Document km8jq2qo0NREEErGQj5oRnn00

w. r. GRACE & co. RESEARCH DIVISION Washington research center ciabksviue. Maryland 21029 V TO: M. E. Winyall FROM: B. B. White OATE: November 28, 19T2 ^PROJECT NO. subject- Non-crystalline fibers from asbestos materials. Literature Search LS - 828 (Project 2850) In an effort to find information on the preparation of non-crystalline fibers from asbestos materials, I have searched Chemical Abstracts (1967 to present)j Applied Science and Technology Index (1967 to present. Engineering Index (1967 to present) and Ceramic Abstracts (1967 to 1970). I have found no references directed specifically to the preparation of non-crystalline asbestos materials, and only two articles 27;36 suggesting a relation between crystallinity .and toxicity. A number of references were found to the dehydration, dehydroxylation and hydrothermal treatment of various forms of asbestosi The synthesis of asbestos has also been described.6;11;12 The effect of such treatment on the crystal structure is discussed and it appears generally accepted that dehydration,2; 4;s;13 dehydroxylation3 and various conditions of thermal1'7 and. hydrothermal3;9,10 treatment lead to the formation of an amorphous phase, usually described as meta stable.3 Abstracts covering this aspect are included in Part I of the appended search. A number of studies have been reported on the biological and toxic effects of asbestos breathed into the lungs or injected into laboratory animals. Abstracts of a number of these are included in Part II. The undesirable effects of asbestos in the body has been related to the fiber length15;16;22;29;31 (long fibers being more deleterious), . the type of asbestos?0;23;24;25;23;30;35;37 the electromotive interaction of metals present18* 9 dust chemistry, physics and mineralogy14;21;26 the crystallinity or order,2^;36 openness and surface area of fibers32,and structural shape.34 I have included abstracts of these studies for your evaluation as to their significance in your work. BBW:ol Copy to: T. H. Cheavens ?, /6. lj/-z. B. B. White 15188750 Page 2 Non-crystalline fibers from asbestos materials Part I Treatments of asbestos affecting crystallinity CA 75, 13l602u (1) 131603a Chaagsa la sispiatlnif U high prwrn sad tap, psraturaa. Bexrokov. G. N.: CocoIchor, S. S.; Davydchenko, . A. G.; Lisitsyna, B. B. (USSR). Tr. Vat. Htnck-IttUi. Sul. Sin. ifiatr. Syfya 1970, 13, 113-13 (Rusa). Tbs effect oI pressures sad high temp*, cm the changes in sopratiat is di> . caed. The changes occur in 3 stages, magmatic, cmta.. and metamccphic, and during these 3 stages various minerals are formed. A. Linial CA 75, 5^5^4x (4) 545441 Possible modes of chrysotile asbestos transformstioa dvis| hutisf. Drobyshev, L. A.; (ovorova, Vs. Vs. IXati* chno-lsiled. Fiz.-Khim. In*t. im. Karpova, Mowov, USSR).. Krittaiiofrajiya 1971, 16(3), 544-7 (Ku.\s). Thrrmoxmvimetnc anal. and OTA of natural ihrysotile-asbeUox samples show an endothermic effect at 695* aasued. with the lo* of 2 molt. of HsO. and an exothermic effect at H44J* not assoed. with wt. changes. The effect at 695* isasaued. with transformation to an amorphous structure, whereas that at H4U* is assoed. with the formation of MgSiOi from MjtO and SiOi* T. Ordentlicb CA 68, 85717v (2) 43717r Foratarita formatsoa daring heedng of duaris. P. P. Budniknr. L. B. Khoraaharin, V. A. Pcrpditnn. V. M. Ust'ymat- scv. and E. P. KosoUpova. Zh. Pritl. Kkim. 40(0), 1300-70 (HW7)(Russ). The following phase trans/ormatioas occur in dunite daring heating. Dehydration of serpentine starts at ~-W<J* and is completed at 030 sfc 10*; at those temps. (400-j 030*), the cryst. lattice of the serpentine loses the |OH|~ group ! without the lorraatioa of any new compd. A dehydrated ernes- i phous (as established by x-ray diffraction) ractascrpcntine j phase (3MgO-2SiOt) exists between 020 and 630*. Gradual transformation of the mctaserpentiaa into foeaterita starts at! 030*, and formation of dinoenstatits occurs at 1000-1300". i Intensive recrystn. of the foments takes place abort 1300*, ! and it is accompanied by bomorphona substitution of Pc'* for the Mg**. The substance existing at 1700* is 2(Mg.wtFc.u)O.SiOi. The thermal expansion of fontente between 800 and 1300* is anisotropic, and the increase in the interplanar distance in the direction of the (130| plane is greater by a facin' of 2 than the increase in the directions of the 1102] and |112| planes. CA 66, 88506a (3) 88306a Effects of dehydroxytation oo morphology and texture of chrysotilea. M. della Faille. C. de Kimpe. and J. J. Fripiat 1T`tiiv. Louvain, Belg.). Sdu<iUs tnd. 31,(11), 461^73(1906) i Fn. The differences observed, depending on the nature of the specimen, in the mechanism* of the transformation of chrysolite into I'TMcrite can be explained on the basis of surface properties. A chrysolite uf high specific surface and porosity dehydroxyLues very r-ipKily and the resulting disorder retards the formation uf ; forsterite. In this case, the dehydroxytation gives risj: to u , transitory amorphous phase. A fiber of small specific surface ` dehydroxyLues very slowly and the transformation into for* tentc Likes place easily starting from a less disordered material, t ho vlchydnjxylatton brings about bursting of the fiber* ami a Numticant iucre-ase in the surface. The zooes of higher >iliea ; r.tvrit fanned by the siitcu expelled by the transformation rcact,>.m muiu be responsible for the budding, observed with the clw tron macroscvpc, aruund the fibers pretreated at 740*. CA 76, 39968r (5) 39968r Photosisetwa sad x-ray ftitnrmrsocs spsitreatopy of msgaoahaa miaonla. Freund, Friedsmaaa; Hsmich, Monika (Mineral. Petrogr. Inst., Univ. Rosin, Coiogaa, Gr.). Faritckr. itinmi. 