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0007-SWP-000006514 Reg. U. S. Pet. Of. The Brightest Name In Titanium Pigments TITANIUM PIGMENT CORPORATION (SulKsuiiar}' of NATIONAL LEAD COMPANY) 111 Broadway, New York 6, N. Y. Tel. KEctar 2-4942 Soles Offices Qiicago 3, 111. 101 S. Michigan Ave. Tel. Randolph 8494 Boston 6, Mass. 800 Albany St TeL Garrison 1000 Cleveland 13, Ohio 1213 West Third St TeL Prospect 2060 Los Angeles 21, CaL 2472 Enterprise St TeL Trinity 9624 Philadelphia 7, Pa. Widener Bldg. TeL Locust 7-7153 Portland, Ore. 1238 N. W. Glison St TeL Broadway 1281 St Louis 11, Mo. Carondelet Station TeL Lockhart 3980 San Francisco 7, CaL 350 Townsend St TeL Garfield 1-1442 Albany, N. Y. Atlanta, Ga. Baltimore, Md. Boston, Mass. Buffalo, N. Y. Chicago, X1L Cincinnati, Ohio Warehouses Cleveland, Ohio Dallas, Texas Detroit, Mich. Houston, Texas Jersey City, N. J. Kansas City, Mo. Los Angeles, CaL Louisville, Ky. Milwaukee, Wis. New Haven, Conn. New Orleans, La. Oakland, CaL Philadelphia, Pa. Pittsburgh, Pa. Portland, Ore. San Francisco, CaL Seattle, Wad. St Louis, Mo. St Paul, Minn. 0007-SWP-000006515 TITANOX Pigments . Properties and Uses The most interesting jirojiurties essential to die great majority of uses of the TITANOX titanium pigments are concisely presented in this booklet. There may he unusual pigmentation problems which involve pigment properties not mentioned herein. If you have such a problem your inquiries are welcome and will he gladly answered no matter how simple or complex tlie problem. Best application of a pigment is usually suggested by its properties.. Discussion of uses is accordingly brief especially in view also of the dif ferent aspects the same use may exhibit within a given industry. Exhaustive discussion of each use is beyond die scope of this booklet, hut your particular problem will be approached willingly with die aid of laboratory work and vast field experience if you will let (is hear from you. CONTENTS What is TITANOX? - - -................................................ Pate 3 Types of Pigment currently offered - . - . . . . . . . . 3 TITANOX Figments Table of properties * - * - - - - - - 14-15 Fundamental Properties ............. S-9 Technical Properties - - - ............................................................. 10-20 Uses ................. . 21-28 List of Uses - - ... . .. . - . 28 TITANIUM PIGMENT CORPORATION 0007-SWP-000006516 Copyright !*M7 by TITANIUM I'lGMENT COIIPOKATION New York. N. Y. All riflhts reserved IKtKIKK IS S. A. 0007-SWP-000006517 What is TfTANOX? The first trade name of the first commercial white pigment composed of titanium dioxide--very simple in the; beginning (about thirty years ago)---just TITANOX to identify titanium dioxide in combina tion with barium or calcium sulphate. But later, after much concentrated research, straight or unextended titanium dioxide pigment was offered, and to dis tinguish it from the composite or extended type, the letter A was added. Other.letters had to be adopted'-- B for barium sulphate along with titanium dioxide; for calcium sulphate along witli titanium dioxide. HE Enters the picture In 1941, titanium dioxide having the Crystal struc ture of rutile was provided as a base for titanium pigments, offering greater hiding power than for merly available. To associate tlie improvement with the name known for reliability in titanium pigments, die letter It was added. Thus TITANOX-RC denotes rutile titanium dioxide-calcium sulphate pigment. Simi larly, TITANOX-RA denotes rutile titanium dioxide pigment. Further additions to the Trade Name said their meaning Further suffixes to the name indicate some im prove^ property of the pigment, hut the added letter or number may not he a symbol or definition of the improvement. Thus, some years ago, the nuinlier 160 was added to TITANOX-A to identify pigment which retards after-yellowing or discoloration of organic coalings. While a nuinlier of these additions have been necessary, every attempt is being made to sim plify i die naming of the pigments. For example, because rutile titanium dioxide already affords die improved color retention of TITANOX-A-168, die number 168 is dropped and the pigment is simply called TITANOX-RA. ' . hie; X indicates ease of dispersion; NC signifies "non-idialking" to denote retarded chalking of the pigment in paints. Types of pigment currently offered Titanium dioxide (an&tase) TITANOX-A reg.---in two oil absorption types--A-MO and A-LO; general utility; principal uses (A-MO) white exterior house paints; viscose rayon delustring; A-LO for high gloss products. TITANOX-A-168--in two oil absorption types--A-168-MO and A-168-LO; prin cipal use (A-168-L0) white industrial enamels. TITANOX-AA -- "semi-chalk-resistant"; principal use exterior paints retarded chalking. TITANOX-A-24--Chalk-resistant; princi pal use exterior tinted-enamels. TITANOX-A-WD--water dispersible main ly for opacifying and brightening paper. TITANOX-A, ceramic grade -- somewhat coarse particle size mainly for welding rod coatings. Titanium dioxide (rutile) TITAN0X-RA-10 --- rutile counterpart of TITANOX-A reg.; principal use while exterior house paint. TITANOX-RA -- ruffle counterpart of TITANOX-A-168-LO; principal use ' white and light tinted industrial enamels. Rutile-calcium pigment (30% TiO, (rutile); 70% CaSO.) TITANOX-RCHT--general utility; princi pal use interior architectural finishes especially flat wall paints; exterior white house paints. TITANOX-RCHTX--ease -of dispersion; principal use interior architectural fin ishes, especially gloss. TITANOX-RC--chalk-resistant; principal use exterior tinted paints and enamels. C5] I 0007-SWP-000006518 # tF i *l i In addition to the foregoing, the almost obsolete anatase titanium calcium pigments TITANOX-C and TITANOX-CX (30% TiO,; 70% CaSCh) are still being offered because they meet recognized needs in some formulation programs. Similarly, TITAN0X-B-30, titanium-barium pig ment (30% TiO>; 70% BaSO.) in spite of serious material shortages is still being offered primarily for industrial primers and house paint primers. Discontinued TITANOX-A-NC -- coarse chalk-resistant rutile titanium dioxide lias been discontinued because de mand for this pigment was almost wholly from speci fication paints during the war. On account of rising costs and the shortage of lead, TITANOX-L (lead titanatc)--which afforded the maximum of appearance and durability in tinted paints---has been given up most reluctantly. Fortun ately, its place is being taken very efficiently by TITANOX-RC--which not only affords, good appear ance and long life of tinted exterior paints but also lower cost. Types to be added High hiding rutile titanium dioxide having high chalk-resistance, to be called TITANOX-RA-NC, will he added to the T1TANQX line as soon as feasible. A water dispersible rutile titanium dioxide-- TITANOX-RA-WD--will also be added. These pigments, now unavailable, are nevertheless included in the detailed table on page 14 in which the properties of the complete line of TITANOX pig ments are shown. The discontinued pigments are also listed in order to provide a familiar comparison. Visual photomicrographs Pigments highly dispersed its synthetic resin TITANOX-AJj O .a [43 0007-SWP-000006519 4 Fundamental Properties Those properties, usually subject to scientific measurement, of the pigment itself to which are stlributalje benefits in practical tse Chemical and Physical Stability Titanium dioxide is one of the most stable sub stances known. A very high temperature--about 3280"F--is required to melt it. Temperatures en countered in its application as pigment will have no harmful effects such as change in color or chemical decomposition. It will not dissolve in water, inor ganic acids, organic acids, dilute alkalis and is un affected under ordinary conditions by gases particu larly those encountered in the atmosphere. Only hot concentrated sulfuric acid or hydrofluoric acid will dissolve ititanium dioxide. The extenders barium sulphate and calcium sul