Document kdd2b33ovmZqmD9QLpO7vL1B

r t fee Industrial Hygiene Digest INDUSTRIAL HEALTH NEWS LITERATURE ABSTRACTS MEDICAL ENGINEERING CHEMICAL TOXICOLOGICAL LEGAL SEPTEMBER, 1966 (Vol. 30, No. 9) ofo INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE FOUNDATION MELLON INSTITUTE 4400 FIETH AVENUE PITTSBURGH, PA. 1S213 SC-ALL-12560 SCF-ALLF-02770 03122218 f 1PLAINTIFF'S i EXHIBIT I i ,i < / sfO t=3 Industrial Hygiene Features The evaluation of physical tasks in indus try is discussed in Abst. No. 836. Data on chronic disease in former col lege students are given in Abst. No. 841. Observations on heart disease among industrial workers are presented in Abst. No. 842. Abst. No. 864 investigates nitrogen di oxide poisoning due to metal-cutting with the oxyacetylene torch. The radiochemical determination of metallic mercury vapor in air is de scribed in Abst. No. 867. A report on the toxicity of triphenyltin is given in Abst. No. 868. See Abst. No. 873 for a description of inhalation studies on chloropentafluoroethane. Abst. No. 874 presents the prognostic aspects of benzene poisoning. Details on twins with coal workers' pneumoconiosis are given in Abst. No. 884. Abst. No. 896 describes a new tape reagent for the determination of hydro gen sulfide in air. Details on the safe handling and use of ethylene oxide are given in Abst. No. 901. Mouth-to-mouth{resuscitation) trans mission of tuberculosis is reported in Abst. Nos. 837 and 838. An apparent association of lung and blad der cancer in cigarette smokers is re ported in Abst. No. 849. Foundation Facts A NATIONAL HEALTH CONSERVATION PROGRAM supporting industry's needs as well will be discussed at the Foundation's 31st Annual Management Conference by outstanding speakers from several fields of management. This meeting and subsequent IHF activities are intended to help clarify national health goals and provide a better means of measuring and reporting progress in environmental and occupational health research, and in the application of its fruits in the public interest and in support of continued industrial technological development. The history of the Maurice and Laura Falk Foundation (See page 4, abstract 831, this issue) provides a model for enlightened long-term planning. A clear statement of national environmental and occupational healtl goals is needed as health conservation is being equilibrated with environmental cleanliness by some federal agencies-- a potentially serious error in light of present knowledge. The very real problem of the nation's rising illness costs merits closer attention and study quite apart from our interest in conserving the quality of our environment. In the absence of comprehensive planning, ex penditure of additional funds by Government may simply compound confusion and adversely influ ence scientific perspective. (31st Annual Meeting, Oct. 18-19, Chatham Center, Pittsburgh, Pa. ) STAFF ACTIVITIES: Dr. R. T. P. deTreville attended the September 9 meeting of Industrial Medical Association, Pittsburgh-Cleveland Area which was held at Mellon Institute, and also participated in the Board of Directors meeting the preceding evening. Dr. deTreville also de livered a talk on September 27 at the Fall Management Course in Safety entitled, "Toxicity of Solvents in Industry and Effects in Confined Spaces", sponsored by Western Pennsylvania Safety Council, and assisted Professor David Minard, University of Pittsburgh, Graduate School of Public Health, September 27 and 29, with lectures on "Occupational Disease Control" and "Evaluating Effectiveness of Occupational Health Programs." Dr. Paul Gross and Professor Theodore F. Hatch attended the International Congress on Occupational Health held in Vienna, Austria, September 18-24 where Dr. Gross chaired a session on Occupational Medicine. Dr, Gross also participated in an international Pneumoconiosis Round Table Discussion (at the Institute of Experimental Hygiene, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Czechoslovakia) by presenting to his peers in pulmonary pathology research a paper entitled, "The Alveolar Transport Mechanism. " EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE MEETING: The Foundation's Executive Committee met with the Policy and Planning Committee at IHF headquarters on September 8 to plan the Foundation's program and budget for 1967. . - O HONORS: Honorary membership of Past Presidents and Officers of the Executive Committee of the British Occupational Hygiene Society was bestowed on Professor Theodore F. Hatch on September 9, 1966, THRESHOLD LIMIT VALUES FOR 1966 adopted by the American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists at their 28th Annual Meeting in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania on May 16-17, 1966 appear in this issue of the Digest. Page Threshold Limit Values for 1966--ACGIH................................................................................i News Items..................................................................................................................................................... 1 Coming Events................................................................................................................................................ 1 Legal Developments................................................................................................................................. 2 Books, Pamphlets and Notices.............................................................................................................. 3 Industrial Medical Practice................................................................................................................... 5 Skin Diseases and Burns........................................................................................................................ 11 Chemical Hazards...................................................................................................................................... 11 Industrial Dusts........................................................................................................................................... 14 Radioactivity and X-Radiation.............................................................................................................. 18 Environmental Measurements.............................................................................................................. 19 Preventive Engineering ............................................................................................................................. 20 Community Air Hygiene............................................................................................................................ 22 Management Aspects................................................................................................................................. 23 Accidents and Prevention....................................................................................................................... 24 Index.................................................................................................................................................................... 25 Addresses of Journals Abstracted.................................................................................................... 27 03122220 BE Q THRESHOLD LIMIT VALUES FOR 1966 Adopted at the 28th Annual Meeting ol the American Conference ol Governmental Industrial Hygienists, . Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, May 16-17, 1966. The Threshold Limit Values refer to air-borne concentrations of substances and represent con ditions under which it is believed that nearly all workers may be repeatedly exposed, day after day, without adverse effect. Because of wide variation in individual susceptibility, exposure of an occasional individual at or even below the threshold limit may not prevent discomfort, ag gravation of a pre-existing condition, or occupa tional illness. Threshold limits should be used as guides in the control of health hazards and should not be regarded as fine lines between safe and dan gerous concentrations. Exceptions are the sub stances given in Appendix A and certain of the substances given a *#C** listing. The values not given a "*CM listing refer to time-weighted aver age concentrations for a normal workday. The amount by which these concentrations may be exceeded for short periods without injury to health depends upon a number of factors such as the nature of the contaminant, whether very high concentrations even for short periods produce acute poisoning, whether the effects are cumula tive, the frequency with which high concentra tions occur, and the duration of such periods. All must be taken into consideration in arriving at a decision as to whether a hazardous situa tion exists. Enlightened industrial hygiene prac tice inclines toward controlling exposures below the limit rather than maintenance at the limit. Threshold limits are based on the best avail able information from industrial experience, from experimental human and animal studies, and when possible, from a combination of the three. The basis on which the values are established may differ from substance to substance; protec tion against impairment of health may be the. guiding factor for some, whereas reasonable free dom from irritation, narcosis, nuisance or other forms of stress may dominate the basis for others. The Committee holds to the opinion that limits based on physical irritation should be considered no less binding than those based on physical impairment; growing bodies of evidence indicate that physical irritation may promote and accelerate physical impairment. Documentation of Threshold Limit Values. A separate companion piece to the TLVs is is sued by ACGIH under this title. This publication gives the pertinent scientific information and da ta with reference to literature sources, that were used to base each limit. Each documentation al so contains a statement defining the type of response against which the limit is safeguarding the worker. For a better understanding of the TLVs it is essential that the Documentation be consulted when the TLVs are being used. Ceiling vs Time-Weighted Average Limits. Although the time-weighted average concentra tion provides the most satisfactory, practical way of monitoring air-borne agents for compli ance with the limits, there are certain substan ces for which it is inappropriate. In the latter group are substances which are predominantly fast acting and whose threshold limit is more appropriately based on this particular response. Substances with this type of response are best controlled by a ceiling MC,# limit that should not be exceeded. It is implicit in these defini tions that the manner of sampling to determine compliance with the limits for each group must differ, a single brief sample, that is applicable to a "C** limit, is not appropriate to the time* weighted limit: here, a sufficient number of sam ples are needed to permit s time-weighted average concentration throughout a complete cycle of operations or throughout the work shift. Whereas the ceiling limit places a definite boundary which concentrations should not be permitted to exceed, the time-weighted average limit requires an explicit limit to the excursions that are permissible above the listed values. The magnitude of these excursions may be peg ged to the magnitude of the threshold limit by an appropriate factor shown in Appendix C. It should be noted that the same factors are used by the Committee in making a judgment whether to include or exclude a substance for a "C" listing. "Skin** Notation. Listed substances followed by the designation "Skin** refer to the potential contribution to the over-all exposure by the cu taneous route including mucous membranes and eye, either by air-bome, or more particularly, by direct contact with the substance. Vehicles can alter skin absorption. This attention-calling de signation is intended to suggest appropriate measures for the prevention of cutaneous absorp tion so that the threshold limit is not invalidat ed. Mixtures. Special consideration should he given also to the application of these values in assessing the health hazards which may be as sociated with exposure to mixtures of two or more substances. A brief discussion of basic considerations involved in developing threshold limit values for mixtures, and methods for their development, amplified by specific examples are given in Appendix B. "Inert"* or Nuisance Particulates. A number of dusts or particulates that occur in the working environment ordinarily produce no specific ef fects upon prolonged inhalation. Some insoluble substances are classed as inert (c.g. iron and steel dusts, cement, silicon carbide, titanium dioxide, cellulose); others may be solu ble (starch, snluble oils, calcium carbonate) but are of such a low order of activity ihat in con centrations ordinarily encountered do not cause physiologic impairment; still others may be rap idly eliminated or destroyed by the body (veg etable oils, glycerine, sucrose). In the case of the insoluble substances, there may be some ac cumulation in the respiratory passages. In the case of the soluble substances, this accumula tion will ordinarily be temporary but may inter fere to some extent with respiratory processes. Hence, it is desirable to control the concentra tions of such particulates in the air breathed by any individual, in keeping with good industrial hygiene practice. A threshold limit of or 50 mppcf, whichever is less, is recommended for substan- AT4 >1. ces in these categories and for which no speci fic threshold limits have been assigned. This limit, for a normal work day. does not apply to brief exposures at higher concentrations. Neither does it apply to those sidtstances which may cause physiologic impairment at lower concen trations but for which a threshold limit has not yet been adopted. Some "inert" particulates are given in Appendix D. Simple Asphyxiants-**Inert** Gases or Vapors. A number of gases and vapors, when present in high concentrations in air, act primarily as sim ple asphyxiants without other significant phys iologic effects. A TLV may not be recommend ed for each simple asphyxiant because the limit ing factor is the available oxygen. The minimal oxygen content should be 18 percent by volume under normal atmospheric pressure (equivalent to a partial pressure, pO2, of 135 mm Hg). Atmos pheres deficient in Oz do not provide adequate warning and most simple asphyxiants are odor less. Several simple asphyxiants are listed in Appendix E. Some asphyxiants present an ex plosion hazard. Account should be taken of this factor in limiting the concentration of the asphyx iant. These limits are intended for use in the field of industrial hygiene and should be interpreted and applied only by persons trained in this field. They are not intended for use. or for modifica tion for use, (1) as a relative index of toxicity, by making a ratio of two limits, (2) In the evalu ation or control of community air pollution or air pollution nuisances, (3) in estimating the toxic potential of continuous uninterrupted exposures, (4) as proof or disproof of an existing disease or physical condition, or (S) for adoption by coun tries whose working conditions differ from those in the U.S. Physical Factors. It is recognized that such physical factors as heat, ultraviolet and ioniz ing radiation, humidity, abnormal pressure and the like may place added stress on the body so that the effects from exposure at a threshold limit may be altered. Most of these stresses act adversely to increase the toxic response of a substance. Although most threshold limits have built-in safety factors to guard against adverse effects of moderate deviations from normal en vironments, the safety factors of most substan ces are not of such a magnitude as to take care of gross deviations. For example, continuous work at temperatures above 9PF or over-time, extending the work-week more than 50%, might be considered gross deviations. In such instan ces judgment must be exercised in the proper adjustments of the threshold limit values. These values are reviewed annually by the Committee on Threshold Limits for revision or additions, as further information becomes avail able. "Notice of Intent** At the beginning of each year, proposed actions of the Committee for the forthcoming year are issued in the form of a "Notice of Intent." This Notice provides not only an opportunity for comment, but solicits suggestions of substances to be added to the list. The suggestions should be accompanied by substantiating evidence for a tentative limit. As Legislative Code. The Conference does not consider the Threshold Limit Values appro priate matter for adoption in legislative codes and regulations and recommends against such use. If, however, the list is so used,the intent of the concepts contained in the Preface should be maintained and provisions should be made to keep the list current Reprint Permission. This publication may be reprinted provided that written permission is ob tained from the Secretary-Treasurer of the Con ference and that it be published in its entirety. RECOMMEHDED VALUES (In Alphabetical Order) Stikatanca 0P* Mg-M" Acetaldehyde........................................ Acetic acid ................................................. Acetic anhydride......... .. . Acetone....................................................... Acetonibile................................................ Acetylene dichloride, see 1,2 Didom- ethylene .................................................. Acetylene tehabromide............................. Acrolein.................................................. Acrylonibile-Sfcin.............. . Aidrin-Sktn................................................. Altyl alcohol-Skin .........._ ............ Allyl chloride.............................................. C Allyl glycidyl ether (AGE)............... Allyl propyl disulfide..... . 2 Aminoethanol, see Ethanolamme . . Ammonia .................................................... Ammonium sulfamate (Animate)................ s-Amyl acetate......................................... Aniline-Skin ................................................ + Anisidine (o,p<tsomeis)~Skin.................... Antimony & compounds (as Sb)............... ANTU (alpha naphthyl thiourea) . . Arsenic & Compounds (as As)... .. Arsine......................................................... Barium (soluble compounds)............... C Benzene (benzol)-Skin . .. . Benzidine-Skin.......................................... p-Benzoquinone, see Quinone................. + Benzoyl perostde........................................ Benzyl chloride................................... Beryllium.............................................. t Biphenyl, see Diphenyl............................ Boron oxide ........................................... C Boron Uiltuoride......................................... Bromine.................................................. Butadiene (1.3-butadiene)........................ Butanethiol, see Butyl mercaptan ............ 2-Butanane................................................... 2-Butoxy ethanol (Butyl Celtosolve)-Skin t Butyl acetate (n-fautyi acetate) . Butyl alcohol............................................ teiL Butyl alcohol ..................................... C Butylamlna-Skin................................... C te>L Butyl chromate (as CrOSI-Skin n-Butyt glycidyl ether (BGE)................ Butyl mercaptan.............................. 200 10 5 1,000 40 360 25 20 2. 400 70 i 0.1 20 - 2 1 10 2 14 0.25 45 0 25 5 3 45 12 50 35 - IS too 525 b 19 - 0.5 - 0.5 - 0.3 - 0.5 0.05 0.2 - 0.5 25 80 - A1 -5 15 - 0.002 - 15 13 0.1 0. 7 1.000 2. 200 200 590 SO 240 -- 100 300 100 300 5 IS - ' 0.1 SO 270 10 35 * Port* of vapor or gam par million part, ol !, pin, vapor by volomo of 2S^C and 760 mm. Hg prasvuro. " Approximate milligram* ol particular, p.r cubic motor of air. A Nowhom, too Appendix A t 1966 Addition I See Tentative Limits 03122222 Siiblonc* p--teit. Butyttoluene . . Cadmium oxide lume................... Calcium aisenate..................... - Calcium oxide............. ............. Camphor .......................................... + Caibaiyl (Sevin) (R) . .............. Caifaon dioxide................. . - Carbon disultide-Skin................................ f Cation monoxide....................... Catbon tetiachfonde-Skin........................... CNordaoe-Skin.. . . ...... Chloiinaied camphene. Skin .................. Chlorinated diphenyl oxide .... t ChlOline .............. Chloiine dioxide......................... C Chloiine tiilluoiide .................................. C Chtoioacetaldehyde - Chlotobenzeneimonochloiobenzene) ... . Chtaiobtomomethane .... . . 2-Chloro-l,3 butadiene, see Chloiopiene .. Chloiodiphenyl (42% chloiine)-Skin . . Chloiodiphenyl (54% chloiine)-Skin 1.Chloto, 2.3 epoxypiopane. see Epichlorhydnn . ................... 2. Chtoioethanol, see Ethylene chloiohydnn .................................. Chloioethylene, see Vinyl chloiide .. C Chtoioloira (tiichloiomeUiane).......... 1-Chloio-l-nitiopiopane . Chtoiopicnn .............. Chloiopiene (2-chloio-l, 3-butadienel Skin Chiomic acid and chromates (as Ci03) . t Cobalt.. ................. Coppei lume .. ...................... Ousts and Mists .... . - Cotton dust (iaw) ..................... Ciag (R> heibicide......................... Ciesoi (all tsomers)-Skin ........................ Cyanide (as CNI-Skin ....................... t Cyclohexane.............................................. Cyctohexanol......................... ........ Cyclohexanone............................... - t Cyclohexene............................................ + Cyclopentadlene ...................................... 2.4-0.......................................................... DOT-Skin.................................................... DOVP-Skin ..................................... ~ Decaboiane-Skin .................................. Oemeton.(R>-Skin..................................... Diacetone alcohol (4-hydioxy-4-methyl-2- peatanone)............ ..................... 1.2 Oiaminoethane. see Ethylenediamme Oiboiane.................................. ... t 1.2-Dibtomoelhane (ethylene dibromide)- Skin .......................................... | See Tentative Limits Mp/M'* 10 _ - _ 5.000 20 60 0i 1 5 2 S 9,000 60 10 65 - 0.5 _ 0.5 - 0.5 0. 11 0.3 0.]1 0.4 13 75 350 200 1,050 -1 O.Z SO 20 0.1 25 240 100 0.7 90 0.1 0.1 1.0 1 15 22 5 SO 200 SO 200 7S 200 10 1 1 0.05 0.3 0.1 50 240 0.1 0.1 Svbttonc* o-Dichlorobenzene .... .. p-Dichtoiobenzene .. .. .. DtchlotodiNuoromethane . ... 1.3-Oichloro*5. 5-dimethyl hydantom . 1. i. -Otchloioethane ... ... 1.2-Dichloroethane . ... 1.2-Dichloroethylene . ... Oichloroelhyl ethei-Skin ......................... Oichloromethane. see Methylenechloride Drchlotomonofluoromethane .. 