1971, 48(2), 243-68 (Gcr). Tha A1 A^sxdted photo, clcctroa spoctra of rainsrals with Mg la different coordinatioei wen recorded. The energies ot photoelectrons from the Mg Is, 2j, and 2p levels showed strong shifts bstwtan 4-, 6-, and 8-' cccrdiastod Mg. A nearly linear relation was found between tbs electrap-binding energy ami thesv. Mg-O dixtsace. la the x-ny amorphous dehydration products of serpentine sad chrysotils Mg appears to be in aa unusual coordination with 4 O ligands and 3 unoccupied ligand tiles. Gerhard Hereof CA 75 155666u (6) 155666* Electron-micrtwcopic staff? of synthetic sad oston! chrysotila. Khadzhi, l. P.; Txmober. L. I.. Makarova, T. A. (Vses. Nauchoo-Issled. Inst. Miuer. SyT*y*. Moscow. USSR). Ooki. Akad. aVa*b 55S* t97i, 200(4), 553-4 l M inert tRusaV A compomlive electron-microscopic study of synthetic xad not- ural chrysolite asbestos revealed that the synthetic chrysotite, which eras obtained under hydrothermal conditions at 350" and. 900 kg/cra*, consists of 2 phases: one is similar to that oi natural chrysolite which consists of tabular fibers, and the other phase consists of laminar formations. The fibers of the synthetic : chrysolite are shorter (--0.003 A) than those of natural enryso* tile (>0.1 mm). Unlike the natural chrysotile which consists of amform fibers, the synthetic chrysotile consists of 2 morphol, ; different fibers, thick wall fibers (external diam. 45W00 A axsd . internal diam. 100 A}, and thin wall fibers (external diam. 200 ; A and internal diam. 140-160 A). Some of the tubular fibers am . filled with a hiffh-d. subataoce. the natnra of which is unknown, i CA 75j 5901m (7) S901m Fibrillar strnctnro and tharmal reactions of serpentina asbestos. Kheiker, D. M.; Gracheva. O. I.; Flantshaum, I. M.; Bubeleva, L. V. (USSR). Tr., Nautk.-fsstrd. I ml. .|jtxila, Slyudy, AsbtttoUem. ltdeiit Protkl. Slrmt. Predpr. Slyud- yantri Prom. 1955, No 23, 68-86 (Russ). FibnlUr structure and structural changes in serpentine asbestos at elevated temps, were studied by means of x*ray and thermal anals. and by the detn. of Mirface area by means of low-temp. X sorption. The reran wall thickness of the tubular fibers of Soviet serpentine asbestos was 144~70 A, the mean inner diam. 25-35 A, and at 15188751 CA 73> 5901m (contd.) (7). Ti'itm tvnip. most o( the pores corresponding to the detd. porosity of the material were Tilled with material of the same d. as that of asbestos. Thermogravimetric anal, proved that water released with the increasing temp, (up to 215) was of hygroscopic charac- ' ter. that released up to 370 was adsorbed HiO, and that released : up to 4'20 could be completely readsorbed at room temp, in satd. water vapor atm. This readsorbed water penetrated inside the : fibers. Water released >420 was chem. bonded and was re-j leaseil irreversibly. Up to 500, the cryst. structure of serpentine j aabestus was conserve, at 550 it was transformed to an amorphous phase in which forsterite appeared, the amt. of which increased with the increasing temp, up to 850, when the formation , of eustatite started. At 1000 and at higher temps., the amt. of enstatite increased while that of forsterite decreased, the latter: compd. reacting with amorphous SiOi and yielding the former, i Suriace area of the heated samples 1st remained unchanged up j to 4(g)', then sharply increased at 450-550 owing to the forme-` tlnn of the amorphous phase; beyond this temp., sharp decrease was nbsd. resulting from the crystn. of forsterite. s ca 69, 983i5d (8) vdJISd Condidoos of crystallisation of fibrous amphibolts from serpentine under hydrothermal coaditioaa. korytkova, h'. .V.. Sipovvkii. u. P.; Fedoseev, A. D.; Makarova, T. A. (!n-t. khim. Silikatov, Leningrad, USSR). Zap. Piet. Minimi. (^ic in/. I90S, 97(4.1, 500-7 (Russ). Fibrous alk. ainphibolcs were obtained by hydrothermal treatment of natural minerals of the -erpemine group (ophite, antigorite, litardite. and chryso- ti'.e! under high temp, and pressure conditions. The fibers were up 10 3-4 inm. long and 0.05 to 021 a thick, fn addn. to temp, and pressure, the influences of the following factors are tie- -cribed: duration of autoclave treatment, degree of dispersion of the original mixt., character of the reaction medium, and the ratio 11I solid to liquid in the original mixt. The most important factor affecting both the crystn. and the morphologies of the fibers IS she alkali concn. In the starting mist. Don W. Shaw CA 77, 22334a (9) 22233d Preparation of synthetic asbestos. Krleta. F.; Ulauaen. C.; Pspo. A. (Inst. Kem.. Prir.