Document kmaXkX88GazVQZpm9a1LkG13n

BACK TO MAIN PERFLUOROOCTANESULFONATE AND RELATED FLUOROCHEMICALS IN FISH-EATING WATER BIRDS John P. Giesy* Kurunthachalam Kannan Department o f Zoology, National Food Safety and Toxicology Center, Institute for Environmental Toxicology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, M I 48824, USA *To whom correspondence should be addressed: Prof. J.P. Giesy 218C National Food Safety and Toxicology Ctr Michigan State University East Lansing, MI 48824 USA Tel: (517)-353-2000; Fax: 517-432-2310; E-mail: igiesv@aol.com Prepared for: 3M St. Paul, MN June 20, 2001 1 BACK TO MAIN SUMMARY This report is a compilation of results of a global monitoring survey of perfluorooctanesulfonate (PFOS), perfluorooctanesulfonamide (FOSA), perfluorooctanoate (PFOA) and perfluorohexanesulfonate (PFHS) in birds. PFOS, FOSA, PFOA and PFHS were measured in liver, kidney, blood or egg yolk of fish-eating water birds collected in the United States including albatrosses from Sand Island, Midway Atoll in the central North Pacific Ocean. Similarly, tissues of birds collected from the Baltic and the Mediterranean Seas, Japanese and Korean coasts were also analyzed. Concentrations of PFOS in the blood plasma of bald eagles collected from the midwestern USA ranged from 13 to 2220 ng/mL (mean: 330 ng/mL) except one sample which did not contain quantifiable concentrations of PFOS. Among 82 livers from various species of birds from inland or coastal U.S. locations, Brandt's cormorant from San Diego, California, contained the greatest concentration of PFOS (1780 ng/g, wet wt). PFOS was also found in the sera of albatrosses from the central North Pacific Ocean at concentrations ranging from 3 to 34 ng/mL. Concentrations of PFOS in the blood or livers of birds from the Mediterranean and the Baltic Seas were relatively less than those found in the US birds. INTRODUCTION This report is a compilation of results of analysis of PFOS, FOSA, PFOA and PFHS in tissues of birds collected across the United States, certain European and Asian countries. Liver, kidney and sera of Laysan and black-footed albatrosses from the Sand Island, Midway Atoll, central North Pacific Ocean, were also analyzed to examine the presence of PFOS in more remote marine locations. Eggs of penguins and tissues of polar skua from the Antarctica were also analyzed. Fish eating water birds and predatory birds at the higher trophic level in the food chain have been used to monitor exposures to organic contaminants in the environment. For this reason, several species of birds were chosen for this analysis. MATERIALS AND METHODS Samples. The species analyzed include: double-crested cormorant (Phalacrocorax auritus), herring gull (Lams argentatus), ring-billed gull (Lams delawarensis), bald eagle (Haliaeetus leucocephalus), common loon (Gavia immer), brown pelican (Pelecanus occidentalis), white pelican Pelecanus erythrorhynchos), great egret (Ardea alba), snowy egret pgretta thula), wood stork (Mycteria americana), white-faced ibis (Plegadus chihi), black-crowned night heron (Nycticorax nycticorax), Franklin's gull (Larus pipixcan), northern gannet (Lula bassanus), great black-backed gull (Larus marinus), osprey (Pandion haliaetus), red-throated loon (Gavia stellata), Brandt's cormorant (Phalacrocorax penicillatus), great blue heron (Ardea herodias), Laysan albatross (Diomedea immutabilis) and black-footed albatross (Diomedea nigripes). Birds were from several locations across the USA including the Sand Island, Midway Atoll in central North Pacific Ocean (Figure 1). Livers of cormorant (Phalacrocorax carbo) were collected from 2 BACK TO MAIN the Italian coast. These birds were originally sacrificed in 1997 by the Department of Sanitary, Division of Rearing and Zootechnical Resources, for sanitary regulations. White-tailed sea eagle livers were collected from the German coast of the Baltic Sea during 1979 to 1997. Liver samples were wrapped in clean aluminum foil or whirlpac bags and stored frozen at -20C until analysis. For the purpose of discussion, results were grouped into the following major classes: Great Lakes region, other U.S. locations (locations other than the Great Lakes region) and Midway Atoll, the Baltic Sea, the Mediterranean Sea, Asia and Antarctica. Appendix X provides a list of common and scientific names of the birds analyzed. Tissues of birds from the midwestern USA including the Great Lakes were collected as a part of earlier monitoring studies for organochlorine pollutants in birds. Double-crested cormorants, herring gulls, ring-billed gulls and bald eagle tissues were collected from several colonies in Michigan waters of the Great Lakes. All samples were collected between 1990 and 1998. Details regarding sampling location and sampling date are given in Tables 1 and 2. Age and sex of individuals were recorded when available. Blood plasma was collected primarily from nestlings. Blood samples of bald eagles were collected from nestling eagles from Michigan, Wisconsin, Minnesota and Ohio. Samples were collected from nestlings by venipuncture of the brachialis vein using a 10 mL syringe. Plasma samples were prepared by centrifugation within 12 h of collection and were frozen at -20 C until analysis. Liver tissue came primarily from birds that died at rehabilitation centers and wildlife shelters, or from carcasses found on wildlife refuges, in the continental US. Liver samples were collected from the carcasses, wrapped in clean aluminum foil and stored frozen at -20C until analysis. Liver and blood plasma of albatrosses were collected from adult male Laysan and black-footed albatrosses 11 years old) on Sand Island, Midway Atoll in the central North Pacific Ocean (28 11'N, 17722'W) during 1993-1995. Blood was drawn from the brachial vein of each bird and placed n Vacutainers (Becton Dickinson vacutainer systems, Rutherford, New Jersey) containing 0.015 mL of ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) anticoagulant, centrifuged, and the plasma was harvested and stored at -20C until analysis. Analysis Details of the analytical procedure have been outlined in 3M Environmental Laboratory, St. Paul, MN, standard operating procedures for the analysis of fluorochemicals in tissues. The titles of the SOPs are: ETS-8-6, "Extraction of Potassium Perfluorooctanesulfonate or other Fluorochemical Compounds from Liver for Analysis using HPLC-Electrospray/Mass Spectrometry" and ETS-8-4, "Extraction of Potassium Perfluorooctanesulfonate or other Fluorochemical Compounds from Serum for Analysis using HPLC-Electrospray/Mass Spectrometry". The analytical work was generated by 3M Environmental Laboratory. (Refer to Reference (1) for specific reports.) An ion-pairing reagent was added to the sample and the analyte ion pair was partitioned into methyl-tert-butyl ether (MtBE). The extract was transferred to a centrifuge tube and put onto a nitrogen evaporator until dry. Each extract was reconstituted in 1.0 mL of methanol, and then filtered through a 3 cc plastic syringe attached to a 0.2 pm nylon filter into glass autovials. The analyses were performed using HPLC-ES/MS/MS by monitoring a single product ion selected from a primary ion characteristic of a particular fluorochemical. For example, molecular ion 499, selected as the primary ion for PFOS (C8F17SO3-) analysis, was fragmented further to 3 BACK TO MAIN produce ion 99 (FSO3"). The characteristic product ion 99 was monitored for quantitative analysis. Analytical Equipment The following are representative of the actual settings used during the analytical phase of this study. Liquid Chromatograph: Hewlett-Packard Series 1100 Liquid Chromatograph system Analytical column: Keystone BetasilTM C182x50 mm (5 pm) Column temperature: Ambient Mobile phase components: Component A: 2mM ammonium acetate Component B: methanol Flow rate: 300 pL/min Injection volume: 10 pL Solvent Gradient: 16.0 minutes Time (minutes) %B 0.0 10% 1.0 10% 6.0 90% 11.0 100% 13.0 10% Mass Spectrometer: Micromass API/Mass Spectrometer Quattro IITM Triple Quadrupole system Software: Mass Lynx 3.4 Cone Voltage: 30-60 V Collision Gas Energy: 25-45 eV Mode: Electrospray Negative Source Block Temperature: 150C 10C Electrode: Z-spray Analysis Type: Multiple Reaction Monitoring (MRM) Target Ions Monitored in 3M Laboratory Analyses Target Analyte Primary Ion (AMU) Product Ion (AMU) PFOS 499 80, 99 FOSA 498 78 PFOA 413 169 PFHS 399 99 THPFOS1 427 80 1THPOS, Tetra-hydro perfluorooctanesulfonate, is used as a surrogate to monitor for gross instrument failure. 4 BACK TO MAIN Data Quality Objectives and Data Integrity The following data quality objectives were indicated in the method performance section of ETS8-7, Analysis of Potassium Perfluorooctanesulfonate or Other Fluorochemicals in Liver Extracts Using HPLC-Electrospray/Mass Spectrometry: Linearity: The coefficient of determination (r2) equal to or greater than 0.980. Limits of Quantitation (LOQ): The LOQ is equal to the lowest acceptable standard in the calibration curve. Acceptable Spike Recoveries: Matrix spikes prepared in rabbit liver and rabbit sera must be recovered at 70-130% for the analytical run to be valid. Blanks: Matrix or surrogate matrix blanks must have a peak area < U the peak area of the lowest acceptable standard (LOQ). Data Summary, Analyses, and Results Data quality objectives for the analytical phase of this study were met with the exceptions noted in this report. Linearity: The coefficient of determination (U) of the standard curve was >0.99. Calibration Standards: Quantitation of the target analytes was based on a quadratic curve weighted 1/x of a single, opening or two bracketing unextracted curves for each group of samples. High or low points on the curve may have been deactivated to provide a better fit over the curve range most appropriate to the data. Low curve points with peak areas less than two times that of the extraction blanks were deactivated to disqualify a data range that may have been significantly affected by background levels of the analyte. Occasionally, a single mid-range curve point that was an obvious outlier may have been deactivated. Quantitation of each analyte was based on the response of a single specific product ion using the multiple reaction-monitoring mode of the instrument. Calibration standards were prepared to run, undiluted, approximately within the linear range of the instrument (approximately 0.5-1000 ng/g). Limits of Quantitation (LOQ): The LOQ is equal to the lowest acceptable standard in the calibration curve (defined as a standard within 30% of the theoretical value), and is at least two times the analyte peak area detected in the surrogate matrix blanks. Because low levels of the target analytes are ubiquitous in the laboratory, it is imperative that these criteria