Document kmENKaZVeyX5Rvrp5Vo0QR9yy

Prize Winning Bridges Protected With Red Lead SOUND engineering design, utility and beauty are the criteria on pension bridge in the world. Length of the structure from abutment to which the American Institute of Steelabutment is 10.765 ft. and with em Construction bases its award selec bankment and highway approaches tions in the contest it sponsors each the total length of the bridge is about year for bridges opened in the previ 24,500 ft. ous year. The first prize winners in Over 6,000 gailohs of red lead each of the four classes of the 1952 primer paints were consumed in the competition were the four bridges protective coating of this $44 million pictured on these pages and the cover project. Red lead base primers were of "Lead." used for the shop coat and first field On each of these prize winning coat. All painting was done by brush bridges red lead primer paints were and the steel covered was approxi used to afford protection against cor mately 31,900 tons. rosion to the steel structure of the Another important use of red lead bridge. The formulations used varied on this bridge was in the cable wrap according to performance require ping. Immediately in advance of the ments and the conditions prevailing, wrapping machine the cable was given For reference, some of these formula a coat of red lead paste of a consist tions are given in the accompanying ency obtained by mixing 100 lb. of table. dry red lead with 8%-lb. of raw lin The graceful center span of the seed oil. Dry red lead used conformed Delaware .Memorial Bridge stretches to A.S.T.M. Specifications for Red 2,150 ft. across the Delaware River Lead, Designation D83-41 and was 95 three miles south of Wilmington. percent grade. The raw linseed oil con Carrying four traffic lanes and two formed to A.S.T.M. Specification. sidewalks it is the sixth longest sus Designation D234-28. The Delaware Memorial Bridge is owned and operated bv the Delaware Crossing Division of the Delaware State Highway Department. The New York and Kansas City firm of How ard. Needles, Tammen & Bergendoff served as engineers for the project. Associated with them on certain as pects of the design were 0. H. Ammann of Ammann & ^Tiitney. consult ant on the suspended structure: George L. Freeman of Moran. Proctor. Freeman and Mueser. consultant on foundations; and A. Gordon Lorimer of Lorimer and Rose, consulting archi tect. In Class II. for bridges with spans under 400 ft., costing more than $500,000. first place went to the Forebav Channel Bridge of the Davis Dam construction project in Arizona and Nevada. Fabrication of the structural steel and application of the prime coat was at the Gary, Indiana, plant of the American Bridge Co., who were the fabricators for ail four of these prize winning bridges. After fabri- A complete lead base paint system was used for this award winning bridge at Lexington. Mass. SOME OF THE LEAD BASE PAINT FORMULATIONS USED ON PRIZE WINNING BRIDGES tHa r l e m r iv er ped es t r ian Federal Specification TTP-86A. Tvpe i Ingredient Pigment -- . -- -- -- Red Lead t'97% grade)99.6 Aluminum Stearate ____ br id g ed Perce nt bv ui. 77.7 0.4 100.0 Vehicle--_ 22.3 Ra w Lineeed <*>il -- - - - 49.0 Pale Heat Bodied Linaeed Oil____ 17.0 Mineral Spirit*____________________ - 29.0 Liquid Drier-________________________ 5.0 (Euenhally the time and superseding formula tion used on FOREBAY CHANNEL BRIDCE) L\ S. Maritime Administration Specification 52-MC-201 Percent Infredient br ict. Red Lead (97% gride) Zinc Yello* .. . Indian Red Magnesium Silicate Aluminum Stearate 35.4 10.2 ._ 1.4 23.3 0.3 100. u ib/gai--24.3. PV--56 100.0 Alkyd Resin Solution Aromatic Naphtha ,, . Petroleum Spirits ... 66.0 16.7 17.3 100.0 'Similar io formulations used oo DELAWARE Ib/gai --13.2. PV--33 MEMORIAL and HARLEM RIVER PEDESTRIAN BRIDGES) Steel Structure* Painting Council Specification SSPC-2-53T Pereeni Ingredient br %vt. j I I (LEXINGTON. MASSACHUSETTS BRIDCE) Commonwealtn of Massachusetts Department of Public Works Specification P-310-50 Pigment__________________ 75.0 Red Lead <95% grade!75.0 Ingredient Pereeni fey vt. Iron Oxide l 70% FejOs)............. - 24.7 Aluminum Stearate_________________ 0.3 Piemeni ____ _ _"8.0 Red Lead (97% grade)........... .... ........99.65 Vehicle_____________ 25.0 100.0 Aluminum Stearate 0.35 100.0 Raw Linaeed Oil______56.0 Vehicle ________________________ 22.0 Alkyd Resin Solution 40.0 Red Linaeed Oilmin. 