1,1-Dichlmo-l-nitroethane ... . 1.2-Dichluoptopane, see Piopylenedi- chloride..................... .............. Oichlototetrafluoioethane ................ Dieldrin-Sktn................... .......... Diethylamirte ...... ................. . Oiethytether, see Ethyl ethei .................. Oifluoiodibiomomethane........................... Diglycidyl ethei (DGE) .... . ... Dihydroxybenzene, see hydrocumone .. . Oiisobutyl ketone...................................... Dimethoxymethane. see Methylal... . Dimethyl acetamide-Skm......... ......... Dimethylamine............................................ DimeStylanunobenzene, see Xylidene...... Oimetftytanrline (N-dimefhylamtine)-Skin . Dimethylbenzene. see Xylene.................... Dimethyl l,2-dibromo-2,2-dichloroethyl phosphate. (Oibfam) (R)........................... Dimethylformamide-Skin ................ 2,6 Diraethylheptanone. see Diisobutyl ketone ....................................................... 1,1 -Oimethylhydrazine-Skin........................ Dimethyl sulfate - Skin ......................... Dinitiobenzene (all isometsl-Skin ............ Oinitio-o-aesol-Skin................................... Oinitrotoluene-Skin..................................... Oioxane (Diethylene dioide|-Skin........... Oipropylene glycol methyl elhei-Skin__ Oi-xec. octyl phthalate (DI-2-ethylhexyl- phthalate.................................................... Endtin-Skin.................................................. Epichlothydrin-Skin..................................... EPN-Skin ................................................... 1,2-Epojtypropane. see Ptopyleneoxtde .. 2.3-Epoxy-l -propanol see Glycidol ... . Ethanethiol. see Ethylmercaptan . T.......... Ethanolamme.............................................. 2 Elhoxyethanol-Skin............................... 2 Ethosyethylacetate (Cellosolve acetate) Ethyl acetate .............................................. Ethyl acrylate-Skin..................................... Ethyl alcohol (ethanol) .............................. Ethyl amine.................................................. * 1966 Addition ppm* Mp/M1 50 300 75 450 1,000 4.950 - 0.2 100 400 50 200 200 790 IS 90 1.000 4,200 10 60 1,000 7,000 - 0.25 25 75 100 B60 0.5 2.6 50 290 10 35 10 IB 5 2S -3 10 30 0.5 1 - - - 100 100 1 5 1 0.2 1.5 360 600 -5 - 0.1 5 19 -- 0.5 36 200 740 100 400 25 1.000 540 1.400 100 1.900 - Svbctosic* Ethylbenzene................................................ Ethyl bromide ............................................. Ethyl chloride............................................. Elhyl ether........................................... Ethyl toiraate .................... .............. Elhyl mercaptan ....... . ... Ethyl silicate................................................ Ethylene chloiohydiin-Skin.................... Ethytenediamine ...................................... Ethylene dibtomide, see 1,2-Dihromoethane ........................................................ Ethylene dichlotide, see l,2-Dichloio- ethane ....................... .. . Ethylene glycol dinitiate-Skin ... . Ethylene glycol monomethyl ether acetate, see Methyl cellosolve acetate .. Ethylene imtneSkin....................... . Ethylene oxide............................................. Ethylidme chloride, see 1, l-Chchloio- ethane............................. Ferbam...................................... Ferrovanadium dust..................... Fluoride (as F) ... .. Fluorine........................................... FluorotrichlotomeUiane ................... Formaldehyde............................................... Freon 11, see Fluorotrichloromethane. . Freon 12, see Dichloiodifluoiomethane Freon 13B1. see TiifluoiontonoDtomomethane................................................ Freon 21, See Oichtotamotvolluoiomethane............................................ Freon 112, see 1.1,2,2-Teliachloto-1.2 difluoroethane ..................................... Freon 113, see 1.1,2-Ttichloio. 1,2,2trinuoroethane..................................... Freon 114, see Dichloioteballuoioethane .......................................... Furfural-Skin .............. Fuifuiyl alcohol............ Gasoline................ Glycidol (2,3-Epoxy l -propanol)... Glycol cnonoethyl ethei, see 2-Ethoxyethanol ......................................... , GuOrion, see Azinphosmethyl ............... Hafnium. . Heptachlor-Skin ...... Heptane (n-heptane) . .......................... Hexachloroethane-Skin.................... Hexane (n-hexanel........................ 2-Hexanone ... . .................... Hexone .................................................. sec-Hexyl acetate .......................... Hydrazine-Skin.................................... Hydrogen biomide.......... . t See Tentative Limns PP* _ 200 1.000 400 100 _ 100 5 10 890 2,600 1.200 300 850 16 25 0.2 1. __ 50 90 15 _1 _2 0.1 0. 1.000 5.600 56 5 20 50 200 _ A6 50 150 0. _ 0. 500 2.000 1 10 500 1. BOO 100 410 100 410 so 295 1 1. 3 10 IV StfUlHCt C Hydrogen chloride.................................. . Hydrogen cyanide-Skin................................ Hydrogen fluoride ...................................... Hydrogen peroxide, 90%.............................. Hydrogen selenide........................................ + Hydrogen sulfide.......................................... Hydroquinonc................................................ C Iodine........................................................... t Iron oxide fume ............................................ Isoaniyl alcohol............................................ Isophorane ................................................... Isopropyl alcohol.......................................... Isopiopylamine............................................. Isopropylethei ............................................ Isoptopyl glycidyl ether (IGE).................... Ketene........................................................... Lead .......................................................... Lead arsenate .............................................. Lindane-Skin ................................................ Lithium hydiide ............................................ t LP.l (Liquified petroleum gas)............ Magnesium oxide fume ................................ Maialhion-Skin............................................. C Manganese................................................... Mercury-Skin................................ ................. Maicury (otganic compounds)-Skin............. Mesityl oxide................................................ Methanethiol. see Methyl meicaptan ......... Methoxychlor ............................................... 2-Methoxyethanol, see Methyl cellosolve .. Methyl acetate............................................. Methyl acetylene (piopyne) ....................... Methyl acetylena-piopadiene mixtuie (MAPP).......................... ............................. Methyl aciylate-Skin................................... Methylal (dimethoxymethane)....................... Methyl alcohol (methanol) .......................... Methyl amyl alcohol, see Methyl iso butyl catbinol.............................................. C Methyl bromide-Skin.................................. Methyl butyl ketone, see 2-Hexanone......... Methyl cellosolve-Skin................................ Methyl caliesolvo acetata-Skin.................. C Methyl chloride............................................ Methyl chloroform.................................... . Methylcyclohsxxne...................:..... ........... Mathylcyclohexanol............ :......................... o Megiylcychihosanone-Sfcin....................... Methyl odayl ketene (MEK), see 2-Bbtan- one ..................................................... ......... Methyl (ornate.............................................. Methyl isobutyl catbinol-Skin .................... Methyl isobutyl ketone, see Hexane ........ C Methyl mercaptan.......................................... 1966 Addition ppm* Hp/U*** 5 10 3 1 0.05 10 - 0. 1 7 11 2 1.4 0.2 15 2 1 100 360 25 140 400 980 5 12 SOO 2.100 so 240 0. 5 0.9 - 0.2 - 0.15 - 0.5 - 0.025 1,000 1.800 - 15 - IS -5 - 0.1 - 0.01 25 100 - IS 200 610 1,000 1,650 1.000 10 1,000 200 1,800 35 3.100 260 20 60 25 SO 25 120 100 210 350 1,900 500 2,000 100 470 100 460 100 250 25 100 10 20 Inks lance + Methyl melhaciylate............................... Methyl propyl ketone, see 2-Pentanone C oMethyl styrene...............-..................... C Methylene bisphenyl isocyanate (MDI).. Methylene chloride (dichloromethane) .. Molybdenum (soluble compounds)......... (insoluble compounds) ..... Monomethyl aniline-Skin........................ Morpholine-Skin.......................... ......... Naphtha (coal tat)................................. Naphtha (petroleum) .............................. + Naphthalene........................................... P-Naphthylamine............ ....................... Nickel carbonyl...................................... + Nickel, metal and soluble compounds... Nicotine-Skin.......................................... + Nitiic acid................-.......... -............... p-Nitroaniline-Skin ................................ Nitrobenzene-Skin.................................. t p-Nitrochloro-benzene-Skin .................. Niboethane........................... -........ ....... C Nitrogen dioxide ................................... + Nitrogen triftuorlde -.............................. C Nitroglycerin- SEGON-Skin.................. Nitromethane.................................... -- 1-Nitropropane........................................ 2-Nlbopropane........................................ N-NItrosodimethyl-amine (Di-methyl- nibosoamine)-Skin------------------- ------Nibotoluene-Skin................................... Nibobichlorsmethane, see Chlotopicrin. Octane.... .............. -......... -............. ........ Oil mist (mineral) ..................................... 'Osmium teboxlde.......-...... _............ -..... + Oxygen difluoilde..................................... Ozone ........................ -................ ....... ..... Parathion-Skln........................................... Pentaborane.............................................. Pentachtoronaphthalene-Skin..... --........ Pentachlorophenol-Skln........................... Pentane.............. ......... ................ ............ 2-Pentinone .--........ _.... Perchleroethytene................................... Petchlorocrethyl mercaptan .--------------- Perchloryl fluoride....... ........ - Phenol-Skin........... ........ .... --.......... + p-Phenylona diamlno-Skln...................... Phony(oBtylono, oo Styrene............... _ Phenyl glycidyl ether (PGE)................... Phenythydrazloe-Skta................. ............. Phosdrta (Mevlnphos) (R)-Skln ............... Photgene (carbonyl chlotido) ................. Phosphine--............................................ Phosphoric acid..............................-..... - t Sea Tentative Limits PP*"* 100 Mg/kp** 410 100 480 0.02 0.2 SOO 1, 740 _5 _ IS 29 20 70 200 BOO SOO 2,000 10 50 - f? 0.001 0.007 -1 - 0.5 25 16 15 -- l. 100 310 s9 10 29 0.2 2 100 250 25 90 2S 90 1 1 r A* 5 30 soo 2,350 S 0.002 0.05 0.1 0.1 0.2 - 0.1 0.005 0.01 - 0.5 - 0.5 1,000 2,950 200 700 too 670 0.1 0.6 5 13.5 5 19 0.1 50 5 0.1 0.3 310 22 0.1 0.4 0.4 1 Svkatenca Phosphorus (yellow)................... Phosphorus pentachlonde Phosphorus pentasultide . Phosphorus bichloride .. + Phthalrc anhydride . Picric acid-Skin Platinum (Soluble Salts) .. Polyteballuoioettiylene decomposition products .... . t Propane.................... . Propyne, see Methylacetylene . (JPropiolactone .. . . n-Piopyl acetate . n-Propyl nitrate........................... Propylene dichloride t Propylene tmine-Sktn Propylene oxide Pyrethium ... . Pyridine . .. Qurnone ... .... Rotenone (commercial) + Selenium compounds (as Se) t Silver, metal and soluble compounds Sodium fluoioacetate (1080) - Skin . Sodium hydroxide.................. Stibine ... . Stoddard solvent ... .. Strychnine ... . .. C Styrene monomer (phenylethylenei Sulfur dioxide . . . . Sulfur hexafluoride . Sulfuric acid.......... Sulfur monochloiide . . Sulfur pentafluoiide................. Sulfuryl fluoride......................... . Systox, see Demeton ..................... 2.4.5T................ . Tantalum............................. TEDP - Skin ... . Teflon (R) decomposition products. . Tellurium......... TEPP - Skin ........ ... 1.1.1.2-Tebachloro-2,2-difluoroethane 1.1.2.2-Tebachloro-l. 2 -diftuoioethane 1.1.2.2-Tebachloroethane-Skin . Tebachloroethytene. see Peichloioethy- lene................................ .. Tebachloiomethane, see Carbon tetia- chloiide............................. ... Tetraethyl lead (as Pb| Skin . Tebahydrofuian ... . Tebanibomethane .. Tabyl (2.4,6-brnibophenylmethyIniba- raine) - Skin.................................... + 1966 Addition ppm' _ 0. 5 2 - Ms M 0.1 1 1 3 12 0.1 0 002 - A* 1.000 1.800 - A1 200 840 25 no 75 350 -- 100 240 -5 5 15 0 1 04 -5 - 0.2 _ 0.01 _ 0.05 _2 0 1 0.5 500 2.900 - 0 IS 100 420 5 13 1,000 6.000 16 0 025 0 2b 5 20 10 5 0.2 A* 0.1 0.0b SOO 170 SOO 170 5 35 0.075 200 590 I 1.5 03122224 0) res 001 IQ) TO Substance ppm* Mg Thallium(sotuote compounds) Skin Ttmam . .. Tin (inorganic empds. e*tej)i oxides Tin (organic empdst Titanium dioxide Toluene itoluot) C Toluene-2.4-dusocyartaie . o-Toiutdine Skin Toiaphene. see Chlorinated tamphene 1.1.1-Tnchloroethane, see Methyl chloto- form . Trichloroethylene Tuchloiomethane. see Chloiolotni TrichloioitaphMutene Skin 1.2. 3 Tlichloiopropane 1,1.2 Trichloro 1.2.2-lnfluoroethane Tnethylamme . Tn fluoromonobromomelhane 2.4.6-Tttmliopfcenol see Picnc acid 2.4.6-Trtnitiophenylniettiylnitrainine. see Tetiyl . . Trinitrotoluene - Skin Triorthocresyl phosphate Tnphenyl phosphate Turpentine Uranium (soluble compounds! . (insoluble compounds) C Vanadium (V2Os dust) . .. (VX)o fume) . Vinyl benzene, see Styrene C Vinyl chloiide . Viftylcyantde, see Aciylontlnle Vinyl toluene Warfarin .......... . f Xylene (xylol) .. Xyltdine - Skin .. . + Yttnum ........ ................... Zinc oxide fume Zirconium compounds (as Zr) . - - 200 0 02 5 C 5 2 J. IS 750 0 22 100 535 50 1.900 25 1.000 5 300 ). 000 100 6, 100 - 100 .- 1 0. 3 560 0. 0. 0. 0. 500 1. 300 100 480 - 0. -5 25 -1 -5 -6 Radioactivity: For p'.-rmissihle ecw naiinti f isotopes in air, see *1 S. Department l Coiiiiiu*r-t*, National Bureau *f Standards, Handbook 69. "Maximum Permissibl% I tody Burdens .md Maximum IVnmsstl.hConcentrations o( KudiMiui-hdes in Air and in Water lr Occupational fc!xp>ur, ** June S. I`t59. Also sim* t). S Department of Commerce National Bureau of Standards Ifandbouk S9. '`Permissible Dose from Kxtcru.il Sources of lonuinK Radiation, ** September 24. 1954. and adden dum of April 15. |*)5H. * Port* of vapor or qoi par million port* ol air pit** vapor by voUjme ut ?fC and 760 mm. Mq ptottwro. * Approximate nilliqinm* of porticwlote pet cubic motor of olr. A Humber*. 5*e AppnJ A * Srv Ti-nljnw I. i ut its RESPIRABLE DUSTS EVALUATED BY COUNT Substance . p. p. c. f. * SILICA Crystalline Quartz, Threshold Limit calculated from the formula......................... Cristobalde M * Amorphous, including natural diatocnaceous earth........................ 250 * o5iO ? * 20 SILICATES (less than ^crystalline silica) Asbestos ........................................ 5 Mica................................................ 20 Soapstone...................................... 20 Talc.......................................... 20 Portland Cement............................. so GRAPHITE (natuiall ............... IS "Inert" 01 Nuisance Paiticulates SO (01 IS mg whichever is the see Appendix D smaller) Conversion factor* mppcf x 35.3 = million particles per cubic meter = particles pet c.c. * Millions of portlets* per cubic foot of oir, bo*d on mpinpor temple* counted by bghtdiofd technic*. *' Tbo porcontogo of crystalline silica in the formuto it die amount determined from oir*bome sample* oacapt In diet* instance* in wfiicb other me died* hove bean shewn to be applicable. TENTATIVE VALUES These substances, with theit couesponding tentative limits, campiise those lot which a limit has been assigned lot the fust time 01 lot which a change in the `Recommended* listing has been made. In both cases, the assigned limits should be consideied tual values that will lemain in the ten tative listing foi a peiiod of at least two years, dining which time dilinitive evidence and expenence is sought. If accept able at the end of two yeais, these substances aid values will be moved to the RECOMMENDED fist. Documentation fot tentative values aie available loi each of these substances. Substance PPn* Mg *4** * Acrylamide - Sktn 2-Amtnopyiidme . sec-Amy! acetate Azinpbos-methy1-Sk 1n Broaoforro-Skin ... . n-Butyl acetate . sec-Butyl acetate . . teil-Butyl acetate ++ sec-Butyl alcohol . Cadmium (Metal dust and soluble salts) Carbon black . . .. Carbon monoxide ... . ft a-Chloioacetophenone (phenacylchlonde) o-Chloiobeazyltdene malononilule (OCBM) C Chlorine .... . .. Chromium, sol. chromic, chromous salts. as Ci............................................... Metallic & insol. sails . . Coat tai pitch volatiles (benzene soluble fraction) (anthracene, BaP, phenanlhiene. acridine, chrysene, pyrene) . . . 44 Cobalt, Metal fume & dust . .. Ciotonaldehyde ................. . . Cumene * Skin .... Cyclohexane .... . . . Cyclohesene ...... . Oiazomethane... .. C 1.2-Dibroino-ethane-Skin .. . * Dibutyl phosphate .... . 4 Dibutylphthalate . Oiethylanmo ethanol-Skin . 44 Oiisoptopylamine-Skin . . - 0.3 0.5 2 125 650 - 0.2 0.5 5 ISO. 710. 200 950 200. 950. 150. 450. - 0.2 - 3.5 50. 55. 0.05 0.3 .OS 0.4 t. 1. _ 0.5 - 1. - 0.2 - 0.1 2. 6. so. 245. 300. 1 050. 300. 1 015. 0.2 0.4 25. 190. !. 5. 5. 10. so. 5. 20. * Port* of vapor or gas per million port* of oi plu* opo, by Mklum. of 2FC ond 760 mm. Hg pro.I Appro*ifnato milligram. ol pofliculolo pa, cvb.c motor of air. f 1966 Revision + + 1966 Additions 03122225 VI Swbxtonca +t Dimethylphthalate........................................ ++ Diphenyl....................................................... Ethylamlne................................................... Ethyl sec-amyl ketone (5-methyl-3-hepUn- one)............................................................. Ethyl benzeiK- ..................................... Ethyl butyl ketone (3-Heptanone)............... + C Ethylene glycol dinitiate &/01 nitroglycerin- Skin.... ....................................................... Ethylene imine-Skin ................................... C Ethyl meicaptan........................................... N-Ethylmoiphotine-Skin............................. Fibrous glass............................................... Fotmic acid ................................................ ++ Gasoline..... ............................................... sec-Hesyl acetate ++ Hexachloronaphthalene - Skin.................... lion oxide tume ........................................... Isoamyl acetate............................................ Isobutyl acetate........................................... <-+ Isobutyl alcohol............................................ Isopropyl acetate......................................... + Maleic anhydiide.......................................... Methylaraine........................... -................... Methyl (n-amyl) ketone (2-Heptanone) ...... Methyl iodide - Skin ................................... Methyl isocyanate - Skin ........................... C Monomethyl hydtazine - Skin .................... + Naphtha (coal tat)....................................... + Nibic oxide................................................. ++ Octachtoionaphthalene - Skin.................... Oxalic acid................................................... -+ Parquat - Skin .......................................-- Phenyl ethet (vapoi)................................... Phenyl ethei-Biphenyl mixture (vapoi)...... Phenyl gtycidyl ethei (PGE)...................... Plval (2-Pivatyl-1.3-indandione) .............. ++ Propyl alcohol................--........ -.............. Propylene imina - Skin................................ Rhodium. Metal tume and dusts................. Soluble salts.............................................. ++ Ronnel--............................ ........................ Selenium hexafluoride.................................. Telluilum hexafluoiide................................ nC Teiphenyls........ ........................................... + Tebachlotonaphmalene - Skin.................... Tebamethyl lead (TML) (as lead) - Skin .... Tebamethyl succinonlbile - Skin............... Tiemolite....................... ............................. + Tiibutyl phosphate ..................................... 1.1,2-Tiichloioethane - Skin...................... Xylene....................-.................................. - Zinc chiwide............................................... 4 1966 Revision ++ 1966 Additions f For intermittent exposure only Mo'U1" _ 5. 0.2 1. 10. IB. 25. 130. )00. 435. 50. 230. . U.Q2J 0.1) 0.5 1. 10. 25. 20. 94. - 5. 5. 9. tt 50. 300. -- 0.2 _ 10. too. 525. 150. 700. too. 300. 250. 950. 0.25 1. 10. 12. too. 465. 5. 28. 0.02 0.05 0.2 0.35 too. 400. 25. 30. - 0.1 -- 1. - 0.5 1. 7. 1. 7. 10. 62. 0.1 200. 450 2. 5. _ 0.1 0.001 _ IS. 0.05 0.4 0.02 0.2 1. 9.4 - 2. - 0.07S 0.5 3. 5 mppcl - 5. 10. 45. 100. 