Document ka6kQ5Q4XyVa76V10pMxyYDrn

FILE NAME: 3M (3M) DATE: 1961 Oct DOC#: 3M008 DOCUMENT DESCRIPTION: IH Digest listing attendees of IHF training course covering pneumoconioses & other topics, with Literature Abstracts MMBB-H018917 t jj Industrial Hygiene Digest fr\^\ INDUSTRIAL HEALTH NEW S LITERATURE ABSTRACTS MEDICAL ENGINEERING CHEMICAL TOXICOLOGICAL LEGAL OCTOBER, 1961 (Voi. 25, No. 10) t-c INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE FOUNDATION MELLON INSTITUTE 4400 FIFTH AVENUE PITTSBURGH 13, PA. 03120921 HWBB-0018918 75 5^ r^ i 03120922 fo u n d a tio n assum es no responsibility for statem en ts in articles ab stracted in this g **?i..o r lo l m aterial from oth er o rg an isatio n s which m ay be sent to m em bers from Um eTM tim e The ?vfnSVi c o n d e n sa tion of a rtic le s a s w ell a s lite ra tu re not originating- w ith in th e F o u n d a tio n a re m ade available to our m em bers solely for th e ir Inform ation, by way of keeping them posted on developm ents. >-- ^l5 v I ndustrial Hygiene Features A discussion of the identification and control of major industrial medical cases is p resented in Abst. No, 951. Data concerning the differential diag nosis of bronchiectasis and bronchitis a re given in Abst, No, 95b, Bundle branch block among employed p ersons is the them e of Abst. No, 958. Consult A bst. No. 959 for inform ation regarding the m anagem ent of h y p er tension and "low blood p re s s u re " in the employee. A b st. No. 961 r e p o r ts on the s o lita ry pulm onary nodule and lung m alignancy, A study on smoking in relation to phy sical com plaints is given in Abst, No. 964. See A b s t, No, 9.69 fo r i n f o r m a t i o n on akjn cancer and occupation. C onsult A b st. No. 97 5 fo r d e ta ils on the toxicology of selenium and tellurium . Bone m arrow changes in chronic cad mium poisoning in rabbits is the title of Abet. No. 979. Abst. No, 980 d iscu sses the co m p ara tive toxicology of iron compounds. A bst, No. 995 r e p o r ts on studies of experim ental silico sis in dogs, A sbestosis in a w orker engaged in automobile undercoating is investiga ted in Abst. No. 997. Abet. No. 1002 is co n c ern ed with medical problem s of underwater depths. Consult A bst. No. 1006 for details on the m easurem ent of rocket engine noise. Abst. No, 1020 re p o rts on fallout and m an's diet. Information concerning air pollution from the grain industry is given in Abst, No, 1028. F oundation Facts NEW M EM BER. The Foundation welcomes to m em bership The C ooper-B esaem er Corporation. 26th ANNUAL MEETING THIS MONTH. The im m ediate resp o n se to the invita tions for our 26th Annual Meeting which will be held here at Mellon Institute, P itts b u r g h , on O ctober 25 -2 6 , 1961 has been m o st g ratify in g . We t r u s t th a t ev e ry m em ber company will be represented at these conferences and are confident that those in attendance will find the meeting both profitable and interesting. DR. PAUL GROSS, the Foundation's R esearch Pathologist, p articip ated in a P o s t - G r a d u a t e C o u r s e on D i s e a s e s of She C h e s t s p o n s o r e d by th e A m e r i c a n C o lleg e of C hest P h y sic ia n s, on S ep tem b er 26, in Philadelphia, He a lso attended a m eeting of the Planning Com m ittee for the Conference on R esp irato ry D isease in Industry on O c to b e r 14, in Philadelphia^. THEODORE F. HATCH, I-H -F T rustee and Engineering A dviser has been appointed to the A dvisory C om m ittee to the Surgeon G en eral on O ccupational H ealth. T his C om m ittee m eets at least once a year to advise on needs and Public Health Service activities in the field of occupational health. M em bers of the C om m ittee a re s e lected from industrial management, organized labor, State health and labor depart m ents, and the professions in occupational health. NEW R E PR IN T. "D etachm ent of Sections of T issu e - Its P re v en tio n " by Ethel B, T o lk e r and P au l G r o s s . Am. J. C lin. P a th . 36, 188 (A ugust, 1961). R e p rin ts available from the Foundation upon request. HWBB-0018919 TA BLE OF CONTENTS Industrial Hygiene Training Course P *S I N e w s I t e m s ..................................................................................., ......................................................... j O c c u p a tio n a l D i s e a s e S t a t i s t i c s . ........................................................................................ 2 C o m in g E v e n t s .................................. ..................................................................................................... ....... L e g a l D e v e l o p m e n t s ................................................................................................................................. 3 B o o k s , P a m p h l e t s and N o t i c e s ...................................................................................... 5 i n d u s t r i a l M e d ic a l P r a c t i c e . ......................................................................................................... 6 Skin D i s e a s e s and B u r n s ............................. 12 C h e m i c a l H a z a r d s ..................................................... 13 I n d u s t r i a l D u e ts . .......................................................... ................................................................... , 19 P h y s i c a l A s p e c t s of the E n v i r o n m e n t . . . . '................................................. 23 R a d io a c tiv i ty and X - R a d i a t i o n ............................................................................................. .... , 26 E n v i r o n m e n t a l M e a s u r e m e n t s ................................................................................ 28 P r e v e n t i v e E n g i n e e r i n g ........................................................................................................................... 28 C o m m u n ity A i r H y g i e n e ............................................................................................................. 29 M a n a g e m e n t A s p e c t s ............................................................................................. 31 A c c i d e n t s and P r e v e n t i o n ......................................................................................................................32 Index 03120924 INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE TRAINING COURSE Conducted by INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE FOUNDATION and OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH RESEARCH TRAINING FACILITY U. S. P U B L IC H E A L T H S E R V IC E E ngineers and C hem ists attending Industrial Hygiene Training C ourse. Standing - left to right - D. J . T em plet, Allied C hem ical C orp. ; M, J. Peake, G eneral M ills, Inc,; C harles A. Peterson, D eere & Company; John SuitlesB, W eirton Steel C om pany; R, Duane P o llo ck , Boeing A irp la n e C om pany. Seated - left to right - W illiam B. E astm an, K aiser A lum inum k C hem ical C o r p . ; R a lp h C . W a n d s , M i n n e s o ta M ining tt M a n u f a c tu r i n g C o m p a n y ; Robert J. Heaney, Kennecott Copper C orp.; R. D. W eaver, M inneapolisHoneywell Regulator C o.; William Milon, B acharach Instrum ent Company. (Also attended som e of the c o u rs e s, but not in picture: F ran k Donley, C a r borundum Company and C h arles Haun, Union C arbide C orp. ) This w as the second training course conducted by the Foundation for industrial hygiene engineers and c h e m is ts , and again, the re s u lts w ere m o st gratifying. It w as an intensive tw o-w eeks d e voted to laboratory work, lectu res, and hom ew ork assignm ents. Students personally p repared known concentrations of gases and vapors, calibrated gas sam pling instrum ents, used gas de te c to rs, m ade chem ical analyses and ventilation m easu rem en ts. L ectures and dem onstrations covered such subjects as pneum oconioses, toxicology', radiation, noise and industrial hygiene p ra c tic e . The course was com pleted with a final exam ination which w as followed by presen tatio n of C ertificates of Training to this second graduating class. The attention, industrious and busi n e ss-lik e attitude of the students was highly com m endable. Again, we feel that the course served a very useful purpose and provided the participants with knowledge and experience which will serve them well. F uture co u rses of this type are planned. 3 2-5 HWB-00189?1 O c to b e r , 1961 Volum e XXV N o . 10 Industrial Hygiene Foundation 4400 Fifth Avenue P itts b u r g h 13, P e n n s y lv a n ia INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE DIGEST L iterature and News NEWS ITEMS 936 PHS R eorganizes for Expanded S erv ices. E sta b lis h m e n t of a New D ivision of E n v iro n m e n ta l E ngineering and Food P ro te c tio n in the P u b lic H ealth S e rv ic e h as b een announced by S urgeon G e n e ra l L u th e r L. T e r r y . The new Division, with W esley , G ilbertson as its Chief, was created as p art of a Service-w ide r e o rg a n iz a tio n desig n ed to stre n g th e n and expand p re s e n t e n v iro n m e n ta l health p r o g r a m s , and to provide m o re a ss ista n c e to state and local health ag en cies. Functions now assign ed to the new D ivision w e re fo rm e rly p e rfo rm e d by the D ivision of E n g in e e rin g S e rv ic e s , w hich h as been a b o lish e d . T h e se p ro g r a m s a r e c o n cern ed with basic p ro b le m s in en v iro n m e n ta l health and sa n ita ry e n g in e e rin g , p rim a rily those of mounting c o n cern to local a g e n c ie s, p a rtic u la rly in urban c e n te rs. Included a re a v ariety of g en eral san itary engineering activ ities. F o r m ore efficient handling of public health p ro b le m s c re a te d by e n v iro n m e n ta l h a z a rd s , the S erv ice has e sta b lish e d an Office of R e so u rc e D evelopm ent w ithin the B u re a u of State S e rv ic e s. F ra n k A. B utrico heads the new office, which will be p rim a rily concerned with a ir and w ater pollution, exposure to radiation, and occupational and industrial developm ents. -- Civil Eng. 937 M ore In fo rm atio n R eq u ired in L a b e ls. M a n u fa c tu re rs of p re s c rip tio n d ru g s will have to fu rn ish m o r e in fo rm atio n in lab els, u n d e r a FDA ru le sla te d to tak e effect M a r c h 5, 1962, T he F o o d and D rug A d m in is tra tio n w ill req u ire each package of a p rescrip tio n drug to contain an in s e rt which gives com plete in fo rm a tion about the drug's use, including harm ful side effects and contraindications. This in fo rm a tion can now be o m itted if the label say s " lite ra tu re av ailab le on re q u e s t" . In d u stry opposed the new reg u latio n on the ground that it would su b stan tially in c r e a s e c o s ts . But FDA C o m m iss io n e r G eorge P. L a r n c k says: "Furnishing reliable inform ation for the professional use of p re s c rip tion d ru g s in the package will co nstitute only a sm all fra c tio n of the co st of p ro m o tio n ". - - C hem . Eng. News 9 3b M ethyl E thyl K e to n e . P ro p e rtie s and essential inform ation for the safe handling and use of m ethyl ethyl ketone a re d e sc rib e d in a new ch em ical safety d ata sh eet pub lish ed by the M anufacturing C h e m ists A sso ciatio n , The vapor of m ethyl ethyl ketone is irritatin g to the ey es, nose and th ro at. The ir rita tin g p ro p e rty s e r v e s as a good w arning since it o c c u rs at c o n c e n tra tio n s below that level at which any sy m p to m s o c c u r. M ethyl ethyl ketone is a low fla sh flam m ab le liquid and its vapors form explosive m ix tu res with air over a fairly wide range of concentrations. Methyl ethyl ke tone is a lso quite vo latile, and the v ap o r which is h eav ie r than a ir m ay accu m u late in low spots or tr a v e l along the grou nd and be ignited by sp a rk s o r o th e r f la m e s at lo catio n s re m o te fro m the handling site. Safety in handling m ethyl ethyl ketone d ep en d s, to a g re a t extent upon the effectiveness of em ployee education, p ro p er safety in stru ctio n s, intelligent su p erv isio n , and the use of safe equipm ent. W o rk e rs should be thoroughly in fo rm e d of the h a z a rd s th a t m a y r e sult fro m im p ro p e r handling of m eth y l ethyl ketone. They should be cau tio n ed to p re v e n t sp ills and thoroughly in stru c te d reg ard in g p ro p e r action to take in c a se they o ccu r. E ach em ployee should know what to do in an e m e rg e n c y and should be fully in fo rm ed as to firs t aid m e a s u re s . C o p ie s of C h e m i c a l Safety D ata S h eet SD -83 on m e th y l eth y l k e to n e a r e a v a ila b le a t 30 c e n t 6 e a c h fr o m the M a n u fa c tu rin g C h e m i s ts ' A s s o c ia tio n , I n c , , 1825 C o n n e c tic u t A v en u e, N, W. , W a s h i n g to n 9, D. C, 1. 03120926 Industrial Hygiene Digest O c to b e r , 1961 939 P ittsburgh Sanitary Engineering C onference. T he 3 r d P i t t s b u r g h S a n ita r y E n g in e e r in g C o n f e r e n c e w ill be h e ld N o v e m b e r 4 1961 at the G raduate School of Public H ealth, U niversity of P ittsb u rg h . The conference will be of interest to sanitary engineers, m unicipal officials, disposal plant o p erato rs, san itarian s and eq u ip m en t m a n u fa c tu re r e p r e s e n ta t iv e s . Send p r e - r e g i s t r a t i o n fee of $ 5. 00 (which in clu d es luncheon} to D r. E u g en e W e is b e rg , 1626 F o r b e s A v en u e, P it ts b u r g h 19, P a . -- Chem. Eng. News OCCUPATIONAL DISEASE STATISTICS 940 9 ccuPational D i s e a s e S t a t i s t i c s . ( C a s e s r e p o r t e d to the r e s p e c t i v e H ea lth D e p a r t m e n t s ) . A llergy to flour Asthm a Be rylliosis B erylliosis (possible) De rm a titis Insecticide poisoning Lead poisoning P neum oconiosis Pneum oconiosis (suspected) Silicosis Silicosis (suspected) ConnM ,L. 1 27 * Total 28 * C auses are listed as follows: Pa. Aug. -Sept, 2 1 1 32 1 3 11 3 20 9 83 Tenn. Aug. 13 1 14 Total 2 1 1 1 72 1 3 11 3 21 9 125 Connecticut: Occupational d e rm a titis due to plants: wood dust 1 , poison ivy 1 ; occupational d e rm a titis due to oils and g re a s e s and m etal cutting com pounds 5; occupational d e rm a titis due to so lv e n ts 4; o ccu p atio n al d e rm a titis due to o th e r c h e m ic a ls : a lk a lis 1, glues 1 inks 1 , m ultiple ch em icals, etc. 2, plating ch em icals 2, synthetic resin s o r re s in com pounds ' ( p l a s t i c s ) 3; o c c u p a t io n a l d e r m a t i t i s -- o th e r : h e a t 2, u n d e t e r m i n e d 2; u n s p e c i f ie d 2 COMING EVENTS Oct. 30-Nov. O c t . 31 - N o v . Nov. 1-3 Nov. 1-3 N ov. 1-3 N o v . 1-3 A sso c ia tio n of O fficial A g ric u ltu ra l C h e m is ts , W ashington, D. C. In te rsc ie n c e C o n feren ce on A n tim ic ro b ia l A gents and C h e m o th e ra p y , A m e r i c a n S o c ie t y f o r M i c r o b i o l o g y , N ew Y o r k , N, Y. Pittsburgh D iffraction C onference, M ellon Institute, Pittsburgh, Pa. Industrial Engineering & M anagem ent C lin ic, 25th A nniversary.' Industrial M a n a g e m e n t S o c i e t y , C h i c a g o , 111, P a r e n t e r a l D r u g A s s o c i a t i o n , A n n u a l C o n v e n ti o n , New Y o r k N. Y. A m e ric a n C oncrete Institute, 14th Regional M eeting, B irm ingham ] Ala. 2. 03120927 :i'5 HWBB-B01&922 Industrial Hygiene Digest O c to b e r , 1961 Nov, 2-3 Nov, 6-7 Nov, 6-8 Nov. 6-8 Nov, 6-8 Nov, 6-9 W eek of Nov Nov. 7-9 Nov. 7- 10 Nov, 8- 1 ) N ov. 10 - 1 2 N o v . 13 -1 5 N o v , 13 - 1 7 N o v . 14 - 1 6 N o v . 15 - 1 7 Nov. 21 Nov. 21 -D ec 1 N ov, 24 -25 Nov. 25 -27 10th In stru m e n ta tio n C o n fe re n c e , L o u isia n a P o ly tech n ic In stitu te, R uiton, S ym posium on M e te o ro lo g ic a l A ir P o llu tio n , U. S. P u b lic H ealth S ervice, D ivision of Air Pollution, C incinnati, Ohio A m erican Occupational Therapy A ssociation, D etroit, Mich, A to m ic In d u s tria l F o r u m , ttth A nnual M e etin g in C o n ju n ctio n w ith A m e ric a r N u c l e a r S o c i e t y , C h i c a g o , 111. Chem ical Institute of Canada, C hem ical E ngineering D ivision, Conference, Toronto, Ontario, Canada Atom F a ir 'S I, 7th T rad e F a ir of the A tom ic Industry. Atom ic Industrial F o r u m a n d A m e r i c a n N u c l e a r S o c i e t y , C h i c a g o , 111. 9th Hot L ab o rato ry and Equipm ent C onference, Joint with A m erican Nuc-lear S o c i e t y , A t o m i c I n d u s t r i a l F o r u m , a n d A t o m F a i r , C h i c a g o , 111. International C onference on M easles Im m unization. U niversity of Colorado, N ational In stitu te of A llerg y and In fectio u s D is e a s e s , and D ivision of Biologies S tandards. National Institutes of Health, B ethesda, Md. A m erican N uclear Society, Joint with Atomic Industrial Forum and Atom F a i r , C h i c a g o , 111, Institute of M anagem ent S ciences, 2nd A m erican M eeting, Joint with O p era tions R esearch Society of A m erica, San F ran cisco , Calif. G erontological Society, In c ., Pittsburgh, P a. A m e r i c a n P e t r o l e u m I n s t i t u t e , 41 s t A n n u a l M e e t i n g , C h i c a g o , 111. A m erican Public H ealth A ssociation, 89th Annual M eeting, D etroit, M ich. A m erican M eteorological Society, G eneral M eeting, T allahassee, Fla. E astern Analytical Sym posium , New York, N ,Y . M anufacturing C h e m ists' A ssociation, Sem iannual M eeting, New York, N.Y. C onference on the U ses of R adioisotopes in A nim al Biology and the M edical Sciences. International Atomic Energy Agency, Food and A gricultural O rg a n iz a tio n and W orld H ealth O rg a n iz a tio n , M exico C ity, M exico, D, F . A m e ric a n P h y sic a l Society, C h icag o , III, A m erican C ollege of C hest P h y sician s, In terim S ession, D enver, C olorado LEGAL DEVELOPMENTS 942 C o m p en satio n N ew s, C hanges in the Law. New Y o rk , e ffe c tiv e J a n u a r y 1, 1962, e x te n d s c o m p u l s o r y c o m p e n s a tio n and o c c u pational disease coverage to em ployers of one or m o re. Until 1959, em ployers of 4 or m ore had to be covered. Each y ear since, the nu m b er of em ployees for req u ired co v erag e has been reduced by one. During the te rm in office of G overnor N elson R ockefeller, 390,000 m ore w o rk e rs have been brought under the New Y ork c o m p en satio n a c t. New York e m p lo y e rs , ef fe c tiv e Ju ly 1, m a y not a s k a p p o rtio n m e n t of lia b ility a m o n g p r e v i o u s e m p l o y e r s if th e i r w o rk e r s c o n tra c t c o m p re s s e d a ir d is e a s e . Illinois set up a tr u s t fund to m ake su re the re c o rd in d isp u ted occupational d is e a se c a se s is c o m p lete before the am o u n t paid fo r re c o r d copies is turned over to the state tre a s u ry . M a s sa c h u se tts, effective A ugust 21, in c re a se d death b en e fits for dependents other than wives or husbands and children. The sam e state, but effective August 24, in creased death benefits to $35 a week for the surviving spouse and $5 for the first child ($6 for each additional child), for a m axim um of 500 w eeks. Effective August 29, the state raised m axim um disability benefits to $50 a week, with an extra $6 for each dependent. T otal d isab ility p ay m en ts m ay not be m o re than a v e ra g e w eekly w a g e s. In F lo rid a , C h a irm a n , A . W, B r o w n o f t h e I n d u s t r i a l C o m m i s s i o n a n n o u n c e d a r e d u c t i o n f r o m 2 1 / 2 to 27 >n th e s t a t e tax rate on w orkm ens' com pensation insurance p rem iu m s. The reduction will save em ployers m o re than $300,000 a year. Rhode Island no longer re q u ire s that $750 be paid the second injury fund w hen a w o rk e r without dependents is killed, if the fund on M ay 1 is u n d er $ 5 00 ,0 0 0 . 