-Mat. Fak., Sarajevo, 'lugusiavU). Kem. Ind. 1372. 2112), 71-3 (Croat). Mg silicate products structurally related to chiysotile wort prepd. by hyd= rotnerrs.il treetment cf MgO and silica gsi (cf. CA 44: 5i536) in in autoclave st 300-50 end 56-166 atir. Anal, showed that tbs reac'ron product compn. waa Mgi(Si0ii).3M|40H)i.2Hi0. ah.ie electron diffraction diacrama matched thoee of chryeotUae rees.Tied in (he literaturs. The x-ray diffracttoo patterse ropai .nsn.ced (or the obtained products indicated tbs cineset similarity; to 1 chryvotile pattern of a product prepd. by steam treatment at { Mg and 1 5 1 silica gel (the latter prspd. by hydrolysis of Si i rtn.(ate) in 750 ml HiO in a Hofer autodew at 346 and 155 atm i ! >r s) hr. Nett in tbs order of resemblance to chiysotilo was a\ ;.-ro>:uct of 1 g MgO and 1 g silica gel (prepd. as shovel in 300 ml HjC .n an Ag-plated vessel placed in an autoclave, at 300 and 86 : >' m f -r ICO hr. Lew similarity wee shown by products of equal **. rt MgO and com. silica gvl treated under similar conditions.1 v earned out at lower temps., particularly by rtropeiaa ooura. uf rin. ci <i g MgClj.6Hj<J in 100 g H0 and a tola, of ' 1 iter glxae and lO.Ui g NaOH in 100 g H*0. added over 8 : iu) ml HjO tollowed by heeling the system foe 50 hr at ts** products of poor crystn., end their i-ray diffraction -ms 'LU not r-wmbie that of chrysotile. The chrysolile-liis : ., * "hi i:ned at X-5J* and elevated pressure*, using silica --m S. i indiu. had 10' "cm loog libers. Andrew L. Crochowski Page 3 CA 76, 107565u (10) 10TM3 SSset of lysthesis tnaiiffl-- an ths crystaSisatiau of eerpsodns la hydrothermel modiam. KnUiaaelrma. A.; Samsmhos. K. (Kaunas. Poiitakh. Inst.. Kaunas, USSR). Lift. TSR AnkM. Utkykia ifakafs Dark.. Cheat. Cktm. TtdmM. 1970, 12, 349-62 (Rasa). Studies of the hydrothermal prepo.. of serpentina at 200 and 100 atm and 364 and 309, reap., (or 4 and 24 hr and MgO/SiO, ratios of 1.0, 1.5, 2.0. 2.5. sad 3.0, indicate that the phyetcocbem. properties of serpentine depend . on tbs MfO/SiOl ratio, temp., and the synthesis duration. By increasing the MgO/SiOs ratio, less dispersed serpentine is produced. Ths products seers charactenied by x-ray diffrac tion and thermugravimagy. CA 77, 2l423v (H) 21423* .11111,1 -1 ----- --Sh:i-m-----a---k---a-- w-a-. Y- oahsharu; Saits, Hajima (Cbtyoda Cbasakal Knginssringand" Cojlid.) Jsfta 71 28442 (CU C 044, 0 035), 28 Jul 1971 AppL 87 74,xa. 20 Nov 1987; 4 pp. LONG fibsts of amfiool mrpmtim (14487-48*1 aabmtts warn prspd. by baabug an a* slurry of Mg(OH), (and optimally MgO) and StOt ia tbs ..............of -iTf-mi-- bromtd* (7789-0-2), magi--lias indids fln-4). or iodutt (7M8*i undw high H pressure. F exampis, a slurry of Mg(OH), 210, SiO. 100. water 1000, and Mgflr, 100 g in a 2-1. autoclave waa pr--trad with 0 atm H and healed at 300-40* (-180 atm) for 30 hr to give a mixt. of 80 g aedr, 80 g of MS mm tong fibers, and 70 g of 0.5-6 mm ' fibers The use of MiCb ia piaca of MgBn gave mostly pm CA 76, 88431u (12) 894)1 a Electros microscopic study of synthetic smphiboie ssbistos. Sterun*. N. G.; Kalinin, D. V.; Deni>kina, N. D.; Dod'nitsyw, E. P. (Inst. Geot. Geodi., Novosibirsk. USSR). G**i. G**Si*. 1071, (3), U4--8 (Ruse). Relative content of SiO> in the charge. temp, of synthesis, nature of the liber, av. liiam... homogeneity, surface characteristics, inclusions, and phases < Pc-: (OHS. aegirite, magnetite) present are included. The synthetic amphibole asbestos fibres occur as single crystals compressed along the |H*>1 plane. Istctron photomicrographs of tine crys- , taW (d <10H) A ) show one or more axial dislocations in the hollow tubes. A rj< nnite interrelation is established between the temp., duration, pressure, ami chem. conditions of synthesis site, sp. surface, morphol., and inclusions of the crystals. The av. diam. of the buers increases from 0.1 to A.& * in the 400-700* ran^e. Length and diam. of the fibers increase with increasing duration of the synthesis. A decrease in the SiOi content.of the . charge at'4fi<)* leads to a sharp increase in the no. uf fibers. CA 69, 29830f (13) 208)0f Kinetics of ths remorai of water from chryaehls asbestos, \lasuv, Vu. G.; Ostrovskii, V.; Kharitonov. N.< P-: Nct'evlov. V. D. (Leningrad. Goa. Univ. tsi. Zhdanova*. Leningrad, USSR). 1m. AkiiJ. Aoa) 5-xV.'?. A'/rey. ,Ua>r. 1988. 