435. - 1. Appendix A A* Benxidine Because of high incidence of bladdei tumots in man, any exposuie, including skin, is extiemety hazardous. A2 (VHaphihylamine. Because o( the extiemely high incidence ol bladdei tumots in workers handling this compound and the inability to control exposures, -naphthylamine has been pro hibited from manufactuie, use and othet activities that in volve human contact by the State of Pennsylvania. A'N-NItroxodimethylamlne Because of extiemely high toxicity and presumed carcinogenic potential of this compound, con tact by any route should not be permitted. A4 Polytetrofluoroethylene* decomposition products, Theimal decomposition of the fluoiocaibon chain in aii leads to the formation of oxidized products containing catbon, ftuorine and oxygen. Because these piaducts decompose by hydro lysis in alkaline solution, they can be quantitatively deter mined in ail as ftuoiide to provide an index of exposuie. No TLV is recommended pending deteimination of the toxicity of the products, but air concentrations should be minimal. A9^PropiolactoneBecause of high acute toxicity and demonstra ted skin tumot production in animals, contact by any loute should be avoided. A* Gasoline. The composition of gasoline vaiies greatly and thus a single TLV fix all types of gasoline is no longei ap plicable. In general, the aromatic hydiocaibon content will determine what TLV applies. Consequently the content of benzene, other aromatics and additives should be determined to anive at the appropriate TLV (Elkins, et al. A.I.H.A.J. 24, 99, 1963). * Trade Names: Algoflon, Fluon, Halon, Teflon, Tettan Appendix B B.l THRESHOLD LIMIT VALUES FOR MIXTURES be considered as additive. That is, if the sum of the following fractions, Ci -f- Cz-f-. . . . Cn T, Tz Tn exceeds unity, then the threshold limit of (he mixtuie should be considered as being exceeded. Ct indicates the obseived atmospheric concentration, and Ti the corresponding thres hold limit, (See Example lA.a.). Exceptions to the above rule may be made when there is good reason to believe that the chief effects of the different harmful substances are not in fact additive, but independent as when purely local effects on different organs of the body are produced by the various components of the mixture. In such cases the threshold limit ordinarily is exceeded only when at least one member of the series (C_i ot_Cz etc.) itself Tt Tz has a value exceeding unity, (See Example lA.b.) Antagonistic action or potentiation may occur with some combinations of atmospheric contaminants. Such cases at present must be determined individually. Potentiating or an tagonistic agents are not necessatily harmful by themselves. Potentiating effects of exposuie to such agents by loutes other than that of inhalation is also possible, e.g. imbibed al cohol and inhaled narcotic (trichloroethylene). Potentiation is characteristically exhibited at high concenttations, less probably at low. When a given operation or process characteristically emits a number of harmful dusts, fumes, vapois or gases, it will frequently be only feasible to attempt to evaluate the hazard by measurement of a single substance. In such cases, the threshold limit used for this substance should be reduced by a suitable factor, the magnitude of which will depend on the number, toxicity and relative quantity of the othei contami nants oidinarily present. Examples ol processes which are typically associated with two or more harmful atmospheric contaminants aie welding, automobile repair, blasting, painting, lacquering, certain foundry operations, diesel exhausts, etc. (Example 2.) When two or more hazardous substances me present, their combined effect, rather than that of either individually, should be given primary consideration. In the absence of informa tion to the contrary, the affects of the different hazards should 03122226 Q THRESHOLD LIMIT VALUES FOR MIXTURES EXAMPLES 1A. General case, where air is analyzed for each component o. ADDITIVE EFFECTS C t C2 C 3 + . . . C - 1 Ti Ta Ts Th Air contains 5 ppm of carbon tetrachloride (TLV. 10), 20 ppm of ethylene dichtonde (TLV, 50) and 10 ppm of ethylene ditwo- mide, (TLV, 25). - 5 + 20 i _10_ - 10 50 25 65 -= 1.3 50 Threshold limit is exceeded. b. INDEPENDENT EFFECTS Ait contains 0.15 mg-m* of lead (TLV, 0.2) and 0.7 mg/m ' of sulfuric acid (TLV, 1|. 0. IS 0.20 0.75; 0.7 - 0.7 1 Threshold limit is not exceeded. 16. Special case when source of contaminant is a mixture and atmospheric composition is assumed similai to that of original matenal, i.e. vapor pressure of each component is the same at the Observed temperature. a. additive EFFECTS, appioximate solution. 1. A mixture of equal parts (1) trichloro ethylene (TLV. 100), and (2) methyl chloroform (TLV, 3S0). C i Ca = Cm 100 350 Tm Solutionapplicable to "spot" solvent mixture usage, where all or nearly all, solvent evap orates. Ci = Ca --_1_ Cm 2 Ci * Ci -- 2C 1 100 350 Tm 7C* r 2Cr " 2C 700 700 Tm Tm - 700 x 2 - 155 ppm 9 16. b. General Exact Solution for Mixtuies of N Components With Additive Effects and Different Vapor Pressuies. (1) Cl 1 C 2 t . . . i C- Ti T 2 T,, 1; 12) C i Ca i . . . i Cn - T; (2.1) Ci i Ca + . . * C- -- l. TT T By the Law of Partial Pressures, (3) Ci = api. And by Rdoult*$ Law, (4) pi =- F 1 p i . Combine (3) and (4) to obtain (5) Ci = aF ip. Combining (1), (2,1) and (5), we obtain (6) Ftp i* l Fap2* h . . . t fuQ* -- TT T Fip 1* + F2p2* i . . . + Fpw* Ti T 2 Tn and solving for T, T = Foi* + Faoa* . . . 1 F.p.- Fto* F2D20 FwO*** Ti t TJ 4 . . . 1 T c II S F ip T= i -- 1 Z fun* i=l Ti T = Threshold Limit Value in ppm. C = Vapor concentration tn ppm. p -- Vapor pressure of component in solution. P" -- Vapor piessure of pure componenL F = Mol fraction of component tn solution. = A constant of proportionality. Subscripts 1,2, .. . n relate the above quantities to components 1.2, . . . n, respectively. Subscript 1 refers to an arbit/aiv component from 1 to n. Absence of subscript relates the quantity to the mixture. Solution to be applied when there is a reservoir of the solvent mixture whose composition does not change appreciably by evaporation. Exact Arithmetic Solution of Specific Mixture Mol. wt. Density T p"at Mol frac25*0 lion in half-and half solu tion by volume Trichloioethylene (l| 131.4 1.46gmllQ0 73mmHgU.S27 Methylchlolofoim (2) 133. 42 1. 33 g ml 350 125mm Hg 0. 473 Flpl" (0.5271 (73) = 38 .2 Fapi" --(0. 473) ( 125) 59. 2 r = 38.2 4 59.2 -- (97,4) (350) -- (97MI (350) 38.2 i 59.2 133.B t 59.2 193.0" 100 350 T -- 127 ppm (Note dilfeience in T. L. V. when account is taken o( vapoi piessuic and mol liaction in companson with above example wheie such account is nol takenI. )77 2. A mutme ol one puil ol 111 paiathion (TLV, 0. Ii and two pails ol l2i EPN i TLV, 0.5i. Cl Cl -- Cm; Cl -- JC. 0.1 0.5 Tm C. = ICi Ci + iCi = 3C i 0. 1 0. S T,, 7Ci = 3Ci 0.S T T- = l.i = 0.11 g/3 7 1C. T. L. V. toi Mixtuies of Mineial Ousts. Foi mixtures of biologically active mineial dusts the general foimuta toi mixtuies may be used. With the exception ot asbestos, puie mineial s aie assigned TLV ol 2.5, 20 oi 30. Foi a mixhne containing 80% talc and 20% igiatu, the TLV toi 100% o( the mixtuie "C" Is given by: TLV = 1 0.6 4 0,2 20 2.S 8.4 mppcf Essentially the same icsult mil be obtained It the limit o( the moie (most) toxic component is used piovuted the effects aie additive, tn the above example the limit toi 20% quartz is 10 "ppcf. Foi anothet mixtuie of 23% quaitz 23% anotphous silica and 50% talc: TLV = 0.25 4 0.25 4 0.5 = 7.3 mppcf 2.5 20 20 The limit foi 25% miartz approximates 8 mppcf. viii. Appendix C BASES FOR ASSIGNING LIMITING "C" VALUES By definition in the Pteface, a listed value beat ing a "C" designation tefets to `ceiling* value that should not be exceeded; all values should fluctuate below the listed value. In geneial the bases (oi assigning oi not assigning a "C" value lest on whether excursions of concentration above a proposed limit for petiods up to 15 minutes may result in a) intolerable irritation, b) chronic, or irreversible tissue change, or c) narcosis of sufficient degree to increase accident proneness, impair self rescue or materially reduce work efficiency. In order for the Committee to decide whether a sub stance is a candidate for a "C*` listing, some guidelines must be formulated on the permissive fluctuation above the limit in terms of the seriousness of the response in the categories a, b, c, given above. For this the factors given in the table below have been used by the Committee. For both technical and practical reasons, the factors have been pegged to the concentration in an inverse manner. It will be noted that as the. magnitude of the T. L. V. increases a correspondingly decreased range of fluctuation is permitted; not to decrease the factor for T. L. V. s of increasing magnitude would permit exposures to large absolute quantities, an undesirable condition, a condition that is minimized at low T. L. V. s. More over, larger factors at the lower T. L. V. s are con sistent with the difficulties in analyzing and con trolling trace quantities. T.LV. me ppm*mc/mi 0 to 1 1 + to 10 Text T.LV. Factor tixmpUr 3 Toluene diisocyanate-T. L. V., 0.02 ppm, If permitted to rise above 0.06 ppm may result in sensitization in a single sub sequent exposure) "C" listing recommended on category b. 2 Manganese -T.L.V., 5mg/ms, contains little ot no safety factor.' All values should fluct uate below Smg/m'. "CV listing recommended on category h. i.i.y. T"' BXHCf T.LV. pptn* or rag/ta> factor 10 t to 100 1.5 100 f to 1000 1.25 EumplBt Methyl styrene-T. L. V. 100 if encountered at levels of 150 ppm will prove intense ly irritating, **C" listing recommended on category a. Methyl chloroform-T. L. V. 350ppm, at 438 ppm for per iods not exceeding 15 min utes is not expected to re sult in untoward effects relating to category c. No "C" listing recommended. Whichever unit is applicable PERMISSIBLE EXCURSIONS FOR TIMEWEIGHTED AVERAGE (TWA) LIMITS As stated in the preface, the same factors may be used as guides for reasonable excursions above the limit for substan ces to which the time-weighted average applies. The timeweighted average implies that each excursion above the limit is compensated by a comparable excursion below the limit. Thus, a value of 6 -ppm HF is permissible for periods not ex ceeding 15 minutes, provided an equivalent deciease below the limit of 3 -ppm obtains. Appendix D Some "Inert" ot Nuisance Particulates* Alundum (AlzOs) Calcium carbonate Limestone Magnesite Cellulose Marble Portland Cement Corundum (Al20s) Plaster of Paris Rouge Emery Glycerine Mist Graphite (synthetic) Gypsum Silicon Carbide Starch Sucrose Tin Oxide Vegetable oil mists (except castor, cashew nut, ot similar irritant oils) Titanium Oioxide *When toxic impurities are not present. 03122228 EM TED Tcfd o o CQ 0 SAT'i'O Appendix E Some Simple Asphyxiants - ``Inert" Gases and Vapors. Acetylene Argon Ethane Ethylene Helium Hydrogen Methane Neon Nitrogen Nitrous Oxide E. J. Baier Allan t_ Coleman Hervey B. Elkins, Ph.D. W.G. Fredrick, Ph.D. Bernard Grabois, P.E. Paul Gross, M.D. Way land J.Haves, J1.M.D. Harold N. Mac Far land, Ph.D., Consultant E. Mastromatteo, M.D. Russel G.Scovill Ralph G. Smith, Ph.D. George W. Wright, M.D. Consultant Mitchell R. Zavon, M.D. Herbert E. Stokinget, Ph.D., Chairman Copyright 1966, by American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists. The American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists will welcome requests for permission to republish or reprint these Thresh old Limit Values. Requests for such permission should be directed to the Secretary-Treasurer, 1014 Broadway, Cincinnati, Ohio 45202. Single Copies -- 30 cents The 2nd edition of the Documentation of Threshold Limit Values, rewritten and greatly enlarged to include the approximately 400 sub stances in the list, is available and may be pur chased from the Secretary-Treasurer. The Docu mentation should be consulted when using the Threshold Limit Values herein. i 03122229 fci ki 0o 0=3 September, 1966 Volume XXX N u. 9 INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE DIGEST Literature and News NEWS ITEMS ~] Industrial Hygiene Foundation 4400 Filth Avenue Pittsburgh, Pa. 15213 81 9 Information System on Toxic Chemicals. The Manufacturing Chemists' Association (MCA) wants to help the Government set up its info mation system on toxic chemicals. In a letter to the Secretary of Health, Education, and Welfare (HEW), General G.H. Decker (U.S.A. -Ret. ) president of the Manufacturing Chemist Association, asks for a meeting with HEW representatives to discuss MCA's role in developit the computer-based file of information on the toxic effect of chemicals on people that was re cently proposed by President Johnson. General Decker points out that MCA has detailed toxi cological information on more than 100 chemicals and is working closely with the National Academy of Sciences in developing the Food Chemicals Codex. -- Chem. Eng. News 44, 33 (July 11, 1966 820 American Association of Poison Control Centers. The Ninth Annual Meeting of the American Association of Poison Control Centers will be held October 24, 1966 at the Palmer House, Chicago, Illinois. The morning will be devoted to bu ness sessions and the afternoon to presentation of papers on research, clinical and public hea aspects of acute poisoning. Inquiries should be sent to Matilda S. Mclntire, M.D. , Secretary, The American Association of Poison Control Centers, 44th and Dewey Avenue, Omaha. Nebra: 68105. -- Am. Ind. Hyg. Assn. J. 27., A-4 (May-June, 196 821 American Public Health Association. On October 31-November 2, 1966 the Occupational Health Section of the American Public Heal Association will present a varied program of papers relating to occupational health during the annual meeting in San Francisco, California. Information on program and arrangements may be secured from Victoria M. Trasko, Division of Occupational Health, Public Health Service, Washington, D. C. 20201. -- Am. Ind. Hyg. Assn. J. 27, A-4 (May-June, 1966 822 Hygienic Guide Series. The following additional Hygienic Guide Series are now available: Pentaborane-9, and Mercur and Its Inorganic Compounds. They are given in the May-June AIHA Journal page 307-313 a can be obtained from the American Industrial Hygiene Association, 14125 Prevost, Detroit, Michigan 48227, at 50 cents each. -- Am. Ind. Hyg. Assn. J. 27, 307-313 (May-June, 196 Oct. 3- 5 Oct. 3- 7 Oct. 9-14 Oct. 10 Oct. 10-12 Oct. 10-13 Oct. 10-13 Oct. 13-14 Oct. 17-18 Oct. 17-19 Oct. 17-22 Oct. 18-19 Oct. 20-22 COMING EVENTS American Oil Chemists' Society, Fall Meeting, Philadelphia, Pa. Conference on Trace Characterization, Chemical and Physical, National Bure of Standards Institute for Materials Research, Gaithersburg, Md. Electrochemical Society, Fall Meeting, Philadelphia, Pa. Academy of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Midwest Regional Meeting. Chicago, III American Society for Testing and Materials, 5th Annual Meeting on the Practi of Gas Chromatography, Atlantic City, N. J. Association of Official Analytical Chemists, 80th Annual Meeting, Washington, Clay Minerals Society, 3rd Meeting and 15th North American Clay Minerals Conference, Mellon Institute, Pittsburgh, Pa. ilth Annual Symposium on Advances in Tracer Methodology, Boston, Mass. American Coke and Coal Chemicals Institute, Annual Meeting, White Sulphur Springs, West Va. National Academy of Sciences, Autumn Meeting, Durham, N. C. American Council of Independent Laboratories, Annual Meeting, Detroit, Mich Industrial Hygiene Foundation, 31st Annual Meeting, Chatham Center, Pittsburgh, Pa. Drug, Chemical and Allied Trades Association, 76th Annual Meeting, Hollywoc Florida 03122230 1. Industrial Hygiene Digest September, 1966 Oct. 23-26 Canadian Manufacturers of Chemical Specialties Association, Toronto, Ont. Oct. 24 American Association of Poison Control Centers, 9th Annual Meeting, Chicago, Illinois Oct. 24 American Society of Safety Engineers, 5th Annual Conference, Chicago, 111. Oct. 24-27 National Safety Council, National Safety Congress and Exposition, Chicago, 111. Oct. 25-28 American Dietetic Association, 49th Annual Meeting and Exhibition, Boston, Massachusetts Oct. 26-28 American Society for Microbiology, 6th Interscience Conference on Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, Philadelphia, Pa. Oct. 30-Nov. 1 American Nuclear Society, Winter Meeting, Pittsburgh, Pa. Oct. 31-Nov. ^ American Public Health Association, 9th Annual Meeting, San Francisco, Calif. LEGAL DEVELOPMENTS 824 Maryland Clinical Lab Regulations Approved. Maryland has become the third state in as many years to adopt controls for clinical laboratories that perform tests on materials from the human body. Acting on a law passed earlier this year by the General Assembly, the State Board of Health and Mental Hygiene has approved detailed regulations prepared by the Bureau of Laboratories with the cooperation of the American Chemical Society and other interested groups. The new Maryland regulations are similar to laws adopted in Illinois and New York during 1964*65, and also are like the pending government proposal for certifying independent laboratories under medicare. Permits will be issued to labs which qualify in terms of personnel and facilities. Reflecting Society policy, the new regulations recognize specialty training in clinical chemistry, microbiology, and other laboratory sciences for super* visory purposes. Directors will be required to be M. D. s or else to have earned doctorates in one of the biological or chemical sciences. However, present directors below the doctor level who have been in business for seven consecutive years prior to June 1, 1966, will also be ac ceptable. One aspect of the new law and its accompanying regulations is still up in the air.- This relates to an amendment of the enabling bill, generally conceded to have been adopted at the re quest of the medical profession, which prohibits laboratories from soliciting business. The American Chemical Society opposed this, contending that for effective patient care, physicians need to know the range of services offered by different laboratories. Privately, Maryland health officials indicate enforcement will be difficult and say they plan to refer reported violations to the attorney general rather then acting on them directly. -- Chem. Eng. News 44, 152 (Aug. 8, 1966) 825 Proposed Regulations on Food Supplements. FDA's proposed regulations on food supplements are drawing fire from a wide range of sources, from industrialists (as expected) to academic and government nutritionists, whose support FDA expected. The most abrasive point is the philosophy behind the Food and Drug Administration's labeling regulation. FDA would require all vitamin andmineral supplement products to carry labels stating that people get what they need from the food they eat. Critics contend, however, that Americans are unselective eaters and that almost half the population is deficient in one or more nutrients. One unexpected attack came from Dr. W. H. Sebrell of Columbia University, chair man of the National Academy of Sciences' Food and Nutrition Board, which, ironically, FDA men tions as the authority behind the regulation's thesis. FDA and NAS representatives will meet shortly to coordinate points of view. -- Chem. Eng. News 44, 35 (July 25, 1966) 826 Generic-Name Drugs for Prescriptions. Generic-name drugs would have to be used to fill prescriptions written under the medicare pro gram if Congress approves a bill sponsored by Senator Russell Long (D. -La.) and two other Senators. S. 3614 would forbid the use of brand-name drugs in medicare programs or any state programs where federal financial assistance is involved if an equivalent nonproprietary or gen eric-name drug is available. Regardless of how a prescription is written, the druggist would be required to fill it on a generic basis. The bill would close a loophole which could send drug costs under medicare to astronomical heights, Senator Long says. -- Chem. Eng. News 44, 35 (July 25, 1966) 03122231 2. 1/----1 0c C=fl Industrial Hygiene Digest September, 196 I BOOKS, PAMPHLETS AND NOTICES I 827 Hearing Loss. J. Sataloff. 404 pp. (Aug. 1966). AVAILABLE FROM: J. B. Lippincott Co East Washington Square, Philadelphia, Pa. 19105. PRICE: $14.00. 828 . In this book, an outstanding otologist presents in practical but comprehensive form the princip and procedures for determining the presence and causes of hearing loss. Clinicians in every field of medicine can use this book as authoritative guide needed for the everyday diagnosis ani appraisal of hearing loss--one of the most common chronic physical impairments in the Unitec States. Included in the introductory part of the book are descriptions of hearing loss classific proper methods of diagnosing with a tuning fork; outlines for tests which may be used and con elusions which may be drawn from these tests are pointed out: teat evaluations'concerning thei place in every day practice; description of proper technics for reading and interpreting an aud: gram. Following chapters discuss types of hearing loss; diagnostic criteria for determining dysfunction; detailed discussion of possible etiologies and analysis program; and tinnitus and vertigo as symptoms in a wide variety of hearing disorders. A series of tables summarizing the information necessary for confident differential diagnosis is presented. The logical and systematic methods of otologic history are covered--using an otologic examination which pro vides the most valuable information for diagnosis and prognosis. There is a group of chapters on the theory and administration of hearing tests prefaced by essential information on the phys of sound and its electronic measurement. Standard methods for performing audiometric exam nation are presented along with aids for avoiding common pitfalls in audiometry. There is dis cussion of masking and bone conduction tests, special tests, including the measurement and interpretation of recruitment, diplacusis, tone decay, functional losses, and others; handicapp effects of hearing loss; effects of the condition on other areas of performance such as speech development; modern advances in rehabilitation. The final sections of the book deal with recog nition and prevention of occupational hearing loss and hearing loss in children. This book is an invaluable guide to the understanding and diagnosis of hearing impairments for all clinicians It will allow every physician to provide his patients with the benefits of modern progress in the management of hearing loss. Emphysema in Industry, Industrial Hygiene Foundation of America, Inc. 'Medical Series Bull. No. 10. 127 pp. (July, 1966). AVAILABLE FROM; Industrial Hygiene Foundation of America, Inc., 4400 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pa, 15213. PRICE: $2. 