90,0 Thinner and Drier* _________________ 4.0 Liquid Drier and Turpentioe_ciai. 10.0 Ib/gal--22. PV--J4 300.0 100.U Ib/gal--not leas than 25.1, PV--2E (LEXINGTON, MASSACHUSETTS BRIDGE) Commonwealth of Maaaachuaetu Department of Public Works Specification P-320-50 Structural Blue Lead Graf Percent Ingredient_____________ bwt. Pigment __ --. 75.0 Blue Lead. Baaic Sulphate ________ 99.5 Aluminum Stearate _________________ 0.5 (Lampblack and/or Iron Blue may be ----------- used for ttnnng) 100.0 Vehicle --.. _________ 25.0 Linaeed Oilmin. 90,0 Liquid Drier* 4 Thinner _____max. 10.0 100.0 Ib/gal--not lest >hao 21.4, PV--53 (LEXINGTON. MASSACHUSETTS BRIDGE) Commonwealth of Massachusetts Department of Public Worka Specification P-330-S0 Structural Chrome Oxide Creen Ingredient Percent by lift. Pigment 68.0 3 bite Lead, Basic Carbonate ____ Zinc Oxide 15.0 Chrome Oxide Green -- __________ 70.0 15.0 100.0 90.0 Liquid Drier* 6 Thinner______ max. 10.0 100.0 Ib/gal--not lex than 18.3. PV--26 ration the steel was cleaned of all grease and oil and then flame cleaned. One coat of quick-drying, alkyd resin base, red lead primer. Maritime Com mission Specification 52-MC-23. was applied by brush immediately after the cleaning. Approximately 200 gai. of the red lead primer were used to cover the 550 tons of steel used in the bridge. The design for the Forebay Channel Bridge was prepared in the office of the Chief Engineer, Bur reau of Reclamation. Denver, Colo rado. Bureau construction engineers H. F. Bahmeier and J. R. Walton -upervised the erection and comple tion of the bridge. A complete lead base paint system was used for the prize winner in Class 111, for bridges with spans under 400 ft., costing less than $500,000. The bridge carries Grove Street over Route 128 in Lexington, Massachu setts. A shop coat of red lead was applied, then field coats of red lead, blue lead gray, and chrome oxide green, successively. The last named is a white lead base paint. Each of these lead base paints was formu lated in accordance with specifications of the Massachusetts Department of Public Works. The coats were applied by brush. There were about 190 tons of structural steel used in the bridge and each coat of paint applied aver aged about 14 gal. per ton of steel. J. C. Rundlett. engineer of the Depart ment of Public Works, directed work on the bridge, which was designed by Thomas Worcester, Inc. The Harlem River Pedestrian Bridge, situated in New York City's industrial and sea air atmosphere, was coated with 1.100 gallons of red lead paint in two coats, each of a different type. The shop coat was formulated in accordance with Fed eral Specification TT-P-86A. Type I. The first field coat was a red lead paint containing a synthetic vehicle. Paint coats were brush applied to a total of 2.230 tons of steel. This bridge, which won first prize in the movable bridge class, was designed and is operated by the Triborough Bridge Authority. A lift bridge, it connects Wards Island with Manhat tan Island at 103 Street. Ammann and IVhitnev of New York were the pro ject engineers. Below, left, cable wrapping machine on the Delaware Memorial Bridge. Red lead paste is applied to the cable just in advance of the machine. Right, the prize winning Forebay Channel Bridge at Davis Dam. are installed on wood sheathing of good quality. Plywood, as little as % in. in thickness is entirely suitable for this purpose. Rosin-sized building paper is laid over the sheathing. Tar paper or other paper containing acid must not be used. The terne plate is then cut from the rolls in lengths to provide a continuous strip from ridge to eaves. Xaiis are never driven through these strips. Instead, terne plate cleats are nailed to the roof, the nails being placed as close as possible to the bend in the cieat. The end of the horizontal part of the cieat is bent A modern home at Canfield. Ohio, with a standing seam terne plate roof. over to cover the nail heads. The cleats are placed at 12 inch intervals along Color and Long Service the edge of the strip and cleats on opposite sides of the strip are stag With Terne Plate Roofing gered. After the cleats are in place along the edge of