03120928 3. Industrial Hygiene Digest O c to b e r , 1961 M axim um total disability benefits, effective June 8, w ere set at $40 a w eek, and the m axim um p e rio d for paying to tal d isa b ility b en efits a t 1,000 w eek s. If a T e x a s w o rk e r is killed on the job and leaves no dependents, costs of his last sickness and his burial will be paid, with a m a x im u m of $500. T h is b ecam e effective June 17. Cond. from Occ. Hazards 943 P ag e the W a g e -L o ss T h e o ry . M arion T aber, an outside laborer, had a heat stroke and was totally incapacitated. He received com pensation benefits. D uring his disability, T a b e r went to college. He got b ach elo r's and m a s te r's d eg rees, and began teaching in the public school system , at a salary g re a te r than he fo rm e rly received as a la b o re r. His em ployer filed an application to term in ate his benefits. The co u rt held that when an em ployee is incapacitated to the extent that he cannot p e rfo rm strenuous m anual lao b r, a s he fo rm e rly could, he is entitled to continue to receive b e n e fits, e v e n though he o b ta in s f u ll- tim e e m p lo y m e n t at h ig h e r w a g e s. The lo s s of w a g e s is not the d e te rm in ativ e facto r in allowing benefits. C laim allow ed. T a b e r v. T ole. K ansas S u p r e m e C o u r t 362 F . 2d 17 {May 13, 1961). -- Occ. Hazards 944 S ilico sis and A n th ra c o s is -- L ia b ility of L a st E m p lo y e r -- E vidence of In ju rio u s E x p o s u re . ' ' C laim ant w as not entitled to com pensation from his la st em ployer for disability due to s ilic o s is o r a n th ra c o s is b e c a u se he did not su s ta in an in ju rio u s e x p o su re while in th at e m ploym ent. C laim ant, a 57-year old w o rk er in the coal fields, was forced to quit w ork after 14 m o n th s of e m p lo y m e n t by the d e fe n d a n t a s a h a u l e r of c o a l. He p r e v i o u s ly h ad b e e n e m p l o y e d f o r o v e r 35 y e a r s in v a r i o u s c a p a c i t i e s by o t h e r e m p l o y e r s in t h e c o a l m i n i n g i n d u s t r y , o v e r th irty y e a rs in sid e the m in e s and la te r y e a rs on the o u tsid e . W ithout detailin g the e v i dence'; the court ruled that the re c o rd overw helm ingly supported the b o ard 's conclusion that the c laim an t's occupational d isease antedated his em ploym ent with the defendant, and that th ere was no evidence w hatsoever that the claim ant had an injurious exposure during his em ploym ent with the defendant which would independently of any oth er cause w hatsoever, produce o r cause the disease for which claim is m a d e ." A ffirm ed. Webb v. Elkhorn Coal Company. Kentucky C ourt of A ppeals. N ovem ber 3, 1960. - - R ep ro d u ced by p e rm is s io n fro m W o rk m e n 's C o m p e n sa tio n Law R e p o rts , published by and C o p y r i g h t 1961, C o m m e r c e C l e a r i n g H o u s e , I n c . , 40 25 W. P e t e r s o n A v e . , C h i c a g o 4 6 , 111. 945 L iver A ilm ent -- E xposure to L acq u er and T hinner. C laim ant was aw arded com pensation for disability due to a toxic inflam m ation of the liv e r which the b oard held to be an occu p atio n al d is e a s e . In h e r e m p lo y m e n t for som e six y e a rs , the c la im a n t was ex posed to la c q u e r and th in n e r kept in open c o n ta in e rs upon a table a b o u t 12 f e e t f r o m w h e r e s h e w o r k e d . T h e m e d i c a l t e s t i m o n y w a s in s h a r p c o n f l i c t bu t th e b oard w as w a rra n te d in accep tin g the te stim o n y of the c la im a n t's m e d ic a l e x p e rt who w as of the opinion that the claim an t's disability was due to such exposure. The reco rd also supported a finding of occupational d ise a se . C laim an t's exposure to the fum es of the volatile ch em icals constituted the essen tial "recognisable link" between d isease and em ploym ent. A ffirm ed. Z ecca v. J. L ev in so h n & C om pany, Inc. New Y ork S u p re m e C o u rt, A ppellate D ivision, T h ird D ep artm en t. No, 2194, D ecem b er 2, 1960. - - R e p ro d u c e d by p e r m is s io n iro m W o rk m e n 's C o m p e n sa tio n Law R e p o r ts , p u b lish e d by and C o p y rig h t 1961, C o m m e r c e C le a rin g H o u se , I n c ., 4025 W, P e t e r s o n A ve. , C h icag o 46, 111. 03120929 4. 0 - 'Ji h Industrial Hygiene Digest O ctober, I9bl BOOKS. PA M PHLETS AND NOTICES 946 You a n d Y o u r H e a r i n g . N. C a n f i e l d . O b ta in a b l e f r o m : P u b l i c A f f a i r s C o m m i t t e e , I n c . , Zl E a s t 38th S tr e e t, New Y ork 16, N. Y. 20 pp. (July 1961). 25 c e n ts . " In a m e c h a n ism w hich is as c o m p lic a te d as that of h earin g th ere a re m any p a rts that can go wrong. S om etim es nature plugs our e a rs with wax, thus im pairing our hearing, This type of hearing loss is called conductive. Sound waves a re blocked before they reach the inner e a r. A m ore serio u s type of hearing lo ss, known as perceptive deafness or nerve d e a fn e s s, re s u lts w hen som ething goes wrong in sid e the in n e r e a r o r in the n e rv e th at c a r r i e s the sig n als to the b ra in . H earin g aid s p e rfo rm le s s sa tis fa c to rily in this type of hearing lo s s. M ost hearing lo s s e s occur grad u ally , unnoticed by the p e rs o n affected. Once a loss is detected, the d o cto r w ill decide what tr e a tm e n t to p r e s c r ib e . M a ln o u rish m e n t, ch ro n ic infection in the e a r s , nose o r th ro a t, an a lle rg y , o r a co m bination of th ese co n d itio n s w ill re sp o n d to m ed ical tr e a tm e n t. In addition to tr e a tm e n t by m e d ic in e , c e rta in types of h earin g lo s s can be alleviated by su rg ical operatio n . In p ercep tiv e d eafn ess, the stru c tu re of the e a r deep in the skull or the nerve to the brain or the b rain itself is affected and hence not accessib le to su rg ic a l p ro c e d u re s. F o r these people a regim en of rehabilitation such as is d escrib ed in the pam phlet is requ ired . 94^ S elected T opics in R adiation D o sim etry . P ro ceed in g s of the Sym posium on Selected Topics in R adiation D o sim e try S po n so red by The In tern atio n al A tom ic E n e rg y A gency and held in V ienna, June 7-11, I960, Obtainable from : National Agency for International Publications, I n c . , and U nesco P u b lic a tio n s C e n te r , 801 T h ird A ve. , New Y o rk 22, N .Y . 685 pp. (June 1961). $9 .5 0 . R eliable m ethods m easuring the intensity of the radiations from radioactive m a te r ia ls and fro m n u c le a r r e a c to r s a re e s s e n tia l to the safety of all w o rk e rs in ato m ic la b o r a to r ie s and in d u s tria l p lan ts and eq ually so, in the th e ra p e u tic use of ra d ia tio n in h o sp ita ls, for the protection of patients, d o cto rs, n u rs e s, and all h an d lers of radioactive m a te ria ls. Safety regulations are in force but cannot be effective without a wide v ariety of in stru m en ts and m ethods to m e a s u re the actual am ount of radiation p re s e n t, varying all the way from very faint ra d ia tio n s that m ay be p re s e n t in food, a ir and w a te r, to the in ten se ra d ia tio n s in a n u clea r re acto r. The International Atomic Energy Agency in Vienna conducted an im portant s y m p o s i u m on t h i s s u b j e c t in J u n e I9 6 0 . F o r o ne w e e k , 171 s c i e n t i s t s f r o m 28 c o u n t r i e s d e s cribed and discussed m odern m ethods and equipm ent for this task. Aside from two general su rv e y s, one by D r. K, Z. M organ of the Oak Ridge N ational L a b o ra to ry in T e n n e sse e and the other by th ree F ren ch scien tists from the C en ter of N uclear Studies at Saclay, the p a p ers come under the following headings: Ionization C ham bers; Scintillation D evices; Photographic D osi m etry; Chem ical M ethods; T hreshold N eutron D etectors; Counting D evices and Ionization C ham ber for N eutron Dose D eterm ination; Solid State D osim eters for G am m a and N eutron R adiation; S pecial M ethods for the D o sim e try of R adiation fro m A c c e le r a to r s or R e a c to rs; D osim etry on C ritical A ssem b lies. The sym posium is an im portant one for physicists, ch em is ts, biologists, and physicians who are engaged in w ork with any type of radiation. 948 S p r in k le r S y s te m s . N F P A No. 13. O b tainable fro m : N atio n al F i r e P r o t e c ti o n A s s o c ia tio n , 60 B a tte r y m a r c h S tr e e t, B osto n 10, M a s s . 160 pp. (1961). $ 1 .2 5 , A newly revised standard for the installation of sprin k ler system s has been released by the N ational F ire P ro te c tio n A sso ciatio n . Providing d etailed guidance on th is su b ject, the 1961 ed itio n of the N F P A S ta n d a r d on S p r i n k le r S y s te m s i n c o r p o r a t e s a s u b s ta n tia l n u m b e r of changes fro m e a r l ie r is s u e s . Among the m o st im p o rtan t is p ro v isio n for extended spacing of s p r in k le r s in o rd in a ry h a z a rd o ccu p an cies re g a r d le s s of the type of c o n stru c tio n . S im ila r e x tended spacing is also allow ed in som e light and e x tra h a z a rd o c c u p a n c ie s. The N FPA S prin k ler 03120930 5. Industrial Hygiene Digest O c to b e r, 1961 Standard is alm ost universally used as the authoritative guide to p ro p e r sp rin k ler installation p ra c tic e s . The re v ise d text, p re p a re d by a re p resen tativ e co m m ittee under the chairm an sh ip of G ordon F . P r i c e of the S o u th -E a s te rn U n d e rw rite rs A sso c ia tio n , A tlanta, w as adopted at the recent N FPA annual m eeting in D etroit, 949 Oil Burning Equipm ent. NFPA No, 31. Obtainable from : N ational F ire P ro te c tio n A sso c ia tio n. 60 B a tt e r y m a r c h S tr e e t, B o sto n 10, M a s s . 70 pp. (1961). 75 c e n ts . A revised edition of the NFPA standard for the installation of oil burning equipm ent has just been re le a se d by the National F ir e P ro tectio n A ssociation. Adopted at the international fire sa fe ty o rg a n iz a tio n 's re c e n t annual m e e tin g , the re v isio n p e r m its the use of app ro v ed Type L ventilating sy stem s in certain fuel-burning appliances. O ther significant changes in co rp o rated into the new rev isio n include cancellation of approval of use of b aro m etric-fed oil stoves and h eate rs, and a com plete revision of the stan d ard 's section on air for com bustion and ventilation. Widely adopted by states and m unicipalities to regulate the installation of o il burning eq u ip m en t, the sta n d a rd a lso c o v e rs g rad e of fuel oil, d e sig n , c o n stru c tio n , and in stallation of sto rag e tanks, and m any oth er re la te d item s. It w as developed by the NFPA S ection al C o m m itte e on L iquid F u el B urning E q u ip m en t, c h a irm a n n e d by E , F. T a b isz , g e n e ra l m anager of U n d erw riters' L ab oratories of Canada. INDUSTRIAL MEDICAL PRACTICE 950 I n d u s t r i a l iz a t io n -- Its C hallenge, to M e d ic in e . S. G r e e n h ili. L a n c e t 1, 1181 (Ju n e 3, 1961). T he double edged im p a c t on a s o c ie ty 's d is e a s e p a tte rn is ou tlin ed . T his change in d isease pattern can be observed in both developed and developing co u n tries. The societal s t r e s s e s p ro d u c e d by in d u s tria l evolution a re c o n tra ste d w ith th o se p ro d u c e d by technologic revolution. H ypotheses a re advanced to account fo r th ese d ifferen ces. B ro a d e r concepts of disease etiology and w ider understanding of sym ptom com plexes by the m edical profession a re considered n e c e ss a ry . It is suggested that future m edical c u rric u la m ust take these changes into account, if the role and status of the doctor is to be m aintained in this e ra of social and technologic upheaval. -- J. Am . Med. A ssn. R eferences & Reviews 951 Id e n tific a tio n and C o n tro l of M a jo r I n d u s tr ia l M e d ic a l C a s e s . b u s c h . l n d . M e d . & S u r g . 3] 2 1 8 - 2 2 0 ( J u n e 1961 ). M. F . B ruton and R. S. Rosen- The authors have developed a control concept for the C h ry sler C orporation M edical D ep artm en t which fulfills a th re e -fo ld need: (1) a sim ple system of obtaining c u rre n t in fo r m ation on o v e r - a ll M edical D e p a rtm e n t a ctiv ity and need s; (2) a m e a n s of d etec tio n and study of c a s e s w hich p r e s e n t m a jo r e le m e n ts of ti m e - lo s s , d is a b ility , and high c o s t, and (3 ) an efficient m ethod by which the industrial physician can keep posted on the p ro g re ss of those patients who a re beyond his d ire c t control because of absence from w ork, o r tre a tm e n t in o u t side facilities. -- Authors' sum m ary 952 The P re g n a n t W oman in Industry. A Report from the State of Illinois D epartm ent of Public H ealth. Anon. Ind. M ed, k Surg. 30, 238-240 (June 1961). " N o rm a lly , the p reg n an t w om an m ay continue e m p lo y m en t, being t r a n s f e r r e d , if n e c e ss a ry , to lighter o r m ore sedentary type of job. The w ork should m eet these re q u ire m en ts: ( 1 ) P re g n a n t w om en should not be em ployed betw een 12 m idnight and 6:00 a .m . They should not w ork m ore than 8 hours a day, and p referably not m ore than 40 hours p er week. 03120931 6. Industrial Hygiene Digest O c to b e r , 1961 HHtf"-001B92f (2) E v e ry p reg n an t w om an should have at le a s t two 10-m inute r e s t p e rio d s during h e r w ork shift, p ro p e rly spaced to avoid situ atio n s that c re a te a h a z a rd , such a s crow ding at lunch tim e and quitting tim e . T h ere should be adequate facilities for re stin g and opportunity to s e c u re n o u rish in g food, (3) P re g n a n t w om en should not be em p lo y ed in the following types of w ork, but should be assig n ed to n o n -h azard o u s jobs: (a) jobs that req u ire stra in of m uscle o r joints, such as heavy lifting, stretching, continuous standing, prolonged sitting, stooping or walking, sta ir climbing many tim es a day o r when carrying m a te ria ls w here the hands are not free for. holding to railing; fb) jobs that re q u ire good sense of bodily balance, such as w ork on scaffo ld s o r ste p la d d e rs; (c) jo b s in which th e re is a m a rk e d v ib ra tio n , as w ell as danger of severe injury, such as near pow er p re s se s, pow er-driven woodworking m achines, o r polish ing m a c h in e s; (d) jobs involving ex p o su re to lead and m e r c u ry com pounds, an ilin e, benzol and toluol, nitrobenzol and other nitro com pounds, carbon tetrach lo rid e, ionizing radiation, and other toxic substances considered to be ex tra hazardous during pregnancy. 953 D y s m e n o r r h e a -- C a n be C o s t l y . H, R . M u s h l i n . Ind . M e d . Et S u r g . 30^ 2 4 1 - 2 4 4 (J u n e 196 1). D y sm en o rrh ea is a syndrom e which occu rs to a varying degree in an industrially im p o rtan t p ercen tag e of women in the childbearing age. T here a re m any th eo ries of causation, > and probably m ore than one factor is operative in each case. The presen t study shows that other sym ptom s besides pain itBelf, p a rtic u la rly those affecting the cen tral nervous system and the g a stro in te s tin a l tr a c t, m u s t be taken into c o n sid e ra tio n in tr e a tm e n t. M edication which can control this syndrom e with a m inim um of side reactions can effectively reduce d is ability, increase productivity, and reduce absenteeism . -- A u th o r's su m m ary 954 Suicide A ttem pts with Ingestants, The E xperience at a M unicipal G eneral Hospital. J. H irsh, H, L. Zauder and B, M, Drolette, A r c h . E n v i r o n m e n t a l H e a l t h _3, 2 1 2 - 2 1 6 (A u g. 1961). Of the em erg en cy ad m issio n s to Jacobi H ospital from Ja n u a ry , 1955, through A pril, I960, of patients who had ingested toxic substances, m ore than 50% of them w ere determ ined by p sy c h ia tric ev alu atio n to be c a s e s of su icid al a tte m p ts. T h e s e 232 c a s e s include 178 fe m ales (76.7% ) and 54 m ale s (23.3% ) o r a m ale to fem ale ratio of 1 to 3 .3 . The pred o m in an t agents w ere b a rb itu ra te s, which w ere used by 61.1% of the m a le s and 57.3% of the fem ales, o r 58.2% of the total patients. The next m ost com m on agent w as m eprobam ate (Equanil), used by 9 .9 % of the p atien ts. All oth er agents w ere used le s s frequently and about equally. - - A uthors' conclusions 955 U pper L im b D am age in P n e u m a tic D rill W o rk e rs . L. R oche, J. M a i tr e p i e r r f , E . E eJeune a n d J . M e r m e t . A r c h , m a l a d i e s p r o f e s s . 22_, 5 7 -6 1 { J a n . - F e b . 