50 to members; $5. PC to non-members. Emphysema and chronic bronchitis involve the population as a whole, and there is reason to be lieve that neither disease is peculiar to industry alone. For this reason, factors common to the general population must continue to be studied as potential causes or aggravants of these diseases. Why should industry be actively interested in the problem? First, with respect to chronic bronchitis, there are strong suggestions that pollutants in respired air influence and perhaps play a causal role in this disease. With respect to emphysema, such an association ha less support at this time. Second, the socio-economic consequences of these two diseases are borne by industry. They are a multibillion dollar burden with incalculable costs in terms of th< loss of individual and family rights to freedom from the burden of avoidable illness. Third, so of the needed studies of both a retrospective and prospective or longitudinal nature require populations and conditions that exist virtually only in industry. Some method must be found whereby the personnel of representative industries can be made the subject of repeated long term observation at the same time that adequate records as to factors that are potentially sus pect as influencing health can be kept. It would be of great help to be able to compare populatio who have been exposed in various ways as for example in the foundries, chemical works, the handling of vegetable materials such as cotton processing and grain handling, etc. ,in regard to certain clinical manifestations and physiologic measurements in order to learn whether or not any particular kind of environment is prone to be associated with a greater or lesser incidence of evidences of chronic diffuse airway obstruction and chronic bronchitis. For such purposes, studies at one point in time are useful. Of equal importance would be to observe the same indi viduals under the same environmental conditions over a long period of time in order to learn svhether or not such persons change in an abnormal fashion with the passage of time each man acting as his own control. Such studies gain in value if one is able to follow the cohorts who leave the industry, perhaps because of some specific health problem of importance. In most instances industry confines its attention in terms of monitoring the air to those substances know to be toxic. When one is dealing with diseases as poorly understood as chronic bronchitis and emphysema, it becomes necessary to monitor things that we may think are innocent, because it is only with time and study that one learns whether or not these materials are in fact innocent One of the great costs of doing thorough research lies in the accumulation of a great deal of information which ultimately is shown to be irrelevant. Just as it is necessary to study large 3. 03122232 Industrial Hygiene Digest September, 1966 numbers of men in order to discover those who ultimately become abnormal, it is also essential that meticulous study of various air pollutants be carried out over a long period of time even though it might be at great cost. Some individual companies already have programs which with very slight alteration and reinforcement might well be made to serve the purposes mentioned above. -- Cond. from Summary 829 Management of Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease, Conclusions of 8th Aspen Emphysema Conference. Aspen, Colorado, June 1 0- 13, 1965. U.S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare, Public Health Service, Division of Occupational Health, PHS Publication No. 1457. 66pp. (May, 1966). AVAILABLE FROM: Superindent of Documents, U.S. Government Print ing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402. PRICE: 30 cents. Treatment and prevention of obstructive pulmonary diseases involve not only the complete pre vention of the condition, but also the control of the disease once it is present to prevent progres sion and to avoid acute exacerbations; however, completely rational programs for the treatment and prevention of obstructive lung disease require a more complete knowledge of etiology, patho genesis, and natural history than we now have. The management of the life-threatening episodes (characterized by hypoxia, hypercapnia, and congestive heart failure) are critically reviewed and summarized. Subjects are covered under: Definitions in Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease; Respiratory .Failure; Management of Right Hfeart Failure and Pulmonary Hypertension; Antibiotics and Infections; Home and Clinic Care; Pharmacologic Agents; and Surgery. An Appraisal and Reflections on the Conference are also presented, along with the Program and Abstracts of Con ference Papers. The conclusions of the Eighth Aspen Conference are intended for free dis tribution among the majority of American physicians, as containing the latest knowledge for the relief and control of emphysema-bronchitis; those concerned with programs of health conservation will also find it a useful reference. In the words of Dr. John H. McClement, Columbia University "we need observations on subjects followed prospectively from a much earlier time in the course of the disease or ideally even from before an injury has occured. " 830 Respiratory Function Tests in Pneumoconioses. International Labour Organisation. Report and Related Papers of a Meeting of Experts. Geneva, Sept. 20-28, 1965. International Labour Office, Geneva. Occupational Safety and Health Series No. 6. 173 pp. (1966). AVAILABLE FROM: International Labour Office, Geneva. PRICE: Free of charge. A Meeting of Experts on Respiratory Function Tests in Pneumoconioses was held in Geneva from 20 to 28 September 1965, and the following subjects appeared on the agenda: Pneumoconioses and respiratory function, (a) disorders which may be evaluated by respiratory function tests and (b) classification of pneumoconioses according to the type of respiratory disorder which is preva lent; review of the respiratory function tests used in the examination of persons suffering from pneumoconiosis; tests to be recommended Internationally for the assessment of the respiratory function in pneumoconioses and the technique for carrying out such tests; and criteria to be adopte for the interpretation of the results of these tests with a view to their international comparability. In addition to the Report of the Meeting of Experts on Respiratory Function Tests in Pneumo conioses, the following working papers are included: (1) A. E. Sartorelli -- Assessment of Lung Function in Pneumoconiosis; (2) J.E. Cotes--Tests of Lung Function in Current Use: Proposals for their Standardisation; (3) M. El Batawi -- Ventilatory Capacity in Field Investigation of Re spiratory Diseases Resulting from Exposure to Textile Dusts; and (4) Lia G. Ohnianskaia-- Respiratory Function Tests to Determine the Effect on Human Beings of Various Industrial Dusts. This report which appears in outline form, will be of general interest to those who have interest in, or responsibility for, prevention of disability from Chronic Respiratory Disease in industrial populations. 831 The Maurice and Laura Falk Foundation. A Private Fortune--A Public Trust. Agnes Lynch Starrett. 306pp, (1966). AVAILABLE FROM: The Historical Society of Western Pennsylvania, Pittsburgh, Pa. PRICE: $2.00. This history of one man's gift to his fellow men begins with statements of purpose and faith in the integrity and justice of the law and of those to whom he entrusted his accumulated wealth. Subsequent chapters deal with grants--(1) to research in economics (including the Brookings Institution and the American Law Institute) (2) to political education (the Reed Survey) and to (3) education (4) medicine and (5) cultural welfare and organized charities. This record of the outstanding accomplishments resulting from the imaginative and effective implementation by J.Steele Gow, the Foundation's Executive Director, over the entire 35 year period, of Maurice Falk's worthy ideals provides a valuable model against which to measure the effectiveness of 4. 03122233 v=3 fel 00 d=o Industrial Hygiene Digest September, 196 other similar efforts, in private philanthropy. In a larger sense, it should also help guide mo extensive governmental programs in the public interest. In this regard, an important new concept --"Creative Federalism" is now being developed under the U.S, Department of Health. Education and Welfare's (HEW) Secretary John Gardiner (on "open ended leave" as president of Carnegie Corp. ) HEW's 11.7 billion dollar allotment--33% over last year's and 485% over 1953's first HEW budget (Newsweek, Feb, 28, 1966, p. 22) already dwarfs all private philan thropic efforts in comparison and will undoubtedly continue to grow. These budgetary funds are certainly no less a public trust than was Mr. Falk's wealth, and their wise use demands the enlightened foresight, long term dedication and sound management which typified Mr. Gow' direction of the Falk Foundation. This will require clear statements of goals and principles, and ability to measure and report progress. -- RTP deT INDUSTRIAL MEDICAL PRACTICE 832 Medical Illustration --A Requisite for All Medical Journals. G. P. Hodge. J. Occ. Med. 8, 295-300 (June, 1966). . In the education of the medical scientist, art plays a vital role. There is not a phase of medica education that does not lend itself to teaching with visual materials. If the challenges of the medical illustrator are to be met, it will be necessary for the medical writer, publisher, and artist to continue their cooperative efforts. -- Author's summary Further information regarding medical illustration as a career and a list of the locations of th teaching departments may be obtained by writing to the Corresponding Secretary of the Associai of Medical Illustrators: Miss Charlotte Holt, 738 Keystone Avenue, River Forest, 111. 60345. 833 Quantitative Studies on Fabrics as Disseminators of Viruses. II. Persistence of Poliomyelitis Virus on Cotton and Wool Fabrics. G.J. Dixon, R.W. Sidwell, and Ethel McNeil. Appl. Microbiol. J>4, 183- 188 (March, 1966). The length of time that polio-virus could be recovered from wool gabardine and blanket, and fro cotton sheeting, terry cloth, and knit jersey fabrics was determined under conditions of control! temperature and humidity (25C. in 35% and 78% relative humidities). Three types of exposure of the fabrics to viruses were used: direct contact, aerosol, and virus-containing household dust having a high content of textile fibers. Generally, virus titers on cotton fabrics, held in both relative humidities, decreased exponentially to an undectable level. The method of exposu: to virus had a definite effect on the duration of viral persistence on a given fabric. Virus con tained in household dust was least stable. There are 13 references.--Public Health Eng. Absts. 834 Microbiological Hazards in Dairy Products and Their Determination. A. R. Brazis and R. B. Read, Jr. Develop. Ind. Microbiol. 1_, 263-267 (1966). Although many studies have been directed toward control or elimination of microbiological haz in dairy products, several public health problems still require resolution. Significant advances have been made in laboratory techniques for identification of staphylococcal enterotoxins, serolo,identification of botulinal toxins, assay of aflatoxins, and electron microscopy for identification of virus-like particles in milk. Further research is needed to improve methods for the isolatioi of atypical mycobacteria from dairy products and to establish the significance of these organism as causes of human disease. Control or eradication of public health hazards must also include prevention of microbial contamination at the homes of consumers. There are 24 references. -- Public Health Eng. Absts. 835 Health Aspects of Food Additives. P.E. Johnson. Am. J. Public Health 5b, 948-951 (June, 1966) The benefits to public health resulting from use of food additives are great and stem primarily fi the role of these chemicals in increasing food production, in conserving foods in storage, and in making foods continuously available in acceptable form through processing. The benefits greatly outweigh any hazard detected by present methods of toxicology and safety evaluation. That hazat not detected by present methods might exist is recognized, and continuing reevaluation of the safety of each use in light of new information or new technology is necessary. Five references are given. -- Author's summary 03122234 5. Industrial Hygiene Digeat September, 1966 836 The Evaluation of Physical Tasks in Industry. S. H. Snook and C. H. Irvine. Am. Ind. Hyg. Assn. J. ZT_, 228-233 (May-June, 1966). " The evaluation of physical tasks in terms of fatigue has often been based on their effect on the "average man, " thus serving to protect only half of the population from excessive fatigue. The concept of group work capacity is proposed as a technique for task evaluation which includes the entire population. It is defined as the percentage of workers that can perform a task without showing physiological signs of fatigue. An experiment that investigates 30 different lifting tasks is described. Thirty subjects were used, and group work capacity was estimated for each task by three different methods. The application of the results to industrial situations is discussed. -- Authors' abst. 837 Primary Cutaneous Tuberculosis Resulting from Mouth-to-Mouth Respiration: Report of a Case. K.M. Heilman and C. Muschenheim. New Engl. J. Med. 273, 1035-1036 (Nov. 4, 1965). A case of primary cutaneous tuberculosis is reported that presents an interesting problem in differential diagnosis and treatment. It also serves as a warning of some of the hazards of mouth- to-mouth resuscitation. A tuberculin-negative intern gave mouth-to-mouth resuscitation to a patient with respiratory arrest. Postmortem examination of the patient subsequently disclosed active pulmonary tuberculosis. Six weeks after this episode the intern had a strongly positive reaction to first-strength PPD. Approximately eight weeks after contact two ulcerative lesions gradually developed near the left nasolabial fold with submaxillary adenopathy. Biopsy of the lesion showed granulomatous inflammation. The culture was subsequently positive for acid-fast bacilli. After two months of therapy with isoniazid, the lesions involuted. After 12 months, treatment was terminated without evidence of recurrence. This case also Illustrates the need for readily accessible pulmonary-resuscitation apparatus. -- Am. Rev. Resp. Dis. Absts. 838 Risk in Mouth-to-Mouth Respiration. Anon. New Engl. J. Med. 273, 1049 (Nov. 4, 1965). A report of primary cutaneous tuberculosis that confronted the authors with an interesting problem in differential diagnosis is presented as a warning of some of the hazards of mouth-to-mouth resuscitation. The nature of the lesion was obscure, and the rarity of its occurrence, added to the difficulty in recognizing it, is the basis of a plea for readily accessible pulmonary resuscita tion apparatus in emergency rooms and on the wards of hospitals. The authors emphasize the importance of training the house staff in the use of such equipment to obviate the need for mouth- to-mouth resuscitation. Such apparatus should indeed be made available, and the supporting personnel, especially nurses, orderlies, and porters, should receive instruction in its use. Ambulances should be similarly equipped, and those who ride them should receive such instruction also. Another recent but unreported episode is of interest in this regard. A prominent Boston physician had a similar experience. However, he took isoniazid and, as far as is known, did not acquire infection from this heavy exposure. Although this cannot be taken as proof of the effective ness of the prophylaxis, it appeared to be the wiser and safer course to recommend. The entire question of the value of mouth-to-mouth respiration in relation to other methods of resuscitation deserves further study. In any event, its use should be applied with some consideration of the risks involved. -- Am. Rev. Resp. Dis. Absts. 839 Chronic Bronchitis in Forest Workers in Finland. H. Poppius, M. Lehtinen, and J. Patiala. Ann. Med. lnternae Fenniae .54, (1) 1-12 (1965). The following factors associated with the incidence of chronic bronchitis, are considered to be of etiologic significance: age, smoking, and especially cigarette smoking, air pollution (chronic bronchitis is more common in towns and industrial communities than in rural districts), asthmatic dispositions, and social status. The current study deals with the occurrence of respiratory symptoms associated with chronic bronchitis in a group of 975 forest workers and 329 non-forest workers of a rural male population in Finland. In addition, the peak expiratory flow-rate was measured and a chest radiograph was taken. The following observations were made: Forest workers had a higher incidence of respiratory symptoms than the control group. The incidence of respiratory symptoms in the forest worker group rose with age and the consumption of tobacco. The forest workers were heavy smokers, using more tobacco than the controls. After standardizini the two groups with regard to age and smoking habits, only an indistinct trend towards a higher incidence of phlegm production and no difference in the peak expiratory flow-rate, were demonstra ble in the forest worker groups as compared with the control group. The question is raised whether these findings may not be partially due to the circumstance that a relatively high proportion of the persons meeting the fairly strict criteria of the test were incapacitated for forest work and thus eliminated from participation in that group but would not have been so considered in the control 03122235 6. m @> fa oo C=3 i Industrial Hygiene Digest September, !9t group, in the study, the chronic bronchitis combination, is taken as including cough, phlegm production, and a chest illness at least once in the course of the last three years. A compari of the incidence found in this study with those reported from rural or small town areas of othe countries indicated chronic bronchitis symptoms to be more numerous in this study than in a Danish study and about the same as in Scottish and Welsh ones. The incidence, as was to be expected, was considerably lower than that found in London. -- APCA Absti 840 Immunologic- Defect in Patients Recovered from Sarcoidosis. H. L. Israel and M. Sones, New Engl. J. Med. 273, 1 003- 1 006 (Nov. 4, 1965). Insensitivity to tuberculin has long been recognized as a cardinal feature of sarcoidosis, Hecin the course of another investigation, tuberculin tests were given patients who had recovered from sarcoidosis. Nearly all had no reaction. This unexpected finding led to a detailed exam of the behavior of the tuberculin reaction in patients under prolonged observation in a sarcoido clinic. The results of serial tuberculin tests in 170 patients with sarcoidosis over a mean int of six years are reported. Tests in 60 who recovered from sarcoidosis showed that tuberculir anergy persisted after disappearance of all residual of the disease. Eleven patients who recov received BCG vaccinations. Transient, weak tuberculin reactions developed in four patients; only one patient maintained tuberculin sensitivity three months after vaccination. The immuno defect thus demonstrated may be the result of the disease, but evidence is adduced to support t alternative hypothesis that inability to develop and maintain delayed hypersensitivity is a const! tutional defect that is prerequisite to the development of sarcoidosis.*- Am. Rev. Reap. Dis. A 841 Chronic Disease in Former College Students.il, Methods of Study and Observations on Mortalit From Coronary Heart Disease. R.S. Paffenbarger, Jr., et al. Am. J. Public Health 56, 962-971 (June, 1966). Over 45, 000 former students of the University of Pennsylvania and of Harvard University are under study for the kinds and amounts of chronic diseases that have developed in their later life. Physical, social, and psychological data recorded during college years are correlated with later health status as measured through self-administered questionnaires, physical exam! nations, and death certificates. College records from 1921 through 1950 contain precursive an causative factors of subsequent chronic disease. Observations on coronary heart disease were limited to the first 590 male former students known to have died from this cause. They were c trasted with 1, 180 randomly chosen classmates of equivalent age who were known to be still ali Analyses of college case-taking and other records of these subjects identified nine precursors < fatal coronary heart disease; heavy cigarette smoking, higher levels of blood pressure, increa body weight, shortness of body height, early parental death, absence of siblings, nonparticipatii in varsity athletics, higher emotional index, and scarlet fever in childhood. Some precursors correlated only with early death from coronary disease and some with death throughout the ran) of ages afforded for study. Heavy cigarette smoking early in life was associated with a marked increase in risk of coronary mortality. Higher levels of blood pressure, as measured on both systolic and diastolic scales, and a higher emotional index, as self-assessed by students, also showed a preponderence in those who later died of coronary heart disease. In contrast, partici pation in varsity athletics was associated with a substantial sparing effect. Although some of these characteristics may be changed later in life, it is of interest that early precursors can be recognized and quantified years before overt evidence of coronary heart disease. The study benefits from the use of predocumented data on young adults, drawing on records made years in advance of clinical recognition of chronic diseases that develop later in life. Advantages include; (1) availability of a large population, (2) uniformity of records, (3) focus on susceptible age gro< and their characteristics precursive of chronic disease, and (4) the utilization of invaluable helj from university sources. -- Cond. from authors' summary 842 Heart Disease Among Industrial Workers. J.B. Tauber and A. Ciocco, J. Occ. Med. 8, 317-325 (June, 1966), A group of 3, 359 male nonsalaried employees of a steel plant, presumably free of heart disease, was observed by means of repeated medical examinations for an average of 3.6 years. The fol lowing findings were noteworthy; (1) For the period of the follow-up, 1% of the men 40 years of age and over acquired heart disease annually, while still actively employed; the rate was l per 1, 000 among men under 40 years of age. Approximately one-half of the new cases were con sidered to be of acquired myocardial infarction. (2) Men with relatively higher diastolic blood pressure and weight-height ratio demonstrated a higher risk of acquiring heart disease. Pre liminary analysis of the data indicates that further clarification of this association may be obtain 03122236 7. Industrial Hygiene Digest September, 1966 through study of changes in blood pressure, weight-height ratio, and subsequent disease mani festation. (3) The experience of the study demonstrated clearly that a research project of this kind can be integrated with the routine operations of a medical department at a minimal cost without disturbing such operations or the relationship between the employees and the medical department. However, necessary conditions are the existence of an adequate medical plant program and the cooperation of the staff. Certain compromises must be made with respect to diagnostic procedures, sampling, study subjects, and follow-up outside the plant. While strikes, lay-offs, and other aspects of in-plant operations are factors that must be considered carefully in the planning of longitudinal studies, the ease with which repeated observations can be made in a plant situation is in sharp contrast to the difficulties inherent in community studies. There are eight references. -- Authors' summary 843 Serial Electrocardiograms Recorded on One Subject Over a Period of 42 Years (1933-1965), H. N. Segall. Can. Med. Assn, J. 95, 31 -33 (July 2, 1966). A longitudinal study of the range of normal in the electrocardiogram was carried out, using the author as the subject: 18 records were made in the course of 42 years (1923-1965). Only minor differences were demonstrated which are believed to represent differences in posture or in relation to meals, because the electrocardiograms were not recorded under standard basal condi tions. The QRS was wider in the precordial than in the limb leads. The amplitude of T-waves varied within a range of l-l 1. 