Document kaNYbyJNqjzN85zvGVqXKvOon

CERAMIC ABSTRACTS 1961 Charles S. Pearce, Editor Mary J. Gibb, Associate Editor M. Geraldine Smtib, Assistant Editor Janice L. Hamner, Editorial Assistant Esther M. Anschutz, Editorial Assistant Committee on Publications: E. F. Osborn, Chairman; Paul V. Johnson, Karl Schwartzwalder, and W. J. Smothers Technical Adviser: Margie K. Reser Compiled by The American Ceramic Society, Inc, 4055 North High Street Columbus 14, Ohio ku Ceramic Aostracts January! using a number of small brick units of a special interlocking design Dielectric drying of materials. Hugh J. Cameron (Magnetic for tunnel kiln car tops. W.K.S. Heating Corp.). U. S. 2,949,677, Aug. 23, 1960.--A method for' removing a volatile liquid from solid material in air at atmospheric . PATENTS pressure, the liquid in the vapor phase having a density different Burner apparatus. Henry W. .^hramm and Chester Cipriani (Midland-Ross Corp.). U. S. 2,952,307, Sept. 13. i960.--An apparatus for burning fuel at a wide range of inputs in a furnace from that of the air, comprises generating heat sufficient to cause the vapor to be evolved from the material by subjecting it to j chamber comprises a refractory block containing a cylindrical __ high frequency electric field between electrode means. D.J.B. tunnel chamber extending longitudinally therethrough, a holder Electrical ignition and safety systems for [liquid fuel] burners.' for attaching the block to a wall of the furnace, first wall means Gunther Schwank (American Infra Red Radiant Co., Inc.).' attached to the holder and forming a small cylindrical chamber ex U. S. 2,952,308, Sept. 13, 1960. D.J.B. tending into the tunnel chamber, a tapered chamber with its ^ Safety control apparatus for [gas] fuel burners. Glenn E.: smaller end meeting the end of the smaller cylindrical chamber away from the tunnel chamber, and a larger cylindrical chamber with one end meeting the larger end of the tapered chamber, the Andrews and Fred B. Aubert. U. S. 2,953,196, Sept. 20, 1960. D.J.B. three chambers being axially aligned with the tunnel chamber. __ D.J.B. Burner control apparatus [gas]. Russell B. Matthews (Baso, Inc.). U. S. 2,953,197, Sept. 20, 1960. D.J.B. See also Sect III: {patent) Apparatus for charging [vertical lime] kilns. ; 1961 stssippi River : not show sigai: shelf edge. In inent. in the area for the last cjay minerals a of the sediraen sippi Sotind-M the saline envi has been attrib appears to be environment, has indicated t place in shales 1 contained in sa: ~e Ab: XIII--Materials I 1 Acid leaching of uraniferous clay. Hirozo Mizuno and Kiyoshi' __ Apparatus is described for determination by recycling air in a Morita. Nagoya Kogyo Gijutsu Shikensho Hokoku, 9 [4j 192-95 closed-circuit system, thus eliminating predesiccation of a large (1960).--The conditions of the extraction of uranium with HtS04 volume of air. Values for the blank determinations are smaller' of various concentrations from montmorillonite which had been than those with conventional apparatus. 4 figures, 10 references.: made to adsorb uranium are discussed. The same procedure 4 W.A. was applied to the uraniferous clay of Mirunami district in Gifu Concept of diagenesis in argillaceous sediments. Ralph E. prefecture, Japan, an anion exchange resin being used to shorten Grim. Bull. Am. Assoc. Petrol. Geologists,42 [2j 246-53(1958).-- . the leaching process. The amount of uranium was estimated by The thesis is presented that some of the clay minerals are more * fluorescence analysis at a wave length of 556 mw- The effective __ "at home" in certain environments than in others. Structural' acid concentrations for the leaching were 2N HsSO, for mont considerations indicate that possibilities of the transformations of I morillonite and 18.<V H2SO< for the uraniferous clay. 5 figures, 1 the clay minerals and the ease with which they may take placed table, 2 references. K.F. are not the same for all varieties. The transformations during' Asbestos industry in 1959. Anon. U. S. Bur. Mines Mineral e diagenesis, therefore, vary with the nature of the environment and1 Market Survey, 1959, MMS 3079, 2 pp. Bauxite in 1959. the material brought to the environment; they may be substan-j Ibid., MMS 3096, 12 pp. Bentonite production increased in tial or almost nonexistent. There may be a considerable change' 1959. Ibid., MMS 3114, 2 pp. Feldspar, 1959. Ibid., MMS immediately when a sediment enters a new environment with dif-; 3087, 12 pp. Fire clay production increased in 1959. Ibid., __ ferent characteristics, followed by a further very slow gradual; MMS 3105, 2 pp. Fuller's earth production increased in 1959. ehaoge. Evidence' favoring this concept is presented. ] Ibid., MMS 3116, 2 pp. Graphite in 1959. Ibid., MMS 3061, 5 s.a.f. ; pp. Increased ball-clay production sets record is 1959. Ibid., Description of the Mackereth portable core sampler. Alec J.' MMS 3117, 2 pp. Kaolin production sets record in 1959. Ibid., j Smith. J. Sediment. Petrol., 29 [2] 246-50 (1959).--This corer is: MMS 3118, 2 pp. Quartz crystal (electronic grade) in 1959. capable of collecting fine-grained bottom samples from lakes and Ibid., MMS 3063, 4 pp. Talc, soapstone, and pyropbyllite in shallow seas at depths up to 300 ft. At the sampler's present 1959. Ibid., MMS 3091, 6 pp. Each survey free from Pubs. stage of development, cores up to 20 ft. long and 1.5 in. in di-. Distrib. Sect., U. S. Bur. of Mines, Pittsburgh 13, Pa. -- ameter can be collected. The corer operates as a piston which is M.J.K. pushed into the sediments by compressed air; it is held on the sur-; Blue asbestos from Lusaka, Northern Rhodesia, and its bear face of the sediment for the duration of the coring operation by ing on the genesis and classification of this type of asbestos. hydrostatic pressure. When the sample has been taken the corer A. R. Drysdall and A. R. Newton. Am. Mineralogist, 45 [1-2] g is raised to the surface by compressed air. S.A.F. 53-59 (1960).--An occurrence of blue asbestos near Lusaka con Diatomite. L. M. Otis and James M. Foley. U. S. Bur. sists of an anastomosing stockwork of predominantly slip-fiber Mines Minerals Yearbook (preprint), 1959, Vol. I, 6 pp., 1 figure.. veins in a semicalcareous host rock in a strongly deformed dolo 5 cents. Govt. Printing Office, Washington 25, D. C. Graphite. mite formation. Chemical analysis shows that it is magnesiorie- -- Donald R. Irving and Betty Ann Brett. Ibid., 11 pp 10 cents.: bedrite according to the classification of Miyashiro; the geologi Kyanite and related minerals. James D. Cooper and Gertrude cal evidence suggests that it is of metasomatic origin. This and a similar occurrence in Bolivia are in strong contrast to the normal South African and Australian occurrences, where the asbestos is of riebeckite composition and probably of metamorphic origin. E. Tucker. Ibid., 4 pp. 5 cents. Minor nonmetals. Albert' E. Shreck and James M. Foley. Ibid., 3 pp. 5 cents. M.J.K. [ k Effect of source and environment on clay minerals. I. H. ^ Milne and J^ E. Earley. Bull. Am. Assoc. Petrol. Geologists, 42 [2| The name crocidolite has been widely used to describe blue asbes 328-38 (1958).--The clay mineral assemblage in an area of active; tos, but as it applies only to fibrous varieties of riebeckite and deposition is dependent largely on the character of the source; magnesioriebeckite, it should not be used as a mineral name. 2 -- area. This conclusion is based on a study of the clay mineralogy tables, 9 references. H.I. of sediments of the lower Mississippi River, the active delta Ceramic fuels--properties and technology. R. W. Nichols. region, the St. Bernard Subdelta, and the Mississippi Sound-! Nuclear Eng., 3 [29] 327-33 (1958).--The physical and mechani Mobile Bay area. Montmorillonite, the predominant clay min-j cal properties as well as the fabrication processes are covered for *' era! in the Mississippi River and Delta sediments is apparently! uranium oxide, uranium monocarbide, uranium silidde, and the stable product of soil development and rock weathering is thorium dioxide. It is concluded that much work remains to be the drainage basin of the Mississippi River. The sediments of done in the fields of property determination and irradiation test the Mississippi Sound-Mobile Bay area, east of the Mississippi ing, particularly on the effects of material variables on irradiation --_ Delta and derived ultimately from the Appalachian Province, behavior. The promising characteristics of ceramic fuels in clude higher burn-ups, higher fuel ratings, and higher coolant temperatures. A complete data sheet is included which covers all the known properties of the four types of fuel compounds 7 contain considerably more kaolinite. Transition zones between the two sediment types can be differentiated. Alteration of clay minerals in a depositions] area can be expected where the sedi mentation rate is low and sufficient time is available for chemical mentioned. 15 figures, 2 tables, 37 references. J.M.K. equilibria between the sea water and the clay minerals. In areas Closed-circulation systems for determining water, carbon of rapid mud deposition, the blanketing effect of overlying day dioxide, and total carbon in silicate rocks and minerals. P. G. material probably reduces the chemical interaction to that which Jeffrey and A. D. Wilson. Analyst, 85 [1015] 749-55 (1960).