phate associated with titanium dioxide in the com posite TITANOX pigments arc also highly stable. However, on account of very alight solubility in water the calcium sulphate extended type is avoided in any application which involves a. large excess of water to pigment Electron micrographs Grrater than 30.000 X Fine, particle size contributes to high reflection The particle size of TITANOX pigments ranges from an average diameter of about Oj micron in the anatase type of titanium dioxide through 0.5-0.9 micron in the composite pigments to about 0.6 micron in ceramic grade TITANOX-A. The minuteness of die particles of titanium dioxide pigment is brought out strongly by die electron micro scope.! Along with new knowledge afforded by die ability to see so much with this instrument, old con cepts are being confirmed. For years die extended TITANOX pigments have been considered true composite pigments owing to intimate mixture secured by precipitating titanium dioxide in die presence of the extender. Evidence to support this view has come from studies of sedimen tation as well as opacity, but striking confirmation is afforded by the election microscope by which we can see the effects of removing by means of a solvent die calcium1 sulphate.from a particle of rutile titanium di oxide-calcium sulphate pigment (TITANGX-RCHT). The finely divided titanium dioxide can be seen to be arranged about the calcium sulphate. Mete oj TITAttOX-RCIlT from which emtetem sulrkote has hem removed hj solvent--note how TiOs rental* structure of coaling occr fflff/wfti sulphotc t 0007-SWP-000006520 Fine particle size mast be acrumpanted by high refractive index Fine particle size will contrilmln to high light re flection, hut refractive index must he high in order for the pigment to have opacity or hiding power in the presence of paint vehicles and other media. Titanium dioxide has the highest refractive index of any white pigment. TITANOX-A Average Refractive Indices of White Pigments and Extenders Diatomaceous silica - - - - - - - - 1.45 Silica (quartz) - .........................' - - 1.55 Calcium carbonate (caleite) 1.57 Calcium sulphate (anhydrite) ............................1.59 Barium rarlionatc (witherite) - - - - - 1.(0 llaryles - -- -- --..............................1X4 !.it!io|i(iin: - ------------ |Jtt TITANOX-C (ahatose TiO,--CaSO,) - - - - IJ17 Zinc, (iritln - - - - - - . . . - - . 1.99-2.02 TITANOX-U-30 (aimtase TiO.- llaSO,) - - - 1.91 TITANOX-RCHT (rutile Til),--CaSO,) - - - 1.911 Haste sulphate white lead - ------- 1.93------- Basic carbonate white lead - - - - - - - 1.94-2.09 -- Anlimony oxide - . ................................. 2.09-2.29 Zinc sulfide. . .................................. - - 2.37 Zirconium oxide ................................................. 2.40 TITANOX-A (anatase) -------- 2.55 TITANOX-RA (rutile) -------- 2.7(1 Whiteness The TITANOX pigments arc white because they do tot strongly absorb colored light but highly reflect all colors- Fine particle size and high refractive index make this whiteness and brightness (high reflectance) effective in the presence of paint vehicles and other media. Electron micrograph 20,000* The High Nineties High refection by TITANOX-A e/ light of dl wave lengths ns shown by C. . Spectrophotometer * 0007-SWP-00Q06521 Low specific gravity contributes to reflectance and opacity Fine particle size and low specific gravity naturally mean large surface area per unit weight of pigment Coupled with high refractive index, these properties assure high reflectance and opacity with a minimum weight of pigment. Specific Gravity and Bulking Values of the TITANOX pigments and some oilier White Pigments and Extenders Lb. per lift. ' solid . hulks Sp.Cr. gat. $al. TITANOXrA (anatase types) TITANQX-A-24 - - - TITANOX-RA (rutile types) TITANOX-B-30 - - - - TITANOX-C -----TITANOX-RCHT - - - TITANOX-L (lead titanate) Antimony oxide - - - - - Basic carbonate white lead Basic sulphate blue lead - Basic sulphate white lead - Lithopone (reg. 28-30% ZnS) Lithopone (high str. 50% ZnS) Lithopone (litanated 15% TiO,) Zinc oxide, (lead free) Zinc oxide.(3 to 5% leaded) Zinc oxide (8 to 12% leaded) Zinc oxide (35% leaded) Zinc sulphide ----Zirconium oxide - * - Aluminum flake - - - - Aluminum hydrate - - - > Asbestine (Mg si!.) - - Blanc fixe - - - - - - Barytes ------Bentonite - - - - - - - Calcium sulfate (gypsum) Calcium sulfate (anhydrite) Whiting; (CaCO,) - - - China Clay - - - - - Diatomaceous silica - - Magnesium carbonate - - Metronite - - - - - Silica................................... Talc.................... - - - 3.90 3.80 4.20 4.24 3.13 355 75 -/5.7S row 6.60 6.40 450 - 4.20 - 4.25 5.65 5.70 5.75 5.78 4.00 5.69 254 2.45 255 456 4,45 2.41 256 2.96 2.70 250 251 151 255 255 2.77 32.49 3155 34.99 3551 26.07 2757 60:83 47.9 5554 54.98 5351 3552 34.99 35.40 47.06 47.48 47.90 48.05 3352 47.40 21.16 20.41 23.74 3652 37.07 20.08 19.66 24.66 22.49 21.66 1954 15.08 23.74 2l07 2357 .0308 .0316 5286 .0283 .0383 .0369 .0161 .0209 .0177 .0182 51.88 .0279 .0286 .0282 5212 5211 .0209 5208 5300 5211 5473 .0490 .0121 .0275 .0270 5198 .0509 5105 5145 5162 .0520 .0282 .0421 5153 5133 Anatase and Rutile The particles of titanium dioxide pigments al though. visually rather shapeless are composed of crystals which are built up of unit cells--the smallest unit of a crystal which is regularly repeated through out a system. 'flie anatase crystal structure of titanium dioxide consists of lightly bonded ions of1 titanium and oxygen with small distances between them--a structure not readily penetrated by light because it slows down the speed of light. The inordinately high refractive index of anatase titanium dioxide is an expression of the slowing down of the speed of light as well as of the angle in which the light is refracted. Iu the rutile structure the resistance to the passage of light is even greater than in the anatase type, for rutile has a smaller unit cell than anatase. Hie unit cell of rutile contains 61.9 cubic angstrom units, whereas the anatase cell contains 134.5 cubic ang strom units. In comparison with anatase, the even higher re fractive index of rutile can be explained by a stronger, more stable crystal structure. The greater compact ness and strength of the rutile structure is also re vealed by some other properties in the following table: Rutile Anatase Specific gravity - Melting point - - - Thermal conductivity cal/cm/sec/'C - Dielectric constant Moll's hardness - - 4.2 1825C. .148 1140* 6-7 3,9 Indefinite (transition y to rutile) .430 3l> 55-6 < > llmfcerirh mid Bell. -J. AiqtIM Phr*te II fgl I1N). 12) Internetgone! Critical Tafcfes VI. M <)- X-Ray Diffraction of Anatase and Rutile It is by means of the X-ray that these crystal types can lie positively identified. A characteristic pattern of the intensity of diffraction at different angles of diffraction is given by the X-ray spectrometer. Thus, in the figure on page 9, TITANOX-RA (rutile) may be compared with TITANOX-A (anatase). Thus far, these diffraction patterns are the most positive means of identifying the crystal type of titan ium dioxide. m 0007-SWP-000006522 I Crystal Unit Cell A--ANGSTROM UNIT 1 Anpilrom uni! = 1(1" ccnlimolore or 0.000980003937 inch --TITANIUM n--OXYGEN X-ray spectrometer trace showing the intensity of diffrac tion at different angles of diffraction of X-rays for TITANOXMA (substantially rutile crystal structure) and TITANOX-A (substantially enclose crystal structure). J$->- 8] 0007-SWP-000006523 1 0007-SWP-000006524 I i' il ! Technical Properties Generally those effects in practical use --often properties of compositions containing the pigment Mixing and Grinding Qualities Consistency Long notable for ease of dispersion in many dif ferent media, the TITANOX pigments arc adaptable to any type of mixing and grinding program. The relative amount of vehicle required for mixing, generally follows the oil absorption as lielwcen the different types of the pigments. On account of differ ences encountered in vehicles, no rigid