Document kajLRRwQ2ZD2eqB0aqpEzgrBq

DRAFT DO NOT CITE OR QUOTE EPA/600/P-00/001Cb December 2003 NAS Review Draft www.epa.gov/ncea Exposure and Human Health Reassessment of 2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-Dioxin (TCDD) and Related Compounds Part I: Estimating Exposure to Dioxin-Like Compounds Volume 1: Sources of Dioxin-Like Compounds in the United States Exposure Assessment and Risk Characterization Group National Center for Environmental Assessment - Washington Office Office of Research and Development U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Washington, DC DISCLAIMER This document is a draft. It has not been formally released by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency and should not at this stage be construed to represent Agency policy. Mention of trade names or commercial products does not constitute endorsement or recommendation for use. DRAFT--DO NOT QUOTE OR CITE I-i December 2003 TABLE OF CONTENTS 1. BACKGROUND AND SUMMARY .................................................................................. 1-1 1.1. BACKGROUND........................................................................................................ 1-1 1.2. DEFINITION OF DIOXIN-LIKE C O M P O U N D S ................................................... 1-3 1.3. TOXIC EQUIVALENCY F A C T O R S ..................................................................... 1-5 1.4. OVERVIEW OF SOURCES AND EMISSIONS INVENTORY M ETHODOLOGY.................................................................................................. 1-10 1.4.1. Overview and Organization of Source Analysis ..................... 1-10 1.4.2 Quantitative Inventory of Sources .............................................. 1-12 1.5. GENERAL FINDINGS OF THE EMISSIONS INVENTORY .......................... 1-17 1.6. GENERAL SOURCE O BSERVATIO NS............................................................. 1-20 1.7. CONGENER PROFILES OF CDD/CDF SO URCES............................................ 1-25 2. MECHANISMS OF FORMATION OF DIOXIN-LIKE COMPOUNDS DURING COMBUSTION OF ORGANIC MATERIALS .................................................................. 2-1 2.1. MECHANISM 1: CDD/CDF CONTAMINATION IN FUEL AS A SOURCE OF COMBUSTION STACK EMISSIONS .......................................................... 2-3 2.2. MECHANISM 2: FORMATION OF CDD/CDFs FROM PRECURSOR COMPOUNDS ........................................................................................................ 2-5 2.3. MECHANISM 3: THE DE NOVO SYNTHESIS OF CDDS/CDFS DURING COMBUSTION OF ORGANIC M A T E R IA L S ................................... 2-12 2.4. THE ROLE OF CHLORINE IN THE FORMATION OF CDDS AND CDFS IN COMBUSTION SYSTEMS ................................................................ 2-20 2.4.1. Review of Laboratory-Scale S tu d ie s ........................................... 2-20 2.4.2. Review of Full Scale Combustion Systems ............................. 2-24 2.5. POTENTIAL PREVENTION OF CDD/CDF FORMATION IN COMBUSTION SYSTEMS ............................................................................................................. 2-27 2.6. THEORY ON THE EMISSION OF POLYCHLORINATED BIPHENYLS . . . 2-28 2.7. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS .................................................................. 2-30 2.7.1. Mechanisms of Formation of Dioxin-Like C o m p o u n d s.......... 2-30 2.7.2. Role of C h lorine................................................................................ 2-31 2.7.3. General Conclusion ........................................................................ 2-33 3. COMBUSTION SOURCES OF CDD/CDF: WASTE IN C IN E R A TIO N ........................ 3-1 3.1. MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTE INCINERATION .................................................... 3-2 3.1 .1 . Description of Municipal Solid Waste Incineration Technologies........................................................................................ 3-2 3.1 .2 . Characterization of MSWI Facilities in Reference Years 1995 and 1987 ............................................................................................. 3-7 3.1 .3 . Estimation of CDD/CDF Emissions from M S W Is ........................ 3-8 3.1 .4 . Summary of CDD/CDF (TEQ) Emissions from MSWIs for 1995 and 1987 ................................................................................ 3-10 3.1.5 Congener Profiles of MSWI Facilities ........................................ 3-11 3.1.6 Estimated CDD/CDFs in MSWI Ash ........................................... 3-11 3.1.7 Recent EPA Regulatory A c tiv itie s ................................................ 3-14 DRAFT--DO NOT QUOTE OR CITE December 2003 TABLE OF CONTENTS (continued) 3.2. HAZARDOUS WASTE IN C IN E R A TIO N .......................................................... 3-15 3.2 .1 . Furnace Designs for Hazardous Waste Incinerators................ 3-16 3.2 .2 . APCDs for Hazardous Waste Incinerators ................................ 3-18 3.2 .3 . Estimation of CDD/CDF Emission Factors for Hazardous Waste Incinerators.......................................................................... 3-20 3.2 .4 . Emission Estimates for Hazardous Waste Incinerators.......... 3-22 3.2 .5 . Recent EPA Regulatory A c tiv itie s ................................................ 3-23 3.2 .6 . Industrial Boilers and Furnaces Burning Hazardous Waste . . 3-24 3.2 .7 . Solid Waste from Hazardous Waste Combustion ................... 3-25 3.3. MEDICAL WASTE INCINERATIO N.................................................................. 3-25 3.3 .1 . Design Types of MWIs Operating in the UnitedStates . . . . 3-26 3.3 .2 . Characterization of MWIs for Reference Years 1995 and 1987 .................................................................................................. 3-27 3.3 .3 . Estimation of CDD/CDF Emissions from M W I s ........................ 3-29 3.3 .4 . EPA/OAQPS Approach for Estimating CDD/CDF Emissions from M W I s ........................................................................................ 3-30 3 .3 .4 .1 . EPA/OAQPS Approach for Estimating Activity L e v e l................................................................................ 3-30 3 .3 .4 .2 . EPA/OAQPS Approach for Estimating CDD/CDF Emission F a c to rs ........................................................... 3-31 3 .3 .4 .3 . EPA/OAQPS Approach for Estimating Nationwide CDD/CDF TEQ Air Emissions ................................... 3-32 3.3 .5 . AHA Approach for Estimating CDD/CDF Emissions from M W I s .................................................................................................. 3-33 3.3 .6 . EPA/ORD Approach for Estimating CDD/CDF Emissions from M W I s .................................................................................................. 3-34 3 .3 .6 .1 . EPA/ORD Approach for Classifying MWIs and Estimating Activity Levels ........................................ 3-34 3 .3 .6 .2 . EPA/ORD Approach for Estimating CDD/CDF Emission F a c to rs .......................................................... 3-36 3.3 .7 . Summary of CDD/CDF Emissions from M W Is ........................... 3-37 3.3.8. Recent EPA Regulatory A c tiv itie s ................................................ 3-40 3.4. CREMATORIA ..................................................................................................... 3-40 3.5. SEWAGE SLUDGE INCINERATION ................................................................ 