5mv. -- Author's abst. 844 A Common Source Multi-Household Outbreak of Chimpanzee-Associated Hepatitis in Humans. F.M. Davenport, et al. Am. J. Epidemiology 83., 146-151 (Jan. 1966). An episode of chimpanzee-associated hepatitis involving five human cases in four households is described. A 10-month-old male chimpanzee was the source of infection. Of eight persons who handled the animal, five developed infectious hepatitis. Of the three who remained well, one had experienced jaundice at an earlier time. Four of the five human cases had contact with the source chimpanzee only during a two-day interval. The maximum possible incubation periods for these four persons were: 25, 26, 28, and 36 days. Of the five cases, one was subclinical and symptomatic for only a few days; the remaining four had mild, but typical infectious hepatitis. -- Public Health Eng. Absts. 845 Implications of Foodborne Infectious Hepatitis. D. O. Cliver. Public Health Repts. jU, 159-165 (Feb. 1966). A review of 22 food-associated outbreaks of infectious hepatitis, which occurred from 1943 to 1964, included seven in which shellfish were incriminated as the vehicle of transmission; the rest were attributed to a variety of other foods. A majority of the foods implicated had not been cooked. The virus, however, is sufficiently stable to withstand limited heating, and a greater number of cooked foods might have been included if more investigations had been conducted with this in mind. Reports of what is known of the virus of infectious hepatitis indicate that most of the properties of this agent, which may apply to transmission in foods, have also been described for other viruses infectious for man. This information may, therefore, serve as a model for the study of outbreaks of other foodborne virus diseases. There are 41 references. -- Public Health Eng. Absts. 846 On Hazards of Cancer from Ultraviolet Light. H. F. Blum. Am. Ind. Hyg. Assn. J. 27, 299-302 (May-June, 1966). Direct quantitative comparison cannot be drawn between experimental induction of cancer in laboratory animals with ultraviolet light and the hazard of skin cancer in man resulting from this agent. Reasons for this are: (1) the very different optics in the two cases, ultraviolet light penetrating to deeper tissues in mice than in man and hence producing different types of cancer; (2) quantitatively indeterminable biologic differences between man and experimental animals; (3) the fact that reliable statistics permitting comparison of incidence of skin cancer with incidence of exposure to ultraviolet B of sunlight are sparse and difficult to obtain. The cumulative carcino genic effect of repeated doses, clearly shown in animal experiments, makes it important to con sider this hazard in terms of repeated exposure, whether to sunlight or to artificial sources of ultraviolet light or to a combination of both, rather than in terms of the magnitude of single doses. -- Author's abst. 03122237 8. m m ju C==3 Industrial Hygiene Digest September, I1 847 Breaking the Cigarette Habit. S. Ford, Jr., and F. Ederer. J. Am. Med. Assn. 194, 131-142 (Oct. 11, 1965). No single therapeutic method for terminating the cigarette habit has proved strikingly effecti The long-term results from smokers' clinics have beer, particularly disappointing. Psychol and social factors have been dealt with to a limited degree in most smokers' treatment clinic If high relapse rates are to be avoided, the habit of "not smoking" must be reinforced over a period of at least two years. -- Am. Rev. Resp. Dis. Abe 848 First Year's Experience in Anti-Smoking Clinic, K. P. Bau, B.J. Kirby, and C. Bogen. Brit. Med. J. L i 65 l -1 653 (June 26, 1965). Among 92 patients attending an antismoking clinic, 62 {(>1%) stopped smoking at the end of se weeks. Thirty patients (33%) continued to smoke. At the end of one year, however, only 25 patients (33%) of 75 who had stayed with the study group remained non smokers. -- Am. Rev. Resp. Dis. Abs 849 Cigarette Smoking and Cancer of the Lungs and of the Bladder. A.J. Lea. Lancet 590-591 (March 12, 1966). A positive correlation between death-rates from lung cancer and cancer of the bladder is to fc expected, and such a correlation was found for 20 countries. The probability that this correl was due to chance, for both sexes taken together, is much less than 1 in l, 000. The only kne etiological factor common to neoplasms in these two sites is cigarette smoking. -- Public Health Eng. Absts 850 Differences in Effects of Cigar and Cigarette Smoking on Free Fatty Acid Mobilization and Catecholamine Excretion. A. Kershbaum, et al. J. Am. Med. Assn. _195, 1095-1098 (March 28, 1966). A study was made of the comparative effect of cigar and cigarette smoking on the mobilizatioi free fatty acids (FFA) and the excretion of catecholamines. There was a greater increase in concentration in the serum with cigarette than with cigar smoking. Urinary patecholamine e> cretion increased during smoking, significantly more with cigarettes than with cigars. The differences observed with the two forms of'smoking probably result from the tendency to inha with cigarette and not with cigar smoking and from the effect of this on nicotine absorption. ' are 20 references. -- Public Health Eng. Absts 851 Polonium 210 in Tobacco, Cigarette Smoke, and Selected Human Organs. Esther S. Ferrj a E.J. Baratta. Public Health Repts. 8_l_, 121-127 (Feb; 1966). A study was made to determine if Po-210 may be implicated in the origin of lung cancer. Te: indicated that Pb-210 is deposited in the tobacco independently of Ra-226 and its daughter Bi Values for Po-210 in inhaled smoke ranged from 11 to 35.7% of that in the total cigarette. A1 dosages to the lungs of a person smoking two packages of cigarettes were calculated to be fa: below the MPC for Po-210 in air per person in the general population. In a study of distribut of Po-21 0 in selected tissues and organs of the human body, tests indicated higher levels of Po in the organs of smokers. There are 12 references. -- Public Health Eng. Absts. 852 Lung Cancer in the Channel Islands. G. Dean. Brit. J. Cancer 19, 661-680 (Dec. 1965). The author reports on an investigation of the place of birth and smoking habits of all men and women who died from lung cancer in the Channel Islands from 1952 to 1961. The population o these islands in the lung cancer age contains two major groups: those born in the Channel Isl: who have had relatively little exposure to air pollution, and those born in the United Kingdom, many of whom have experienced considerably greater exposure to air pollution. The differenc between the lung cancer mortality rate of the two groups was not significant. -- Public Health Eng. Absts. 853 Pasteurella multocida Infections in 16 Persons in Oregon.- M. A. Holmes and G. Brandon. Public Health Repts. 80, 1 1 07- 1 1 1 2 (Dec. 1965). A total of 16 human cases of Pasteurella multocida were diagnosed in Oregon between Septemt 1 962 and April 1965. Of these 16 cases, five resulted from cat bites, one from an ear infectii with source unknown, three from dog bites, three from combined cat bites and scratches, and 9. 03122238 Industrial Hygiene Digest September. 1966 three from cat scratches only; in one case there was a history of chronic bronchitis. In spite of intensive therapy in some of these cases, the wound infections persisted. They remained ~ painful, hot, red, and swollen and frequently contained a dark and heavy, ill-smelling pus. MostDatients recovered uneventfully and suffered no severe permanent damage from the infections. In only two instances was bacteremia or septicemia noted. There was no damage to the bony tissue beneath the wounds. There are 15 references. -- Public Health Eng. Absts. 854 Bird Breeder's (Fancier's) Lung. F.E. Hargreave, et al. Lancet _1_, 445-449 (Feb. 26, 1966). Pigeon and budgerigar breeders or fanciers may develop a pulmonary disease that resembles farmer's lung and affects the peripheral gas-exchanging tissues. The disease is caused by in halation of the antigens in the avian excreta. A strong immunological response, consisting of the appearance of precipitins, results from the entry of the organic avian antigens through the re spiratory tract, and the evidence suggests that the clinical manifestations are the result of a precipitin-medicated hypersensitivity reaction. Nine references are given. -- Public Health Eng. Absts. 855 Leptospires Isolated From Frog Kidneys. S. L. Oiesch, et al. Nature 209, 939-940 (Feb. 26, 1966). In the summer of 1964, cases of leptospirosis developed in man as a result of swimming in a farm creek. During epidemiological studies, six leopard frogs (Rana pipiens) were collected from these waters. Observations of the frog isolate by electron microscopy indicated that the organisms were morphologically characteristic of the genus Leptospira. Although the isolate was cultured from the kidney of the frog, the role of the unidentified leptospire has not been defined as either a pathogen or a saprophyte. There are 13 references. -- Public Health Eng. Absts. 856 Q Fever Studies in Maryland. D.J. Wagstaff, et al. Public Health Repts. 80, 1095-1099 (Dec. 1965). Q fever studies in Maryland in 1963 revealed that a major source of possible human infection was infected dairy cattle. Of 2, 065 herd milk samples tested, 72.4% were CA positive. Seven isolations of Coxiella burnetii were made from these samples. Serologic evidence of exposure was obtained from a survey of farm residents exposed to infected cattle, in which 15. 3% of 124 people tested were CF positive, and a survey of the general population of the state, in which 0. 35% of 23, 283 serums tested were CF positive. Serologic reaction appeared to be related to residence or employment in the vicinity of infected dairy cattle. No acute illness attributable to Q fever was reported by any of the serologically positive people who were interviewed. An isolation C. burnetii was made from a person with no reported acute illness, suggesting that asymptomatic infections may have occurred. There are 13 references,-- Public Health Eng. Absts. 857 Epidemiology of Q Fever in Queensland: A Seven-Year Survey. D.W. Johnson. Med. J. Australia _l_, 121-125 (Jan. 22, 1966). The history of Q fever in Queensland is reviewed. The extension of the disease to the sheep industry in 1958 led to the identification of Q fever in kangaroos and in kangaroo ticks (A. trigut - tatum). This tick can infest sheep, horses, and dogs as well as man, and has been found in all Australian states except Victoria and Tasmania. A seven-year survey of Q fever in Queensland is reported. The number of patients established as having Q fever was 1,412. Patients became ill in most parts of the state, but the highest rates were found in districts devoted to sheep raising, dairying, and meat production. Most of the patients were males engaged in work that brought them into association with cattle or sheep or products of these animals. Meat workers, shearers, and dairy farmers are most at risk. -- Public Health Eng. Absts. 858 Gel Electrophoresis in the Study of Pneumoconioses. A.L. Reeves, Elizabeth K. Busby, and Lucille Scotti. Am. Ind. Hyg. Assn. J. 27, 278-287 (May-June, 1966). Proteins as well as other macromolecular constituents of biological tissue may be separated by electrophoresis on starch gel, and the resulting gel samples may be stained for a variety of substances including protein, mucoid, and enzymes such as esterases, phosphatases, and dehydrogenases. The variability of these patterns from serum, erythrocyte, lung, and lymph node specimens is correlatable to previous inhalation exposure of the host to toxic substances such as beryllium compounds, as well as to aerosols of radioisotopes. General urban air pol lution, when compared to filtered air, caused no consistent effect. Development of pulmonary pathology sustained in response to such exposures is evidenced by disappearance or de novo appearance of certain isozyme bands. Applicability of the method to the study of the pathogenesis, toxicological mechanism, and diagnosis of the pneumoconioses appears to have considerable potential. 03122239 -- Authors' abst. 10. ->' *. @) fel Industrial Hygiene Digest September, 196' 859 Bronchiolar Emphysema. D. Bryk and K. Mori. Am. J. Roentgenol, Radium Therapy Nuclear Med. 94, 660-664 (July, 1965). Bronchiolar emphysema is an unusual type of diffuse pulmonary disease characterized by progressive respiratory insufficiency. Other terms used for this entity are muscular cirrhosi of the lungs, bronchiolectasis, and cystic pulmonary cirrhosis. Pathologically, the entity is fairly clear-cut. The roentgen picture is that of fine diffuse uniform infiltrations with inter vening small uniform cysts. This picture is not specific for this entity, but in a patient with'a slowly progressive interstitial pulmonary process with these features, the diagnosis of bron chiolar emphysema should be considered. An additional case of bronchiolar emphysema is reported. -- Am. Rev. Resp. Dis. Absts I SKIN DISEASES AND BURNS I 860 Human Infection Due to the Hedgehog Fungus, Trichophyton mentagrophytes var. erinacei. R. A. Quaife. J. Clin. Pathol. J_9, 177-178 (March, 1966). Three human cases of skin infection caused by Trichophyton mentagrophytes var. erinacei are recorded. The work on the incidence and ecology of T. mentagrophytes var. erinacei in hedgeh and hedgehogs as a source of human infection is reviewed. It is suggested that a true increase in human infections is occurring. A description of the colonial and microscopical appearance < the fungus and their variance with other T.mentagrophytes varieties is discussed. The name Trichophyton erinacei is proposed as being taxonomically more correct. There are nine referi -- Public Health Eng. Absts. CHEMICAL HAZARDS 861 Effect of Intratracheal Injection of Benzo(a) Pyrene on Ducks. R.H. Rigdon and J. Neal. Texas Rept. Biol. Med. 23. (2) 494-506 (1965). A variety of pulmonary tumors developed in the respiratory tract of white Pekin ducks followinj intratracheal injection of methylcholanthrene. However, only one microscopic tumor, a quest! able carcinoma, occurred in a group of nine ducks given 200 mg. of benzo(a) pyrene crystals intratracheally. Chronic inflammation and metaplasia did occur. No pulmonary tumors were present in the respiratory tract of ducks given an intratracheal injection of carbon black or carbon black with benzo(a) pyrene adsorbed. A chronic reaction frequently occurred in the lunj when carbon black was injected intratracheally. Two ducks injected intratracheally with 200 m.( of benzo(a) pyrene developed multiple cysts in the retroperitoneal region. Since no other ducks have been observed with similar cysts, it is suggested that they developed as the result of this carcinogen. -- APCA Absts. 862 Comparison of Field Methods for Estimating Carbon Monoxide Hemoglobin Percentages. P. A. Breysse, H. H. Bovee, and L. F. Cabay. Am. Ind. Hyg. Assn. J. 27^, 256-259 (May-June, 19' Field methods utilizing expired air for estimating carbon monoxide hemoglobin (COHb) levels provide a reasonable correlation with blood specimens. These methods are convenient and sim and when performed immediately after the expired air has been collected the results are com parable to those obtained with blood. Therefore, except under the most rigorous conditions, th expired air methods for determining COHb levels can be substituted for the blood techniques. Any field instrument that supplies reliable carbon monoxide measurements may be used for esti mating COHb%. There are five references. -- Authors' conclusions 863 Contamination of the Atmosphere by Fluorine. W. Oelschlhger. Staub 2_5, 528-532 (Dec. 1965). German. The main sources of fluorine are from industries producing hydrofluoric acid, aluminum, supei phosphate, and enamel, also from brickworks, metallurgical works, and industries consuming large amounts o: low quality coal. Fluorine content of raw materials, emissions from different processes, and the harmful effects on animals and plants are reported. Measures to be taken to reduce fluorine emissions are discussed. There are 31 references. -- APCA Absts. 03122210 a. Industrial Hygiene Digest September. 1966 864 Nitrogen Dioxide Poisoning Due to Metal-Cutting With Oxyacetylene Torch. W.D. Norwood, et al. J. Occ. Med. 8, 301 -306 (June, 1966). ' Several hours after the use of an acetylene torch for metal-cutting in a poorly ventilated water main, a worker became so short of breath that he could not sleep. He reported to the plant physician 18 hours after the exposure and an x-ray film revealed pulmonary edema. Re-enactment of the event produced a level of nitrogen dioxide of 90 ppm in 40 minutes, the total oxides of nitrogen being in excess of 300 ppm. Such a level might well be expected to produce pulmonary edema. The accident was typical of the insidious action of nitrogen dioxide, which can so easily occur under some conditions and may cause death. Recognition of the latent period between exposure and the development of pulmonary edema, timely treatment with bed rest, and, if necessary, the administration of oxygen under pressure can be life-saving. A greater aware ness of the sources and toxicity of nitrogen dioxide is also needed to prevent unnecessary ex posure. Eight references are listed. -- Authors' summary 865 Abnormal Trace Metals in Man: Arsenic. H. A. Schroeder and J.J. Balassa. J. Chronic Diseases jl_9, 85-106 (Jan. 1966). ' The biological activities of pentavalent and trivalent arsenic differ markedly. Pentavalent arsenic as arsenate is nontoxic in normal concentrations, is excreted rapidly, largely through the kidneys, probably does not accumulate in human tissues, is a normal constituent of food, and may perform some unknown physiological function. Trivalent arsenic as arsenite, the principal form produced commercially, is toxic, chelating with ditiol groups and inhibiting those enzymes dependent thereon. It accumulates in the mammalian body, is excreted largely from intestine, is a contaminant of soils and foods through it use in herbicides and pesticides, and performs no known physiological function. Sea foods and a few other foods and waters consumed by man often exceed the allowable limit of arsenic concentration imposed by government agencies of the United States and Great Britain, attempting to limit residues of arsenites. The bad reputation of arsenic as a poison is due to the toxicity of the commercial trivalent form and is undeserved in the case of the natural pentavalent form. There are 66 references.-- Public Health Eng. Absts. 866 Determination of Bismuth and Tellurium in Tissues by Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry, R.E. Kinser. Am. Ind. Hyg. Assn. J. ZJ_, 260-265 (May-June, 1966). An atomic absorption method for the determination of bismuth and tellurium in animal tissue is described. Samples were wet- ashed with nitric acid. A hydrochloric acid solution containing 4 mg. of tissue ash per millileter of solution, is used for the determination of bismuth and telluriur No chemical separations are used. Effects of total salt concentration on the determination, re covery data from spiked samples, and precision of the method are discussed. Concentrations as low as 1. 5 micrograms of bismuth and 2. 0 micrograms of tellurium can be determined in 1 gm. of animal tissue. There are 13 references. -- Author's abst. 867 Radiochemical Determination of Metallic Mercury Vapour in Air. Brit. J.. Ind. Med. 23, 230-236 (July, 1966). L. Magos. A radiochemical method has been developed for the estimation of atmospheric mercury. When air containing mercury is passed through a solution of Hg-203-mercuric acetate and potassium chloride, isotope exchange takes place so that the issuing air contains the same concentration of mercury, but labeled and with the same specific activity as the reagent solution. The Hg-203 is absorbed on hopcalite and estimated by gamma scintillation counting. The standard deviation of the method is 0. 004 microgram Hg/liter in concentrations up to 0. 2 microgram Hg/liter, and is 0.075 microgram Hg/liter in the range 0. 2-1. 2 micrograms Hg/liter concentration. The method is simple and can be used for snap or long-run sampling, and with continuous recording. - - Author's abst. 868 Toxicity of Triphenyltin. H. B. Stoner. Brit. J. Ind. Med, 23, 222-229 (July, 1966). The introduction of triphenyltin into agricultural practice has led to a consideration of the hazards which might arise, particularly as the related compound triethyltin is known to be very toxic to both man and animals. In the present investigation the toxicity of triphenyltin has been determined after its acute and oral intraperitoneal administration in rats, guinea pigs, rabbits, mice, and hens, after feeding it to rats and guinea pigs, and after its application to the skin of guinea pigs. The guinea pig was the most sensitive species and its growth was inhibited by as little as 1 ppm triphenyltin acetate in the diet. With higher concentrations in the diet the re lationships .between the dose and the survival time and between the amount consumed and the acute 12. 03122241  C=3 Industrial Hygiene Digest September. 1 oral LD^q indicated that triphenyltin accumulated in the guinea pig. Compared with those oi triethyltln, the effects of triphenyltin appeared relatively non-specific, but there was evider of an action on the central nervous system although cerebral edema did not occur. The effe triphenyltin were quite different from those of diphenyltin which acted mainly as an irritant. Triphenyltin did not readily penetrate unbroken skin. The use of triphenyltin as an agricultt fungicide is considered in the discussion. 