Document kk5EpVdjXEaz485q0yXxwdQB

PtfLSL&6 - ///3 15 July 2002 CCUWhhSaaesErmhlPeiinscAgaMlt-oC.OnAo,PnDuPterCTroS,l2DD0i4irv6ei0cstioorn Ref. EPA-SNUR Dear Mr. Auer: 1*0 f-O CrrOi ~x> ~. 1 "v'C~5 CO *] IX 5= no -~4 Thank you for your letter of 2 July 2002 and the helpful information. FIRIEhSavEeRVbeIeCnEiJnOcIoNnTtaMctAwNitAhGNEIMOSEHNTanWdElLeaLrNneEdSSthe-reFIiTsNaESstSakIeNhIoAldTeIrVoEr.g"aniIzastieonnt "tThHemE tiDsshneeuefnloefidrfcrymtpte,hrdaoeAtmgisiornsanaifmsotocra,omnn(prtatyehttfioe.oonEftshynuefocbr.uojGerm1ce)2tn.meJruyaWllyfhPi2ilr0leees0s2iIdanlefeondtlttl,edorIiwrtheoecadmtv-eeudepnbtohweecriamtehuspstseooenvsstuehecreahyleEipntPhffAoroornmmweaecttbhiaoalnlstsiotsethrogofauMonlrdirz.mabRteoiorihceneh.lacpurIfdruwrleMitnlol.t on Ianhyavperoalgsroambeeton dinetceocnt taancdt wpirtehvesonmt seuDchepuanrntmeceenstsaorfyDreisfkensstehaatctmivaityieesf,fbecutt thhaevesanfoetyre,shpeoanlsthe ta(hMnediDl-loFOn-D2g4ft3oe8rr5moFv)qeAur a4Fl0FitFyye(oaarfsP.liFfeOSfocroDmOpDounfidr)e. fTighhitserPsriamnadryoFtihreerFpigerhstoinngneAl geexnptohsaesdbteoenMuilseSdpbeyc tpbMSoreooa,wIatrteiwernhcyleatacirnsoEtdhgmsceusoteeorssplymalpr.sfireetsoedtBeymtideuc,.catthotltehpmaleaelrtoatshrnsonhinatotonnhurdeeillndrlegaongnatoarhgteiankttseseotmremmspiugeccqhwhoutnaiuitcnlhniettniryrnuendceotheedfessalliefanfiarerdyde/eofrforriissrgrkhfetsrhtloiaeonmtegffiPmtcroeFoaOmtfkhiSimgenhguchtoniatnmihbtgeyiptscownoueohmncfoedmtshsseueeaxenirprmyitomyesrufeeafrmlnoeudrbctmtesatrhantsoye.t ionfteESrPipnArce-et4aI0tiCdoonFnRo'-tf7ht2ha1ev:eOEaPPPmATe-STd-iQc5aX0l6/b23a09c0;k0FgRro1L8u-n6Od7c,4tI52-a50p0pR0rIe/Ntcoia22t06e77y05o-;AuCrD.c4Ho3rEredAcoLtciouTmnHseEanntF.dF(EEclCnacrT.ifS2ic)(aPtgio. n62to32m6y) oathntihdsIetrchclPoaesEmFsRmLoFUefLnOcUdoROmtIhRNpeoOAuEATnPEdLAsDKiYfnToLEfriLrSietOUsfMLicgFoEhnOtRitnNiSng.AuaiTSngEgheoSniutnsPlvdtEehtRsehtFieIgLniandUtivuoOsentsRrtyioOgfiaOstfiCwlouTneolArllieNnpaarOdetepItdoCarreAucdloCetmsIoDpldiomeuaainnltiddnwsgi,ittsthihnSescAuluucLsdheTinaSogn,f event. areIshevaverealovCeorm3m0 eyrecairasl-oOffef-xTpheeri-eSnhceelfin(CtOheTbSu)ssionleustsioonfsfifrreomprothteecItniodnusatnryd tchaant wasosuurlde yeoliumtihneartee I the Environmental, Safety and Occupational Health risks now attributed to AFFF type fire pmfiniugicbshrsletiiiacons,ngehroaeingmqeuenfilirtarseen.mdfeiSsngeothscmt.uinerigtoyefexftthfionersgtesuiapsnhrodinvtgehnepeDCrfOeopTramSrtamtneeccnehtncooaflpoDagbeieiflesitnywseothnuaeldtedwaslostuooldmpreboeevtnitdehefeita2t1hsseitgCngieefnnicteuarrnaylt ovkIefnepnrvpoyDyioworerauoitafnnuflkgmnionniroetgodynfwawtbtsaoullioeltcyhmfhfisaatrcohnkeoueyenpntEarsdaot,ScabttieOkrsmcee.HtahpikooIritonlwshdvsrpeoeuorldueuassltgfdftihohrrfeeraoimgtnflalicswrogr/dshweoiyatun-issnulgtedgeptmihppwnrisesoifrtfifvhorcoielrdrtamhemfsoisagotsnhheoscettfi,penceligesfootamapncdnloaepedptr/oasaoaurhbrldnlgii,psldai,ctsnyauIi.npzrwrdareootIintvruoetiwlndsdAsooegFusutorrFletcdFhaheetsealallypspitnoopadmlpirpupceorsrasovteturmeicyolittonahaittsnneee. effort