for LOQ determination be observed. The approximate LOQ for each analyte in each matrix is listed on the results summary table. Blanks: All blanks were below the limit of quantitation for the compounds of interest. Given the nature of the samples encompassed, the well-characterized matrices of rabbit liver or rabbit sera was used as surrogate tissue for matrix blanks. Surrogate matrix blanks were < U the level of the LOQ for all analytes except one PFHS liver blank which was above the LOQ. These outliers will not adversely affect the outcome of this study. Precision, Instrumental: Instrumental precision was not specifically determined within the course of this study. In other, similar liver/tissue studies, instrumental precision has been determined to show less than 7% variability for all target analytes. Matrix Spikes: Please see Appendix IX for the assessment of data quality for PFOS, FOSA, PFOA, and PFHS in liver and whole blood. To verify the status of the extraction and analytical systems, matrix spikes were also prepared in a well-characterized surrogate matrix, rabbit liver and rabbit sera. With one exception, the matrix spike studies conducted in rabbit tissue were all acceptable (+/-30%) for those analytical 5 BACK TO MAIN runs used when reporting data for samples and matrix spikes. FOSA determination in rabbit sera averaged 57%, significantly less than the expected recovery of >90%. Although all unextracted QC was acceptable, it is possible that matrix effects challenged either the separation or detection systems. Data quality for FOSA in sera is adversely affected and is noted. During the course of this study, actions were not taken to further characterize the nature of the challenge. Demonstration of Specificity: Specificity for analyte identification was demonstrated by chromatographic retention time and mass spectral daughter ion characterization. Additional confirmatory tests were performed for PFOS. In the electrospray tandem mass spectrometry (ESMSMS) system, the 499 Da -> 80 Da transition can provide a stronger signal than the 499 Da 99 Da transition of the PFOS analysis. However, in the analysis of tissue samples collected from some species of animals, an unidentified interferent was present in the 499 Da -> 80 Da transition. Although this interferent is rarely observed, to ensure complete selectivity, quantitation was based on the 499 Da -> 99 Da transition. To verify the identity of the detected analyte, in samples determined to contain PFOS at > 70 ng/g (liver or other tissue), at least 2 transitions were monitored and showed quantitative agreement to within +/-30%. Typically, 499>99 and 499>80 transitions were monitored. On the occasions that these two transitions differed by more than 30%, the sample was re-analyzed monitoring the 499>130 transition. This third transition showed quantitative agreement with the reported data from the 499>99 determination. Statement of Data Quality It is not possible to verify true recovery of endogenous analyte from tissues without radiolabeled reference material. The only measurement of accuracy available at this time is matrix spike studies. Recoveries of PFOS, FOSA, PFOA and PFHS spiked to matrices of various bird species are presented in Appendix IX. The concentrations of PFOS, FOSA, PFOA and PFHS were not corrected for the recoveries of the surrogate standard or matrix spike recoveries. The concentrations reported in Tables 1 to 6 were corrected for purity of the PFOS standard. Also, no attempt was made to correct the fluorochemical concentrations for moisture content in relevant tissues such as liver. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION PFOS Recoveries. Recoveries of PFOS spiked to various tissues of birds showed considerable variation, from 17 to 129% (Table 3). The reason for the variability in the recovery among species is not known, but could be due to the differences in the lipid content of the tissues. The data presented is not corrected for the recoveries of matrix spikes. Results of PFOS, FOSA, PFOA and PFHS in individual bird samples are presented in Appendices I to VIII. PFOS is the major fluorochemical detected in bird tissues. Concentrations of FOSA, PFOA and PFHS were not found in more than 90% of the bird tissues analyzed and therefore were not discussed in detail. Great Lakes Region. Concentrations of PFOS greater than the LOQ were found in blood plasma of most water birds collected from the Great Lakes region (Table 1). Concentrations of PFOS in whole blood of herring gulls and double-crested cormorants ranged 6 BACK TO MAIN from 34 to 243 ng PFOS/mL (mean: 124 ng/mL for double-crested cormorants and 63 ng/mL for herring gulls), while those in blood plasma samples of these birds from the same region ranged from 63 to 391 ng PFOS/mL (mean: 185 ng/mL for double-crested cormorants and 315 ng/mL for herring gulls). The mean concentration of PFOS in whole blood samples of herring gull from Little Charity Island on Lake Huron was 63 ng/mL (range: 57-68) while plasma samples from gulls native to this area were determined to contain PFOS at 315 ng/mL (range: 239-391). Similarly, the mean concentration of PFOS in blood plasma of double-crested cormorants from Little Charity Island (mean: 291; range: 209-372 ng/mL) was greater than that observed in whole blood (mean: 176; range: 164-188 ng/mL) or cormorants from the same general region. The ratios of concentrations of PFOS in plasma to that in whole blood varied from 2 to 5. The mean concentration of PFOS in plasma of cormorants from Little Charity Island (mean: 291; range: 209-372 ng/mL) was 3.5 fold greater than those from Huron Island on Lake Superior (mean: 79; range: 63-95 ng/mL). Similarly, blood samples of cormorants from Little Charity Island (mean: 176; range: 164-188 ng/mL) contained 5 fold greater concentrations of PFOS than cormorant blood samples from Hyrn and Otter Islands on Lake Superior (mean: 35; range: 34-36 ng/mL). The results suggest that birds in more urbanized areas have greater exposure to PFOS than those in more remote areas. PFOS was found in all but one sample of blood plasma from nestling bald eagles collected from the midwestern United States. The mean concentration of PFOS (n=33) in bald eagle plasma was 330 ng/mL (standard deviation: 518 ng/mL; range: <1 - 2220 ng/mL). However, these levels may under represent analyte levels; the mean recovery of PFOS spiked to eagle plasma was only 17% (Table 3). The greatest concentration of PFOS in eagle plasma (2220 ng /mL) was measured in a 50-day old, male bald eagle nestling that was collected from the Pine River, Wisconsin. Blood plasma of bald eagle nestlings from Menard Island, Wisconsin and Wellston, Michigan, were determined to contain PFOS concentrations greater than 1000 ng/mL. All of the blood plasma samples of bald eagles analyzed in this study were from immature birds of less than 70 days old. Despite noticeable concentrations of PFOS in the plasma of bald eagles, livers of adult bald eagles from Oregon, Illinois and California contained related lower concentrations in the rage of 24-467 ng/g, wet wt (Table 2). Other U.S. Locations. Livers of most water birds (n=74) collected across the U.S. contained quantifiable concentrations of PFOS (Table 2). The greatest concentration of PFOS (1780 ng/g, wet wt) was determined in the liver of a Brandt's cormorant from San Diego, California. PFOS concentrations greater than 1000 ng/g, wet wt, were measured in livers of some individuals of red-throated loon from North Carolina, great egret from Florida, and white pelican from California. Almost all the species analyzed in this study were fish-eating water birds. Concentrations of PFOS in liver from Franklin's gull were the lowest of all the species analyzed (<12-61 ng/g, wet wt). Livers of adult bald eagles collected from various locations contained concentrations of PFOS ranging from 24 to 467 ng/g, wet wt (mean: 193 ng/g). These values were, in general, less than the mean concentration of PFOS in blood plasma of bald eagle nestlings from the midwestern United States. 7 BACK TO MAIN Baltic Sea. Livers of white tailed sea eagles collected from Germany and the Baltic Sea contained PFOS concentrations ranging from <3.9 to 127 ng/g (mean: 40 ng/g) on a wet wt basis. FOSA, PFOA and PFHS were not found at the quantifiable concentrations (Table 4). Mediterranean Sea. Concentrations of PFOS in livers of cormorants collected from Cabras lagoon in Sardinia, Italy, ranged from 32 to 150 ng/g, wet wt (n=12; mean: 61 ng/g) (Table 5). Korea and Japan. Concentrations of PFOS in the blood of black-tailed gulls from Hokkaido, Japan ranged from 2 to 12 ng/ml (mean: 6 ng/ml; n=24). Livers of sea gulls from Hokkaido, Japan contained PFOS in the range of <19 to 226 ng/g, wet wt. Cormorants from Kanagawa prefecture contained detectable concentrations of FOSA, although PFOS concentrations were not quantified in the samples. PFOA and PFHS were rarely found in the birds from Japan and Korea. Livers of black tailed gulls from Korea contained PFOS concentrations ranging from 88 to 500 ng/g, wet wt (mean: 170 ng/g). Midway Atoll, North Pacific Ocean. PFOS was not detected in livers or kidneys of Laysan or black-footed albatrosses (Table 6). However, samples of sera of all Laysan and black footed albatrosses contained quantifiable concentrations of PFOS. Concentrations of PFOS in black-footed albatross sera ranged from 3 to 17 ng/mL (mean: 6.2 ng/mL); PFOS levels in Laysan albatross ranged from 5.7 to 34 ng/mL (mean: 14 ng/mL). These two populations are not statistically distinct enough to make conclusions. However, concentrations of PFOS in albatross sera were 10 to 100 fold less than those found in bald eagles from the midwestern United States, adding further suggestive evidence that PFOS levels are lower in birds from remote locations. Antarctica. Eggs of penguins and tissues of skua did not contain quantifiable concentrations of PFOS or other fluorochemicals analyzed in this study. REFERENCES (1) 3M Environmental Laboratory, St. Paul, MN LIMS Report numbers E01-0118, E01-0470, E00-2456, W2845, E00-1386, E00-1634, E00-1922. 