869 The Distribution of Lead After Intravenous Injection in the Tissues of the Rabbit, and in Tun Bearing Mice. G. Causey. Brit. J. Cancer _1_9, 867-870 (Dec. 1965). This investigation was undertaken to see if intravenous colloidal lead was tolerated by mice rabbits in doses large enough to allow for the demonstration of lead in the tissues, and then the claim that such lead is concentrated in neoplastic tissues could be substantiated at electr microscopic level. In these short-term experiments, the particulate lead appears to be con^ trated in the reticulo-endothelial cells, whether fixed or free, in the liver, spleen, and bone marrow. Eight references are given. -- Public Health Eng. Abstt 870 Biliary Excretion of Lead in the Rat. N. Castellino, P. Lamanna, and B. Grieco. Brit. J. Ind. Med. 213, 237-239 (July, 1966). . Studies have been made in the rat of the elimination of Pb-210 in the bile after the intravenou injection of 100 micrograms of lead. Four groups of rats were used: in two the bile was drt by cannulation of the bile duct, and in the other two the bile flow to the duodenum was interru by ligation or division of the bile duct. The radioactivity of the bile, of the intestinal walls, of the intestinal contents and feces was determined. The results showed that lead is elimina' from the liver mainly by the bile, thus excluding passage through the intestinal walls into the feces as important under these conditions. -- Authors' abst 871 Substantiation of the Daily Average Maximum Permissible Concentration of Acrolein in the Atmosphere M.I. Gusev, et al. Gigiena i Sanit. 31, No. 1, 9-13 (1966). Russian. In albino rats, a 24-hour poisoning with acrolein vapors at a concentration of 1. 52mg. /cu. m for a period of two months produced a fall in weight, changes of conditioned reflex activity, . decrease of cholinesterase activity of whole blood, a fall of coproporphyrin excretion in the u and an increase in the number of luminescent leucocytes in the blood. Acrolein at a concentr of 0. 15 mg. /cu.m, caused only a rise in the number of luminescent leucocytes in the blood, daily average maximum permissible concentration of acrolein in the atmosphere is set at a le of 0. Img. /cu.m. . -- Public Health Eng. Absts 872 Peripheral Neuropathy in Rats Produced by Acrylamide. Pamela M. Fullerton and J. M. Bar Brit. J. Ind. Med. 23, 210-221 (July, 1966). Acrylamide (CH2=CHCONH2) has a number of commercial uses, one of which involves pumpin, solutions containing acrylamide into soil during mining and tunneling operations in order to render the soil waterproof. It seemed possible that under these conditions men might be seri exposed to the substance. Tests for its toxicity to experimental animals were therefore unde taken. It was found that acrylamide produces ataxia and limb weakness in rats when given in repeated oral doses of 25 to 100 mg. /kg. at various intervals or mixed with the diet in concer trations of 100 to 400 ppm. An electrophysiological and histological study of peripheral nerve has been carried out in chronically poisoned rats. In animals with severe clinical abnormalit motor nerve conduction velocity in the fibers suppling the small muscles of the hind paw was reduced to approximately 80<5i of the control value. Histologically, degeneration of axis cylint and myelin sheaths was found in peripheral nerves, affecting predominantly the distal parts of longest fibers. When paralyzed animals were no longer given acrylamide, they recovered clinically, conduction velocity returned to the normal range, and there was histological evidei of regeneration of nerve fibers. 873 Inhalation Studies on Chloropentafluoroethane. J. W. Clayton, Jr., et al. Am. Ind. Hyg. Assn. J. 2_7, 234-238 (May-June, 1966). Dogs, rats, mice, and rabbits were exposed to an atmosphere of 10To chloropentafluoroethane (FREON 115) for 90 exposures of six hours each. Body weight and clinical condition of rodent, were unaffected. Rat and dog blood, urine analyses, and urinary fluoride analyses revealed m significant changes. Dog weight gain, temperature, respiration, and pulse were normal. Grc examination, histology, and organ weights of all species revealed no effects attributable to chloropentafluroethane. An industrial hygiener standard of 1,000 ppm as an eight-hour time- weighted average is suggested. Six references are given. -- Authors' abst. 13 Industrial Hygiene Digest September. 1966 874 Prognostic Aspects of Benzene Poisoning. S. Hernberg, et al. Brit. J. Ind. Med. 23. 204-209 (July, 1966). In 1955, a benzene mass-poisoning was detected in a shoe factory in Finland. One hundred and forty-seven persons were heavily exposed, and more than 100 had abnormal blood counts. One died and ten required hospital treatment. This paper deals with a re-examination of the involved worker s nine years later. One hundred and twenty-five persons attended for re-examination. Eight had died, two refused, and 11 could not be located. The possibility of death due to benzene poisoning having occurred among these persons was ruled out by checking the national death register. Each of the subjects underwent a hematological examination which included the hemo globin value and the erythrocyte, reticulocyte, leucocyte, and thrombocyte counts. A dif ferential count of the leucocytes was also made. A randomly chosen group of 86 persons served as a control group. The thrombocytes of the whole patient group and the erythrocytes of the men were significantly lower than those of the controls, whereas the leucocytes of the whole group and the erythrocytes of the women failed to show any statistical difference. In a multiple dis criminant function analysis, considering all three counts at the same time, only the men differed slightly from the controls at the re-examination. The analysis also showed that the prognosis of the severe cases did not differ from that of the mild ones, provided the acute stage had been passed. Some illustrative case reports are added. One patient developed leukemia after a latency of seven years, whereas most of the others--chosen because of grave symptoms in the initial stage--have recovered. The results are discussed from the point of view of prognosis. Authors' abst. 875 Detection of 1, 1 -Dimethylhydrazine. by Frustrated Multiple Internal Reflection Spectroscopy. M.J. Prager. Am. Ind. Hyg. Assn. J. ZT, 272-277 (May-June, 1966). The detection of vapors, especially of missile propellant fuel, 1, l-dimethylhydrazine, by frustrated ' multiple internal reflection (FMIR) spectroscopy was studied. This method is most sensitive to substances with high boiling points; however, it can be used to detect microgram quantities of substances with relatively low boiling points by coating the FMIR plate with a thin adsorptive film or by dissolving the samples in a suitable solvent. Five references are given. -- Author's abet. 876 Directory of Pesticides. Anon. Pest Control 34, 53-74 (17pp.) (March, 1966). A directory of pesticides is given that lists products under their common or trade mark name. The basic manufacturer or advertising formulator is listed for each product along with an index of their addresses. -- Public Health Eng. Absts. INDUSTRIAL DUSTS 877 Notes on the Modification and Use of a Cascade Impactor for Sampling in Ducts. R.A. Gussman and D. Gordon. Am. Ind. Hyg. Assn. J. 27, 252-255 (May-June, 1966). Although the cascade impactor has been widely applied to the sampling of gently moving air stream; as found in mine shafts or in the open atmosphere, only limited use has been made of it in ducts and stacks. An earlier duct probe design for the cascade impactor has been redeveloped, and a method has been found to prevent deposition of aerosol on the first stage prior to the actual samplir period. A control system has been devised which permits reproducible sampling periods as brief as 0.6 second. -- Authors' abst. 878 Ultrasonic Microscreening. E.Ioos. Staub 5_, 540-543 (Dec. 1965). German. A method for ultrasonic microscreening is reported and a device is described which makes it possible to carry out particle size analyses down to five millimicrons by sieves arranged vertical^ above one another. A comparison of the results of this particle size analysis with those obtained by sedimentation analysis by Andreasen, and with microphotographs, shows that ultrasonic micro screening permits dust to be investigated or fractionated with regard to its fineness.--APCA Absts 879 Alveolar Clearance: Its Relation to Lesions of the Respiratory Bronchiole. P. Gross, E. A. Pfitzer and T. F. Hatch. Am. Rev. Resp. Dis. 94, 10-19 (July, 1966). Reprints Available from Industrial Hygiene Foundation Upon Request. This paper was presented at the British Occupational Hygiene Society's symposium on "Inhaled Particles and Vapours" at Cambridge, England, September 26-October 1, 1965. The proximal portion of the pulmonary racemus is the most vulnerable portion of the lung inasmuch as the initial attack of irritants seems to concentrate at that site. (In rats, the proximal portion of the pulmonary racemus is composed of the respiratory bronchiole and adjoining alveolar ducts. ) 14. V .' ' (> g=3 & OO C=3 Industrial Hygiene Digest September, 191 Although this vulnerability was first observed with solid irritants, gaseous, as well as liquid irritants, have also demonstrated a proclivity to localize their primary damage in the proxim portion of the racemus. Because du9t deposition and clearance normally take place simultant it is difficult under the usual experimental conditions of inhalation exposure to determine whe dust particles visible on the alveolar surface in the proximal portion of the racemus were dep there during inhalation or later. Therefore, it is necessary to segregate as completely as po the clearance process from the deposition of the dust burden. A short-term study of the clea: of various lung dust burdens was conducted in rats, using the inhalation and the intratracheal injection techniques for loading the lungs. Four kinds of dust were used: antimony trioxide, ferric oxide, quartz, and coesite, the last being a crystalline variety of silica different from It was demonstrated that the proximal portion of the racemus, consisting (in the rat) of the re spiratory bronchiole and adjoining alveolar ducts, had a greater concentration of dust, initiall than the more distal regions. At that deposition the dust was situated predominantly upon the surface: but within three to four days, the dust upon the surface of the proximal portion of the racemus had largely disappeared, presumably having been transported to the ciliated epithelic At the same time, the evaginating alveoli of this region became filled with a considerably grea amount of dust than was present in this region initially. Simultaneously, the dust in the peripl alveoli became scantier. Stasis in the evaginating alveoli of the proximal part of the racemus be related to the fact that the respiratory bronchiole is similar to the small end of a large funi with a possible ratio of surface area to the area drained as small as 1:500, This concept expl the greater vulnerability of the proximal portion of the racemus to inhaled irritants --whether be solids, gaseous, or liquid. 880 Prevalence of Byssinosis and Dust Levels in Flax Preparers in Northern Ireland. P.C. Elwood, et al. Brit. J. Ind. Med. 2^, 188- 193 (July, 1966). The association between the prevalence of both byssinosis and chronic bronchitis and the level airborne dust was examined in workers in preparing departments in flax mills in Northern Ire! A weak association between the dust level and byssinosis was found but not between the dust le* and chronic bronchitis. It is suggested that the disparity of these associations may have arise' because the diagnosis of byssinosis, as in most recent published studies, was based on relativ acute and reversible symptoms which are more likely to be closely related to the current dust levels than the slowly developing symptoms on which the diagnosis of chronic bronchitis was based. Furthermore, an association between chronic bronchitis and the dust levels is likely be obscured to some extent by the effects of other non-industrial respiratory irritants such as tobacco smoke. Some hypotheses of the basic etiology of byssinosis are discussed. -- Authors' abst. 881 Relevance of Respiratory Symptoms and Signs to Ventilatory Capacity Changes After Exposure to Grain Dust and Phosphate Rock Dust, B. Gandevia and B. Ritchie. Brit. J. Ind. Med. 2_3, 181-187 (July, 1966). Ventilatory capacity was measured before and after exposure to high concentrations of wheat d in 24 men, 18 of whom were similarly studied while working with calcium phosphate rock. Ch in ventilatory capacity were examined in relation to respiratory symptoms as commonly elicte in occupational surveys, and to the presence or absence of a productive cough on request and under observation. A significant decrease in the forced expiratory volume at one second was observed within half an hour of beginning work in the wheat dust, and this decrease was main tained throughout the work shift. A smaller significant decrease was found on exposure to pho phate rock over several hours, no significant change occurring within the first half-hour. Gre or more consistent decreases were recorded in those men who gave a history of persistent cou and sputum, and more particularly in those who had a productive cough on request, than in tho without these features. A history of symptoms on exposure failed to define a group showing an more severe ventilatory reaction on exposure to wheat dust than the average. Some of the fact influencing the history of symptoms in occupational populations are reviewed, and the advantag of an objective sign, as provided by a deliberate cough, is indicated in defining an "abnormal" group within such a population. -- Authors' abst. 882 Pine Pollen Pneumoconiosis in the Rat and Its Relation to Sarcoidosis. C. Gbthe. Acta. Med. Scand. 178, 375-383 (Sept. 1965). . Female albino rats were injected intratracheally with 20 mg. of ground pine pollen (Pinus sylvi suspended in 1 ml. of physiologic saline. The animals were sacrificed at 1, 2,4, and 6 months after administration of the pollen. The weight and the hydroxyproline contents of the lungs wer determined, and the tissue reactions in the lungs, and the hilar and paratracheal lymph nodes ,. 03122244 Industrial Hygiene Digest September. 1966 *"' were studied. These reactions were characterized by granulomatous changes without significant fibrosis, in which an abundance of Langhans' giant cells and some "foreign-body" giant cells were'' observed. There was no necrosis. The tissue reaction culminated after one to two months and then gradually decreased. The general condition of the experimental animals was unaffected. Thus, pine pollen pneumoconiosis in rats displayed both morphologic and clinical similarities with human sarcoidosis. It is improbable that a positive connection exists between pine pollen exposuri and sarcoidosis. Pine pollen grains, like pollen grains of other coniferous species, are much too large (about 30 by 40 by 70 microns) to penetrate through the bronchioli into the alveoli in quanti ties that would give rise to a diffuse and significant dissemination of epithelioid cell granulomas in the pulmonary parenchyma and the hilar lymph nodes. The pollen grains of conifers are highly resistant to mechanical damage, desiccation, and other physical influences. However, it is possible that this factor can be disseminated together with pollen grains, e.g. , through adhesion to their surfaces. The nature of this hypothetic mechanism is obscure. However,' the relation between pollen and fungi is emphasized. Sarcoidosis occurs also in areas that are devoid of coniferous forest vegetation, although the frequency of sarcoidosis appears to be especially high in temperature zones where conifers are dominant in forests. Investigations now in progress show that colonies of fungi of various types can almost regularly be cultivated from newly collected pine pollen. -- Am. Rev. Resp. Dis. Absts. 883 Determination of Coal in Formalin-Fixed Pneumoconiotic Lungs. I. Bergman. Anal. Chem. 38, 441-444 (March, 1966). Treatment with hot, glacial acetic acid containing ammonium acetate is a convenient method of digesting formalin-fixed lung tissue. A short treatment with formic acid completes the digestion. This procedure forms the basis of a new method for the quantitative isolation of coal from pneumoconiotic lungs. Even the reactive bituminous coals are recovered in good yield. Minerals such as kaolin and mica are recovered in good crystallographic state; calcifications and iron de posits are removed. Eight references are given. -- Public Health Eng. Absts. 884 Twins With Coal Workers' Pneumoconiosis. Brit. J. Ind. Med. 23, 240-244 (July, 1966). J.E.M. Hutchinson. As the tuberculous hypothesis of coal workers' progressive massive fibrosis (PMF) is not so strongly held nowadays the possible importance of genetic factors should be explored. Twins with pneumoconiosis should provide helpful information. Details are given of two pairs of twins; one pair is considered to be monozygotic and the other dizygotic. Blood grouping, secretor state, and Rose Waaler reactions were carried out as the results may help in any comparison with twins with.coal workers' pneumoconiosis discovered elsewhere. The brothers resemble each other in having a similar type of pneumoconiosis. The monozygotic pair have a relatively benign type of pneumoconiosis with early PMF which has remained unchanged for eight years; the dizygotic pair show a nodular type of pneumoconiosis which has shown definite progression with an in crease in the extent of PMF. As a younger brother of the dizygotic pair also has pneumoconiosis details are included. -- Author's abst. 885 Biochemical Studies of Experimental Lung Fibrosis. I. The Effect of Aerosol Inhalations of Sulfuric Acid on the Course of Experimental Silicosis of Rats. J. Tuma, J. Vyskocil, and M. Dluhos. ScriptaMed. Fac. Med. Univ. Brun. Olomuc. 38, (2-3) 85-106 (1965). Silicosis was produced experimentally in groups of white rats in the course of inhalation of quartz dust, with and without simultaneous exposure to sulfuric acid inhalation. The sulfuric acid was a 50% solution, 80% of the aerosol particles were under 1.4 microns. Histochemlcal studies were made of the lungs of the animals, at autopsy at unstated periods following inhalation experiments, in relation to changes in the content of connective tissue, concentration of hydroxyproline in the water soluble fraction of proteins, concentration of hexosamine, content of silica and the rate of collagen synthesis. The results of tissue free hydroxyproline in the lungs of the rats at the end of the experiment indicated that its concentration in the group of quartz and aerosol exposed ani mals was not affected. In the two different groups of rats, either exposed to both dust and aerosol or to aerosol alone, a higher concentration of the tissue free proline was found in comparison with the control group of animals. The effects of aerosol inhalations of sulfuric acid on the course of experimental silicosis, and the mechanism of the synthesis of collagen protein and its locali zation in the connective tissue structures in the course of lung fibrosis are discussed in some detail. - - APCA Absts. 03122245 16. 5=5 1361 Lj------- m u------- u t={] Industrial Hygiene Digest September, 19 886 Cancer of the Lungs and Other Diseases After Exposure to Asbestos Dust. K. F.W. Hinson. Brit. J. Diseases Chesty, 121-129 (July, 1965). That exposure to the fibers of asbestos may cause a disabling and fatal fibrosis of the lungs 1 been recognized for many years. That patients with an established fibrosis (asbestosis) have high incidence of bronchial carcinoma is also known. During the last few years there has bet an accumulation of evidence to suggest that certain pleural or peritoneal tumors may be asso with a slight, and therefore possibly unrecognized, exposure to these minerals, The world production of asbestos has been increasing rapidly since 1959 and its industrial uses are beet more varied. Three varieties of asbestos are must often used industrially: chrysotile (whit* asbestos) crocidolite (blue asbestos), and amosite. In Great Britain, exposure to asbestos di might be to any or all three of the above kinds of asbestos; on the North American Continent would probably be to chrysotile because of the huge native deposits found in Canada. The autl discusses briefly the pathogenesis of asbestos, but dwells much more on the possible relation of asbestos exposure and pleural tumors and tumors of the peritoneum. He also reviews the literature concerning the probable association between asbestosis and carcinoma of the lungs. Mentioned are the findings of J.G. Thomson and his co-workers (Industrial Hygiene Digest, Abst. 663, July 1 963) of the high incidence (26.4%) of asbestos bodies found in the lung fluid o 500 consecutive autopsy subjects in South Africa. One of the authors of the paper on those fin ings is said to consider that the incidence in Miami, Florida, would be even higher. -- APCA Absts 887 Asbestos Related Disease. H. L. Hardy. Am. J. Med. Sci. 250, 381-389 (Oct. 1965). Four cases of asbestos related disease have been briefly described. Together with past and presently accumulating evidence, epidemiologic and experimental, these cases illustrate the potential hazard posed by asbestos exposure to both worker and neighbor. The purpose of this report is to interest clinicians in the harmful biologic effects of asbestos already documented. Evidence is impressive that asbestos exposure, often delayed in effect, will in the future be responsible for an important amount of pulmonary disease, especially chest tumors. In additi new evidence points to asbestos exposure as being significantly associated with abdominal turn as well. -- APCA Absts. 888 ChemicalStudies of Asbestos. J.S. Harington. Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 1 32, 31-47 (Dec. 31, 1965 Further chemical studies of the three main types of asbestos, crocidolite, amosite, and chrys have been made. The origin of the primary oils associated with crocidolite and amosite has bi discussed. By suitable methods 0. 3 2% of extractable material can be removed from crocidolit and 0.28% from amosite. A sample of commercial amosite known to be carcinogenic yielded 0.76% of extractable material. Chemical investigations have been made of the oils from croci and amosite by various techniques. Low levels of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons were dete In addition to the primary oils, asbestos may contain secondary oils derived from contaminate or from the intentional application of oil during processing in industry. Up to 80% of the jute o in the jute bags used for storing asbestos may be absorbed by the asbestos fiber. This could explain why chrysotile, which apparently has no primary oils, may contain, after milling and other industrial treatment, yields of from 0. 1 to 0. 4%. Insulation materials also contain signi amounts of extractable material. Finally, studies have been made to assess wherever possibli the part which metals and metal complexes may play in the carcinogenic action. - -APCA Absts 889 Some Observations of the Dust Content and Composition in Lungs With Asbestosis, Made Durin Work on Coal Miner's Pneumoconiosis. G. Nagelschmidt. Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 13 2, 64-76 (Dec. 31, 1965). In the conclusion of this paper it is said that the most interesting result of this study of lung (issue from asbestosis sufferers, was that in over half the lung tissue samples from Great Brii and South Africa practically no asbestos at all was found irrespective of the grade of fibrosis. It is unlikely that this was due to faulty technique although further study of the technique of re covery of asbestos, especially of chrysotile, from lungs is undoubtedly required. It is likely that this effect -- the disappearance of asbestos from the lungs--is real and needs to be explaine The most likely explanation is that asbestos does get dissolved in the lungs. The process of dis solution is likely to start with a removal of the cations, magnesium, sodium, iron, and alumint which would leave a skeleton of hydrated silica or polysilicic acid. On physiochemical and structural reasoning one would expect chrysotile to be most easily attacked, crocidolite to be intermediate, and amosite to be the most resistant form. The finding of amosite only in some of the lung residues would be in agreement with such reasoning. The most prevalent type of fibrosis seen in asbestos is a diffuse interstitial fibrosis, in contrast to focal or nodular lesion! 03122246 17. Industrial Hygiene Digest September. 1966 * found initially in most other forms of pneumoconiosis. At a later stage massive lesions may develop. A theory linking this contrast with lung dust studies has been advanced (Nagelschmidt, *" 1960). According to thitheory the dust remaining in the lungs causes the fibrosis in coal workers and similar forms of pneumoconiosis, and a positive correlation between amount of dust and severity of fibrosis or x-ray category of simple pneumoconiosis is found. The amounts of dust in the lungs are large and may average 50gm. for advanced stages of coal workers pneumoconiosis. In diffuse interstitial fibrosis, as seen mainly in aluminosis and asbestosis, this does not seem to be the case; the amounts of asbestos found in the lung are very small and are not clearly related to grade of fibrosis; dissolution of the dust is the most likely explanation. Similar views with regard to the action of chrysotile have already been expressed. Further research is ob viously required before the mechanism by which asbestosis is produced can be said to be known. -- APCA Absts. 890 Asbestos Dust Deposition and Retention in Rats. J.C. Wagner and J. W. Skidmore. Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 132, 77-86 (Dec. 31, 1965). A method of producing asbestos dust clouds has been devised and an animal inhalation experiment carried out to test it. Observations on the histological distribution of the dusts in the lungs of the rats have shown that the dusts tend to accumulate in the alveoli arising directly from the respirator) bronchioles. The weights of the asbestos dusts found in the lungs of the rats at the end of exposure were found to differ considerably, but the subsequently determined elimination rates indicated that the weights of dust deposited were in a constant ratio with the weights of dust collected by the stze- selective sampler. To deposit an equal amount of a nonfibrous dust, allowance must be made for the reduced efficiency of the upper respiratory tract in preventing the penetration of the compact dust particles to the alveolar regions. The elimination rate of Rhodesian chrysotile has been found to be three times greater than that of amosite and crocidolite, which suggests an explanation for the previously observed reduced fibrogenicity of this dust. The reason for the difference in the elimination rate remains to be determined. -- APCA Absts. 891 Experimental Asbestosis With Four Types of Fibers, Importance of Small Particles. P. F. Holt, J. Mills, and D.K. Young. Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. j_3- 87-97 (Dec. 31, 1965). The guinea pig lung reacts immediately to inhalation of asbestos dust. There is a bronchiolitis with extension of the inflammatory reaction to the adjacent alveoli. At a later stage there is a widespread and progressive fibrosis of the lung, adenoid proliferation of the bronchiolar epithelium, and reticulinosis and fibrosis of the tracheal lymph glands. The inhaled dust early becomes coated with an iron-containing protein to form asbestos bodies. These have been recognized within seven days of exposure to the dust. Fine dust particles, too small to be seen under the light microscope, will produce asbestosis in the guinea pig. The difficulty of controlling the spread of dust has been demonstrated. -- APCA Absts. 892 Quantitative Determination of Chrysotile, Amosite and Crocidolite by X-ray Diffraction. J.V. Crable. Am. Ind. Hyg, Assn. J. 27^, 293-298 (May-June, 1966). The determination of asbestos by x-ray diffraction in environmental samples is described. Evenly distributed mats of asbestos samples on molecular membrane filters are prepared for x-ray diffraction examination. Each asbestos mineral has its characteristic x-ray diffraction pattern. A qualitative scan of a mounted filtered sample identifies the crystalline substances present in cluding the asbestos minerals. A quantitative determination of a given type of asbestos is made by measuring the area under its major diffraction peak and comparing this area with that of a known quantity of an external standard. -- Author's abst. RADIOACTIVITY AND X - RADIATION I 893 Radiation--A Look at the Past and the Present. I. L. Beauchamp. J. Occ. Med. 8, 329-337 (June. 1966). The 300 years prior to the discovery of x-rays and natural radioactivity were punctuated with scientific breakthroughs that brought the state of scientific knowledge to the point where x-rays were observed by an alert scientist. Following Roentgen's discovery of x-rays and the discovery of radioactivity by Becquerel, the use of radiation expanded rapidly in research and medicine. Many scientists, physicians, and patients were injured because the need for protection and dosimetry was unrecognized. No satisfactory theory had been advanced at the time to explain the nature of x-rays and radioactivity. Several writers surveyed the literature in that early 03122247 18. & <> O0 D=3 Industrial Hygiene Digest September, 196 period and summarized the reported cases of radiation injury. Later, long-term effects of radiation began to appear. Cases of leukemia, aplastic anemia, and cancer, and reduced life spans have been reported within the past three decades. Standards of radiation protection hav been promulgated and techniques of dosimetry have been greatly improved. The rate of radia injury today is significantly less than in the first five years following Roentgen's discovery. I jury rates of the present period have been compared with those of the early period following the discovery of x-rays and radioactivity. It is evident, however, that further progress in the areas of radiation protection, standards of exposure, and dosimetry is required. There are 6 references, -- Author's summary 894 Measurement of the Performance of Film Badge Services. D.E. Barber. Am, Ind. Hyg. Assn. J. 7, 243-251 (May-June, 1966). A film badge performance test has been devised to generate data sufficiently broad in scope to serve as a basis for control limits to be applied in the periodic examination of film badge serv Irradiation procedures, dosimetry, and a measure of film badge accuracy appropriate to the practical use of film badges are discussed. Approximately 2, 000 film badges were irradiated with various types and energies of radiation. Exposures ranged from 2 milliroentgens to 497 roentgens. Private, industrial, and federal suppliers of film badge services (1) helped design the test procedures, (2) submitted badges for exposure (3) reported exposure interpretations, and (4) assisted in determining provisional performance control limits, -- Author's abst. 895 A Portable Monitor for the Estimation of Tritium in Aqueous Samples. T.S. Iyengar, et al. Am. Ind. Hyg. Assn. J. 2JL 288-292 (May-June, 1966). A portable instrument utilizing an ionization chamber for the estimation of tritium in aqueous samples is described. The ionization chamber is filled with acetylene from the test specimen by simple displacement of air. The ionization current resulting from the beta disintegrations of tritium is measured by a sensitive electrometer. The instrument, which is highly useful in field work for checking spot samples of irradiated heavy water, coldstrip air samples, etc., has a fairly linear response over a wide range of specific activity values. The lowest limit of estimation is 0. 16mCi/liter, corresponding to a current of 1 x 10*^ ampere. --Authors' abst. ENVIRONMENTAL MEASUREMENTS I 896 A New Tape Reagent for the Determination of Hydrogen Sulfide in Air. J. P. Pare. J. Air Poll. Control Assn. _!, 325-327 (June, 1966). The lead acetate paper tape reagent method for the estimation of hydrogen sulfide in air has be* reviewed with the conclusions that the colored spots on which the quantitative estimation is base are not stable and do not lend by themselves to accurate results. Although it may be retained f< grab sampling work, the lead acetate paper tape reagent is not acceptable as a stoichiometric reagent in any case where long duration sampling periods are concerned like in air pollution stu A new mercuric chloride paper tape reagent has been developed as a substitute. Due to the fact that the colored spots resulting from the action of hydrogen sulfide on mercuric chloride are sensitive and very stable, this new paper tape reagent is proposed as an adequate and reliable analytical tool for the estimation of hydrogen sulfide in air. Also, a more comprehensive appli cation of the paper tape analytical system is proposed throughout a suitable control of the factor tape retention capacity vs sampling rate which imposes some restrictions in the selection of the practical working range of concentrations. Nevertheless this working range is still wide enough to encompass all the hydrogen sulfide concentrations normally encountered in the city atmosphei -- Author's abst. 897 Limitations of the Lead Acetate Impregnated Paper Tape Method for Hydrogen Sulfide. H. P. Sanderson, R. Thomas, and M. Katz. J.Air Poll. Control Assn. 16, 328-330 (June, 1966). Field experience with the lead acetate impregnated paper tape sampler has indicated that large errors may arise ill this method due to fading of the color of the precipitated lead sulfide spots. This fading is due to the action of light, sulfur dioxide, ozone, or other substances capable of oxidizing lead sulfide. The moisture content or relative humidity of the air sample must be maintained at an appropriate level to ensure reaction with the impregnated paper tape. The ef fects of the factors have been investigated in laboratory experiments with known concentrations of hydrogen sulfide, A number of antioxidants were studied in relation to the stability of the re sultant spots to light and oxidation.Orthophenyl phenol was found to be the most effective anti oxidant for this purpose. A number of necessary precautions to be employed in the use of the le; acetate method are recommended and the limitations are discussed. There are 10 references. -- Aut 19. Industrial Hygiene Digest September, 1966 898 A Sampling Anomaly in the Determination of Atmospheric Sulfate Concentration. R.E. Lee, Jr., and J. Wagman. Am. Ind, Hyg. Assn. J. 2j_, 266-271 (May-June, 1966). Average particulate sulfate concentrations in air as measured from serial short-term samples collected on glass-fiber filters were consistently and significantly higher than those from single long-term samples. In investigating this anomaly, the authors found that significant amounts of extraneous sulfate can be formed on glass-fiber filters, presumably by oxidation of atmospheric sulfur dioxide, thus leading to highly inflated values for particulate sulfate as determined from short-term samples. The discrepancy is reduced with longer-term samples because the formation of sulfate from sulfur dioxide is surface-limited and reaches a saturation level. Four references are given. -- Authors' abst. 899 Dynamic Calibration of an Acid Aerosol Analyzer. F. P. Scaringelli, R.E. Boone,-and G.A. Jutze. J. Air Poll. Control Assn. J_6, 310-313 (June, 1966). ^ A method is described for dynamic calibration of an acid aerosol analyzer based on a com mercial modification of the Thomas Autometer and manufactured by the Instrument Develop ment Company. This automated instrument removes acid aerosol from an air stream by sonic impaction, and the sulfuric acid collected is determined conductometrically. An all-glass . aerosol generator based on the reaction of water vapor with sulfur trioxide vapor released from fuming sulfuric acid was built for the calibration. Air samples were withdrawn for instrument calibration before and after the concentration of the acid aerosol was determined by titration. The apparent particle size as determined by an Andersen sampler ranged from 2.0 microns to less than 0.68 micron and exhibited a sharp peak with mass median diameter at 1. 3 micron in the distribution curve. The size of the aerosol, within certain limits, could be controlled by humidity. Data indicated a linear response with an aerosol collection efficiency of 80% in the important respirable size range. -- Authors' abst. 900 Quantitative Determination of Formaldehyde in Gross Impure Mixtures Containing Other Carbonyl Compounds. R.E. Leonard and J. E. Kiefer. J. Gas Chromatog. 4, 142-143 (April, 1966). The increasingly important role of low-boiling carbonyl compounds in the studies of air pollution, vegetable flavoring, cigarette smoke and other gross impure mixtures has emphasized the need for determining these compounds in trace quantities. A new gas chromatographic method for the quantitative determination of formaldehyde is described. It is based on the fact that the relation ship of peak height to concentration is linear over a wide range of concentrations for the 2,4dinitrophenylhydrazone derivative. The method is useful for determining trace amounts of formaldehyde in a gross impure mixture containing low-boiling carbonyl compounds. -- APCA Absts. f PREVENTIVE ENGINEERING I 901 Safe Handling and Use of Ethylene Oxide. F.S. Hill, Jr. J. Am. Soc. Safety Eng. _l_l_, 11-16 (Aug. 1966). Safety considerations in the design and operation of a plant using ethylene oxide as a rawmaterial are decribed in various references in the literature. Most of these references, although very excellent, provide only partial consideration of this problem. This paper is an effort to present a concise, yet complete set of guidelines for handling and use of this large volume organic chemical The safe use of ethylene oxide is predicated to a large degree upon the engineering and operating skill of personnel. It is dependent upon the observance of safety precautions and adherence to operating and design conditions. The greatest single factor from the standpoint of continuous successful operation over a period of years, however, is thought to be thorough preventative plant maintenance of all equipment, instruments, and accessories. The vigorous application of the following principles of safety control should provide a reliable operation for those using ethylene oxide: Provide equipment and safety accessories that conform to specifications of accepted code authorities. Isolate ethylene oxide operations and eliminate sources of ignition in this area. Outdoor installations are recommended using fire resisting construction with pressurized ventilation and adequate explosion venting for control houses. Avoid explosive mixtures inside all equipment by use of inert gas, and proper control of temperature and pres sure. Regularly test and inspect all equipment, instruments, and piping. Corrosion on outside of refrigerated vessels and piping can be serious. Provide diked tank areas, adequate drainage, automatic sprinklers, fire alarms, and sprinkler systems for all storage tank and processing equipment. Educate personnel as to the hazards of ethylene oxide and thoroughly train operators with specific job instructions for processing, handling, and storage of ethylene oxide. Establish 03122249 20. fcl C=0 Industrial Hygiene Digest September, IS adequate exits and safe guards for personnel. A dependable operation with completely autom pressure, temperature, liquid level, and flow control should be provided. Continuous multi point gas analyzers are recommended for a system of any size. Maintain an efficient fire br This article has not covered personal protective equipment, first aid procedures, shipping r lations and unloading instructions for tank cars or other containers. The Manufacturing Chei Association has published manuals which provide adequate information on these facets of ope. Unloading instructions are also available from Chemical Manufacturers, shipping regulations described in T.C. George's Tariff regulations. ' 902 The Measurement of Leakage of Respirators. J.M. White and R.J. Beal. Am. Ind. Hyg. Assn. J. Zl_, 239-242 (May-June, 1966). Four types of respirators used at Chalk River Nuclear Laboratories were tested for leakage personnel who frequently wear them during their work. The method involves wearing the re spirator in an atmosphere containing submicron particles of sodium chloride then measuring, means of a flame photometer, the sodium content of the exhaled breath. About 60 full-face ai 100 oronasal filter respirators were tested. Smaller numbers of supplied-air masks and the facepieces of self-contained breathing apparatus were also checked. Results indicated that 3< subjects wearing full-face respirators which they fitted themselves experienced leakage aroui the facepieces amounting to as much as 5% of the inspired air. Facepiece leakage with orona respirators exceeded 20% of the inspired air in some instances. Neither type of air-supplied device leaked significantly as long as the air supply was adequate. -- Authors' abst. 903 Determination of Air Flow Into Welding Hoods. J.S. McKarns, et al. Am. Ind. Hyg. Assn. J. ZT_, 305-306 (May-June, 1966). Several methods for determining the air flow into Ruemelin welding hoods were investigated. For most situations, a static probe inserted past the ball joint into the extension will provide static pressure which can be used for the appropriate coefficient of entry to yield a good ap proximation of the flow rate. Coefficients of entry were obtained in these studies for a freely suspended hood, that is, the hood was not resting on a table. -- Authors' abst. 904 Air Flow Induced in Enclosed Inclined Chutes of Material Handling Systems. C.W. Kruse and W.O. Bianconi. Am. Ind. Hyg. Assn. J. ^7, 220-227 (May-June, 1966). Air entrained within enclosed inclined chutes conveying solid materials may contribute, unles exhausted, to the dispersion of dust in work areas. Quantities of air induced calculated from equations developed from the dynamics of free-falling particles do not compare well with field measurements. A modified form of the theoretical equation including an efficiency factor de rived from the geometry of the chute system gives fairly good agreement between computed ar observed rates of air flow. A nomogram solution is given to aid the engineer in determining where exhaust will be required and what volume need be exhausted to achieve dust control. -- Authors' abst. 905 Design Factors and Use of Ear Protection. C.G. Rice and R.R.A. Coles. Brit. J. Ind. Med. 23, 194-203 (July, 1966). The problems of protecting the ear against hazardous noise are the subject of a general revieu supported where relevant by data from the authors' own researches. Ear protectors are class into two main types -- plugs and muffs -- and the general principles of their function and limitati are stated. Examples of representative ear protectors are given in more detail, with particul respect to their relative merits and pure-tone attentuation characteristics. The effects of eai plugs on speech communication are considered, and the relationships between pure-tone attenu and protection against continuous noise are discussed in some detail. The results of temporary thr shift (TTS) reduction studies of the efficiency of V. 51R and Selectone-K earplugs in protecting against reverberant and non-reverberant implusive noises are presented. The design requirei of ear protectors and some of the problems created by them are also outlined. -- Authors' abst 906 Long-Distance Pipelines--Shouldn't They Be Safer? Chem. Eng. 72, 131-1 38 (Nov. 22, 1965). F. C. Price. This survey includes irregularities in the construction of a long-distance gasoline pipeline, saf regulations that prevail in natural-gas and products pipe lining industry, and lack of control ov pipelines exerted by governmental agencies; what seems to be responsible for several recent failures is the corrosion condition that can develop over a long time period and is difficult to detect; the B-31 code for pressure piping instructs pipeline designers to use a factor for corro if corrosion materials are to be handled, but the majority of products transported are judged t< noncorrosive so that no allowance is made. -- J. Am. Soc. Safety Eng. Absts^Jmodifi 21. Industrial Hygiene Digest September, 1966 907 Second Look at Safety. R.T.H. Wlffin. Grinding & Finishing U_, 38-40 (Oct. 1965). This paper describes the nature of the grinding wheel; the power and speed, what the grinding machine and grinding wheel manufacturers and operators and their employers must do to assure the safe use of grinding wheels; some important features which must be constantly checked on machine equipment are also discussed. -- J. Am. Soc. Safety Eng. Absts. (modified) 908 How to Improve Grinding Wheel Safety. R.T.H. Wiffin. Machinery, N. Y. 7_2* 7?-80(Dec. 1965). The author discusses why grinding wheels break; the effect of wheel hole size and three basic reasons why large-hole grinding wheels require much more care in mounting than small-hole wheels; breakage is minimized by correct wheel mounting; the importance of wheel-hole tolerances is stressed; procedures are recommended for establishing regular inspection program to minimize the breakage of grinding wheels. -- J. Am. Soc. Safety Eng. Absts. (modified) C O M M U N I TY AIR HYGIENE 909 The Air Resource Management Concept. A. N. Heller, J.J. Schueneman, andJ.D. Williams. J. Air Poll, Control Assn. J_6, 307-309 (June, 1966). The air resource management concept is an operating principle, feasible in an age of science, that is needed because of the complexities of our communities. This concept is dedicated to obtain ing the highest beneficial use of the limited air resource in which we live and work; thus, the optimum degree of air purity for the promotion of the public health and the adequate protection of the welfare and property of the people is assured. This concept also provides a base for organi zation of tasks so that program directors can perform them with system, purpose, understanding, and a reasonable probability of accomplishment. It endeavors to develop a point of view to identify approaches for finding what should be done, and to describe how to go about doing it. In this way it is hoped that the steps required to achieve and maintain desired air quality for the nation will be taken expeditiously and in an equitable manner, -- Authors' conclusion 910 An Air Quality Study in the Vicinity of Lewiston, Idaho, and Clarkston, Washington. D.F. Adams and R.K. Koppe. J. Air Poll. Control Assn. _1_6, 314-316 (June, 1966). Average suspended particulate values in downtown Lewiston and Clarkston were approximately 1.6 times above the average suspended particulate loadings in a complex of commercial-industrial suburban activity of North Lewiston. At the same time the hydrogen sulfide values were usually higher in North Lewiston than at the downtown sites. Dustfall ranged from 7,4 to 315. 