forward. conItiwnuoeudldsulickceestos atatkEePtAh.is opportunity to thank you for your efforts to be helpful and wish you Very truly yours, JT.hDe. 8DNunCnoerporation 2PFS2aha3xno:fnCoera:d9r9,t1h1N9a9C-g-77e727S474t-3-.11,310S084u77ite 2 cc: DMrr..KReicnhnaertdh MM.oDritusfufgyu SL <PV<2 t'- 10 May 2002 ^e u e - 1 1 RDIDWF1n7aiietcrax5epehs0:rachanrtNr2iatondm0tergi2MoweOt-onn7.HnYat3Dl,&oo7ADufr-Sk8fCOsf4syAco12ccv80uie0ap,0taNi6toiWnonoaflFHireealFthig&hteSrsa,feAtyFL-CIO, CLC Subject: EaPgeAntRs)ecommended Medical Monitoring of Fire Fighters For Effect of PFOS Exposure (AFFF Gentlemen: AAcfCaOton(lfogasSiia2hononCieornnoi1cftroFRceivnrfeanddewOcstsomcOFIETUIeItgmnhFIeatusufreCciTF-rdixephhnaFpnonmnuwpmxptetlca.lSpapeecehoaeucfurssataaoaranvolpraerpsi)ouioroetrdtocmnBtposonsretrsririennduisvsusuoitiogpopsobfuaedu(stosre3errnaivuqlenrnewuecuetntsydndlirr0ia,adneihufucleadseyabcaesibifrlttrevaaes(tlntyteejhotireheieethebtdteHlseivdtoehthiroixtiqiasliceolenoottanecOnaendeeyitetusystsfgnnriog'tslapaea,ftdinptsseeasimttsnorelhtlrlsahIcottesgeagdt)eaeothtcuhefehgtto.farerhaudadmnctfhoxdfpanaecljmcetietorior3oiowptayhtraeisednletdifsitnnMtoersmhresdteennoseets,ht.dak't.trtirwsinltndthyceahfeentiroeuissioetodmaIlocetvreeosngdsnsiysn'ocflreetfmuettfualhraoiiigrcbhecoflcntitcneeaclyerfrhsRpheoiyesarDhfsdaloeml.ssmeotaeotpppoetwtiunhftOofenaloyahohwquoorfeafIftlepribeineegDcoiuiecrfnstttiPorrrrrmnihirrfghchwiaseeiomwoltrEeeirtwuesiiiiaotnrkevunrn-ntbifhkPeefpsnioynfiumiiiilEiaintenzostgadaAdg.tldtpfetfclhnhihgteathrhe/ihturaftfiiMmogvNahnetameyftoioontIseiieronhriitettnmtnoaarernfsmirnooiarrtyeHlosisavnnnwifgyf-merpfv)tn.ipnilycaSielo/ha.serriiyegregchmietmlsshopmdeeserpaooolrloatevceoeeBdrupumsSebvffpptaoceeaopnoiholrriteeaNyllnrsdmcamkgtototaeromsMaaoeoahntiUvrhoccemdiolnucnrtbutdm,eveadthfgIbtunRnadgleu(LpieeepSahanSci(oeNrnaattlrnarwfmsetadsneynhyepEiybooiFiRni.fltcot.saeizppavoeriyP2dsiluLnlliaetnrtliu.a4iAncrIacytdottftidfainoo3ilnfshyvtlRetaeoetulioahy8isod.cosfttanyewsnnroy.houe5ohsnilttp,odgrugidFvserha.-gosrluIylglfcunie,eitOaedtrlirswocpepTdha'ertacnatkceseadeepnothis6twecserfizprdeoueftsft0nlufopafaoodroiiolfl5picmiavtvhdlorSrmgrmiet7ruaMekitycrethueidffsat)tlaonnsraiifgst,tanfpeentroirihroa/noruucienepdapyacnteqtrerasligcrailhottaauvnfceliedpAhtspmelvtiQeieagacegirapvaeeForHlsiotmtiulhOlnxEiaoeamonFibtorMtedttcieyncnUeseleFilgapaneenvoercsaolifeTtctysmlc)dgoitmvpifohnithrh.eooRiummueproa.iire.mnusitiserIEtnromnosmmironiTemehnItfsAh(rffahirotrheAeixkoifaaicenccenCengraepsristaRchnaimgsrgcsedhoaHlotttettFhcetlolscaahtw,miip-uoodFuePaltNnskoem,irfinmlrmt)egeolfiolipaAEeSnlrr.olfnlnapkpreeefy-TaeaFsdntoloetenoaWolgtfchWuffFottrhrddueieoehepptemstFogetanPiencras-eetyOerlhtdrmasFtsttoodissaywyhtnRasoaOhpptteesefonhhecnrioioltlrKrieSluypoleedeenesasslrftf