4(5), 798-SOO (Russ). The purpose of the present work was to study the mechanism of removing the chem. bunded i structural) ami adsorbed water dunog thermal treatrseot of cr>'V)ti!e asbestos, a fundaraenui component of a no. of urgaaovljcate material*. The necesaity for 6:s type of study die* tated by the mpiimnent for more dearly undemanding the processes of formation of organosiiicat? materrals. The other rrasoo for this study was to try to resolve certain controversies 15188752 CA 9, 298JOf (contd) (lj) nist'.r.g 13 the literature as to the mechanism of ppta. oi stroc- turxl water from chryooliie asbestos. Thermographic, x-ray, xr-xi :r xpectroscopsc methods wen used. Two tpda-thermic effects were ohservvd, at 100-200 and d20-720*. and one exo- them < elect at 790-810*. The 1st may be ascribed to the re moval o! adsurbed water, the 2nd effect to the dehydrataoa of chrvsotlle asbestos with the removal of structural water, the 3rd effect characterises the format>00 of the crysi. lattice of for- sterile. Special attentioo arms liven to the processes taxme place at the intermediate stare, within the temp, ranee 200- ri'jl'. The removal 0/ structural water starts at a tap. <100*. with the pptn. of the principal amt. occurring within the temp, range 4tXV-620*. In sampica calcined at temps. higher than 620*. the prtscoce of structural inter was not detected. Within the letup, range 200-820*, s gradual increase in the amorphous phase *u observed with increasing temp. S. A. Menol Page 4 Part II Toxic effects of asbestos CA 75, 46769J (14) 467t) BSsctt el chryaotfie and acxd-traaSed thmaffla oh: msoophagp catena. Beck. B. G.; Holt. P. P.; Nurallah. B. T. (Med. Inst. Lofthyg. Siliknaa Penck., Univ. Oneaaahterf, Due nsirlrrf. Ger.). Bnt. J. lad. Mad. 1971, 28(2), 179-88 (Eng). The adds, of chrysotfla aibaitna dot to monolayer cultures of peritoneal sad alveolar macrophages prodacad aa in crease in membrane pi rms ability (aa mistand fay roam uptake) and in lactate dehydrogenase activity of the supernatant fluid. B osyuchesia of kactata was also increased, *,,TT***i"gth* -- of cell damage. The inrreals of ptnusability was apparently transient and only for the duration of the phagocytic pmre , i which may taka several hr if the particles an fibrosa, Treat- meat of chrysotila with 0.1,V HC1, which leaves a SiOa surfact, resulted in a product that reduced lactate biosynthesis, implying cytotosicity. This change was counteracted by poJy(2-nnyi- pyridma 1-oxide). The polymer did not affect the propartiat of the nativa chrysneile. Andrew L. Reeves CA 77, 43964z (15) 4.5ii;iz Fibrous silicates in animal experiments and ceii-cutlure-morpholo-ical cell and tissue reactions according to different physical ciiemical influences. Htc::. Ernst Gerhard; Bruch. J.: Friedrichs. K. H.; Hilscher, W.; Pet:, F. (Med. Inst. Lufthvg. Siiikoseforsch., Univ. Duesseidorf. Duesseldorf, Ger.). Inhaled Particles 3. Proc. hit. ijyir.p.. 3rd 1 b70 (Pub. 1971). 1. 477-87 (Ger). Edited by Walton. W. H. Unwin Brothers Ltd.; Old Woking. Surrey. Engi. When asbestos Uhnsuitie 112(101-29-5', crocidolitc 1121)01-28-1)! prepns. of varying liber lengths (95% <0.4-95% <o3 hi were administered i.p. to rats, the severity oi asbestosis varied directly with the fiber length. Alter i.p. administration ot std. dusts of amusite 112172-73-3]. anthnphvllite 117U(>S-7h-9]. and crocidolne to rats, the percentage of long libers in ashed sections of granulomas was hianer than in the original dust, whereas mair.iy snort libers were deposited in the lymph nodes. This suggests mat the short fiber free! ion was readily transported by the lymphatic channels. Long chrysolite and glass libers increased the permeability of monolaver or suspension cultured L ceils, measured bv iosS of lact mo dehydrogenase to the medium, to a greater extent than din short libers, presumably owing to prolonged or incomplete phagocytosis of the fibers by trie ceils. CA 76, 37112h (16) 37112k Cykifiy--h reai>M>j af tbeneaethateia. PWeral nirtiw tv chrjwxav iikiete. Berts, Samuel; Bertalantfy, Fdi* D. (?vc. Mad- Univ. Vuitwv, Winnipeg, Manitoba). Ank. Bmiram. Hmiii 1971, 23(6), 469-72 (Sag), In rats Injactad rntrarrartwaily with 0227 mg of natural chrysotila esbssros daat in 0.76 ml valina vein., the airwaya wan obatractad attar 7 and 14 daya by bmuchinlitii obliterans with proiifvrstrrs oodahr cudaacthw tnsas covarad by nspiratsry tpitbtiiaa occupying tba major proportion of tba Inman of many bsnachiolu and broochi. Frw changes wvra obad. in rata traatad with tyo- tbetie chnraotile or with saHne alooe. Tba (natar fiber Worth of natural chrysotile may ba a significant factor fat its graatsr kritaat cflact compand to ayntbotie chryvotila. Ravmood Zshanfsaaur CA 75, 52529u (17) J2S2*a HksMalty and toagaiadan predacad by chryaatRa sbiMss. Comrtte, Msrcd; Lemonde, Jean; Mxssry, Douglas G. (Serv. Poenmot., Univ. Shtrtmb, Sherbrooac, Qw.). fain i/rd. Can. 1971, 100(4), 759-44 (Fr). The inlhscaee of alky, an tb* coagulation of human plasma by asbestos i* mk uated. Tba structure of chrysotile asbestos ia reviewed, and the drvtlopmsat of a aid. method for the mceanraacat of pH ia tin, scribed. pH results on aq. asspenssoos of asbestoe from several; Canadiaa mines art reported. The pH of asbotos suspensions: in water, ia saline, and in human plasma art presented. Thn: effects of atm. contact, temp., and other (acton ere established. The dia. implications are discussed ia relation to s she Hoe (ferrm . liooot) bodies. Dorothy J. Bodsanan Davidson CA 76, 108791s . .(18) 10A73U EUrtioaoilT* pUoamm U ifl tad bImtml pmrticulmim wpiiuw, u nyw to nb-tw occumocm ofeaactr. CmIIcy, Lrwu J. Ir*I. Cccup. $+1. Hfulth. Publir Health Serv., Cincinnati, Ohio). Amrr. InJ. Hs*.A**..J. mt. :I231M10), K&S\ <En>. A REVIEW with Jn refa A hypothmU ia prenented with tuppomne rp*d*mnJ. data which relates the CARCINOGENICITY of a*6**(c* to th* electromotive interactioru of the alloy metala from the abrasive act inn of the fiber* on pn<e*uin( equipment and other metaia and minerals already present. 