3-42 3.5 .1 . Emission Estimates from Sewage Sludge Incinerators........... 3-43 3.5 .2 . Solid Waste from Sewage Sludge Incinerators........................ 3-45 3.6. TIRE COMBUSTION .......................................................................................... 3-45 3.7. COMBUSTION OF WASTEWATER SLUDGE AT BLEACHED CHEMICAL PULP M IL L S .......................................................................................................... 3-46 3.8. BIOGAS C O M B U S T IO N ..................................................................................... 3-47 DRAFT--DO NOT QUOTE OR CITE December 2003 TABLE OF CONTENTS (continued) 4. COMBUSTION SOURCES OF CDD/CDF: POWER/ENERGY GENERATION...........4-1 4.1. MOTOR VEHICLE FUEL COMBUSTION ........................................................... 4-1 4 .1 .1 . Tailpipe Emission Studies ................................................................ 4-2 4 .1 .2 . Tunnel Emission S tu d ie s .................................................................. 4-6 4 .1 .3 . National Emission Estimates .......................................................... 4-9 4.2. WOOD C O M B U S TIO N ........................................................................................ 4-16 4 .2 .1 . Residential Wood C o m b u stio n ..................................................... 4-17 4 .2 .2 . Industrial Wood Combustion ........................................................ 4-20 4 .2 .3 . Solid Waste from Wood Combustion ........................................ 4-25 4.3. OIL COMBUSTION ............................................................................................. 4-30 4 .3 .1 . Residential/Commercial Oil Combustion ................................... 4-31 4 .3 .2 . Utility Sector and Industrial Oil Com bustion............................. 4-31 4.4. COAL COMBUSTION ........................................................................................ 4-33 4 .4 .1 . Utilities and Industrial Boilers........................................................ 4-34 4 .4 .2 . Residential/Commercial Coal Combustion ................................ 4-36 4 .4 .3 . Solid Wastes from Coal Com bustion........................................... 4-38 5. COMBUSTION SOURCES OF CDD/CDF: OTHER HIGH TEMPERATURE SOURCES ............................................................................................................................. 5-1 5.1. CEMENT KILNS AND LIGHTWEIGHT AGGREGATEKILNS .......................... 5-1 5.1.1. Process Description of Portland Cement Kilns ........................... 5-1 5.1.2. Cement Kilns That Burn Hazardous W a s te .................................. 5-3 5.1.3. Air Pollution Control Devices Used on Cement K iln s ................ 5-4 5.1.4. CDD/CDF Emission Factors for Cement K iln s ............................. 5-5 5.1.5. National Estimates of CDD/CDF Emissions from Cement Kilns ..................................................................................................... 5-8 5.1.6. Recent EPA Regulatory A c tiv itie s ................................................ 5-10 5.1.7. Solid Waste from Cement Manufacturing ................................ 5-10 5.2. ASPHALT MIXING P L A N T S ............................................................................. 5-12 5.3. PETROLEUM REFINING CATALYST REGENERATION................................ 5-14 5.4. CIGARETTE SMOKING ..................................................................................... 5-19 5.5. PYROLYSIS OF BROMINATED FLAME RETARDANTS ............................. 5-22 5.6. CARBON REACTIVATION F U R N A C E S .......................................................... 5-23 5.7. KRAFT BLACK LIQUOR RECOVERY B O ILER S............................................. 5-26 5.8. OTHER IDENTIFIED SOURCES ........................................................................ 5-28 6. COMBUSTION SOURCES OF CDD/CDF: MINIMALLY CONTROLLED AND UNCONTROLLED COMBUSTION S O U R C E S ................................................................ 6-1 6.1. COMBUSTION OF LANDFILL G A S ..................................................................... 6-1 6.2. ACCIDENTAL FIRES ............................................................................................. 6-2 6.2 .1 . Soot and Ash S tu d ie s ........................................................................ 6-3 6.2 .2 . Fume and Smoke Studies ................................................................ 6-5 6.2 .3 . Data E valu atio n .................................................................................. 6-6 DRAFT--DO NOT QUOTE OR CITE I-iv December 2003 TABLE OF CONTENTS (continued) 6.3. LANDFILL F IR E S ..................................................................................................... 6-9 6.4. FOREST AND BRUSH FIR E S ............................................................................. 6-11 6.5 BACKYARD BARREL B U RN IN G ......................................................................... 6-15 6.5 .1 . Emission Estimates from Backyard Barrel Burning................... 6-16 6.5 .2 . Barrel Burning Ash Com position................................................... 6-18 6.6. UNCONTROLLED COMBUSTION OF POLYCHLORINATED BIPHENYLS (PC B s)..................................................................................................................... 6-18 6.7. V O L C A N O E S ........................................................................................................ 6-19 7. METAL SMELTING AND REFINING SOURCES OF C D D /C D F .................................. 7-1 7.1. PRIMARY NONFERROUS METAL SM ELTIN G /REFIN IN G ............................. 7-1 7.1.1. Primary Copper Smelting and Refining ........................................ 7-1 7.1.2. Primary Magnesium Smelting and Refining ................................ 7-2 7.1.3. Primary Nickel Smelting and Refining ........................................... 7-4 7.1.4. Primary Aluminum Smelting and Refining .................................. 7-5 7.1.5. Primary Titanium Smelting and Refining ..................................... 7-6 7.2. SECONDARY NONFERROUS METAL S M E L T IN G ........................................... 7-6 7.2.1. Secondary Aluminum Smelters ..................................................... 7-7 7.2.2. Secondary Copper Smelters ........................................................ 7-10 7.2.3. Secondary Lead Smelters ............................................................. 7-16 7.3. PRIMARY FERROUS METAL SMELTING/REFINING ................................... 7-19 7.3.1. Sinter Production............................................................................. 7-19 7.3.2. Coke Production ............................................................................. 7-22 7.4 SECONDARY FERROUS METAL SMELTING/REFINING.............................. 7-22 7.5. FERROUS FOUNDRIES ..................................................................................... 7-24 7.6. SCRAP ELECTRIC WIRE R E C O V E R Y ............................................................. 7-26 7.7. DRUM AND BARREL RECLAMATION F U R N A C E S ..................................... 7-28 7.8. SOLID WASTE FROM PRIMARY/SECONDARY IRON/STEEL M ILLS/FO UNDRIES............................................................................................. 7-29 8. CHEMICAL MANUFACTURING AND PROCESSING SOURCES ............................. 8-1 8.1. BLEACHED CHEMICAL WOOD PULP AND PAPER M IL L S ........................... 