employment. These shall be convenient for the employees for whom they are provided and shall be maintained in a sanitary condition. (a) At least one lavatory (wash basin) with adequate hot and cold water, shall be provided for every 30 employees (men or women) or portion thereof, up to loo pawns, end ooe lavatory (wash basin) for each additional 35 persona or portion thereof. Twenty-four Inches of sink with individual faucet shaD be oonsidered as equal to one lavatory. In aD in stances, a suitable cleansing agent shall be provided at each wash place. Where wnployeee ere svjnesii to skin contamination by poisonous, infec hr other dry ifnet] in places should be Number of ptr&ofu fQStUi tious, or irritating material, one lavatory provided where practicable. * (tn Cleaning and re sepia; shall be done in each a manner as to mtatetoe the onntemtnaUna of the air with duet .and. so far ae is practicable, should be done outside of working boon. (e) Even' floor, working place, and 10 to 3*__IHII__II____ZLZ as to 44_______________ SOW 74.......______________ 78 to 100..--____________ Over ICO________ 11 let cash aOClttOBSl SO psnoos. * % 4 supplied with hot and ookl water, shallbe provided tor every 6 amplnyess (o) One shower bath with ample sup ply of hot and cold water from ooe (ij fixture shall be supplied for every 18 workers, or portion thereof, exposed to excaactve heat or to akin contamination passageway shall be kept tree from pro _Wharo 10 or more are employed, oca -by poisonous, infectious, or Irritating truding boards. nails, splinters, holes, or loeesT water cheat lees than the number speci fied in tbs foregoing may be provided for material. id) individual hand towels, or sections I SC--2SMJt31 Flammable material*. Oily rags, oQy waste, waste paper and other flammable combustible rMttlial shall be noted In tightly closed metal nontamers. Magnesium ocher flam men tor each urinal exoept that the number of water elasets m each oases may not be redtwed to leas than twothirds of the number specified m the foregoing. Two feet of trough urinal shaD be oonsidered aa equivalent to one thereof, of cloth or paper, or maohanloal apparatus for drying the bands, shall be provided. Proper receptacles or other aanltary means shall be maintained for the disposal of used towels. Towels for mable metal scraps shah not be mixed individual urinal common use shaD not be provided. with other eerap. AD flammable scrap (b) An-adequate supply of toiletpaper <e) Adequate washing faoQlUee shaD material of any kind shall be removed with holder than be provided for every be provided in every toilet room or ad from the work areas daQy. water closet. jacent thereto. ' - ct-;-* Wednesday, December 28, 1980 FIDItAl RCOISTKft . 