a strip, the next strip is put in place, covering; the HE toughness of steel and the ex Ttremely high corrosion resistance area, and comes in 40 lb.. 20 lb. and 8 lb. grades. The 8 lb. grade is utilized of lead are combined in terne platefor special and temporary applica nailed part of the cleats. The edges of the two strips and the vertical part of cleats alone these edges are then to produce one of the strongest, light tions. For many years terne plate was folded over to make a seam. est and most durable of roofing mate available only in relatively small There are three standard tvpes of rials. Thoroughly waterproof, hail- plates, but it can now be had in seam terne plate roofs, named for the type proof and undamaged by windstorms less rolls of fifty feet, w hich eliminates of seam bv w hich the -trips are joined. that curl or remove other materials, cross seams and in a variety of w ldths Standing -earn roofs have double terne plate roofing with occasional re up to 28". Expansion and contraction locked unsoldered seams which, when painting will give decades of service. of terne roofing due to changes in finished, stand up about an inch from The terne plate roof of the Hermitage, temperature can be disregarded since the surface of the roof. Flat-locked the Tennessee residence of Andrew it amounts to oniv 0.8 in. per 100 ft. seams are turned over, malletted flat Jackson, which is over a century old. for a 100 deg. F. variation. to the roof, and well soaked with is not an unusual example of the dura For best results terne plate roofs solder. Ribbed or batten roofs have bility of the material. The homeowner can paint his terne roofing in anv orknien metalling a standing seam terne plate toot. color to suit his taste and harmonize with the surroundings. When house painting time comes, a refinished roof can match the freshly, painted walls, or the color scheme can be completely changed for the man who decides on a new expression of his individuality. The applications of terne plate roof ing. of course, extend to roofing for all types of factory, public and com mercial buildings. Terne plate is made bv dip coating sheets of steel with terne metal, which is an alloy of 80 percent lead and 20 percent tin. The tin serves only to effect a better bond between the steel and the lead. It is the lead which gives- terne metal its weather resist ance. Terne plate is graded according to the weight of coating on a given 4-- -- ft2fc22 Ll < PHOTOS A.N'D DRAFTING BY EOLLAVSBEE STEEL CORP. Lett, an example oj a batten seam terne plate roof, that oi the Taylor Allerdice High School in Pittsburgh, Pa. !nstailation oi this rooj is skottn at right. vertical battens nailed to the sheath ing. and terne metal strips cover both sheathing and battens. Large roof areas lend themselves especially well to this type of treatment. Considerable \arietv may be introduced by using combinations of these, bv varying the height and spacing of battens or whatever else the imagination of the architect may dictate. Terne plate offers a highlv recep tive surface for paints. For roofs in most areas white lead-in-oil or good quality lead titanium-zinc siow chalk ing house paints typified by Federal Specifications TT-P-104 or TT-P-102 respectively, will provide good appear ance. long life, unlimited color choice and. eventually, a sound surface for repainting. Several paint formula tions suited for this are contained in White Lead Technical Bulletin No. 1. obtainable from the Lead Industries Association. For factory buildings and other structures in industrially contami nated atmospheres a primer coat of red lead paint under suitably colored finish coats will result in less frequent need for painting and reduced main tenance cost. Many suggestions for red lead base "formulations for this and other metal protective jobs are included in the Red Lead Technical Letters, available without charge from the Lead Industries .Association. fj STEPS IN PRODUCING STANDING SEAM ROOF APPLICATION OF FLAT SEAM ROOF 3 i 73^ APPLICATION OF RIBBED OR BATTEN SEAM ROOF LEGEND These drawings show the three standard types of terne seams A-8-C . . . progressive steps are numbered consecutively and final condition noted by letter thus (A) etc. ... all seams are opened out to show construc tion clearly . . . drawings are-~ not made to scale, being only diagrammatic. L IA 26023 Lead Fittings for Levitt's Towns AMONG the outstanding develop ments of the post-war housing materials- they need waiting there ready ta be used. boom is the almost unbeiievahle ac In the case of the waste and vent complishments of the firm of Levitt rcmghing-in for the plumbing, as and Sons. Inc. of ManhasseL L. much of this as possible is prefabri X. Y. Beginning as traditional home cated in shops in the construction builders less than a quarter of a cen- area and moved to the building sites Hirv ago. they have grown from an as required. J* organization building 35 homes a year to one that had reached, through mass production methods, the incredible rate during 1950 and 1951 of 35 completed homes a day. This record pace was set in Levittown. L. I., N. Y., a community that grew like Topsy from an originally planned project of The ease with which lead fittines can be adapted to prefabrication and assembly line techniques along with the advantages that a flexible material imparts to such installations was of major importance in their selection for both the Levittown, X. Y. and Levittown, Pa. projects. When the 1.000 homes in 1946 and 1947. until on Thanksgiving Day, 1951. the last family moved into house Xo. 17.447. This record pace was not to stand ions as the firm embarked on another project of similar size in Bucks Countv, Pa.. 25 miles north of Phila delphia. This new project of 16.000 homes scheduled for completion in three vears has required all the tricks of mass production that had been developed on Long Island. As presently constituted, Levitt's mass production methods transform the construction site into an assembly line with the single exception that the men move to a waiting line of mate rials rather than materials to the men. Trained crews move from site to site, each doing its special job, with the Pennsylvania project has been com pleted, a total of over 65.000 lead reducing bends and lead P-traps will have been prefabricated and installed in both projects. The builders estimate that 13,500 houses of the Pennsylvania project will be one of four variations of a three-bedroom, ranch type house with a sliding living room wall which makes the third bedroom convertible into extra daytime living space. These houses will sell for around $10,000. Another innovation is the roughing-in in place for a second water closet which can be installed at the owners convenience. This future "powder room"- is just off the main entrance and in the new home serves as a clothes closet. The remaining 2.500 Left, two lead bends and a lead P-trap are essential components of the basic Levitt plumbing '`tree.'' From top to bottom--the units at one stage of pre assembly at the shop--the completed unit delivered at the house site and ready for installation--calking the unit into the soil pipe -- a completed installation. houses will be considerably more elaborate, with about a $17,000 price. The scope of the Levitt undertak ings can be imagined by picturing a citv the size of Sacramento. Calif, or Albany, N. Y. or Charlotte. X. C. or Austin, Tex. In less than a decade Levitt has built enough homes to house comfortably the entire popula Below, a street in Levittown, Pa. tion of anv one of these. > f '-'i { ' V f ; 4: i 'A <- IA 2 6 0 2 4 Liquid Alum Coagulating Systems Use Lead 1 ANY public water works M throughout the country have recognized definite economic and tech - seTcoonrdt tank Tin. hard lead fill line ti Angle iron support / i nical advantages in converting their water coagulating svstems from drv \ to liquid alum. Lead lined tanks and lead piping are used in handling the 1 liquid form since it is corrosive to practically all of the common con struction materials except lead and its alloys. liquid Alum (32 8t.) 2300 gal. capacity Leva! gauge u o- Wyandotte Water Works near Detroit. Michigan, is a typical exam ple, having switched to liquid alum in July, 1949. Here are some of the reasons why. The unloading and stor ing of carload shipments of the dry -- lead lining (10-Id. 4% hard) 3' 9" X r 6" X 7 6" Controlled cate of flow form has been eliminated. It is no longer necessary to install and main ~ lUV'in. lead discharge (2) tain chemical feeders such as are regularly required with dry alum. Liquid feeders are