-- is possible between the clay and the entrapped water. The Mis- Feldspar sta: Klugtnan. J. spar staining te was tested for mixtures of qu grains are moui fluoric acid for sodium cobalti: in the formatk white coating For eorroborati with a 0.5% s< orange-yellow 1 of artificial mix the method to tests on nature 5%. Fire clay pre Haines, Jr., an [7] (136 [1]) 95 ing an extreme! Fluorspar an Narayanan. 1 India), 2 [2] 1 aluminum, and considerably it methods of benposits of low I occurrences of 1 to Indian depo use in the metal General methoc indicated. The National Meta.' Pradesh and Ri 56.48, and 21.1 flotation to yielc recoveries rangi: Graphite--its and J. C. Bell, summary of all ing these data i production, phj properties, com enees. IL Ibu the nuclear prof Low cost ove: M. H. McDom (1960).--The us scraper to strip Mineralogy c Bull. soc. franc mineral species mineral, found i: "Pt for eenside kyer. It has h uy ceramic Aostracls r ebruary (4) Simple correlation, control limits, and simple groupings of accurate method of those studied. 2 tables. 6 references. data helped to determine the variables in glass production. Data S.M.L. and methods are given in detail. 6 tables. S.M.L. Diffusion of oxygen from contracting bubbles in molten glass, Ceramic materials produced from glass. H. R. Lillie. Glass Q R. H. Doremus. J. Am. Ceram. Soc., 43 [12} 655-61 (1960).--. Ttchnol., 1 (3] 115-20 (1960).--L. gives a historical summary of Experimental measurements on the rate of contraction of oxygen , the development of photosensitive glasses and of materials as bubbles in molten glass were compared with an equation for the j sociated with the Fotoceram and Pyroceram trade names. diffusion-controlled contraction of a sphere. The equation was' Fundamental and technical problems encountered in their pro- __ valid until about 80% of the oxygen had diffused from the bubbles, | duction are discussed. Properties of two standard varieties of so that the diffusion coefficient of the oxygen in the molten glass - glass-ceramic are compared with those of heat-resisting glasses could be calculated from the experimental measurements. These and alumina ceramics, and some of the applications of glassceramics are mentioned. 8 figures, 11 references. S.M.L. Colors and magnetic properties of iron in glasses of various types and their implications concerning structure: Q, Cabal j, values of the diffusion coefficient were higher than one would ex pect from the Stokes-Einstein equation for diffusion in liquids. It was therefore concluded that some short-draiiting mechanism such as diffusion in channels in the glass was operative. It also i glasses. Adli Bishay. J. Am. Ceram. Soc., 44 fl) 15-21 (1961). --The effect of changes in the glass structure on the colors and __ magnetic susceptibilities of iron was studied in glasses made of CaO. BsO, and AJ-Oi (cabal glasses). As the number of gaps in the structure increased, an increase in the general absorption and appeared that the oxygen diffused in the glass as atoms, rather j than as molecules. From contraction measurements on glasses ( with different fining agents it was concluded that the mechanism J of fining by such agents as antimony and arsenic oxides was not! discharge of oxygen gas as had been generally supposed but was ' a decrease in magnetic susceptibility were observed, attributed to c ferrous iron in network-forming positions. Further increase in the number of gaps was accompanied by a general increase in transmission as well as by an increase in magnetic susceptibility. This was attributed to the loosening of the structure around the -- reduction of the concentration of oxygen in the glass, which caused I the oxygen in the bubbles to diffuse into the glass more rapidly.' 2 tables. 4 figures, 17 references. j Diffusion into silicon from glassy layers. J. E. Cline and R. G. Seed. J. Eledrochem. Soc., 105 1121 700-701 (1958).--The dif-! ferrous iron which could easily escape from the interstices and be oxidi2ed to colorless ferric iron talcing network-forming positions. The intensity of the ferrous band depended on the concentration of the ferrous iron and was affected by the polarizing power of d the neighboring cations. 2 tables, 7 figures, 7 references. Comparison of the chemical composition and magnetic prop erties of tektites and glasses formed by fusion of terrestrial rocks. Irving Friedman, Arthur Thorpe, and Frank E. Senftlei Nature, -- 187 [47431 1089-92 (1960). 3 tables, 9 references. V.R.E. Copper films by galvanic techniques. Samuel Wein. Glass Ind., 38 [7] 383, 402 (1957).--A chronological review of the technical and patent literature on mirror making. 11 references, e Cf. Ceram. Abstr., 1960, Aug., p. 187*, and "Sensitizing...," this fusion of boron into silicon from glassy layers containing the sys- tern KjO-SiOr-BiOj was investigated. These glassy layers can 1 be formed by dehydrating aqueous solutions, and they are fluid ! at the diffusion temperature of 1200C. Methods were explored | for obtaining controllable initial concentrations and penetrations j of diffusant. Uniformly flat junctions were obtained, apparently j due to the solvent action of the glassy layers in preventing mask- I mg by silicon dioxide. 2 figures, 6 references. . J.M.K. 1 Dust control in glass manufacturing. Edward F. Wilson. Glasslnd., 41 [4] 202-203.236-38(1960).--The sources and treat- j ment of dust in the glass industry and the secondary source of [ dust from power plants are described. Modem dust treatment * methods use automatic controls to provide dependable operation. | section. S.MX. Properly applied, these systems give better quality control, lower | Current Japanese concepts of glass structure. Ikutaro Sawai. equipment maintenance through cleao process areas, and lower ; Glasslnd., 38 [4] 197-208,234(1957).--A detailed review is given -- operating costs. S.MX. ; of research projects undertaken in the past five years by T. Effect of partial replacements of soda by lithia in opal and ala- j Moriya, M. Mine, E. Kanai and T. Satob, J. Furukawa, T. Abe, baster glass. H W. Rauch, C. H. Commons, Jr., and A. Silver- ; T. Tamura and Y. Mori, R. Yokota, and T. Yamate and S. man. Glass Ind., 41 [5] 261-63,292(1960).--As was previously : Sakka. 3 tables, 24 figures, 26 references. S.MX. / determined for soda-lime glass, the introduction of lithia reduces i Density change of glass by heating: YZ, Density change of melting and fining time, increases fluidity, lowers thermal expan- ? K-0-Na;0-Si0- glasses. Torn Kishii. Yogyo Kyokai Shi, 68 [771] 63-70 (I960).--Glasses of the system KtO-NatO-SiOt were prepared by melting purified sand and reagent grade materials in sion, and slightly increases the refractive index in commercial opal and alabaster glasses. In each glass, soda was replaced bv r about 0.25 and 0.50% (wt.) lithia. Complete glass compositions ; a platinum crucible. The quenched samples were reheated by holding at a constant temperature in the range of 300" to 325, are given. The following properties were measured: coefficient of j linear thermal expansion from 100 to 300C.; reflectance of ! and the change in densitv was determined by the floating method. The results were analyzed bv the author's theory (Ceram. Abstr , 0 1958, Nov., p. 305/). 22 figures. 37 references. For part V see disks 0.12, 0.20, and 0.60 in. thick under green, blue, and amber ' illumination; opacity; and coefficient of scatter. The lithia- j substituted glasses melted faster and should be commercially j ibid., 1960, April, p. 84/. K.Y. Devitrification of borosilic&te glasses. O. Knapp. Acta Tech. Acad. Sci. Hung., 28 [1-2] 111-19 (1960) (in English); abstracted in J. Appl. Chem. (London),-10 [8] ii-148 (1960).-- Devitrification of clear (I) and amber-colored (II, MnO* 1, FejOj 0.5%) 6% B-0; glasses and a clear 20% B-Oj glass (HI) was studied at 800 to 1125C. Borosilicates devitrify irregularly with -- , desirable because of probable lower operating temperatures, i Whiter colors and improved light transmission were noted. 6 | tables, 5 figures, 2 references. S.MX. Experiments using selenium as decolorizer in container glass. ; H. R. Persson. Central Gloss bf Ceram. Research Inst. Bull, j (India),6 [31 127-35(1959).--Experiments were carried out under I factory conditions to determine the optimum additions of minor sporadic formation of a leathery film and few defined crystals (chiefly from I); rates of crystal growth are difficult to establish. HI devitrifies relatively slowly. The coloring agents in II do not affect the liquidus temperature (approximately 1130). 3 tables, 32 figures, 3 references. Cf. Ceram. Abstr., 1960, Sept., p. 206/. __ constituents in a soda-lime-silica glass used for making tumblers and bottles. Taking into consideration the melting conditions of the batch, P. found the most suitable additions of minor constit uents to be as follows, per 1000 kg. of sand: niter 2 kg., salt cake 8 kg., arsenic 300 gm.. selenium 20 gm., and cobalt oxide 2 gm. V.R.E. A variation of about 20 in the annealing temperature, however, Different methods for determining the thickness of the silver had a marked influence on the color of the glass. 