8-1 8.2. MANUFACTURE OF CHLORINE, CHLORINE DERIVATIVES, AND METAL C H LO R ID ES............................................................................................................. 8-5 8.2 .1 . Manufacture of C h lo rin e .................................................................. 8-5 8.2 .2 . Manufacture of Chlorine Derivatives and Metal Chlorides . . . 8-6 8.3. MANUFACTURE OF HALOGENATED ORGANIC C H E M IC A L S ................... 8-6 8.3 .1 . Chlorophenols..................................................................................... 8-7 8.3 .2 . Chlorobenzenes................................................................................ 8-10 8.3 .3 . Chlorobiphenyls................................................................................ 8-12 8.3 .4 . Polyvinyl Chloride .......................................................................... 8-16 8.3 .5 . Other Aliphatic Chlorine Compounds ........................................ 8-24 8.3 .6 . Dyes, Pigments, and Printing Inks ............................................. 8-25 DRAFT--DO NOT QUOTE OR CITE l-v December 2003 TABLE OF CONTENTS (continued) 8.3 .7 . TSCA Dioxin/Furan Test Rule ..................................................... 8-26 8.3 .8 . Halogenated Pesticides and FIFRA Pesticides Data Call-In . . 8-28 8.4. OTHER CHEMICAL MANUFACTURING AND PROCESSING SOURCES . 8-38 8.4 .1 . Municipal Wastewater Treatment P la n ts ................................... 8-38 8.4 .2 . Drinking Water Treatment P la n t s ................................................ 8-43 8.4 .3 . Soaps and Detergents ................................................................... 8-44 8.4 .4 . Textile Manufacturing and Dry Cleaning ................................... 8-46 9. BIOLOGICAL SOURCES OF C D D /C D F .......................................................................... 9-1 9.1. BIOTRANSFORMATION OF CHLOROPHENOLS............................................. 9-1 9.2. BIOTRANSFORMATION OF HIGHER C D D /C D F S ........................................... 9-4 10. PHOTOCHEMICAL SOURCES OF C D D /C D F ............................................................. 10-1 10.1. PHOTOTRANSFORMATION OF CHLOROPHENOLS................................... 10-1 10.2. PHOTOLYSIS OF HIGHER CDD/CDFS .......................................................... 10-3 10.2.1 Photolysis in Water ........................................................................ 10-3 1 0.2.2 Photolysis on Soil .......................................................................... 10-4 1 0.2.3 Photolysis on Vegetation ............................................................. 10-6 1 0 .2 .4 Photolysis in A i r ................................................................................ 10-6 11. SOURCES OF DIOXIN-LIKE PCBs ................................................................................ 11-1 11.1. GENERAL FINDINGS OF THE EMISSIONS INVENTORY .......................... 11-1 11.2 RELEASES OF COMMERCIAL P C B s............................................................... 11-2 11.2.1. Approved PCB Disposal/Destruction Methods ........................ 11-6 11.2.2. Accidental Releases of In-Service PC B s....................................... 11-9 11.2.3. Municipal Wastewater T re a tm e n t............................................. 11-12 11.3. CHEMICAL MANUFACTURING AND PROCESSING SO URCES............. 11-13 11.4. COMBUSTION SO URCES................................................................................ 11-14 11.4.1 Municipal Solid Waste Incineration........................................... 11-14 11.4.2. Industrial Wood Combustion ..................................................... 11-15 11.4.3. Medical Waste In cin eratio n ........................................................ 11-16 11.4.4. Tire Combustion .......................................................................... 11-16 11.4.5. Cigarette S m o k in g ........................................................................ 11-17 11.4.6. Sewage Sludge Incineration ..................................................... 11-18 11.4.7. Backyard Barrel Burning ............................................................. 11-18 11.4.8. Petroleum Refining Catalyst R egeneration............................. 11-20 11.5. NATURAL SO UR CES........................................................................................ 11-21 11.5.1. Biotransformation of Other PCBs ............................................. 11-21 11.5.2. Photochemical Transformation of Other PCBs ..................... 11-24 11.6. PAST USE OF COMMERCIAL PCBS .......................................................... 11-26 DRAFT--DO NOT QUOTE OR CITE I-vi December 2003 TABLE OF CONTENTS (continued) 12. RESERVOIR SOURCES OF CDD/CDF AND DIOXIN-LIKE PC B s............................. 12-1 12.1. POTENTIAL RESERVOIRS ................................................................................ 12-2 12.2. CHARACTERIZATION OF RESERVOIR SOURCES ..................................... 12-3 12.2.1. Soil ..................................................................................................... 12-3 12.2.2. W a t e r ................................................................................................ 12-13 12.2.3. Sediment ........................................................................................ 12-16 12.2.4. Biota ................................................................................................ 12-19 12.3. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS ................................................................ 12-23 12.3.1. Reservoir Sources ........................................................................ 12-23 12.3.2. Implications forHuman E xposure............................................... 12-25 13. BALL C L A Y ........................................................................................................................ 13-1 13.1 IN TR O D U C T IO N .................................................................................................. 13-1 13.2 CHARACTERISTICS OF MISSISSIPPI EMBAYMENT BALL CLAYS . . . . 13-1 13.3 LEVELS OF DIOXIN-LIKE COMPOUNDS IN BALL CLAY .......................... 13-2 13.4 EVIDENCE FOR BALL CLAY AS A NATURAL SOURCE .......................... 13-3 13.5 ENVIRONMENTAL RELEASES OF DIOXIN-LIKE COMPOUNDS FROM THE MINING AND PROCESSING OF BALL C L A Y ........................................ 13-5 REFERENCES..................................................................................................................................... R-1 DRAFT--DO NOT QUOTE OR CITE I-vii December 2003 LIST OF TABLES Table 1-1. Table 1-2. Table 1-3. Table 1-4. Table 1-5. Table 1-6. Table 1-7. Table 1-8. Table 1-9. Table 1-10. Table 1-11. Table 1-12. Table 2-1. Table 2-2. Table 2-3. Table 3-1. Table 3-2. Table 3-3. Table 3-4a. Table 3-4b. Table 3-5a. Table 3-5b. Table 3-6. Table 3-7. Table 3-8. The TEF Scheme for I-TEQDF .......................................................................... 1-28 The TEF Scheme for Dioxin-Like PCBs, as Determined by the World Health Organization in 1994 ............................................................................. 1-29 The TEF Scheme for TEQDFP-W HO98 ............................................................. 1-30 Nomenclature for Dioxin-Like Compounds .................................................. 1-31 List of Known and Suspected CDD/CDF Sources ..................................... 