19 61 ). F r e n c h . The investigations d escribed here w ere undertaken to study the frequency of the d is a b ilitie s of the u p p er lim b in m i n e r s which m ig h t be due to th e ir w o rk w ith p n e u m a tic to o ls. In the f i r s t in v estig atio n , 93 m in e rs w ere ex am in ed c lin ic a lly and only th o se in whom signs of a r t h r it is e x iste d w e re su b m itted to x - r a y of w ris t and elbow . In 50 of th e s e w o rk e rs th e re w e re no sy m p to m s. A mong the re m a in d e r th e re w ere v a so m o to r sy m p to m s in 32 chiefly of tingling and p a raeth esia (25). Trophic changes existed in 4. Sym ptom s re fe ra b le to the joints o c c u r r e d in 31 m i n e r s b u t t h e s e w e r e due to s i m p l e a r t h r a l g i a in 2 1 o f t h e m e n a n d d e f i n i t e a r th r itic changes w e re found in only 10 m en -- 5 in the elbow , 4 in th e w r is t, and 1 c ase of K ienbock'a d is e a s e . In the second in v estig atio n sy s te m a tic x - r a y ex a m in a tio n s of w ris t and elbow w e r e c a r r i e d out on 157 m i n e r s . T he fin d in g s, w h ich a r e s e t o u t in a ta b le an d d i s cu ssed , w ere that definite a rth ritic changes w ere p re se n t in the elbow in 1 1 , and in the w ris t in 15 i n s t a n c e s , In c o n c l u s i o n , th e o p in io n b a s e d on th e f i n d in g s of t h e s e tw o i n v e s t i g a t i o n s is th a t although it is c le a r th at th e r e is a re la tio n betw een the w o rk w ith p n e u m a tic to o ls and the a rtic u la r lesions, n e v e rth e le ss, the resulting disability is by no m eans sev ere, -- Bull, Hyg, 03120932 7. In d u strial Hygiene Dige at O c to b e r. 1961 956 D ifferential D iagnosis of B ronchiectasis and B ronchitis. J. T. Jo y n er. D ise a se s of C hest 39, 591 (June 1961), J. E . R a y l, E . D. P e a s e le v and n B ro n c h ia l d e fo rm ity o r d ila ta tio n o c c u rs in b ro n c h ie c ta s is , as w ell a s in acute and ch ro n ic b ro n c h itis. B ro n c h ie c ta s is c o n s is ts of a p e rm a n e n t s a c c u la r o r fu sifo rm b ro n chial deform ity following a previous pneum onia in the sam e a re a , w hereas acute bronchitis has a re v e rsib le cylindrical dilatation of the dependent bronchi following an acute re s p ira to ry in fection. C hronic bronchitis has diffuse bronchographic fe a tu re s. P re lim in a ry clinical stu'dies suggest that th ese featu res m ay be due to elevated in trab ro n ch ial p re s s u re produced by an obstructing m echanism during cough. - - J. Am. Med. A ssn. R eferences & Reviews 957 C o r o n a r y A r t e r y D is e a s e . 2; A g e -S p e c ific In cid en ce of F i r s t M y o c a r d ia l In f a r c tion in White M a ^ s . R . A. W i s e , e t a l . A m . J . P u b l i c H e a l t h 51 , 8 6 6 - 8 7 2 ( J u n e 1961).------------------------- Data on the incidence of m yocardial infarction p er annum p e r each year of life from 30 to 64 in a known w hite m a le population h a s been d e s c rib e d . The wide v a ria tio n in sp ecific age data has been sm oothed by grouping in 5-y ear-ag e in crem en ts. A parabolic curve has been fitted to the d a ta a s m a th e m a tic a lly d e s c rib e d as re a s o n a b ly a c c u ra te fro m a g e s 30 to 60 and p o ss ib ly through 64. A fo rm u la Y=0. 16<X-30)+0. 006(X-30H fo r com puting the incidence of first m yocardial infarction in a population sim ilar to the one used has been presented. The incid en ce of m y o c a rd ia l in fa rc tio n in w om en below the age of 60 is v e ry low and in the a u th o rs' lim ited study was zero. The study covered a 4 -y e a r period and involved about 13,000 m en and 2,400 women. . . Authors' conclusions 958 Bundle B ranch Block Among Employed P e rso n s. T, G. E lias, A r c h . E n v i r o n m e n t a l H e a l t h 2> 1 4 0 - 1 4 5 (A u g . 19 61 ). Bundle branch block alone, without signs or sym ptom s of organic h eart d isease, has a reasonably good prognosis. Right bundle branch block has a som ewhat better prognosis than left bundle branch block. M yocardial infarction can be diagnosed with accu racy in right bundle b ra n c h block. In left bundle b ra n c h block, how ev er, it is v e ry difficult to m ake the diagnosis with p re se n t c rite ria . C are m ust be taken in evaluating newly diagnosed bundle branch block not to unduly a la rm the patient and ris k iatrogenic d is e a se . - - A uthor's su m m ary 959 The M an ag em en t of H y p e rte n sio n and "L ow Blood P r e s s u r e " in the E m p lo y ee. H. E . D ickson lnd. M ed, k Surg. 30, 195-199 (May 1961). ' ---------- ` The fact that th e re is no specific etiology of h y pertension co m p licates a control p r o g ram in the field of O ccupational Health S erv ices. T here m ust be an effective p ro g ra m of early detection, counseling, r e f e r r a l, and follow -up. Among 3,930 em ployees sc re e n e d in the G e o r gia State Em ployees' Health Service, the author has found an o v er-all prevalence over a 4 -y ear p e r io d of 8. 3 % h y p e r te n s iv e s . Of th is n u m b e r , 38. 7% w e re o v e rw e ig h t. D u rin g the f i r s t b a tt e r y of m u ltip h a s ic h e a lth t e s t s o ff e re d in 1957, 1, 500 e m p lo y e e s p a r t ic i p a te d . T h a t y e a r , th e r e w as a p re v a le n c e of 9 .6 % . By the th ird s e r ie s in 1959, th is fig u re had been re d u c ed to ' 3. 3%. In 1957, 0.2% knew they had an elevated blood p re s s u re . Of the prevalence of 3.3% hypertensive in 1959, 1.9% knew of th e ir history. While statistical evaluation of blood p r e s sure readings are difficult for group an aly sis, p art of the aboved d ecreased prevalence can be attributed to the p ro g ra m of e a rly detection, re f e rra l, counseling, and follow -up on the m u lti phasic health screening te sts offered in the G eorgia State E m ployees' Health Service. -- A uthor's conclusions 960 A t h e r o s c l e r o s i s in In d ia . K. S. M a t h u r , N. L , P a tn e y and V. K u m a r . C irc u la tio n 4 , 68 (July 1961). The extent and sev erity of a th e ro s c le ro s is in the ao rta and the co ronary, c e re b ra l, re n a l, and p u lm o n a ry a r t e r i e s w ere d e te rm in e d in 500 m e d ic o le g a l a u to p s ie s. E a r li e s t e v i dence of a th e r o s c le r o s is in the form of lipid spots w ere seen in the a o rta at the age of 2 1 /2 03120933 8. r^\ !/ ! O .) i Industrial Hygiene Digest O c t o b e r , ! 96 1 HWBB'- l 0 f l f 8 9 2 5 y e a rs , in the c o ro n a ry and ren al a r t e r i e s in the 2nd d ecade, and in the c e r e b r a l a r t e r i e s in t 4th decade. A therosclerotic indices rose p ro g ressiv ely with age, showing a steep rise after the 4th decade in the a o rta and the c o ro n a r ie s . P u lm o n a ry a r t e r i e s show ed no a th e r o s c le ro s i As c o m p a re d to the U nited S ta te s, the extent and se v e rity of a th e r o s c le r o s is a fte r the age of y e a rs was m a rk e d ly low in India and sig nificantly low er than in Jap an and J a m a ic a . It is con eluded th at fa c to rs which in itiate a th e ro g e n e sis differ fro m one g eo g rap h ic reg io n to an o th er, and that the facto rs which initiate it are different from those influencing m ore advanced stages. S ex d if f e r e n c e s a r e a p p a r e n t e a r l y in life , t h e s e a r e m o s t m a r k e d a t th e age o f 30 y e a r s , and d im in ish a fte r the 5th d ecad e. Inborn b asic d iffe re n c e s in the two se x e s a r e su g g ested, -- J. Am. Med. A ssn. R eferences L Reviews 961 T he S o lita r y P u lm o n a r y N odule and Lung M a lig n a n c y . C , D. M c C lu r e , et a l. A r c h . E n v i r o n m e n t a l H e a l t h _3, 1 2 1 - 1 3 9 (A ug. 1 9 6 1 1. W hile a 5 - y e a r fo llo w -u p of 551 r e s i d e n t s of A lle g h e n y C ounty id e n tifie d by s u r v e y r e a d e r s a s h a v in g v a g u e l y d e f i n e d n o n - c a l c i f i e d s o l i t a r y p u l m o n a r y n o d u l e s r e v e a l e d o n ly 13 (2 .4 % ) m i c r o s c o p i c a ll y c o n f ir m e d p r i m a r y m a l ig n a n c i e s , 11 of th e s e w e re included in the 184 c a s e s a c tu a lly r e f e r r e d as having s o l ita r y n o d u le s , giving a yield of 6. 0% p r i m a r y m alig n an t l e s i o n s . T e n , o r a l m o s t 1 /3 , of th e 32 n o d u le s d ia g n o s e d s u r g i c a l l y w e r e p r i m a r y m a l ig n a n c i e s . A m o r e p re c is e definition of " s o lita r y p u lm o n a ry nodule" applied by two e x p e rt re a d e r s e n hanced the yield of p rim a ry m alignant lesions to a range from 10. 6% to 16.5% of the solitary n odules " r e f e r r e d " by e ith e r e x p e rt. If the ap p ro a c h is tak en that initial dual read in g s by e x p e rts should be used to designate c a ses for im m ed iate follow -up, a p rim a ry can cer yield of 4. 5 % would have resu lted when eith er o r both ex p ert re a d e rs identified so litary nodules on "blind" readings of the original 70-m m , film s only. When both re a d e rs ag reed on the p re sence of a so litary nodule, this yield ro se to 11.5% , but this was accom panied by a loss of se n s itiv ity of the m eth o d . A mong th e 146 s o lita ry nodule c a s e s s e le c te d fo r " r e f e r r a l " by e i t h e r o r b o th e x p e r t s w e r e a l l 13 p r i m a r y m a l i g n a n c i e s (a y i e l d of 8 . 9 % ) , an d a ll b u t one (a h a m a r t o m a ) of th e 32 s u r g i c a l l y d ia g n o s e d c a s e s . F r o m th i s s tu d y it is a p p a r e n t t h a t s o l i ta ry nodules initially delineated on the basis of m inifilm s by fast tem po survey re a d e rs to re a lly yield le s s than 5% of p r i m a r y lung c a n c e r. A fte r a m e tic u lo u s 5 -y e a r follow -up only 32 out of 551 s u r v e y -d e te c te d s o lita ry no d u les c a m e to s u r g ic a l d ia g n o s is , and only 10, o r ~ about a th ird , p ro v ed to be p r im a r y m a lig n an cies -- a fig u re c o n siste n t w ith re p o rts of su rg ic a l s e r ie s . T his suggests that clinicians m ust have co n sid erab le skill in evaluating the clinical significance of lesions designated as solitary nodules in a survey. T here was no clinical o r h is to lo g ic a l evidence of a p r i m a r y lung c a n c e r a ris in g fro m any of the 261 c a lc ifie d p u lm o n a ry nodules within 5 y ears. -- Authors' sum mary 962 R esu lts of a F re n c h Survey on the Role of T obacco, P a r tic u la r ly Inhalation, in D ifferent C an cer S ites. D. S chw artz, et al. J. N atl. C a n c e r Inst. 6, 1085 (May 1961). The au th o rs rep o rt on a retro sp ectiv e study of 3,937 patients with c a n c e r who w ere c o m p a r e d w ith 3, 614 c o n tr o ls , in cluding p a tie n ts w ith v a r i o u s o th e r d i s e a s e s o r h e a lth y p e r sons. A list of can cer sites associated with smoking was established, including the lip, tongue, oral cavity, oropharynx, hypopharynx, larynx, lung, esophagus, and bladder. By considering the d iffe re n t c r i te r ia of tobacco consum ption it w as p o ssib le to s e p a ra te th e se site s into two gro u p s: ( 1 ) in c a n c e r of the lip, o ra l cavity (excluding the tongue), o ro p h ary n x , hypopharynx, and esophagus, neither inhalation nor preference for cigarettes seem ed to be significant, (2) inhalation and preferen ce for cigarettes w ere significant for can cer of the lung, larynx and p ro b ab ly b la d d e r. C oncerning the sites liste d in (2), inhalation w as an im p o rta n t fa c to r, in dependent of the amount sm oked o r the method of sm oking. The p a rtic u la r significance of the cig arette was le s s definite; it depended, in p a rt, on inhalation, which was asso ciated with this type of sm oking. S m o k ers of c ig a re tte s -o n ly , p ip e-o n ly , and p ip e -a n d -c ig a re tte s m o k e rs dif fe re d in c e rta in re s p e c ts and p e rh a p s in th e ir m a n n e r of sm oking in g e n e ra l. The effect of in h alatio n a p p e a re d to be sp ecific ; it p ro v e d to be significant in so m e site s of c a n c e r but not in others. - - J- A m . M ed. A ssn . R e fe re n c e s & R eview s 03120934 9. I n d u s t r i a l H y g i e n e D i g e s t _____________________________________________________________________O c t o b e r , 1961 963 C hanges in B ro n ch ial E p ith eliu m in R elation to C ig a re tte Smoking and in R elation to Lune C a n c e r . O. A u e r b a c h , e t a l . New E n g l . J . M e d . 2 6 5 , 2 5 3 - 2 6 7 (A u g . 10, 1961).--------- F ro m the standpoint of carcin o g en esis, what im p re sse d the authors m ost was the trem en d o u s in c re a se in the nu m b er of atypical cells with the in c re a se d am ount of cigarette sm o k in g . The n u m b e r of se c tio n s of a ty p ical c e lls in the b ro n ch ial epith eliu m of heavy s m o k e rs who died of d is e a s e s o th e r than lung c a n c e r a p p ro x im a te d the n u m b e r of sectio ns of a ty p ic a l c e lls in the re m a in in g b r o n c h ia l ep ith e liu m of m e n who died of lung c a n c e r . In stu d y ing thousands of sections with atypical cells p re se n t, the authors observed what has the appear ance of a continuous g ra d ie n t fro m a r e a s with a few aty p ical c e lls but o th e rw ise n o rm a l to lesions com posed entirely of atypical cells with cilia absent and a thickness of 5 or m ore cell row s in av erag e depth to p rim a ry invasive c a rcin o m as of m icro sco p ic size com posed en tirely of atypical cells with cilia absent and a depth of many cells from the surface to the point w here invasion o c c u rs . In the opinion of the au th o rs the histologic evidence from this study greatly strengthens the already overw helm ing body of epidem iologic evidence that cigarette smoking is a m ajo r factor in the causation of bronchogenic carcinom a. 964 Smoking in Relation to P hy sical C om plaints. E. C. H am m ond. A r c h . E n v i r o n m e n t a l H e a lth _3, 1 4 6 - 1 6 4 (A ug. 1961). A study has been m ade of p h y sical c o m p lain ts in re la tio n to sm oking h ab its in 18, 697 m en and 24,371 w om en o v e r the age of 30. The in fo rm a tio n w as obtained by q u e stio n n a ire . Many different com plaints w ere found to be asso ciated with sm oking habits. These in clude cough, h o a rse n e ss, sh o rtn ess of b reath , pain o r disco m fo rt in chest, loss of appetite, nausea and vom iting, pain in stom ach, pain or discom fort in low er abdom en, d ia rrh e a , loss of w elght, easy fatigue, insom nia, and several other com plaints. Some of these com plaints showed a high degree of association with smoking (notably coughing, sh o rtn ess of b reath, and loss of appetite) while others (including some not listed above) showed only a relatively sm all degree of association with sm oking. C igarette smoking showed a far higher degree of association with physical com plaints than did c ig ar or pipe sm oking. The frequency of physical com plaints in c re a s e d with am ount of c ig a re tte sm oking. Coughing was re p o r te d le s s freq u en tly by people who sm oke c ig a re tte s with a low ta r and nicotine content than by people who sm o k e cig a re tte s with a high ta r and nicotine content. It is suggested that sm oking p ro d u ces coughing, shortness of b re a th , lo ss of appetite, and c e rta in o th e r co m p lain ts in su scep tib le ind iv id u als. It is also suggested that these com plaints so m etim es have the effect of inducing individuals to sm oke less m haie le s s , sw itch to low nicotine c ig a r e tte s , o r give up sm o k in g . A mong w om en betw een the ' a g e s o 30 a n d 49, i r r e g u l a r i t y of m e n s t r u a t i o n w a s r e p o r t e d s o m e w h a t m o r e f r e q u e n t l y by s m o k e rs than by n o n -s m o k e rs . N erv o u s ten sio n w as found to be a ss o c ia te d w ith sm oking It m ay be that n e rv o u s ten sio n in c r e a s e s the tendency to sm oke h eavily, but it m a y also be that sm oking in c re a s e s nervous tension in som e individuals (both could be tru e). *-- A u t h o r ' s s u m m a r y 9i>5 H e a t e d F a t s a n d A l l i e d C o m p o u n d s a s C a r c i n o g e n s : A C r i t i c a l R e v ie w of E x p e r i m e n t a l R e s u l t s . E- A rffm ann. J. N atl. C a n c e r In st. TFj 893 (Nov. 1960). C " " A c ritic a l review of the lite r a tu re shows no valid evidence th at heated fats a re c a r cinogenic on o ral ad m in istratio n , and chem ical studies have failed to show known carcinogens in heated fa ts. F u r th e r , feeding e x p e rim e n ts on ro d en ts a re c o n sid e re d inadequate for the d e m o n s tra tio n of c a rc in o g e n ic c o m p o n en ts in hum an food. R e su lts on subcutaneous and cutaneous application of heated fats, cholesterol, and other unheated lipids are variable and inconclusive. It is concluded that subcutaneous ap p licatio n is not su itable to d is c lo se d ie ta ry c a rc in o g e n s. -- J. Occ, Med. Absts. 966 C o n c e p t u a l C h a n g e s in th e C h a l l e n g e of C a n c e r T h e r a p y . T h e 1961 W. H. M c G u ffin M e m o r i a l L e c t u r e . N. C . D e la ru e . C an. M ed. A s s n . J. 85, 362-371 (Aug. 12, 1961). Until recent y ears, attention has been d irected , in the treatm en t of c an cer, at the c o n tro l of the lo cal p rim a r y d is e a s e . In m any c a s e s , this w as a w orthw hile e m p h a s is, but it h as b e c o m e in c r e a s in g ly a p p a re n t th a t if the p r e s e n t p ic t u r e is to be im p ro v e d , as f a r a s " c u r e " 03120935 to. p____ Industrial Hygiene Digest O c t o b e r , ! Qr> i MBBB001897fi is concerned, m eans of sy stem ic attack on the d issem in ated d ise a se m ust be found. Methods by which d eo x y rib o n u cleic acid (DNA) changes can be induced bring into sh a rp focus the p o te n tia l significance of se le c tiv e c h e m o th e ra p y , p a rtic u la rly w hen u sed in co m bination with o th er agents or oth er m ethods of can cer tre a tm e n t. P ro v id ed the m ain m a s s of the p rim a ry tu m o r can be co n tro lle d by such m a n e u v e rs as su rg ic a l e x c isio n o r ra d io th e ra p y , c h e m o th e ra b e c o m e s an a ttra c tiv e concept in m anaging the asy m p to m a tic foci of m e ta s ta tic d is e a s e . As R hoads p o in ts out, we m ay be a lre a d y on the b rin k of tre m e n d o u s a d v an ces in this field and th fu n d am en tal fe a tu re s of c h e m o th e ra p y m u s t be c le a rly u n d e rsto o d by a ll. U ntil re c e n tly also only anim al cancer cells have been available for the evaluation of chem otherapeutic agents, and since DNA is both s p e c ie s and s tr a in sp e c ific , it is only good fo rtu n e that any of the know ledge obtained in these studies has had an effective bearing on the treatm en t of human tu m o rs. H ow ever, we now have human c a n c e rs in m a ss production and have shown that these cultured o r in o cu lated c e lls m a in ta in the sp ecific nu cleo tid e se q u e n c e s of the hum an DNA fro m which they developed. Knowing w hat to a n tic ip a te , th e r e fo re , fro m an im al stu d ie s, it m ay not be long before m any agents of increasing effectiveness will be available for clinical trial. This is a stim u latin g and exciting outlook. In a n im a ls s e v e r a l ty p es of tra n sp la n ta b le tu m o rs can be wholly destro y ed by system ic chem otherapy, bringing the m agic of "cu re" alm o st within our g ra sp . Why not anticipate chem ical m agic for therapy of hum an can cer also? -- A uthor's conclusions 967 The C ollagen and E la stin C ontent of the Lung in E m p h y s e m a . J, A. P ie r c e , J. B. H ocott a n d R . V. E b e r t . A n n . I n t e r n a l M e d . 