vehicle re quirement can be slated. The LO types generally re quire less vehicle for mixing, so that maximum output of pigment may he achieved from milling. Titus, where a paste may be mttdc containing 60% by weight of tin MO types (TITANOX-A-MO, TitANOX-A168-MO and TITANOX-A-24), litc LO types may be handled at 65% pigment by weight. Especially T1TANOX-A-LO and TITANQX-A-168-LO may be mixed and ground at very high concentration where the equipment will permit. TITAN0X-A-168-L0 is therefore particularly suited for high gloss products such as industrial enamels in which dispersion is made iti a heavy duty mixer such as the Buker-Perkins type, at high pigment content sometimes in excess of 75% by weight. TITANOX-RA is of course also suit able for these products* Rutile-calcium pigment has been markedly im proved in ease of dispersion as effected in TITANOXRCHTX. This pigment will readily disperse for high gloss with a minimum amount of grinding regardless of the type of mill. In comparison with TITANOXRGHT the milling time has been reduced more than 50% in many eases. Titanitan dioxide unextended In finished paint products usually there is no appre ciable difference in consistency among the various types of unextended titanium dioxide pigments (TITANOX-As and TITANOX-RAs). However, in critical cases, the medium oil absorption type will produce slightly heavier consistency titan die low oil absorption type. This difference of course is actually pronounced at high pigment content, so that pastes pigmented with a low oil absorption type will gen erally flow more readily at a given pigment content than will those pigmented with the medium oil ab sorption type. Where maximum flow of highly pig mented pastes is desirable, therefore, TITANOX-ALO, -A-168-LO, -RA, -RA-10, -AA will be suitable. Less flow will be obtained generally with TITANOXA-MO, -A-168-MO, -A-24. Composite Pigments Generally in finished paints which do not contain aqueous bodying agent there is very little difference in consistency at the same pigmentation between TITANOX-RCHT, -RCHTX and -RC. But TJTANOXRCHT will produce the heaviest consistency among these pigments. Here again the lower oil absorption or vehicle requirement of T1TANOX-RCHTX and T1TANOX-RC promotes greater flow in highly pig mented pastes. Most pronounced difference may occur in paints dependent upon aqueous bodying agents for their pufliness, especially where non-volatile content of the vehicle is low. TITANOX-RCHTX will in these cases produce lower consistency. From die following, the similarity in consistency at low levels and the di vergence where aqueous bodying agent is used may be readily noted. [' o] ; 0007-SWP-Q00006525 2 Consistency ---- Stormer Viscosimeter See. per 100 rev./grams load Pigment TITANOX-RCHT TITANOX-RCHTX Enamels 35 % pee tllea. Alford minims 28/150 27/150 27/200 25/200 Clnss Paint (RCIITX 65% rUting 35%) 35% pre 28/400 26/400 Tinting Strength Tlic primary properties--fine and optimum particle size and high refractive index--account for the high tinting strength of the TITAN0X pigments. The great strength of these pigments is accompa nied by their ability to yield remarkably clear tints. Flat rail Paint alearesinnm Bodied Kith rump TITANOX-RCHT TITANOX-RCHTX 37/1000 26/950 29/550 28/450 Water Systems Where die pigment is dispersed in water, the water dispersible type of titanium dioxide--TITANQX-AWD--will generally produce lower consistency than an alternative type such as TITANOX-A-MO. This also applies to water dispersible titanium-barium pig ment--TTfANOX-B-30-Wp--in -relation to regular TITAN0X-B-3G. The water dispersible types arc characterized by lower water absorption, thus, 3040 parts of distilled water will form .a paste with 100 parts TITANOX-AWD, but on die order of 200 parts of distilled water will be required by 100 parts of TITANOX-A-MO. Tinting Strength of the TITANOX pigments and some other White Pigments (Reynolds' constant volume method--ultramarine blue)* TITANOX-RA (rutile--also RA-10, RA-NC) Tinting Strength 1550 TITANOX-A (nnalase-- . also A-168, AA, A-24) - - - 1250 TITANOX-RCHT (rutile-calcium. also RC, RCHTX) - - - - - 609 TITANOX-C (analase-cakium, also CX) 470 TITANOX-B-30 (anstase-barium, also B40-AA) - - .... 449 Zinc sulfide ...... 640 Sodium 'Silicate systems (welding rod coatings) Generally, consistency of pastes of TITANOX-A and sodium silicate solutions varies with die sodium silicate absorption of the pigment. In the manufacture of coatings for steel arc-weld ing electrodes, the sodium silicate absorption of die pighient is often one of the determinants of die selection of a particular type of titanium dioxide. TITANOX-A ceramic grade is the lowest in absorp tion (30-33), TITANOX-A-WD and TITANQX-A-LO are intermediate whereas TITANOX-A-MO. is highest (5G+). Tilanaled iitliopone ... - - 460 High strength lithopone - - - - 420 Lilhopone - - . . 280 Zinc oxide ...... - - 210 Zinc oxide (35% leaded) - - - 175 Basie sulphate while lead - * * 120.150 Basic earltonate white lead 120-160 Fhrafcftl and Chemical Esamlnatlen ot MSI, VauBEUws. Lae. qaers and CoSon, H. A. Gardner and G. C. Sward, 101h Edi tion, iw 4S. [til 0007-SWP-000006526 High Tinting Strength means High Hiding Power As a guide to the hiding power of white pigments, many paint technologists refer to the data of Hallett*1* which supplemented by calculations*** of hiding power of some pigments not included in Ilallelt's work, follows: Hiding /Ww Hiding sq.lt per lb. Units TITANOX-RA (rutile) ...... 147 TITANOX-A (anatase types) - - - - 115 Zinc sulfide - -- -- -- - - - 58 TITANOX-RCHT (also RC, RCKTX) - 57 TITANOX-C (anslase-cslciuni) - - - 48 TITANOX-B-30 (onntase-harium) - - 46 Titanatcd iithopoue ------- 44 High strength iithopone ------ 44 Lilhopone - -- -- -- -- - 27 Zinc oxide ---------- 20 Zinc oxide (35% leaded) - - - - - 20 Antimony oxide - - -.................... 20 Basic carbonate white lead ----- 15 Basic sulphate white lead ----- 13 9.80 7.07 3.87 3.80 3;20 3.07 2.93 2.93 1.80 1.33 1.33 1-33 1.00 .87 The foregoing not only illustrates the exceptional hiding afforded by the TITANOX pigments hut also the relative amount of one pigment that may replace another for equal hiding. However, these data apply to a single content by volume of the pigment in the paint film. - Since the hiding power of a pigment depends mainly upon the proportion of pigment by volume of the paint filmi many paint technologists prefer to take pigment volume into account when considering the hiding power of pigments In the chart above to the right, the extremely opaque pigments (UTANOX-RA and TITANOX-A) are shown at low pigment volumes at which these pig ments are generally used, whereas the extended pig ments (TITANOX-RCHT and TITANOX-C) are shown at higher pigment volumes. Thus the GXCGp* ID Vioe. A-S.T.M. 38 Vat it sts } BUInc Power -- (Tittles itemstfe (Meek) X .1} + *. [ Typical nlctira hiding i* an dtyd vehicle tional hiding of titanium dioxide at low pigment volume which is often required in gloss finishes is contrasted with the relatively high hiding of the ex tended pigment at higher pigment volumes applicable to semi-gloss and flat finishes. Since at constant non volatile content of vehicle, pigment volume may be translated into pounds of pigment per gallon of paint, an idea of the hiding power of the pigments may be gained from the chart at the right in which an average relationship between the hiding power of paint and pounds of pigment per gallon of paint is shown. Although for a specific case the relationships thus shown may not he exact, due to uncontrolled factors such as type of vehicle and grinding, they should be helpful as a guide to pigmentation. ] OOO^-SWP-000006527 I i Pounds of Pigment per Gallon of Paint 0007-SWP-000006528 Tit a n o x [ Analase Titanium Dioxide TITANOX-A-MO TITANOX-A-LO TITANOX-A-168-MO TITANQX-A-168-LO TITAN0X-AA TiTANOX-A-24 T1TANOX-A-WD /TITANOX-A, ceramic grade Rutile Titanium Dioxide TITANOX-A-NC TITANOX-RA-IO TITANOX-KA / TlTANOX-llA-NC J T1TANOX-RA-WD Titanium-lkuium (30% TiO,; 70% BeS04) TITANOX-B-30 TETANOX-I5-30-AA TITANOX-H-30-W D Titanium (Analme)-Calcium (30% TiO,; 70% CaSO) TITANOX-C T1TANOX-CX Rutile-Calcium (30% TiO, (rutile); 70% CeSO,) . TITANOX-IIC J TITANOX-RC1IT TITANOX-UCIITX Lead TUanate (PUTiOj) TITANOX-L TOi*O0f , (iniiiiimim) SfK-cific (iffiviljr *) 3.9 98 3.9 97 3.9 97 3.9 96 3.9 94 3.8 98 3.9 98 3.9 97 4.2 98.5 4.2 97 4.2 94 4.2. 98 4.2 lib. Inllke Gl. .0308 .0308 .0308 .0308 .0308 .0316 .0308 .0308 .0286 .0286 .0286 .0286 .0286 'or Particle Sice eve. die. . micron Refractive Brjr IntSex 1 Brightness (mean) ( vc.) 32.49 32.49 32.49 32.49 32.49 31.65 32.49 32.491 0.3 0,3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.6 34.99 34.99 34.99 34.99 34,99 0.6 0.4 0.4 0.4 ; 0.4f 235 235 2.55 235 235 235 235 -- . 2.7/ 2.7 2.7 2.7 2,7 983 983 983 983 98.5 [ 97.0 | 983 | 1 95 j 97 | 97 1 97 ; 97 | 29.5 4.24 29.5 4.24 29.5 4j24 .0283 .0283 .0283 3531 3531 35.31 0.5-0.7 03-0.7 03-0.7 1.91 1.91 1.91 98.5 98.5 983 j 29.5 3.13 29.5 3.13 29.5 3.25 29.5 3.25 29.5 3.25 -- 7.3 .0383 .0383 26.07 26.07 03-0.7 0.5-0.7 1.87 1.87 .0369 .0369 .0369 .0164 27.07 27.07 27.07 60.83 03-0.9 03-0.8 03-03 0.4 1.98 1.98 1.98 2.74 98.5 j 983 j J973 983 983 1 [ 91 '1 Dhcaaemuoi PigmmtK TBTANOX-A-NC and TITANOX-L are not being produced. Nmtypa neSynt/sr asfc TITANOX-RA-NC, T2TAN0X-RA-WD. Censssteacy: The unestended titanium diosities are similar in CoaiMteney in sanat finished paint products, but at high pigment content such as in pastes tlie MO types generally yield higher consistency than the LO types. For the composite pigments, the numbers on tlie average are proportional to time of fiow generally obtained with viscometers usually employed. Oil absorption: Spatula method expressed as lb. oil per 100 lb. pigment--determined in relation So standard sample under con* trolled conditions. Dry Btigftiems: Hunter multi-purpose relfcctometer--green filter--measured on cake pigment. [H] 0007-SWP-000006529 Pigments fhileness f Paint C-wliilesfc Afterjr'cllfming ficristance Oil Abfiorplinn Tinning Strength (Stalking Consistency Kcftistance (paint) Principal Use 9 9 ID 10 /9 ' - .' 9 v -to -to 100 100 95 95 , .-t ' 26-27 20-22 26-27 20-22 21-23 26-27 v-- :$: . ii . 6 -r 92' 100 100 -- 1.8-20 19-21 20 20 -- 1250 1250 1250 1250 1250 1250 1250 1000 1550 1550 ifjSW ' 15 15 20 20 30 65 -- -- lot) 29 35 1(H) _ White exterior house paints; general utililv. -- Interior gloss enamels and lacquers; rubber. -- -- White baking enamels. -- Specification paints; exterior paints -retarded chalking. -- Automotive enamels; exterior enamels and paints. -- Paper filling and coating; water vehicle systems. -- Welding rod coatings; ceramics. -- S|ccification paints. -- White exterior house paints. -- Industrial enamels; architectural enamels. Tinted exterior paints and enamels. -- Waxed papef. 1 . 9 high 9 high -- high 9 1Bngi1f.i 9 high 15 15 23 21 410 is 4-10 30 449 -- 60 60 -- 470 very low 470 very low 60 55 Primers for bouse paints; industrial primers. Exterior paints* retarded chalking. Pajicr filling and coating. See TITAN0X-RCIIT. See TITANQX-RCIITX. 6 8 8 (cry pale yellow high high high ^ '-high - 21 23 21 10 600 100 600 20 600 20 570 120 55 Exterior tinted paints and eaamek. 60 Flat wall paints; white exterior house paints. 55 Interior architectural finishes. -- Tinted exterior paints. .CkMmgt KdaUf dudSs nkUmce-^tlie higlt numbers imitate liigh ch*lk<munce or low chalking. From the average of numerous exposures of comparable practical finishes, tlie numbers are proportional to the tame required Cor chalking to commence ami continue. ^/ur^sWip The relative fMsty oC the pigments to retard the after-yellowing of white coatings--particularly synthetic resin types. Less after-yellowing (greatest resistance) denoted by higher numbers. Tisstifig stranph Reynolds constant, volume netlimMli gram Std. TITANOXr-A plus 1^5 gm. ultramarine blue (6 parts barytes, l part ultramarine blue) plus 04IS ml. refined limed oil has tinting strength 12SQ. Although an exact general rdatklndtip cannot the aliown, tinting auengtli h generally indicative of (dative hiding power. ITHtfarn mf FansK DiOerenoai in whiteness are slight except in the earn of TITANOX-ANC (discontinued}. The lesser white ness of the entile types n usually counteracted by higher brightness. [15] 007-SWP-00000653 ' Brightness: or Reflectance of: Coatings Optimum particle size, high refractive index and atomic structure such that light of any given wave length is not strongly absorbed, assure high reflec tance of films pigmented with TITANOX. Like oilier optical properties, brightness depends upon many factors, but with a given white pigment and vehicle, it is largely determined by the amount of pigment. The rutile types of TITANOX .have greater brightening power than the corresponding aitatase types, the only exception being the now obsolete TITANOX-A-NC which because of relatively coarse particle size together with absorption of blue had low brightening power. will be assured through the use of the maximum amount of the proper TITANOX pigment. This maxi mum amount in terms of pigment Volume can he suffi ciently loiv to maintain high gloss, flexibility and other desirable film properties. Typical Differences in Brightness in synthetic reein end oil vehicles {for illedreHvs perpeses onlyf Among the various types of anatase titanium di oxide there is not a great deal of difference in effect on brightness of coatings, but the lower brightness af forded by TITANOX-A-24 has tobe considered where brightness is a critical requirement. In general, if an arbitrary value of 100 is assigned to TITANOX-RA, then the brightness produced in coatings by the others will be according to the following chart. % Pigment by Volume of Non-volatile - % pvc .1 TITANOX-`RAIO, RA (r utile types) TITANOX-A168 TITANOX.;AA TITANOX .jA Reg. . TITANOX-,A24 . , .--TIT--AN,O-X..-..Ai_N_C_____ 80 85 90 95 100 In view of their high tinting and brightening power the TITANOX pigments are ideally suited for tinted coatings having high opacity. Where demanded, the highest hiding obtainable in a white or tinted coating r?----1------ 1-----T-----1------ITANOX -RA (rutile H02) 93 ------ 1 J TITANOX-A reg. / / [anatase H02J TITANOX - RCHT .yfrutile Ti02^ CaS04)~ TITANOX- C \8ii3IaSS IIU2* | CaS04) 1* TITANOX-ANC ("coarse" rutile Ti02) 10 20 30 40 50 60. 70 % Pigment by Volume of Total Non-volatile 0007-SWP-000006531 Brightness and Hiding Power I White Paints Because of tlie strong brightening action of the TITANOX pigments, often there will be brightness to spare even where the pigmentation is an exceptionally economical one such as 70% TITANOX-RCHT and 30% extender. Depending upon requirements, the formulator by regulating brightness through the addi tion of black or colored pigment can be sure of the required hiding. The chart below is a typical illustration of increase in dry hiding of white paints as brightness is de creased by addition of black pigment The relation ships apply exactly only to the particular paints studied and should not be applied to any similar paints selected at random. The amount of black added is not shown because this, of course, depends upon the type of black or dark pigment mid the method of its incorporation into the paint The highest brightness shown below is that of the paint without the addition of black. Advantage has been taken of this unusually high brightness to secure exceptionally high hiding for the given pigmentation. 