generally more ac curate and much easier to maintain than dry feeders, especially if the liquid Alum System Water Treatment Plant (r supply 1 * Tank truck flow or rotameter type is used, since neither of these has any moving or driven parts to wear out. The control of How at Wvandotte has been re duced to an ordinary pinchcock at the discharge outlet. The storage and handling problem plus the labor of moving bags of dry alum from stor age to feed hoppers is eliminated at a substantial cost saving. When dry alum is used some of it becomes par tially hydrated, never completely dis'olung. and is carried in the watgg -(ream into the settling basin, where it drops out and becomes buried in hazard and the expense of installing and maintaining dust collectors. Tank trucks deliver the liquid alum directly from the manufacturer to the consumer, the optimum delivery range of 2.000 gaj. being fifty miles. At the water works, an ordinary fire hose is connected to the tank truck and the liquid alum blown by air pressure or pumped from the truck through the hose into a 3-in. I.D., 14-in. wall lead pipe (4 percent anti mony) to a 2.364 gal. sheet lead lined concrete storage tank. The tank is lined with 10-lb., 4 percent anti- ft. wide and 7-4 ft. long. The lining extends to above the liquid level, where it is secured to the concrete by a steel plate covered with 14 in. lead. All lead construction was by .Allied Lead Burning and Construction Co., Detroit. From the storage tank, located above the treating system, the alum flows by gravity to the point of appli cation, metered through lead lines without adding diluting water. Flow rate is controlled by means of an ordinary laboratory pinchcock and acid resisting hose. Beside the obvious advantage of (he muds. Also eliminated is the dust monial lead and is 414 ft. high. 9I/3 corrosion resistance, lead was chosen Below, left, lead pipe line leading from outside filler connection to liquid alum storage lank at Wyandotte, Mich, water works. Right, the lead fill line emptying into the concrete storage tank, ( which is lead lined to fust above the liquid level. A lead covered steel plate secures top of lead lining. I i L IA 2 6 02 5;] 1 I I TEXTBOOK O.N LEAD WORK AVAILABLE Profusely illustrated with over 140 photographs and drawings, '*Lead Work for Modem Plumb ing" presents clearly to the plumbing student the necessary tools, procedures and the methods re quired for lead work. Each operation is given in step-by-step photographic sequence fully comple mented by a detailed explanatory text. In pocket size, with plastic ring binder, copies may be obtained for 31-50. postpaid, or 31.00 per copy in quantities of 10 or more by writing to the Lead Industries Association, 420 Lexington Avenue, New York 17, N. Y. The flow of liquid alum through lead pipes from the storage tank to the water tank is controlled by a pinchcock. to handle the alum because of all the other materials that might have been considered, lead is the only one that can be profitably salvaged. Liquid alum shipped directly from the manufacturer is a luxury not every water works can enjoy principally because of shipping distance limita tions. Many water works engineers, while aware of the advantages of liquid alum, are located too far away from a liquid alum manufacturing plant to have it shipped to them in this readily usable form. A compro mise has been made in many cases by purchasing dry alum in bulk, which is a little less expensive than in bags, and dissolving it in lead lined tanks from which it can be handled as liquid alum. This system has the advantage of only one han dling by labor instead of two or more, plus the added advantage of using alum in liquid form. In such cases it is generally the practice to install a lead lined dissolving tank near enough to the car unloading platform so that the bulk alum can be emptied directly into the tank and dissolved as it is being unloaded. The dissolving tank can then also double as a storage tank. Since liquid alum at 32 Be or 7.2 percent AI0O3 contains 4.45 lb. of drv alum per gal., a 1.000 gal. storage tank will hold a minimum carload 14,000 lb.) of dry alum. The following artitlet and reprintm contain information, drawing* and specification* on the use of lead products helpful 10 architects, engineers and others interested. They are available, free of charge, except here otherwise indicated, upon request to the LEAD INDUSTRIES ASSOCIATION, 420 LEXINGTON AVENUE, NEW YORK IT, N. Y. LEAD IN MODERN INDUSTRY $ 1 .SO Postpaid *i fullv illustrated. 