4 tons/sq. mile per month above background. Distribution of the dustfall components indicated a multiplicity of dust sources, including high background levels attributed to airborne soil particles from ad jacent farm land. The heavy dustfall in the downtown commercial areas of Lewiston and Clarkston contained a high percentage of self-generated material not related to a specific industrial source Conversely, greater quantities of sodium and sulfate were found in the North Lewiston dustfall than elsewhere and were probably related to pulp production. Substantially higher levels of suspended particulates and dustfall (loss on ignition fraction) were found during the heating season. The lead peroxide candle "sulfation" rate showed that a significant part of the sulfur content of the air came from multiple community sources including comfort heating, vehicular travel, and waste disposal. Two weather conditions were associated with increased ground-level concentration of pollutants--low-level nocturnal inversions and synoptic, stagnating air masses. Increased air stagnation also contributed to the higher gaseous and particulate levels during the heating season. -- Cond. from authors' summary 911 Characterization and Estimation of n-Alkanes in Airborne Particulates. S.P. McPherson, E. Sawicki, and F. T. Fox. J. Gas Chromatog. 4, 156-159 (April, 1966). The materials and methods for the collection of airborne particulates, extraction and benzene soluble fractions from the particulates, and separation of aliphatic fractions from these benzenesolubles have been described. A system for the characterization and analysis of atmospheric n-alkanes, C^j to C^g is presented. Several atmospheric samples obtained from Nashville were analyzed for these compounds. Their importance is derived from their reported co-carcinogenicity The carcinogenic activity of polycyclic hydrocarbons in the atmosphere may be enhanced by the presence of airborne n-alkanes, and such relations have been drawn for tobacco Bmoke. -- APCA Absts. 03122251 22. 9=3 C=3 Industrial Hygiene Digest September. 196 912 Contaminants in Flue Gases--And Methods for Removal. E. K. Diehl and E.A. Zawadzki. Coal Age 70. 70-74 (Dec. 1965). Some of the products formed from the combustion of coal are harmless and of no concern as atmospheric pollutants; others are of immediate concern, particularly oxides of sulfur; three promising dry processes for removal of sulfur from flue gases are under investigation; ex planations and schematics of processes are included. -- J. Am. Soc. Safety Engs. Absts. 913 Control of Photochemical Smog by Alteration of Initial Reactant Ratios. W.J. Hamming and Janet E. Dickinson. J. Air Poll. Control Assn. _1_6- 317-323 (June, 1966). This paper is an endeavor to show how several experimenters have quite closely equaled the r suits of the other, and how the results from these various laboratories can, by a change of co ordinate system, be related to each other in a systematic manner. Only after demonstrating where the Los Angeles Civic Center atmosphere is in relation to these coordinates and the coni or gradients of these various effects, eye irritation and oxidant, is it possible to predict the ph chemical effect of a reduction of olefins (hydrocarbons) or the reduction of nitric oxide. In ad dition, a-study of the variation in eye irritation with irradiation time, demonstrates that the tir at which eye irritation measurements are taken is important in understanding the entire photo chemical mechanism underlying the "smog" problem in the summertime in Los Angeles. Ther are 23 references. -- Authors' abst. 914 Air Pollution in Alberta. S.L. Dobko. Can. J. Public Health 57_, 84-86 (Feb. 1966). Industrial expansion that increased the pollution levels, especially in the oil and gas industry, brought about the need to formulate regulations to control air pollution. These regulations stat that all new industry must submit plans and specifications that affect contaminants. The sub missions are reviewed aB to the emissions and written approval is given when all standards are met. Follow-up assessments are made by actual measurements of emissions. Monitoring for smoke, hydrogen sulfide, and sulfur dioxide, dustfall, and suspended particulates is carried ou and yearly reports are compiled on the complete network of stations. --Public HealthEng. Absts 915 Air Pollution Abatement in the Ceramic Industry. M. Bozsin. J. Air Poll. Control AsBn. 16, 332-333 (June, 1966). Air pollution abatement has been a constant concern for the ceramic industry over the last four decades. The multiplicity of materials involved, numbering in the hundreds of fluxes and re fractories for the manufacture of many different-types of glasses, results in gaseous as well as particulate reaction products. Methods of abatement through various means have been develope and are in use in the United States and world-wide today. -- Author's abst. 916 Prospects for Reducing Particulate Emissions from Large Incinerators. E.R. Kaiser. J. Air Poll. Control Assn. J_6, 324 (June, 1966). . Conventional types of municipal incinerators generate enormous quantities of stack gas because of high excess air and high temperatures. Under these conditions the size and cost of equipmen to clean the flue gas to low dust contents are large. By burning the refuse in boiler furnaces at low excess air, and generating steam, the volume of flue gas to be cleaned is reduced to a mini mum. Where high efficiency of flue-dust collection is required, steam generation from refuse firing permits a major saving on the cost of dust collection. -- Author's abst. MANAGEMENT ASPECTS 917 Legal Aspects of Industrial Immunization Programs. J.S. Felton and D. P. Discher. J. Occ. Med. &, 307-31 2 (June, 1966). The administration of immunizing injections is a practice common to most occupational health services, although the number and the variety of such injections and the rationale for such a program will vary. A review of pertinent cases points to a legal consensus of compensability for injury or death, subsequent to the receipt of an injection provided by the employer, irrespeci of the voluntary nature of the program, the waiving of prospective claims by inoculated employe* or the absence of a formal employer-employee contractual agreement in regard to hiring. Unde: going possible change is authoritative opinion relative to employer action in compliance with stat law requiring inoculations of certain employees. The belief is offered that these cases will not 03122252 23. Industrial Hygiene Digest September, 1966 , be adjudicated differently in the future from the present system of ruling on injuries resulting from other immunizing injections. Extreme care should be exercised in the technique of inoculation and in the preinjection determination of the employee's sensitivity to specific biologic agents. Physicians and nurses in the occupational health field must re-examine and select the indications they use for conducting immunization programs--the exercise of general or special public health practice or the prevention of morbidity in workers occupationally exposed to com municable disease, and at greater risk than the public at large. There are 18 references. -- Authors' summary ' 918 The Nature of Loss Prevention. E.E. Adams. J. Am. Soc. Safety Eng. _1_1_, 17, 20 (Aug. 1966). In business there are two basic sets of circumstances out of which losses can arise, the circum stances of uncertainty and the circumstances of risk. The circumstances of uncertainty are entered as a result of conscious management decision in the pursuit of profit, but always involving the possibility of loss. Uncertainty is characterized by a complete inability to forecast what will happen regardless of the amount of past experience. The classic example is the introduction of a new product. Risk bearing, out of which losses also arise, differs radically from uncertainty bearing. Unlike uncertainty, the results of risk are predictable. This predictability renders risk insurable. If enough risk bearers pool their funds, there will be sufficient available to cover the losses of the one in the group who experiences the incident. Risk can be reduced to certainty by pooling experience, uncertainty cannot and is therefore uninsurable. Risk is always borne involuntarily and it offers no hope of gain to anyone involved. The most common results of risk are broadly referred to as accidents, although other types, such as employee dishonesty, do occur. The general term accident would include fires and explosions, vehicle accidents, personal accidents, error situations resulting in equipment damage, and even such natural phenomena as tornadoes, floods and earthquakes. Loss prevention is specifically directed toward the elimination and reduction of risk to the maximum degree and by the most positive means economically justifiable. This involves problems in risk identification. In this, the plant safety committees, supervisors' injury investigations and accident reports, the engineering services of insurance carriers, and even individual employee suggestions are all important. Inspection and investigation are key techniques. Evaluation is often a more difficult problem than identi fication. How great is the risk and how urgent is the need for taking action? These are manage ment considerations. Sometimes consideration is postponed in the optimistic belief that it "can't happen here. " Through accident statistics and analyses it can not only be shown that it can happen, it is happening. Evaluation is frequently a critical problem for the loss prevention specialist. The often-heard complaint that management is not interested has its roots in this area. If the energy that has been devoted over the years to the preparation of articles, and giving of speeches, on the need for management support, had been directed instead to the problem of proper evaluation, the entire loss control effort would be much further advanced. A C CI D E NTS AND___ PREVENTION 919 The Safety of Physically Disabled Drivers. L. Ysander. Brit.' J. Ind. Med. 23, 173-180 (July, 1966). Four hundred and ninety-four disabled drivers, the majority with loss of function in the legs usually as the result of poliomyelitis or amputations, have been studied with respect to the fre quency of traffic accidents and serious traffic offenses during a ten-year period. Traffic ac cidents which may have been caused by their disability occurred in only three (0. 6%) of the total number of drivers investigated. In all three cases the driver had loss of function in the right leg. A comparison was made between the investigation series and a control series identical as regards sex, age, and license-holding period but with a shorter exposure to traffic than the in vestigation series. The frequency of traffic accidents amounted to 7. 1% in both series, and the frequency of serious traffic offenses was 12. 2% in the investigation series and 14.8% in the control series. Disabled drivers are not an increased hazard in traffic. The compensatory technical modifications to the vehicle which are generally adopted appeared to be adequate. However, there was a relatively increased frequency of accidents among drivers with loss of function in the right leg or right arm. An improvement of the technical modifications applied in these cases might result in a further reduction of the road-safety risks. -- Author's abst. 03122253 24. " A3BMAMI0 M(0)WimlbiP 19 C=fl Industrial Hygiene Digest INDEX Accident(s) grinding wheel safety 906, 907 nature of loss prevention 918 safety of disabled automobile drivers Acrolein, effect of vapors on rats 919 871 Ac rylamide peripheral neuropathy produced in rats 872 Aerosol analyzer, dynamic calibration Air pollution 899 air resource management concept control 909 Alberta 914 ceramic industry 915 contaminants in flue gases 912 of photochemical smog 913 measurement(s) estimation of n-alkanes 911 study in Lewiston, Idaho, and Clarkston, Washington 910 Alberta, air pollution control 914 Anthracosis determination of coal in lungs 883 Arsenic, abnormal trace metals in man 865 Asbestos chemical studies 888 determination of chrysotile, amosite and crocidolite by x-ray difraction 892 dust deposition and retention in rats 890 Asbestosis cancer of the lung 886 experimental, with four types of fibers related diseases 891 887 relation to coal miner's pneumoconiosis 889 Aspen Emphysema Conference (8th) 829 Automobile drivers safety of physically disabled 919 Benzene, prognostic aspects of poisoning Benzo(a) pyrene, effect on white Pekin ducks Bird breeder's (fancier's lun) Bismuth, determination in animal tissues Books emphysema in industry hearing loss Maurice k Laura Falk Foundation respiratory function tests in pneumoconioses Bronchitis, in forest workers in Finland Byssinosis, among flax preparers 874 861 854 866 828 827 831 830 839 880 Calcium phosphate rock dust effect on ventilatory changes on exposure '881 Cancer lung from asbestos 886 in the Channel Islands 852 skin, hazards from ultraviolet light 846 Carbon monoxide field methods for estimating 862 Cascade impactor(s), for sampling in ducts 877 Ceramic industry, air pollution control 915 Chloropentafluoroethane (Freon 115) inhalation studies 873 2 5. September, 196 Clarkston, Washington, air pollution studv9 1 Coal determination in pneumoconiotic lungs Coal miner's pneumoconiosis 88 relation to asbestosis Coal workers 88 twins with pneumoconiosis 88 Dairy products, microbiological hazards Dermatitis, dermatosis(es) hedgehog fungus infection 1, l-Dimethylhydrazine, detection Dust(s) control in enclosed inclined chutes Dust counting, determination ultrasonic microscreening Dust sampling, samplers cascade impactor for sampling inducts 83 86 87 90' 87: 87' Ear protectors, design factors and use 90! Emphysema bronchiolar in industry (bk. rev,) S5`. 82f management of chronic lung disease,8th Aspen Emphysema Conf, (bk. rev.) 829 Ethylene oxide, safe handling and use 901 Film_Jiadge measurement of performance 894 Finland, bronchitis in forest workers 839 Flue gases, control of contaminants 912 Fluoride(s) contamination of the atmosphere 863 Food(s) health aspects of additives 835 microbiological hazards in dairy products 834 Formaldehyde, determination in mixtures 900 Foundations, Maurice it Laura Falk 831 Freon 115 (Chloropentafluoroethane) inhalation studies 873 Fungus infections) human infection from hedgehogs 860 Gel electrophoresis in study of pneumoconiosis 858 Grinding wheels, improving safety 906, 907 Health legal aspects of immunization programs Hearing, loss (bk. rev.) Heart disease among industrial workers precursors of mortality serial electrocardiograms recorded on one subject over 42 years Hedgehog fungus, human infection Hepatitis from chimpanzee implications of foodborne Human engineering evaluation of physical tasks in industry 917 827 842 841 843 860 844 845 836 03122254 Industrial Hygiene Digest Hydrogen sulfide dete rmination limitations of lead acetate method mercuric chloride paper tape 897 896 Immunization programs legal aspects of industrial Incinerator(s) reducing particulate emissions International Labour' Office respiratory function tests (bk. rev. ) 917 916 830 Lead distribution after intravenous injection Lead poisoning biliary excretion in the rat Leptospires, isolated from frog kidneys Lewiston, Idaho, air pollution study 869 870 855 910 Management of chronic lung disease, Aspen Emphysema Conference Maryland, Q fever Medical illustration requisite for all medical journals Mercury photochemical determination in air 8th 829 856 832 867 n-Alkanes estimation in air-borne particulates Nitrogen dioxide poisoning due to metal-cutting with oxyacetylene torch Noise control and reduction ear protectors, design and use 911 864 905 Oregon, Pasteurella multocida infections in 16 persons 853 Pasteurella multocida infections in 16 persons Pesticides, directory listing trade mark name, manufacturer, and addresses Pipelines, irregularities in construction Pneumoconiosis alveolar clearance relation to bronchiole lesions determination of coal in lungs gel electrophoresis in study of pine pollen, relation to sarcoidosis respiratory function tests(bk. rev. ) twins with coal workers' Polonium- 210 in tobacco and in human organs 853 876 906 879 883 858 882 830 884 851 Q fever epidemiology of in Queensland studies in Maryland Queensland, Q fever 857 856 857 Radiation(ionizing, nuclear, a look at past and present film badge performance Re spirator( s) measurement of leakage x-rays, etc.) 893 894 902 September, 1966 Respiratory ventilatory changes on exposure to wheat dust and phosphate rock 881 Resuscitation mouth-to- mouth risk in 838 tuberculosis from 837 Safety irregularities in pipeline construction 906 Sarcoidosis immunologic defect In patients 840 relation to pine pollen pneumoconiosis 882 Silicosis effect of aerosol inhalations in sulfuric acid 885 Smoking breaking the cigarette habit 847 cancer of the lung and bladder 849 differences in effects of cigar and cigarette 8 50 experience in anti-smoking clinic 848 Polonium-210 in tobacco and in human organs 851 Sulfates anomaly in determination of atmospheric898 Sulfur dioxide calibration of acid aerosol analyzer 899 Tellurium determination in animal tissues T riphenyltin, toxicity Tritium, monitor for estimating Tuberculosis from mouth-to-mouth resuscitation 866 868 895 837 Ultrasonicts), microscreening of dust Ultraviolet light hazards of skin cancer 878 846 Viruses, fabrics as disseminators 833 Welding, hoods, determining air flow into 903 Wheat dust effect on ventilatory changes on exposure881 X-ray(s), a look at paBt and present 893 Zoonoses bird breeder's (fancier's) lung Pasteurella multocida infections in 16 persons 854 853 03122255 26. C=fl Industrial Hygiene Digest September. 19 ADDRESSES OF JOURNALS ABSTRACTED Acta Med. Scand. Acta Medica Scandinavica P. O. Box 2052 Stockholm 2, Sweden Am. Ind. Hyg. Assn. J. American Industrial Hygiene Association Journal U.S. Public Health Service 1014 Broadway Cincinnati, Ohio 45202 Brit. J. Pis. Chest British Journal of Diseases of the Chest Tindall Ik Cox Ltd. 7-8 Henrietta Street London, W.C. 2, England Brit. J. Ind. Med. British Journal of Industrial Medicine B.M.A. House, Tavistock Square London, W.C. 1, England Am, J. Epidemiol. American Journal of Epidemiology Williams & Wilkins Baltimore, Maryland Brit. Med. J. British Medical Journal Tavistock Square London, W.C. 1, England Am. J. Med. Sci. American Journal of Medical Science Lea & Febiger Washington Square Philadelphia, Pa. 19106 Am. J. Public Health American Journal of Public Health 883 Broadway Albany, N. Y. 12201 Am. J. Roentgenol. American Journal of Roentgenology, Therapy and Nuclear Medicine 301 -27 East Lawrence Avenue Springfield, Illinois Radium Am. Rev. Resp. Pis. The American Review of Respiratory Diseases National Tuberculosis Association 1790 Broadway New York, N. Y. 10019 Anal, Chem. Analytical Chemistry 11 55 Sixteenth Street, N. W. Washington, D. C. 20036 Ann. Med. Internae Fenniae Annales Medicine Internae Fenniae Kalevankatu 11 Helsinki, Finland Ann. N.Y, Acad. Sci. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 2 East 63rd Street New York, N.Y. 10021 Appl. Microbiol, Applied Microbiology Williams and Wilkins Company 428 East Preston Street Baltimore, Md. 21202 Brit. J. Cancer British Journal of Cancer H. K. Lewis &t Co., Ltd. 1 36 Gower Street London, W.C. I, England 27. Can. J, Public Health Canadian Journal of Public Health 1 50 College Street Toronto 5, Ont., Canada Can. Med. Assn. J. The Canadian Medical Association Journal 150 St. George Street Toronto 5, Canada Chem, Eng. Chemical Engineering McGraw-Hill Book Company, Inc. 330 West 42nd Street ' New York, N.Y. 10036 Coal Age McGraw-Hill, Inc. 330 W. 42nd Street New York, N.Y. 10036 ' Develop. Ind. Microbiol. Developments in Industrial Microbiology Plenum Press, Inc. ' 227 W. 17th Street New York, N. Y. 10011 Gigiena i Sanlt. Gigiena i Sanitariya Medgiz, Gig. 1 Sanit. Petrovka 12, Moskva U.S.S.R. Grinding & Finishing Hitchcock Publishing Company Geneva Road Wheaton, Illinois J. Air Poll. Control Assn. Journal of the Air Pollution Control Associat 4400 Fifth Avenue Pittsburgh, Pa. 15213 J. Am. Med. Assn. The Journal of the American Medical Associa 535 North Dearborn Street Chicago, Illinois 60610 03122256 Industrial Hygiene Digest September. 1966 J. Am. Soc. Safety Eng. Journal of the American Society of Safety Engine 5 North Wabash Avenue Chicago, Illinois 60602 s J. Chron. Pis. Journal of Chronic Diseases C.V. Mosby Company 3207 Washington Blvd. St. Louis, Mo. 63103 J. Clin. Pathol. Journal of Clinical Pathology B. M. A. House Tavistock Square London, W.C. 1, England J. Gas Chromato. Journal of Gas Chromatography Preston Tech. Abstr. Company 1718 Sherman Avenue Evanston, Illinois 60204 ScriptaMed. Fac. Med. Univ. Brun. Olomuc. Scripta Medica Facultatum Mediclnae Univer- sitatum Brunensis et Olomucencis Scripta Medica Komenskeho nam 2 Brno, Czech. i Staub VDI-Verlag GmbH. Postfach 10 250, Bongardstrasse 3 Dusseldorf, Germany Texas Rept. Biol. Med. Texas Reports on Biology and Medicine Library, Medical Branch The University of Texas Galveston, Texas J. Occ. Med. Journal of Occupational Medicine Hoeber Medical Division of Harper & Row Publishers 2 Park Avenue New York, N. Y. 10016 Lancet 7 Adam Street, Adelphi London, W.C. 2, England Machinery Industrial Press 93 Worth Street New York, N. Y. 10013 Med. J. Australia Medical Journal of Australia Australasian Medical Publishing Co,, Seamer Street, Glebe Sydney, Australia Ltd. Nature MacMillan and Company, St. Martin's Street London, England Ltd. New Engl. J. Med. The New England Journal of Medicine l 0 Shattuck Street Boston, Mass. 02115 Pest Control Trade Magazine, Inc. 1900 Euclid Avenue Cleveland, Ohio 44115 03122257 Public Health Repts. Public Health Reports Department of Health, Education & Welfare Washington, D.C. 20201 28.