5_5_, 2 1 0 - 2 2 2 (A u g . 19 61 ). Collagen and elastin m easu rem en ts w ere com pared in severely em physem atous and in n o rm al lungs. The alkaline extraction m ethod of Low ry w as em ployed. M orphologic altera tions w ere a s s e s s e d on a ir - d r ie d connective tissu e skeletons of the lungs p rio r to analysis. The p resen ce of em physem a was not asso ciated with any significant alteratio n in collagen or elastin, o r the ratio of these substances. It was concluded that pulm onary em physem a does not result from any p rim a ry dissolution o r loss of lung collagen or elastin. - - A uthors' sum m ary 968 S um m ary of the T h ird C onference on R esearch in E m physem a. Anon. A m . Rev. R esp. D is. 83, 402-431 (M ar. 1961), C h ro n ic p u lm o n a ry insufficiency is a b ro ad title te n ta tiv e ly ch o sen fo r a group of d ise a se s which are gen erally labeled em physem a in the United States and chronic bronchitis in the U nited K ingdom , On the b a sis of pathologic and ep id em io lo g ic o b s e rv a tio n s , v ario u s B ritish o b se rv e rs believe that the disabling and frequently lethal p hases of em physem a and co r pulm onale a re late m anifestations of a d isease, chronic bronchitis, whose cause to them is known, i.e . , polluted air, of both the com m unity and the individual tobacco smoking v arieties, plus re c u rre n t bronchial infection. It has also been suggested that a genetic o r acquired d e fect, in one o r m ore of the pulm onary connective tissu e s (elastic, re tic u la r, collagenous, c a rtila g e n o u s) m ay play a co n tributing o r even a p r im a r y ro le in th e s e d is e a s e s . In su m m a ry , it is stated that em physem a may prove to originate from one or m o re of the following: chronic re c u rre n t irritation; chronic or recu rren t infection; re c u rre n t tem p o rary o r perm anent, dif fuse o r patchy p a ra ly sis of the cilia; overproduction and in c re a se d v isco sity of bronchial m ucus; a b n o rm a lly pro lo n g ed reten tio n of v a rio u s in e rt o r c h e m ic a lly activ e a tm o sp h e ric pollutants; an acquired or congenital defect o r abiotrophy of one or m o re of the pulm onary connective t i s sues; injury from violent coughing. The clinical m anifestations of this group of d iseases seem b e st explained by postulating individual d iffe re n c e s in the influence of th ese v a rio u s fa c to rs of irrita tio n , infection, tr a u m a , and tis s u e d e fe c ts. The in tro d u ctio n is follow ed by s u m m a rie s , p r e p a r e d by the p a rtic ip a n ts th e m s e lv e s , of the f ir s t 19 p a p e rs a rr a n g e d in the o r d e r of th e ir p resen tatio n at the conference held June 10-12, I960, at A spen, C olorado. -- APCA A bsts. 03120936 11. industrial Hygiene Digest O c to b e r , 19 61 SKIN DISEASES AND BURNS 969 Skin C an cer and O ccupation. A R eview of New er C oncepts of C arcin o g e n esis B ased on A nim al E xperim entation with P otential O ccupational Skin C arcinogens" L. J. M iedler. A r c h . E n v i r o n m e n t a l H e a l t h 3_, 2 7 6 - 2 8 0 ( S e p t . 19 61 ). Bringing together selected new er data on carcin o g en esis, the can cer cell m ay be reg ard ed as exhibiting a h e re d ita ry defect in the norm al m ech an ism of control of cell division. N ucleic acids are basic hereditary units in the cell, and alterations therein might reasonably be su sp ected to o ccu r in c a rc in o g e n e sis. T his concept im p lies a qualitative alteratio n in the in tra c e llu la r inform ation tra n s fe r sy stem , and evidence has been p re se n te d suggesting the m an n er in which som e of the carcin o g en s found in an occupational environm ent m ay affect the genetic m a te r ia l w ithin the c e ll. Included in th is s e r ie s of a g en ts p o te n tia lly capable of affecting human skin a re the polycyclic hydrocarbons, sunlight (ultraviolet radiation), x -ra y , and other io n i z in g r a d i a t i o n . T h e b i b l i o g r a p h y c o n t a i n s 31 r e f e r e n c e s to th e s u b j e c t . -- A uthor's sum m ary 970 T reatm en t of Superficial Fungous Infections with G riseofulvin. R, Q. C rotty. Ind. Med. & Surg, 30, 331-333 (Aug. 1961), G riseofulvin (Fulvicin) was used to tre a t superficial fungous diseases of the scalp, sk in , o r n a ils in 14 c h ild r e n and 40 a d u lt s . T h e u su a l d o s a g e w a s 250 m g . f o u r t i m e s d a ily . C u re s , a p p a re n tly p e rm a n e n t, o c c u rr e d w ithout side e ffe c ts in 34 p a tie n ts . R e su lts w e re u n satisfacto ry in one patient because of side reactio n s, in 3 patients who did not im prove after a reasonable period of therapy, and in 3 patients who had re c u rre n c e s of the infection several weeks after griseofulvin was discontinued. T herapy was not com pleted in the other 13 p a t i e n t s . T h e a u t h o r ' s r e s u l t s i n d i c a t e t h a t t i n e a c a p i t i s , c o r p o r i s , a n d c r u r i u s u a l l y can be c le a re d in one m onth; tinea p e d is re q u ire s up to 2 m o n th s, and tin e a unguium m u s t be treated for at least 4 m onths. . . A u th o r's su m m ary 971 V e n tric u la r F ib rilla tio n in a B u rned Boy. C. M . A llan, e t al. C a n , M e d . A s s n . J . 85_, 4 3 2 - 4 3 4 (A u g . 19, 19 61 ), It w o u ld a p p e a r f r o m t h e l i t e r a t u r e t h a t th e i n c i d e n c e of v e n t r i c u l a r f i b r i l l a t i o n 'in b urn p a tie n ts is h ig h er than the g e n e ra l in cid en ce. It is su g g e ste d that m o re attention should be paid to elec tro ly te balance than has been in the p ast. P o ta ssiu m balance is of p a rtic u la r im portance in this reg ard . F ro m the rep o rted c a ses in the lite ra tu re and from other local h o sp itals, it would seem that in the burned patient in whom th e re is prolonged cata b o lism and chronic infection the stage is set for the production of v en tricu lar fibrillation during the in duction of anesthesia. -- Authors' sum m ary 972 A l l e r g y to S ti n g in g I n s e c t s . R. L,. E t t e r , W, J , R a y n e r a n d R. H . J a c k s o n . In d . M e d . & S u r g , _30> 2 1 3 - 2 1 7 ( J u n e 1961). Although the p ro b le m of in se c t se n sitiv ity affects only a sm a ll p o rtio n of in d u s tria l patients, those affected a re usually em ergency cases. D iagnosis is often confusing and the etio lo g y can be even m o r e of a p ro b le m . The p a tie n t, if c a r r i e d s u c c e s s fu lly th ro u g h the e m e r g e n c y stag e, should be told th at he can be helped; in fact, it is the p h y sic ia n s' o b lig atio n to so in fo rm him . T his effect on the d o c to r 's p a rt m ay be life sav in g . -- A uthors' sum m ary 03120937 12. Industrial Hygiene Digest O c t o b e r , 19b i jJllpX HWBB-00189?/ CHEMICAL HAZARDS 973 B e n z p y re n e s in Soil. M. B lu m e r, S cience 134, 474 (Aug. IS, 1961). B e n z p y r e n e s a p p e a r to be c o m m o n and fa irly a b u n d a n t c o n s titu e n ts of s o ils . Both the carcinogenic 3, 4-benzpyrene and its inactive 1 , 2-iso m e r have been detected sp e c tro sco p ically in e x tr a c ts of soils fro m ru ra l a r e a s of the e a s te r n United S tates. - - A u th o r's A bst. 974 S k e le ta l S c le r o s is due to C h ro n ic F lu o r id e In to x ic a tio n . C a s e s fr o m an E n d e m ic A re a oi F lu o ro sis in the Region of the P e rs ia n Gulf. H. A. A zar, et al. A n n , I n t e r n a l M e d . 5_5, 1 9 3 - 2 0 0 (A u g . 1 9 b l) , M arked diffuse skeletal sc le ro sis was observed in 8 adult tuberculous patients t r e a t e d in a L e b a n e s e h o s p i t a l l o r c h e s t d i s e a s e s . E a c h h a d l i v e d m o r e th a n 10 y e a r s in Q a t a r , an o il- r ic h A rab ian sheikdom in the region of the P e r s ia n Gulf. No s im ila r o ste o sc le ro tic c h a n g e s w e re noted in o th e r p a tie n ts in the s a m e h o sp ita l. Rib s p e c im e n s w e re obtained during thoracotom y from two Q atari patients showing diffuse skeletal s c le ro s is . O steo sclero sis a p p e a re d to be the re s u lt of su c c e s siv e lin e a r zones of c o rtic a l and la m e lla r new bone io rm atio n sim u latin g h isto g ically the sclero tic changes seen in P a g e t's d is e a s e . The fluoride content of defatted and ashed rib sam ples from the two Q atari patients ranged between 0.843 and 1.052 % c o m p a re d to flu o rid e values ranging betw een 0 .0 3 8 and 0,041% in co n tro l rib s obtained from L e b a n e se p a tie n ts. The fluoride co n c e n tra tio n in drinking w a te r sa m p le s obtained from Q atar ranged betw een 0 ,8 0 to 3.45 ppm . No d e te c ta b le flu o rid e s w e re found in B e iru t d om estic w ater. T h e se o b se rv a tio n s indicate that th e re is an a r e a of en d em ic flu o ro sis as m an ifested by diffuse o s te o s c le r o s is in the region of the P e rs ia n Gulf w here the flu o rid e co n c e n tra tio n in drinking w a te r is le s s than 4 ppm . In the United S tates, o s te o sc le ro tic c h an g es attrib u ta b le to chronic fluoride intoxication have o b se rv e d only in c o m m u n itie s which u se a w a te r supply containing - flu o rid e in c o n c e n tr a tio n s ex c e e d in g 4 p p m . It is p o s tu la te d th a t c e r t a in lo cal f a c t o r s , such a s hot clim ate, m alnutrition, and ex cessive drinking of tea, all contribute to the severity of fluorosis. -- A uthors' sum mary 975 T o x icology of S elen iu m and T e llu r iu m and T h e ir C o m p o u n d s. . A. C e rw e n k a . J r . and C . C o o p e r . A r c h . E n v i r o n m e n t a l H e a lth 3^ 189-iOO (A u g. 1961). Selenium and its compounds have a toxicity to hum ans which v aries widely from one substance to another. Although the toxicity of elem ental selenium is ra th e r low, inhaled selenium dust and fu m es have given rise to ir rita tio n s of the r e s p ira to ry tr a c t. If such e x p o su re is f r e quent, sev ere pneum onitis and irritatio n of the lungs m ight re su lt. Selenium dioxide causes d e rm a titis and burns when in contact with the skin. Hydrogen selenide is very toxic, causing severe irritatio n of the resp irato ry organs. L ong-term system ic effects might possibly result if the ex p o su re is re p e titiv e . Selenium o xychloride is a se v e re v e sic a n t capable of causing s e v e re and slo w -h ealin g burns of the skin. The selen iu m in th is com pound is capable of p e n e tra tin g the skin and has been found in the liv e r of e x p e rim e n ta l a n im a ls . Although selenium and its com pounds can p re s e n t an in d u stria l h a z a rd , this h a z a rd can be re a d ily o v erco m e by p r o viding adequate ventilation of the working a re a and by p ro te c tio n of th e skin. T e llu riu m and its com pounds are less toxic than selenium , although tellu rites seem to be an exception to this ru le . In in d u stry , te llu riu m is usu ally not very h a z a rd o u s. N e v e rth e le ss, c a re m u st be e x e r c is e d w h ere the e lem en t or its com pounds a re u sed . The g a rlic odor of the b re a th is a good indication of the absorption of tellurium into the sy stem . H ow ever, the susceptibility to te l lu riu m b reath v a rie s w idely am ong individuals. T he e lim in atio n of te llu riu m b reath by a s corbic acid se e m s to be p o ssib le although this p ro c e d u re m ight not be co m pletely h a rm le s s . The toxicity of hydrogen te llu rid e re s e m b le s that of hydrogen selenide in a nu m b er of re s p e c ts . T h e r e a r e 67 r e f e r e n c e s on the s u b je c t in the b ib lio g r a p h y . - - C o n d . f r o m a u t h o r s ' c o n c lu s io n s 03120938 13. Industrial Hygiene Digest O c to b e r. 1961 976 The E lim ination of N itrous F u m es from B lasting G ases. S. R. Rabaon, J. H. Q uilliam and E . G o l d b l a t t . J . S o u th A f r i c a n I n s t , M i n in g a n d M e t . 61_, 1 5 2 - 1 8 2 (1 9 6 0 ), ( J o u r n a l of S o u th A f r i c a n I n s t i t u t e o f M i n i n g a n d M e t a l l u r g y , K e l v i n H o u s e , J o h a n n e s b u r g , S o u th A f r i c a *). The detonation of blastin g e x p lo siv es u n d erg ro u n d is a c c o m p a n ie d by the lib e ra tio n of toxic g ases and dusts. The design of a suitable underground plant to ex tract fum es and dust is describ ed . F o r the elim ination of the blasting dust many filters have been used, including vertical m ulti-tube, horizontal bag, self collapsing, sawdust filters, and electrostatic p re cip itato rs. The gases produced by blasting w ere investigated by the bubbler method of analysis to e s t a b l i s h th e p r o p o r t i o n s of th e in d i v id u a l o x id e s NO, NO*, Ns0 4. an d N 2O j . A c o m p r e h e n sive investigation w as conducted on the am ount of the various g ases re leased from the type of- explosives available. conditions. E x p erim en ts w ere c a rr ie d out in a test tunnel under p ra c tic a l mining - - A, P C A. A, ,b s 6t s . 977 The Effect of Sodium C arb o n a te on P a c k e r s . G irau lt, A r c h , m a l a d i e s p r o f e s s . TTj 7 4 7 - 7 5 0 (D ec. I960). F r e n c h . S i n c e p r e v e n t i v e m e a s u r e s w e r e t a k e n 12 y e a r s a g o , t h e r e h a v e b e e n no f u r t h e r cases of nasal perforation in this soda packing factory. A fter com plaints of nose bleeding, 21 p erfo ratio n s w ere found among 160 em p lo y ees, m ainly am ong d o ck ers and p a c k e rs , e s pecially among those handling powdered soda. Periodic exam ination showed that congestion of the nasal m ucosa was followed by u lceration and perforation som etim es accom panied by total cartilag e d estru ctio n . F ric tio n lesio n s of the skin, caused by the rough fib ers of sisal sack s, w ere com m on, and the com bination of sw eat and soda caused u lc e rs s im ila r to the brine holes of salt w o rk e rs. Soda holes w ere m ostly on hands and w ris ts, though the dockers who c a rr ie d the sack s on th e ir a rm s and not on the sh o u ld ers, had them on the tru n k and a rm s Those with fair skin w ere m ore prone. E czem atous d erm atitis affected a few w orkers who handled c ry s ta ls as w ell as a few ex posed to pow der. No o th e r effects w e re found on b ro n c h o scopy or annual x -ra y exam inations of the ch est. The incidence of pulm onary tu b ercu lo sis, 5 in 15 y e a r s , w a s l e s s t h a n a m o n g a c o m p a r a b l e n u m b e r in th e f a c t o r y n o t e x p o s e d to s o d a . Some pow der collected around the filling m achines, but the g re a te s t danger was from the pow der which escaped through the wide m esh of sisal sacks on to conveyor belts, runw ays, w agons and b a rg e s . T his w as o v e rc o m e by the u se of jute sa c k s and p a p e r c o n ta in e rs . In 1946, nasal douching followed by the application of a hem ostatic salve to the n o strils, before and after work, was started . Bleeding and ulceration have been cured by this threatm ent, -- Bull. Hyg. The Action of A rsin e on R educed G lu tath io n e. M e d . l a v o r o 52_, i 1 - 13 ( J a n . 196 1). L. A m ante, M. M agistretti and B, P ern is, The a u th o rs have shown that h e m o ly sis induced by a rs in e is re la te d to a fall in r e duced glutathione in the e ry th ro c y te s c o n c e rn e d , the glutathione being c o n v e rte d into oxidized glutathione. T his re a c tio n re q u ire s the p re s e n c e of oxygen and show s no sto ic h io m e tric r e lation betw een a r s in e c o n c e n tra tio n and the am ount of glu tath io n e w hich d is a p p e a r s fro m the e ry th ro c y te s. The p re s e n t w ork estab lish es that it is possible to re s to re the initial concen tratio n of glutathione, a fte r its d isap p earan ce, induced by a rs in e , by m ean s of electrolytic reductio n . T h is o b se rv a tio n p e rm its the a u th o rs to state that the action of a rs in e on e r y t h r o cyte glutathione is not b ased on the fo rm a tio n of a com pound of a rs in e and glutathione, but r a t h e r a r s in e o r one of its oxidation p ro d u c ts (e .g . , e le m e n ta r y a r s e n ic ) a c ts c a ta ly tic a lly , on the re v e r s ib le c o n v ersio n of glutathione into oxidized glutathione. -- Bull. Hyg, 979 Bone M a rro w C h an g es in C h ro n ic C a d m iu m P o iso n in g in R a b b its . M . B e rlin , B. F r e d r i c s s o n and G. L in g e . A r c h . E n v iro n m e n ta l H e a lth 3, i '6 - 1 8 4 (Aug. 1961). C adm ium poisoning produces m icrocytic hypochrom ic anem ia in rabbits. P a re n te ra l a d m in is tra tio n of iro n is follow ed by re g r e s s io n of this a n e m ia . F e m o ra l bone m a rro w w as * A d d re s s not m c u r r e n t L ist of P e r i o d ic a l s . 03120339 14. 0 Industrial Hygiene Digest O c to b e r , 1961 studied quan titativ ely in c a d m iu m -p o iso n e d and co n tro l ra b b its with and without iron th erap y . T he fre q u e n c y of e ry th ro p o ie tic c e lls w as c a lc u la te d in re la tio n to th e to tal of m y elo p o ietic cells, and the cellularity of the m arrow per unit of area was determ ined. F ro m these values the num ber of erythropoietic cells p er unit of a re a was computed. This was not significantly changed in any group of rab b its. The histologic p attern of m yelopoiesis w as g ro ssly altered by c a d m iu m p o iso n in g , and a m u c o id type of co n n ectiv e tis s u e d e g e n e ra tio n w as se e n . In the ra b b its w hich had re c e iv e d only cad m iu m the bone m a rro w w as v ery ric h in c e lls, but adm ini tra tio n of iro n p ro d u c e d r e g r e s s io n of this h y p e r c e l lu l a n ty . In g ro u p s which w ere not injected w ith iron, the reticu lar m arrow cells showed m ore stainable iron in the cadm ium -poisoned ra b b its than in the c o n tro ls. C ad m iu m poisoning thus had c a u se d h y p o ch ro m ic a n em ia without depletion, but ra th e r in c re a se , of the depots of iron in the bone m arro w . The beneficial effect of p a re n te ra l iro n in the in to x icated a n im a ls m ay th e r e fo re indicate th at som e form of inhibition in the tr a n s f e r of iro n to the h em o g lo b in -sy n th e siz in g c e lls is induced by c a d m iu m . ' -- A uthors' sum m ary 980 C o m p a ra tiv e T oxicology of Iro n C o m p o u n d s. A m . J. M ed. Sci. 241, 296 (1961). L. C. W eaver, et al. Studies p erfo rm ed in m ice and dogs suggest that iron carb ohydrate com plex is less toxic than ferrous sulfate, ferro u s gluconate, ferro u s fum arate, ferroglycine sulfate com plex, fe rric choline citrate and iron polysaccharide complex by the oral and intraperitoneal routes, ' Intravenously, the iron polysaccharide com plex was the le a st toxic and iron carbohydrate com plex w as next in o rd e r . Iron carb o h y d rate com plex produced the le a s t g astro in testin al irrita tio n as indicated by e m e s is in the dog. D oses of iro n carb o h y d rate com plex equivalent to 1 g. elem ental iron p er day for a month failed to produce local irritatio n or system ic a lteratio n s in dogs. R eserv atio n s and caution a re indicated in extrapolating these findings to hum ans. -- Can. Med. A ssn. J. Absts. 