230 page, cloth bound book describing ail phases of the production and use f icad. lesd alloys and lead compounds. DiscusMon of the physical and chemical properties of icad and its compounds is included. Sufficiently cchmcxl to be of practical value to the engineer ,n industry, yet broad enough for those with s more casual interest. THE DEPENDABILITY OF FUTURE LEAD SUPPLIES \ leaflet coniaining a brief and non-technical dis'ussioQ of the lead situation. Tells why consumers in this country may depend on adequate supplies of lesd in the future. LEAD IN MODERN PLUMBING-- WHY. WHERE, HOW IT IS USED A 24 page booklet containing descriptive informa tion as well as four pages of detailed drawings for plumbing instillations in various type houses. FEDERAL SPECIFICATION, WW.p-523 For Pipe, Bends and Traps, LEAD Part 5 of Section IV the Federal Standards Stock Catalog, official publication by the Government Printing Office. LEAD WELDING An informame as well as practical guide to lead wciding. Reprinted from the "Welding Handbook, Third Edition" published by the American Welding Society. | LEAD AND LEAD ALLOYS The corrosion resistance of lead and its ailoys as materials of construction in the chemical process industries is snowo lor more than 188 industrial mrmicals. citing the effects of concentration and temperature. The illustrated article also describes the forma of lead available for chemical construe, non and gives recommended practices for fabrica tion as eil as applications. Reprinted from "Chemical Engineering," February. 1953. LEAD IN MODERN CHEMICAL CONSTRUCTION What you should know about the various types of lead construction in the chemical held. Reprinted from "Chemical Engineering," Jin. 19S2. NEW DEVELOPMENTS EXPAND USE OF LEAD CONSTRUCTION Improvements in lead fabrication and installation methods are described and illustrated in a re print from "Materials A Methods" May, 1951. The srticle shows how lead construction develop ments have continued to keep pace with develop ments in the chemical and process industries. THE USE OF LEAD IN THE PULP AND PAPER INDUSTRY Detailed desenption of various applications of lead in the modern pulp and paper mill. Cover* all phases of paper puip manufacture and treatmeatinciuding sulphite acid manufacture, acid pulping, bleaching sod itock handling. Reprinted from "Paper Trade Journal." Oct. 26. 1950. CONTROLLING CORROSIVE AIR POLLUTANTS A discussion of the various methods in use tndav (o control corroine air pollutants. Reprinted from "Air Rep**." May. 1952. RED LEAD TECHNICAL LETTERS \ enes of technical letters issued by ;he Red Lead Division, Lead Industries Association. The numbers and titles follow: (Available separate!' i Technical Letter No. 3--Red Lead Primcri for Atmospherie Exposure Technical Letter No. 4-----Red Lead Paint* for Marine Exposures Technical Letter No. 5 -- Red Lead-Vinyl and Coumaroae Type Paints Technical Letter No. 6 -- Red Lead Paint Formulations Technical Letter No. 7--Paint Systems for Hydraulic Structures Technical Letter No. 8^--Painta for Rail roads FEDERAL SPECIFICATION TT-P-86a Paint: Red-Lead-Base. Ready-Mtxed Covers four types of red-lead-base paints including two fast drying formulations. Many intended appli cations listed. METAL PROTECTIVE RED LEAD PAINTS The versatility of red lead in protective primers ro meet a wide range of surface conditions, drying schedules and economic demands is described. Re printed [mm "Paint and Varnish Production." January, 1951. AN INVESTIGATION OF PRIMERS FOR MARINE ATMOSPHERIC ENVIRONMENTS Results of an investigation of synthetic vehicles and red lead mixed pigment primers over an exposure period of three and one-naif yean in a rigorous marine atmosphere. Reprinted from "Official Digest" published bv The Federation of Paint mil Varnish Production Clubs. UPON REQUEST, THE LEAD INDUSTRIES ASSOCIATION WILL BE GLAD TO MAIL LEAD" RECULARLY, FREE OF CHVRGE, TO THOSE INTERESTED, AND WILL COOPERATE WITHOUT OBLIGATION IN THE SOLUTION OF YOUR LEAD PROBLEMS,-. PRINTED I* 0. 3. A. 20 ST ISAAC COLD* ANN COMPk^T' VKS TOR* CJTT LIA26026