1-32 Confidence Rating Scheme for U.S. Emission Estim ates.......................... 1-35 Inventory of Environmental Releases (grams/year) of I-TEQDF from Known Sources in the United States for 1995 and 1987 ........................ 1-36 Inventory of Environmental Releases (grams/year) of TEQDF-W HO98 from Known Sources in the United States for 1995 and 1987 ............. 1-38 I-TEQDF Emission Factors Used to Develop National Emission Inventory Estimates of Releases to A i r .......................................................... 1-40 TEQDF-W HO98 Emission Factors Used to Develop National Emission Inventory Estimates of Releases to A i r .......................................................... 1-41 Identification of Products Containing CDD/CDF in 1995 and 1987 . . . 1-42 Identification of Products Containing CDD/CDF in 1995 and 1987 . . . 1-42 Concentration of CDD/CDFs on Municipal Incinerator Fly Ash at Varying Tem peratures........................................................................................ 2-34 CDD/CDFs Formed from the Thermolytic Reaction of 690 mg Benzene + FeCl3Silica Complex ..................................................................................... 2-35 De Novo Formation of CDDs/CDFs after Heating Mg-Al Silicate, 4% Charcoal, 7% Cl, 1% CuCl2.2H2O at 3 0 0 C ................................................ 2-36 Inventory of MSWIs in 1995 by Technology, APCD, and Annual Activity L e v e l........................................................................................................ 3-49 Inventory of MSWIs in 1987 by Technology, APCD, and Annual Activity L e v e l........................................................................................................ 3-51 CDD/CDF TEQ Emission Factors (ng TEQ per kg waste) for Municipal Solid Waste Incineration .................................................................................. 3-53 Annual I-TEQDF Emissions (g/yr)from MSWIs Operating in 1995 ............ 3-55 Annual TEQDF-WHO98 Emissions (g/yr) from MSWIs Operating in 1995 3-56 Annual I-TEQDF Emissions to the Air From MSWIs Operating in 1987 . . 3-57 Annual TEQDF-WHO98 Emissions to the Air From MSWIs Operating in 1987 ..................................................................................................................... 3-58 Fly Ash from a Municipal In cin erato r............................................................. 3-59 Comparison of the Amount of TEQs Generated Annually in MSWI Ash 3-60 CDD/CDF Emission Factors for Hazardous Waste Incinerators and Boilers..................................................................................................................... 3-61 DRAFT--DO NOT QUOTE OR CITE I-viii December 2003 LIST OF TABLES (continued) Table 3-9. Table 3-10. Table 3-11. Table 3-12. Table 3-13. Table 3-14. Table 3-15. Table 3-16. Table 3-17. Table 3-18. Table 3-19. Table 3-20. Table 3-21. Table 3-22. Table 4-1. Table 4-2. Table 4-3. Table 4-4. Table 4-5. Table 4-6. Table 4-7. Table 4-8. Table 4-9. Table 4-10. Table 4-11. Table 4-12. Table 4-13. Summary of Annual Operating Hours for Each MWI T y p e ........................ 3-62 OAQPS Approach: PM Emission Limits for MWIs and Corresponding Residence Times in the Secondary (2 ) Combustion Chamber ............. 3-63 OAQPS Approach: Estimated Nationwide I-TEQDF Emissions (g/yr) for 1995 ..................................................................................................................... 3-64 AHA Approach: I-TEQDF Emission Factors Calculated for Air Pollution Control .................................................................................................................. 3-65 AHA Assumptions of the Percent Distribution of Air Pollution Control on MWIs Based on PM Emission Limits ............................................................. 3-66 AHA Approach: Estimated Annual Nationwide I-TEQDF Emissions . . . . 3-67 Comparison Between Predicted Residence Times and Residence Times Confirmed by State Agencies in EPA/ORD Telephone Survey . . 3-68 EPA/ORD Approach: TEQ Emissions from Medical Waste Incineration for Reference Year 1995 .................................................................................. 3-69 Summary of Annual TEQ Emissions from Medical Waste Incineration (MWI) for Reference Year 1987 ..................................................................... 3-70 Comparison of Basic Assumptions Used in the EPA/ORD, the EPA/OAQPS, and the AHA Approaches to Estimating Nationwide CDD/CDF TEQ Emissions from MWIs in 1995 .......................................... 3-71 CDD/CDF Air Emission Factors for a Crem atorium ...................................... 3-72 CDD/CDF Emission Factors for Sewage Sludge In cinerators................... 3-73 CDD/CDF Air Emission Factors for Tire Combustion ................................ 3-74 CDD/CDF Emission Factors for Combustion of Bleached-Kraft Mill Sludge in Wood Residue Boilers ..................................................................... 3-75 Descriptions and Results of Vehicle Emission Testing Studies for CDDs and CDFs ............................................................................................................. 4-40 Diesel-Fueled Automobile CDD/CDF Congener Emission F a c to r s ........... 4-41 Diesel-Fueled Truck CDD/CDF Congener Emission F a c to r s ...................... 4-42 Leaded Gasoline-Fueled Automobile CDD/CDF Congener Emission F a c to r s .................................................................................................................. 4-43 Unleaded Gasoline-Fueled (Without Catalytic Converters) Automobile CDD/CDF Congener Emission Factors .......................................................... 4-44 Unleaded Gasoline-Fueled (With Catalytic Converters) Automobile CDD/CDF Congener Emission Factors .......................................................... 4-45 European Tunnel Study Test R e s u lts .............................................................. 4-46 Baltimore Harbor Tunnel Study: Estimated Emission Factors for Heavy-Duty (HD) Diesel Vehicles ................................................................... 4-47 CDD/CDF Emission Factors for Industrial Wood Com bustors................... 4-48 CDD/CDF Concentrations in Residential Chimney Soot from Wood Stoves and Firep laces........................................................................................ 4-49 CDD/CDF Concentrations in Residential Bottom Ash from Wood Stoves and a Fireplace..................................................................................................... 4-50 CDD/CDF Concentrations in Chimney Soot (Bavaria, G erm a n y).............. 4-51 Fly Ash from Wood Working Industry ........................................................... 4-52 DRAFT--DO NOT QUOTE OR CITE I-ix December 2003 LIST OF TABLES (continued) Table 4-14. Table 4-15. Table 4-16. Table 4-17. Table 4-18. Table 4-19. Table 4-20. Table 4-21. Table 5-1. Table 5-2. Table 5-3. Table 5-4. Table 5-5. Table 5-6. Table 5-7. Table 5-8. Table 6-1. Table 6-2. Table 6-3. Table 6-4. Table 6-5. Table 7-1. Table 7-2. Table 7-3. Table 7-4. Table 7-5. Table 7-6. Table 7-7. Table 7-8. Table 7-9. Table 8-1. Table 8-2. Table 8-3. Electrostatic Precipitator Waste Ash from Wood-Fired Industrial Boiler ..................................................................................................................... 4-53 Estimated CDD/CDF Emission Factors for Oil-Fired Residential F u rn a c e s ................................................................................................................ 