13823 s 50-204.245 Quag* rtmi, water the eecctrurtioo of the ocetelnar furoaos tending, and irradiation with Separate change or drawing rooms .'hall bt provided tot each w wher ever it is the practice to change from street clothes or wherever It is nscsenry to change because the work performed involves exposure to excessive dirt, heet, fumes, vapor, or moisture. Where chance rooms are not provided, facul ties shall be furnished for hanclnr outer tarmentt: shah be such that the lee does not corns in direct eentaet with the water. i <e> Open eoottinsm such as barrels, psils. or tanks for drinking- water from which the water must be dipped or pound, whether or not they an fitted with a oover. chill not be allowed. Id) The common drinking cup is prohibited. (a) Whet* single servlet caps ax* tup- ultraviolet light | 50-404470 Firn-sM ter cbWcsl Whan workers* eyes may be exposed to injurious chemise! materials sueh as aside, aaarttoa. etc., suitable faculties tor quick drenching or flushing of the ayes shah be provided within the workroom, for Immediate emergency use. (a) Where employees* work clothes an exposed to oontamlnstkm tar poisonous, infeotlous, or lrrltatlnc material, facili ties shall be provided in ehaote rooms so 150404455 New^euMe ester. that street and work clothes win not be j-- -- --.. *. - r_.1 Ho employes snail pc exposed to any of stored in contactwith each other. (b> Where the'process in whieh the Outlets for non-potable watsg. wch^ ta. eaesa.*vanon. --t**-- dusts, or ftonra ss water for industrial or fin-flcfatinc an the .net m-section 90-aoi3TS uwbhwich worker is encaged is cueh that his worklnc clothes bsooms wet or have to be washed between shifts, provision shall be made to insure that such clothing Is dry before re-use. purposes only, shall be posted to tadkats that the water is unsafe and is not to be used for drinking, washing, or cooking purposes. Umcu Snvrcxs axoaad the Emits there stated when ap plied to him on an average bacts for an eight hour workday, unlaat he la pro tected therefrom by respiration equip ment approved for the purpose by the 50--204.246 Retiring rooms for women. Where 10 or more women are employed at any one time, at least one retiring room shall be provided. (a) Where less than 10 women are employed and a retiring room la not fur nished. some equivalent space shall be provided which can be properly screened for privacy and made suitable for the use of women employees. (b) At least one couch or bed shall be provided in every place when women art employed. The number of sueh beds or couches required shall bt as follows: Snd 1 to 100______________________________ 1 100 to 550 a 1 additional bed for each additional 250 women jsnptoyeei. A minimum of 80 square feet per bed shall be provided. Ltrycit Rooncx a*d Foob Haitsukc $50-20*464 Medics! services. ia> The employer shah assure the ready availability of qualified medical personnel for advice and consultation on plant health problems, for emergency medical services, and tor the supervision of first-aid attendants. <b) In the absence of an infirmary,' a person trained to render first aid and a Ut containing the following items shah be avaflabie at every place of employment. 