981 N ickel in C ig a r e tte s . Am. J. Clin. Pathol, F . W. S u n d e rm a n and F , W, S u n d e r m a n , J r . 35, 203-209 (1961). The authors m easu red the nickel content of c ig a re tte s. Six com m on A m erican b rands contained 1.59 to 3.07 m ic ro g ra m s p e r cig arette. Of the total nickel content, 20% was recovered from the m ain stream sm oke. The amount of nickel that a heavy cigarette sm o k e r in h ales in a y e a r is roughly 3 tim e s the am ount of inhaled n ick el re p o rte d to be c a r cinogenic for the ra t, an anim al notably re s is ta n t to p ulm onary c a n c e r. In the light of these investigations, attem pts should be made to rem ove nickel from tobacco sm oke, -- W orld Wide A bsts. of G eneral Med. 982 T re a tm e n t of Inorganic M e rc u ry P o isoning with N -A c e ty l-D , L -P e n ic illa m in e , A. D. M . S m i t h a n d J . W. M i l l e r . L a n c e t 1_, 6 4 0 - 6 4 2 ( M a r c h 2 5 , 1961). Rapid recovery followed treatm en t with this chelating agent which is th erefore ad v o c a t e d f o r f u r t h e r t r i a l in m e r c u r i a l i s m . A f t e r 15 y e a r s w o r k in a L o n d o n f a c t o r y w h e r e his p red ecesso r had died from m ercu ry poisoning with nephrosis and u rem ia, a hand-gilder, aged 56, developed c la ssic a l chronic m e rc u ry poisoning when the a rtic le s to be gilded in c re a s e d in n u m b er and size because of o rd e rs from new A frican states for v arious state in sig n ia. T he gilding w as done tw ice each w eek by p o ss ib ly the only h a n d -g ild e r in B rita in . Exhaust from his charcoal fire was inadequate; the paste-lik e m ercu ry -g o ld am algam was handled and applied to the article which w as heated and repeatedly brushed. G ro ss intention t r e m o r of the hands fo r 3 m o n th s b e fo re a d m i s s i o n did not r e s u l t in th e p a tie n t's giving up w ork, but did re su lt in his b reak in g m o st of the household c ro c k e ry . He w as only slightly irrita b le . T here was m ild er tre m o r of head and eyebrow s and ataxia; dysphonia was dem on stra te d to be due to je rk y vocal co rd m ovem ent. S lit-lam p exam ination showed b lu e -g ra y m ottling of the co rn ea and polychrom atic lu s te r of the p o st-le n s capsule. E lectro en cep h alo g ra m s showed a m ild paro x y sm al instability only, retain ed after tre a tm e n t. All other in v e sti gations, including chrom atography of urine for amino acids, w ere norm al, except urinary 15. 03120940 MMBB-H18928 Industrial Hygiene Digest O c to b e r, 1961 e x c r e t i o n of m e r c u r y . T h is b e f o r e t r e a t m e n t w a s 1, 369 m i c r o g r a m s d a ily an d d u rin g t h r e e 1 0 -d a y c o u r s e s of t r e a t m e n t a t 17 to 1 9 -d a y i n t e r v a l s , it b e c a m e : 1 ,8 2 8 an d 1 ,6 3 9 ; 600 and 420; and finally 290 m ic ro g ra m s. The dose of N -acety l-D , L -pen icillam in e was 250 m g. 4 tim es daily. Im provem ent after the second course perm itted discharge, and there was al m ost com plete recovery one month later. - - Bull. Hyg. 983 A Rapid P ro c e d u re for D eterm in atio n of M e rc u ry in U rine and Kidney. E . J. C afruny. J. Lab. Clin. Med. 57, 468-472 (M ar. 1961). A rapid and sim ple p ro c e d u re fo r the d eterm in atio n of m e r c u r y in urine and kidney tissu e is d escrib ed . P o tassiu m brom ide is used to lib erate m e rc u ric ion from organic co m p lex e s and re n d e r s u n n e c e s s a ry any of the la b o rio u s m an ip u latio n s u su ally em ployed in p r e paring sam ples for an aly sis. F re e m e rc u ric ion is then extracted in chloroform solutions of dithizone. The colored m e rc u ry dithizonate com plex form ed can be determ ined spectrophoto- m etrically . R esults using this m ethod are equivalent to those obtained with a polarographic pro ced u re. Renal and u rin a ry m e rc u ry concentrations after adm inistration of therapeutic doses to ra ts and dogs a re com parable to those rep o rted in the lite ra tu re . The m ethod may be used to study e x c retio n of m e r c u ry in patien ts tr e a te d o r poisoned with organic m e rc u ria l d iu re tic s o r in o rg an ic m e r c u r y . A s little as 10 m ic r o g r a m s of m e r c u r y p e r m illilite r of urine m ay be-detected but, with m inor changes, sensitivity can be adjusted for m easurem ent o 1 m ic ro g ra m of m e r c u r y . . . Bull. Hyg. 984 Endogenous Pyrogen in the P athogenesis of Zinc Fum e F e v e r. B. P e rn is , et al. M ed. lavoro 51, 579-586 (Oct. 1960). In the p r e s e n t p a p e r the h y p o th e s is is ad v an ced th a t m e ta l fum e fe v e r is due to the d ire c t action of zinc oxide fum e on the endogenous pyrogen contained in the p o lym orphonuclear leukocytes. T his hypothesis ha's been put fo rw ard because all the p rev io u s explanations of the p ath o g e n e sis of zinc fum e fe v e r a re open to s e rio u s c r itic is m b e c a u se of the following e x p e r i m e n ta l re s u lts : (1) A ttack s of zinc fume fe v e r can be e lic ite d in ra b b its by in h alatio n of d i luted acetic acid aero so l followed by inhalation of zinc oxide fum e, A rapid tolerance is in duced by inhalation of zinc fum e rep eated for two o r m o re consecutive days but not by p r e tre a tm e n t with b a c te ria l endotoxins, (2) An im m ediate attack of fev e r can be elicited in n o r m a l ra b b its by the tr a n s f u s io n of 10 m l. a m o u n ts of blood s e r u m of ra b b its w ith zinc fum e fe v e r. (3) M ic ro sc o p ic o b se rv a tio n of lungs of ra b b its with zinc oxide fum e fe v e r show an intensive filling of the ca p illa rie s with polym orphonuclear leukocytes. The conclusion is draw n that zinc fume does not act through the lib eration of endotoxic tipopolysaccharides, but p ro b ably through a d ire c t re le a se from the leukocytes of an endogenous pyrogen which is d e m o n s tr able in the blood of ra b b its , and that the c o n ta c t betw een zinc fume and leu k o cy tes in ra b b its is facilita te d by the acc u m u la tio n of th e s e c e lls in the lung c a p illa r ie s due to the ir r ita n t action of acetic acid aeroso l. -- APCA Abst. 985 M ethyl C h lo rid e In toxication. I. J. M ackie. M e d . J . A u s t r a l i a _1_, 2 0 3 - 2 0 5 ( F e b . 11, 19 6 1 ). An unusual case of m ethyl chloride intoxication would very likely have been fatal had it not been for the ad m in istra tio n of ad ren al s te ro id s . The p atient, aged 40, had w orked in h is r e f r i g e r a t i n g p la n t f o r 18 y e a r s w ith m e t h y l c h lo r id e w h ic h , he c o m p l a in e d , had b e e n m a rk e d "N on-Toxic". F or 6 months the exposure had been heavy and, after good health except for recen t im potence, during this tim e he becam e weak, thin and pale. He developed p y rex ia, vomiting, m uscle pains and jaundice; the urine was dark and the feces pale. Transient ery them ia, revulsion for alcohol and sm oking, headache, th irst and polyuria preceded adm ission to the hospital 6 weeks after jaundice started . T achycardia, deep jaundice, profound pallor and enlargem ent of the liver and spleen w ere noted. The urine contained protein, bile pig m e n ts and s a lts and no a b n o rm a l m e t a ls . The blood co n tain ed 3 .2 g. h em o g lo b in p e r 100 m l; the white cell count was raised with a leukem oid response; blood u rea was raised; Scbum m 's 03120941 16. 3 (3 -a Industrial Hygiene Digest O c t o b e r , 1961 MHBB-00t89?9 test and liver function tests w ere positive. T ests for hydatid disease, syphilis and m alaria w e r e n e g a ti v e . L i v e r b io p s y one m o n th l a t e r sh o w ed n e c r o s i s w ith r e g e n e r a t i o n , m a in ly in the c e n te r of the lo b u les, and e a rly re tic u lin fo rm a tio n , and 4 m o n th s la te r w as n o rm a l. By this tim e, the only ab n o rm ality w as a palpable liv er. The patient w as strong and well, though still taking a reduced dose of prednisone. Im provem ent had begun after this was given 2 days after adm ission when even slow transfusion of packed red cells rendered digitalization n e c e s sary, - - Cond. from Bull. Hyg. 986 A c c id e n ta l V apor E x p o su re to A n esth etic C o n c e n tra tio n s of a Solvent C ontaining T e tra c h lo ro eth y len e. R, D. S te w a rt, et al. lnd. M ed. & S u rg . 30 , 327-330 (Aug. 1961), The clinical course of a w o rk er accidentally o verexposed to anesthetic co n cen tra- . tions of an industrial solvent containing tetrachloroethylene and Stoddard solvent is presented. While the duration of exposure w as b rief and apparent clinical reco v ery rapid, the te tra c h lo ro ethylene vapor concentration in the p atien t's expired a ir dim inished exponentially over a 2-w eek period. L iv er function studies becam e abnorm al during the second and third postexposure w eeks. T h is su g g e sts th a t an acute ex p o su re to th is so lv en t h as a ch ro n ic effect upon the Liver and is capable of producing a m ild hepatitis. D eterm ination of the concentration of tetrachloroethylene in expired a ir at any tim e during the 2 -w eek postexposure period would have dem onstrated that overexposure had o ccu rred . T hus, analysis of ex p ired a ir offers a m ethod w hereby the m agnitude of exposure m ay be reasonably estim ated long after suspected overexposure has o c c u rre d . The use of in fra re d sp ectro sco p y to analyze the ex p ire d a ir provided for absolute id en tificatio n of te tra c h lo ro e th y le n e , and p ro v e d to be a se n s itiv e , rap id m eth o d w ith which to m easure the compound. -- A uthors' sum m ary 987 Two C ase-N otes of Poisoning by Methyl Sulfate. M . G aultier, et al. A r c h , m a l a d i e s p r o f e s s . 2i_, 7 4 4 - 7 4 6 ( D e c . I 9 6 0 ) . F r e n c h . P o s t - m o r t e m a n a l y s i s in one of th e s e c a s e s s h o w e d t h a t th e b lo o d c o n ta i n e d 0, 17 g, e th a n o l, and 0, 052 g. m e th a n o l, p e r li te r ; the v i s c e r a c o n ta in e d 0 . 4 and 0 .0 6 g. p e r kg. r e s pectively, and 0.01 g, acetaldehyde, and 0.375 g. sulfates, p e r kg. Though the p o st-m o rtem findings of purulent bronchitis, pulm onary congestion, atherom a and slight fatty degeneration of the liv e r w e re attrib u ted to n atu ral c a u se s, it w as concluded that the m ethanol found was c o n sisten t w ith h y d ro ly sis of dim ethyl sulfate from accidental e x p o su re 12 hours before death. The blood su lfa te w as n o r m a l (0. 75 g. p e r kg. in text) but the v i s c e r a c o n tain ed m o r e than g e n e ra lly found. T h is w as the c a se of a m an aged 69 w ith a p a s t h is to ry of b ro n ch ial tro u b le , who b ecam e ill 5 h o u rs a fte r a 10- l it e r c arb o y of dim ethyl sulfate w as b ro k en , w ith e sc a p e of 50-100 m l. He w ashed his skin but did not rem o v e tow els from the w orkroom and refu sed to stop w ork. Clothing was not splashed. He was adm itted to the hospital 8 h o u rs after the a c c i dent, His com panion, aged 72, was adm itted at the sam e tim e, having developed, as usual som e hours a lte r exposure to this ir rita n t, sym ptom s of eye, n o se, larynx and lung irrita tio n . This m an 's course, investigations and treatm ent a re described. He recovered a month later. The toxic effects outlined and the MAC of 1 ppm give e m p h a s is to p re c a u tio n a r y m e a s u r e s which esp ecially a re n e c e ss a ry in la b o ra to rie s. W orkers should be tra in e d to leave the a re a if d i m ethyl Bulfate e scap es. Splashed clothing should be rem oved. An exposed p e rs o n , after eye lavage, should be rem oved by am bulance, and bed re s t for 3 days enforced. The difficult p ro b le m of tre a tin g p u lm o n a ry e d e m a in the p re s e n c e of h y p e rte n sio n is d is c u s s e d and a lso the question of assisted resp iratio n . * Bull, Hyg. 988 In v estig atio n of the E ffect of T oluene on the Blood P ic tu re of R o to g ra v u re P r i n te r s and A u x iliary W orkers. W, BAnfer. Z entr. A rb eitsm ed . u. A rb eitssch u tz 11. 35-40 (Feb. 1961). G erm an . B en zen e, toluene and xylene have been w idely u sed in c o lo r prin tin g on account of th e ir speed of evaporation and good solvent capacity, but benzene, the b est technically in these respects," has, owing to its hem otoxic action, been g en erally re p la c e d by toluene and xylene. C o m m e r c ia l to lu en e and xylene co n tain a c e r t a in am o u n t of b en zen e (up to 15% fo r to lu e n e ) but p u re p re p a ra tio n s of both a re now a v ailab le. T he p re s e n t in v estig atio n on toluene containing 03120942 17. Industrial Hygiene Digest O c t o b e r , 1961 only 0. 3% benzene included blood e x a m in a tio n s of a la rg e n u m b e r of w o rk e rs em ployed for m o re than 3 y e a rs in ro to g ra v u re p rin tin g . T hey w e re e a r n e d out e v e ry 3 m o n th s in young p e rs o n s u n d er 18, and e v e ry 6 m onths in a d u lts, and included e n u m e ra tio n s of e ry th ro c y te s , total leucocytes, polym orphonuclear leucocytes, and estim ation of hem oglobin. A nalysis of the a ir of the w orkroom rev ealed no benzene or xylene. In 3 sam p les the toluene content was le ss than the MAC, in one equal to it and in one reach ed 400 ppm . R esults of blood exam inations showed that only 3 tim e s in all w as the total white count le ss than 4 ,0 0 0 , the polym orphs w ere n e v e r lo w e r th an , 000, and th e r e w as no a b so lu te o r re la tiv e ly m p h o c y to s is . The re d c e lls and hemoglobin showed only slight occasional v ariatio n s. S ternal puncture of 5 w o rk ers with a total white count of le s s than 5,000 showed no pathological changes. C om parison with control w o rk e rs having at the tim e no contact with toluene showed a v ery s im ila r blood p ictu re, it is concluded th a tth o u th it is not p o ss ib le , without a m u ch lo n g e r and m o re exact in v estig ation, to state cate g o rically that pure toluene cannot have any injurious effect on the hem opoietic sy stem , it has certainly a m uch less toxic effect than benzene, -- Cond, from Bull. Hyg. ' 989 Poisonings by the Insecticide -- Phosphene (P hosdrin; C arbom ethoxym ethylvinyldim ethyl P h o s P h a t e )- C . R o c h e , e t a l . A r c h , m a l a d i e s p r o f e s s . 2T, 5 2 - 5 5 ( J a n . - F e b . 1961), F r e n c h , T his p ap er p re s e n ts 4 case re p o rts of poisoning in w o rk e rs exposed to the organic p h o s p h o r u s c o m p o u n d " P h o s p h e n e 11 ( P h o s d r i n ) w h i c h i s b e in g u s e d a s a g e n e r a l i n s e c t i c i d e in m a r k e t g a rd e n s . All p atien ts re c o v e r e d in a few days having been tr e a te d m ain ly by the a d m inistration of atropine. The m ain sym ptom s among these patients w ere: faintness, fainting fits, giddiness, m isty vision, pronounced sweating, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea and shortness of breath with pains in the chest in one or two instan ces. Some of these sym ptom s began eith er during w ork or 1 to 2 days after exposure. Signs noted w ere pallor, cold e x tre m itie s, m oderate b ra d y c a rd ia and m io s is (in 1 o r 2 c a se s ). In all p a tie n ts it w as noted that the b re a th had a m ark ed a ro m a of phosphorus. P a rtic u la rs of the blood ex am in atio n s a re given and cholin e s t e r a s e e stim a tio n s c a r r ie d out in 3 of th e 4 c a s e s showed a c o n sid e ra b le dim inution in c o n c e n tra tio n . It is re c o m m e n d e d .th a t P h o sd rin and o th e r o rg an ic p h o sp h o ru s in s e c tic id e s which a re not at p re s e n t re c o g n ized by the law co n cern in g in d u s tria l illn e s s should be included in the official list for purposes of com pensation, __ B u l l . H yg. 990 P e r c u t a n e o u s A b s o r p t i o n o f P a r a t h i o n a n d P a r a o x o n , (4 ) D e c o n t a m i n a t i o n o f H u m a n S k in f r o m P a r a t h i o n . T . F r e d r i k s s o n . A r c h . E n v i r o n m e n t a l H e a l t h _3, 1 8 5 - 1 8 8 (Aug. 19 61). An in v estig atio n h a s been m ade of the efficiency of a d e co n ta m in atio n p ro c e d u re in rem o v in g P - 3 2 - la b e le d p a ra th io n (E 605, diethyl 4 -n itro p h e n y l thionophosphate) fro m the skin surface of human volunteers. Two se rie s of experim ents w ere p erfo rm ed , the m aterial being left on the skin for 30 and 300 m in u te s , re s p e c tiv e ly . The ra d io a c tiv ity w as d e te rm in e d before and after the cleansing proced u re, and the residue calculated as p ercentage of the initial count a fte r su b tra c tio n of the background count. In the lo n g -te rm g ro u p , o rd in a ry w ashing w ith soap and w ater fo r 30 seco n d s left a re sid u e of about 30% to 50%, while the re s id u e am ounted to 8 % to 20% in the s h o r t- t e r m e x p e rim e n t. An alcohol w ash im m e d ia te ly a fte r the in itial cle a n sin g s t i l l l e f t a c o n s i d e r a b l e r e s i d u e -- m o r e t h a n 107 in th e 3 0 0 - m i n u t e s e r i e s an d a p p r o x i m a t e l y 5% in the o th er s e r ie s . A final clean sin g with soap and w a te r left a re s id u e of m o re than 5% in the lo n g -te rm s e r ie s , while in the o th e r s e r ie s , the skin w as a lm o st co m p le te ly d e c o n ta m i nated. The theoretical aspects of the tim e factor involved have been discu ssed , and the p r a c ti cal im plications within the field of occupational m edicine have been stre ss e d . -- A uthor's sum m ary 02120343 18, 'g Ij n------ Industrial Hygiene D igest O c t o b e r , 1961 HHBB-n01893O INDUSTRIAL DUSTS 991 P n e u m o c o n io s is Due to T in , L . D e r o b e r t , e t a l. A r c h , m a l a d i e s p r o f e s s . 