8 BACK TO MAIN TABLE 1. Concentrations (mean) of PFOS in Tissues of Water Birds from the Great Lakes Region. Concentrations are Given in ng/mL for Blood Plasma and Whole Blood and ng/g wet wt for Egg Yolk Location Date PFOS D ouble crested corm orant blood (M ichigan) Gull Is., Geo Bay 18-Jul-91 78 Hym Island, Lake Superior 29-Jul-91 36 Little Charity Is., Lake Huron 25-Jul-91 164-188 (176) Otter Island, Lake Superior 29-Jul-91 34 Scar Crow Is., Thunder Bay 4-Jul-91 132 St. Matrin Is., Great Lakes 13-Jul-91 124-243 (184) H erring gull blood (M ichigan) Little Charity Is., Lake Huron 29-Jul-91 57-68 (63) D ouble crested corm orant Plasm a (M ichigan) Huron Is., Lake Superior 29-Jul-91 63-95 (79) Little Charity Is., Lake Huron 25-Jul-91 209-372 (291) H erring gull P lasm a (M ichigan) Little Charity Is., Lake Huron 29-Jul-91 239-391 (315) R ing-billed gull egg yolk (M ichigan) Sulphur Is., Thunder Bay, Lake 9-Jun-95 30-126 Huron (67) D ouble crested corm orant egg yolk Lake Winnipegosis, Manitoba, 14-Jun-95 21-220 Canada (157) Remarks N=2 N=2 N=2 N=2 N=2 N=2 N=3 N=4 Bald eagle Plasm a (M idw estern U SA) Devils' Lake, Alpena, MI 8-Jun-93 Roach Point, Chippewa, MI 8-Jun-93 Sucker Creek, Mackinac, MI 15-Jun-93 Rabbit Bay, Houghton County, 7-Jun-92 MI Caulkins Creek, Otsego, MI 4-Jun-90 Harding creek, Montgomery 6-Jun-90 County, MI Boney Falls, Marquette, MI 5-Jun-91 Seney National Wildlife refuge, 18-Jun-91 Schoolcraft County, MI Pine River, WI 13-Jun-91 Menard Is., WI 13-Jun-91 Pine Is., Voyagers Natl Park, 19-Jun-92 MN Lake George, Clare County, MI 31-May-93 Swan Lake, Presque Isle County, 7-Jun-93 Great Lakes, MI Mio Pond, Oscoda County, MI 29-May-93 Marquette, MI, Lake Superior 21-Jun-92 Gene's Pond, Dickinson County, 5-Jun-91 MI 388 273 160 144 35 13 105 75 2220 2030 29 79 188 145 141 71 58d, F 42d, M 42d, M NA, M 52d, M, 4.7 kg 44d, M, 3.4 kg 42d, F, 3.2 kg 45d, M, 3.7 kg 50d, M, 4.3 kg 48d, M, 3.4 kg 46d, F, 4.3 kg 48d, M, 3.4 kg 39d, M 68d, F NA, M 49d, M, 3.5 kg 9 BACK TO MAIN T able 1 . continued Dog Lake/Lake St. Kathryn, Iron 9-Jun-91 21 37d, M, 3.2 kg County, MI N. Branch Au Sable River, 1-Jun-93 49 58d, F Ostego Count, MI Woods Lake/Twin Lake, 22-May-93 <1 40d, M Roscommon County, MI Pt. Movillee, Monroe County, 14-May-93 247 40d, M MI MSU veterinary clinic 7-Sep-93 243 NA (deformed) MSU veterinary clinic 11-Oct-93 561 NA (deformed) MSU veterinary clinic 7-Sep-93 289 NA (deformed) W. Sandpoint Is., Voyager's Natl 20-Jun-92 62 45d, F, 3.6 kg Park, MN Wakeley Lake, Crawford 31-May-93 33 41d, M County, MI Bamfield Pond, Alcona County, 29-May-93 102 54d, F MI Lower Peninsula, Michigan 28-Jun-93 143 NA Lower Peninsula, Michigan 28-Jun-93 173 NA Grand Pt., Voyager's Natl park, 23-Jun-92 432 38d, F, 4.7 kg MN Wellston, Manistee County, MI 5-Jun-92 1250 F, 4.8 kg Devil's Is., Lake Superior, WI 24-Jun-92 200 54d, F, 4.7 kg Mud Creek, Ottawa, Ohio 22-Jun-92 320 67d, M White's Landing, Ohio 4-Jun-92 328 66d, F NA: Not available or Not analyzed; M- Male, F-Female Values in parentheses indicate mean. Values below LOQ are denoted by `<' Means are calculated only for the detectable observations (i.e., non-detects were not included in calculating means). 10 BACK TO MAIN TABLE 2. Concentrations of PFOS in Livers (ng/g, wet wt) of Water Birds from Various Locations in the United States. Species Bald eagle Bald eagle Bald eagle Bald eagle Black-crowned night heron Brandt's cormorant Location NE Portland, Multnomah County, Oregon Savannah, Jo Daviess County, Illinois Columbia River, Hammond, Oregon Durham, Butte County, California San Diego, California San Diego, California Date 3/27/1997 2/17/1996 11/21/1996 2/1/1995 6/4/19975/30/1998 Jun-1997 Brown pelican Brown pelican Brown pelican Common loon East Pascagoula R., Mississippi East Pascagoula R., Mississippi Mustang Island, Nueces County, Texas Carteret County, North Carolina 1997 1997 10/15/1997 11/25/19974/17/1998 Common loon Monterey Bay, California 1/26/1998 Common loon Common loon Pompano, Florida Ft. Lauderdale, Florida 12/21/19971/1/1998 2/26/1998 n PFOS Remarks 1 207 F/adult, 4.8 kg 1 467 Young adult 1 71 F/adult, 8 kg 1 24 5 32-648 1juvenile, 2-3 (393) yrs 2 46-1780 (907) 1 254 M/adult, 2.48 kg 1 533 F/adult, 2.62 kg 1 118 M/adult, 2.61 kg 5 160-595 1adult, 4 (280) immature, 2 .6 2.9 kg 4 8.6-91 1 M, 3F, (37) 4adults, 2.3 2.7kg 4 30-46 1M, 1F, 1 (40) immature 1 115 F/sub-adult May 18, 01 Giesy/Kannan Confidential Draft 11 Table 2. continued., Common loon South Carlsbad State Beach, California Common loon San Diego, California 11/15/1997 11/26/1997 Common loon Common loon Double-crested cormorant Franklin's gull Coronado, California San Diego, California St. Martinville, Louisiana 12/4/1997 12/4/1997 Jun-1996 Red Rock Lakes, Beaverhead 7/31/1997- County, Montana 8/6/1997 Great blackbacked gull Great blue heron Carteret County, North Carolina St. Martinville, Louisiana 1/7/19983/17/1998 Jun-1996 Great egret Great egret Great egret Great egret Great egret Herring gull Herring gull Northern gannet Osprey Osprey Naples, Florida Carteret County, North Carolina St. Martinville, Louisiana Miami Beach, Florida Swan Lake National Wildlife Refuge, Sumner, Missouri Sacramento Valley, California Carteret County, North Carolina Carteret County, North Carolina Tavernier, Florida Carteret County, North 5/10/199711/15/1997 2/9/1998 5/1/1996 Dec-1996 8/13/1996 10/22/1996 2/16/1998 3/8/1998 9/9/1997 9/12/1997 10/22/1997 May 18,01 Giesy/Kannan Confidential Draft BACK TO MAIN 1 <12 2 16-107 (62) 1 451 1 112 2 51-288 (169) 4 <12-61 3 Males, 1 (40) immature, 0.12-0.21 kg 2 187-841 (608) 2 162-916 (539) 3 81-1030 (638) 1 218 1 27 1 500 171 1 16 4 89-353 (228) 1 85 2 444-959 (702) 1 60 12 BACK TO MAIN Table 2 continued., Osprey Red-throated loon Carolina Delaware County, Ohio Carteret County, North Carolina 9/28/1996 2/13/19984/12/1998 Red-throated loon Snowy egret San Diego, California Naples, Florida Snowy egret White pelican White pelican White pelican White pelican White pelican Bonita Springs, Florida Sacramento National Wildlife Refuge, California Swan Lake National Wildlife Refuge, Sumner, Missouri Sacramento Valley, California Delevan National Wildlife Refuge, California Calipatria, CA 5/11/1998 9/19/199711/11/1997 7/19/1997 7/31/1997 NA 11/25/1996 8/9/1997 Jun-1997 White- faced ibis Wood stork Sacramento Valley, California Charleston County, South Carolina 1/3/1995 Sep-1996 1 42 2 599- 1120 (861) 1 34 2 99-413 (256) 1 43 1 121 1 68 1 80 1 200 2 30-1120 (575) 1 17 1 158 F/adult, 2.65 kg NA: Not available or Not analyzed; M- Male, F-Female Values in parentheses indicate mean. Values below LOQ are denoted by `<' Means are calculated only for the detectable observations (i.e., non-detects were not included in calculating means) May 18, 01 Giesy/Kannan Confidential Draft 13 BACK TO MAIN TABLE 3. Recoveries (%) of PFOS Spiked at 250 ng to Bird Tissue Matrices Matrix MS MSD Cormorant yolk 127 130 Albatross kidney 71 87 Albatross serum 81 96 Bald eagle plasma 11 23 Cormorant blood 63 115 Common loon liver 28 28 Herring gull liver 120 120 Cormorant liver 97 97 MS = Matrix spike; MSD = Matrix spike duplicate 14 BACK TO MAIN TABLE 4. Concentrations (ng/g, wet wt; n=44) of PFOS, FOSA, PFOA and PFHS in white-tailed sea eagle livers from the Baltic coast of Germany collected during 1979-1997 Species PFOS FOSA PFOA PFHS White tailed sea eagle liver 40 (<3.9-127) <38 <40 <7.7 15 BACK TO MAIN Table 5. Concentrations of PFOS in livers (ng/g, wet wt) of common cormorants from Italian coastal waters Species Comorant Liver Sampling Area Cabras Lagoon (Sardinian Sea) Date of Collection 1997 1997 1997 1997 1997 1997 1997 1997 1997 1997 1997 1997 PFOS 43 57 49 98 34 150 91 47 50 43 32 34 Remarks M, adult, 2.4 kg F, adult, 2.2 kg F, adult, 2.3 kg F, ault, 2.33 kg F, adult, 2.7 kg F, adult, 2.2 kg F, juvenile, 2 kg F, juvenile, 1.4 kg F, juvenile, 1.96 kg M, juvenile, 2 kg M, juvenile, 2.4 kg M, juvenile, 2.4 kg 16 BACK TO MAIN TABLE 6. Concentrations of PFOS in Liver, Kidney (ng/g, wet wt) and Sera (ng/mL) of Black-Footed and Laysan Albatrosses from Sand Island, Midway Atoll, North Pacific Ocean Species Black-footed albatross Tissue N Date Liver 5 Mar 94-Nov 94 Kidney 5 Mar 94-Apr 94 Serum 8 May 93-Nov 95 PFOS <30 <30 3.0-17 (6.2) Laysan albatross Liver 3 Feb 94-Mar 94 <30 Kidney 3 Feb 94-Apr 94 <30 Serum 7 May 93-Nov 94 5.7-34 (14) Values below LOQ are denoted by `<' Values in parentheses indicate mean. Means are calculated only for the detectable observations 17 BACK TO MAIN Sand Island, Midway Atoll Central North Pacific Ocean *%>c> Figure 1. Map of the United States showing sampling locations of birds analyzed in this study. 18 BACK TO MAIN APPENDIX I Concentrations of (ug/ml for blood) fluorochemicals in biota Species Lab ID Tissue Location Double crested W2491 -54,Cormorant DCCO L Blood Little Charity Is., Great cormorant Double crested cormorant Charity W2491 -55,Cormorant DCCO Hyrn Island, Lake Sup Lakes Blood Lake Superior, Great Lakes Double crested cormorant W2491 -56,Otter DCCO Great Blood Lake Superior, Great Lakes Lakes PFOS = Perfluorooctanesulfonate FOSA = Perfluorooctanesulfonamide PFHS = Perfluorohexanesulfonate PFOA = Perfluorooctanoate Numbers in the parenthesis are LOQs PFOS 0.190 FOSA <LOQ ( 0.0375) 0.042 <LOQ ( 0.0375) 0.039 0.112 LOQ = Limit of quantitation PFOA <LOQ ( 0.0359) <LOQ ( 0.0359) <LOQ ( 0.0359) 19 BACK TO MAIN APPENDIX II Concentrations of (ug/g, wet for solid tissues and ug/ml for blood/sera) fluorochemicals in biota Species Lab ID Tissue Location PFOS FOSA PFOA Common loon Common loon Common loon Common loon Common loon Common loon Common loon Common loon Common loon Brown pelican Brown pelican Black footed albatross Black footed albatross Black footed albatross Black footed albatross Black footed albatross Black footed albatross Laysan albatross Laysan albatross Black footed albatross Black footed albatross Black footed albatross Laysan albatross Laysan albatross Laysan albatross Laysan albatross Bird001;4411-010 Bird002;4411-003 Bird003;4411-021 Bird004; 4411-001 Bird005; 4411-015 Bird006; 4425-006 Bird007; 4425-002 Bird008; 4425-007 Bird009; 4425-008 Liver Liver Liver Liver Liver Liver Liver Liver Liver Carteret County, NC Carteret County, NC Carteret County, NC Carteret County, NC Carteret County, NC Monterey Bay, CA Monterey Bay, CA Monterey Bay, CA Monterey Bay, CA 0.345 0.689 0.185 0.199 0.202 0.105 <LOQ (0.0348 ug/g) <LOQ (0.0348 ug/g) 0.046 0.015 <LOQ (0.00750 ug/g) 0.015 0.026 0.021 0.024 <LOQ (0.00750 ug/g) <LOQ (0.00750 ug/g) <LOQ (0.00750 ug/g) <LOQ (0.180 ug/g) <LOQ (0.180 ug/g) <LOQ (0.180 ug/g) <LOQ (0.180 ug/g) <LOQ (0.180 ug/g) <LOQ (0.180 ug/g) <LOQ (0.180 ug/g) <LOQ (0.180 ug/g) <LOQ (0.180 ug/g) Bird010; 14712-002 Liver East Pascagoula R., MS Bird011;14712-001 Liver East Pascagoula R., MS 0.294 0.617 0.178 0.527 <LOQ (0.180 ug/g) <LOQ (0.180 ug/g) Bird012;9511 Bird013; 9402 Bird014; 9404 Bird015; 9401 Bird016; 9406 Bird020; 9406 Bird021; 9422 Bird022; 9417 Bird017; 9401 Bird018; 9404 Bird019; 9407 Bird023; 9413 Bird024; 9424 Bird025; 9413 Bird026; 9422 Liver Liver Liver Liver Liver Kidney Liver Liver Kidney Kidney Kidney Liver Kidney Kidney Kidney Sand Is., Midway Atoll Sand Is., Midway Atoll Sand Is., Midway Atoll Sand Is., Midway Atoll Sand Is., Midway Atoll Sand Is., Midway Atoll Sand Is., Midway Atoll Sand Is., Midway Atoll Sand Is., Midway Atoll Sand Is., Midway Atoll Sand Is., Midway Atoll Sand Is., Midway Atoll Sand Is., Midway Atoll