0007-SWP-000006532 Whitening Power Primarily because of their innate whiteness the TITANOX pigments impart whiteness to paints and other materials. Slight differences' in the whiteness of different types of the pigment may result in slight variation in whiteness of paints with which they are pigmented. In general, the anatase types are whiter and yield whiter coalings than the rutile types, hut the increased brightness of the latter frequently com* pensalcs for their slight deficiency iu whiteness and permits toning witli blue or violet. Ollier factors being equal, the whiteness of paints in which titanium pigments are the sole or predomi nating pigment, will depend largely upon the vehicle, so that small differences in whiteness among the various types of titanium dioxide may not determine the whiteness of the paint film. It is for this reason that titanium dioxide pigments have liecn treated to retard the formation of colored compounds which arise in some vehicles. For example, (lie treated ana tase titanium dioxide, TITANOX-A-168 will produce a whiter film with l;a concentrated phenolic resin var nish than will TITANOX-A regular, which is not treated for this purpose; yet as pigments, these two types are equally while. By considering whiteness to he inversely propor tional to die color index* as calculated from reflection values obtained oh die Hunter refiectometer, the dif TITANOX -A (anatase types TITANpX - RA (rutile types) j TITANOX* ANC . ferent classes of the TITANOX straight titanium di oxide pigments may be rated as shown. Among the composite pigments relatively the same order exists, hut in rutile-calcium pigments the chalk resistant type--TTTANOX-ItG--has a yellower tone than TITANOX-RCHT, A typical difference in an enamel as expressed by the color index* and bright ness as determined by die Hunter Refiectometer follows: Pigment % Bri. Color Index. TITANQX-C (anatase-calcium) - - - TLTANOX-RCHT (rutile-calcium) - - TITANOX-RC (rutile-calcium; chalkresistant) -................................... 86 87 87 3.6 4.4 5.S Lasting Whiteness Permanent whiteness--an ultimate goal for white organic finishes--is being approached through the TITANOX pigments. The yellowing with age of white organic coatings was early found to be naturally les sened by die high tinting strength of titanium dioxide which masks the developed color. In addition to masking discoloration, modem titanium dioxide in hibits and retards the color change of vehicles. A typical comparison in which color index* is con sidered to denote relative yellowness is shown in the following table: Figment Air Dry Alkyd Enamel 15% pvc Colorel 13m irdliaUr % Color Bri. Index Color of film after exposure to differed light for 8 months % Color Bri. Index TITANOX-A-168 - - 89.0 TITANOX-A - - - 83.0 TITANOX-RA - - - 90.0 TTTANOX-RA-10, - - 90.0 3.7 4.2 5.5 5.9 87.0 11.0 86.0 16.0 87.5 13.0 87.5 16.0 20 40 60 80 Whiteness Hie better retention of whiteness of the enamels containing TITANOX-A-168 and TITANOX-RA is in dicated by the lower values of the color index of the exposed enamel in comparison with TITANOX-A regular, and TITAN0X-RA-1Q. 1 toS riiST---- -- --- jI* Reflected with Amber Filter--*, ReSecte* with Bine Filter).......... -------------------- Reflected with X CIS] 0007-SWP-000006533 Generally, although initially not as white, coatings made with the rutile pigments are more resistant to change of color on aging. This is indicated also in the preceding table by the smaller change in color index of the rutile pigments. Retention of Whiteness of Coatings Glialldng The rapid chalking of the earliest titanium pig ment was a serious obstacle to its use in exterior paints, but for several years, control of the chalking of the TITANOX pigments has rendered them indis pensable to white and tinted exterior coatings which combine high hiding power with durability. The clean attractive whiteness so essential to a TITANOX - A1 68, ?A TITANOX - AA, A2 4 TITANOX - RANG white exterior house paint is promoted by the chalk ing types of TITANOX pigments, controlled to chalk at the proper rate. Similarly, the beauty of lasting tints free from unsightly light and white areas caused by early and excessive chalking calls for the use of a chalk-resistant type of TITANOX. TITANOX - RA10 || The pigments are listed below according to decrease in chalking or increase in chalk-resistance: TITANOX - A Reg. ___ 1___ l___ 1____ 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 The chalk-resistant types of titanium dioxide are also improved in color retention so that they may also be applied to finishes in which color retention is a factor. These- pigments arc TITANQX-AA, TITAN0X-A-24 and TITANOX-RA-NC. Experience thus far indicates that on the average, in relative re tention of whiteness of organic coatings where an arbitrary value of 100 is assigned to TITANOX-A-168 the relation between the different types of TITANOX titanium dioxides is as above. TITANOX-A-168 and TITANOX-RA which are modified to retard i after-yellowing are first choice where lasting whiteness is demanded in enamels for architectural interiors (kitchens, bathrooms, etc.), re frigeratory household appliances, and cabinets, etc. (Tliis type of whiteness, of course, must be distin guished from that due to chalking such as in weath ered while exterior house {mints.) Titanium Dioxide Chalking types--sometimes referred to as free chalking-- indicated for use in exterior white house paints TITANOX-A reg. (anatase) TITANOX-A-168 (anatase) TITAN0X-RA-10 (rutile) Chalk-resistant -- sometimes called "semi-chalking", or "semi non-chalking". Used in white house paints at high concentration or where less chalking desired than with chalking type. _ Also in tinted enamels or interior-ex terior combination finishes TITANQX-AA (anatase) TITANOX-RA (rutile) Highly chalk-resistant--mainly for exterior tinted enamels TITANOX-A-24 (anatase) Very highly chalk-resistant--referred to as "non-chalking" ---exterior tinted enamels and paints TITANQX-RANC (rutile) .Titanium-Barium Pigment Chalking type Chalk-resistant TITANQX-B-30 (regular) TITANOX-B-30-AA . The composite TITANOX pigments have long been notable for promoting color retention particularly of interior finishes. Generally they are slightly superior to equivalent mixtures of titanium dioxide and ex tender. This is, particularly true of the rutile calcium pigments T1TAN0X-RCHT and ItCIITX. Titanium-Calcium Pigment Free chalking type Chalking type - - TITANOX-C and CX TITANOX-RCHT Very highly chalk-resistant--referred to as "non-chalking"-- tinted paints TITANOX-RC W] 0007-SWP-000006534 In general, these pigments difTcr in chalking as shown in the chart below in which numerous comparable exposures have been averaged. While indicating only relative performance, this chart should serve as a valuable guide to the use of TITANOX pigments in exterior paints and enamels. Chalking Exposed at 45 Facing South Considerable Slight 20] m 0007-SWP-000006535 I! "T The types of TITANOX-preferred for Various Uses Under each use, the type of pigment generally preferred is mentioned along with brief comment. Further details related to a particular application Will be gladly furnished in answer to welcome inquiries which may be directed to our office nearest you or to Titanium Pigment Corporation, ill Broadway, New York 6, New York. '. Paints Exterior House Faints (Coot.) Interior Architectural Finishes some formulators prefer greater whiteness of regular TITANOX-A-MO. Combinations of TITANOX-A Flat wall paints, calcicoatcrs, trail primers and sealers, enamel undercoalers TITANOX-RCHT or -RCHTX properly extended. For exceptionally high hiding these pigments may be fortified with TITANOX-RA. MO (anatase) or TITANOX-C (titanium (anatase)calcium) with TITANOX-RCHT are suggested for increased chalking. TITANOX-RA-IO (rutile) although applicable to white paints does hot chalk as freely as TITANOX-A-MO (anatase). Where titan ium dioxide accounts for large percentage (say 20%) Semi-gloss paints: of die total pigment the remainder being balanced T1TAN0X-RCHTX or -RCHT as sole pigment or lead, zinc-extender combination, the semi-chalk re ; L4 extended. These pigments may lie fortified with sistant pigments--TITANOX-RA or TllfANOX-AA TITANOX-RA for exceptionally high hiding. may often be used without excessive dirt retention. Gloss Paints and Painters* Enamels Tint Base TITANOX-RCHTX as sole pigment or extended de pending upon hiding required. Architectural Enamels For highest hiding--TITANOX-RA. Combina tions of TITANOX-RCHTX and TITANOX-RA also suggested. Water-reducible paints TITANOX-A reg., THANOX-A-WD, TITANOX- RA-IO or others depending upon die system. TITANOX-RC on account of high chalk-resistance provides in proper combination with reactive pig ments, and extender, lasting uniform color of tints. House Paint Primers TITANOX-B-30 (titanium-barium) has long been used in proper combination with white lead and j bodied oil for these products, hut equivalent combi-I Jnations of TITANOX-A-MO and extender may also he used. TITANOX-JRC has proven suitable. Exterior House Paints Porch and Deck Enamels White and Trim Paints In the usual combinations of titanium dioxide, lead, zinc and extender pigments, TITANOX-A-MO (ana tase) is preferred on account of chalking to reduce dirt retention and to promote whiteness. TITANOXRCHT (rutile-calcium) also used extensively but Tinted TITANOX-RC is particularly adaptable to this class- of coatings on account of its high chalk-resis tance. 