4-54 CDD/CDF Emission Factors for Oil-Fired Utility/Industrial B o ile rs ........... 4-55 CDD/CDF Concentrations in Stack Emissions from U.S. Coal-Fired Power Plants ........................................................................................................ 4-56 Characteristics of U.S. Coal-Fired Power Plants Tested by DOE ........... 4-57 CDD/CDF Emission Factors for Coal-Fired Utility/Industrial Power P la n ts ..................................................................................................................... 4-58 CDD/CDF Emission Factors from Residential Coal Combustors ............... 4-59 Coal-Fired Utility Solid W a s t e s ......................................................................... 4-60 CDD/CDF Emission Factors for Cement Kilns ............................................... 5-30 CDD/CDF Emission Factors for Petroleum Catalytic Reforming Units . . 5-31 CDD Concentrations in Japanese Cigarettes, Smoke, and Ash ............... 5-32 CDD/CDF Emissions in Cigarette Smoke ...................................................... 5-33 CDD/CDF Concentrations in Cigarette Tob acco............................................ 5-34 CDD/CDF Emission Factors for Black Liquor Recovery B o ilers................. 5-35 Concentrations of CDD/CDF in Candle Materials and Emissions ............ 5-36 CDD/CDF Concentrations in Ash Samples from Cement Kiln Electric Static Precipitator and LWA Kiln Fabric Filter ........................................... 5-37 CDD/CDF Emission Factors for a Landfill Flare ............................................ 6-21 CDD/CDF Air Emission Factors from Barrel Burning of Household W a s t e ..................................................................................................................... 6-22 PCDD/PCDF Analysis for Composite Ash Samples from Barrel Burning . 6-23 PCB Analysis for Composite Ash Samples from Barrel Burning ............... 6-24 CDD/CDF in Dust Fall and Ashes from V o lc a n o e s ....................................... 6-25 CDD/CDF Emission Factors for Secondary Aluminum S m e lte rs .............. 7-31 CDD/CDF Emission Factors for Secondary Copper S m e lte r...................... 7-32 CDD/CDF Emission Factors for Secondary Lead S m elters......................... 7-33 CDD/CDF Emission Factors for Sinter P lan ts................................................. 7-34 Operating Parameters for U.S. Iron Ore Sinter P la n ts ................................. 7-35 CDD/CDF Emission Factors for a Ferrous Fo u n d ry...................................... 7-36 CDD/CDF Emission Factors for a Scrap Wire Incinerator............................ 7-37 Geometric Mean CDD/CDF Concentrations in Fly Ash and Ash/Soil at Metal Recovery S ite s ..................................................................................... 7-38 CDD/CDF Emission Factors for a Drum and Barrel Reclamation Furnace 7-39 CDD/CDF Concentrations in Pulp and Paper Mill Bleached Pulp, Wastewater Sludge, and Effluent (circa 1988) .......................................... 8-49 CDD/CDF Concentrations in Pulp and Paper Mill Bleached Pulp, Wastewater Sludge, and Effluent (circa 1996) .......................................... 8-50 Summary of Bleached Chemical Pulp and Paper Mill Discharges of 2,3,7,8-TC D D and 2 ,3 ,7 ,8 -T C D F .................................................................. 8-51 DRAFT--DO NOT QUOTE OR CITE l-x December 2003 LIST OF TABLES (continued) Table 8-4. Table 8-5. Table 8-6. Table 8-7. Table 8-8. Table 8-9. Table 8-10. Table 8-11. Table 8-12. Table 8-13. Table 8-14. Table 8-15. Table 8-16. Table 8-17. Table 8-18. Table 8-19. Table 8-20. Table 8-21. Table 8-22. Table 8-23. Table 8-24. Table 8-25. Table 8-26. Table 8-27. Table 8-28. CDD/CDF Concentrations in Graphite Electrode Sludge from Chlorine Production............................................................................................................. 8-52 CDD/CDF Concentrations in Metal Chlorides .............................................. 8-53 CDD/CDF Concentrations in Mono- through Tetra-Chlorophenols . . . . 8-54 CDD/CDF Concentrations in Historical and Current Technical Pentachlorophenol P ro d u cts............................................................................. 8-55 Historical CDD/CDF Concentrations in Pentachlorophenol-Na ................. 8-57 Summary of Specific Dioxin-Containing Wastes That Must Comply with Land Disposal R e tric tio n s ........................................................................ 8-58 CDD/CDF Concentrations in Chlorobenzenes .............................................. 8-60 Concentrations of CDD/CDF Congener Groups in Unused Commercial PCB M ix tu re s ........................................................................................................ 8-61 2,3,7,8-Substituted Congener Concentrations in Unused PCB Mixtures ................................................................................................................ 8-62 Reported CDD/CDF Concentrations in Wastes from PVC Manufacture . 8-63 CDD/CDF Measurements in Treated Wastewater and Wastewater Solids from U.S. EDC/VCM/PVC M anufacturers..................................................... 8-64 CDD/CDF Measurements in Products from U.S. EDC/VCM/PVC Manufacturers ..................................................................................................... 8-65 CDD/CDF Concentrations in Dioxazine Dyes and Pigments (Canada) . . 8-66 CDD/CDF Concentrations in Printing Inks (G e rm a n y )...................... 8-67 Chemicals Requiring TSCA Section 4 Testing under the Dioxin/Furan Rule ........................................................................................................................ 8-68 Congeners and Limits of Quantitation (LOQ) for Which Quantitation is Required under the Dioxin/Furan Test Rule and Pesticide Data Call-In . 8-69 Precursor Chemicals Subject to Reporting Requirements under TSCA Section 8 ( a ) .......................................................................................................... 8-70 Results of Analytical Testing for Dioxins and Furans in the Chemicals Tested to Date under Section 4 of the Dioxin/Furan Test Rule ............. 8-71 CDDs and CDFs in Chloranil and Carbazole Violet Samples Analyzed Pursuant to the EPA Dioxin/Furan Test R u le ................................................ 8-72 Status of First Pesticide Data Call-In: Pesticides Suspected of Having the Potential to Become Contaminated with Dioxins if Synthesized under Conditions Favoring Dioxin Form ation................................................ 8-73 Status of Second Pesticide Data Call-In: Pesticides Suspected of Being Contaminated with D io x in s .................................................................. 8-77 Summary of Results for CDDs and CDFs in Technical 2,4-D and 2,4-D Ester H e rb icid es.................................................................................................. 8-80 Summary of Analytical Data Submitted to EPA in Response to Pesticide Data Call-Ins ........................................................................................................ 8-81 CDD/CDF Concentrations in Samples of 2,4-D and Pesticide Formulations Containing 2 , 4 - D ........................................................................ 8-82 Mean CDD/CDF Measurements in Effluents from Nine U.S. POTWs . . . 