1518S753 CA 73, 53910k (19) 32919k Rale of trace nMk la citaial sxbsaiM cancan. Dixoo, Jonk R.; Lowe. Dcrthy B.: Xirhsreb, Donald B.; CraDey. l7j.; Stokxagvr, Herbert B. ! I'.'ov-iroo. Contr. Aiiaa., Bur. ol Oon. SaW, and Hnkk, Cinvinnati. Ohio). Cancer Rat. 197V, 30(4), 1089-74 (En). Metaia ia trace quantities canid Caacktr or beeiapyreaa hydroxylase tl) ia rat lua( mrmma in vitro, l~i-->h- nxtal-ndnnd carrinrigxm in may bt dar to delayed nmWia nt the braaopyrene. Low coocna. of Ca**, M|**, Fe**, Zu**, Ni'*, and Co** stimulated I, whcrcai htfher roncni. inhibited it. Be"1, Fe**, and Cr4* significantly inhibited 1. As**, Se4*, and Cr*' had no effect. Trace metals old. from chrysotile asbestos inhibited I by 73%. suggesting that the asbestos induces cancer by carrying the metals to the lung. FRJN CAJ3, 5^o85g (20) H'sjj Experimental taman from ashsstaa (chrysolite, rrocidobta and amoaim ia tha Spsagtsa Pawtey tat. Doaaa. A. Irt. A :at. Ittol. Patol., L'nte. Torino. Turin, Italy), lid. Lur. 1970. 81(1). 1-32 fltal). Neoplasm formation from as hen*'* dusts was studied in female Sprague-Dawley rots re potted to hare a low frequency of spontaneous tumors of the respiratory system. Lou ol animals were green l ce intrapleural i .ejections of chrysotile, amosite. or crocidolite asbestos (1 f/15cc physiol, saline). Two animals from each lot wen sacrificed every 2-8 months and examd. grossly and microscopically. Although various types of lesions seen observed, only 12 13 from chrysotile. 5 from amosite, and 4 from crocidolite) out of 102 atumals (11.78%) had well defined neoplaam aad then occurred after 13 months. Two fundamental types of turnon sren obverved: pleural neoplasm resembling mesothelioma in the lot treated with chrysotile, and undifferentiated long cancer ip the lots treated- with the other fibers. The lesion sras most fre quently found near the site of the iuyectma. L lhputte CA 77, 244l8h (21) 2441* ~iiHT'l I aapacta of daat ngnmi la tho Quabac Mb MW miaiaa aad milUac bsduatry. Gibfaa, G. W. (Dep. Epidemiol. Health, McGill llnr., Moutnal, Qua.), /aaaiad Particles 3, Pnc. lai. Svmp., 3rd 1970 (Tub. 1871), 2.733-v9 (Eng). Edited by Waltoa, W. H. L'nwin Brotbcn Ltd.: Old Woking, Sunny. Engl. Because nenut epidamiol. studica of worken ia tha Quabac asbestos mining and milling industry shotted a relatsou between dust espoaura and health indexes, factors in tbs dust that might affect the expoeurn seen studied. Dust mineralogy aad the coocna. of org. ooastitneata, trace mstala, aad radioactivity sear* detd. Ltvsis of airberne poly cyclic aromatic bydrocarboon in mills aad of Ra daughters ia underground nfiaas srara both mnsidaaad too low to play nay significant rota in lnag router mortality. The trace ilimtnt content of com. fibers varied between minus aad airborne comma, of these metals ia tbs 3 mills exceeded theae repotted far textile pleats. The importance of.dtat chemistry, physics, aad msnaral- ogy ia producing cxptl. and eptdemlnl. effects of asbestos is dis cussed. Richard Hoitxmaa CA 77,-24420c (22) 2U20e Health hxaarda of asfaestoa. Gtlaoa, J. C. (Pneu- mcccnksia Unit. Llandough Hosp., Penarth/Glnmccgan, Emil.). Ccwiperdr* 1972, 3(2), 37-9 (Eng). Inhaled asbestos fibers can ---- -i--u. -t 1-,-j. lr1l^ mnnihilimims id 1)n lung a ml uui Fibrosis is thought to be caused by fibers between fi and 100 *a in length aad under 2m ia diem For naesotheisoenu it seems pmeubie that the important fibers are straight aad --n faadv 1 X lOioa). Protection of workers calls far monitoring aad coa- troiiing their working enviroument. Keeping uprated health records in advised. L. W. Uttaa Page 5 CA 73, l828lj (23) 18231] Pulmonary response to fibroua duets of dlrane com positions. Gross, Paul; DeTrcville, Robert T. P.; Crallcy, Lewis J.; Gnnquist. William T.l Pundsack. Fred L. (Grod.i Sch. of Public Health, Univ. of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, I'a.).1 Amtr. Irui. Hyt[. AJJ-, J. 1970. 31(2). 123*12 (Eng). Fibrous; quartz, chrysotile asbestos, and trrmolite talc dust of respirable' size, injected intraUschAlly in the rat produced polypoid pro-! liferative tissue intlammation within the smaller bronchi and1 bronchitis which was converted into collagenous scars which olten caused permanent deformities of the bronchi and bron chioles. After intratracheal injection of a fibrous dust such as: synthetic chysotilc, ceramic A1 silicate, SiC. glass, or brucite,: the main pulmonary response was a macrophage reaction with 1 minimal stromal participation. Within 4 days, there were fuci. of polypoid proliferative inflammation which was limited to the more peripheral repiratory bronchiole and alveolar ducts.i Because these lesions did not collagenize, were reversible, and did not destroy the anatomic integrity of the air spaces, these dusts were classed as biol. inert. The lesions were considered to be artifactual since such lesions were not seen in animals inhaling high coacas. of these