Sand Is., Midway Atoll Sand Is., Midway Atoll <LOQ (0.0348 ug/g) <LOQ (0.0348 ug/g) <LOQ (0.0348 ug/g) <LOQ (0.0348 ug/g) <LOQ (0.0348 ug/g) <LOQ (0.0348 ug/g) <LOQ (0.0348 ug/g) <LOQ (0.0348 ug/g) <LOQ (0.0348 ug/g) <LOQ (0.0348 ug/g) <LOQ (0.0348 ug/g) <LOQ (0.0348 ug/g) <LOQ (0.0348 ug/g) <LOQ (0.0348 ug/g) <LOQ (0.0348 ug/g) <LOQ (0.00750 ug/g) <LOQ (0.00750 ug/g) <LOQ (0.00750 ug/g) <LOQ (0.00750 ug/g) <LOQ (0.00750 ug/g) <LOQ (0.00750 ug/g) <LOQ (0.00750 ug/g) <LOQ (0.00750 ug/g) <LOQ (0.00750 ug/g) <LOQ (0.00750 ug/g) <LOQ (0.00750 ug/g) <LOQ (0.00750 ug/g) <LOQ (0.00750 ug/g) <LOQ (0.00750 ug/g) <LOQ (0.00750 ug/g) <LOQ (0.180 ug/g) <LOQ (0.180 ug/g) <LOQ (0.180 ug/g) <LOQ (0.180 ug/g) <LOQ (0.180 ug/g) <LOQ (0.180 ug/g) <LOQ (0.180 ug/g) 0.182 <LOQ (0.180 ug/g) <LOQ (0.180 ug/g) <LOQ (0.180 ug/g) <LOQ (0.180 ug/g) <LOQ (0.180 ug/g) <LOQ (0.180 ug/g) <LOQ (0.180 ug/g) Double crested cormorant Bird027; DCC1 Yolk Lake Winnipeg <LOQ (0.0348 ug/g) <LOQ (0.00750 ug/g) <LOQ (0.180 ug/g) 20 Double crested cormorant Double crested cormorant Double crested cormorant Bird028; DCC2 Bird029; DCC3 Bird030; DCC4 Yolk Yolk Yolk Lake Winnipeg Lake Winnipeg Lake Winnipeg Ring billed gull Ring billed gull Ring billed gull Bird031; RBG5 Bird032; RBG9 Bird033; RBG8 Yolk Yolk Yolk Sulphur Is., Great Lakes Sulphur Is., Great Lakes Sulphur Is., Great Lakes Laysan albatross Laysan albatross Laysan albatross Blackfooted albatross Blackfooted albatross Blackfooted albatross Blackfooted albatross Blackfooted albatross Blackfooted albatross Blackfooted albatross Laysan albatross Laysan albatross Laysan albatross Bird 034; pool of 3 Serum Sand Is., Midway Atoll Bird 035; pool of 3 Serum Sand Is., Midway Atoll Bird 036; pool of 3 Serum Sand Is., Midway Atoll Bird 037; 1993 Serum Sand Is., Midway Atoll Bird 038; 1273-1300 Serum Sand Is., Midway Atoll Bird 039; 1307-07581 Serum Sand Is., Midway Atoll Bird 040; pool 2, Serum Sand Is., Midway Atoll 1117-83377 Bird 041; 1067-22375 Serum Sand Is., Midway Atoll Bird 042; 1307-07625 Serum Sand Is., Midway Atoll Bird 043; 1067-22226 Serum Sand Is., Midway Atoll Bird 044; 1367-32748 Serum Sand Is., Midway Atoll Bird 045;977-49069 Serum Sand Is., Midway Atoll Bird 046; 977-49089 Serum Sand Is., Midway Atoll Double crested cormorant Double crested cormorant Bird 047; DCC01 Bird 048; DCC 3,6 Plasma Little Charity Is., Lake Huron Plasma Little Charity Is., Lake Huron BACK TO MAIN 0.134 0.317 0.254 <LOQ (0.00750 ug/g) <LOQ (0.00750 ug/g) <LOQ (0.00750 ug/g) 0.245 <LOQ (0.180 ug/g) 0.192 0.146 <LOQ (0.00750 ug/g) <LOQ (0.0348 ug/g) <LOQ (0.00750 ug/g) 0.0541 <LOQ (0.00750 ug/g) 0.197 <LOQ (0.180 ug/g) 0.196 0.0393 0.0256 0.00755 0.0196 0.00348 0.00677 0.00621 0.00430 0.00402 0.00546 0.00897 0.00657 0.00889 <LOQ (0.00625 ug/mL) <LOQ (0.00625 ug/mL) <LOQ (0.00625 ug/mL) <LOQ (0.00625 ug/mL) <LOQ (0.00625 ug/mL) <LOQ (0.00625 ug/mL) <LOQ (0.00625 ug/mL) <LOQ (0.00625 ug/mL) <LOQ (0.00625 ug/mL) <LOQ (0.00625 ug/mL) <LOQ (0.00625 ug/mL) <LOQ (0.00625 ug/mL) <LOQ (0.00625 ug/mL) <LOQ (0.0299 ug/mL) <LOQ (0.0299 ug/mL) <LOQ (0.0299 ug/mL) <LOQ (0.0299 ug/mL) <LOQ (0.0299 ug/mL) <LOQ (0.0299 ug/mL) <LOQ (0.0299 ug/mL) <LOQ (0.0299 ug/mL) <LOQ (0.0299 ug/mL) <LOQ (0.0299 ug/mL) <LOQ (0.0299 ug/mL) <LOQ (0.0299 ug/mL) <LOQ (0.0299 ug/mL) 0.431 0.242 <LOQ (0.00625 ug/mL) <LOQ (0.00625 ______ ug/mL)______ <LOQ (0.0299 ug/mL) <LOQ (0.0299 ug/mL) 21 Double crested cormorant Bird 049; DCC 1,5 Plasma Huron Is., Lake Superior Double crested cormorant Bird 050; DCC 3,4 Plasma Huron Is., Lake Superior Double crested cormorant Double crested cormorant Double crested cormo rant Bird 051 Bird 052 Bird 053 Blood Blood Blood Little Charity Is., Lake Huron Scar Crow Is., Thunder Bay Gull Is., Geo Bay Double crested cormorant Bird 054 Blood St. Matrin Is., Great Lakes Double crested cormorant Bird 055 Blood St. Matrin Is., Great Lakes Herring gull Herring gull Herring gull Herring gull Bird 056; HG1 Bird 057; HG2 Bird 058; HG1 Bird 059; HG2 Plasma Little Charity Is., Lake Huron Plasma Little Charity Is., Lake Huron Blood Little Charity Is., Lake Huron Blood Little Charity Is., Lake Huron Bald Eagle Bird 060; 629-39346 Plasma Devils' Lake, Great Lakes Bald Eagle Bald Eagle Bald Eagle Bald Eagle Bald Eagle Bird 061; 599-46888 Plasma Roach Point, Great Lakes Bird 062; 629-39429 Bird 063; 599-46837 Bird 064; 629-35417 Plasma Sucker Creek, Bois Blanc Is. Plasma Rabbit Bay, Houghton County Plasma Caulkins creek, Michigan Bird 065; 629-35423 Plasma Harding creek, Michigan Bald Eagle Bald Eagle Bald Eagle Bird 066; 599-45234 Plasma Boney Falls, Marquette, MI Bird 067; 599-45208 Plasma Seney widlife refuge, MI Bird 068; 629-35399 Plasma Pine River, Wisconsin BACK TO MAIN 0.110 0.0725 0.218 0.153 0.090 0.144 0.273 0.453 0.277 0.0790 0.0664 0.449 0.316 0.185 0.167 0.0402 0.0147 0.122 0.0865 2.57 <LOQ (0.00625 ug/mL) <LOQ (0.00625 ug/mL) 0.0145 0.00871 <LOQ (0.00625 ug/mL) <LOQ (0.00625 ug/mL) 0.0426 <LOQ (0.00625 ug/mL) <LOQ (0.00625 ug/mL) <LOQ (0.00625 ug/mL) <LOQ (0.00625 ug/mL) <LOQ (0.00625 ug/mL) <LOQ (0.00625 ug/mL) <LOQ (0.00625 ug/mL) <LOQ (0.00625 ug/mL) <LOQ (0.00625 ug/mL) <LOQ (0.00625 ug/mL) <LOQ (0.00625 ug/mL) <LOQ (0.00625 ug/mL) 0.0751 <LOQ (0.0299 ug/mL) <LOQ (0.0299 ug/mL) <LOQ (0.0299 ug/mL) <LOQ (0.0299 ug/mL) <LOQ (0.0299 ug/mL) <LOQ (0.0299 ug/mL) 0.0489 <LOQ (0.0299 ug/mL) <LOQ (0.0299 ug/mL) <LOQ (0.0299 ug/mL) <LOQ (0.0299 ug/mL) <LOQ (0.0299 ug/mL) <LOQ (0.0299 ug/mL) <LOQ (0.0299 ug/mL) <LOQ (0.0299 ug/mL) <LOQ (0.0299 ug/mL) <LOQ (0.0299 ug/mL) <LOQ (0.0299 ug/mL) <LOQ (0.0299 ug/mL) <LOQ (0.0299 ug/mL) 22 Bald Eagle Bald Eagle Bald Eagle Bird 069; 629-35397 Bird 070; 629-14589 Bird 071; 629-39416 Plasma Menard Is., Wisconsin Plasma Pine Is., Voyagers Natl Park, MN Plasma Lake George, MI Bald Eagle Bald Eagle Bald Eagle Bald Eagle Bald Eagle Bird 072; 629-39424 Plasma Swan Lake, MI Bird 073; BAEAMI93011 Bird 074; 629-14598 Bird 075; 599-45233 Bird 076; 599-45238 Plasma Mio Pond, MI Plasma Salmon trout River, Lake Superior Plasma Gene Pond, Dickinson County, MI Plasma Lake St. Kathryn, MI Bald Eagle Bald Eagle Bald Eagle Bald Eagle Bald Eagle Bald Eagle Bald Eagle Bald Eagle Bald Eagle Bird 077; 629-39418 Plasma N. Brach Au Sable River, MI Bird 078; 629-39301 Plasma Woods Lake, MI Bird 079; 629-39401 Bird 080; DEFBAEA93032 Bird 081; DEFBAEA93049 Bird 082; DEFBAEA93030 Bird 083; 629-07409 Bird 084; 629-39326 Plasma Pt. Movillee, Great Lakes, MI Plasma MSU veterinary clinic Plasma MSU veterinary clinic Plasma MSU veterinary clinic Plasma W. sandpoint Is., Voyager's Natl park, MN Plasma Wakeley Lake, MI Bird 085; BAEAMI93062 Plasma Bamfield Pond, MI PFOS = Perfluorooctanesulfonate PFHS = Perfluorohexanesulfonate PFOA = Perfluorooctanoate FOSA = Perfluorooctanesulfonamide Values in parenthesis are LOQs BACK TO MAIN 2.35 0.0324 0.0908 0.217 0.168 0.163 0.0822 0.0238 0.0573 <LOQ (0.00116 ug/mL) 0.286 0.281 0.649 0.335 0.0718 0.0381 0.118 0.0996 <LOQ (0.00625 ug/mL) <LOQ (0.00625 ug/mL) <LOQ (0.00625 ug/mL) <LOQ (0.00625 ug/mL) <LOQ (0.00625 ug/mL) <LOQ (0.00625 ug/mL) <LOQ (0.00625 ug/mL) <LOQ (0.00625 ug/mL) <LOQ (0.00625 ug/mL) <LOQ (0.00625 ug/mL) <LOQ (0.00625 ug/mL) <LOQ (0.00625 ug/mL) <LOQ (0.00625 ug/mL) <LOQ (0.00625 ug/mL) <LOQ (0.00625 ug/mL) <LOQ (0.00625 ug/mL) <LOQ (0.0299 ug/mL) <LOQ (0.0299 ug/mL) <LOQ (0.0299 ug/mL) <LOQ (0.0299 ug/mL) <LOQ (0.0299 ug/mL) <LOQ (0.0299 ug/mL) <LOQ (0.0299 ug/mL) <LOQ (0.0299 ug/mL) <LOQ (0.0299 ug/mL) <LOQ (0.0299 ug/mL) <LOQ (0.0299 ug/mL) <LOQ (0.0299 ug/mL) <LOQ (0.0299 ug/mL) <LOQ (0.0299 ug/mL) <LOQ (0.0299 ug/mL) <LOQ (0.0299 ug/mL) <LOQ (0.0299 ug/mL) LOQ = Limit of quantitation 23 BACK TO MAIN APPENDIX III Concentrations of (ug/g, wet for liver) fluorochemicals in biota Species Lab ID Comorant Comorant Comorant Comorant Comorant Comorant Comorant Comorant Comorant 6F (1),F,A 29F (5),F,A 30F (6),F,A 32F (7),F,A 34F (9),F,A 42F (11),F,A 7F (2),F,J 9F (3),F,J 36F (10),F,J Comorant 22F (4),M,J Comorant 33F (8),M,J Comorant 44F (12),M,J Blacktailed Gull Liver BHG01 (100) Blacktailed Gull Liver BHG02 (101) Blacktailed Gull Liver BHG03 (102) Blacktailed Gull Liver BHG04 (103) Blacktailed Gull Liver BHG05 (104) Blacktailed Gull Liver BTG9305 (92) Blacktailed Gull Liver BTG9306 (99) Blacktailed Gull Liver BTG9310 (96) Blacktailed Gull Liver BTG9311 (98) Blacktailed Gull Liver BTG9312 (97) Blacktailed Gull Liver BTG9401 (93) Blacktailed Gull Liver BTGhongdo1 (94) Blacktailed Gull Liver BTGnando1 (95) Blacktailed Gull Liver HRG04 (106) Blacktailed Gull Liver HRG09 (105) Tissue Location Liver Liver Liver Liver Liver Liver Liver Liver Liver Mediterranean Sea Mediterranean Sea Mediterranean Sea Mediterranean Sea Mediterranean Sea Mediterranean Sea Mediterranean Sea Mediterranean Sea Mediterranean Sea Liver Liver Liver Liver Liver Liver Liver Liver Liver Liver Liver Liver Liver Liver Liver Liver Liver Liver Mediterranean Sea Mediterranean Sea Mediterranean Sea Korea Korea Korea Korea Korea Korea Korea Korea Korea Korea Korea Korea Korea Korea Korea PFOS 0.043 0.057 0.049 0.098 0.034 0.150 0.091 0.468 0.050 0.043 0.032 0.034 0.292 0.260 0.148 0.503 0.271 0.0881 0.107 0.215 0.143 0.0705 0.126 0.0737 0.0707 0.116 0.0939 PFOA FOSA PFHS 0.041 0.102 0.051 0.090 0.030 0.143 0.084 0.444 0.047 <LOQ (0.0376 ug/g) < LOQ (0.00683 ug/g) <LOQ (0.0376 ug/g) < LOQ (0.00683 ug/g) <LOQ (0.0376 ug/g) < LOQ (0.00683 ug/g) <LOQ (0.0376 ug/g) < LOQ (0.00683 ug/g) <LOQ (0.0376 ug/g) < LOQ (0.00683 ug/g) <LOQ (0.0376 ug/g) < LOQ (0.00683 ug/g) 0.089 < LOQ (0.00683 ug/g) <LOQ (0.0376 ug/g) < LOQ (0.00683 ug/g) <LOQ (0.0376 ug/g) < LOQ (0.00683 ug/g) 0.045 <LOQ (0.0376 ug/g) < LOQ (0.00683 ug/g) 0.030 <LOQ (0.0376 ug/g) < LOQ (0.00683 ug/g) 0.029 <LOQ (0.0376 ug/g) < LOQ (0.00683 ug/g) <LOQ (0.0359 ug/g) <LOQ (0.0376 ug/g) < LOQ (0.00683 ug/g) <LOQ (0.0359 ug/g) <LOQ (0.0376 ug/g) < LOQ (0.00683 ug/g) <LOQ (0.0359 ug/g) <LOQ (0.0376 ug/g) < LOQ (0.00683 ug/g) <LOQ (0.0359 ug/g) <LOQ (0.0376 ug/g) < LOQ (0.00683 ug/g) <LOQ (0.0359 ug/g) <LOQ (0.0376 ug/g) < LOQ (0.00683 ug/g) <LOQ (0.0359 ug/g) <LOQ (0.0376 ug/g) < LOQ (0.00683 ug/g) <LOQ (0.0359 ug/g) <LOQ (0.0376 ug/g) < LOQ (0.00683 ug/g) <LOQ (0.0359 ug/g) <LOQ (0.0376 ug/g) < LOQ (0.00683 ug/g) <LOQ (0.0359 ug/g) <LOQ (0.0376 ug/g) < LOQ (0.00683 ug/g) <LOQ (0.0359 ug/g) <LOQ (0.0376 ug/g) < LOQ (0.00683 ug/g) <LOQ (0.0359 ug/g) <LOQ (0.0376 ug/g) < LOQ (0.00683 ug/g) <LOQ (0.0359 ug/g) <LOQ (0.0376 ug/g) < LOQ (0.00683 ug/g) <LOQ (0.0359 ug/g) <LOQ (0.0376 ug/g) < LOQ (0.00683 ug/g) <LOQ (0.0359 ug/g) <LOQ (0.0376 ug/g) < LOQ (0.00683 ug/g) <LOQ (0.0359 ug/g) <LOQ (0.0376 ug/g) < LOQ (0.00683 ug/g) PFOS = Perfluorooctanesulfonate PFHS = Perfluorohexanesulfonate FOSA = Pefluorooctanesulfonamide PFOA = Perfluorooctanoate LOQ = Limit of quantitation Values in parenthesis are LOQs 24 BACK TO