1 Adbeelrs Flatter H" x ( ye. Bah. 1 Adbassv* Fleeter, Ixljs. SoU. 3 Ahcorbsut Oottoe. 3-oonet peckagse. 1 Absorbent Pews, i yd. I Active! Soap. 3-mnvo bottle. 100 Adbssive Bsadagse. 1". 1 Aromatic Spirits of Ammotits. 3-ouace bottle. 1 Ports Arid notation. 3-ounce bottle. 1 Castor Oil. 1-oanos batUe. 12 Pompr-- Baodsgec. 2". United States Bureau of Mines of the United States Department of tbs In terior end operated In aeeordanoe with the recommendstlooi of its manufac turer. Bcposuras without sueh equip ment which exceed such halts tempo rarily. without exoeeding them on a dally average baxU. or which involve more than one such toxic substance, regard less af the degree of its concentration, are also hasaidous unices they axe undarteken a strict conformity with prior written approval of a qualified in dustrial hygienist who has studied the particular etreumstanoss of exposure and the toxic substances and concentretieni involved. 150-204474 ThrethoU limit valeea. Owe e--t tps-Kwhsunrr a*wi esr easts Mreur S 50--204-251 Location. 4 Oomprem Banderas, 4". 12 oottae Wound Applicator*. In all places of employment where em ployees lunch on the prtfnleee, an ade quate speoe suitable for that purpoee snail be provided for the mo-rtmum num ber of employees who may uae sueh space at one time. Sueh space shah be aspe rate from any location where there la ex posure to toxic materials. 1 Bye cep. ..Je.;*,. l Bye EWoppor.-.... 1" AltlSeSrvSs__ Assise am--, e rioterOors.-5q;V AeeuiMhrWMe. e Mils lor Barns,. 14 oc. tubes.!??.-, ,,~V t mills far Barn*. 1-ounss eottleK-Cu,'--' S Osxms Bourn Bsndacw 1" X S yes. e Ostms Boucr Su4im m yes.- - S Oeune BaUsr Barents* t" x S yet. - to oeum as mien iv x it". t Msrthlolsis. Tteeturs. l-oono* bottle. IIt misi * 5tft it n | 50-204.252 Waste feed disposal. I Mediates Otsss. A covered receptacle shah be provided and shall be used by employees for the disposal of ah waste food. 1 Msrmsl Rm Aid Instruction. I aci scow Pair 4" Banders. 1 To lie irs T*a H"13 asfety Rne. it I 50-204.253 hwtsw af (axle mate rials. No employee shall be permitted to store or eat any pert of hie lunch or 1 TDorstqurt. 2 Tnangular Bsadase 40**. S Wood 8pUata for mctunc. 12 Wood Tongue Pipe seeocs. other food at any Ume where there are present any toxic material or other tub- Ktx Paorxcrtow stance that may be injurious to health. S 50-204469 General requirement. DeunuKO Wats* S0-204.258 PatafcU water. ~~Ey protection shah be provided where persona axe exposed to any hazard which may cause injury to the eyes from the ta) An adequate supply of potable following operationg; chipping, calking, water, approved as to source and dis ooares grinding, riveting, tfbdglng, scal tribution by appropriate authority, shah ing, light grinding, stons dressing, spot be provided for drinking, washing and welding, woodworking, metal-working, cooking purposes In all places of babbitting, easting, dipping in hot metal employment bathe, handling of adds and oauattca, (b) In all instances where water is electric arc welding, oxyacetylene and cooled by Ice made from non-potable oxyhydrogen welding and cutting. Botjrl wUMltf (t-toutT* rtttBMl). CirtMl UttMMifMt.