Very truly yours, jT2PFS.2ahahu3xnoe.:fnC8oueNrau:dr9n9,tC1hn1N9aoe9C-gr-7p7e72o7S47r4at-3-.t11,3i1o0S08n4u77ite 2 3 F a>c - / The Fire Service Joint Labor Management Wellness-Fitness Initiative Second Edition mMCIppIsAnyrhoaotasFoepttnteCtereyoanrmcrigcaaiat,oegetnlimpsdhoodytrnpebtiarnhnytolrtgeadAcW1,ntuo9esrspce9sneml7eyocl,dnrccioitiie2grttats0idehhtes0idirts-on0.oFngiauinb,NtngonydfhooeaFsorntlphsoiuyroeacItetrnafhtItFolihnetroiuietgrmafenwhtdriiitnietvooesvaenrmertsesai.balowrooyyenpfiattbmahthlehneoeAeyrunpesTttrmspoaoowrpesfockarridtaiinhuteFtsteitcoe,oaernFnrcedyielr,peo.ercefsigtStrTrFomheohirrtrneiivessoidicsfcpF,ieitouinhmgnJbeohaleIiitfccnAerrheaortFsattmLri.Fnoia,iencbtAvtahhoailleesrll, Local 2898 International Standard Book Number: 0-942920-36-8 Mission Statement bdpmmpaadnepgqgyheoaeeeueveurrypiEmanets,deisailttetvcil;lrbasgbcometiu.bcemapeepronrlelynapesaenniatdfonnfittrtnooeiaosetrotdrr;inipoetmn,vaimrpuelvideeltarntrereseoidnapialenptavlidaiinplztnanairawtiderttdienlpietrneecdmcgsnogliioafoslptbfenponaiatamnytaernncpnitbsoieduutrtlsihisnleisnln/t.eiehitiitfnedtaiibiclTeinstuboovetnshhaccioe.elmetaaneipshiWtltdpsneaudieuorrstetedhinaonuypdoqeitigsaliasneuoectorlirpeinoagnstbpama.mmmnunemrw;cttdpAtewrhmoemionentnrmeanthqeueyteeounpsmapinnpntitrtirr;stenorcotaesodhetgd,lvaamogierdiliaaiacrlmdnranlaoaameenddupwmlssddm,nulmsIeaAibopofimfttarenpohofFoyieareorFprrsmnbyrerhtfroattraeoypaeeafnsflsnamdfdtolo-iiirgo;dlconprtaiweaiauaanenctdlltbrthidlieyasnofplboaoien-gwamtysttndnotieakimnteufrnohieoyseistdnyenessrl,t Confidentiality of behavioral, medical, and fitness evaluations rPehhyasbiiclaitlatfiivten,eassndannodt pwuenliltnievses programs that are educational and Performance testing that promotes progressive wellness improvement Cfitonmesms/itwmeelnlntebssyplraobgorramand management to a positive individualized Develop a holistic wellness approach that includes: MRFBieetenhhdeaaisvbcsiaiollirteaavltiaholeunaalttihon tTohreeptirroegersa. m shouldbe long term, and, where possible,be made available XI The Fire Service Joint Labor Management Wellness-Fitness Initiative Task Force_______ FacilitatoHrarold A. Schaitberger, IAFF Executive Assistant to the General President InternatiARoinlcfarhleadArdKssM.oWc. iDahtuiitofefnhye,oaDfdFi,riGerecetFnoiergrohaftleOPrsrcecsuipdaetniot nal Health and Safety InternatiLountahleAr sFsionccihaetiro, nFioref FCihreieCf hiefs Austin, TGSecaxoratytsAWF.iarTerroDeunep,piFna,irrtPemrCeeshniidteefnt, IAFF Local 975 Calgary,WBAraylbyaennretNaMeFiolisrreorinsD,, eFPpirraeesrtiCmdheeninetf,t IAFF Local 255 CharlotteLM,uiNtkheoerSrtphFaiCnthca,hrPoelrri,ensFaiidrFeeinrCet,hDIiAeefFpFarLtmoceanlt660 Fairfax