MAIN APPENDIX IV Concentrations of (ug/g, wet for solid tissues and ug/ml for blood/sera) fluorochemicals in biota Species Black tailed gull Black tailed gull Black tailed gull Black tailed gull Black tailed gull Black tailed gull Black tailed gull Black tailed gull Black tailed gull Black tailed gull Black tailed gull Black tailed gull Black tailed gull Black tailed gull Black tailed gull Black tailed gull Black tailed gull Black tailed gull Black tailed gull Black tailed gull Black tailed gull Black tailed gull Black tailed gull Sample id 99BTG750 (25) 99BTG769 (26) 99BTG770 (27) 99BTG751 (28) 99BTG771 (29) 99BTG756 (30) 99BTG754 (31) 99BTG755 (32) 99BTG757 (33) 99BTG753 (34) 99BTG772 (35) 99BTG764 (36) 99BTG539 (37) 99BTG523 (38) 99BTG527 (39) 99BTG536 (40) 99BTG518 (41) 99BTG537 (42) 99BTG534 (45) 99BTG531 (46) 99BTG533 (47) 99BTG535 (48) 99BTG538 (49) 99BTG525 (50) Tissue Blood Blood Blood Blood Blood Blood Blood Blood Blood Blood Blood Blood Blood Blood Blood Blood Blood Blood Blood Blood Blood Blood Blood Blood Location Hokkaido, Japan Hokkaido, Japan Hokkaido, Japan Hokkaido, Japan Hokkaido, Japan Hokkaido, Japan Hokkaido, Japan Hokkaido, Japan Hokkaido, Japan Hokkaido, Japan Hokkaido, Japan Hokkaido, Japan Hokkaido, Japan Hokkaido, Japan Hokkaido, Japan Hokkaido, Japan Hokkaido, Japan Hokkaido, Japan Hokkaido, Japan Hokkaido, Japan Hokkaido, Japan Hokkaido, Japan Hokkaido, Japan Hokkaido, Japan PFOS 0.00214 0.00646 0.00910 0.00968 0.00523 0.00541 0.00479 0.00640 0.00346 0.00731 0.0110 0.00278 0.00668 0.00223 0.00640 0.00866 0.00295 0.00479 0.0114 0.0104 0.00685 0.00363 0.01264 0.00374 PFHS <LOQ (1.00 ng/mL) <LOQ (1.00 ng/mL) <LOQ (1.00 ng/mL) <LOQ (1.00 ng/mL) <LOQ (1.00 ng/mL) <LOQ (1.00 ng/mL) <LOQ (1.00 ng/mL) <LOQ (1.00 ng/mL) <LOQ (1.00 ng/mL) <LOQ (1.00 ng/mL) <LOQ (1.00 ng/mL) <LOQ (1.00 ng/mL) <LOQ (1.00 ng/mL) <LOQ (1.00 ng/mL) <LOQ (1.00 ng/mL) <LOQ (1.00 ng/mL) <LOQ (1.00 ng/mL) <LOQ (1.00 ng/mL) <LOQ (1.00 ng/mL) <LOQ (1.00 ng/mL) <LOQ (1.00 ng/mL) <LOQ (1.00 ng/mL) <LOQ (1.00 ng/mL) <LOQ (1.00 ng/mL) PFOA <LOQ (2.50 ng/mL) <LOQ (2.50 ng/mL) <LOQ (2.50 ng/mL) <LOQ (2.50 ng/mL) <LOQ (2.50 ng/mL) <LOQ (2.50 ng/mL) <LOQ (2.50 ng/mL) <LOQ (2.50 ng/mL) <LOQ (2.50 ng/mL) <LOQ (2.50 ng/mL) <LOQ (2.50 ng/mL) <LOQ (2.50 ng/mL) <LOQ (2.50 ng/mL) <LOQ (2.50 ng/mL) <LOQ (2.50 ng/mL) <LOQ (2.50 ng/mL) <LOQ (2.50 ng/mL) <LOQ (2.50 ng/mL) <LOQ (2.50 ng/mL) <LOQ (2.50 ng/mL) <LOQ (2.50 ng/mL) <LOQ (2.50 ng/mL) <LOQ (2.50 ng/mL) <LOQ (2.50 ng/mL) FOSA <LOQ (1.00 ng/mL) <LOQ (1.00 ng/mL) <LOQ (1.00 ng/mL) <LOQ (1.00 ng/mL) <LOQ (1.00 ng/mL) <LOQ (1.00 ng/mL) <LOQ (1.00 ng/mL) <LOQ (1.00 ng/mL) <LOQ (1.00 ng/mL) <LOQ (1.00 ng/mL) <LOQ (1.00 ng/mL) <LOQ (1.00 ng/mL) <LOQ (1.00 ng/mL) <LOQ (1.00 ng/mL) <LOQ (1.00 ng/mL) <LOQ (1.00 ng/mL) <LOQ (1.00 ng/mL) <LOQ (1.00 ng/mL) <LOQ (1.00 ng/mL) 0.00198 <LOQ (1.00 ng/mL) <LOQ (1.00 ng/mL) <LOQ (1.00 ng/mL) <LOQ (1.00 ng/mL) PFOS = Perfluorooctanesulfonate PFHS = Perfluorohexanesulfonate FOSA = Perfluorooctanesulfonamide PFOA = Perfluorooctanoate LOQ = Limit of quantitation Values in parenthesis are LOQs 25 BACK TO MAIN APPENDIX V Concentrations of (ug/g, wet for liver) fluorochemicals in biota Species Great Egret Great Egret Great Egret Great Egret Great Egret Great Egret Great Egret Wood Stork White-faced Ibis Black-Crowned Night Heron Snowy Egret Snowy Egret Snowy Egret Black-Crowned Night Heron Black-Crowned Night Heron Black-Crowned Night Heron Black-Crowned Night Heron Lab ID (130)4390004 (131)4428001 (132)4313001 (133)4387001 (134)4335001 (135)4390002 (136)4390001 (137)4350001 (138)4370001 (139)4309002 (140)4394002 (141)4394003 (142)4394001 (143)4309010 (144)4309003 (145)4309005 (146)4309008 Tissue Liver Liver Liver Liver Liver Liver Liver Liver Liver Liver Liver Liver Liver Liver Liver Liver Liver Location Naples, FL Carteret County, NC St. Martinville, LA Miami Beach, FL Sumner, MO Naples, Florida Naples, Florida Charleston county, South Carolina Sac Valley, California San Diego, California Naples, FL Naples, FL Bonita Springs, FL San Diego, California San Diego, California San Diego, California San Diego, California PFOS 0.930 0.252 <LOQ (0.0750 ug/g) 0.577 0.198 <LOQ (0.0750 ug/g) 1.19 0.183 <LOQ (0.0750 ug/g) 0.374 0.478 0.114 <LOQ (0.0750 ug/g) 0.615 0.484 <LOQ (0.0750 ug/g) 0.750 PFHS <LOQ (0.00750 ug/g) <LOQ (0.00750 ug/g) <LOQ (0.00750 ug/g) <LOQ (0.00750 ug/g) <LOQ (0.00750 ug/g) <LOQ (0.00750 ug/g) <LOQ (0.00750 ug/g) <LOQ (0.00750 ug/g) <LOQ (0.00750 ug/g) <LOQ (0.00750 ug/g) <LOQ (0.00750 ug/g) <LOQ (0.00750 ug/g) <LOQ (0.00750 ug/g) <LOQ (0.00750 ug/g) <LOQ (0.00750 ug/g) <LOQ (0.00750 ug/g) 0.00947 PFOA <LOQ (0.0187 ug/g) <LOQ (0.0187 ug/g) <LOQ (0.0187 ug/g) <LOQ (0.0187 ug/g) <LOQ (0.0187 ug/g) <LOQ (0.0187 ug/g) <LOQ (0.0187 ug/g) <LOQ (0.0187 ug/g) <LOQ (0.0187 ug/g) <LOQ (0.0187 ug/g) <LOQ (0.0187 ug/g) <LOQ (0.0187 ug/g) <LOQ (0.0187 ug/g) <LOQ (0.0187 ug/g) <LOQ (0.0187 ug/g) <LOQ (0.0187 ug/g) <LOQ (0.0187 ug/g) FOSA <LOQ (0.00750 ug/g) 0.02 <LOQ (0.00750 ug/g) <LOQ (0.00750 ug/g) <LOQ (0.00750 ug/g) <LOQ (0.00750 ug/g) 0.01 <LOQ (0.00750 ug/g) <LOQ (0.00750 ug/g) 0.01 0.02 <LOQ (0.00750 ug/g) 0.01 <LOQ (0.00750 ug/g) 0.02 <LOQ (0.00750 ug/g) <LOQ (0.00750 ug/g) 26 Franklin's Gull Franklin's Gull Franklin's Gull Franklin's Gull White Pelican White Pelican White Pelican White Pelican Brown Pelican Northern Gannet Flerring Gull Flerring Gull Flerring Gull Flerring Gull Flerring Gull Great Black-backed Gull Great Black-backed Gull Common loon Common loon Common loon (147)15570002 (148)15570004 (149)15570001 (150)15570003 (151)4374002 (152)4386001 (153)4374001 (154)4374003 (155)15526001 (156)4430001 (157)4369001 (158)4415006 (159)4415005 (160)4415GO1 (161)4415004 (162)4423002 (163)4423001 (164)4379018 (165)4379020 (166)4379014 Liver Red Rock Lakes, Montana Liver Red Rock Lakes, Montana Liver Red Rock Lakes, Montana Liver Red Rock Lakes, Montana Liver Sacramento National Wildlife Refuge, California Liver Sumner, MO Liver Sacramento Valley, California Liver Delevan National Wildlife Refuge, California Liver Mustang Island, Nueces County, Texas Liver Carteret County, NC Liver Sacramento Valley, California Liver Carteret County, NC Liver Carteret County, NC Liver Carteret County, NC Liver Carteret County, NC Liver Carteret County, NC Liver Carteret County, NC Liver Pompano, FL Liver Pompano, FL Liver Pompano, FL BACK TO MAIN <LOQ (0.0750 ug/g) <LOQ (0.0750 ug/g) <LOQ (0.0750 ug/g) <LOQ (0.0750 ug/g) 0.139 0.0792 0.0923 0.232 0.136 0.0975 <LOQ (0.0750 ug/g) 0.188 0.103 0.408 0.358 0.973 0.217 <LOQ (0.0750 ug/g) <LOQ (0.0750 ug/g) <LOQ (0.0750 ug/g) <LO Q (0.00750 u g /g ) <LO Q (0.00750 u g /g ) <LO Q (0.00750 u g /g ) <LO Q (0.00750 u g /g ) <LO Q (0.00750 u g /g ) <LO Q (0.00750 u g /g ) <LO Q (0.00750 u g /g ) <LO Q (0.00750 u g /g ) <LO Q (0.00750 u g /g ) <LO Q (0.00750 u g /g ) <LO Q (0.00750 u g /g ) <LO Q (0.00750 u g /g ) <LO Q (0.00750 u g /g ) <LO Q (0.00750 u g /g ) <LO Q (0.00750 u g /g ) <LO Q (0.00750 u g /g ) <LO Q (0.00750 u g /g ) 0.185 <LO Q (0.00750 u g /g ) <LO Q (0.00750 u g /g ) <LO Q (0.0187 u g /g ) <LO Q (0.0187 u g /g ) <LO Q (0.0187 u g /g ) <LO Q (0.0187 u g /g ) <LO Q (0.0187 u g /g ) <LO Q (0.0187 u g /g ) <LO Q (0.0187 u g /g ) <LO Q (0.0187 u g /g ) <LO Q (0.0187 u g /g ) <LO Q (0.0187 u g /g ) <LO Q (0.0187 u g /g ) <LO Q (0.0187 u g /g ) <LO Q (0.0187 u g /g ) <LO Q (0.0187 u g /g ) <LO Q (0.0187 u g /g ) <LO Q (0.0187 u g /g ) <LO Q (0.0187 u g /g ) <LO Q (0.0187 u g /g ) <LO Q (0.0187 u g /g ) <LO Q (0.0187 u g /g ) <LO Q (0.00750 ug/g) <LO Q (0.00750 ug/g) <LO Q (0.00750 ug/g) <LO Q (0.00750 ug/g) <LOQ (0.00750 ug/g) <LO Q (0.00750 ug/g) <LO Q (0.00750 ug/g) <LO Q (0.00750 ug/g) <LO Q (0.00750 ug/g) 0.01 <LO Q (0.00750 ug/g) <LO Q (0.00750 ug/g) <LO Q (0.00750 ug/g) <LO Q (0.00750 ug/g) <LO Q (0.00750 ug/g) <LO Q (0.00750 ug/g) <LO Q (0.00750 ug/g) 0.01 <LO Q (0.00750 ug/g) <LO Q (0.00750 ug/g) 27 BACK TO MAIN Common loon (167)4379- 068 Common loon (168)4379- 021 Bald Eagle (169)14820- Bald Eagle 001 (170)4310- 001 Bald Eagle (171)14820- 002 Bald Eagle (172)4373- 001 Osprey (173)4400- 001 Osprey (174)4422- 001 Osprey (175)4400- 002 Osprey (176)4342- 001 Red-throated Loon (177)4429- 003 Red-throated Loon (178)4435- 001 Red-throated Loon (179)4429- 001 Common loon (180)4402- 008 Common loon (181)4402- Common loon 002 (182)4402- 005 Common loon (183)4402- 006 Common loon (184)4402- 007 PFOS = Perfluorooctanesulfonate PFHS = Perfluorohexanesulfonate; Liver Ft. Lauderdale, FL 0.133 Liver Liver Liver Pompano, FL NE Portland, Multnomah County, Oregon Savannah, Jo Daviess County, Illinois <LOQ (0.0750 ug/g) 0.237 0.541 Liver Liver Liver Columbia River, Hammond, Oregon Durham, Butte County, California Tavernier, Florida <LOQ (0.0750 ug/g) <LOQ (0.0750 ug/g) 0.514 Liver Liver Carteret County, NC Tavernier, Florida <LOQ (0.0750 ug/g) 1.11 Liver Liver Liver Liver Delaware County, Ohio Carteret County, NC San Diego, California Carteret County, NC <LOQ (0.0750 ug/g) 0.693 <LOQ (0.0750 ug/g) 1.29 Liver 0.124 Liver South Carlsbad State Beach, California <LOQ (0.0750 ug/g) Liver San Diego, California <LOQ (0.0750 ug/g) Liver Coronado, California 0.522 Liver 32nd St. Naval Station, California 0.130 FOSA = Perfluorooctanesulfonamide PFOA = Perfluorooctanoate <LOQ (0.00750 <LOQ (0.0187 ug/g) ug/g) <LOQ (0.00750 ug/g) <LOQ (0.00750 <LOQ (0.0187 ug/g) <LOQ (0.0187 ug/g) <LOQ (0.00750 ug/g) ug/g) <LOQ (0.0187 ug/g) <LOQ (0.00750 ug/g) <LOQ (0.00750 <LOQ (0.0187 ug/g) <LOQ (0.0187 ug/g) <LOQ (0.00750 ug/g) ug/g) <LOQ (0.0187 ug/g) <LOQ (0.00750 ug/g) <LOQ (0.00750 <LOQ (0.0187 ug/g) <LOQ (0.0187 ug/g) <LOQ (0.00750 ug/g) ug/g) <LOQ (0.0187 ug/g) <LOQ (0.00750 ug/g) <LOQ (0.00750 <LOQ (0.0187 ug/g) <LOQ (0.0187 ug/g) ug/g) <LOQ (0.00750 <LOQ (0.0187 ug/g) ug/g) <LOQ (0.00750 ug/g) <LOQ (0.00750 <LOQ (0.0187 ug/g) <LOQ (0.0187 ug/g) <LOQ (0.00750 ug/g) ug/g) <LOQ (0.0187 ug/g) 0.00982 <LOQ (0.00750 <LOQ (0.0187 ug/g) <LOQ (0.0187 ug/g) ug/g) LOQ = Limit of quantitation Values in parenthesis are LOQs <LOQ (0.00750 ug/g) <LOQ (0.00750 ug/g) <LOQ (0.00750 ug/g) 0.09 <LOQ (0.00750 ug/g) <LOQ (0.00750 ug/g) <LOQ (0.00750 ug/g) <LOQ (0.00750 ug/g) <LOQ (0.00750 ug/g) <LOQ (0.00750 ug/g) 0.08 0.01 0.12 0.01 0.02 0.01 0.01 0.01 28 BACK TO MAIN APPENDIX VI Concentrations of (ug/g, wet for solid tissues and ug/ml for blood/sera) fluorochemicals in biota Species Skua Skua Skua Sea Gull Sea Gull Sea Gull Sea Gull Sea Gull Sea Gull Sea Gull Sea Gull Sea Gull Sea Gull Sea Gull Sea Gull Sea Gull Sea Gull Lab ID (37) SK1L (38) SK1K (39) SK1H (45) SG28 (46) 980514 (47) SG20 (48) SG11 (49) SG29 (50) SG15 (51) SG26 (52) SG35 (53) SG1 -3 (54) SG31 (55) SG1-2 (56) SG30 (57) SG16 (58) SG17 Tissue Liver Kidney Heart Liver Liver Liver Liver Liver Liver Liver Liver Liver Liver Liver Liver Liver Liver Location