8-83 DRAFT--DO NOT QUOTE OR CITE I-xi December 2003 LIST OF TABLES (continued) Table 8-29. CDD/CDF Concentrations Measured in EPA's National Sewage Sludge Survey .................................................................................................................. 8-84 Table 8-30. CDD/CDF Concentrations Measured in 99 Sludges Collected from U.S. POTWs During 1994 .......................................................................................... 8-85 Table 8-31. Quantity of Sewage Sludge Disposed of Annually by Primary, Secondary, or Advanced Treatment POTWs and Potential Dioxin TEQ Releases . . . 8-86 Table 8-32. CDD/CDF Concentrations in Swedish Liquid Soap, Tall Oil, and Tall Resin ..................................................................................................................... 8-87 Table 11-1. List of Known and Suspected Source Categories for Dioxin-like PCBs 11-28 Table 11-2. Quantitative Inventory of Dioxin-Like PCB TEQp-WHO98 Releases in the United S ta te s ..................................................................................................... 11 -29 Table 11-3. Weight Percent Concentrations of Dioxin-like PCBs in Aroclors, Clophens, and Kanechlors ............................................................................. 11-31 Table 11-4. Disposal Requirements for PCBs and PCB Items .................................... 11-33 Table 11-5. Off-site Transfers of PCBs Reported in TRI (1988 -19 96) .................... 11-34 Table 11-6. Releases of PCBs Reported in TRI (1988 -19 96) .................................... 11-35 Table 11-7. Aroclor Concentrations Measured in EPA's National Sewage Sludge Survey ................................................................................................................ 11-36 Table 11-8. Dioxin-Like PCB Concentrations Measured in Sludges Collected from 74 U.S. POTWs During 1994 ........................................................................ 11-37 Table 11-9. Dioxin-Like PCB Concentrations in Sludges Collected from a U.S. POTW During 1999 ..................................................................................................... 11-38 Table 11-10. Quantity of Sewage Sludge Disposed of Annually by Primary, Secondary, or Advanced Treatment POTWs and Potential Dioxin-Like PCB TEQ Releases .......................................................................................... 11-39 Table 11-11. PCB Congener Group Emission Factors for Industrial Wood C om bustors........................................................................................................ 11-40 Table 11-12. PCB Congener Group Emission Factors for Medical Waste Incinerators (MWIs) ................................................................................................................ 11-41 Table 11-13. PCB Congener Group Emission Factors for a Tire Combustor ............ 11-42 Table 11-14. Dioxin-Like PCB Concentrations in Cigarette Tobacco .......................... 11-43 Table 11-15. Dioxin-Like PCB Concentrations in Stack Gas Collected from a U.S. Sewage Sludge In c in e ra to r.................................................................. 11-44 Table 11-16. Dioxin-Like PCB Emission Factors from Backyard Barrel Burning . . . . 11-45 Table 11-17. PCB Congener Group Emission Factors for a Petroleum Catalytic Reforming U n it .................................................................................................. 11-46 Table 11-18. Estimated Tropospheric Half-Lives of Dioxin-Like PCBs with Respect to Gas-Phase Reaction withthe OH Radical ............................................... 11-47 Table 11-19. Estimated PCB Loads in the Global Environment as of 1985 ............... 11-48 Table 11-20. Domestic Sales of Aroclors ( 1 9 5 7 - 1 9 7 4 ) .................................................. 11-49 Table 11-21. Estimated U.S. Usage of PCBs by Use Category (1930 -19 75) .......... 1 1-50 Table 11-22. Estimated Direct Releases of Aroclors to the U.S. Environment (1 9 30 -19 74) ..................................................................................................... 11-51 DRAFT--DO NOT QUOTE OR CITE I-xii December 2003 LIST OF TABLES (continued) Table 11-23. Estimated Releases of Dioxin-Like PCB TEQs to the U.S. Environment During 1 9 3 0 -1 9 7 7 .......................................................................................... 11-52 Table 12-1. Historical Production, Sales, and Usage Quantities for 2,4-D .......... 12-27 Table 12-2. Historical Production, Sales, and Usage Quantities 2 ,4,5-T ................. 12-29 Table 12-3. CDD/CDF Concentrations in Recent Sample of 2 ,4,5-T ......................... 12-31 Table 12-4. PCB 138 Fluxes Predicted by Harner et al. ( 1 9 9 5 ) ...................... 12-32 Table 12-5. Summary of Flux Calculations for Total PCBs in Green Bay, 1989 . . . 12-33 Table 12-6. Comparison of Estimated PCB Concentrations with ObservedValues . 12-34 Table 13-1. Concentrations of CDDs Determined in Eight (8) Ball Clay Samples in the U.S..................................................................................................................... 13-7 Table 13-2. Comparison of the Mean CDD/CDF Congener Group Distribution in Ball Clay to the Mean Congener Group Distributions in Urban and Rural Soils in North A m erica............................................................................. 13-8 DRAFT--DO NOT QUOTE OR CITE I-xiii December 2003 LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1-1. Figure 1-2. Figure 1-3 Figure 1-4. Figure 1-5. Figure 1-6. Figure 1-7. Figure 1-8. Figure 2-1. Figure 2-2. Figure 2-3. Figure 3-1. Figure 3-2. Figure 3-3. Figure 3-4. Figure 3-5. Figure 3-6. Figure 3-7. Figure 3-8. Figure 3-9. Figure 3-10. Figure 3-11. Figure 3-12. Figure 3-13. Figure 3-14. Figure 3-15. Chemical Structure of 2,3,7,8-TC D D and Related C o m p o u n d s............. Estimated CDD/CDF I-TEQ Emissions to Air from Combustion Sources in the United States (Reference Time Period: 1 9 9 5 ) ................................ Estimated CDD/CDF I-TEQ Emissions to Air from Combustion Sources in the United States (Reference Time Period: 1987) ................................ Comparison of Estimates of Annual I-TEQ Emissions to Air (grams I-TEQ/year) for Reference Years 1987 and 1995 ........................................ Estimated CDD/CDF WHO-TEQ Emissions to Air from Combustion Sources in the United States (Reference Time Period: 1995) ................ Estimated CDD/CDF WHO-TEQ Emissions to Air From Combustion Sources in the United States (Reference Time Period: 1987) ................ Comparison of Estimates of Annual WHO-TEQ Emissions to Air (grams WHO-TEQ/year) for Reference Years 1987 and 1995 ............................. The Congener Profiles (as fractional distributions to total CDD/CDF) of Anthropogenic Sources of Chlorinated Dibenzo-p-Dioxins and Chlorinated Dibenzofurans in the United S ta te s .......................................... The de novo Synthesis of CDD/CDFs from Heating Carbon Particulate at 3 0 0 C at Varying Retention T im e s .......................................................... Temperature Dependence on CDD/CDF Form ation...................................... The Association Between Vapor Phase Cl2 and the Formation of C D D s /C D F s .......................................................................................................... Typical Mass Burn Waterwall Municipal Solid Waste In c in e ra to r........... Typical Mass Burn Rotary Kiln Combustor ................................................... Typical Modular Excess-Air Combustor ......................................................... Typical Modular Starved-Air Combustor with Transfer Rams .............. Typical Dedicated RDF-Fired Spreader Stoker Boiler................................... Fluidized-Bed RDF Incinerator........................................................................... MSWI Design Classes for 1987 ...................................................................... MSWI Design Classes for 1995 ...................................................................... Congener and Congener Group Profiles for Air Emissions from a Mass-Burn Waterwall MSW I, Equipped with a Dry Scrubber and Fabric Filter .......................................................................................................... Congener Profile for Air Emissions from Hazardous Waste In cin erato rs.......................................................................................................... Congener and Congener Group Profiles for Air Emissions from Boilers and Industrial Furnaces Burning Hazardous W a s te ..................................... Congener and Congener Group Profiles for Air Emissions from Medical Waste Incinerators without A P C D .................................................................. Congener and Congener Group Profiles for Air Emissions from Medical Waste Incinerators Equipped with a W et Scrubber, Baghouse, and Fabric F ilt e r .................................................................................................. Congener and Congener Group Profiles for Air Emissions from a Crematorium ........................................................................................................ Congener and Congener Group Profiles for Air Emissions from Sewage Sludge Incinerators............................................................................................. 1-43 1-44 1-45 1-46 1-47 1-48 1-49 1-50 2-37 2-38 2-39 3-76 3-77 3-78 3-79 3-80 3-81 3-82 3-83 3-84 3-85 3-86 3-87 3-88 3-89 3-90 DRAFT--DO NOT QUOTE OR CITE I-xiv December 2003 LIST OF FIGURES (continued) Figure 3-16. Figure 4-1. Figure 4-2. Figure 4-3. Figure 4-4. Figure 4-5a. Figure 4-5b Figure 4-6. Figure 4-7. Figure 4-8. Figure 4-9. Figure 5-1. Figure 5-2. Figure 5-3. Figure 5-4. Figure 5-5. Figure 5-6. Figure 5-7. Figure 6-1. Figure 7-1. Figure 7-2a. Figure 7-2b. Figure 7-3. Figure 7-4. Congener and Congener Group Profiles for Air Emissions from a Tire Com bustor............................................................................................................. 3-91 Congener and Congener Group Profiles for Air Emissions from Diesel-fueled V e h ic le s ........................................................................................ 4-61 Congener and Congener Group Profiles for Air Emissions from Leaded Gas-fueled Vehicles .......................................................................................... 4-62 Congener and Congener Group Profiles for Air Emissions from Unleaded Gas-fueled Vehicles .......................................................................................... 4-63 Tunnel Air C oncentrations................................................................................ 4-64 Congener and Congener Group Profiles for Air Emissions from Industrial Wood Combustors ............................................................................................. 4-65 Congener and Congener Group Profiles for Air Emissions from Bleached Kraft Mill Bark Combustors ............................................................................. 4-66 Congener Group Profile for Air Emissions from Residential Oil-fueled F u rn a c e s ................................................................................................................ 4-67 Congener and Congener Group Profiles for Air Emissions from Industrial Oil-fueled Boilers................................................................................ 4-68 Congener and Congener Group Profiles for Air Emissions from Industrial/Utility Coal-fueled C o m b u sto rs..................................................... 4-69 Congener Group Profile for Air Emissions from Residential Coal-fueled Combustors .................................................................................. 4-70 Congener Profile for Air Emissions from Cement Kilns BurningHazardous W a s t e ..................................................................................................................... 5-38 Congener and Congener Group Profiles for Air Emissions from Cement Kilns Not Burning Hazardous Waste ............................................................. 5-39 Congener and Congener Group Profiles for Air Emissions from Petroleum Catalytic Reforming U n it s ............................................................. 5-40 CDD Profiles for Japanese Cigarettes, Smoke, and A s h ........................... 5-41 Congener Group Profiles for Mainstream and Sidestream Cigarette Smoke .................................................................................................................. 5-42 Congener Group Profiles for Cigarette Tobacco from Various Countries 5-43 Congener and Congener Group Profiles for Air Emissions from Kraft Black Liquor Recovery B oilers.......................................................................... 5-44 Congener Profile for Landfill Flare Air Emissions ........................................ 6-26 Congener and Congener Group Profiles for Air Emissions from Secondary Aluminum S m e lte rs ........................................................................ 7-40 Congener Group Profile for Air Emissions from a Secondary Copper S m e lte r.................................................................................................................. 7-41 Congener and Congener Group Profiles for a Closed Secondary Copper S m e lte r.................................................................................................................. 7-42 Congener and Congener Group Profiles for Air Emissions fromSecondary Lead Smelters ..................................................................................................... 7-43 Congener Profiles for Air Emissions from U.S. Iron Ore Sinter Plants . . 7-44 DRAFT--DO NOT QUOTE OR CITE l-xv December 2003 LIST OF FIGURES (continued) Figure 7-5. Figure 7-6. Figure 8-1. Figure 8-2. Figure 8-3. Figure 8-4. Figure 8-5. Figure 8-6. Figure 12-1. Congener Group Profile for Air Emissions from a Scrap Wire Incinerator............................................................................................................. 7-45 Congener Group Profile for Air Emissions from a Drum Incinerator . . . . 7-46 104 Mill Study Full Congener Analysis Results for Pulp ............................ 8-88 104 Mill Study Full Congener Analysis Results for Sludge ...................... 8-89 104 Mill Study Full Congener Analysis Results for E fflu e n t...................... 8-90 Congener and Congener Group Profilesfor Technical PCP ....................... 8-91 Congener Profile for 2,4-D (salts and esters) .............................................. 8-92 Congener Profiles for Sewage Sludge ...................................................... 8-93 Fluxes Among Reservoirs................................................................................. 