CREo.duMwnaitcyrhd, aVSeiltriMgninnoeihtatleeF,ri,FrePirraeensCdidhReienefts,cIuAeFDFeLpoacrtaml 2e0n6t8 ' IndianapLToooliumsi,sHIAnad.niDiafyenz,aePFlraiernes,iDdFeiernepta,CrIhtAmieFefFnLt ocal 416 Los AngPRe.liecMshiaCcrohduaGenltuyFe,rreCeerarmloiaf,onPr,rnFeisiarideFeiCrneht,iDeIfAepFaFrtLmoecnvalt 1014 . Miami DRDa.odDme,aiFvnilidockrPiBdaauarlFibsieroernaR,, FPesirrceeusieCdDheineetpf, aIrAtmFFenLtocal 1403 City of NTKPeeoewtmveirYnVGoGoronkar,lmElNasagsenhew,nePr,Y,rFePoisrrrieekdsCeFidnioretme,nIDmtA, eiIFsApFsaFiLorFtnomLecreaonlcta8l5494 Phoenix,ABAillalrynizSBohnriuaenlFdaisdr,enPiDr,eeFspiirdaeretCnmth,eiIenAftFF Local 493 6Seattle, WJCahmaasehrlsienSsgeHtwoanewllF,kiFirneirsDe, PCeprheaiseritfdmeennt,tIAFF Local 27 V rTehveisfioolnloowfitnhgefIonrimtiaetrivTea:sk Force Members participated during the development and InternatiRRRo.iinccDahhlaaaAvrrddisdsM"oPScaamiuraioltniiksoueoncyndo",,fPDPFayaisrsetetrP,PCrPreheasisseiitdfdsPeenrnettsident Austin, TRMDeooixkbuaeigsnMFFPioaarweruklDlsseg,re,rPpoPaavasrettsm,tPPPreearnesstistdiFdeienrnet,tC,IAIhAiFeFFfFLLoocaclal979575 Calgary,JMaAculkbrrRearoytasCsF,aiPsretalseDt,FePpiaraserttCAmhceitenifntg Fire Chief Fairfax CGoluenntnyG, Vaiinrgesin, iPaaFstirFeiarendChRieesfcue Department IndianapKoeliisth, IDn.dSiamniathF,irPeaDsteFpiarertCmheinetf Los AngDelaelslaCsoJuonnetys,, PCaaslitfPorrnesiaidFeinrte, DIAeFpFarLtmoceanlt1014 Miami DMadicek,eFyloDriodnanF, iPreasRt ePsrceuseidDenetp,aIrAtmFFenLtocal 1403 City of NAReirwcthhYaurrodrPkBa,rrNroiwneewelrl,oYP,oaPrskatsFPtirPreerseDisdieedpneatn,rttI,mAIAFeFnFtFLoLcoacla8l58454 Phoenix,PAatriCzaonntaelFmiree, DPaesptaPrtrmeseidnetnt, IAFF Local 493 Seattle, WPMaaiucslhhHaineaglrMtvoeniylaF,miPr,eaPsDtaPesptrePasrritedmseiendnte,tnItA, FIAFFLFoLcaolc2a7l 27 7VI Foreword FtpstoheeigrerrevTseicotChchhneeheanbIirleenlyefsltssenoftrigmhrtneeateansvotgeidoootafjhfnoyNeai.tnnlooieAmrndtgshostorooArucgorimewafttoeh'isruoeinnrcfdiaiorn'aesftFaifsoniiernnerue--vnFsiptcitgherfheierrtcfeeeeirrqddseueefainpinrgetadehsrdtttemhtreheeanaInndtntdetsweaEvrteMonoakrSbt.eiuroeeWipnsldpaeoolahAnuadsrsvtesreuoro.ncgnMiiagfaotteehirreoemtnfriieneroddgef HaGroelndeAraI.lASPFcrFheasiitdbeenrtger nppFetrhexeeriihtocresnTsaigddteobhirssonnaieslcgnmoiFtuefcaIimlarnht.teivhaioeFtaSelninliieaelt,trtantnabovibegvnietlscaeehdesela--fttJooiivhnnorpirrcodieoahnlricluyuvltargsLdoluiidhfeahictuouabesalums,ao,liltrimntentMihchdnve,ueiaonacmapnltnaavrabldploeg,erdcdeaneoevniamtgsnstadsr,aelatoanuehmcnfmtaiosidWttloitpsloreoteoedinclotseltbi,nniirvouteaeifenievlsill--.tssoden.