6 figures, 3 film. P. Sen and P. S. Rao. Glass Ind., 38 [2] 89, 112 (1957).-- tables, 10 references. R.L.T. The authors studied (1) volumetric analysis by titration, (2) direct weighing, and (3) Fizeau's iodine crystal test. Details of Fracture velocity and fracture energy of glass in the fatigue range. Errol B. Shand. J. Am. Ceram. Soc., 44 [1] 21-26 the analyses are given. The direct weighing method gave some- __ (1961).--A method was developed for determining crack velocities what higher results than the other two, which may have been from the stress-time curve of fracture. Velocities of glass broken due to difficulty in elimination of moisture from the film and in air and in vacuum converge at a value between 1 and 10 mm./ oxidation of the silver during drying. The direct weighing sec. This convergence is considered to be the upper limit of the method required at least twice the time of the other two. Be- 3 fatigue range. Fracture energy was computed in terms of strain cause of ring distortion with thicknesses of more than 200 X energy release rates. For glass broken in air under low stress 10-* mm., the iodine method was not acceptable. With thin this energy is about equal to the surface energy of the glass; films the method was rapid and approximate but not dependable in vacuum it is fifteen times greater, at the upper limit of the for accuracy. The titrimetric method is the fastest and most fatigue range it is thirty times greater, and atjthe'termmal veloc- 1961 ity offr5 face ene absorbec nounced strenStk Glass 07-73, 1' Glass: fechnol- scale of < in about The are: America. East. 2 Glassr Glass Ir~ of Califo machine facturing given, ar. tions are Hot cc [2] 86-8' and disa.suppliers decoratic Ixnpro' Glass Inc problems plates ar. Infiuei melting j [4] 193-t and phys desirable chemical segregate evaluatin Interns alkaline-* Rvder ar 69* (I960) which sy: investiga(1) The were shif: A third p nounced friction ir are also i closely n table, 12 Interpr and of tt pressure. Bull. (Inc and the s: by two be positive c and the ec volume, volume o: the screer screening suggests t physical c modificat: they wou' and cherr mariiy tfc tables. 6 Investi: Nayak a: Inst. Bui: gated for Jrradia' Phys. Re: * - Febru f 1961 XIV, Chemistry and Physics--AT, General 49 D.T.W. g references. VI, Effect of surface on the development of TO).*001 CaOi-2H*0;. i. i. Vol'nov and V. N. Chamova. temperature from the mathematically predicted values is dis cussed. 3 tables, 8 figures, 0 references. > in presea^ D. Xarasiaj, icrvations qj! -ate of dtnsi.1 y op- 1098-99.--Experiments are described in which the cal-^roxide diperoxybydrate CaO?-2HrOr was spread out in 0j different sizes and vacuum dried at 50 and 10 mm. Hg The resulting material contained, after about 100 min., PATBKTS Apparatus for the manufacture of single crystals. Jan Goorisseo (Xorth American Philips Co., Inc.). U. S. 2,956,863, Oct. 18. yam carbid* *se indicat^ n through 4 ntering ra^ cement witj, ; rate are ^ ements. amounts of Ca(0)j depending on the amount of surface by the sample on the bottom of the boat. The thinner __ 7^-gr 0f material, the higzher was the opercentaege of calcium ^Lroxide formed; thus, when 1 gm. of the original material was 0ver 900 cm.1, the final products contained, along with Ca(OH)i. and CaCOj, about 40%(wt.) Ca(0*)t. The C* 'teDj jo support the reaction equation put forward by I. A. 1960.--The apparatus comprises a refractory vessel with an open top for holding a quantity of molten semiconductive material, a hollow truncated conical conductive reflecting member having open ends mounted on and over the vessel with its wide end ad jacent the vessel and with its inner reflecting surface exposed to the vessel interior, a coil surrounding the vessel for heating its interior by high-frequency currents, and means for drawing a 'hase in th V J equilibrium itOi, and a of 200 atm. urve for tht -mined. Ia ly from tht iies of the --O, is proh. phase prob. lined under insistent Xohases.whea raises some a in these s, 13 refer. jvskil describing the formation of the superoxide from the -rttyhvdrate. 1 table, 1 figure, 3 references. For parts I-IV Abstr., I960, Sept., p. 221. D.T.W. fljgtnal analysis of selenates of strontium, barium, and lead. , vf. Selivanova, V. A. Shneider, and G. A. Zubova. Zhur. tfterg- Khirn-> 3 [6] 1295-1303 (1958).--The heating and cooling \_vc- 0f selenates of strontium, barium, and lead were obtained fjth 8 Kurnakov pyrometer; the changes in composition, weight, d speed of vaporization of these salts at different temperatures investigated. SrSeO, BaSeO^, and PbSeO, are less stable tfaertnally than the respective sulfates. The selenates of stron tium. barium, and lead, in contrast with the respective sulfates, noon' heating, do not undergo polymorphic enantiotropic trans formations. They decompose on heating with formation of the Smites and generation of oxygen. The thermal decomposition of ted selenate occurs in more than one valence. 7 figures, 6 tables, 33 references. D.T.W. Thermal conductivity: XIV, Conductivity of multicomponent growing crystal upward from the melt and through the interior of the reflecting member along its axis, whereby thermal radiation from the melt surface is reflected onto the grown crystal. D.J.B. Method of separating rare earths by ion exchange. Frank H. Spedding and Jade E. Powell (United States of America as rep resented by the U. S. Atomic Energy Commission). U. S. 2,956,858, Oct. 18. 1960. D.J.B. Methods of decomposing complex uranium-rare earth t&ntalo- columbates. John R. Ruhoff, Charles O. Gerfea, and George B. Wills (Mallinckxodt Chemical Works). U. S. 2,9S6,8S7, Oct. 18, 1960. D.J.B. Separation of rare earths by solvent extraction. Donald F. Peppard and George W. Mason (United States of America as represented by the U. S. Atomic Energy Commission). U. S. 2,955,913, Oct. 11, 1960.--A process of separating lanthanum, cerium(III), praseodymium, neodymium, promethium, samarium, europium, gadolinium, terbium, dysprosium, holmium, erbium, diagnostic . and X. K. tea, 88 [1] : of a sepa. ir stability simple and d on small .D.T.W. of molyb\ut. Neorg. iybdenum, sistanee to periods of e disilicide .centrated, jyvtems--correction. W. D. Kingery. J. Am. Ceram. Soc., 43 ,j2{ 669 (i960).--An equation in the original paper (ibid., 42 I2j 617-27 (1959)) is corrected. Transformation of quartz to cristobalite. A. C. D. Chaklader and A. L. Roberts. J. Am. Ceram. Soc., 44 (1) 35-41 (1961).-- The transformation of quartz to cristobalite was studied ir the range 1400 to 1650 C. The process, which was believed to be a direct one, was found to be a consecutive reaction involving an intermediate transition phase. The reaction rate was found to be touch faster for Madagascar quartz than for Brazilian quartz, al though no difference in their impurity content was found in the spectrographic analysis. An approximate consecutive reaction kinetic approach was applied, and the deviation of the experimotally observed values of the transition phase at a particular thulium, ytterbium, lutetium, and yttrium from each other con sists in providing an aqueous medium having free mineral acid in a concentration of at least ZN and a substantially water-immisci ble organic alkyl phosphate-containing medium, one of the media containing the elements, contacting the media whereby those ele ments which have the highest atomic number are preferentially held by the alkyl phosphate and the extractability of the various elements by the alkyl phosphate decreases in the order of the atomic number, contacting the alkyl phosphate with aqueous mineral arid solutions whereby fractions of aqueous rare earth solutions are formed, and collecting each fraction separately. D.j.B. See also Sect. VII: Thermal conductivity of UO* to 2100C. . HC1, and re treated itable, fol:es. D.T.W. :e and the structural Vsesoyut. 0ures. 47 D.T.W. ;Or-TiOs. (12] 611)j--TiO* at by solidunded b5 nee of a was esabilitvat at 1380* Vm see .erol ad:. Ceram. , Forma* XV--Genera! Application of photoelectric densitometry to the assessment of respirable dust samples. A. R. Budgen, R. J. Hamilton, and G. H. S. Jones. Brit. J. Appl. Phys., 11 (81 371-77 (I960).--A technique has been developed for the rapid assessment of samples ef respirable mine dusts obtained with the long-running thermal precipitator (Xational Coal Board/MRE dust sampler type 101). The size segregation of particles in the sample makes it possible for the optical density of a thin strip across the deposit to be cmverted to the number of particles in the strip. 9 figures, 11 references. W.A. Health control in the ceramic industry. Russell W. Frank. Ptoc. Porcelain Enamel Inst. Forum, 20, 138-40 (1958).--House keeping procedures to minimize health hazards in the handling of fad-boring porcelain enamels are described. The solubility of fad-bearing glasses is much less than that of many lead com- Wmds used in other industries. The finer the material, the Voter is the solubility. Lead vapor is released from glass to the atmosphere at elevated temperatures, but this is of minor signifi- in well-ventilated areas. ` L.S.O'B. ^Potograpby. Charles E. Walls. Pottery and Class, 38 (9] `*3-27 (I960).