2_1_, 7 1 3 * 7 1 8 ( D e c . I 9 6 0 ) . F r e n c h . On resum ing w ork after an acute re s p ira to ry illn e ss, a w orkm an was subm itted to radiographic exam ination of the chest. The x -ra y revealed a generalized m iliary nodulation of the lungs. This finding appeared anom alous as a variety of tests proved that the w orkm an w a s in e x c e l l e n t h e a l t h . O n i n q u i r y it w a s d i s c o v e r e d t h a t f o r th e p r e v i o u s 11 y e a r s he h a d been em ployed at a s m a ll fa c to ry in the p ro d u c tio n of tin oxide. The a tm o sp h e ric conditions w e re d e s c r iv e d as v e ry d u sty and on o c c a sio n he h ad su ffe re d slig h t s h o r tn e s s of b re a th on exertion. A rran g em en ts w ere m ade for the x -ra y exam ination of his 5 w orkm ates and this rev ealed 3 sim ila r c a se s of m icronodulation of the lungs. T h ree fo rm e r em ployees w ere tra c e d but only one was alive and his lungs showed the sam e x -r a y changes. The authors then m ade a study of the lite ra tu re on the effects of the inhalation of tin dust. They also c a rrie d out an experim ental study by "dusting" guinea pigs. As a resu lt of all the investi gations it w as concluded that the inhalation of tin re su lts in a benign pneum oconiosis, c h a ra c te r iz e d ra d io g r a p h ic a lly by d e n se m ic ro n o d u la tio n of th e lu n g s but c a u sin g no im p a ir m e n t of p u l m o n a ry cap acity . Two o th e r fe a tu re s a r e m en tio n ed , a g ra y is h m e ta llic tinge of the sputum and bradycardia. - - Cond. from Bull. Hyg. 992 Q Few er, W. H. G allah e r. J. Am. M ed. A ssn. 177, 187-189 (July 22, 1961). A case of serologically proved Q fev er with chronic hepatitis and cen tral nervous system abnorm alities simulating P arkinson's D isease has been presented. The protean nature of this disease has been discussed. The spectrum of clinical m anifestations hitherto reported in association with Q fever includes: pneum onia, hepatitis, p e ric a rd itis , m eningitis, esopha g itis, a rth ritis , o rch itis, epididym itis, phlebitis, and a rte ritis . Epidem iologic studies indi cate that the d isease is prev alen t throughout the w orld, yet in m any a re a s the diagnosis is ra re ly m ade. It is possible that Q fev er m ay be overlooked while m asquerading as m o re widely recognized illnesses, such as viral infectious hepatitis. Recent studies indicate that the in c id e n c e of bovine Q fe v e r is in c r e a s in g in the U nited S ta te s , and h u m an in fectio n m a y becom e an increasing public health problem . -- A uthor's sum m ary 993 How D ust F ilte r Selection D epends on E le c tr o s ta tic s . E. R. F r e d e r ic k . C hem , Eng. 68, 107-114 (June 26, 1961). (R eprints available from Ind u strial Hygiene Foundation upon request. P a ra m e te rs have been established which affect the selection of filters for dust col lection and point up the fact that the e lec tro static p ro p e rtie s of both the dust and the collecting fabric are ex trem ely c ritic a l in dictating filtration p erfo rm an ce. R esults show that the e le c tro static req u irem en ts of the fabric are dictated by the electro static activity and certain other phy sical p ro p ertie s of the collected dust. While the trib o electric po larity and charge dissipation p ro p ertie s of fabric filter m edia are rapidly estim ated, these sam e p ro p ertie s are not so easily m e a s u re d for d u sts. Each production fab ric, re g a rd le s s of its apparent sim ila rity to another m a te ria l already located in the trib o electric s e rie s , m ust itself be evaluated to find its own se rie s position. The m ethod of determ ining the triboelectric position and the charge dissipation rate of dust collection fabrics is quite sim ple. A table shows three m ain dust classifications, (w hich) s e p a r a te s the two e l e c tr o s ta ti c a ll y a c tiv e c l a s s e s I and II f r o m the in a c tiv e c la s s III. Of at le a st 40 different co m m e rc ia l dusts that w ere exam ined only two have d em o n strated little or no electrostatic activity. 03120944 19- Industrial Hygiene Digest O c to b e r, 1961 994 Counting of A tm ospheric D usts using M illipore F ilte r s . N, Z urio. M e d . l a v o r o 5_1_, 6 6 0 -6 7 1 (N ov, i 9 6 0 ) . D ifficulties in dust m e a su re m e n t with m illip o re filte rs include the poor visibility of sm all p a rtic le s which is due to the re fra c tiv e index of the liquid used to re n d e r the filter tra n sp a re n t being n e a r to that of the dust, the gradual relapsing of the filte r to opacity, and the penetration of p a rtic le s deeply into the filter if too m uch suction is em ployed. A p ro c e dure is d e sc rib e d which avoids e r r o r s due to such cau ses and gives re s u lts agreeing with those given by the th e rm a l p re c ip ita to r. The m e m b ra n e s w ere steeped in a m ixture of m ethyl cellosolve and butyl alcohol for m icro sco p e counting which enabled p a rtic le s of tran sp aren t m i n e r a l s a s s m a l l a s 0 . 5 m i c r o n to be d e a l t w ith ; t r a n s p a r e n c y w a s r e t a i n e d f o r o v e r SO h o u r s A special rev ersib le m e rc u ry -d isp la c e m e n t a s p ira to r is d escrib ed for use with the filters w hich su c k s 100 c c , of a i r in a m in u te o r tw o, depending on the g ra d e of m i ll ip o r e , at a n e a r l y constant flow ra te . A fter the m e rc u ry has ru n from the u p p er into the low er re s e rv o ir, the apparatus is inverted and is ready for use again. Rubber diaphragm valves autom atically apply suction and release a ir displaced from the lower re se rv o ir. Bull Hve 995 Studies of E x p e rim e n ta l S ilic o sis in D o g s. M . M o sin g e r, et a l. A rch, m alad ies p ro fe ss. 22, 5-39 (J a n .-F e b . 1961). F ren ch . E xperim ental studies of silico sis in the lab o rato ry have larg ely been c a rrie d out in sm all anim als such as rats, guinea pigs, h a m ste rs and m ice. While for certain o b serv a tions, pathological and epidem iological, these anim als have advantages, their size consider ably r e s tr ic ts the range of inv estig atio n s. The author and his co lleag u es decided to use dogs for their ex perim ents. Under intravenous anesthesia, suspensions of pow dered quartz (size under 3 m icro n s) in isotonic seru m w ere injected into the lungs o r selected lobes of these through a bronchoscope. T h irty -fo u r dogs (breeds not indicated) w ere given single or multiple d o se s at in t e r v a l s . The s u r v iv o rs w e re o b s e r v e d o v e r p e rio d s fro m 9 to 32 m o n th s. The in vestigations com p rised clinical, radiological (including tom ography and bronchography) m e ta bolic, biochem ical, m orbid anatom ical and surgical excision. R esults a re d escribed very fully u n d e r th e se h eadings and illu s tra te d by p h o to g rap h s of sp e c im e n s and p h o to m ic ro g ra p h s. It e m e r g e s th at the fe a tu re s of the d is e a se in the dog a p p ro x im a te c lo s e ly to th o se -o b se rv o d in m an. The onset of em physem a, it is rem ark ed , is precocious. The authors subm it that th eir findings prove that silicosis affects not m e re ly the lungs and hilum glands but also other organs and that the accom panying biochem ical changes signify system ic changes. Finally, the m e rits of the dog fo r e x p e rim e n ta l w o rk in p n eu m o co n io sis a r e e m p h a siz e d . -- Bull. Hyg. 996 B ronchitis, B ronchiolitis and S ilicosis. F. N ager, F . Zenger and J. R. Ruttner. Schweiz, m ed. W ochschr. 90, 1357-1364 (Nov. 26, i960). G erm an. The v a rio u s view s on the re la tio n sh ip betw een b ro n c h itis and s ilic o s is a re d is c u sse d in the f i r s t p a r t of this p a p e r u nder the headings of s ta tis tic a l in v e stig a tio n , in v estig atio n by bronchoscopy, experim ental research and pathological investigation. The authors' contribu tion falls m the la s t c a te g o ry . They in v e stig a te d h isto lo g ically 100 lungs fro m 36 su b jects w i t h c l a s s i c a l s i l i c o s i s , 17 f r o m s u b j e c t s e x p o s e d to m i x e d d u s t an d 47 f r o m s u b j e c t s w ith silic o tu b e rc u lo s is . T h ese w e re c o m p a re d with 30 lungs of p a tie n ts dying of p r im a r ily n on pulm onary conditions, w here the patients had been bedfast with sta sis of the lungs. Twenty lungs from subjects with bronchitis and em physem a w ere also used as controls. The result of the investigation was that th ere was considerably in flam m atory change in the bronchi and bronchioles in all stag es of silic o sis . T h ese changes w ere not found o r w ere not so definite in the c o n tro ls. In the b ronchi of the silic o tic lungs th e r e was a ly m p h o p la s m a c e llu la r in fil tratio n , there w ere signs of h y p ersecretio n , atrophy of the elastic tissu e and la te r of the m uscu la r tissu e, so m etim es b ronchostenosis and b ro n ch iectasis. The cilia w ere intact. In the b ro n chioles, the conditions w ere m ore m arked. The silicotuberculosis cases showed the same changes in a re a s away from tuberculous foci. The changes w ere found in all stages. The b ro n chio litis and b ro n c h io le c ta sis w e re e s s e n tia lly dependent on d u st. With in c re a sin g s e v e r ity of the silico sis the bronchial and bronchiolar changes w ere m ore definite. The fact that m any s e v e r e c a s e s of. s i l i c o s i s p r e s e n t no c li n ic a l e v id e n c e of b r o n c h i ti s is to be e x p la in e d by the fact that the bronchitis is "hidden" by the silicotic m a s s e s , . . Cond. from Bull. Hyg. 03120345 20. ^5^ industrial Hygiene Digest O c t o b e r . 19fei MHBB-0018931 9<37 A s b e s t o s i s in a W o r k e r E n g a g e d in A u t o m o b i l e U n d e r c o a t i n g . New Engl. J. M ed. 65, 379-381 (Aug. 24, 1961). H. G. B ru g sc h and H. B avley. T he m a te r ia l th at the p atien t u sed contained a sb e s to s of v a rio u s fib er siz e s in an asp h alt base and was held in a m a stic form by a solvent of the p e tro le u m -d is tilla te type. Lung biopsy revealed the p resen ce of asbestos bodies of ch a ra c te ristic appearance. The unusual finding in this case w as the p resen ce of n u m ero u s am orphous bluish-staining deposits fairly widely d isp ersed throughout the specim en and surrounded by inflam m atory and connectivetissu e reaction. The x -ra y appearance of finely g ran u lar infiltration throughout both low er lobes and the possibility that the sputum also contained asbestos bodies ("yeastlike bodies") indicate that the lung p ro cess in this m an w as of a chronic nature consistent with pneum o coniosis and the d ire c t local action of foreign m a te ria l such as asphalt and asb e sto sis. This is also suggested by som e of the a ir te s ts obtained in the su rv e y . The c ro s s -s e c tio n a l survey h ere reported indicates that under prevailing m ethods of operation, the use of an asb esto sbase undercoating, when lim ited to sh o rt ex p o su re s, h as not re s u lte d in an occupational h azard . H owever, if this operation is perform ed continuously without adequate ventilation and protective re sp ira to ry equipm ent it m ay expose the w o rk er to the potential danger of pneum oconiosis. As a protective m e a su re , it is recom m ended that w o rk ers using asb e sto s-b a se undercoating m a te r ia l ov er a p e rio d of 10 h o u rs w eekly o r m o r e fo r p e rio d s lo n g e r than one y e a r should o b se rv e the following ru les: p re -e m p lo y m e n t and periodic x -r a y studies of the ch est, with the use of l a r g e - s i z e d f i l m s (14 x 17 i n c h e s ) s h o u l d b e m a d e . W h e n p o s s i b l e th e w o r k e r s s h o u ld be r o tated. A pproved re sp ira to ry devices, with additional protection for the eyes, should be w orn. M echanical ventilation should be provided in the im m ediate vicinity of the w ork a re a . 998 S tudies on the C h e m ic a l P r o p e r tie s of C h ry so tile in R elation to A s b e s to s is . S, G. C la rk and P . F . H o l t . A n n , -O cc. H y g . ( L o n d o n ) 3_, 2 2 - 2 9 ( J a n , 1961). T here a re two riv al hypotheses, m echanical and ch em ical, of the pathogenesis of a sb e s to sis. A ccording to the chem ical hypothesis the fib ro sis of the lungs is due to the action of silicic acid derived from the decom position of asbestos in the lungs. The p resen t rep ort d e sc rib e s studies m ade at the U niversity of Reading, England, The experim ents w ere m ade in v it r o an d th e a im w a s to d i s c o v e r th e r a t e of d is s o lu t io n o f S o u th A f r i c a n c h r y s o t i l e a s b e s t o s __ at te m p e r a tu r e s betw een 25* and 90*C in n e u tra l, acid and a lk alin e m e d ia . The m ed ia used w e re r e s p e c tiv e ly w a te r , 0. 1 N h y d ro c h lo ric acid and 0. 1 N so d iu m h y d ro x id e . The a n a ly s e s of the ex tracts at various intervals of tim e a re tabulated. It was observed that the dissolution re s u lte d in the re m o v a l of m a g n e siu m and "the r e le a s e of m in u te , tw o -d im e n sio n al flakes of the silica lattice". F ro m this it is deduced that a reaction sim ila r to that norm ally evoked by fine silica p a rtic le s would follow. D issolution, it was o b serv ed , o c c u rre d m o re read ily with alternating acid and alkaline conditions than under the influence of acid or alkali alone. Such an alte ra tio n of acid and alkaline states o c cu rs in inflam m ato ry d is e a s e s including pneum onia and b ronchitis. The authors conclude that if the breakdow n of ch ry so tile follows the sam e c o u rs e in vivo a s it does in v itr o , a p n eu m o co n io sis having a g e n e ra l re s e m b la n c e to silic o sis would be expected. "" Gond. from Bull, Hyg, 999 T h e C h a n g e s in -th e B r o n c h i a l T r e e in A s b e s t o s i s . G , J a c o b a n d H, B o h lig . A rch. Gewerbepathol. Gewerbehyg, 247-257 (I960), G erm an. This bronchographic study of various stages of a sb e sto sis has been facilitated by the u se of a new c o n tra s t m e d iu m --propyiiodon. In a s b e s to s is w ith thickening of the p le u ra the sm all bronchi tow ards the base a re bunched together w ith th e ir ends turn ed back. This was d escrib ed by Jacob as the "broom phenomenon" and is asso ciate d with displacem ent of the basal segm ents of the lung. This is not pathognom onic for a sb e sto sis since it occur& in other co n d itio n s c a u sin g p le u r a l th ick en in g . In alt c a s e s the c o n d itio n s g ro u p e d u n d e r the te r m "bronchitis deform ans" are to be found. The distension of the bronchi expected from the c h a ra c te r of the d isease is evident but b ro n ch iectasis is not so striking as in Bilicosis even in advanced a s b e s to s is and it is c y lin d ric a l in type. In c o n tr a s t to s ilic o s is , th e re is no s te n o s is of the la rg e bro n ch i. In a s b e s to s is as a rule the lo w e r and m iddle lobes, and in the left lung the lingula a re affected, and in silic o sis the u pper lobe. In th e s e lobes the b ro n ch i are 03120946 21. Industrial Hygiene Digest O ctobe r , 1961 bunched while in the o th e r lobes th ey a re s p re a d out. In a s b e s to s is the n o rm a l a p p e a ra n c e of the bronchus next to the hilus can be seen but this is not so in silico sis w here th ere is an in c re a s e of the lung roots and obliteration of the lym ph apparatu s. The swelling of the roots m ay be so m assiv e that m any authors believe that silicotic patients with carcin o m a of the lung have a g re a te r expectation of life because of the clo su re of the way for m e ta sta sis . This very questionable assu ran ce is not granted to the asb esto sis patient. -- Cond. from Bull. Hyg. 1000 Influence of C e m e n t Kiln Dust on P la n ts and A n im a ls. H, P a je n k a m p . Z e m e n t-K a lk -G ip s 50, 88-95 {Mar. 1961). G e rm a n , (Z e m e n t-K a lk -G ip s, B au v erla g G .m . b, H. , K leine W ilhelm strT 7 W iesbaden, Germany*). . The so-called cem ent dust in the vicinity of cem ent works is not cem ent but consists essentially of very finely ground lim estone powder and is, as such, a constituent of an in te r m ediate product in the cem ent m anufacturing p ro cess. It is th erefo re, m ore co rrectly called c e m e n t kiln dust. Since it is co n tin u ally alleg ed by a g ric u ltu ra lis ts th at this ce m e n t kiln dust is h a rm fu l to p lan ts and a n im a ls , in re c e n t y e a rs n u m e ro u s scien tific in v estig atio n s on the effects of dust have been c a rrie d out with a view to testing the validity of these allegations. Among the studies noted is one at the Pathological Institute of the V eterinary M edical School a t H a n o v e r . H ig h d o s e s o f d u s t ( 2 . 5 t o 11 g. / d a y / a n i m a l d u r i n g a 6 0 - d a y p e r i o d in 1957) a d m in istered on the fodder of food, did not show any clinically ascertain ab le injury to, o r h a rm ful e f f e c t s to t h e g e n e r a l c o n d i t i o n o f, a g r o u p o f e x p e r i m e n t a l a n i m a l s (2 c o w s , 17 s h e e p , a n d 16 d o g s). F ie l d t e s t s co n d u c te d d u rin g th e g ro w in g s e a s o n s of 1958 and 1959 at the A g r ic u l tu r a l C hem ical Institute in Gottingen, indicated that even considerable quantities of dust brought about no harm ful effects and no other lasting effects on growth or crop yield of several different plants. Those studied w ere oats, rye, g ra s s, red clover, and turnips. The dust had a content of a b o u t 29. 3% l i m e s t o n e ( a n a l y z e d a s C a O ) , a n d 3. 1% K jO , It w a s a p p li e d a t l e v e l s of 0 . 7 5 g . / m . 2/ d a y ; 1. 5 g . / m . 2/ d a y ; 1 . 5 g , f o r 10 d a y s w i t h a p a u s e of 10 d a y s a n d t h e n r e a p p l i e d ; 2. 25 g. fo r 10 days with a p a u se of 20 d a y s. -- APCA A bsts. 1 001 E xperim ental Study of the Toxic Action of Dust in the P roduction of S in ter-(H ard )-M etals. Z. S. K aplun and N. W. M e z e n c e w a , J , H yg. E p id e m io l. M ic ro b io l. Im m unol.