0007-SWP-00000653G 4 Industrial Finishes Baking primers on metal for white and light tinted finish coats TITAN0X-B-3Q is preferred on account of its ex treme insolubility, but combinations of TITANOXAA or TITANOX-RA and selected extender may also be used. Baking enamels and tin-printing enamels TITANOX-RA on account of its exceptional hiding and brightness is preferred. For maximum whiteness, such as required for refrigerators and other house hold equipment, TITANOX-A-163 is often selected. Automotive Enamels Chalk-resistant titanium dioxide--TITANOX-A-24 is preferred, hut when available, the high hiding rutile type -- TlTANOX-RA-NC will he particu larly suitable, TITANOX-RA may also.be used in combination with non-chalking pigments. Lacquers TITANOX-A-LO is used where ease of disjicrsioti is the primary requisite, but TITAN0X-A-168-L0 and TITANOX-RA art also applicable. For exterior lac quers TITANOX-A-24 is preferred hut the high hid ing rutile TITANOX-IIA-NC when-available will be particularly suitable. TITANOX-ltA and T1TANQXAA are also used. Where exceptionally high hiding is not required or where extender is needed T1TAN0XRCHTX will fill the requirement. Paper Beater addition Water dispersible anatasc titanium dioxide -- TITANOX-A-WD---is extensively preferred, although the regular anatase type TITANOX-A-MO, the rutile typfe TITANOX-RA-IO, water dispersible titaniumbarium TITANOX-B-30-WD or regular titanium barium-TITANOX-B-30 may be used. Average weiglit ratios of these pigments to produce equal opacity are about as follows: TITANOX-A-WD or -A-MO - - 1.0 TITANOX-RA-IO - - - - - - 0.8S-1.0 TITANOX-B-30-WD, or-B-30 - - 2.5-2.75 The ability of the pigment to opacify and render a lighter-weight sheet as opaque as a heavier sheet (unpigmeuted) as well as to reduce show-through and transparency when waxed is indicated by die follow ing typical data: 100% Bleached Sulphite: 25 x 38 -- 500 % TITANOXAPD in Sheet % Contrast Ratio lor Basis Peight 40/6. SO 26. 60/6. 0 - - - - - - 75 1.................... - 81 2 ..... - 84 3 - - - - - - 86 4 ----- - 88 * 81 87 89 905 92 85 90 925 94 95 .% TITANOX-APD in Sheet Show-through Effect Brightness on reverse side ever .solid black printing- % Brightness lor Bass Peight 40/6. 50/6. 60/6. 0.................... 1.................... 2 ----- 3 ----- |l m n'm m ' - 41.6 52.0 56.7 60.0 63.0 52 605 60 675 65 72.0 68 . 745 71 76.6 Waxing Stock--Bleached Sulphite: 245 lb. (24 x36 -- 480) % TITASOX-Aro in Sheet % Opacity tmvamd ' toned 0 -.................. 54 1 .................... - - - - 62.4 2 -...............................- 68.4 3 - - - - - - - - - 71.6 3L2 455 52.4 55.7 % TITANOXAPD in Sheet % Brightnen tmvaxed vexed l - - -................... 74.4 1 --------- 78.4 2 - - - - - - - - - 81.6 3 - - - - ----- 825 60 70 73,2 75 [221 0007-SWP-000006537 Surface Size Application ' " ^ The water dispersible titanium dioxide -- TlTANOX-A-WD or rcg.-A-MO as wellasTITANOX- B-30-WD, -B-30, rutile titanium dioxide TITANOX- UA and also tl<e rutilc-calcium pigment TITANOX- UCHTX may be used. The weight ratios of these pig ments for equal opacity secured through a light sur- face size arc about as follows: 15- Pounds of coating applied (25x40 ---- 500) TITANOX-A-WD %/ mineral portion of CtHttittfS Opacity % contrast ratio (Bmsch & Tjomb) ./ coated paper 0 ----- - 75 80 85 5.................... - 015 845 83 10 ----- - 85.0 875 90 20 - - - 075 90.0 925 TITANOX-A-WD or -A-MO - - - - 1.0 TITANOX-RA-IO ------ 0.85 TITANOX-B-30-WI), -B-30 - - - - 2.0 TiTANOX-KCl ITX..............................1.0 The remarkable increase of opacity and brightness by the surface application of the pigment is revealed in the following typical average data: Tir.itiox.A-ro % of mineral portion of emtting o.................... 5 ----10.................... 20.................... % Brightness of canted paper - 75 - 70.5 - 805 - 025 ob 825 84.0 055 85 065 075 885 TITANOXA Pounds per . ream 2S * 40 -- 500 0 - - - - 65.0 0-s - - - - 73.5 1.0 - - - - 76.0 1.5 - - - - 70.5 2.0 - - - - 01.0 2.5 - - - - 02.0 3.0 - - - - 02.5 Oparity Per vent Contrast Ratio i Bouseh X Umh _____ 70.0 75.0 80.0 85.0 77.5 01.0 01.5 880 79.5 03.0 86.0 09.0 815 04.5 87.5 90.0 113.5 <`16.0 08.5 91.0 04.5 07.0 89.5 91.5 05.0 07.5 90.0 92.0 TITANOXA Pounds, per Brightness ream % Reflectance 0 ... - - 75 no 85 045 - - - - - 77 015 06 1.0 - - - - - 70.5 025 07 1.5 - - - - - 79.5 03.0 075 2.0 - - - - - 00.0 835 00.0 2.5 - - - - - 00.5 04.0 005 3.0 - - - - - or.o 845 89.0 Coaling Water dispersible anatase titanium dioxide TITANOX-A-WD is generally preferred, although other types including rutile titanium dioxide and ru tile-calcium pigment may be employed. Rubber All type* of while and light tinted Rubber Compounds Because of their fineness and physical and chemical stability which make them compatible with natural and synthetic rubbers and compounding ingredients, the TITANOX pigments are ideal whiteners and brighleners for rubber. Depending upon the type of compound, titanium dioxide unextended, or the ex tended types may be used. Numerous tests have re vealed that the following ratios on the average, express ills relative weights of the TITANOX pigments which will produce equal brightness in rubber products:~ TITANOX-RA, -RA-10 (rutile TiO,) - - - - 0.75-0.9 TITANOX-A-LO {anatase) - -........................ 1 TITANOX-RCHTX (rutile-calcium)- - - - - 2.0-25 TITANOX-C (anatass-calcium)........................ 3 TiTANOX-B-30 (titanium-barium) - - - - - 35 Although higher in brightening power the rutile type pigment imparts a slightly yellowish cast as shown by a typical comparison: Quite often a portion of the coating mineral (clay, chalky etc.) is replaced by titanium pigment Tlic fol lowing example taken from laboratory work may prove valuable as a guide in experimental work on the increase in opacity and brightness to lie expected by pigmentation of the coaling with TITANOX-A-WD. Pigment Reflection values Amount of {Hunter Multipurpose Pigment Reflectometer) Parts: 100 peris Green rubber (Brightness) Amber Blue TITANOX A-LO (anatase) - 15 73.0 73.9 69.2 RA (rutile) - - 135 73.4 745 08.2 [25] 0007-SWP-00000653 Latex .'Ceramics Water dispersible titanium dioxide--TITANQX-AWD--`is often preferred when dispersant is not used. With dispersant, TITANOX-A-LO or TITANOX-RA : are often employed. Plastics Super-ojtaque vitreous enamels Titania type--as a constituent of the properly bal anced frit and also as a mill addition TITANOX-A imparts high brightness and opacity to vitreous enam els. TITANOX-A ceramic grade is usually preferred on account of uniformity and working qualities, al though others may be used. Phenolic types Acid resistant vitreous enamels TITANQX-A-168-LQ or -MO is preferred on ac count of decreased discoloration, although TITANOXRA in lesser amounts in proportion to tinting strength may be used. Cellulosic Types TlTANOX-A-168 preferred, but for articles sub jected to exterior exposure the chalk-resistant types such as TITANOX-A-24 may be used. Vinyl Types TITANOX-A reg. MO or -L0 although -A-168 or TITANOX-RA may lie used. In