Antarctica Antarctica Antarctica Japan Japan Japan Japan Japan Japan Japan Japan Japan Japan Japan Japan Japan Japan PFOS < LOQ (0.0188 ug/g) < LOQ (0.0188 ug/g) < LOQ (0.0188 ug/g) 0.0456 0.0247 0.0540 < LOQ (0.0188 ug/g) 0.0438 0.0322 0.0374 0.0536 0.0624 0.0483 0.0498 0.0301 0.0307 0.0229 FOSA < LOQ (0.0750 ug/g) < LOQ (0.0750 ug/g) < LOQ (0.0750 ug/g) < LOQ (0.0750 ug/g) < LOQ (0.0750 ug/g) < LOQ (0.0750 ug/g) < LOQ (0.0750 ug/g) < LOQ (0.0750 ug/g) < LOQ (0.0750 ug/g) < LOQ (0.0750 ug/g) < LOQ (0.0750 ug/g) < LOQ (0.0750 ug/g) < LOQ (0.0750 ug/g) < LOQ (0.0750 ug/g) < LOQ (0.0750 ug/g) < LOQ (0.0750 ug/g) < LOQ (0.0750 ug/g) PFOA < LOQ (0.0188 ug/g) < LOQ (0.0374 ug/g) < LOQ (0.0374 ug/g) < LOQ (0.0188 ug/g) < LOQ (0.0188 ug/g) < LOQ (0.0188 ug/g) < LOQ (0.0188 ug/g) < LOQ (0.0188 ug/g) < LOQ (0.0188 ug/g) < LOQ (0.0188 ug/g) < LOQ (0.0188 ug/g) < LOQ (0.0188 ug/g) < LOQ (0.0188 ug/g) < LOQ (0.0188 ug/g) < LOQ (0.0188 ug/g) < LOQ (0.0188 ug/g) < LOQ (0.0188 ug/g) PFHS < LOQ (0.00750 ug/g) < LOQ (0.0188 ug/g) < LOQ (0.0188 ug/g) < LOQ (0.00750 ug/g) < LOQ (0.00750 ug/g) < LOQ (0.00750 ug/g) < LOQ (0.00750 ug/g) < LOQ (0.00750 ug/g) < LOQ (0.00750 ug/g) < LOQ (0.00750 ug/g) < LOQ (0.00750 ug/g) < LOQ (0.00750 ug/g) < LOQ (0.00750 ug/g) < LOQ (0.00750 ug/g) < LOQ (0.00750 ug/g) < LOQ (0.00750 ug/g) < LOQ (0.00750 ug/g) 29 Sea Gull Sea Gull Sea Gull Sea Gull Sea Gull Sea Gull Sea Gull Spotted duck Black-headed gull Kite Kite Heron Heron Sea gull Cormorant Cormorant Cormorant Cormorant Cormorant Cormorant Cormorant (59) SG32 (60) SG27 (61) SG34 (62) SG24 (63) SG19 (64) SG43 (65) SGHanAP (66) SPDUK (67) BHG (68) K092999 (69) K091299 (70) H101797 (71)H072898 (72) SG40 (73) CMR99022-02 (74) CMR99022-01 (75) CMR99022-06 (76) CMR99022-09 (77) CMR99022-08 (78) CMR99022-12 (79) Liver Liver Liver Liver Liver Liver Liver Liver Liver Liver Liver Liver Liver Liver Liver Liver Liver Liver Liver Liver Liver Japan Japan Japan Japan Japan Japan Japan Japan Japan Japan Japan Japan Japan Japan Japan Japan Japan Japan Japan Japan Japan BACK TO MAIN 0.0563 0.0597 0.0480 0.0892 0.0526 0.0758 0.226 X < LOQ (0.0188 ug/g) X X X X 0.0359 X X X X X X X < LOQ (0.0750 ug/g) < LOQ (0.0750 ug/g) < LOQ (0.0750 ug/g) < LOQ (0.0750 ug/g) < LOQ (0.0750 ug/g) < LOQ (0.0750 ug/g) < LOQ (0.0750 ug/g) < LOQ (0.0750 ug/g) < LOQ (0.0750 ug/g) < LOQ (0.0750 ug/g) < LOQ (0.0750 ug/g) < LOQ (0.0750 ug/g) < LOQ (0.0750 ug/g) < LOQ (0.0750 ug/g) 0.133 0.189 0.136 0.151 0.188 0.215 0.160 < LOQ (0.0188 ug/g) < LOQ (0.0188 ug/g) < LOQ (0.0188 ug/g) < LOQ (0.0188 ug/g) < LOQ (0.0188 ug/g) < LOQ (0.0188 ug/g) < LOQ (0.0188 ug/g) < LOQ (0.0188 ug/g) X X < LOQ (0.0188 ug/g) < LOQ (0.0188 ug/g) < LOQ (0.0188 ug/g) < LOQ (0.0188 ug/g) < LOQ (0.0188 ug/g) < LOQ (0.0188 ug/g) < LOQ (0.0188 ug/g) < LOQ (0.0188 ug/g) < LOQ (0.0188 ug/g) < LOQ (0.0188 ug/g) < LOQ (0.0188 < LOQ (0.00750 ug/g) < LOQ (0.00750 ug/g) X < LOQ (0.00750 ug/g) < LOQ (0.00750 ug/g) < LOQ (0.00750 ug/g) < LOQ (0.00750 ug/g) < LOQ (0.00750 ug/g) < LOQ (0.00750 ug/g) X < LOQ (0.00750 ug/g) < LOQ (0.00750 ug/g) < LOQ (0.00750 ug/g) < LOQ (0.00750 ug/g) < LOQ (0.00750 ug/g) < LOQ (0.00750 ug/g) < LOQ (0.00750 ug/g) < LOQ (0.00750 ug/g) < LOQ (0.00750 ug/g) 0.0103 < LOQ 30 Cormorant Cormorant Cormorant Bald eagle Bald eagle Bald eagle Bald eagle Bald eagle Bald eagle Bald eagle Bald eagle Bald eagle Bald eagle Bald eagle Bald eagle Bald eagle Bald eagle Bald eagle Bald eagle Bald eagle CMR99022-07 (80) CMR99022-05 (81) CMR99022-04 (82) CMR99022-03 (130) WDL373 Liver Liver Liver Liver (131) WDL373 Kidney (132) WDL373 Gall bladder (133) WDL373 Muscle (134) WDL374 Liver (135) WDL374 Testes (136) WDL377 Muscle (137) WDL377 Kidney (138) WDL378 Muscle (139) WDL378 Liver (140) WDL378 Kidney (141) WDL378 Ovary (142) WDL379 Muscle (143) WDL379 Liver (144) WDL381 Muscle (145) WDL381 Liver (146) WDL381 Kidney Japan Japan Japan Michigan, USA Michigan, USA Michigan, USA Michigan, USA Michigan, USA Michigan, USA Michigan, USA Michigan, USA Michigan, USA Michigan, USA Michigan, USA Michigan, USA Michigan, USA Michigan, USA Michigan, USA Michigan, USA Michigan, USA BACK TO MAIN X X X 1.74 X X 0.0962 0.394 X 0.0793 X <LOQ (0.0075 ug/g) 0.0754 X X 0.0139 0.0791 <LOQ (0.0075 ug/g) 0.0265 X 0.111 0.147 0.0988 <LOQ (0.0750 ug/g) <LOQ (0.0750 ug/g) <LOQ (0.0750 ug/g) <LOQ (0.0750 ug/g) <LOQ (0.0750 ug/g) <LOQ (0.0750 ug/g) <LOQ (0.0750 ug/g) <LOQ (0.0750 ug/g) <LOQ (0.0750 ug/g) <LOQ (0.0750 ug/g) <LOQ (0.0750 ug/g) <LOQ (0.0750 ug/g) <LOQ (0.0750 ug/g) <LOQ (0.0750 ug/g) <LOQ (0.0750 ug/g) <LOQ (0.0375 ug/g) <LOQ (0.0750 ug/g) ug/g) < LOQ (0.0188 ug/g) < LOQ (0.0188 ug/g) < LOQ (0.0188 ug/g) < LOQ (0.0188 ug/g) <LOQ (0.0374 ug/g) <LOQ (0.0374 ug/g) <LOQ (0.0374 ug/g) < LOQ (0.0188 ug/g) <LOQ (0.0374 ug/g) <LOQ (0.0374 ug/g) <LOQ (0.0374 ug/g) <LOQ (0.0374 ug/g) < LOQ (0.0188 ug/g) <LOQ (0.0374 ug/g) <LOQ (0.0374 ug/g) <LOQ (0.0374 ug/g) < LOQ (0.0188 ug/g) <LOQ (0.0374 ug/g) <LOQ (0.0374 ug/g) <LOQ (0.0374 (0.00750 ug/g) < LOQ (0.00750 ug/g) < LOQ (0.00750 ug/g) < LOQ (0.00750 ug/g) < LOQ (0.0188 ug/g) < LOQ (0.0188 ug/g) < LOQ (0.0188 ug/g) < LOQ (0.0188 ug/gL) < LOQ (0.0188 ug/g) < LOQ (0.0188 ug/g) < LOQ (0.0188 ug/g) < LOQ (0.0188 ug/g) < LOQ (0.0188 ug/g) < LOQ (0.0188 ug/g) < LOQ (0.0188 ug/g) < LOQ (0.0188 ug/g) < LOQ (0.0188 ug/g) < LOQ (0.0188 ug/g) < LOQ (0.0188 ug/g) < LOQ (0.00375 ug/g) < LOQ (0.0188 31 Bald eagle Bald eagle Chicken Chicken Chicken Cormorant Cormorant Cormorant Cormorant Cormorant Cormorant Cormorant Cormorant Cormorant Cormorant (147) WDL382 (148) WDL382 Muscle Liver Michigan, USA Michigan, USA (149) CHKLIV1 (150) CHKLIV2 (151) CHKLIV3 (1) 18301 Liver Liver Liver Whole blood Michigan, USA Michigan, USA Michigan, USA India (2) 18302 Whole blood India (3) 18303 Whole blood India (4) 18304 Whole blood India (5) 18305 Whole blood India (6) 18306 Whole blood India (7) 18307 Whole blood India (8) 18308 (9) 18309 Whole blood Whole blood India India (10)18310 Whole blood India BACK TO MAIN <LOQ (0.0075 ug/g) 0.0472 <LOQ (0.0750 ug/g) <LOQ (0.0375 ugg) u g /g ) <LOQ (0.0374 u g /g ) < LO Q (0.0188 u g /g ) ug/g) < LOQ (0.0188 ug/g) < LOQ (0.003 75 ug/g) <LOQ (0.0075 u g /g ) <LOQ (0.0075 u g /g ) <LOQ (0.0075 u g /g ) < LOQ (0.00314 ug/mL) < LOQ (0.00314 ug/mL) < LOQ (0.00314 ug/mL) < LOQ (0.00314 ug/mL) < LOQ (0.00314 ug/mL) < LOQ (0.00314 ug/mL) < LOQ (0.00314 ug/mL) < LOQ (0.00314 ug/mL) < LOQ (0.00314 ug/mL) < LOQ (0.00314 ug/mL) <LOQ (0.0375 ug/g) < LOQ (0.0188 u g /g ) <LOQ (0.0375 ug/g) < LOQ (0.0188 u g /g ) <LOQ (0.0375 ug/g) < LOQ (0.0188 u g /g ) < LOQ (0.0125 ug/mL) < LOQ (0.00624 ug/mL) < LOQ (0.0125 ug/mL) < LOQ (0.00624 ug/mL) < LOQ (0.0125 ug/mL) < LOQ (0.00624 ug/mL) < LOQ (0.0125 ug/mL) < LOQ (0.00624 ug/mL) < LOQ (0.0125 ug/mL) < LOQ (0.00624 ug/mL) < LOQ (0.0125 ug/mL) < LOQ (0.00624 ug/mL) < LOQ (0.0125 ug/mL) < LOQ (0.00624 ug/mL) < LOQ (0.0125 ug/mL) < LOQ (0.00624 ug/mL) < LOQ (0.0125 ug/mL) < LOQ (0.00624 ug/mL) < LOQ (0.0125 ug/mL) < LOQ (0.00624 ug/mL) < LOQ (0.00375 ug/g) < LOQ (0.00375 ug/g) < LOQ (0.00375 ug/g) < LOQ (0.00125 ug/mL) < LOQ (0.00125 ug/mL) < LOQ (0.00125 ug/mL) < LOQ (0.00125 ug/mL) < LOQ (0.00125 ug/mL) < LOQ (0.00125 ug/mL) < LOQ (0.00125 ug/mL) 0.00165 < LOQ (0.00125 ug/mL) 0.00159 32 Cormorant Cormorant Cormorant Cormorant Cormorant Cormorant Cormorant Cormorant Cormorant Cormorant Cormorant Cormorant Bald eagle Bald eagle Bald eagle (11)18311 Whole blood India (12)18312 Whole blood India (13)18313 Whole blood India (14)18314 (15)18315 Whole blood Whole blood India India (16)18316 Whole blood India (17)18319 Whole blood India (18) 18320 (19) 18321 Whole blood Whole blood India India (20)18322 Whole blood India (21)18323 Whole blood India (22)18324 Whole blood India (23) AL01 (24) AL 02 (25) AL03 Plasma Plasma Plasma Alabama, USA Alabama, USA Alabama, USA BACK TO MAIN < LOQ (0.00314 < LOQ (0.0125 ug/mL) < LOQ (0.00624 ug/mL) ug/mL) < LOQ (0.00314 < LOQ (0.0125 ug/mL) < LOQ (0.00624 ug/mL) ug/mL) < LOQ (0.00314 < LOQ (0.0125 ug/mL) < LOQ (0.00624 ug/mL) ug/mL) < LOQ (0.00314 ug/mL) < LOQ (0.00314 ug/mL) < LOQ (0.0125 ug/mL) < LOQ (0.0125 ug/mL) < LOQ (0.00624 ug/mL) < LOQ (0.00624 ug/mL) < LOQ (0.00314 < LOQ (0.0125 ug/mL) < LOQ (0.00624 ug/mL) ug/mL) < LOQ (0.00314 < LOQ (0.0125 ug/mL) < LOQ (0.00624 ug/mL) ug/mL) < LOQ (0.00314 ug/mL) < LOQ (0.00314 ug/mL) < LOQ (0.0125 ug/mL) < LOQ (0.0125 ug/mL) < LOQ (0.00624 ug/mL) < LOQ (0.00624 ug/mL) < LOQ (0.00314 <LOQ (0.0125 ug/mL) < LOQ (0.00624 ug/mL) ug/mL) < LOQ (0.00314 < LOQ (0.0125 ug/mL) < LOQ (0.00624 ug/mL) ug/mL) < LOQ (0.00314 <LOQ (0.0125 ug/mL) < LOQ (0.00624 ug/mL) ug/mL) 1.36 1.37 0.918 < LOQ (0.0125 ug/mL) < LOQ (0.0125 ug/mL) < LOQ (0.0125 ug/mL) < LOQ (0.00624 ug/mL) < LOQ (0.00624 ug/mL) < LOQ (0.00624 ug/mL^ < LOQ (0.00125 ug/mL) < LOQ (0.00125 ug/mL) < LOQ (0.00125 ug/mL) 0.00168 < LOQ (0.00125 ug/mL) < LOQ (0.00125 ug/mL) < LOQ (0.00125 ug/mL) 0.00194 < LOQ (0.00125 ug/mL) < LOQ (0.00125 ug/mL) < LOQ (0.00125 ug/mL) < LOQ (0.00125 ug/mL) 0.00283 0.00215 0.00254 33 Bald eagle Bald eagle Bald eagle Bald eagle Bald eagle Bald eagle Bald eagle Bald eagle Bald eagle Bald eagle Bald eagle Bald eagle Bald eagle Great Homed Owl Great Homed Owl Great Homed Owl Tree Swallow Tree Swallow Tree Swallow Tree Swallow (26) AL04 Plasma Alabama, USA (27) SC01 Plasma South Carolina, USA (28) SC02 Plasma South Carolina, USA (29) SC03 Plasma South Carolina, USA (30) SC04 Plasma South Carolina, USA (31) SC05 Plasma South Carolina, USA (32) SC06 Plasma South Carolina, USA (33) SC07 Plasma South Carolina, USA (34) SC08 Plasma South Carolina, USA (35) SC09 Plasma South Carolina, USA (36) SC10 Plasma South Carolina, USA (37) SC11 Plasma South Carolina, USA (38) SC12 Plasma South Carolina, USA (l)H G B N l-A (2) HGBN2-B (3) KMS001-B (4) Composite 1 (5) Composite 2 (6) Composite 3 (7) Composite 2 Whole egg homogenate Whole egg homogenate Whole egg homogenate Whole egg homogenate Whole egg homogenate Whole egg homogenate Whole egg homogenate Michigan, USA Michigan, USA Michigan, USA Michigan, USA Michigan, USA Michigan, USA Michigan, USA BACK TO MAIN 0.920 0.235 0.378 0.378 0.263 0.247 0.823 0.828 1.31 1.99 0.431 0.490 0.880 X X X 0.0518 0.0998 0.0546 0.0709 < LOQ (0.0125 ug/mL) < LOQ (0.0125 ug/mL) < LOQ (0.0125 ug/mL) < LOQ (0.0125 ug/mL) < LOQ (0.0125 ug/mL) < LOQ (0.0125 ug/mL) < LOQ (0.0125 ug/mL) < LOQ (0.0125 ug/mL) 0.0170 0.0239 < LOQ (0.0125 ug/mL) < LOQ (0.0125 ug/mL) < LOQ (0.0125 ug/mL) < LOQ (0.0188 ug/g) < LOQ (0.0188 ug/g) < LOQ (0.0188 ug/g) < LOQ (0.0188 ug/g) < LOQ (0.0188 ug/g) < LOQ (0.0188 ug/g) < LOQ (0.0188 ug/g) < LOQ (0.00624 ug/mL) < LOQ (0.00624 ug/mL) < LOQ (0.00624 ug/mL) < LOQ (0.00624 ug/mL) < LOQ (0.00624 ug/mL) < LOQ (0.00624 ug/mL) < LOQ (0.00624 ug/mL) < LOQ (0.00624 ug/mL) < LOQ (0.00624 ug/mL) < LOQ (0.00624 ug/mL) < LOQ (0.00624 