________ ClttWtf MMIM QhT7 C^tanRBeeeeesSSeeeesessseeee Cfttartw trtftvirift* .esseesseseeesse* Cjctofcraat a ms m i *t 1ft Mft Kmm ]>m im Hi m i 13824 Own and npwt-eubMatt HlbU........................ ............ DtrtianKlift--wiiitJMWt,.,**. 1.1-DtttilcnnM--___________ IjMWthlni--llMMW t*t7lia* lUchl>., IA-Ufenimti. .. IHcebrwtftjl Kk(.________ Dkhliiiiiijwiiiuw--Haai--.. fottlMOmilSfttttMI.. PlthTUIM ----~ Wftmi wttti i--iMm..-- ouMbiCuiM 'v^amsa --- ^aAm),*..--e THM&VKOHIl JLXnni dl.mayt--i Eifcyl vttau. Xtfeyl MT7iix..rr;- xt>irkauM~~ KUirnMMNM*. XlkriXra w EKttktyfii fcrittrtif--cr.tt-di-t-w--w---.-..-..-.-.-- XXlt*k7*>UMMtt>MWM*M_(_U._*- .1 * t lot ule.mmmn*t I * 9 * TBtyf4*rwocta Mw TBirndwmr--^ mafcu-,-.-. --- -- Dlniyfr4iimfmt*** pffrtfW. wtM*--..... --. 1M io< MMvttf*ryyti M'tfcyl #--ft OMiXml}..,. ______...... WMrt OwOk Uw(t wmt ttthTtan* pTf* *(' MUTI KJMr Muyltl ( XlMhy^cyrtihf>--I. ,,.^.,.w AttUTlryiin !,. McCAyl infWU...^,. MUyt Ifbtfft M M(Mtbeyt)haytlymM7M1.i.t--a..h...U.,___ AKttrtrtw ditarW* (4Mf MNNasfppn&hiizMhiamrti wrl................... Ntairel earMft_____ ___ _ Nltrtc and....^____ iv NI Iranitoft , rfliro ticnmm. Minmt d.taruia.^., Nliftlyarts.............. NiirotatfcMM_ >N,uNrarigophrwp*>*--a*________ OMrw.^.,.... ........ Pfrd lefa tar* Mm. _ _ rmouvw# (mtkyi prtpyl i HII rA VKt t,aw teitn *i )9DI wtI\I4 nI 91 1UUS AND KEGULATtOKS .1 tm. CM CM ?.M Zm urn Aft zzummrni * Li Vt !aI1*I1t9...94 WU tl II l.ttt * 11 * im i m ta CM .1 Ttt Tmrnm toxic ousts now. x/jrs--con. 8Uiifr<ifu **7OsMUdnpwt-eobutaa pmuM jwr cv6(c 5*btt*iu* mttrr 9/ lr Uaft4iltnn 0Xld9 ftirnt............................. 15 Malat&lan (O.J-dhnetbTt dlt&iopbo*- NnUIfm1"1I'v.I.m...(..W--M-.k.l.i.t.t*. *AA1 riMinwiorurryuv tu814st9.r 1M phM at dttthyl BMfMptecuwt* --------- ------------ ______ IS MmviiM--------- --------- ---------------- < Mwiiit ------ --------------------------------- . 1 MirctBT (otvanto compouixl*)_______ .01 M*Uioz7cMor (3.3>01-p.m*Usaxr> pl>taylU4-ttleMorothan*) ...... II Utiitdisttn: aoMM> compound*________ & tantabi* compoundi________________ is ................ - !m Pantbiaa (o.o-outnyi o-p-mtro- jtCmyt t&iopbttpttaw). .l .1 PMUCBVsrooapbtli^nr.__,,...... PvaUcUoropbimol_......... .1 .* PlMpbarus (fillcnr). .1 u CM Pbospbsras patcSiloritu_________ nwpMrttj pjtMuina____ __ _ 1 1 Matt Mid.------- ------- -------------- - . i Ivetta*? tnljU Mrrtumos_____________________ 3 I ySfrTtMdratlm.,*. attaiuaxnpoundi (u *).--____ . I saettni hMLn>K3<tt____ __________ i IMNWlMl..., aAi Ttt aaOWM aaoroMaw (10M),,. SttJt>UlUW. !, tgggttt Mid. .1 .IS TMtfejri (tatnwtliTi omnoaepycppim* Vtey! *M* <**** CmM p^^yj,Jt.....JJ.L *9 TWST (Mttsstbpl prropJxttpht*)___ .os TWUlMi.___---- --- ........ .1 rS^ttaa: tMijt <3.CSrinraopMayiMtiqn> sassr sinaiM) ,r .. ., i.s TTllr-- (tttnavtbrl tXlurmas Cl- raUUtt)_______ ___________ ___ s' toxta busts, muss. Atro utm tkantcac ttolubl* ostnpouadi)____ _ . 