-ppeFrCamesrinosqotend,cumneeiitsmsrpn,essowjasIfunnioearneirnyhntttai/atehasivffnetfioeiteffvnfacitieretdhteishvdeussaerWen/eswrmisvbfeseoieleecllrendledmnne.itecsehaIsasdnnes-l /) pasaOrpereeemnphifescrydptvuIceeesatiledrnnictrgmotsoi,aese.ltpsteeonrunafaegcasfslonyientcadacdiapastnsnletptdcuthctareiosrenodmeeedaueoqtpcnnvsupthtutiehissslpecrayatasmthttchole,hhlaeeraawhotanqvdilrlteusoleedlytitgqlorphfnieuairmcaemisiiacnlrsseelaepsndptloloehlteeyut.xfemrot,ttschrupeoFteoehnnrnimmroefitnefiederteofiesupflmri.irfcmhgfeieieTyghtednshhustdei,eeetncrirstspiansavsvelesgieahcorkaarsnead-usonbdvvathndapeleanlEsureybesesMtmedelaakeScewnopnncrudegrohepetrepwoocfisnteoofpanptccrmeobymrenmlnoemeradrvseoenea,esirsadncopreulseedvo,leanttsrpeerbeiusmrsnestocotipesahumds.rodytugaenvscSse,ttdehtenucitrmevchacstiynoheeer. MiPcIChreaHseIilEdBeFrnSotw,n pLofscridnoeeorvoapdcormecbvFurgiruoveisimarcmrrs.ieleedelisMetwAnusctpnietahaelvuatdlli.nleteinlpizafnwitvseagoteeirdeeavsstmlmsnielcwn/jdofeioeapievniItspnlaAnitslpnntneiWFlrgmtyseosFsseapbhsshllcreoly/aaonhfycsvviveeaotteeseenslnsmmuecd-ctsnoFooewsmininmotpientptmn.mghherAyasoipaitststgrtnihtieeverIdcodsaneda,limiimldtstthtietihfaoimeinbcetstmit,anmetvspsiedsemseopse,edsslahpvltiravatoaetoisveivrnsncktseedai-t,ponbtctrhoawtaoeloetshnyeivtenat,lhredrlgabeenirlibccelpiloiunolisematmstmartbefhtpdiomioiselnnrresegtgmaFumonnaietadrehddnsenan.eedmctStvieaeheoaeTtdirnnilstvhuooetsaieconspgcyatriieeinintoncmihJgofgotafenhiivaanntrainnoeesttl TtttacWoihnomheeammeTilelrlypp,hancswraeieaoinrssrojiut,seesarl-eockptiFrintneam.issrrtfeAstnaitietehcctn,kesiorhspseomgefaItufooantpegilaiencdthtlhntigeoiayosvmuadtf,eittoeavtipthpnonehrenasdoietrs,grctfcatamroioantarmepeiedmmantpsdhbtespriselerhsrevhoaovwibfevuaciinieelrlllulde.sitteihcyrfvreeio.egeaqfIahlFinuittnzeiaearvelredaiesstndsiySagtieiintonnnrifdoivvglfiniiaEcfwc,leeMauteohnaJlSfrtlbonoaclirleueonelsgsutsdstphnLasroieadtafansvobaboditronaaumersgrrceeMcssodeiltsasnlhpuenorleicoaotvrtaissgueobotegrnlwnmehtniaoomefneruonldke.rtt m ufucnpcdwirrehnnerieeeepaitiaTaohodsattchneneiirthooitsd/hsmoinmnoeetfcofeoffaoocinftnccfamohtaioannsaiapmgsp'dlssroernWtepaemrtdehlhctcteeeietheewultitnlenncamnosIaiittAeilcrh.lrveksaefiFdesslilTF-raoppFeethtfhrirxilesoootoepgennjjciIeereeerAsavroccs.ltpiFsttgsc.EhuF.oreIayTannnphpcsiAihtprhioahiecoshsanisacIgtyeCpfilarplsvaaalefHiecrlircmcyet.iItatnliEse,icleditFdadifasipSinvtsefteai,ndnerdpnaeretcrs,tsstdsooeshaw,egmniafpfsriiniamotarrhedmererifgttfwmisdtdaoneneeeraevdtppilnnizltataandtoaarrnewttttsinidsmmoohasennsapeeei,srsnrrdnespeotstuespavn,axerrieawtsnedtwisesdceiisnentidikhpdnsIvnAtaetroeeeoedtFldexdswvFodctebiloeundieyllnrodlcttttecghhhhaenaleeeeestll hIwcmacAosoeaasoloFsTidnrrsFdahdtarlgirisewonneepcpaeaimarttatteohlereasurdtnsmsenok,ttnifdehpoftteeeeoehntpdrriwicpnasseorrogoIetnmnrnmspkniietreedtiooehanlecf.ttetniietnpvhteEsghteede,xys.icdtpsnaTahiiegnsrcnhreskidtiea.ccfantttaohaedFslrsdr,vicekbncieteeasohfohlaomselrnareycscmvpd,oeiwati,onthrtecrtteaeceeaorthneleIenhAntstueboiieFcsatycfFitalhltitlihnhnHezcegxipeoeceddormaaorofllctfmtctcihehhsuosrieemtasomtidneuopemeedgnnhsphiaty.St.alotsasreEiu,ftoeameatltmncotyehhdgenDeiidetnsetepctfispporhn,oaairgemcrrfsftteismmtawsntasieeeenonnsrtdonestt