tints the composite pigments--TITANOX-C and T1TAN0X-RCI IT--are also employed. In the unsupported vinyl plastics only very small amounts of TITANOX-A or TITANOX-RA are required for decreasing transparency; appreci able decrease in transparency Iming afforded by 1% titanium dioxide. On the average 0.75 parts of TITANOX-RA (rutile) will equal 1.0 part of TITANOX-A regular (anatase) in opacifying power. Polystyrene TITAN0X-A-I68 usually preferred for whites while TITANOX-RA on account of slight yellowness may be restricted to tints. Small additions of TlTANQX-A enhance aciil-rcsislance. Decorative glazes For whitening and brightening, decorative coatings for glass, TITANOX-A regular, is often preferred. Decorative and colored glass For brightening colored glasses where color is de rived from cerium oxide--TITAN0X-A-M0 or cer amic grade are added to the melt. Optical glass TITAN0X-A-M0 may be used as a source of titan ium dioxide for optical glass having high refractive index coupled with improved weathering properties. Welding Rods Coatings for mild and alloy steel including stainless steel arc-welding electrodes Functioning mainly as arc-stabilizer hut also bene fiting the slag and contributing to protection of the weld metal TITANOX-A ceramic grade, on account of physical and chemical uniformity, is well estab lished as an invaluable constituent of these coat ings. Depending upon formulation and equipment, T1TAN0X-A-WD, -A-LO and -A-M0 are also used. Acrylics TITANOX-RA often employed on account of high opacity although the anatase type may be used. In general TITANOX-A-168, TITANOX-RA and TITANOX-RCHT are quite universally applicable to any type of plastic. Floor Coverings Linoleum The high tinting strength of rutile titanium dioxide --TITANOX-RA--is preferred for its ability to regu late color by overcoming the darkness of linoleum ce ment, wood floor and cork. [24] 0007-SWP-000006539 Feb base-print paints TITANOX-RCHT or -RCHTX provide adequate hiding economically for the finish paints along with proper consistency and clear bright tints. such or in the form of pigmented emulsion paste. Be cause of the need for maximum whitening and bright ening with a minimum amount of pigment titanium dioxide is preferred to the composite pigments. Asphaltic or composition tile On account of unusually high tinting strength to overcome dark color of the binder--TITANOX-RA-- rutile titanium dioxide is usually preferred. linbber tile TITANOX-RA or TITANOX-RCHT depending upon formulation. Plastic types Depending upon color and physical properties--- TITANOX-RA--for greatest brightening and opaci fying at lowest loading. Higher loadings or tints-- TITANOX-RCHT. Coated Fabrics Artificial Leather--pyroxylin and plastic types For maximum whiteness anatasc titanium dioxide ---HTANOX-A-168 or -A regular, preferred but for increased hiding--TITANOX-RA. For many require ments--TITANOX-RCHTX is providing highly ac ceptable color and texture economically. Oil doth, and shade cloth, wall coverings TITANOX-RCHTX on account of high bulking and high hiding can be used most economically to replace lower hiding pigments. Any degree of hiding and translucency where needed is most economically at tainable with this pigment Tanners' leather finishes---mater and organic vehicle types TITANOX-A-168-LO or TITANOX-RA preferred generally for organic types--A-168-L0 for maxi mum whiteness. The composite pigments formerly TITAN0X-B-3Q to a large extent, but now TlTANOXRCHTX are called upon where thicker coatings and higher pigmentation are required in organic types. In the water types -- TFTANQX-A-MO or TITANOX-A-WD are used extensively. TITANOXB-30 also applicable to finishes for the rougher leathers or where prominence of grain is not a factor. S/wc linings, etc., and utility finishes--> sole paints, etc. TITANOX-A regular or TITANOX-RA finding use, but in many articles such as linings where extended pigment provides ample tinting strength--TITANOXRCIITX is in great favor. Textile Delustring and Finishing Internal delustring of rayon Viscose TITANQX-A-MO on account of uniformity of fine particle size is preferred. Acetate--TITANOXAA or TiTANOX-A-24 not only for delustring effect but also to lend stability to the dyed filament. -External- delustring of rayon Leather - Addition of pigment before or during fat-liquoring--drumming in Some operators prefer TITANOX-A-168 or TITANOX-RA feeling that these pigments have greater adhesion to die skin. However, other lyjies may be used, especially TITANOX-A-WD and regular TITANOX-A. Hie pigment may be added directly as TITANQX-A-MO or TITANOX-A-WD are^uitablc for the aqueous dispersions. Where weight is also desired TITANOX-B-30 and TITAN0X-B-3O-WD have been used. Printing In the aqueous types---TITANOX-A-MO, -RA-10, -A-WD, -B-3Q, but in lacquer and organic types T1TANOX-A-LO has been preferred for its ease of V 5] 0007-SWP-000006540 lis|>ersiuii although TITANOX-RA may be advan tageously employed.- . TITANOX-RCHTX also fils those compositions in '.which extender may lie tol erated. Stripping of dyes Paste dressings Although TITANOX-A-MO or TITANOX-A-WD will usually meet the requirements, TITANOX-B-30 or -B-30-WD may lie employed inasmuch as extender can he tolerated at the high pigmentation. Titanium sulphate cake containing total titanium as Tit)- about 20% and total sulphate as H*S0 about 50% is used as a starting material for the preparation of titauous sulphate stripper. The extremely high re ducing power of titauous sulphate is responsible for its effective discharge of dyes on rayon and, other fabrics, especially since it operates in an acidic bath. Inks All types of white and light colored inks TITANQX-A-168 has been preferred not only because of ease of dispersion and high hiding but also promotion of color retention. In some cases TITAN0X-A-168-M0 is preferred for slightly higher: consistency needed in some pastes. TITANOX-RA which combines higher hiding with the color retentive effect of TITANOX-A-168 is also coming into favor, although slightly yellower whites are obtained with RA, and these may impure additional toning. Cosmetics Face powders, rouge, and all other products governed by the FEDERAL FOOD, DRUG and COSMETICS ACT Although titanium dioxide is the most effective while for these products the use of TITANOX pig ment of any type is not recommended. Titanium di oxide specially purified to conform to the regulations of the above-tnentioned act may be secured from certain suppliers to the cosmetic industry who carry this product Electronics Ceramic dielectrics TITANOX-A is the starting material for titania and titanates of ceramic bodies having extremely high dielectric constant and other desirable properties for use in condensers and other applications especially for high frequency work. In offset litho inks--TITANOX-A regular is usu ally avoided since this pigment does not exhibit the resistance to emulsification which characterizes TITANOX-A-168, -AA, and -RA. Tin printing inks mentioned under PAINTS--in dustrial finishes---are natural products for high hiding rutile --r- TITANOX-RA or the old sland-hy TITANOX-A-168-LO where maximum whiteness is needed. The TITANOX pigments may be part of the dielec tric. of organic type insulators whether used on wire or in condensers. Electronic tubes Metal to glass seals, coatings on filaments and grids depending upon the application may require titanium dioxide of the uniformity of TITANOX-A. Chemical Shoe Whileiiers and Gleaners Carbides for cutting tools Liquid white shoe dressings TITANOX-A-MO or TITANOX-A-WD have been generally preferred for ease of dispersion and fa cility in formulation to yield all desirable properties. TITANOX-A-MO is a source of physically and chemically uniform titanium dioxide in the produc tion of mixed carbides of titanium and tungsten. Effi cient cutting tips for high speed tools are fabricated from these products. [26] 0007-SWP-000006541 i \ Titanium tetrachloride end other Building Materials titanium compounds TITANOX-A because