dusts. Wm. MacL. Pierce CA 72, 6013q (24) 6013q Asbestos a new hazard. Gadien, T. (Laokrs Chews. Ltd., Manchester, Eagl.). Symfi. Cions. Prattu Hnmrdt. Spec. Re}. Plant [ia.. Proa.. 3rd 1967, #1-4 (Eag). Edited by Pine. J. M. Inst. Cbem. Eng: Loudon, Eagl. This survey indicates a relation between the incieeee ia the mrirteuro of, mesothelioma (a malignant growth of the pleura or peritoneum) aad to ubiquitous asbestos exposures which ia some ruses were minimal in intensity and duration. User indartrim aa well asmanulg. industries were at risk aad new legislation haa been prop awed. The controls proposed included: the lowering of' max. time ol exposure at which the exposure could be roneiilrrtd light to lest than the present 8 hra/wcek; the efiminaliaa of the use of the crocidolite form; and the considerable lowering of the1 max. acceptable concn. of S million particles/it* which was based on protection against asbestos* and laag cancer. 13 refs. CA 75, 46429y (25) 46429y Hemolysis by aabeataa. Haringtoa, j. S.; Miller, Klara; Macaab, Gum (Cancer Res. Unit, Natl. Cancer Assoc.. South Africa. Johannesburg. S. Afr.). Environ. Ret. 1971, 4(2). 95-117 (Eng). Chrysotile asbestos hemolyses erythrocytes within 10 min over a aride range of pH. Other forms of asbestos show varying hemolytic activities which are related to the Mg: Si ratio of each form studied. Erythrocytes from different.species of show different degrees of hemolysis when exposed to chrysotile. amosite, and crocidolite.' The length of time during which erythrocytes are exposed to relatively inactive fonns of asbestos should also be considered. Amosite and crocidolite show greater hemolytic activities when allowed to react with erythrocytes over 4 hr instead of 1. EDTA effectively prevents hemolysis by chrysotile and other asbestifom materials contg. Mg ax a formal part of the lattice. This prevention is pH de pendent. Sxalic acid it even more effective as a preventive agent than EDTA, suggesting that it may contribute she main anionic groups which react with the pos. charged Mg4* on the surface of chrysotile during hemolysix. Poly-(2-vinylpyridine 1 oxide), an effective inhibitor of hemolysis by silica powder, has little effect on hemolysis by chrysotile. This again accords with the suggestion that Mg is the principal agent in hemolysis by as bestos. An axsocn. exists between cytotoxicity and hemolytic activity ol various forms of asbestos and other minerals although the significance of this is not yet clrar. 15188754 Page 6 CA 75, H6924g. (26) 115934* Raladoa batvaas tha physical and chink*! fa**i turn of nb lie* and thak pathogaak action. Kogan, P. M. (Inxt. Gig. Tt. Profxnbot., Sverdlovsk. USSR). Pilot, ftn ' kniamm7Tr. Via. Simp. 19M (Pub. 1970), 16-34 (Rom). Edited by VHkhkovskii, B. T. Sverdlovsk. Nauch.-lsakd. lost. Gig. Tr. Profxabol.: Sverdlovsk, USSR. A review. 63 refs. B. Stioeebsrg CA 77, I10212t (contd) (29) mg powd. chrysolite [25fififi-97-l| (asbestos) (fiber length 99% <3 a) was --40%, the same as that after injection of std. chrysotile ifiber length 95% <5 p). but the latent period for tumor development was longer with powd.. chrysotile. In both groups, tumor incidence war not significantly iniluenced by addn. of 1.25 mg bcn;o[c|pyrene tl) [.>0-.T2-8j. I without chrysotile induced tumors in 10% of the animals. CA 72, 968670c (27) 96670c Bfoloakal sad miaenlodcsl stadlea oa ssi natiifce. nuaarala in the hant-trantad etata. Kashi, Kimiko; Haymshi, Hisato; Sakabo, Hiroyttki (Nat. Inst. Ind. Health. Kawasaki,; Japan), /ad. Htaltk (Kawasaki, Jap.) 1969, 7(1-2), 66-85 (Eat). The relation between the toxic action ot heat-treatedj serpentine minerals and the strnctaral Changes caused by heat' treatment was studied. Chrysolite (from South AJnca, and the I Yamnbe mine, Japan), two-layer cttao-chrysotile (Sanbagawa,' Japan), and amigorite (Komori, Japan) were studied. Heat treatment of these serpentine minerals chanted their biol. effects, i and all serpentine specimens showed marked cytotoxic and; hemolytic action in mice aitsr treatment at --650*. Moat of i the mice injected i.p. with minerals treated at this temp, died ! within 48 hr. after injection, while mice injected with original i mineral specimens or minerals heated in other heat ranges did not. A mineralogical x-ray study and thermal differential and ir "! showed that materials treated at --660* showed a highly dis- oitaniied structure. The change of biol. action by heat treat ment may be related to the disordered state of serpentines during transformation into iorsterite. V. N. Nekraasoff CA 71, 637*m (28) U74n Cytotoxicity of asbestos dnsts. Paraui, Elena; Per-' nia. 3emienulo; Seechi. Gian C.; Yjgliaai. Enrico C. (I'niv..' Milan, Milan, Italy). .1/rd. Lat. 1968, 59(10), 501-78 (Eng). Asbestos dusts, Balangem chrysotile and South African crociiloh:r. were incubated in cultures of guinea pig macrophages to det. their cytotoxic action on these cells. Both dusts were found ca pable of stopping lactic acid production of the cells, but crocidoUte was less active in this respect. The toxicity was largely at tributable to the fibrous fraction of