pmhayTnsuhicaealF,livfriietdnSeeeosr,svaaicnneddJodwianetltalLncaeobslsloerpcMrtoioagnnraapmgroetmpoaceconklta.Wgee.llTnhesesd-FevitenleospseIndiptiraotigvreaims ainccolmudpelestae bpaIkIptcdhAnonrnrueeioomdFvottTggiewfFammhirrtltraahloleieieoommveptpdcstesmre..tageIodtlCrWeAeihcvmatunHerhidbenotcspeIdloseriuEmeoeio.fsgtFrcniuptsthSoohWea'peson,gilnopsvuianfttptoIelluotihnllyzrsntyeitei,hntsdit,oifneuaftsaoshonngp,tUeroirdotpvtvmhnssotoeaeieeoixanr.ptcntctelpoWelmmrldyntylnehaeeocaSsdueceetnethieodatirtoaivpdtmhvntenveaehesgs,emorv,e'astdfcewa,smieteotlnrfhstoevemfeeudipoengsdgpmrmlCtiIaotpsonsttiaepooniahtonntt,raneiefattaalardededwtdenadvibaIdovdneeA'obspelrdtlFtayytoipnhispFogfnreetopuoneslgraourlefsutcloehcr/flihsuavyneifosmlilrevfuritluignooyonpronaenelvplfvitnseaeorhdseaimlernezdlerfcla8seepiettrt0sanihaoiedonsotrrttepauvstoaannmeterollusircetcol,gveeIenvttnnsidhnhteccietodweeoeto'disun.fIfahiAttttaataehtithnnFvvhhriisddFneeees, paconromdSjetpiencoctcnhecenutnhirctresea.ilnnTcti.tohimealsmdeciistottneriedbmrueteviomisnibooenfrtsohfhitsahmviseamcnouanantlui,nathul reeedIfAlteoFcFats,dotdhurereIscCsoHmeaImEchFitSom,ftethhneet TtIonaksitkeieaFptoivtrhceie'ss, IV -7 V C ~ _ Page 16 o f 34 meter cubed per mole), respectively.. The vapor pressure and water solubility values were obtained from Table 4, p.16 of the March 1, 2000, white paper by 3M, Sulfonated Perfluorochemicals in the Environment: Sources, Dispersion, Fate and Effects {Ref. 1). These Henry's Law values suggest that volatilization from water to air is not very likely. According to 3M, testing is planned and/or underway for the environmental properties, fate, and transport of PFOS (Ref. 1). With more complete data, EPA would be able to make more definitive assessments. With the present data, the Agency can only speculate on environmental transport and partitioning of PFOS, although current information suggests strongly that it is persistent and may bioaccumulate. The Agency's hazard analysis for PFOS is a review of health hazard and biomonitoring data (Ref. 8). Toxicology studies show that PFOS is well absorbed [[Page 62326]] orally and distributes primarily in the serum and liver. PFOS can also be formed as. a metabolite of other perfluorinated sulfonates. It does not appear to be further metabolized. Elimination from the body is slow and occurs via both urine and feces. Serum PFOS levels in three retired male 3M chemical workers have been followed for 51/2 years and suggest a mean elimination half-life (t 1/2) of 1,428 days (approximately 4 years). Based on the pharmacokinetic data obtained from a 28-day oral study in male and female monkeys, a volume of distribution (Vd) of 0.19 L/kilogram (kg) was reported; no sex differences in the