1 .icfeiwairTwi Tlanlttr* sioxidt. ___ _____^_____ _ ,-TlrttSlnrnnirbl^'>______ _ js s ^.^.ttlWcurasoUttn.-------------------------- i.s AUftm (lASAlSJS-lttcttfiMo-, ;,y> atuhte pound*------------- --- .os iMombli xnpoundl------------------ .31 npnmsi--) (twawrlom iuUumU) IS AatUacBT. ,s Aim (slpltt MpbtbTt thJOQM*)__ .1 AIMS ......---- -- S .1 MryUlum-------------------------------------------- StvS OK^BlBB fnipy - _ J. ,-,-Tr i- .1 dart____________________ .S rp, too*-------- .i Warlsrlm (l-|c*tonjlt)n*7l)-*-b7- sredTaouasital.______ ________ . i ZIm odrt* Ram.___ ___________ is Zirconium compound* (u r)_...... I Caidtsm tstroAU.. ......... .............. . .1 SterouL stm CBlgMiM (UlM.lACMillMtcA.T.1s-ttntayar&-C7---tlumoln. I Cblortnawd amplaia. <0%. cnioruuud sipbrnrl oxtt*. Cniorodlptttajl (3% chlartM).... Cblorocuptuaer <M% cnioctM)__ .. Cnroejtt Mid amc etuaaatta < .3 1 .s .1. MlWonj / pcrtlelti per cubic w!rr o/ <r Aluminum oxide........... SO Aibntos__ ............. I Duct (nuUusot. no free ctlttu) ....____ so SCIcu (below S3 ftw UUMl)________ 30 Portland ownrnt________________ so Cn< twrMatttt (aodloss 3>|sodlam 3- |3.-*i11cti)ocoplpgx7l tthanol fiy* drooB ...__________ __ IS Cymnlttt (u OT).--__ .......... S S.VOlXVdlcUoropMnoeTaMtttMld). IS SOT (U-bU |p-eJUoroplwajl|.Ua-> ... ,,,,., ___ i Bb (abort 10% trrtKO,)..____ Ifadlum (S to 30% Im [Q,)____ Low (below S3 free OIO,) IllUoti carbide.__...._____ ....... oapetooe (below I % treeClCt)..___ Tale I 30 SO 10 so 30 DUldiln (UJA.lO.lO-hftMhloro-CTp03tT-l.,**AA.7JA*-oetJl7dro-lA. VtKTruinoK SA-dtattttnonphum*a)........ .31 % 50-20C2M General tUellon and Puilaotminw..___________ .... 1 traipenture rctpiircnMuK. Jmicrotomn __________...___ _ l.S Plnltro-o-CTWol_________________ .3 in (o-*tnrt o*p-jmropnnji tbtoeo> )MBMBplSOfptlOItttt) _________ __ .8 Mrba (Jan* dlatttbyl SltbloeMM* <c) Outside sir shell bo provided to all workroom! at the rata of 15 cubic feet per minute per person, or one and onehalt air chansea per hour, whichever U UlMl_______ IS neater, la most Instances, leakage fimnniilluB aut___________ nuortt*,,_........_________ HjrdraqntBaa*......._____________ Iron OKlItt RUB*.____......... IS .. 1 3 .3 .IS 3tp.hsroroduugche walli, doors, at least one and windows will and one-halt air chances per hour. (b) A minimum air temperature of (0* T. should be maintained at all work UmUjK tlttKMtilorocTclolKMitt. Ra- rooms where work of a strenuous nature mi ttogrttf)................ .S is performed, and a minimum air tarn- V 4 i a i j Wednesday, December 28,1M9 FEDEtAl REGISTER 13823 peratur* of <8* 7. tbould In mtumimt in all other workrooms unless prohibited by proems requirements. (() IbeoopaeUyof an exhaust tysism shall ba calculated on tba basis of all boodi; bootha. and anoloauraa cocnacisd haaonst Pioncnra Xomnoorr I lMMnt frniwil preseUlia gulp. IJO^OUN Lead ta tba ayatam beta* open. axespt where _ :------: tba mua ia so Interlocked that only a'^>> Vanonal protective aqutpmaot or pra- ta) xtnr local exhaust wnttaBan porttonof tteanbeoparusdatagiva-tecttveahlalde or banian ahan.be pro. iwtata aball product tad maintain a movement of air toward tba opening, sufficient to pnreat aooape ot aontaml- nant to Um wdiwa during wockttg hour*, beyood tba limits shown ta eeetloa 50-30137*. (b) Air flow through ma<n tfUCtS thtB ))| bran(0cht!Wand port tba contaminant through the system t&BA i& vbiab aaaa tba etytstty abouid ba aaloulatad on the basis that all tba hoods in tba lamp requtita* tba groat, cst relume rata of exhaaet are open. <h> ibUtable air Inlets shall ba pro. aided for replacement of evheaetad air. <u Exhaust ayatems handling doats and dlmbaxgiag to tb* outsr air abaH be provided with aultable ahxlaantnc da* Tided and maintained Is mbit eodJ. bon whenever aabitaaaaa. radiation. or mechanical Irritant* art encountered la a manner capable of causing injury or bnpalmont ta function of any put of tba body through skin or muoous mem. brmna absorption. Bmarawos Cost sin Lsexm lfsiss without settling. <c> Piping than ba locatad ao as to ba aeecaaible for inspection and maintenance. <d> Air flow equipment Including hoods, pipes, Ians, motors, and collectors shall bo effectively grounded. <o) Two or mora operations Involving more than oaa substance shall not ba permitted to ba eonaaetad to tba aama exhaust system whan a combination of tba substaaeas ignored may constitute a fire baaerd, an explosion heard. or otherwlaa dangerous mixture. (f) Tboaa pnoaaaas or oparattona vieaa to remove air ooataaflaaatt prior to 11H0UB0 Federal MIm Safety Cade. tba discharge to the outer air. except under --"i dtcumstaacee. fj> The discherse from any exhaust systsm shall besuch that-no air eoniam. tnatton therefrom will rater any wimiow, door, or other opoing of any week mace Tba federal Mine Safety Code for Bl> tumtanoa Coal aad UaalU icaas of the United fltataa. Part I--Uadcrgnounfl Mtoas, and PartH--fltrlp Maas, as pubbabad by tba Bureau of Unas, Unitad fltataa Dmartment of latsslor is *<--*> tomi^nifleknttooraataabaaltb .adopts* wby referenda as.tba.safaty aad bAnrdtonehipaotorextttftft&nlMaM JihMlttk atmadud rtculndlar'aiwmitt* to<S?1l^`Lfe^ coal andllgtflto mlb. ^ I_ :***m* *TM+"***W flHMlflVbWU 1A(\e)r of tUhlefl WTTaHlaOta*- Insure that 1 ~ HaalayPubUoOontrsetsActhasappliea- the of section tlMMJIt bon.. (a), at aB times. 1 at Washington. DjC* this 13th KOtsx day ofDecember leo. Hriwf Qg |oataswHwy tfOStl* f SMMdil Noise. Jssmay. lOanna. rases. fumes, vapors, mist*. fibtta or Noiee sbaS ba reasonably rednoed or Secretary o/ labor. other Impurities shall bo completely pro* attbiaatadM a means of prerenting tected from all aouroee of ignition. tigue-----o---r---e---e--o-- ^tdente. ipjl Boa. e*-liea>; rats. see. it, net; Itii sjl| t 1 1 if* 90 6 SO 30 60 6 30 40 60 30 i 20 net to :et lo ts mi sir \ <* jjs n o> wi 0) IQ 1s ts CO o '43 3: o as a> i/i 03 sa ca=> <D 5 .2 CJ su bo cs c 3 o S a o `soS (O u c<so in cs GO E CM d ca > VI CO ? 