--W. discusses the photography of pottery ("potography") and the promotion of sales of pottery and glass by photos. 6 photos. C.M.C. Problems of technical documentation and the new ceramic classification. G. Bieler and P. Lapoujade. Bull. soc. /rang, ceram., 1959, Xo. 42, pp. 17-28.--A new method for classifying ceramic literature is proposed and discussed. It is believed that this new classification would be easily used by industry as well as by research groups. 3 tables, 7 references. R.K.W. Recognition and power as motives of management. Felix Eisele. Ztegelind., 13 (9-10] 278-82 (1960).--E. presents the human factor in management, pointing to the importance of the recognition of employees and the danger of becoming dictatorial and thus undermining initiative. He compares the Western sys tem of cooperation with the Eastern system of obedience, con cluding that the former is the better and more advanced. T.W.G. Trends in ceramic education. R. M. King. Proc. Porcelain Enamel Inst. Forum, 20,119-21 (1958).--Trends indicate a move ment away from empiricism to scientific treatments, the addition of humanities and nontechnical courses, and a movement away from the handbook type of instruction. , L.S.O'B. let lightr. Heart- Jixoed in traviolet be. The '. to conmaterial able. 1 ay XI, Instruments and Test Methods--XII, Kilns, Furnaces, Fuels, and Combustion--XIII, Materials l#1 127 ggnal with reference data obtained by examination of a See also Sect. V: Nucleation and growth of sodium disilicate ft ^ siaular substance of predetermined thickness as an indi crystals in sodium disilicate glass. Sect. X33: Tunnel kiln in- ct? e.t *he of the substance. D.J.B. stmmentation and control. C.C*51" 1 ^nind ::e T** Z : ** ^ ia4 *s. a ^e. 'e <* the f ^ re! sistor . us.' t. ) D. $_ unng the aeaas for detectinr twQ 5 toveW the intea-tat raage =ter:stic of D.J.B. sxander S ^1---The stector of the detec ts is to be .ous mate* :d indicatsignal disJ neutrons D.J.B. material of 10, Jan. 3, 3 a quartz ystal plate metric field :e, subject* iphicg the a adapted D.J.B. ^ability by ct Cassen . 1961.--A matter into prises pro ving acorns low pene:.\posing an body from h penetra- molecules josure and al surface, radiations ` surface of ules which D.J.B. le bridge)* S. 2,966,D.J-B. id William. >.) * & D.J.B. Arthur H-.). U.S. greeting * 2SS is to be id emitted roviding * .d correiat- X(!--Kilns, Furnaces, Fuels, and Combustion .mbostioa system improvements for oxidation section of __ width 1.2, height 1.3, and length 80 m.) and two chamber kilns )pin. Arthur L. Wittmer. Am. Ceram. Soc. Bull., 40 (33 cm.*) fired with propaoe gas. The only necessary modifica Itf9'(196D---Forced introduction of excess air into the tion was the replacement of the original burners. J.A.S. ^Lltion *0De f turmel l^ilns creates problems of burner design Tunnel kiln instrumentation and control- Arthur P. Watts. ^T^ftion. To avoid the aspirating of unknown and uncon- ^ Am. Ceram. Soc. Bull., 40 (3J 131-33 (1961).--W. discusses quantities of secondary air into the kiln, sealed type methods of measuring and controlling temperature, pressure, are often utilized. Burner choice by itself is not the flow, atmosphere, and kiln car movements. 2 figures. answer unless the firing tunnel has been designed to the hot gas flow pattern required for the type of load __ frtd. The burner control system should contain means for PATENTS tke fuel-air ratio for a graduated and known degree of Automatic ware car conveyer. William D. Bo2man (Hanley &^&- 0rer the length of the oxidation section of the kiln. 7 fc^fjinoous roller conveyer kiln. L. B. Coffin and David O. Co.). U. S. 2,961,973, Nov. 29,1960.--An automatic system for the movement of kiln cars on storage tracks takes over after delivery from the transfer car. The pushing is done by a recip kelson. Am. Ceram. Soc. Bull., 40 {3j 126-30 (1961).--A rocating movement provided by a hydraulic cylinder to two ^ toodel roller conveyer tunnel kiln was constructed for the rails located between the normal car trackage. At each car **vLjuous automatic production of brick, hollow building tile, __ length there is an engaging mechanism attached to the rails that ^ The kilo operates at 1800 to 2400F. and can be adapted to stays in contact with the car while the forward motion is in pro fLjr other types of ceramic products in the higher temperature gress. The cycle is instituted by photoelectric cells, and no man 11 figures. 2 references. power is required. The cars are put on the tracks with alternate l*Q1j'dirifTg and reducing firing--understanding the significance ^ positions open to provide faster cooling until more than half the , yin atmosphere. Rudolf Rasch. Glas-Emaii-Keramo- capacity is required, at which time they are progressively moved ffci. 11 J9J 313-19 (1960).--The atmosphere is oxidizing, neu- forward until in actual contact with the preceding car. Provision Lt or reducing according to whether the oxygen partial pres- is made to prevent the cars from being pushed off the far end of S is greater than, equal to, or less than the dissociation pres- __ the track. D.J.B. of the components of the body. Thus an atmosphere of Driers for powdered or granular material Cyril H. Matthews. $. nay be reducing or oxidizing according to the composition TJ. S. 2,968,103, Jan. 17, 1961.--A drier comprises a vertical dry jibe body and the temperature offiring,and an atmosphere of Nj ing chamber with inlet and outlet means, means for passing be reducing. This general principle is exemplified by the e heated gases through the chamber, a pair of vertical rods slid ^cation of the iron oxides, the reaction SiO* 2= SiO 4- VjOs, ably mounted in the chamber, resilient members secured to a ei the decomposition of the sulfates. Many differences in the fixture coacting with the rods to retain them in animated sus from plant and laboratory kilns are attributable to the pension, means for animating the rods, and grids equal to the jjfjjosphere, e.g., it is usually much easier to obtain oxidizing __ cross-sectional area of the chamber in spaced relation on the {(editions in a laboratory kiln, especially if it is electrically rods, whereby material fed into the chamber is given a pulsating toted. 8 figures, 8 tables, 13 references. J.A.S. movement causing it to fall successively on the grids and be im Stfety in kiln and furnace operation. J. B. Smith. Ceram. pelled from each grid upward to travel for a period freely sus ijf, 71 [3J 20-21, 42-45 (1958).--A gas safety control system / pended to delay its passage through the chamber and ensure an toeloped by the Factory Mutual Engineering Division Labora- extended drying period for the material. D.J.B. t*ks is described. 4 figures, 1 photo. W.K.S. High temperature furnace. Robert M. Witucki and Richard Shuttle kiln. T. W. Garve. Am. Ceram. Soc. Bull., 40 [3] L. Curtis (Curtiss-Wright Corp.). IT. S. 2,966,537, Dec. 27, 10-35(1961). 6 figures. -- 1960.--A high temperature furnace comprises an outer cylindrical Solring firing problems with differential thermal methods. shell, an inner cylindrical shell of less diameter, thermal insula Erhard R. West. Ceram. Age, 72 [3] 14-16, 42 (1958).--The tion in the space between them, a resistance heating element in tenon of a firing problem by the use of a small laboratory tunnel the inner shell spaced radially inwardly from the interior wall, Ea and DTA is described. 2 tables, 3 figures, 1 photo. g the outer and inner shells having aligned lateral openings, elec W.K.S. trodes passing through the aligned openings to connect to and Thermodynamic properties of the combustion products of support the heating element, at least one sight tube passing paphite and oxygen in idealized dust flames. Robert W. Smith, laterally through the walls of the outer and inner shells to render jr, Edwin B. Cook, and Hans M. Cassel. U. S. Bur. Mines -- specimens adjacent the heating element visible, a transparent left. Invest., 1960, So. 5668, 12 pp. Free.--Examples are given member in the sight tube, and means for introducing an inert gas 4 composition profiles at atmospheric pressure and room tem adjacent to the transparent member and through the tube to the perature in an idealized oxygen-dust flame, with mass and en- interior of the inner shell. D.J.B. (falpy preserved. M.J.K. h Trials with a tunnel kfl" fired with "liquid gas." Josef Muller. b.deul. keram. Ges., 37 [9) 441 (1960).--M. describes the success- See also Sect VIII: Particle size of feldspar and flint as a factor hi production of electrical porcelain in a tunnel kiln (internal in slip behavior. XIII--Materials bbtstos industry in 1960 (preliminary). Anon. U. S. Bur. manent ceramic wet drum separator is designed for cobbing ap ] >* Mineral Market Survey, 1960, MMS 3152, 1 p. Each plications in concentrating magnetite and reduced hematite ores. - from Pubs. Distrib. Sect., U. S. Bureau of Mines, The units employ Indox V, a new ceramic magnetic material giv {jpburgh 13, Pa. Crude perlite in 1960 (preliminary). Ibid., ing field strength readings up to 850 gausses 2*/ in. from the *MS3138,1 p. Diatomite in 1960 (preliminary). Ibid., MMS magnet face. V.R.E. MJ-K- Ceramic tests of Illinois clays and shales. W. Arthur White wtnnc fibers for filtering dust from hot gases. L. J. Kane, J-. Chidester, and C. C. Shale. U. S. Bur. Mines Reft. Invest., and J. E. Lamar (compilers). Illinois State Geol. Survey Circ., Mo. 5672, 18 pp. Free.