the dust samples. Impair ment of cell membrane permeability was shown by the lack of fluorescein uptake by the cells. Chrysotile caused a rapid re lease of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) from macrophages, bull its effect on acid phosphatase was only slightly abnormal.! Similar studies with crocidolite showed that it possessed a more! toxic effect than chrysotile, and even greater than tridymite.i Pnrtreatment of chrysotile fibers with EDTA or a syntheticpolymer, PVPXO, did not modify the release of LDH or acid' phosphatase thus suggesting that the toxic action may be related to the phys. rather than the chera. nature of the fiber. CA 77, 110212t (29) I Hi--!2t Tumors of rats after i.p. injection of powdered chrysotile and lien/olnipyrene. Pott. F.; Huth, F.; Friedrichs. K. Fi. i Med. Inst. Lufihyg. Siiikoseforsch.. Univ. Ducsscldorf. Duesseldorf. Ger.). Zentralbl. Hakteriol.. Parusitenk., In'.'kttun.-.kr. Hy".. Abt. I: Orin.. Reihe H 1972. 155! 5-6). 4(111-9 (tier). The incidence of tumors in rats after i.p. injection of 1U0 CA 77, 574lld. ' (30) 5711 Id Experimental asbestos carcinogenesis. Reeves,; Andrew L.; Puro, Henry E.; Smith. Ralph (j.; Vnrwald. Arthurj J. (Sch. Med.. Wavne Stale Univ., Detroit, Mich.). EnvironJ Res. 1971, 4(6). 496-511 (Engl. Guinea pigs, hamsters, raupits.i and rats were exposed to l ot 3 types of asbestos dust: amosite\ [12172-7.1-5|. crocidolite (12001-28-11, or chrysotile (12001-29-51.; Inhalation exposures were accomplished in chambers where! ball-milled specimens of the dusts were disseminated for 4 hr daily. 4 days weekly, at a mean atm. concn. of -- 4F1 mg/m". Aridnl. animals were injected with the dusts intrutracheally, : intrapieuraliy. or i.p. There was a fibrotic reaction in all species to all 3 types of dusts, with amosite evoking the strongest such : response, esp. in guinea pigs. Two pulmonary cancers were produced in rats exposed to the inhalation oi crocidolite. Local 1 injection into the pleural or peritoneal cavities caused 5 mesotheliomas in rats after chrysotile treatment and 6 mesotheliomas in rats and rabbits after crocidolite treatment. ; Guinea pigs and hamsters developed no tumors irr this expt.. and with the dose used, there were no tumors in any species in "the ; amosite croup. CA 77, ^3963y (31) 4:!J(.:tv liiological action of different asbestos dusts with special respect to fiber length and semiconductor properties.1 Kobork. K.; Klusterkoeuer. W. ibtcitiKohienbergbauver., Essen. Ger.). Inhaled Particles 3, Proc. Int. Symp.. 3rd 1970. (Pub. 1H7H. 1, 465-75 lEngl. Edited by, Walton, W. H.. Unv.in brothers Ltd.: Old Woking, Surrey, Engl. Chrysotile |12l)lll-29-5) was much more cytotoxic than crocidolite (12001-28-=4] in tests with peritoneal macrophages. This result is inconsistent with epidemiological studies which show the health, hazard oi' chrysotile to be lower than that of crocidolite. and is explained by fiber shape. The thin and straight crocidolite fibers: can penetrate into the pleura during-inhaialion; but not the. curved chrysotile fibers. The activation energies of the electron, traps and intensities of thermoluminescence of various asbestos' samples are given. CA 72, 93145a (32) 93145a AabastM hemolysis. Schnitxer, R. J.; Pundsack. F. L. (Environ. Sci. Lab., Mt. Sinai Sch. of Med., New York, N.Y.). Enrirm. Rn. 1970. 3(1). 1-13 (Eng). ChrysotUe fibers exert a marked hemolytic activity on suspensions of washed sheep erythrocytes, but amphibole asbestiform minerals such as , crocidolite, amosite, tremoiite, and anthophyllite possess only v negligible hemolytic properties. The min. hemolytic concn. of chrysotile asbestos is dependent on the openness of the fibers as characterised by the air permeability surface area and decreases with increasing surface area. This fact was also observed in the evaluation of hemolysis of fibrous, nonasbestiform minerals, e.g.. 15188755 CA 72, 93145a (contd) (32) seriolite and nemalitc, Chrysotile hemolysis can be inhibited by EDTA and by certain acidic polymers particularly by poly- .tyrene sulfonates. CM-cellulose ether Xa salt, and the pyrancopolymer NSC 46015. These substances are not effective as inhibitors of silica {quartt) hemolysis, whereas polyvinylpyridine-X-oxide, a very potent antagonist of silica hemolysis, inter feres with chrysotile only at high concns. The hemolytic action j o.' chrysotile can be greatly reduced by repeated treatment with' red blood cells. The mechanism of asbestos hemolysis cannoti yet be satisfactorily interpreted. There is a marked correlation1 of hemolytic potency with the surface area and the degree of opening of the fibers which may be influenced by the action of the I antagonistic polymers. The role of the Mg(OH h surface charec-, leristic for chrysotile is not yet elucidated, because MgfOHh is; not hemolytic, although nemalite, a natural fibrous MgfOH andaiightiyburnedMgOareactivehemolyticagents. RCTT CA 77, 15329c (33) 15339a AeeaeUUeu at phagscytued aeheataa dual will brimesse angysaa. Smith. Beverly A.; Davis, J. M. C. iDep. Pathol., Cambridge Univ., Cambridge. Engl.). J. Pathol. 1971, 10613). 