1 "\ " - 'S^' : --jR^P 1- Sfo~-vSS . iV?,>,* ^yl . rte.. ,,.. sit; 1 MANUFACTURING CHEMISTS ASSOCIATION 1825 CONNECTICUT AVENUE, N.W., WASHINGTON, D. C. 20009 CO a 3 O o *= T5 t-- y -- -a ~ rS? *-* S5 CJ o acn. v~s/i --r y v ^3 " y *3 CJ C Zc? . = c --"~= .2VJ X -- -o > 2 1^ o Hiu>XI 20w3 c JS s >2s* ~x~ _o ae c C3 >, ^2 3 73 g J| '3 4> 3if3f *X35 2 2 ?f - ""s3 n 3J55 < o -= X) 52 -- -c S!3 ~ c " c g -? o-- b~* a JH 3 *c - 5 > ^ " ^3 3 2 zz 3VS y ---C 3- .3 y y 1> 3 s--> -- 3 -T3 _ -- ai ^3 3 3 So o .2X y w c3 S ^ ,, 'TTS3 *y SH -= c *-- ^ o 3 -- C y 3 *XJ 33 IX. S'S = cS o I#s4 .s H |c w S ^ uyj ~Suai w rCa e--wa *-- .a-- yating E- -a -5 i< 3 '*J 3 S3 yi- .-t3s *c? >c- t335 ?# -- = J7 c in I/O PREFACE TO SEVENTH EDITION 1. D dinilions for live following li-nns havt* lii'i-n m litn l: nnliiloli-, lii.-'t aiit- llnimmilile soliil, [lammalili: gas, m i'ilian Irllia l ilosi: or run. ri-iilra tin ii. |m 'sM nr-grnriating Milmtiincr, amI |\ lofui'ic siilislann\ Tin' li'im "o \iili/.iiig iiia lriia F has Iirm i-liangril lo "slrong o xiilizrr," anil tin1 li'iin `-I'liHli'/iT" lias lii-i'ii iln in g ril lo 'V liim g srnsili/aT." 0 z _l Ui 03 < > <DC 2> Ht 3a acac. I^ u. O 5 UI > Ul cc es ^ ^-- 3 si -5= 2U U'O"5 J -i 5 'tj tcH -2 .S >o `u9=i*->_ 3 a ,ju_5S y i- LCx3SS "C C,, :I)0 3 ,*5 5 = 55 Q. <0 0w) '* z. s -5 3- 3 v V if. ~* i' -4 ' y ".n5>a y1 ;c yj cja-o n --i<-* U T t J| "3 3 .3 . "--aa. o"S m ^ (A V CO O c s " jr;* p ft i =- 5s V .z ~ 5g 35 91 9 u5 5 ?-- L* 32 " .a >* U Tn (A C o tS * "*" -a -S 1> iCo_O s .*52sp -= 2 .2 2 2 H p3 r> 2 ato * lv.T %sO .--2 2 2 2 2 -- = 5 = ^3 Sy <> ES U o .s 5 _~ 0) .2 .=2 9. CD as B2 0) fi 23 ri tn O *C ~ .3 js c * . -s -- 7, 0>~5 5S ?* CO ,s d u X= 5 *- c >3 0~ s ra o1 wa "O "u3 O .a 5 "s ^ 2 is u 4> 3 *"* 35ST J5*3_. to 2 c-- .2 2S -*5 o S' *<3w*0 .c5 2 T3 *A '3-- 3'O ^** ~3 H= .=,ho.` TM S > H 23c 2 ^a ti 3 tfiol *iui s 3 *o 2 ^ Zi s- 4> *5 S 3 u S 31 933 S4> ^5 = 3. 2 -a V3 SoP. -*J ~tCo -ccc 11 V iJ * -3 O -3 t; 5 5: S ^ to 3 ~ 2 5 .S cn Cud ^3 ^3 ? 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B SI tfi 3 4u) S 2 s 5 3X cJ3 ^ E-- tO CU*Tid-3* 5 o 433 s -w5- a ,S awf.ig."*o- 3aJ, W - ; O a- c S >3 JJ B5 B -a g s- 4) C.*- 1 -2 CwD -3i, 3^ ,CS 5 y 3-9 0) -- b J 2- U 2 8* S a, o T- *3S-Za *t.) wc u 3 -2 S 2cs .,2n *as a *2 6o 8 Mi 3 >-. 7J O m 3 O et1os3 U "so x 3 lid (0 i. M *5 w S 02= c i ? j= s ^ ?r2 g '1 gg o &i g 3 >- 3W *9rj --M --C2 4Oto3 4>U3 S4 ^ =a.X e) O Xlfl M 3 "m 3 J3 s g *2 .52 O tea '3 *c 5T 4. o. CO* ato ^--c^ y--5> a- "3 ue 4>, 3 -n 3 CQ S g3 5 "3 sC Jj 43 -3 ^^ 3^c1s33 ""3a3 2aj --3 ^_ I "--'--P PstWvu'/] _ S -3 4* o= *S 2 53 33 -"1 3 -t: x ft a ^m C-a13 W 7r St -.-- CO;?O Z * a 15 *= ** &(0 s 1 a ' m to= --> OUl ^^ 2 5 fc* -- :.ir; = **o-. 