* (P r a g u e ) 4^ 3 9 0 - 3 9 9 (1 9 6 0 ). G e r m a n , Hard m etals or sinter m etals are m ade from a m ixture of tungsten and titanium c a rb id e s a m a lg a m a te d with cobalt. In the p ro c e s s of m an u fa c tu rin g th e s e m e ta ls the m o st dusty p r o c e s s e s a re the m ixing of the m e ta llic tu ngsten with c a rb o n , the heating and sieving of cobalt oxide, and the sieving, granulating and grinding of the m ixture of m etals. F ro m the p e rio d ic a l e x am in atio n s of 283 w o rk e rs in th e s e dusty p la c e s it w as found that those who cam e into contact only with tungsten and its com binations showed slight changes in the r e s p irato ry organs. W orkers exposed to m ixtures of tungsten and cobalt com plained of poor ap petite, cough, and loss of the sense of sm ell. This paper gives the re su lts of several se rie s of ex p erim en ts on white rats to a sc e rta in the effects of the individual constituents of the dust. F irs t tungsten carbide, m etallic tungsten, tungsten oxide and titanium carbide w ere used. A n im als w ere ex posed to th ese d u sts e ith e r in a d u st c h a m b e r or by in tra tra c h e a l injection. All the dusts produced in the lungs a proliferatio n of lym phoid-histocytic elem en ts about the bronchi and la rg e r v e ssels. Tungsten oxide give the m o st distinct changes. A separate ex perim ent was m ade with m etallic cobalt. Very definite changes w ere found in the blood v e sse ls and the w alls of the bronchi showed inflam m atory changes. E xperim ents with cobalt oxide show ed that it had no d istin c t g e n e ra l action but it could p ro d u ce m o re p ro n o u n ced changes in the lungs than m etallic cobalt. . . Cond. from Bull. Hyg. * A ddress not in c u rren t L ist of P erio d icals. G0120947 22. Industrial Hygiene Digest October, i ] HWBB-0B18932 PHYSICAL ASPECTS OF THE ENVIRONMENT 1002 M edical P ro b le m s of U n d erw ater D epths. F. C. M acin to sh . C an. M ed. A ssn . J. 5, 424-428 (Aug. 19, 1961). The p hysical and p hysiological h a z a rd s a ss o c ia te d with the use of diving g ear a re en u m erated and briefly d iscu ssed . Some of these h a z a rd s in c re a se with increasing depth, w hile o th e rs a r e p re s e n t even in shallow d iv e s. C anada n e e d s, for m a x im u m safety of both professional and am ateur divers, m ore widespread facilities for therapeutic recom pression and a g re a te r in te re s t in the p ro b lem s of diving on the p a rt of the m ed ical p rofession. M ention is also m ade of the toxicological and oth er h a z a rd s which m u st be considered and elim inated in the design of m odern su b m arin es. -- A uthor's sum m ary --- n 1003 P u lm o n a ry E d em a of High A ltitu d e. V. A lz a m o r a - C a s tr o , G. G a rrid o -L e c c a and G. B attilana. Am, J. C ardiol. 7, 769 (June 1961). O b se rv a tio n s on 27 p atien ts with p u lm o n ary e d e m a of high a ltitu d e a re re p o rte d . M o s t of the p a ti e n ts w e r e m e n , w ho h ad b een b o r n a t h ig h a l t i t u d e s , 19 b e in g P e r u v i a n s . The m ajority w ere young and free from heart disease. Several patients w ere sym ptom -free 0 in p rev io u s and subsequent tr ip s to the sam e altitu d e. The d is e a s e was often o b serv ed in norm al subjects adapted to the altitude, who w ere going back to the highlands after spending a variab le length of tim e at sea level. In m o st p atien ts, pulm onary edem a began with m ild dyspnea, headache, palpitation, nausea and nonproductive cough shortly after a rriv a l at high altitudes. In so m e, the clinical p icture began after physical effo rt, excitation or a heavy m eal. Dyspnea d isa p p e a re d spontaneously 1 or 2 h o u rs in som e p atien ts, but in m ost c a ses sym ptom s w ere p ro g re ssiv e and gradually becam e c ritic a l. In se v e re c a ses the clinical pic ture resem bled cardiac asthm a or acute left ventricular failure: dyspnea was intense, pui- - m onary ra le s w ere heard at a distance. P atien ts w ere anxious, pale or cyanotic, the skin w et, and, for the first h o u rs, the sputum w as often abundant and bloody, la te r becom ing s a l m on-colored. T hree patients died. Knowledge of the prem onitory sym ptom s is im portant to prevent death. The tre a tm e n t of choice is oxygen o r, when p o ssib le, d escent to low er a l titudes. - - J. Am, Med. A ssn. R eferences & Reviews 1004 M e a s u re m e n t of N oise. L. S. G oodfriend. N oise C o n tro l 7, 4-12 ( M a r ,- A p r . 1961). This review paper su m m arizes the essen tial req u irem en ts and perform ance c h a r a c t e r i s ti c s in m o s t types of noise m e a s u re m e n t eq u ip m en t. T he e n v iro n m e n tal con ditions under which m e a su re m e n ts a re m ade and an appreciation for the c h a ra c te ris tic s of the noise being m easu red a re also discu ssed . D ecibel notations and use of units in sound m easurem ents are reviewed, -- A uthor's abst. 1005 I n s tru m e n ta tio n for M e a s u r e m e n t of Sonic B oom . Noise Control 7, 43-45 (M ar.-A p r. 196i), H. H. Taniguchi. F ro m the F o u rie r an aly sis of an N -shaped signature of a sonic boom p r e s s u r e tim e signal, the author d eriv es the frequency and am plitude distribution of the signal, and sets up perform ance c rite ria for a tran sd u cer and recording system capable of m easuring typical sonic boom p ressu re pulses. - - A uthor's abst. 03120948 3. Industrial Hygiene Digest October, 1961 1006 M e a s u re m e n t of R ocket Engine N oise. D. N. K east, Noise C ontrol 7, 25-36 { M a r.-A p r. 1961). T his p a p e r p re s e n ts a g e n e ra l ap p ro a c h to the m e a s u re m e n t and a n a ly s is of rocket engine noise and illu strates this approach with exam ples of problem s which have been e n co u n te red in the p a st. The a p p ro a c h su g g ested is intended to p rovide not only the d esired data, but also sufficient inform ation about the instrum entation and m easu rem en t techn iq u es that p o ssib le so u rc e s of e r r o r in the data m ay be ev alu a ted . The p ro c e d u re s in clude a detailed laboratory evaluation of the tran sd u cer sy stem s, evaluation and calibration of the co m p lete d a ta -a c q u is itio n sy s te m in s ta lle d at the te s t site , v a rio u s step s in the p r o ce ssin g and a n a ly s is of ta p e - re c o rd e d d a ta , the eventual e stim a tio n of the c a u se s and m a g nitudes of e r r o r s in the m e a s u re m e n ts, and m ethods for reducing the possibility of hum an e rro r by m easu rem en t personnel. A uthor's abst. 1007 C ru is e F light N oise L e v e ls in a T u rb o je t T ra n s p o r t A irp la n e . D. E. Bishop. Noise C ontrol 7, 37-42 (M a r,-A p r. 1961). A nalysis of noise m e a s u re m e n ts taken inside the fuselage of a turbojet tra n sp o rt a irp la n e show b o u n d ry -la y e r ex citatio n of fu selag e su rfa c e s to be the m a jo r s o u rc e of noise inside the cabin at high-speed c ru ise conditions. C hanges in noise a re c o rre la te d with changes in flight conditions through referen ce to a g eneralized boundry-layer noise sp ectrum , derived from flight m easurem ents. __A u t h o r ' s a b s t . 1008 On the D e te rm in a tio n of th e A c o u stic P o w e r of a S o u rc e of Sound in S e m i - R e v e r b e r a n t S p a c e s. R . J . W e l l s a n d F.. M . W i e n e r . N o i s e C o n t r o l 7 , 2 1 - 2 9 ( J a n . - F e b . 19 61 ). A fter discussing briefly the determ ination of acoustic pow er levels in re v e rb e ra tio n ch am b ers and anechoic ro o m s, the au th o rs show that it is possible to d eterm in e acoustic power levels of sm all so u rces in o rd in ary (s e m i-re v e rb e ra n t) sp aces with engineering a c c u ra c y . T h e re is re a s o n to believ e th at th ese re s u lts can freq u en tly be extended to la rg e sources as well. . . A uthors' abst. 1009 S im u lated , C om bined V ib ra tio n , S u stain ed A c c e le ra tio n , and E x tre m e T e m p e r a tu re E n v iro n m en ts. N. G ranick and E. A. Toole. Noise C ontrol 7, 5-10 (J a n .-F e b . 1961). The au th o rs s tre s s the need for environm ental te sts to in co rp o rate se v e ra l of the test p a ra m e te rs in com bination. A testing facility is d escribed that includes provision for sim ultaneous combined tests involving sustained acceleration, vibration and tem p eratu re ex tr e m e s . A valve m ech an ism is used to illu stra te the com plexities of such com bination te sts and the re s u ltin g sim p lific a tio n s th at m ay be m a d e to re d u c e the te s t tim e w ithout unduly sacrificing the test re s u lts . . . A uthors' abst. 1010 A Study of the E ffects of Loud Sound on T in n itu s. G, F . R eed and M . A. C h ris tia n . L a ry n g o sc o p e JM, 167 (F eb . 1961). (L a ry n g o sc o p e C o m p an y , 640 S. K ings H ighw ay, St. Louis 10, M isso u ri* ). A cco rd in g to an ecd o tal r e p o r ts , chronic ti.initus has so m e tim e s been re lie v e d te m p o ra rily and even p e rm an en tly by e x p o su re to h ig h -in te n sity n o ise . T his e x p e rim e n t was designed to determ ine m ore scientifically what effects on tinnitus could be produced by tre a tm e n t with h ig h -in te n sity sound and what portion of th e se effects a r e due m e re ly to su gg estib ility of the p atien ts. A group of 100 p a tie n ts w as divided into 2 gro u p s m atch ed in age, sex, duration and ch a ra c te r of tinnitus, and n eu ro ticism . The ex p erim en tal group was e x p o s e d on th r e e o c c a s io n s fo r 10 m in u te s e a c h to a p u re tone n e a r the tin n itu s fr e q u e n c y a t * A d d re s s not in c u rr e n t L ist of P e rio d ic a ls . GG120949 24. Industrial Hygiene Digest O ctober. 19ol 120 db o r h ig h e r. The control group w ent through the sam e p ro c e d u re but with no aco u stic rn stim u latio n (they w ere told that the ex p o su re involved a tone too high in pitch to h e a r). It g j w a s fo u n d t h a t th e t o n a l e x p o s u r e c o u l d e i t h e r a l l e v i a t e (in 25 of th e 50 c a s e s ) o r i n t e n s i f y r~< (in 13) th e t i n n i t u s , but in e i t h e r c a s e the e f f e c t w a s only t e m p o r a r y . A lth o u g h f e w e r .c h a n g e g i n t i n n i t u s w e r e r e p o r t e d by th e c o n t r o l g r o u p ( b e t t e r i n 11 c a s e s , w o r s e in 4 ), t h e s e n u m b e i js a r e high enough to indicate the im p o rta n c e of su g g estio n . S tra n g e ly , n e u ro tic is m seem ed t o g be irre le v a n t. The authors conclude that, if th ere w ere som e way to control the p sy ch o lo g ic^ i n f l u e n c e of i n t e n s e s o u n d , th e p a r a d o x i c a l e f f e c t m i g h t w e ll be sh o w n to b e d u e e n t i r e l y to 3C suggestion. - - J - c c - M ed' Absts. 1011 Q uieting th e A ir C onditioning E q u ip m e n t for a L a r g e H o tel B a llro o m . P . B . O s t e r g a a r d . N o i s e C o n t r o l 7_, 2 2 - 2 4 ( M a r . - A p r . 1961). L. S. G o o d frie n d and The req u irem en t that the m ain fan-coil unit for the ballroom for the Hotel P ie rre in New York City be located within the ballroom ceiling p resen ted a type of a ir conditioning noise problem not detailed in the available publications on heating and ventilating noise. Specifications for the fan-coil unit w ere p re p a re d , and the unit w as tested at the factory and evaluated in place p rio r to installation of the ceiling. N oise control techniques applied re s u lt in a noise level below NC35 throughout the e n tire b allro o m with the exception of a few points close to d iffu se rs. H ow ever, noise in the th ird octave band, typically a p ro b lem , is unnotice able d irectly below the m achine. " Authors' abst. 1012 A n tiv ib ra tio n F o u n d atio n fo r R oll G rin d in g M a c h in e . P . H. A llaw ay . Noise C ontrol 7, 30-32 (J a n .-F e b . 1961). The vibration isolation requirem ents are described for a large roll grinding machine installation. The mounting arran g em en t and some of the construction p ro cedures are sum m dri zed and illustrated. -- A uthor's abst. 1013 T he P ro b le m s A sso c ia te d with F ine and O ther V isually D ifferen t C o n c e n tra te d T a sk s in In d u s t r y . C . H . B e d w e l l . A n n . O c c . H y g . (L o n d o n ) 3^ 8 4 - 9 3 ( F e b . 19 61 ). This is an excellent scientific and technical paper on visual problem s in industry. P ro b le m s a ss o c ia te d with fine w ork have beco m e m o r e a p p a re n t in re c e n t y e a r s b ecau se in some industries, for example electronics, there has been a strong tendency tow ards m ore and m ore m iniaturization and finer lim its. Yet because of norm al com petitive conditions, the a c tu a l o p e ra tio n tim e m u s t often be le s s than when the ta s k w as l a r g e r . T he re s u ltin g visual difficulties and their practical solution are discussed and described. The m ain factors concerned in a seeing task a re review ed with re fe re n c e s to relev an t re s e a rc h under the h e a d in g s : I. T a s k a n a ly s is -- (!) size and v is u a l a c u ity a n d (2) illu m in a tio n , v is u a l a c u ity a n d p e r f o r m a n c e ; II. The d e s ig n of the v is u a l field fo r e ffic ie n c y and c o m f o r t -- (1) lighting and c o lo r and (2) the av o id a n c e of g la r e ; and III. T he e y e s a t w o r k -- (1) ey e s t r a i n d u rin g d u rin g c o n c e n tr a te d v is io n , (2) the r e c o r d in g of eye m o v e m e n ts , (3) p r e s c r i b i n g fo r seein g fine t a s k s , an d (4) the u se of m a g n ify in g a id s . T h e r e a r e a n u m b e r of v e r y good p h o to g ra p h s to illu s tra te the d e v ic e s of lighting and m ag n ificatio n which a r e of value in d iffe re n t types of fine w ork and also of electro-oculograph and photographic equipm ent which has been developed for the scientific study of eye m ovem ents. -- Bull. Hyg. 1014 Som e A sp e c ts of N asal F unction and Dysfunction in R elation to E n v iro n m e n ta l A ir. R . H i n c h c l i f f c . A n n . O c c . H y g . (L o n d o n ) 3^, 6 -2 1 ( J a n . 1961). This paper was delivered at a joint m eeting of the B ritish Occupational Hygiene Society and the E rgonom ics R e search Society held in London, June 24, 1960. The author review ed the p resen t state of knowledge of n asal dysfunctions related to environm ental air co n d itio n s. M ethods of in vestigating n o se -e n v iro n m e n ta l a ir re la tio n sh ip w e re d is c u sse d u n d e r t h r e e m a i n h e a d in g s : (1) A n im a l e x p e r i m e n t s ; (2) H u m a n p h y s io lo g ic a l e x p e r i m e n t s . 25. 03120950 Industrial Hygiene Digest O c t o b e r , 1961 the c lim a tic ro o m ; and (3) E p id e m io lo g ic a l in v e s tig a tio n s : (a) in r e s p e c t to a i r co n d itio n in g , a n d (b) in r e s p e c t to d i f f e r e n t c l i m a t i c a r e a s ( g e o g r a p h i c a l ) . It i s c o n c l u d e d t h a t the p r e c i s e im portance of environm ental a ir conditions in the pathogenesis of nasal dysfunction and their influence on the p re v a le n c e of n a sa l d is e a s e has yet to be e lu cid ated . A vailable evidence h o w ev er, in d ic a te s th at a rtific ia l c lim a te s , in the sen se of a ir conditioning of offices or facto ries, do not influence the prevalence or attack rate of the upper re sp ira to ry or other d ise a se s. It would seem that fu rth er inq u iries into the relationship between nasal dysfunction and en v iro n m e n ta l a ir conditions m u s t p rim a rily take the fo rm of e p id em io lo g ical in v e s tig a tions, F easib ility studies conducted by the author indicate that such investigations are p o s sible using ra d io g ra p h ic m e th o d s. F o r future su rv e y s in th is field , the au th o r s t r e s s e s the value of the epidem iological m ethod and he favors the re s p ira to ry tra c t approach. This sig nifies that sinusitis investigations should be com bined with bronchitis surveys. -- Cond. from Bull. Hyg. RADIOACTIVITY AND X-RADIATION 1015 T u m o rs of the L iv e r Follow ing A d m in istra tio n of T h o ro tr a s t, E . E. Suckow, G. C. R en eg ar a n d R . B a s e r g a . A m . J . P a t h o l . 3fF] 66 3 ( J u n e 1 9 6 1 ). The au th o rs rep o rt on a 3 9 -y ear-o ld m an with carcinom a of the hepatic bile duct after adm inistration of thorium dioxide suspension (T horotrast), This contrast m edium had b e e n g iv en by i n t r a v e n o u s in j e c ti o n 15 y e a r s e a r l i e r to e s t a b l i s h th e d i a g n o s i s o a n a m e b i c liver abscess. The patient's chief com plaints w ere abdom inal pain and headache. An ab dominal laparotom y was perform ed, a liver biopsy was c arried out, and a histological diag nosis of adenocarcinom a of the liv e r w as m ade from the biopsy specim en. The patient died 5 days after the operation, and autopsy revealed bile duct carcinom a with extensive n ecro sis, hem o rrh ag e and fib ro sis. The connective tissu e in the portal a re a s was m arkedly in creased , and there w ere num erous m acrophages filled with T h o ro trast granules. M acrophages con taining T h o ro tra s t w ere o b served in spleen and te s te s . The d isc re p a n c y betw een the concen tration of thorium and site of origin of induced tum ors is discussed with reg ard to d o s e - re s ponse curve, m inim um tissue dam age req u ired for tum or induction, and num ber of cells at risk within range of alpha ray s. This last factor seem s m ost im portant for thorium -induced cancer. - - J . A m , M ed. A s s n . , R e fe re n c e s R eview s 1016 Short Wave E le c tro m a g n e tic R ad iatio n a s a H a z a rd to P e rs o n n e l. D. E . G oldm an, N P -9992. L e c t u r e a n d R e v ie w S e r i e s No. 6 0 - 6 . (N a v a l R e s e a r c h I n s t i t u t e , B e t h e s d a , M d . ) 8pp. (Sept. 17, 1960), O btainable fro m : Office of T ech n ical S e rv ic e s , U, S, D e p a rtm e n t of C o m m e rc e , W ashington 25, D .C. The ra d ia tio n h a z a rd s of sh o rt-w a v e e le c tro m a g n e tic ra d ia tio n a r e d is c u sse d . It is pointed out that electrom agnetic radiation produces electrical and m agnetic forces and gene ra te s heat upon contact with biological sy stem s. R eactions a re induced which a re potentially d an g ero u s to a n im a ls . R ep o rted c a s e s of eye dam age and o th e r se rio u s in ju rie s to p e rso n n el working with high pow ered ra d a r g en erato rs a re discu ssed . R esults a re rep o rted from studies ,_w ith m o n k e y s in w h ic h a n u m b e r of n e u r o l o g i c a l d i s t u r b a n c e s w e r e i n d u c e d by e x p o s u r e to ^jCradio freq u en cies in the 300 to 400 Me ran g e. R esuits of oth er an im al studies a re d iscu ssed briefly , and reactio n m ech a n ism s involved in the biological effects of p rim a ry radiations in the ra n g e 100 to 3 0 ,0 0 0 Me a r e s u m m a r iz e d . Data a r e ta b u la te d fro m m e a s u r e m e n ts of the conductivity and d ie le c tr ic c o n stan t of skin; the d ie le c tric co n sta n t of se le c te d tissu e s : the per cent energy absorption by whole r - ts , rab b its, and dogs; and the cooling tim e constant for m ic e , r a t s , ra b b its , dogs, and h u m an s exposed to ra d