153-7 (Eng). Intrapiaunl injection of asheetns dust (25 mg) produced GRANULOMAS in guinea pigs. Acid phosphatase (9MI-77-8) in the granulomas was confined to the lyaoaome sariaa of organelles, but not all of lhaae structuras gava a poo. reaction. In dust-contg. maaophagaa and giant calla, often <50% of primary lysoeomse and 10% of dust-contg. phagosomes cootaiaad add phoaphataaa. Whan fibnblaata worn chrysotile (129,1-29-6] duet. The impiicatica of theee n<w4ie. on the tcglaty ofchryortila aehmroi duet iadjamiad. CA 77, 30035* (34) 3U035x Mechanisms of mesothelioma induction with asbestos and fibrous glass. Stanton, Mearl F.; Wrench. Constance iLab. Pathci.. Nati. Cancer Inst.. Betnescia. Md.i. J. Nat. Cancer Inst. 1972. 4S(C-). 797-S2I lEng). Application of 7 forms of 3 types of asbestos, o types of fibrous glass. 2 types of silica ("GSl-Sli-ifj anci nickel-chrome stainless steei and metallic nickel (7440-02-0] fragments on a coarse fibrous siass vehicle to the pleura of rats showed that CARCINOGENICITY of asbestos and iiorous glass seems .primarily related to the structural shape of the material rather than physiocnem. properties, in 2 years, amosite |12172-73-5j, chrysotile (12001-29-5). and 4 ditierent specimens ot crociaolite (120fil-2b-4j yielded incidences of pleural mesotheliomas in the range of 58-75%. Hanti-miUed crocidoiite fibers not exposed to extraneous oils or metaiiic milling yielded dose-reiated tumor responses comparable to those of a std. ref. milled crocidoiite. ijtd. crocidoiite. inducing a high incidence of mesotheliomas, caused fewer mesotheliomas (20-32%) when reduced to su'umicroscopic Fibrils by excessive milling. Pulverized tragments of the steel mill and Ni metai at doses exceedir," potential contaminating levels uid noi induce tumors. Microspheres of r.oncrvst. siiica resuited in a single mesotheiiom?. among 43 rats. The intact fibrous glass vehicle aid not yield tumors, nor did its absence alter the incidence of crocidoiite-induced tumors. However, when the fibrous glass vehicle and 2 other types of fibrous giass. with a mean riiam. cf 5-10 a. were reduced to short fibrous lragmenls ana applied to the pleura. 4 mesotheliomas were induced among 9! rats. Two forms of an esp. tint- fibrous glass. O.Ub-3 u in diem., further milled to approach the length of asbestos libers, resulted in moderately high uicitiviivesol mesotheliomas il2-io'7c). Page 7 CA 73, 23333g (35) 23U3g Formaboa of tha asbactat body. Companttv* study with thm typaa of aabaatoo. Suzuki, Yasunusukr; Chur*. Jacob (Mount Sinai Seta, of Med.. City Univ. of Nrw York. Nw York, N.V.). nrtnw. Rts. 1970, 3i.M. luT-lti (Engl. Avbrslos bodies wen produced exptl. in the lungs of hamsters ! by intratracheal instillation of 3 type* of asbestos: soft chryso tile, harsh chrysotile, and amosite. Though some tlifierences were noted, harsh chrysolite and amosite fibers were converted into asbestos bodies by the same successive step* as soft chryso tile: phagocytosis of asbestos by alveolar macrophages and other j phacaytic cells and incorporation into phagolysosomes; ac- cumulation ol l e micelles around the fibers, possibly by fusion of ! a>hcstus-contg. phagosomes- with hemosiderin granules; and [ compaction of the micelles and clearing of the peripheral zone to > form a mature asbestos body. < Formation of asbestos bodies < seems to be a continuous process with old bodies growing in thick ness and uncoatctl fibers being converted into bodies months or years after instillation of asbestos. Possible origins of hemo siderin granules were discussed. Striking hyperplasia of cell organelles was found. Dorothy J. Buchanan-Davidson CA 73, 85993f (36) 8599Jf Pathogenesis ol Asbestos!*. Szymczykicwicz, Kotv rad (Dep. Aerosols, Inst. Ind. Med., Lodi, Poland). Pol. Sted. Sd. Hist. Bull. 1970. 13(3). 115-19, 138 (Eng). The cryxt. structure of chrysotile asbestos (I) anil quartz is responsible for their similar noxious bioi. activities. Cryst. I caused pulmonary changes in guinea pigs characteristics for asbestosis whereas i amorphous I did not. Cryst. I and quartz significantly increxted i the O consumption of lung sections of white mice and the globulin fraction of rabbit blood serum compared with controls, I amorphous I, coal dust, fiber glass, and (or) fine glass. Textile 1 Asbestos factory workers in the spinning and weaving dept*., which have higher concns. of longer fibers, have a higher incidence of asbestosis than workers in preparatory depts., where the dust concn. is highest. BC1N CA 76, 42511s (37) 42511, Patfcocsaasia of turners foUowiac tha intraplaund bdacttoa at nhsatsa aad silica. Wagasr. J. C. iMsd. Re*. Count. Pneumoconiosis Unit, Uandougb Hasp.. Penarth/GUm = organ, Walss). AC Symp. See. 1910, No. 21. 347-56 (Eng). A rmsw on previous expts. and som* nrw data on work in . progress an even. All samples of tubruot testad pnxiucsd; MESOTHELIOMAS in rsta. Silica [7531 84 9], which wsa usad i as s control dust in previous rxptx.. also produced tumors. ' Aahsain* dusts tsstsd inducted amour. anthophyltu* |17M8-78-a 9). chrysolite A. chrysolite B. and crocidoLt* |12Ml-2g-4|. 8 1 15188756