ug/mL) < LOQ (0.00624 ug/mL) < LOQ (0.00624 ug/mL) < LO Q (0.0188 u g /g ) < LO Q (0.0188 u g /g ) < LO Q (0.0188 u g /g ) < LO Q (0.0188 u g /g ) < LO Q (0.0188 u g /g ) < LO Q (0.0188 u g /g ) < LO Q (0.0188 u g /g ) 0.00205 0.00265 0.00630 0.00726 0.00541 0.00660 0.0118 0.0135 0.0293 0.0526 0.0286 0.0317 0.00683 < LO Q (0.0188 ug/g) < LO Q (0.0188 ug/g) < LO Q (0.0188 ug/g) < LO Q (0.0188 ug/g) < LO Q (0.0188 ug/g) < LO Q (0.0188 ug/g) < LO Q (0.0188 ug/g) 34 Tree Swallow Adelie Penguin Adelie Penguin Adelie Penguin Adelie Penguin Adelie Penguin Adelie Penguin Adelie Penguin Adelie Penguin Adelie Penguin Adelie Penguin Skua eggs Skua eggs Skua eggs Skua eggs Caspian tern eggs Caspian tern eggs Caspian tern eggs Caspian tern eggs DC cormorant (8) Composite 1 (9) J1 (10) J2 ( 1 1 ) J90 (12) H2 (13) DIO (14) D2 (15) B5 (16) B4 (17) A3 (18) K3 (19) SI (20) S2 (21) S5 (22) S6 (23) CSN100109 (24) CDF ISO139 Whole egg homogenate Whole egg homogenate Whole egg homogenate Whole egg homogenate Whole egg homogenate Whole egg homogenate Whole egg homogenate Whole egg homogenate Whole egg homogenate Whole egg homogenate Whole egg homogenate Whole egg homogenate Whole egg homogenate Whole egg homogenate Whole egg homogenate Whole egg homogenate Whole egg homogenate (29) CPT001010 (32) HGH140149 (25) SRC060- Whole egg homogenate Whole egg homogenate Whole egg Michigan, USA Antarctica Antarctica Antarctica Antarctica Antarctica Antarctica Antarctica Antarctica Antarctica Antarctica Antarctica Antarctica Antarctica Antarctica Michigan, USA Michigan, USA Michigan, USA Michigan, USA Michigan, USA BACK TO MAIN 0.0607 <LOQ (0.00750 ug/g) <LOQ (0.00750 ug/g) <LOQ (0.00750 ug/g) <LOQ (0.00750 ug/g) <LOQ (0.00750 ug/g) <LOQ (0.00750 ug/g) <LOQ (0.00750 ug/g) <LOQ (0.00750 ug/g) <LOQ (0.00750 ug/g) <LOQ (0.00750 ug/g) <LOQ (0.00750 ug/g) X X X 2.25 3.35 1.91 2.91 1.81 < LOQ (0.0188 ug/g) < LOQ (0.0188 ug/g) < LOQ (0.0188 ug/g) < LOQ (0.0188 ug/g) < LOQ (0.0188 ug/g) < LOQ (0.0188 ug/g) < LOQ (0.0188 ug/g) < LOQ (0.0188 ug/g) < LOQ (0.0188 ug/g) < LOQ (0.0188 ug/g) < LOQ (0.0188 ug/g) < LOQ (0.0188 ug/g) < LOQ (0.0188 ug/g) < LOQ (0.0188 ug/g) < LOQ (0.0188 ug/g) < LOQ (0.0188 ug/g) < LOQ (0.0188 ug/g) < LOQ (0.0188 ug/g) < LOQ (0.0188 ug/g) < LOQ (0.0188 ug/g) < LOQ (0.0188 ug/g) < LOQ (0.0188 ug/g) < LOQ (0.0188 ug/g) < LOQ (0.0188 ug/g) < LOQ (0.0188 ug/g) < LOQ (0.0188 ug/g) < LOQ (0.0188 ug/g) < LOQ (0.0188 ug/g) < LOQ (0.0188 ug/g) < LOQ (0.0188 ug/g) < LOQ (0.0188 ug/g) < LOQ (0.0188 ug/g) < LOQ (0.0188 ug/g) < LOQ (0.0188 ug/g) < LOQ (0.0188 ug/g) < LOQ (0.0188 ug/g) < LOQ (0.0188 ug/g) < LOQ (0.0188 ug/g) < LOQ (0.0188 ug/g) < LOQ (0.0188 ug/g) < LOQ (0.0188 ug/g) < LOQ (0.0188 ug/g) < LOQ (0.0188 ug/g) < LOQ (0.0188 ug/g) < LOQ (0.0188 ug/g) < LOQ (0.0188 ug/g) < LOQ (0.0188 ug/g) < LOQ (0.0188 ug/g) < LOQ (0.0188 ug/g) < LOQ (0.0188 ug/g) < LOQ (0.0188 ug/g) < LOQ (0.0188 ug/g) < LOQ (0.0188 ug/g) < LOQ (0.0188 ug/g) < LOQ (0.0188 ug/g) < LOQ (0.0188 ug/g) < LOQ (0.0188 < LOQ (0.0188 ug/g) < LOQ (0.0188 ug/g) < LOQ (0.0188 35 BACK TO MAIN DC cormorant DC cormorant DC cormorant DC cormorant DC cormorant Herring gull eggs Herring gull eggs Chicken eggs Chicken eggs Chicken eggs 069 (26) WRK090- 099 (27) TAQ020- 029 (28) CSN120- 129 (30) LGG030- 039 (31) ELM166- 174 (33) LCH011- 019 NA (34) CHKEG001 (35) CHKEG002 (36) CHKEG003 homogenate Whole egg homogenate Whole egg homogenate Whole egg homogenate Whole egg homogenate Whole egg homogenate Whole egg homogenate Whole egg homogenate Whole egg homogenate Whole egg homogenate Whole egg homogenate Michigan, USA Michigan, USA Michigan, USA Michigan, USA Michigan, USA Michigan, USA Michigan, USA Michigan, USA Michigan, USA Michigan, USA 1.21 1.29 1.69 0.571 0.960 0.355 NA <LOQ (0.00750 ug/g) <LOQ (0.00750 ug/g) <LOQ (0.00750 ug/g) < LOQ (0.0188 ug/g) < LOQ (0.0188 ug/g) < LOQ (0.0188 ug/g) < LOQ (0.0188 ug/g) < LOQ (0.0188 ug/g) < LOQ (0.0188 ug/g) NA ug/g) < LOQ (0.0188 ug/g) < LOQ (0.0188 ug/g) < LOQ (0.0188 ug/g) < LOQ (0.0188 ug/g) < LOQ (0.0188 ug/g) < LOQ (0.0188 ug/g) NA ug/g) < LOQ (0.0188 ug/g) < LOQ (0.0188 ug/g) < LOQ (0.0188 ug/g) < LOQ (0.0188 ug/g) < LOQ (0.0188 ug/g) < LOQ (0.0188 ug/g) NA < LOQ (0.0188 ug/g) < LOQ (0.0188 ug/g) < LOQ (0.0188 ug/g) < LOQ (0.0188 ug/g) < LOQ (0.0188 ug/g) < LOQ (0.0188 ug/g) < LOQ (0.0188 ug/g) < LOQ (0.0188 ug/g) < LOQ (0.0188 ug/g) PFOS = Perfluorooctanesulfonate FOSA = Perfluorooctanesulfonamide PFHS = Perfluorohexanesulfonate PFOA = Perfluorooctanoate LOQ = Limit of quantitation NA = Not analyzed X = Detected, not quantified Values in parenthesis are LOQs 36 BACK TO MAIN APPENDIX VII Concentrations of (ug/g, wet for liver) fluorochemicals in biota Species Sample id Tissue Location PFOS FOSA PFOA PFHS Sea Eagle Liver Sea Eagle Liver Sea Eagle Liver Sea Eagle Liver Sea Eagle Liver Sea Eagle Liver 26 (7) 27 (9) 28 (11) 29 (3) 30 (1) 31 (8) Liver Liver Liver Liver Liver Liver Poland Poland Poland Poland Poland Poland 0.0288 0.0586 0.0408 0.0758 < LOQ (0.0039 ug/g) 0.0754 <LOQ (0.0038 ug/g) <LOQ (0.0038 ug/g) <LOQ (0.0038 ug/g) <LOQ (0.0038 ug/g) <LOQ (0.0038 ug/g) <LOQ (0.0038 ug/g) <LOQ (0.00803 ug/g) <LOQ (0.00803 ug/g) <LOQ (0.00803 ug/g) <LOQ (0.00803 ug/g) <LOQ (0.00803 ug/g) <LOQ (0.00803 ug/g) <LOQ (0.0038 ug/g) <LOQ (0.0038 ug/g) <LOQ (0.0038 ug/g) <LOQ (0.0038 ug/g) <LOQ (0.0038 ug/g) <LOQ (0.0038 ug/g) PFOS = Perfluorooctanesulfonate PFHS = Perfluorohexanesulfonate PFOA = Perfluorooctanoate FOSA = Perfluorooctanesulfonamide Values in parenthesis are LOQs LOQ = Limit of quantitation APPENDIX VIII Concentrations of (ug/g, wet for solid tissues and ug/ml for blood/sera) fluorochemicals in biota Species Sample id Sea Eagle (81) No1, 11/02/00 Sea Eagle (82) No2, 20/01/00 Sea Eagle (83) No3, 28/02/00 Sea Eagle (84) No4, Jan 2001 Sea Eagle (85) No5, 3/06/00 Sea Eagle (86) No6, Oct00 Sea Eagle (87) No7, Oct00 Sea Eagle (88) No8, UNK Tissue Liver Liver Liver Liver Liver Liver Liver Liver Location Baltic Sea/Germany Baltic Sea/Germany Baltic Sea/Germany Baltic Sea/Germany Baltic Sea/Germany Baltic Sea/Germany Baltic Sea/Germany Baltic Sea/Germany PFOS 0.0297 0.0335 0.03176 0.0634 0.0444 0.0620 0.0107 0.0244 FOSA <LOQ (0.0381 ug/g) <LOQ (0.0381 ug/g) <LOQ (0.0381 ug/g) <LOQ (0.0381 ug/g) <LOQ (0.0381 ug/g) <LOQ (0.0381 ug/g) <LOQ (0.0381 ug/g) <LOQ (0.0381 ug/g) PFOA <LOQ (0.0402 ug/g) <LOQ (0.0402 ug/g) <LOQ (0.0402 ug/g) <LOQ (0.0402 ug/g) <LOQ (0.0402 ug/g) <LOQ (0.0402 ug/g) <LOQ (0.0402 ug/g) <LOQ (0.0402 ug/g) PFHS <LOQ (0.00773 ug/g) <LOQ (0.00773 ug/g) <LOQ (0.00773 ug/g) <LOQ (0.00773 ug/g) <LOQ (0.00773 ug/g) <LOQ (0.00773 ug/g) <LOQ (0.00773 ug/g) <LOQ (0.00773 ug/g) 37 Sea Eagle (89) BB, 94/18 Sea Eagle (90) 87/18 Sea Eagle (91) SA 93/17 Sea Eagle (92) S92/1 Sea Eagle (93) MV91/4 Sea Eagle (94) S93/7 Sea Eagle (95) 94/6 Sea Eagle (96) 79/6 Sea Eagle (97) MV92/3 Sea Eagle (98) S96/7 Sea Eagle (99) MV 94/19 Sea Eagle (100) BB 94/4 Sea Eagle (101) BB 94/9 Sea Eagle (102) BB 93/19 Sea Eagle (103) MV 91/8 Sea Eagle (104) S 97/22 Sea Eagle (105) S 98/18 Sea Eagle (106) BB 92/20 Sea Eagle (107) MV 92/21 Sea Eagle (108) 79/8 Liver Liver Liver Liver Liver Liver Liver Liver Liver Liver Liver Liver Liver Liver Liver Liver Liver Liver Liver Liver Baltic Sea/Germany Baltic Sea/Germany Baltic Sea/Germany Baltic Sea/Germany Baltic Sea/Germany Baltic Sea/Germany Baltic Sea/Germany Baltic Sea/Germany Baltic Sea/Germany Baltic Sea/Germany Baltic Sea/Germany Baltic Sea/Germany Baltic Sea/Germany Baltic Sea/Germany Baltic Sea/Germany Baltic Sea/Germany Baltic Sea/Germany Baltic Sea/Germany Baltic Sea/Germany Baltic Sea/Germany BACK TO MAIN 0.0328 0.0405 0.0233 0.0380 0.00801 0.108 0.0115 <LOQ (0.0039 ug/g) 0.127 0.0650 0.0585 0.0166 0.0338 0.0398 0.0256 0.0996 0.0421 0.0368 0.0124 0.0113 <LO Q (0.0381 ug/g) <LO Q (0.0381 ug/g) <LO Q (0.0381 ug/g) <LO Q (0.0381 ug/g) <LO Q (0.0381 ug/g) <LO Q (0.0381 ug/g) <LO Q (0.0381 ug/g) <LO Q (0.0381 ug/g) <LO Q (0.0381 ug/g) <LO Q (0.0381 ug/g) <LO Q (0.0381 ug/g) <LO Q (0.0381 ug/g) <LO Q (0.0381 ug/g) <LO Q (0.0381 ug/g) <LO Q (0.0381 ug/g) <LO Q (0.0381 ug/g) <LO Q (0.0381 ug/g) <LO Q (0.0381 ug/g) <LO Q (0.0381 ug/g) <LO Q (0.0381 ug/g) <LOQ (0.0402 ug/g) <LO Q (0.0402 ug/g) <LO Q (0.0402 ug/g) <LO Q (0.0402 ug/g) <LO Q (0.0402 ug/g) <LO Q (0.0402 ug/g) <LO Q (0.0402 ug/g) <LO Q (0.0402 ug/g) <LO Q (0.0402 ug/g) <LOQ (0.0402 u g /g) <LO Q (0.0402 ug/g) <LO Q (0.0402 ug/g) <LO Q (0.0402 ug/g) <LO Q (0.0402 ug/g) <LO Q (0.0402 ug/g) <LO Q (0.0402 ug/g) <LO Q (0.0402 ug/g) <LO Q (0.0402 ug/g) <LO Q (0.0402 ug/g) <LO Q (0.0402 ug/g) <LOQ (0.00773 u g /g ) <LOQ (0.00773 u g /g ) <LOQ (0.00773 u g /g ) <LOQ (0.00773 u g /g ) <LOQ (0.00773 u g /g ) <LOQ (0.00773 u g /g ) <LOQ (0.00773 u g /g ) <LOQ (0.00773 u g /g ) <LOQ (0.00773 u g /g ) <LOQ (0.00773 u g /g ) <LOQ (0.00773 u g /g ) <LOQ (0.00773 u g /g ) <LOQ (0.00773 u g /g ) <LOQ (0.00773 u g /g ) <LOQ (0.00773 u g /g ) <LOQ (0.00773 u g /g ) <LOQ (0.00773 u g /g ) <LOQ (0.00773 u g /g ) <LOQ (0.00773 u g /g ) <LOQ (0.00773 u g /g ) 38 Sea Eagle (109) MV 92/2 Liver Baltic Sea/Germany Sea Eagle (110) 89/6 Liver Baltic Sea/Germany Sea Eagle (111) M 87/21 Liver Baltic Sea/Germany Sea Eagle (112) 90/7 Liver Baltic Sea/Germany Sea Eagle (113) MV 95/5 Liver Baltic Sea/Germany Sea Eagle (114) 89/1 Liver Baltic Sea/Germany Sea Eagle (115) MV 92/9 Liver Baltic Sea/Germany Sea Eagle (116) MV 91/10 Liver Baltic Sea/Germany Sea Eagle (117) 190/3 Liver Baltic Sea/Germany Sea Eagle (118) MV 94/11 Liver Baltic Sea/Germany Sea Eagle (119) MV 90/9 Liver Baltic Sea/Germany Sea Eagle (120) 79/5 Liver Baltic Sea/Germany Sea Eagle (121) BB 94/2 Liver Baltic Sea/Germany Sea Eagle (122) MV 93/2 Liver Baltic Sea/Germany Sea Eagle (123) MV 91/12 Liver Baltic Sea/Germany Sea Eagle (124) 90/4 Liver Baltic Sea/Germany Sea Eagle (1)IT01 Whole blood Mediterranean/Italy Sea Eagle (2) IT02 Whole blood Mediterranean/Italy Sea Eagle (3) IT03 Whole blood Mediterranean/Italy Sea Eagle (4) IT04 Whole blood Mediterranean/Italy BACK TO MAIN 0.0238 <LOQ (0.0039 ug/g) 0.0258 <LOQ (0.0039 ug/g) 0.1197 0.0210 0.0119 0.0208 <LOQ (0.0039 ug/g) 0.0281 0.0351 0.0495 0.0105 0.0375 0.0301 0.0432 0.0098 0.0041 <LOQ (0.00323 ug/mL) 0.0045 <LOQ (0.0381 ug/g) <LOQ (0.0381 ug/g) <LOQ (0.0381 ug/g) <LOQ (0.0381 ug/g) <LOQ (0.0381 ug/g) <LOQ (0.0381 ug/g) <LOQ (0.0381 ug/g) <LOQ (0.0381 ug/g) <LOQ (0.0381 ug/g) <LOQ (0.0381 ug/g) <LOQ (0.0381 ug/g) <LOQ (0.0381 ug/g) <LOQ (0.0381 ug/g) <LOQ (0.0381 ug/g) <LOQ (0.0381 ug/g) <LOQ (0.0381 ug/g) <LOQ (0.00318 ug/mL) <LOQ (0.00318 ug/mL) <LOQ (0.00318 ug/mL) <LOQ (0.00318 ug/mL) <LOQ (0.0402 ug/g) <LOQ (0.0402 ug/g) <LOQ (0.0402 ug/g) <LOQ (0.0402 ug/g) <LOQ (0.0402 ug/g) <LOQ (0.0402 ug/g) <LOQ (0.0402 ug/g) <LOQ (0.0402 ug/g) <LOQ (0.0402 ug/g) <LOQ (0.0402 ug/g) <LOQ (0.0402 ug/g) <LOQ (0.0402 ug/g) <LOQ (0.0402 ug/g) <LOQ (0.0402 ug/g) <LOQ (0.0402 ug/g) <LOQ (0.0402 ug/g) <LOQ (0.00335 ug/mL) <LOQ (0.00335 ug/mL) <LOQ (0.00335 ug/mL) <LOQ (0.00335 ug/mL) <LO Q (0.00773 u g /g ) <LOQ (0.00773 u g /g ) <LOQ (0.00773 u g /g ) <LOQ (0.00773 u g /g ) <LOQ (0.00773 u g /g ) <LOQ (0.00773 u g /g ) <LOQ (0.00773 u g /g ) <LOQ (0.00773 u g /g ) <LOQ (0.00773 u g /g ) <LOQ (0.00773 u g /g ) <LOQ (0.00773 u g /g ) <LOQ (0.00773 u g /g ) <LOQ (0.00773 u g /g ) <LOQ (0.00773 u g /g ) <LOQ (0.00773 u g /g ) <LOQ (0.00773 u g /g ) 0.0018 0.0019 0.0013 0.0020 39 BACK TO MAIN Sea Eagle Sea Eagle Sea Eagle Sea Eagle Sea Eagle Sea Eagle Sea Eagle Sea Eagle Sea Eagle Sea Eagle Sea Eagle Sea Eagle Sea Eagle Sea Eagle Sea Eagle Sea Eagle Sea Eagle Sea Eagle Sea Eagle Sea Eagle (5) IT05 (6) IT06 (7) IT07 (8) IT08 (9) IT09 (10) IT10 (11) IT11 (12) IT12 (13) IT13 (14) IT14 (15) IT15 (16) IT16 (17) IT17 (18) IT18 (19) IT19 (20) IT20 (21) IT21 (22) IT22 (23) IT23 (24) IT24 Whole blood Mediterranean/Italy <LOQ (0.00323 ug/mL) Whole blood Mediterranean/Italy <LOQ (0.00323 ug/mL) Whole blood Mediterranean/Italy <LOQ (0.00323 ug/mL) Whole blood Mediterranean/Italy <LOQ (0.00323 ug/mL) Whole blood Mediterranean/Italy <LOQ (0.00323 ug/mL) Whole blood Mediterranean/Italy <LOQ (0.00323 ug/mL) Whole blood Mediterranean/Italy 0.0041 Whole blood Mediterranean/Italy 0.0033 Whole blood Mediterranean/Italy <LOQ (0.00323 ug/mL) Whole blood Mediterranean/Italy 0.0047 Whole blood Mediterranean/Italy 0.0069 Whole blood Mediterranean/Italy 0.0084 Whole blood Mediterranean/Italy <LOQ (0.00323 ug/mL) Whole blood Mediterranean/Italy 0.0041 Whole blood Mediterranean/Italy 0.0041 Whole blood Mediterranean/Italy 0.0077 Whole blood Mediterranean/Italy 0.0065 Whole blood Mediterranean/Italy 0.0051 Whole blood Mediterranean/Italy 0.0062 Whole blood Mediterranean/Italy 0.0039 <LOQ (0.00318 ug/mL) <LOQ (0.00318 ug/mL) <LOQ (0.00318 ug/mL) <LOQ (0.00318 ug/mL) <LOQ (0.00318 ug/mL) <LOQ (0.00318 ug/mL) <LOQ (0.00318 ug/mL) <LOQ (0.00318 ug/mL) <LOQ (0.00318 ug/mL) <LOQ (0.00318 ug/mL) <LOQ (0.00318 ug/mL) <LOQ (0.00318 ug/mL) <LOQ (0.00318 ug/mL) <LOQ (0.00318 ug/mL) <LOQ (0.00318 ug/mL) <LOQ (0.00318 ug/mL) <LOQ (0.00318 ug/mL) <LOQ (0.00318 ug/mL) <LOQ (0.00318 ug/mL) <LOQ (0.00318 ug/mL) <LOQ (0.00335 ug/mL) 0.0013 <LOQ (0.00335 ug/mL) 0.0017 <LOQ (0.00335 ug/mL) 0.0014 <LOQ (0.00335 ug/mL) 0.0013 <LOQ (0.00335 ug/mL) <LOQ (0.00125 ug/mL) <LOQ (0.00335 ug/mL) 0.0016 <LOQ (0.00335 ug/mL) <LOQ (0.00335 ug/mL) <LOQ (0.00335 ug/mL) <LOQ (0.00335 ug/mL) <LOQ (0.00335 ug/mL) <LOQ (0.00335 ug/mL) <LOQ (0.00335 ug/mL) <LOQ (0.00335 ug/mL) <LOQ (0.00125 ug/mL) <LOQ (0.00125 ug/mL) <LOQ (0.00125 ug/mL) <LOQ (0.00125 ug/mL) <LOQ (0.00125 ug/mL) <LOQ (0.00125 ug/mL) <LOQ (0.00125 ug/mL) 0.0021 <LOQ (0.00335 ug/mL) <LOQ (0.00125 ug/mL) <LOQ (0.00335 ug/mL) 0.0017 <LOQ (0.00335 ug/mL) 0.0019 <LOQ (0.00335 ug/mL) 0.0017 <LOQ (0.00335 ug/mL) 0.0014 <LOQ (0.00335 ug/mL) <LOQ (0.00125 ug/mL) 40 BACK TO MAIN Sea Eagle Sea Eagle Sea Eagle Sea Eagle Sea Eagle Sea Eagle Sea Eagle Sea Eagle Sea Eagle Sea Eagle Sea Eagle Sea Eagle Sea Eagle Sea Eagle Sea Eagle Sea Eagle Sea Eagle Sea Eagle Sea Eagle Sea Eagle Sea Eagle (25) IT25 (26) IT26 (27) IT27 (28) IT28 (29) IT29 (30) IT30 (31) IT31 (32) IT32 (33) IT33 (34) IT34 (35) IT35 (36) IT36 (37) IT37 (38) IT38 (39) IT39 (40) IT40 (41) IT41 (42) IT42 (43) IT43 (44) IT44 (45) IT45 Whole blood Mediterranean/Italy 0.0032 Whole blood Mediterranean/Italy <LOQ (0.00323 ug/mL) Whole blood Mediterranean/Italy <LOQ (0.00323 ug/mL) Whole blood Mediterranean/Italy <LOQ (0.00323 ug/mL) Whole blood Mediterranean/Italy 0.0076 Whole blood Mediterranean/Italy 0.0042 Whole blood Mediterranean/Italy <LOQ (0.00323 ug/mL) Whole blood Mediterranean/Italy <LOQ (0.00323 ug/mL) Whole blood Mediterranean/Italy <LOQ (0.00323 ug/mL) Whole blood Mediterranean/Italy 0.0056 Whole blood Mediterranean/Italy 0.0042 Whole blood Mediterranean/Italy <LOQ (0.00323 ug/mL) Whole blood Mediterranean/Italy 0.0042 Whole blood Mediterranean/Italy 0.0035 Whole blood Mediterranean/Italy Whole blood Mediterranean/Italy 0.0079 0.0052 Whole blood Mediterranean/Italy <LOQ (0.00323 ug/mL) Whole blood Mediterranean/Italy <LOQ (0.00323 ug/mL) Whole blood Mediterranean/Italy <LOQ (0.00323 ug/mL) Whole blood Mediterranean/Italy <LOQ (0.00323 ug/mL) Whole blood Mediterranean/Italy 0.0064 <LOQ (0.00318 ug/mL) <LOQ (0.00318 ug/mL) <LOQ (0.00318 ug/mL) <LOQ (0.00318 ug/mL) <LOQ (0.00318 ug/mL) <LOQ (0.00128 ug/mL) <LOQ (0.00128 ug/mL) <LOQ (0.00128 ug/mL) X <LOQ (0.00128 ug/mL) <LOQ (0.00128 ug/mL) <LOQ (0.00128 ug/mL) X X X <LOQ (0.00128 ug/mL) <LOQ (0.00128 ug/mL) <LOQ (0.00128 ug/mL) <LOQ (0.00128 ug/mL) <LOQ (0.00128 ug/mL) X <LOQ (0.00335 ug/mL) <LOQ (0.00335 ug/mL) <LOQ (0.00335 ug/mL) <LOQ (0.00125 ug/mL) <LOQ (0.00125 ug/mL) 0.0017 <LOQ (0.00335 ug/mL) <LOQ (0.00125 ug/mL) <LOQ (0.00335 ug/mL) <LOQ (0.00125 ug/mL) <LOQ (0.00335 ug/mL) <LOQ (0.00125 ug/mL) <LOQ (0.00335 ug/mL) <LOQ (0.00125 ug/mL) <LOQ (0.00335 ug/mL) <LOQ (0.00125 ug/mL) <LOQ (0.00335 ug/mL) <LOQ (0.00125 ug/mL) <LOQ (0.00335 ug/mL) <LOQ (0.00125 ug/mL) <LOQ (0.00335 ug/mL) <LOQ (0.00125 ug/mL) <LOQ (0.00335 ug/mL) <LOQ (0.00125 ug/mL) <LOQ (0.00335 ug/mL) <LOQ (0.00125 ug/mL) <LOQ (0.00335 ug/mL) <LOQ (0.00125 ug/mL) <LOQ (0.00335 ug/mL) 0.0013 <LOQ (0.00335 ug/mL) <LOQ (0.00125 ug/mL) <LOQ (0.00335 ug/mL) <LOQ (0.00125 ug/mL) <LOQ (0.00335 ug/mL) <LOQ (0.00125 ug/mL) <LOQ (0.00335 ug/mL) <LOQ (0.00125 ug/mL) <LOQ (0.00335 ug/mL) <LOQ (0.00125 ug/mL) <LOQ (0.00335 ug/mL) 0.001 41 BACK TO MAIN Sea Eagle (46) IT46 Whole blood Mediterranean/Italy 0.0044 Sea Eagle (47) IT47 Whole blood Mediterranean/Italy 0.0035 Sea Eagle (48) IT48 Whole blood Mediterranean/Italy <LOQ (0.00323 ug/mL) Sea Eagle (49) IT49 Whole blood Mediterranean/Italy 0.0053 Sea Eagle (50) IT50 Whole blood Mediterranean/Italy <LOQ (0.00323 ug/mL) Sea Eagle (51) SANserum serum Mediterranean/Italy <LOQ (0.00323 ug/mL) Sea Eagle Sea Eagle Sea Eagle Sea Eagle Sea Eagle (52) SANBLD2 (53) KANBLD1 (54) YCU-1 (55) YCU-2 (56) YCU-3 Whole blood Mediterranean/Italy Whole blood Mediterranean/Italy Whole blood Japan Whole blood Japan Whole blood Japan E E E E 0.0158 Sea Eagle Sea Eagle (57) YCU-4 (58) YCU-5 Whole blood Whole blood Japan Japan E <LOQ (0.00323 ug/mL) Sea Eagle Sea Eagle Sea Eagle Sea Eagle Sea Eagle Sea Eagle Sea Eagle Sea Eagle Sea Eagle Sea Eagle Sea Eagle Sea Eagle Sea Eagle Sea Eagle Sea Eagle Sea Eagle Sea Eagle (59) YNU-1 (60) YNU-2 (61) YNU-3 (62) YNU-4 (63) YNU-5 (64) YNU-6 (65) YNU-7 (66) YNU-8 (67) YNU-9 (68) YNU-10 (69) YNU-11 (70) YNU-12 (71) YNU-13 (72) YNU-14 (73) YNU-15 (74) YNU-16 (75) YNU-17 Whole blood Whole blood Whole blood Whole blood Whole blood Whole blood Whole blood Whole blood Whole blood Whole blood Whole blood Whole blood Whole blood Whole blood Whole blood Whole blood Whole blood Japan Japan Japan Japan Japan Japan Japan Japan Japan Japan Japan Japan Japan Japan Japan Japan Japan E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E <LOQ (0.00128 ug/mL) <LOQ (0.00128 ug/mL) <LOQ (0.00128 ug/mL) <LOQ (0.00128 ug/mL) <LOQ (0.00128 ug/mL) <LOQ (0.00128 ug/mL) E E E E <LOQ (0.00128 ug/mL) E <LOQ (0.00128 ug/mL) E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E <LOQ (0.00335 ug/mL) <LOQ (0.00335 ug/mL) <LOQ (0.00335 ug/mL) <LOQ (0.00335 ug/mL) <LOQ (0.00335 ug/mL) <LOQ (0.00335 ug/mL) <LOQ (0.00125 ug/mL) <LOQ (0.00125 ug/mL) <LOQ (0.00125 ug/mL) <LOQ (0.00125 ug/mL) <LOQ (0.00125 ug/mL) 0.0016 E E E E 0.0045 E E E E 0.0015 EE <LOQ (0.00335 ug/mL) <LOQ (0.00125 ug/mL) EE EE EE EE EE EE EE EE EE EE EE EE EE EE EE EE EE 42 Sea Eagle (76) YNU-18 Whole blood Japan 0.0117 Sea Eagle (77) YNU-19 Whole blood Japan 0.0077 Sea Eagle (78) YNU-20 Whole blood Japan 0.0150 Sea Eagle (79) YNU-21 Whole blood Japan 0.0044 Sea Eagle (80) YNU-22 Whole blood Japan 0.0038 E = Sample lost during extraction (spilled out of tube), not reported X = Detected, but not quantified due to poor QC PFOS = Perfluorooctanesulfonate FOSA = Perfluorooctanesulfonamide PFHS = Perfluorohexanesulfonate PFOA = Perfluorooctanoate Values in parenthesis are LOQ BACK TO MAIN x x <LOQ (0.00128 ug/mL) <LOQ (0.00128 ug/mL) <LOQ (0.00128 ug/mL) <LOQ (0.00335 ug/mL) <LOQ (0.00335 ug/mL) 0.0062 <LOQ (0.00125 ug/mL) <LOQ (0.00125 ug/mL) 0.0021 <LOQ (0.00335 ug/mL) <LOQ (0.00125 ug/mL) <LOQ (0.00335 ug/mL) <LOQ (0.00125 _________________________ ug/mL) LOQ = Limit of quantitation 43 BACK TO MAIN APPENDIX IX M atrix spike and m atrix spike duplicate recoveries (% ) o f fluorochem icals spiked to bird m atrices Matrix DC cormorant blood Common loon liver Albatross kidney DC cormorant egg yolk Albatross serum Bald eagle plasma Cormorant liver Blacktailed gull liver Great egret liver Cormorant blood Sea gull liver Cormorant liver Bald eagle liver Chicken liver Sea eagle liver Sea eagle liver2 Sea eagle blood PFOS (Mean +/- RSD or PRD) 82+/-34 28+/-3 79+/-20 128+/-10 89+/-17 17+/-69 103+/-9 121+/-2 132+/-1 123+/-8 77+/-13 230 37+/-6 95+/-5 55+/ -1 87+/-16 72+/-24 FOSA (Mean +/RSD or RPD) 77+/-29 52+/-4 57+/-5 67+/-15 75+/-14 62+/-9 92+/-5 63+/-2 84+/-25 93+/-29 41+/-7 107+/-5 63+/-5 105+/-2 21+/-1 54+/-15 44+/-14 PFOA (Mean +/- RSD or RPD) 121+/-2 104+/-6 117+/-7 117+/-22 97+/-17 80+/-9 107+/-2 146+/-13 82+/-10 108+/-7 97+/-6 95+/-21 67+/-14 90+/-6 79+/-6 90+/-14 84+/-27 PFHS (Mean +/- RSD or RPD) NA 60+/-18 70+/-20 73+/-5 75+/-17 62+/ -11 86+/-3 20+/-20 40+/-22 96+/-15 41+/-6 59+/-3 35+/-27 62+/-3 29+/-3 71+/-11 82+/-27 NA= Not analyzed RPD= Relative percent difference; RSD= Relative standard deviation PFOS = Perfluorooctanesulfonate FOSA = Perfluorooctanesulfonamide PFHS = Perfluorohexanesulfonate PFOA = Perfluorooctanoate 44 APPENDIX X Scientific names of bird species analyzed Common name Double-crested cormorant Herring gull Ring-billed gull Bald eagle Common loon Brown pelican White pelican Great egret Snowy egret Wood stork White-faced ibis Black-crowned night heron Franklin's gull Northern gannet Great black-backed gull Osprey Red-throated loon Brandt's cormorant Great blue heron Laysan albatross Black-footed albatross Polar skua White tailed sea eagle Caspian tern Adelie penguin Tree swallow Great Homed owl Chicken Spotted duck Kite Scientific name Phalacrocorax auritus Laras argentatus Laras delawarensis H aliaeetas leucocephalus G avia im m er Pelecanus occidentalis Pele canas erythrorhynchos A rdea alba Egretta find a M ycteria am ericana Plegadas chihi N ycticorax nycticorax Laras pipixcan Sala bassanus Laras m arinas P andion haliaetus G avia stellata Phalacrocorax penicillatus A rdea herodias D iom edea im m utabilis D iom ede a nigripes Stercorarius m accorm icki H aliaeetas albicilla Sterna caspia Pygoscelis adeliae Tachycineta bicolor A th en e sp. G allas dom esticas D endrocygna guttata E lanus sp. BACK TO MAIN 45