--Results are given of tests made 3 1960, No. 303, 72 pp.--About 125 tests of clays and shales from 59 aluminum silicate filter to develop methods for removing counties are presented by county. One sample is Cretaceous **bom hot gases at 1800C. 17 figures. M.J.K. clay from the southern tip of the state; eight samples are from wximic magnetic wet drum separator for cobbing. Anon. pre-Pennsylvanian shales; the others are from Pennsylvanian J. (London), 2S5 (6536) 600 (I960).--The Stearns per shales and clays. Other publications on ceramic tests are listed. 180 Ceramic A bstracts July Method tad apparatus for detecting minute concentrations of zone and beating the boule-growing surface, introducing {_ht j gases and vapors. Robert A. Morris and Robert von Heine- constituents into the zone and heating them by passage ia Geldem (Mine Safety Appliances Co. of Pittsburgh). U. S. effluent to produce boule-growing material, and fusing aQ(^ ^ 2,968,730, Jan. 17, 1961.--The apparatus comprises means for cumulating the material on the boule-growing surface a,45' exposing a gaseous mixture as it enters an ionization chamber crystalline boule of increasing size. D.J g * to a specific reagent that will react with the constituent to be Radiation measuring apparatus [for thickness or detected to form nascent particulate matter and means for having means for compensating errors due to atmospw^ measuring the ionization current in the chamber before and after the mixture is exposed to the reagent. D.J.B. conditions. Arthur N. Otis, Jr. (Curtiss-Wright Corp.) n 2,968,727, Jan. 17, 1961. D.J g * Method and installation for carrying out glow discharge Sample cell for spectroscopic apparatus. Richard A. Mao, processes. Bernhard Berghaus (Elektropfaysikaiische Anstalt (Baird-Atomic, Inc.). U. S. 2,970,216, Jan. 31, 1961^ Bernhard Berghaus). U. S. 2,969,475, Jan. 24, 1961.--Io a sample cell for spectroscopic examination comprises a base l. method of performing metallurgical, chemical, or other technical prepositioning and orienting the cell with respect to a phot processes under the influence of an electric glow discharge in a metric system, a body component haring an elongated discharge vessel containing electrodes, the steps comprise (a) diameter capillary first bore of circular cross section, the charging a gas into the vessel in the region of a first electrode and __ being secured to the base for transmitting radiation from simultaneously withdrawing gas from the chamber at a point sys_t_e_m__th_ro_u_g_h__a__sa_m_pl_e_w__ith_i_n__th_e__bo_r_e_, _arp.rob.e pr^ovide removed from the charging region and at such rates that a capillary second bore communicating with one end of the fol pressure gradient is created in the space surrounding the electrode bore, and a syringe including a cylinder communicating in which the gas pressure diminishes with increasing distance the other end of the first bore and a piston slidable in the cylijj<u from the electrode and (i) disposing a cooperating electrode at a the body including an insert that is transparent to the radiation' distance from the first electrode and in the direction of diminish the bore being formed in the insert and a shell for the insert ing pressure, whereby migration of the discharge away from the shell having opposed windows aligned with the first bore ik. first electrode and into the zone of decreasing pressure is favored periphery of the insert being flattened at positions adjacent b and the first electrode is at least partly relieved of the load the windows, the axis of the first bore and the second bot otherwise imposed thereon by the energy of the discharge. intersecting at an oblique angle. DJ.fi D.J.B. Silicon-oxygen-nitrogen composition of matter. William Process for crystalline growth employing collimated electrical Forgeng and Russell W. Gerby (Union Carbide Corp.). u. ^ energy. Grady W. Clark and Robert A. Lefever (Union Carbide Corp.). TJ. S. 2,970,895, Feb. 7,1961.--A process for growing an electrically conductive crystalline boule comprises concurrently establishing an electric arc between a first electrode and a bouiegrowing surface, passing a gas stream in intimate contact with the first electrode to contain the arc, passing the arc-containing gas stream through an orifice to collimate the arc energy and the gas 2,968,530, Jan. 17, 1961.--The composition disilico oxymona nitride has the empirical formula Si*ON and has an X-ray ^ fraction pattern exhibiting prominent lines at 3.38, 4.44, ^ 4.69 a.u. for diffracted beams having relative intensities of 95, and 5, respectively. D.J.B. ' Ultramicro electrode titration assembly. Edwin P. stream as well as to produce a high-pressure arc and a high ther and Roger Gilmont (Beckman Instruments, Inc.). U. ^ mal content effluent, passing the hot effluent to a boule-growing 2,968,535, Jan. 17, 1961. D.J.B. XV--General Dust diseases in the pottery industry. E. Posner. Pottery Gaz., 86 [1006] 503-505 (1961).--P. describes the excellent facili-. ties available and the modem equipment used for combating pneumoconiosis; 923 persons died from this disease between 1950 and 1960. and 2000 are receiving disablement benefits. Early detection of the disease is vita! if its development is to be checked. 5 figures. C.M.C. I Scientific problems in the field of silicate chemistry and tech nology. P. P. Budnikov. SUikattech., 11 [10] 450-53 (1960).- B. discusses problems in cement chemistry and technology, n. fractories, rare earths, crystalline bonds, sintering process, crystal growth, physical chemistry of clays, clinker structure asd the effects of impurities, hydration and setting processes, moru: and concrete technology, and industrial wastes. L.M. XVI--Books Determination of Gases in Metals. Report of a symposium would be a worth-while addition to the library of any analytical organized by the Society for Analytical Chemistry in conjunction chemist. J. J. Diamond with the Iron and Steel Institute and the Institute of Metals. Fluidization and Fluid-Particle Systems. Frederick A. 2m Iron Steel Inst. (London) Spec. Kept., 1960, No. 68, viii+308 -- and Donald F. Othmer. Reinhold Publishing Corp., New Yort pp., illus. Price3 3r.--Fifteen papers cover the determination 22, 1960. x+513 pp., illus. $15.--Although the first few of oxygen, hydrogen, and nitrogen in iron and a few nonferrous pages of this book represent an effective general presentation d metals. Vacuum-fusion analysis, spectroscopy, radioactivauon the state of the art in this field, the remainder represents a hiplj and isotope-dilution analysis, carrier-gas techniques, X-ray dif- ^ comprehensive and technical treatment of the subject. The boot fraction and X-ray fluorescence analysis, and internal friction traces the development of fluid particle operations and cites the measurements were used. sources of these developments along with significant patentarf Flame Photometry. John A. Dean. McGraw-Hill Book Co., literature information. Reference is made to catalytic crackiogb Inc., New York 36, I960. viii+354 pp., illus. $11.50.-- ~ the petroleum industry, fluid bed production of ores and chemi In the field of flame photometry it is often said that "every cals, fluidized sizing and drying, and spray drying. Mathematical thing interferes with everything else." This book is virtually a treatment of the rheology of powders is presented. This inclnds documentation of that statement. The author presents, simply data on the angle of repose of various particles and powders s and clearly, the information needed by the analytical chemist 1 bins. The physical characteristics, such as size and shape dis who wishes to use this somewhat limited but, where indicated, tributions, and powder viscosities under various conditions *** extremely useful and efficient technique. The first half of the discussed. Technical considerations such as the prediction d book gives the theoretical and experimental basis of practical flow rates for powders in free flow through restrictions an p**" flame photometry. A full third of the book is then devoted to a seated. The motion of a single particle in fluids is examined in' detailed consideration of each individual element which can be comprehensive manner. Highly technical1 treatments of s** excited to emit radiation in a flame. A section is devoted to the subjects as flow through fluidized beds and bubble phenomena at* more important applications of flame photometry, including a chapter on cement and glass analysis. There is a very extensive, 7 presented. Pneumatic and hydraulic conveying systems are a- though not complete, bibliography of almost 800 references. Modem flame photometry is only about twenty years old, and amined in a separate section of the book. The subject of partid* carryover from fluidized beds as well as a theoretical treatise d there are only two books on the subject in English. This is the panicle recovery equipment is also included. Heat transfer o first written with emphasis on United States practice, and it fluidized beds is the final subject matter presented. In [ 1* this prir lx j4ol So* 'flu- of t! fron 0* de pro} lad eies, jmP' fom* ther has spec sttrv imp< task com; pbor. color aton- are i only trica book be U: and litem purp- efflpl edge but I is th; Ionic discu iafor cryst. grout a dee M< Darv the s wort: --Pr ate 3 from Haz: large The large tity semi thos< Curr direc some ren the i Idahcovei to th flows proct acid tion men! even Cop; yield riph. pracby 3 .. wgt 3, on --ure ' 220 Ceramic A bstracts September slag as a free falling column into a vertical cellulating chamber having nozzles about its upper end for projecting converging defining a gap comprising a median part and comparatively ^ recesses whereby the paramagnetic and weakly ferronugo^ streams of gaseous fiuiiand water on the molten slag column and particles accumulate in and are discharged from the median n C disrupting it into snail molten discrete masses. D.J.B. of the gap and only the weakly magnetic particles are dischar ** Apparatus for the manufacture of spherical particles [pressure from the recesses. D.J g chamber). Marvin A. Smith (Universal Chi Products Co.). Methoid of' sintering. "E"dward C. Creutz (General Dym-- U. S. 2,980,628, April 18, 1961. D.J.B. Corp.). U. S. 2,976,598, March 28, 1961.