5c 2 z 43 s wr! y<_ S(CtgtS --*W2-- 00 13 so .5 "3 --=C -=a -=2 L "E `Z an.. aa.. < ^" _a 5 = 5 gj-fi ts ^ 3 -H -5 "3 = ^ c3 .f3j j -3a "3c5 23- ^w 3^ *2a if - u* i) *3 .2 i^ JP`> is 2 x. 2 a = 22 j: mt I| ^ .s : ~Z ,5 > --5 .a = 3 -L 3 a .u" s -r _ IS ^ i ^ s f? 5-1f/\ *-"i5, .3-- 3to J* aa. _^5 S JS 50 ~ G H .2 Till 11 sM 1=1-= rr -- ~ *2 CsaO ^-* 2sa *3 ' s Z 2 J^ 33 5- 3 3a D "S -5_a 1 * JJ 7) *TM C2/1 3 t3: a/: C5 _3 3 "H? V a_ 23~2T-*3rg "--55 3P_ 5 aFI a jj 5 vE ' v j -t7I* 2 *3 ,S52 a 3xa -.5i5. 3 -a Ig -tj -=S " J^ 11a H- -3 3c ,,as. in 04 SELECTION OF PRECAUTIONARY STATEMENTS ~ -- -- E J s3!i. a -.g "3 1Jl 3(C 5_ S3C al w a ^ ^ r, SP-5 ,,2 s a -a sc --X *i=r *^33> 2*J "=-- ?c *es -*3 * ii i J3 *3 ^3 -r?s 3<u =-- s aM3 .vao=i2i?Wg= a "vg i3titp< ~ I5 J ~ =S 2 aso 3a O.^ 3 ^ * 1-3 -3 JS tn a P a= x ! !- "2 3 ^ *E .ac3o a SC J2 CI co 2 ; g ^rac' JtHuo- a s* . . 3 (p0j "~ 00 S,Ete-_nu -Gc Ja= 33a ^-Q^ La*. 3o. 25j -ac 33 a s 3" CaUg1 2 tSa/. S 2 OqOj, -33c a tH a -- "S-f 1 1 cso - H _c c 56 . 3 530 -ca =3 "C _-=3>% - 3in = --3 SC 3" Z^? =o cn ; s a4s1 so y "S 3-2 *--C --s3i o c -3 ' 35^X _ a =*=,.--?= .=<S=3 o ~S ^a a '/> ^Eu cH3j *e= = * -- --3 a eo jN aa >* ^--= S25S > 5o w > . a 1-* tn 3 ill * ^* s3O ^ "a -C23*-- ? ^ a. Tt -- S.-S su V eg .2 >T1 ~ in 13 - =S*5 - as jM: yy c C^ CJ 50 i: t) 2 o 3 u 11 = >*--..--3 15-1 *-. 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O tu UJ Sg 53 COCC o2ZvO_ Pu o< 3P 2 |8 a.2 *o> 5?i 5 i = E .3 O ai> o o * o c -- o fS i-r=cc w E ra o CB O c-2 re o -- cn jz re c "f S . = ja jc IV^ ;IJ!*^l*1s5 _ J a ra g*x: >5 .5 rrea zre: --eo ?> me i! Oo .>c<ra | ra Q.O E 5 o_.S -;c o I ' CL 3 ; re re _ -- `r= S CL'S 2 ^3 re o ,,!1S 5_a>- OT3 a o | o a o _ i 3 _ u ta 5 4.| 2 f o o ra ._ O - . _ OT jjrt -- *0 *> re: `w` re >* O a) !(i(c > !TM.S g 1 re *. Qu : o-I~ o *s| : ^`w g (O-Co ' tj <0 1)0 3 'CO-- . q, ~ 1 ~ e a - a .. Srs "Sli C0= -n1 3 i*. 1 raa-Q. u -- 5 *3 Q " =55 so sr*a- u re cn c O re S ~ re *3 " =4:3I v u 5 O'- = o> o c C u - r . <12 C 3 ! - 'J o C c c - cii 3 oOJg.2 - cb oi= " > * 2 U 0 0*0.cn *o B o o <oS oc R o CL'CC M 5tj5 r _r_e m 3S" = 3013 "Cc^ 4 - a. <ao wa> * _o 20? c c i_ o E ob-m*? a iS a . a a> g 3 o . 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Q. > CO ^^3 7T s g s to CO 05 a Q_ CO <M CO i T h e labels piven in th is section icpresent must o f the instances in w h ich eunilensatiun u f label lunpuapc is desirable. T h e lunp.uapr. fu r fla m m a b ility class u f hazard dues nut lend its e lf to condensation w ith the lunpuape fu r o th e r classes u f hazard. T h c ie fu re no exam ple is "ive n . icno CO C o CD O) c > (0 ^ OP 05 g - tc t <tsj -S' p *os < .2> a I I l-- a ui =e o < SD 35 W uU--^. < x* Jt*5- bl 3 "s g 51 x Ui a z < a ra ai =E o c.2 o .2 "o Q. > .pp - C w3qtOo >Q) --3 *or w 3 ^>* .5 cr o p . o raSS 2 S> c " o -GQ O0 = -- 2o> a<S>. <3a2rn <^d5 * to Z O to 5 <>0* Qp. O Q. * o .2- Mb c o> 2o --p *0 C3 a> --> C) ca CO 4 2w <= s2 ss C P 0 Q. tSOj r <c .> OrC 2 CO 3 . to O) > sis 03 o.2 CX P O c rn *6 OI w --to .s 0 S o> p 5 0 0 > 2ro f0>rtan E 3 >s = ----4 ij 0u). p T3 OP to * Z. 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