pharmacokinetic parameters were noted. PFOS has shown moderate acute toxicity by the oral route with a rat LD50 of 251 mg/kg. A 1-hour LC50 of 5.2 mg/L in rats has been reported. PFOS was found to be mildly irritating to the eyes and non-irritating to the skin of rabbits. PFOS was negative in mutagenicity studies in five strains of salmonella and did not induce micronuclei in an in vivo mouse bone marrow micronucleus assay. Numerous repeat-dose oral toxicity studies on PFOS have been conducted in rats and primates. Adverse signs of toxicity observed in rat studies included increases in liver enzymes, hepatic vacuolization and hepatocellular hypertrophy, gastrointestinal effects, hematological abnormalities, weight loss, convulsions, and death. These effects were reported at doses of 2 mg/kg/day and above. Adverse signs of toxicity observed in Rhesus monkey studies included anorexia, emesis, diarrhea, hypoactivity, prostration, convulsions, atrophy of the salivary glands and the pancreas, marked decreases in serum cholesterol, and lipid depletion in the adrenals. The dose range for these effects was reported between 1.5-300 mg/kg/day. No monkeys survived beyond 3 weeks into treatment at 10 mg/kg/day, or beyond 7 weeks into treatment at doses as low as 4.5 mg/kg/day. At doses as low as 0.75 mg/kg/day, Cynomolgus monkeys exhibited low food consumption, excessive salivation, labored breathing, hypoactivity, ataxia, hepatic vacuolization and hepatocellular hypertrophy, significant reductions in serum cholesterol levels, and death. Postnatal deaths and other developmental effects were reported at low doses in offspring in. a 2-generation reproductive toxicity study in rats. At the two highest doses of 1.6 and 3.2 mg/kg/day, pup survival in the first generation was significantly decreased. All first generation offspring {FI pups) at the highest dose died within a day after birth while close to 30% of the FI pups in the 1.6 mg/kg/day dose 11/8/2000 10 Page 17 o f 34 group died within 4 days after birth. As a result of the pup mortality in the two top dose groups, only the two lowest.dose groups, 0.1 and 0.4 mg/kg/day, were continued into the second generation. The no observed adverse effect level (NOAEL) and lowest observed adverse effect level (LOAEL) for the second generation offspring (F2 pups) were 0.1 mg/kg/day and 0.4 mg/kg/day, respectively, based on reductions in pup body weight. Reversible delays in reflex and physical development were also observed in this study, raising concerns about the potential for developmental neurotoxicity following exposure to PFOS. Developmental effects were also reported in prenatal developmental toxicity studies in the rat and rabbit, although at slightly higher dose levels. Signs of developmental toxicity were evident at doses of 5 mg/kg/day and above in rats administered PFOS