--The method iuclut* Filter element for extremely fine dust Gerhard M. Neumann. (Delbag-Lufcfilter G.m.b.H.). U. S. 2,980,208, April 18,1961.-- worting a plastic ceramic mix to form a compact having. thaeep* r^ scribed dimensions and shape, immersing the compact in a The element comprises a rectangular sheet of filter material of inert molten metal, and keeping the compact in the bath creased first lengthwise zigzag fashion and then creased trans sufficient time and at a high enough temperature to convert it in,1 versely to define panels of equal length, the panels being then a sintered ceramicproduct. D.J g 10 folded transversely accordion fashion through 90 from their ini Mixer for granular material [muller type). Robert L. v tial position at intervals. D.J.B. llvaine (Herbert Simpson Corp.). U. S. 2,978,147, April Grinding mills. Oscar H. Johnson (American Brake Shoe Co.). 1961. D.J.g * U. S. 2,980,352, April 18, 1961.--A rod mill has alternating rows Regulating electric precipitators [by a transducer), of dissimilar shell liners secured for rotation with the shell, cer Berg (A. B. Svenska Flaktfabriken). U. S. 2,978,065, April ? tain rows being depressed and wide enough to contain several rods and the remaining rows having raised lifter pads spaced 1961. D.J.B. Slip casting. Jan W. Szymaszek (Union Carbide Con, \ apart along the length of those rows. D.J.B. U. S. 2,979,401, April 11, 1961.--The method of forming ^ Magnetic separator operating in an aqueous medium. Robert articles of a metal and/or metallic compound comprises Matin, C. Forrer. U. S. 2,976,995, March 28,1961.--The apparatus com particles of a powder of the material with a resin while suspends, prises two pole pieces, the cross sections of which throughout their them in a nonpolar organic medium in intimate contact with i height and in a direction perpendicular to that intended for the porous mold, absorbing the medium through the mold to form j flow of the suspension have meandering outlines, the pole pieces green casting, removingthe casting, and sintering it. D.J.B I XI--Instruments and Test Methods Automatic fringe counting interferometer for use in the cali bration of line scales. Herbert D. Cook and Louis A. Marietta. J. Research Natl. Bur. Standards, 65C [2] 129--40 (1961).--A re versible fringe counting interferometer is described in which mechanical, optical, and electronic adjustments are maintained stable by servomechanism control or by balancing. Mirror parallelism is achieved by detecting the angular error electron ically and correcting by means of barium titanate actuators. An electronic interpolator permits recording of the count in digital form to 0.01 fringe without ambiguity. A rate of more than 1200 fringes/sec. has been achieved over a range of 14 an. Higher counting rates are possible over shorter ranges. Design factors and details are discussed. A correction factor is derived for the error introduced by finite collimation of the interferometer beam. 7 figures, 15 references. M.J.K. Differential thermal analysis. J. A. Schedling. Radex Rundschau, 1959, No. 4, pp. 600-11.--The principles, historic development, qualitative and quantitative aspects, apparatus, and applications of the DTA method are surveyed in detail. Although it offers great advantages as a dynamic measuring method, thus giving insight on the reaction kinetics, interpretation of the diagrams is not always easy and a critical attitude toward the interpretation is imperative. 17 figures, 31 references. L.M. Evaluation of resistance strain gauges at elevated tempera tures. Roscoe L. Bloss. Materials Research & Standards, 1 [1] 9-15 (1961).--Equipment and techniques for obtaining in formation on the probable performance of resistance strain gauges at 1500F. are described. 11 references, 1 table, 13 figures. M.P.H. High-temperature furnaces for X-ray diffractometers. Wil liam J. Campbell, Stephan Stecura, and Clark Grain. U. S. Bur. Mines Refit. Invest., 1961, No. 5738, 30 pp. Free.--Develop ments in the field of high-temperature X-ray diffractometers through 1959 are summarized, various furnace designs are eval uated. and the Bureau's X-ray diffraction facilities are described. 16 figures. M.J.K. Microhardness testing at high temperatures. J. H. West brook. Am. Soc. Testing Materials 7roc., 57, 873-67 (1957).--W. describes the construction, operation, and characteristics of a hot-hardness tester of modified Bergb design with a range of 20 to 1500C. and a load range of 20 to 900 gm. The problems en countered in this type of test, particularly with respect to hard, brittle materials, are discussed in some detail. Typical results are shown, and examples of the application of the test are described. 5 tables, 15 figures, 47 references. New apparatus for rapid differential thermal analysis. V. P. Ivanova and F. Ya. Bindul'. Zapiskt Vsesoyuz. Mineral. Oh- skckestva, 89 [5j 560-64 (1960).--The apparatus is capable of ob taining data between 20 and 1000 to 1300C., with a heating rate of 90 to 110C./min., on samples of 0.02 to 0.08 gm. 3 figures, 5 references. D.T.W. Physical investigations at high temperatures on fuel ash, sW and ceramic materials with the heating microscope. A. Metz Radex Rundschau, 1959, No. 4, pp. 612-16.--The design, con, struction, and operation of the heating microscope are surveyed 10 figures. L.M. Remote-controlled microscope for "hot" metallography, f Gabler. Radex Rundschau, 1959, No. 3, pp. 557-62.--The de. sign, construction, and operation of a remote-controlled micro, scope for polished surface examination of highly radioactive samples are described. The microscope was designed for the study of construction materials for nuclear reactors and is provided with appliances for observing and photographing polished specimens. 4 figures. L.M. Syllabus of clay testing. T. A. Klinefelter and H. P. Hamlin. U. S. Bur. Mines Bull., 1957, No. 565, 67 pp. (reissue). 43 cents. 12 figures. Govt. Printing Office, Washington 25, D. C. M.JX Telescope for measurement of optic angle of mica. Stanley Ruthberg. J. Research Natl. Bur. Standards, 65C (2) 125-28 (1961).--The instrument allows rapid measurement of the ap parent optic angle to an accuracy of 5 ' of arc for samples as lain as 2 in. in diameter. This angle is a property pertinent to the quality of mica. Instrumentation is quite simple but dependent upon the complex phenomena of interference figures produced by biaxial crystals in polarized light. Magnification is great, dis persion can be determined, and the uniformity of samples can be observed. 8 figures, 5 references. M.JX Thermocouples for use in carboa atmospheres. M R. Kadlo and C. P. Kempler. Rev. Sci. Instr., 32 (lj 43-47 (1961)--- Criteria are discussed for the use of thermocouples in C atmos pheres below 20Q0C. Experimental data are given for W/Re, W/W-25Re, Re/W-25Re, graphite/Re, and graphite/Ir ther mocouples in C atmospheres from room temperature to 2200*0. Reaction temperatures of C with thoria, urania, and yttria measured to be below 1730, 1620, and 1590C., respectively. 5 figures, 4 references. V.R-E- PATENTS Crossed dispersion photographic spectrometer. Richard ? Jarrell and William G. Fastie (Jarrell-Ash Co.). U. S. 2,975,6W, March 21. 1961. D.J-B- Electrical hygrometer device. Stanley R. Morrison (Mia8** apolis-Honeywell Regulator Co.). U. S. 2,975,638, March 21. 1961.--The apparatus determines the moisture content of a I3 ous mixture. D-J-B' Means for sampling bulk material. Fred Jordison (Binniw ham Small Arms Co., Ltd.). U. S. 2,977,800, April 4,1961.-- sampling bulk material as it falls in a stream, the apparatus ctf* prises a sample container mounted on a pair of spaced arms means for applying linear motion to the arms to move the saop container through the material stream. D.JB- Pyrometer construction. Sabert N. Howell (Servo Corp-" 1?61 ro^eter infrared energy < aftunS 2 Rapid /Lvris 1 ^ermoo pos*i Const! R. C. Ha 30 [3) lc of single suain-an through ance-wou that this suits- Cost o fired inte. German. The auth trie kilns, sufficient Firing < and elect 190-206 ( tional coa tent kiln, oittent k. and merit comparisc Fixing Shingler a (1961).