12-35 DRAFT--DO NOT QUOTE OR CITE I-xvi December 2003 LIST OF ACRONYMS AHA AISI AlCl3 AMSA APC APCD atm ATSDR BAAQMD BCF BDDs BDFs BHF Btu CAA CaCl2 CARB CBI C CD CDDs CDFs CEQ CERCLA C-ESP CETRED CFR CSF CKD ClCl2 cm CO CO2 CRWQCB CR CuCl CuCl2 D D DBF DCBz DCI American Hospital Association American Iron and Steel Institute Aluminum Chloride Association of Metropolitan Sewerage Agencies Air Pollution Control Air Pollution Control Device Atmosphere Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry Bay Area Air Quality Management District Bioconcentration Factor Polybrominated Dibenzo-p-dioxins or PBDDS Polybrominated Dibenzofurans or PBDFs Bag House Filter British Thermal Unit Clean Air Act Calcium Chloride California Air Resources Board Confidential Business Information Degree Celsius Compact Disk Polychlorinated Dibenzo-p-dioxins or PCDDs Polychlorinated Dibenzofurans or PCDFs Council on Environmental Quality Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation and Liability Act (also know as Superfund) Cold-side Electrostatic Precipitator Combustion Emissions Technical Resource Document Code of Federal Regulations Confidential Statement of Formula Cement Kiln Dust Chloride Dichloride Centimeters Carbon Monoxide Carbon Dioxide California Regional Water Quality Control Board Confidence Rating Copper (Cupric) Chloride Copper (Cupric) Dichloride Symbol for Congener Class: Dibenzo-p-dioxin Symbol for di (i.e., Two Halogen Substitution) Dibenzofuran Dichlorobenzene Data Call-In DRAFT--DO NOT QUOTE OR CITE I-xvii December 2003 LIST OF ACRONYMS (continued) DCP DHHS DL DOC DOE dp dscm DSI EAF EDC EEI EF e.g. EGB EIA EPA EPRI ESP F FF F FB-RDF FCEM FeCl2 FeCl3 FGD FIFRA ft ft3 g GAC GC-ECD GC-MS gplg gpg gr/dscf HAPs HCl HCBz HD HDD HDF H-ESP Hp Dichlorophenols U.S. Department of Health and Human Services Detection Limit U.S. Department of Commerce U.S. Department of Energy Physical Diameter Dry Standard Cubic Meter Dry Sorbent Injection Electric Arc Furnaces Ethylene Dichloride Edison Electric Institute Emission Factor For example Electro Granular Bed Energy Information Administration U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Electric Power Research Institute Electrostatic Precipitator Symbol for Congener Class: Dibenzofuran Fabric Filter Degree Fahrenheit Fluidized Bed Refuse-Derived Fuel Field Chemical Emissions Measurement Ferric (Iron) Dichloride Ferric (Iron) Trichloride Flue Gas Desulfurization Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act Feet Cubic Feet Gram Granular Activated Carbon Gas Chromatography/Electron Capture Detector Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry Grams Per Leaded Gallon Gram Per Gallon Grains Per Dry Standard Cubic Foot Hazardous Air Pollutants Hydrogen Chloride Hexachlorobenzene Heavy Duty Polyhalogenated Dibenzo-p-Dioxins Pollyhalogenated Dibenzofurans Hot-side Electrostatic Precipitator Symbol for Hepta (i.e., Seven Halogen Substitution) DRAFT--DO NOT QUOTE OR CITE I-xviii December 2003 LIST OF ACRONYMS (continued) hr HWI Hx HxCB i.e. ITC IUPAC J KCl kg km kW L lb LII LOQ M MACT MB MB-RC MB-REF MB-WW MCBz MCP MgCl2 MgO ^g mg mm mol MOD/EA MOD/SA MSW MSWI MWI m2 m3 Na NA NaCl NaOCl NATO ng NCASI Hour Hazardous Waste Incineration Symbol for Hexa (i.e., Six Halogen Substitution) Hexachlorobiphenyl That Is U.S. International Trade Commission International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry Joules Potassium Chloride Kilogram Kilometer Kilowatt Liter Pound Liquid Injection Incinerator Limits of Quantitation Symbol for Mono (i.e., One Halogen Substitution) Maximum Achievable Control Technologies Mass Burn Mass Burn Rotary Kiln Mass Burn Refractory-Walled Mass Burn Waterwall Monochlorobenzene Monochlorophenol Magnesium Chloride Magnesium Oxide Microgram Milligram Millimeter Mole (Unit of Substance) Modular Excess Air Modular Starved Air Municipal Solid Waste Municipal Solid Waste Incinerator Medical Waste Incineration Square Meter Cubic Meter Sodium Not Applicable Sodium Chloride Soldium Hypochlorite North Atlantic Treaty Organization Nanogram National Council of the Paper Industry for Air and Stream Improvement DRAFT--DO NOT QUOTE OR CITE I-xix December 2003 LIST OF ACRONYMS (continued) ND NCEA NEG NESHAP NiCl2 NiO Nm3 NMOC NR NYSDEC NYSDOH O OAQPS O2 OH OMS OPP OPPT ORD OSW Pa PAH Pb PBDDs PBDFs PBS PCA PCBs PCDDs PCDFs PCP PCP-Na PCT Pe PeCB PeCBz pg PL PM POM POTW ppb ppm ppmv Not Detected National Center for Environmental Assessment Expected To Be Negligible or Non-existent National Emission Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants Nickel Chloride Nickel Oxide Standard Cubic Meter Nonmethane Organic Compounds Not Reported New York State Department of Environmental Conservation New York State Department of Health Symbol for Octa (i.e., Eight Halogen Substitution) Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards Molecular Oxygen Hydroxide ion Office of Mobile Sources Office of Pesticide Programs Office of Pollution Prevention and Toxics Office of Research and Development Office of Solid Waste Pascals (i.e., Unit of Pressure) Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons Lead Polybrominated Dibenzo-p-dioxins or BDDs Polybrominated Dibenzofurans or BDFs Packed Bed Scrubber Portland Cement Association Polychlorinated Biphenyls Polychlorinated Dibenzo-p-dioxins or CDDs Polychlorinated Dibenzofurans or CDFs Pentachlorophenol Pentachlorophenate Polychlorinated Terphenyl Symbol for Penta (i.e., Five Halogen Substitution) Pentachlorobiphenyl Pentachlorobenzene Picogram Public Law Particulate Matter Polycyclic Organic Matter Publicly Owned Treatment Works Parts Per Billion Parts Per Million Parts Per Million (Volume Basis) DRAFT--DO NOT QUOTE OR CITE I-xx December 2003 LIST OF ACRONYMS (continued) ppq ppt ppt/v PUF PVC QA/QC QWASI RCRA RDF RT SAB sec SIC SiCl4 SIPs SNUR SO2 sq T TCBz TCDD TCDF TCLP TeCB TeCP TEF TEQ TEQ/yr TiCl4 Tr TrCBs TrCP TRI TSCA 2.4- D 2 .4 - DB 2 .4 - DCP 2 .4 - DP 2,4,5-T 2378 A9 UK UNC USDA Parts Per Quadrillion Parts Per Trillion Parts Per Trillion (Volume Basis) Polyurethane Foam Plug Polyvinyl Chloride Quality Assurance/Quality Control Quantitative Water Sediment Interaction Resource Conservation and Recovery Act Refuse-Derived Fuel Residence Time Science Advisory Board Second Standard Industrial Code Silium Tetrachloride State Implementation Plans Significant New Use Rule Sulfur Dioxide Square Symbol for Tetra (i.e., Four Halogen Substitution) Trichlorobenzene 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorobidenzo-p-dioxin 2,3,.7,8-tetrachlorobidenzofuran Toxicity Characteristic Leachate Procedure Tetrachlorobiphenyls Tetrachlorophenols Toxicity Equivalency Factor Toxicity Equivalents Toxicity Equivalents Per Year Titanium Tetrachloride Symbol for Tri (i.e., Three Halogen Substitution) Trichlorobiphenyls Trichlorophenols Toxics Release Inventory Toxics Substances Control Act 2 .4 - Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid 4-(2,4-Dichlorophenoxy) Butyric Acid 2 .4 - Dichlorophenol 2-(2,4-Dichlorophenoxy) Propionic Acid 2,4,5-Trichlorophenoxy (Phenoxy Herbicides) Halogen Substitutions in the 2 ,3 ,7 ,8 Positions Microgram United Kingdom Uncontrolled U.S. Department of Agriculture DRAFT--DO NOT QUOTE OR CITE I-xxi December 2003 LIST OF ACRONYMS (continued) USITC USWAG UV VCM v/v WHO w k-1 WS yr SYMBOLS: @ / A % i < > - U.S. International Trade Commissiion Utility Solid Wastes Activity Group Ultraviolet Vinyl Chloride Monomer Volume per Volume World Health Organization Per Week W et Scrubber Year At Per Micro Percent Less than Greater than Less than or equal to Greater than or equal to Difference DRAFT--DO NOT QUOTE OR CITE I-xxii December 2003