during gestation. Significant decreases in fetal body weight and significant increases in external and visceral anomalies, delayed ossification, and skeletal variations were observed. Abnormalities of the lens of the eye were also reported at doses as low as 1 mg/kg/day in one rat prenatal developmental study, but could not be repeated in a second study of similar design. At doses of 2.5 mg/kg/day and above, significant reductions in fetal-body weight and significant increases in delayed ossification were observed in rabbits administered PFOS during gestation. In human blood samples, PFOS has been detected in the serum of occupational and general populations in the parts per million (ppm) to parts per billion (ppb) range. In the United States, recent blood serum levels of PFOS in manufacturing employees have been as high as 12.83 ppm, while, in the general population, serum collected from blood banks and commercial sources have indicated mean PFOS levels of 30-44 ppb. Levels in a very small sample of children yielded even higher results, with a mean level of 54 ppb. Sampling of several wildlife species from a variety of sites across the United States has shown widespread distribution of PFOS. In recent analyses, PFOS was detected in the ppb range in the plasma of several species of eagles, wild birds, and fish. Endogenous levels of PFOS have also been detected in the ppb range in the livers of unexposed rats used in toxicity studies, presumably through a dietary source (fishmeal). Although the PFOS levels detected in the blood of the general population are low, this widespread presence, combined with the persistence, the bioaccumulative potential, and the reproductive and subchronic toxicity of the chemical, raises concerns for potential adverse effects on people and wildlife over time should the chemical substances continue to be produced, released, and accumulated in the environment. D. Exposure Data As indicated in Unit IV.C., PFOS has been detected at low levels in the blood of humans and wildlife throughout the United States, providing clear evidence of widespread exposure to the chemical. PFOS has been in commercial use since the 1950's, predominantly in soil and stain-resistant coating products on fabrics, carpets, and leather, and in grease and oil resistant coatings on paper products, including food contact papers. Other uses leading to environmental releases include fire fighting foams. The various surface treatment uses constitute the largest volume of PFOS production and are believed to present the greatest potential for widespread human and environmental exposure to PFOS. Studies are underway to determine the routes of exposure which have led to the detection of PFOS in human and animal blood. There are several potential pathways that may account for the widespread exposure 11/ 8 / 2 0 0 0 1