--i and const; of Doulto; botli coal; theinterm of fired wa ment. Oy British an scientific 1 increase a: bodies of v than coal 4 reference High ter Browning, 133499,9 1 furnace sui characteris specimens, duced radi constructio Instrume mond J. Br temperatur OUS gas ana Refinem. Ceram. Ag features on General M- Small hi H. Priest, constructio 2000C. is the power 1 5 figures, 4 Theoretic Sdar Enen mboloid of are Herivec - *ribe<i le for a S-. the ***. 13 vj.B. shales, "Z'-ratn. ,r>ieralith Vne ndered ^Unites 0.1 to Vomits 0.9%. creator *>0"C. %>) A.s. Cherrt., 3hesiorj Ong of ^ygtn. al enter -c O*' on the molten ' The :t angle salts it o*y?en. the sur*ol in^ayer in around - angles ires, is G.B. Joan R. tables. UU. laid K. 60). 5 H.l. don of lesonov. ion was lerature ted on . lattice .s of the T.W. 3reusov (1959). pounds: mpound d coma points ' tables, T.W. S. van [6] 131 i on the % (at.) %<st.) .s found G.B. is light -tin W. 911-38 tve tx(X-ray minuffl. sulfur. destruc- lalyticol rals and related e X-ray tures of s. Ft*' XIV, Chemistry and Physics--XV, General--XV], Books 227 jy gnalyxed reference clay minerals of the American Petro- institute Research Project 49 served to establish the cali- ttfB. 7 tables, 9 figures, 15 references. H.l. lteS^Cn,Cl and (Zft,Cd)S:Cu,Cl electroluminescent phosphors. J^chtel. J. Eledrocfum. Soc., 107 [7] 602-608 (I960).-- for the preparation of ZnS:Cu,Cl and (Zn,Cd)S:electroluminescent phosphors are based on firing in an ^sphere containing elementary S. Cl incorporation is con* by firing in capped silica tubes or in open boats in a cur- Kj -f SjClj. Dependence of brightness on activator con- ^{jjtion is established on the basis of presumably constant Co as Cu:S. The use of Pb was found to be disadvantage* Introduction of Cd causes tbe formation of the hexagonal ^gnd a (Cu.Cd)S compound and simultaneous decrease of '^tduminescence brightness as well as dependence of electro- ''Ljscence emission color on Cd concentration. A two-step procedure is given, by means of which this effect may be _ __ j, __ partially avoided. 5 figures, 4 tables. 2-4 references. J.M.K. PATENT Method for recovering plutonium values from solution using a bismuth hydroxide carrier precipitate. Burt F. Paris (United States of America as represented by the U. S. Atomic EnergyCommission). U. S. 2,981,591, April 25, 1961.--A process for the recovery and decontamination of plutonium contained in an aqueous nitric acid solution of plutonium and uranium fission products comprises maintaining the plutonium in the hexavalent oxidation state, precipitating bismuth phosphate in the solution, separating the precipitate and its associated uranium fission prod ucts, precipitating bismuth hydroxide in the supernatant solu tion, digesting the slurry at 80 to 125C., and separating the digested precipitate and its associated plutonium values. D.J.B. XV--General rassucs and the new federal housing program. Walter J. Silicosis may be held in check for years or even prevented by ^g. Am. Ceram, Soc. Bull., 40 [7] 468-69 (1961). 3 photos, good food and healthful living. T.W.G. i gyilurgy--an old bnt forgotten internationally understood -- Status of ceramic research. Winston Duckworth. Ceram. Weil specification. Epaminondas Vretos. Sprechsaal, 92 Age, 76 [4] 27-30 (1960).--D. notes that ceramic research, be ij-]446 (1959).--A study of the philological correctness of the coming deeper probing and wider ranging in scope, is gaining in J - "hyalurgy" and its applicability to the glassworldng pro- stature. Progress has shown that past restrictions on the use, ;^on is presented, L.M. d composition, and processing of ceramics often have no real basis. a yeas in ceramics--old into new. A. L. Roberts. Trans. Supporting examples of this thesis from recent Battelle research Cvi Ceram. Soc., 59 111) 505-14 (1960).--Some of the major include studies of antimony glasses, porcelain enamel adherence, 4^tnes on which J. W. Mellor worked established basic concepts pure refractory oxide sintering temperatures, and microstructural {.tbe science of ceramics which today have been amplified rather -- limits of strength. The importance of an interdisciplinary ap YfS changed. His classical studies of kaolinite laid the founda- proach to bring about new uses for ceramics is emphasized. 5 fjes of modern clay mineralogy, and his principle of "arrested photos. P.E.R. ^tjoos" is now seen to apply not only to reactions in the mass Structure and space demand of tbe elements. Hans Vetter. . d also in the synthesis of minerals, though unstable modifica- e Ziegelind., 14 [4] 99-106; [5] 127-31; [6] 149-56; [7] 199-202; jc$ may appear and persist until the final and stable form de- [8] 226-29; [9] 267-78 (1961).--V. subjects all the elements, as j$5p$. X-ray analysis and other physical methods have ad- such and in minerals and other combinations, to a thorough study. ^osced the knowledge of the structure of clays immeasurably, 52 tables, 3 figures, 24 references. T.W.G. iai the properties baaed on structure are becoming understood. -- Summing up--a round table discussion. William M. Bran - .ceasing use of ion exchange is likely in the field of adsorption. ham, Winston H. Duckworth, Einar P. Flint. John M. Neff, and ;es stages can be seen in the development of tbe science of Eugene W. Wainer. Ceram. Age, 76 [4] 76-77, 79-89 (1960).-- rsaoics: (1) the beginning of the application of science to in- The ceramic research managers of Battelle Memorial Institute, - astry, (2) the acceptance by industry of the scientific principle / Arthur D. Little, Inc., Armour Research Foundation, and Hori =aid research as a worthwhile investment, and (3) the solution zons, Inc., discuss the status and future of ceramic education, industrial problems by fundamental work. The properties of technology, and research and present their views for correcting xsolid state of matter are of prime importance, in particular, the problem areas in education and industry- 18 photos. P.E.R. stet structure of crystals on which so many ceramic reactions -- Where are the patents? Eugene Wainer. Ceram. Age, 76 [4] for their initiation and progress. A.W.N. 35-42 (1960).--W. concludes that the ceramic industry is spend Opportunities for ceramic industry development in Egypt. ing less per sales dollar in research than comparable industries IV. Bakr. Sprechsaal, 91 [17] 418-26 (1958).--Egyptian raw aaials, products, and the future evolution of the ceramic in- Q and that research and invention in the industry seem to be lagging. He suggests as a solution, not only a reorientation of ce ramic education from technology to pure scientific aspects, but sry are discussed. 6 references. L.M. also an adjustment in ceramic industrial philosophy with stress Silicosis and its prevention. H. Fr. G Schmidt. Sprechsaal, on the need to obtain a greater dollar return per unit of ceramic 4[23] 611 (1960); reprinted in Ziegelind., 14 [4] 117 (1961).-- -- raw material sold. 3 figures. P.E.R. XVI -Bootes implication of Quantitative Methods in Archaeology. Edited materials is also covered. There is a useful bibliography of 76 tkobert F. Heizer and Sherburne F. Cook. Viking Fund references. Marie Farnsworth Rations in Archaeology, No. 28. Quadrangle Books, Inc., Bibliography of Glass. Compiled by George Sang Duncan; '*ago 1, 1960. x + 358 pp., 12 Ulus. 87.50.--The editors and edited by Violet Dimbleby. Published for the Society of Glass a other scholars prepared papers for a nine-day meeting in Technology by Oceana Publications, New York 3,1960. 544 pp. **ria in 1959, sponsored by the Wenner-Gren Foundation. $45.--Designed to give a comprehensive coverage of publications ** papers are published in this book, as well as tbe discussions on glass from the earliest records to 1940, the 15,752 entries in meeting and a short list of recommendations drawn up at this bibliography were selected by Mr. Duncan over a period of -*t4 of the meeting by the participants. The papers cover 28 years. After his death, the task of organizing and editing was >oany techniques that can be used to interpret the residues of completed by others under the direction of the Society of Glass activity on early archeological (prehistoric) sites, and ail Technology. Entries in the main section are alphabetized by 'tmeerned with the proper quantitative interpretation of such author names, with anonymous works included under subject xice. Of special interest to ceramists is "Quantitative study headings. Titles are given in the language of original publica '^amic materials," by Frederick R. Matson, which briefly tion with an English translation or explanation following foreign ^5 the newer techniques applied to ceramic materials. These titles. In some cases, additional information is given, particu nuclear bombardment. X-ray fluorescent spectrometry, J larly in reference to some of the rare works. A supplement in spectrometry. X-ray diffraction, magnetic dating, and cludes approximately 400 entries which were found or in which ^oscopic studies, as well as chemical analysis. The informa- some of the data were confirmed after the main section was in be gained from modern primitive pottery manufacture and type. , technical studies including modern reproduction of ancient Ceramics. P. William Lee. Reinhold Publishing Corp., New XIV, Chemistry and Physics--XV, General--XVI, Books 275 Member I ]200C. to dissociate the gel and expel the water and any dpitate containing plutonium values. Harrison S. Brown and wile substances formed. D.J.B. Edward G. Bohlmann (United States of America as represented -^^pore , jfeutron-captpre, gamma-ray prospecting method. James W. by the U. S. Atomic Energv Commission). U. S. 2,982,599, ley, Charles W. Tittle, and Albert R. Graham (Gulf Research May 2. 