of physical and chemical unifonnity is an economical source despite its cost for die manufacture of titanium tetrachloride which dur ing die war was so important as a smoke screen. Asbestos-Cement shingles, siding and roofing Slurried with Water or added directly to the veneer coat, TITANQX-A-M.Q or the water dispersible type TITANOX-A-WD provide the desired whiteness and high reflection. Special coatings for these shingles The pigment because of purity eliminates the com may also utilize the rutile type pigments. plex: processes required for removal of iron and otlier elements which would have to be handled in source Roofing granules materials such as ilmenite and rutile. TITANOX-A-MO or TITANOX-A-WD used exten As a convenient source of water solutions of tita nium, water soluble titanium sulphate cake will be found useful. Inquiries about this product will lie sively to brighten colors, particularly to overcome variation in the color of the natural mineral, through high hiding and high tinting strength. gladly answered. Siding, imitation brick, etc. Chrome Yellow Pigment Manufacture TITANOX applicable as to roofing granules. Titanium sulphate cake soluble in Water to yield solutions of about 10% TiOt and 25% H*SO is suit able for use as a modifying agent in die manufacture of lead chromate. Insulation and construction board TITANOX-RGHT as well as TITANOX-A-WD ap plicable to coatings for brightening and rendering uniform appearance. f27] f 0007-SWP-000006542 4 List of Uses APPLICATION TITAN0X Preferred Acid reMiBtanl Ceramic Were........... A momic grade, A reg-, -AWD Acid end chemically resistant piinu ...................................... R3Q, irtfoprs mey beused Aircraft Fiiniriws .... ......................... RANG, A24, RA, AA, KG Alkyd resin enamels white ___________ _____ -............RA. AM6 white cjlprinr RA, AA while autii tintedexterior..--.........RANG* A24, RA, RC tinfcti exterior: ii...^.....^.........~-..-.KANC, RC, A24 _. Architectural Grmmels (interior)___RCHTX, RA, RAIO, Alf<8 Artificial Leather --............RA,,A168, RCIIT-X Artists" Golora-^oirend water.______RA. RAIO, A168, AWD. RAWD, B.TO, I1.WWD, RCIITX AiilKvtw-cenirnt shingle*, etc,............A wiw AWO. RAIO, RA, RAWD, 11.10, IMOWD Asphalt b floor eovrritigM...........llA, RAIO Automotive Finishes white ____ _______ ~..A2l, KANG. RA white ami tinted...... ..................... A21. KANG, RA tinted _____________ ______ ___RANG. A2I. RC Raking Enamels white _________________________A168, AU). RA, RAIO, AA white! interior-exterior ................A24, KA. AA. RANG white and tinted exterior............A21. KA, RANG tintediiexterior ...........RANG. KC. A24 (iniwin and eniiilMHis painti...MM......M.KAWih RAIO. RA, AWD, A rr^, IWO. 1130WD Cerainkts ............................................ A rrramtc grade, -AWD, -A reg Cwi'crrte and stucco paints white___ _______....___________ A rrpM RAIO, B30. RCliT others _____________________...Mil KA, RANG. A24 See nlkyd resin and architectural enamels fii'.mtaT' ' ..RAl AtftS ..All prailes exterior while -.....................A2L KC ItANC RA. AA Highest slow__________ALO. RCIITX, RA, RC AIMLO. ! RAW industrial...______ _____________R A. others exeept WD type* Sitremi* .--..................................A ceramic grade, AWD. A lefu others Enamel Umlereoalers (architectural | RCHT. RCIITX Exterior Timed Finishes highest durability .................. ............. .RC RANG Felt bane floor print paint. .RCIITX Flat Wall Faint*.. ..I!CIIT. RCIITX. RA Flooring--asphalt, linoleum. nibber..RA. RAIO. RCIITX. RC Floor Eneteelr .................................. RC. all tyjie* rrer|sr WSJ Cas resirtanl prints.....................____All type. Glue--while .................. ,................. A riy. AWD Highway and zoning paint* _ A reg, 1130, RCI1T, RAW. AA, RA Household Enamels_______________RA. RCIITX, KC AIM AM. AA. RANG House paint prints_________ ___K30. RC KA. RAW. A n, AIM. AA House Paints--exterior while__ ____A wt. AIM. RAW. KCitT. R30. ejnerior and tint.. dsterior tint ..R!<CR 1[AA1.MMAI,AlR CIIT. RANC KA. AA -RC RANG Inks,--------------------------- ------------ ...RA. RAW. AIMLO. ALO offset lithographic --________ItA. AIM, AA . Insulating and wall board coatings--RAWD. RAIO. RA. AWD. A166. A2I. AA, RCIITX enamcb _RA. A 16111.0, AI.O. RAIO. IICHTX exterior white . .A2I. KA. AA. RCHTX exterior white and tint.________A2I. RC RANC exterior tint--------------------------- -KANO. RC AM APPLICATION Latex ... Leather finishes (tanner's) Linoleum ....... ............ Low cost House Paints (high , bilily--high hiding) - TSTANOX Preferred -ALO. AWD. RAWD, RAIO, RA __RA, RAWD. RAW, AIM. A reg, AWD. B30 . ..RAIO, RAWD, RA, A168. A reg. AWD. 30, AIM --RA. RAID, AIM, A reg- RCHTX, AM. AA 1-RCRCHT: Marine paints-------------------------------RANC RA, AM, AA, B30. RCHT. RC tints....................... ..........----------- RANC RC AM Mill whitese^^ass and flat,. __ RCHT RCHTX. RA Oil doth Painters* enamel* and i ------------- RCHTX, RCHT. RA, RAIO, A reg, AIM. B30 , paint*...RCHTX. RCHT, RA Painters' | tint base. i RA. RAIO. RC RCHT, B30. G30AA. AA ..RC RANC A24 Paper, coaled and filled-------------------AWDJi|RAwD. RAIO, B30WD, B30, A reg, RCHT (coating) Paper Hoard, coated and filled._____AWD: RAWD, RAIO, B30WD. B30. A reg, RCHT (coating) Plastics --------------------- ------------------ AIM, RA. RAW. A reg. Porcelain -----......................... ---....A rc|3, A ceramic grade Poreh anil deck paints tinted..----...KC RANC A 24 . metal ..... house paint . interior wall --B30, RA, AA. A24 ....RC E30. RAW. RA. AIM, A reg. -RCHTj RCHTX Rayon, delustering of internaL viscose. internal, acetate external ----_ __A reg. --AM. AA --A reg, AWD, RAWD, RAIO. B30. B30WD Relrigerelnr Finishes . primers ..... . . . __ AIMLO. RA --R30. B30AA, KA, AA. A24 Rubber --ALO, RAIO, RCHTX Semi-glass interior pa --RCHT. RCIITX, RA Shade cloth csaiin^. --RCHT, RCHTX. RA Shoe . whiteners .. and __A reg, AWD, RAIO, RAWD. R3C1. Sign enamels--including -RANC RC A24, RA Stencil -RC RANC AM Stipple paints -RCHT, RCHTX. RA Synthetic resin vehicle eoatingi interior ----------------------------- -RA, RCHTX, AIMLO. RAIO. ALO. AA exterior ______________ RANC, RC, A24 Textile printing----------------Traffic paints .................. ...... ..ALO. AWD, RAW, RA. AIMLO. RCHTX ..A reg, B30, RAM, RCHT. AA. RA Trim and Trellis paints--tinted- ..RC RANC A24 Vrnetian blind coatings---- -RA. AIMLO. AA, AM. RCHTX. RC RAW Wall board ------ AWD, A reg, RAWD, RA, RCHT. RAW Wall primers and aealeta- -RCHT, RCHTX Water base and enrabies paints-___AWD, RAWD. RAIO, A 'reg, RA, B30, B30WD, ethos Welding rad coatings.A ceramic grade, AWD, A reg. [28] 0007-SWP-000006543 The circles and dots on the front cover represent the now familiar idealized illustrations of atomic structure. The large black dot in the center of each figure represents the nucleus which consists of protons and neutrons. The small red dots in the circles represent electrons numerically espial to the positively charged protons. ^ represents an isolated atom of titanium (Ti). Notice it has a total of 22 red dots which represent 22 electrons. 4 of these are in the outermost circles shown in broken lines to indicate that these electrons take part in chemical reactions. The next two figures each represent in atom of oxygen. Here 8 electrons balance 8 positively charged protons, while the 6 outermost or valence elec trons take part in chemical reactions. When two of these atoms of oxygen get together with one atom of titanium, the 4 outermost electrons of titanium ate taken over by the 2 atoms of oxygen to form TiQ*. i- I The broken lines are gone from this figure indicating stability. One of i die most inert substances known--argon--holds its electrons as does Ti in TiOj, while the gas neon also highly inert is electronically like O in HO*. No wonder then that titanium dioxide Is extremely stable both physically and chemically. ! , 0007-SWP-000006544 The Brightest Name in Titanium Pigments 0007-SWP-000006545