1961. D.J.B. **.* supw. ITpevelopraent Co.). IT. S. 2,983,817, May 9, 1961.--A method Scanner element for particle analyzers. Wallace H. Coulter. rWwJhu;* detecting an anomaly in the degree of alteration of igneous *i metamorphic rock bodies comprises procuring equal weight Robert H. Berg, and Fred L. Heuschkel (Coulter Electronics, Inc.). U. S. 2,985,830, May 23, 1961.--A scanner element ;- 5 oxide ~-^ples of the rock body, identically subjecting each sample to .1*" > w , ^ed slow neutron flux and concurrently measuring the rate fTMs ilKo j, irhich 7 rays are produced by the sample having a prede- comprises a vitreous ceramic wall having an orifice and an inert wafer of highly heat resistant material having a permanent contour aperture therein fused to the wall with the aperture and orifice Srpi' ijnined range of energy levels, and correlating the measured aligned. D.J.B. :dwd^ ^!es with the locations of the points from which the samples Jj^gz procured. D.J.B. Tube furnace for carrying ont gas reactions in ceramic tubes. Friedrich Endter and Julius Schtiffler (Deutsche Gold- und ^Parations 4 preparation of anhydrous cerium chloride, uranium bromide, Silber-Scheideanstalt vorm. Roessler). U. S. 2,987,382, June 6. ^.th. ^plutonium fluoride. Kent M. Harmon and Edward Wichers 1961. D.J.B. lh iron sfoited States of America as represented by the U. S. Atomic Vacuum coating apparatus. James H. Gardner and Charles A. Ternainder ^tnbutitfl, "^grietie *pergy Commission). U. S. 2,982,603, May 2, 1961. D.J.B. *" production of plutonium fluoride from bismuth phosphate pre- Baer (National Steel Corp.). U. S. 2,989,026, June 20, 1961. D.J.B. 1 table H.i. 5d*s, tei. * XV--General aorg. u "ations on *"TUnd G-B. 2' Otiorg, on to the unds and >*ray data of 2rSe turn, J5 ' g.b. peratures. 1 figure, 6 . Cement ceramics. H. J. Rolke. Ceram. Age, 74 (51 26-29 '1959).--R. describes the possible use of hydraulic cement to im^ove wet and drv strength and to produce "cold grog." *: W.K.S. J Ceramic engineering and materials engineering. Lawrence H. rijii Vlack. Am. Ceram. Soc. Bull., 40 (9] 568-69 (1961). 2 -jbles. - |Ceramic industry--history and present development) Sylvio trees de Abreu. Cer&mtca (SSo Paulo), 4 [16] 26-31 (1958). i V.R.P. J Foreign competition in the ceramic industries. Jennings "jyndolph. Am. Ceram. Soc. Bull., 40 [8] 512-13 (1961). 1 High temperature lab designed on functional rather than prod- the ceramist and metallurgist should produce wonderful new products. D.J.B. Prestressed ceramic structures. F. R. Shanley and W. G. Knapp. PB Rept. 130928, 72 pp.; V. S. Govt. Research Repts., 30 [5] 419 (1958).--Use of prestressed ceramics as primary air craft structures is discussed. Several semispan wings were as sembled and prestressed. Failure during prestressing in each case precluded static tests. Methods of cellulating ceramics to reduce the apparent density were developed and tested. The following tests and studies were conducted: (1) determination of Poisson's ratio for various ceramics; (2) fatigue tests of ce ramics; (3) ceramic body study in the clay-AljOi-fiux field systems; and (4) study of gasketing materials. silica aad y*-. 32 [5] and crysserved'in With fast Jiis band al bleach* >' coraple- amed. It has been posed for osorption .nd theras at 7.4 2m. Soc., W.A. _irt lines. Anon. Ceram. News, 10 [3], 16, 27 (1961).--A :*ief description of the new laboratory for inorganic, chemical, sramic, metal, and mineral research of Metal & Thermit Corp., .iibwav, X. J. 3 photos. D.J.B. Hope for 1961--growing markets, no inflation. Anon. Rock *freds., 64 (1) 84-95 (1961).--A forecast of business conditions tsdudes cement, lime, and lightweight aggregate with tonnage .satput charts from 1950 to date and a 1961 projection. 20 - spires. D.J.B. .. Managerial aspects of plant operation--elements of inventory 'actrol. Garrison F. Finzer. Ceram. Age, 74 [6] 22-24, 30-31 1959).--Means of better inventory control through planning se discussed. 5 figures. W.K.S. Modem ceramics, ally of modem metals. Anon. Metal hogr., 78 (5) 69 (1960).--Recent reports on more ductile ceramic products and the use of familiar metallurgical tests and pro Properties and applications of glasses and ceramics. J. R. Blizard. Machine Design, 33 (14] 166-67, 169 (1961).--Me chanical and thermal properties are given in tabular form for glasses, fused SiOj, glass-ceramics (Pyroceram), high tempera ture oxides, and bonded SiC. A brief discussion of guides to be followed in design is included with some possible applications. 2 photos. D.J.B. Science in the ceramic industry. X. F. Astbury. Trans. Brit. CeraiK. Soc., 60 [1] 1-32 (1961); cf. Cerom. Abstr., 1961, April, p. 104/. A.W.N. Symposium on materials research frontiers. .4 m. Soc. Test ing Materials Spec. Tech. Publ., 1959, Xo. 243, 52 pp. 82.00.-- The following papers are included: "Tailoring the properties of materials,'' by E. P. Stevenson; "Materials in the nuclear age," by John J. Antal; "New advances in physical metallurgy," by W. R. Hibbard; and "Recent developments in glass research," by W. W. Shaver. cures for studying compositions indicate that metals aod Warning to ceramists. Herbert Inslev. Am. Ceram. Soc. '.utonium 'Clinics are coming closer together. The combined talents of Bull., AO [8] 511 (1961). products. James . Atomic H.--The utonium XVI--Books Barium Bibliography--A Comprehensive Survey of the Litera- overlap is often evident. Some chapters which have little to do D.J.B. e on Applications of Barium Chemicals. Inorganic Chemicals with microscopy are included, e.g., "Microscopists and Research -national '^search & Development Dept., Food Machinery & Chemical Management," whereas such an important topic as the reflecting I.--The Cap., Mineral Products Div., 161 E. 42nd St., New York 17, light microscope (metallographic microscope) is barely mentioned. . can be LY.,1961. 433 pp. Brief descriptions of phase microscopy, interference microscopy, ystal in - Building Research, 1960. Department of Scientific and ln- and polarization microscopy may be found by diligent search in .-ystal to rmation outward rom the XJ.B. o&ration roelstra May 9. for the *U by js body o! cal- :nt, the volatile lorides. at 100* -tetrial Research. 1961. iv -f 91 pp., illus. Price 7j. Availi*ie from H. M. Stationery Office, London.--The report covers ^-fcterials, design and performance of structures, soil mechanics, :4deocy of buildings, and building operations, j Encyclopedia of Microscopy. Edited by George L. Clark. Idahold Publishing Corp., New York 22, 1961. xiii + 693 pp., its. J25.--This book is composed of 109 chapters under ap- jfcDtimately 20 sections. There has been an obvious effort to ;*dude a notice, even of the briefest, of the latest developments in field. Emphasis is laid on the application and results of ^'xroscopic study in specialized areas rather than on techniques microscopy and preparation of materials. Particularly in the of electron microscopy, there are chapters, often beautifully Castrated with micrographs, that will appeal to the specialist in microscopy of organic materials. There is a lack of coherent J*Rnization and over-all editing. Gaps exist and considerable three or more different chapters. Although there are chapters concerning electron microscope lens design and the history' of elec tron lens development, chapters on the historical development of microscope design with informative illustrations are either absent or very brief. To the ceramist, the chapters with the most usefulness and appeal are those on minerals (under electron microscopy), industrial research, optical theory of the light microscope, optical mineralogy, 'and geological, mineralogical, and ceramic applications of microradiograpny. In the chapter on minerals the morphology of very fine grained minerals is well illustrated. The chapter on optical mineralogy' is concerned with the application of the polarizing microscope to the elucida tion of the chemical relations of minerals; the behavior of light in crystalline materials is not discussed here or elsewhere in the book. The chapter on petrographic thin sections describes briefly the older methods of preparation. That on geological, i The America Ceramic Society February 15,1993 I hereby certify that the attached copies of Ceramic Abstracts, Volume, 1961, are true and accurate copies, which are maintained in the normal course of business at the American Ceramic Society, 735 Ceramic Place, Westerville, Ohio 43081, Product Manager Ceramic Information Center 735 Ceramic Place Westerville, Ohio 43081-8720 614*890*4700 TWX: 7101109409