ia tio n s in th is e n e rg y ra n g e . Data a re also included on the heat input and output of the body at v ario u s te m p e ra tu re s under steady state conditions. - - Nuclear Sci. A bsts. 03120951 26. H&BB-O01893*r Industrial Hygiene Digest O c t o b e r , 196 1017 M ic ro w a v e R a d ia tio n of 10 m w /c m * and F a c t o r s th a t In flu en ce B io lo g ic a l E ffe c ts at V a rio u s P o w e r D e n s itie s . W. B. D e ic h m a n n and F . H. S te p h e n s . Ind. M ed. & Surg. 30, 221-228 (June 1961). In 1 9 5 3 , S c h w a n r e c o m m e n d e d t h a t m i c r o w a v e r a d i a t i o n o f 10 m w / c m * be a c c e p t e a s a to le ra n c e d o se. In 1956, the U .S . A ir F o rc e d is se m in a te d this level to in te re s te d agen c ie s . E x p e rim e n ta l m ic ro w a v e stu d ie s h av e d e m o n s tra te d th at a n u m b e r of fa c to rs m u st be closely controlled in o rd er to obtain reproducible re su lts with ex p erim ental an im als. These sam e facto rs can be expected to modify significantly what m ay be considered under certain c o n d itio n s , a safe e x p o s u r e le v e l. T hey in c lu d e : (1) the f r e q u e n c y o r wave length of the g e n e ra tin g e q u ip m en t; (2) the p e rio d of tim e of e x p o su re in h o u r s , m in u te s , o r seconds; (3) i r r a d i a t i o n c y c le r a t e , r e f e r r i n g to the in d iv id u a l O N - O F F p e r io d s d u rin g a unit tim e in t e r v a l (a m in u te ) , w h en to ta l tim e of i r r a d i a t i o n p e r m in u te i s k e p t c o n sta n t; (4) a i r c u r r e n t s ; (5) e n v ir o n m e n ta l t e m p e r a t u r e ; (6) body w e ig h t, ty p e o r m a s s , and c o v e rin g in r e la tio n to the e x p o se d a r e a ; (7) o r ie n ta tio n o r p o s itio n o f a n in d iv id u a l in flu e n c in g r e s o n a n t c o n d i t i o n s a n d s t a n d i n g w a v e s ; (8) d i f f e r e n c e s in s e n s i t i v i t y o f o r g a n s a n d t i s s u e s ; a n d (9) effect of reflections. -- Authors' sum mary 1018 R adiation P ro te c tio n . S. W a rre n . New Engl. J. M ed. 264, 705-711 (A pr. 1961). The biological effects of exposure to radiation from various so u rces are review ed. It is pointed out that varying needs m ake it d esirab le that different standards of protection ag ain st radiation be applied to se v e ra l c a te g o rie s of the population. T hese groups a re listed a s p a tie n ts re ceiv in g ra d ia tio n th e ra p y or ex posed to d iag n o stic x - r a y s , w o rk e rs using or exposed to ionizing radiation, and the general population. P ro c e d u re s for radiation protection at all exposure levels are reviewed. -- N uclear Sci. A bsts. 1019 Protection A gainst Chem ical and Biological Agents and Radiological Fallout. NP-9899. (C o rp s of E n g in e e rs) 72 pp, (Jan, 19, 1961). (E M -1110-345-461). O btainable fro m : Office of T ech n ical S e rv ic e s , U. S. D e p a rtm e n t of C o m m e rc e , W ashington 25, D .C . Fundam ental p rinciples and c rite ria a re p resen ted for use in the design of s tr u c tu re s for the protection of occupants against toxicological airb o rn e contam ination. F r o - tection from chem ical and biological agents and radiological fallout are considered. P r o tective considerations, operational considerations, and factors affecting occupancy are r e viewed. Design c riteria are included for entrances, personnel decontam ination facilities, air filter units, ventilation system s and warning devices. Shielding fundam entals are d is cussed and the effectiveness of various stru c tu ra l m a te ria ls a s shielding against radiation is evaluated. P rocedures for data evaluation and analysis are included, and correction factors are tabulated. __ N u c le a r Sci. A b sts . 1020 Fallout and M an's Diet, E. R. M ercer and F , B. E llis. D airy Sci. A bsts. 23, 1-6 (Jan. 1961). (Dairy Science A b stra c ts, Com m onwealth A gricultural B ureaux, F arnham Royal, Slough, England*), This is a review concerned with S r-90 in m a n 's diet. The reaso n s for the selection of m ilk and cre a m as rep resen tativ e foods in m aking a survey of Sr-90 in hum an diets are p resented. The im portance of differentiating rad io activ e strontium s and a procedure for analysis is given. The relationship between strontium and calcium in plant and human n u tri tion and in m ilk production is review ed. D irect contam ination of vegetation ra th e r than uptake fro m soil a p p e a rs to be the p re d o m in a n t so u rce of S r-9 0 in m a n 's food. The high level of Sr-90 in m ilk and m ilk products is attributed m ainly to fallout; the relationship between soil, plant and food contam ination is presented, -- Public Health Eng. A bsts. * A d d ress not in c u rre n t L ist of P erio d ic a ls. 27. 03120952 industrial Hygiene Digest O c t o b e r , 1961 ENVIRONMENTAL MEASUREMENTS 1021 T h e R e l a t i o n s h i p B e t w e e n P e a k a n d M e a n C o n c e n t r a t i o n s . 1. A , S i n g e r . J. A ir Poll. C ontrol A ssn, 11, 336-341 {July 1961). In m o s t m u n icip al a ir pollution s u rv e y s , th e m ethod of p re d ic tin g a v e ra g e co n centration levels for various m eteo ro lo g ical conditions is well understood. H ow ever, the m any aspects of predicting sh o rt-p erio d fluctuations of concentrations a re relative unknowns. The m ain purpose of this paper is to show the m an n er in which m ean concentration p attern s are built up from m any sh o rt-te rm peak conditions and that a definable relationship exists between the peaks and the m ean. A m ethod of predicting av erage concentrations has been p re se n te d . It has been shown that the sim plified n o rm al b ivariate distribution d escribing the average concentration pattern is com posed of various sh o rt-te rm periodic distributions which m ay differ from it significantly. A descriotive, em pirical m ethod has been described which indicates an exponential relatio n sh ip exist between these s h o rte r tim e or peak concen tratio n s_ an d a v e ra g e co nditions. The slope .he exponent a p p e a rs to be p ro p o rtio n a l to the stability or the gustiness. Downwind, the peaks a re n o rm ally within an o rd e r of m ag n i tude g re a te r than average concentrations, w hereas crossw ind, the peaks m ay be several orders of magnitude larger. 1022 T im e E x p o su re P h o to g rap h y of Smoke P lu m e s . W, M. C ulkow ski, O R O -359. (W eather B ureau, Oak Ridge, Tenn.) 20 pp. (1961). Obtainable from ; Office of Technical S ervices, U. S. D e p a rtm e n t of C o m m e rc e , W ashington 25, D .C . Techniques a re d escribed for making long-tim e exposure photographs of smoke p lu m e s fo r u se in stu d ie s on a tm o s p h e r ic d iffusion and a i r p o llu tio n . E x p o s u re s w e re m a d e over perio d s of tim e extending up to 9 h o u rs. Ten photographs illu s tra te the m ethods used. - - N uclear Sci. A bsts. 1023 F la m e Ionization A n aly zer for H y d ro c a rb o n D e te c tio n . W. B. Innes and A . J. A n d re a tch . ind. W ater & W astes Tj 185-191 (N o v .-D e c , I960). The m eth o d s for applying the a n a ly z e r to auto ex h au st and a fte rb u rn e r te stin g , to a ir a n a ly s is , w a te r s y s te m s , the v a rio u s m e a n s of sam p le in je c tio n , equipm ent c a lib ra tio n , and.the a d so rb e rs which can be used profitably, a re discu ssed . The flam e ionization unit is ideal for determ ining true total hydrocarbon content as well as for rapidly and directly d e te r m ining individual hydrocarbons or sa tu ra te s and u n satu rate s with the aid of a suitable c h ro m a to g ra p h ic colum n and a d s o r b a n ts . The te s t s e t-u p developed p r im a r ily for w o rk on c a t aly sts for oxidation of h y d rocarbons in exhaust gas is illu stra te d in the a rtic le . - - APCA ab sts. PREVENTIVE ENGINEERING 1024 The P u rific a tio n of Coke Oven G a se s with P latin u m M e ta ls C a ta ly s ts . H. C. A n d e rse n and D. R.. S teele. B rit. C h em . Eng. 5, 864-865 (Dec. 1960). Methods have been developed for rem oving acetylene from coke oven and sim ilar g a se s by m e a n s of h y d rogenation over platinum m e ta ls c a ta ly s ts . T his type of c a ta ly st will 03120353 28. Indu atrial Hygiene D igest O c t o b e r , 1961 . also rem ove nitric oxide, diolefins, and carbonyl sulfide. r-j Os T em perature and space velocities a re generally m ore favorable than those n ecessary for nitrogen oxides and acetylene re m o v g with sulfide cata ly sts. C atalysts in this study consist of platinum group m etals supported o 1/8 inch cylindrical pellets. T here is a d eg ree of specificity of catalyst with resp ect to t h e ^ individual purification reactio n , and the p re fe rre d cata ly st m e ta ls . Im purity to be rem ovedlo and p referred catalysts a re shown. " APCA A bst^* 1025 Control of Dust Produced during the Sintering of Dolomite and in Grinding O perations. G. BarghTni. Riv. ital. igiene 20, 380-394 (S ept.-O ct. 1960). Italian. (Rivista italiana d'igiene, C asa E ditrice N istri-L isch i, P iazza C astelletto, P isa , Italy*). In the co u rse of the sintering of dolom ite dense concentrations of dust which pol luted the atm osphere in the neighborhood of the w orks at Torano in C a rra r a w ere controlled by the provision of expansion cham bers fitted to the top of the furnace chim ney. Dust created on rem oval of the sintered m a te ria l fro m the furnace is draw n off through a cyclone and col lected in a closed cham ber. The crushing, grinding and grading are also accom panied by much dust form ation and for the la rg e r p articles exhaust ventilation and a cyclone suffice. To e li m i n a t e th e s m a l l e r p a r t i c l e s u n d e r 15 m i c r o n s i n s i z e a s y s t e m h a s b e e n d e v i s e d fo r b u b b lin g the dust through w ater which allows solid m a te ria l to sink to the bottom of the ap p aratu s, which is cleaned out from tim e to tim e. C rushing and grinding of dolom ite and m arble into powder is a ls o a dusty o p e ra tio n and in it the la r g e r p a rtic le s a r e s u p p r e s s e d by m e a n s of a sp ecial exhaust system and cyclone. The apparatus is known as a m icrocyclone and m akes use of com bined centrifugal force and the re sista n c e to the p a rtic le s which takes place when they come into contact with the w alls of the ducting. T ra n sp o rt of m a te ria l from the m esh es to the g rind ing m achine c re a te s dust and in o rd e r to control it a closed sy stem of oscillating cylindrical m etal tubes is used to convey the product from one m achine to the other. The operations from this point until final bagging, are com pletely enclosed. -- Bull. Hyg. COMMUNITY AIR HYGIENE 1026 Use of Indexes of A ir Pollution Potential in M ortality Studies. J. A ir Poll. C ontrol A ssm 11, 384-385 (Aug. 1961). R. Schiffman and E . Landau. At the p resen t tim e there are no com pletely adequate data for categorizing levels of a ir pollution throughout the United States. A ccordingly, a large num ber of indexes have been p rep ared by the A ir Pollution M edical P ro g ram for use as indirect m e a su re s to study the possible relationship between these im puted m e a su re s of a ir pollution and m o rtality . The construction of these indexes is based on potential so u rces of a ir pollution such as m e a su re s of home heating, specific and nonspecific industry, service station sales, etc. The authors have dem onstrated a p articu lar method in which a num ber of these indexes can be used as tools for m edical re s e a rc h . They have exam ined the relationships of c ertain a ir pollution indexes with m ortality from selected diseases and they have shown that positive relation ships ex ist. T h ere a r e sufficient sta tistic a l rela tio n sh ip s in this w o rk to indicate the need for further research and study. -- Authors' sum m ary 1027 C obalt B ase A dditives R educe Soot E m issio n by O il-B u rn in g E q u ip m e n t. F , M auss and H. D javanm ard. Cobalt (B ru ssels) No. 11, 21-27 (June 1961). The te s ts d escrib ed in this a rtic le show that the addition of organic compounds of cobalt to fuel oils d e c re a s e s the weight of the com bustion re s id u e s , independent of the o p e ra ting conditions of the b o iler. F o r a given weight of re sid u e , the cobalt additives allow the * A ddress not in cu rren t List of P erio d icals. 0.3120954 29. Industrial Hygiene Digest O c to b e r, 1961 am ount of e x cess a ir to be low ered, and consequently red u ce the w aste h eat. The re s u lts obtained a re shown in tab u lar fo rm . Taking into account the deviations that can be a t t r i buted to v ariatio n s in operating conditions during the course of one day, it a p p e a rs that the activities of m o st of the cobalt additives a re of the sam e o rd e r: exceptions are the nonyl phenate m onosulfide, nonylphenate disulfide, and acetylacetonate, whose activities are about 20% h ig h er, and also the second of the c o m m e rc ia l naphthenates, whose activity is slightly le ss than the average activity of the cobalt com pounds. __ a PCA A b sts 1028 A ir P ollu tio n fro m the G ra in In d u stry . M. E. M cL outh and H. J . P au lu s. J. A ir Poll, C ontrol A ssn. T7] 313-317 (July 1961). In the Twin C ities, the m any elev a to rs, m ills, and plants of the grain industry co m p rise a substantial portion of the industrial picture. M illions of bushels of grain are p ro cessed into hum an and anim al foods and other products each y ear in plants scattered throughout the a re a . The a ir contam inants fro m the g rain in d u stry o p eratio n s co n sist of various sizes and types of particles from grain handling operations and certain odor p ro ducing compounds from linseed and soybean oil p rocessing and refining, anim al food p ro duction, and other p ro c e s se s. G rain unloading and loading, considered to be the dustiest operations, a re carried on by essentially all types of m ills and plants. G rain dust collected at the m ills is utilized in anim al food p rep aratio n s after being p re p a re d in a dust grinding m ill. Handling of the collected d u st and dust grinding to d e stro y w eed seeds a re ex trem ely dusty operations that contribute substantial am ounts of pollution to the a tm o sp h e re . M ost of the dusty operations are exhaust ventilated through collection sy stem s. Cyclone se p a ra to rs a re the m ost com m only used co llecto rs with baghouse filter installations gaining in p ro m inence in recen t years. F o r special situations in grain operations electro static p recip ita to rs and m ulticyclpnes a re being used. P re lim in a ry re s u lts of a study on the d isp ersio n of dust fro m the g rain industry plants indicate a considerable influence on the total particu late pollution in a lim ited a re a . . . A uthors1 sum m ary 1029 E x h a u st G as O xidation on Va n a d ia -A lu m in a C a ta l y s ts . W. B . Inn e s an d R . Duffy. J. A ir P oll. C ontrol A ssn . 11, 369-373 (Aug, 1961), U nsaturated hydrocarbons in auto exhaust a re believed to be the p rim a ry p re c u rso rs of photochem ical sm og. Some of the kinetic studies d e sirab le in evaluating cataly sts for their oxidation a re d isc u sse d . An approach is outlined for studying the kinetics of exhaust gas oxi dation using data on v a n a d ia -a lu m in a c a ta ly st c o m p o sitio n to illu s tra te th e m eth o d . F i r s t o rd e r k in etics fit av ailab le d ata and the a c tiv atio n e n e rg y fo r the p u re olefin oxidation by e x c e s s a i r i s a b o u t 17 K c a l a n d t h a t f o r CO is 21 K c a l / m o l . O x id a ti o n r a t e c o n s t a n t s in e x . haust gas ap p ear about equal to the product of the pure gas constant tim e s the fraction of vanadium in the pentavalent state except for pentane and hexane which a re m uch low er. The rate constant for pure compound oxidation in c re a se s m arkedly with d eg ree of unsaturation an d m o l e c u l a r w e ig h t. A c tiv i ty fo r o x id a tio n of e th e n e a t 405 *C a n d p r o p e n e a t 325 *C d i r e c t l y c o rre la te s with content up to 24% . On th e r m a l d e a ctiv atio n , oxidation a ctiv ity n o rm a lly 'n c r e a s e s o r s t a y s c o n s t a n t d o w n to a b o u t 70 s q . m , / g r a m a n d t h e r e a f t e r i s p r o p o r t i o n a l to surface area. -- Authors' sum m ary 1030 E ffects of High V olatile F u e l on In c in e ra to r E fflu en ts. R . L . S ten b u rg , et al, J . A i r P o l l , C o n t r o l A s s n . TT"j 3 7 6 - 3 8 3 (A u g , 19 61 ). The te sts d escrib ed in this paper d em o n strate the difficulty of burning a high volatile solid w aste m a te ria l without m aking appreciable contributions to atm ospheric pollu tion, The extent to which operational facto rs affect em issio n s of different pollutants is e m phasized by the wide range of re su lts obtained. F ro m this it is only logical to conclude that m inim ization of pollutants cannot be a ffected by p ro p e r in c in e ra to r d esign alone but m u st d e pend on a com bination of good design and p ro p er operational p ro c e d u re s. B ecause of the basic physical and chem ical laws involved, facto rs shown to affect the in c re a se o r d ecrease of air pollutants in this study would be expected to apply when this or a sim ila r m a te ria l is burned 03120955 30. - ur-l\ :c -= Y o .> ) Industrial Hygiene Digest O c to b e r , 1961 in other in cinerators of different sizes and designs. Since modifying influences can resu lt from many conditions of design, construction, and operation, causative factors brought out by these te sts will req u ire individual consideration and treatm en t. Reduction of o v er-all e m is s io n s to a m in im u m will re q u ire that optim um co m b u stio n conditions be m ain tain ed by controlling all operational factors within fairly close lim its. Optimum combustion conditions would im ply a te m p e ra tu re ran g e of 1800* to 200 0 *F in the sec o n d a ry c h a m b e r, the use of a relativ ely low proportion (15% to 20%) of u n d erfire a ir (the rem ain d er being o v erfire), and the charging of fuel continuously or in sm all batches as opposed to larg e batch ch arg es. -- A uthors' conclusions MANAGEMENT ASPECTS 1031 M a n a g e m e n t H e a lth E x a m in a tio n P r o g r a m in G e n e ra l M o to r s . S. D. S te in e r. J . O c c . M e d . 2> 4 2 4 -4 2 8 (S ep t. 1961). An evaluation was m ade of a periodic physical exam ination p ro g ram covering 45,000 exam inations. The exam inations w ere done by p riv a te clinics and physicians. About 2 /3 of the eligible group take advantage of the p ro g ra m . T h e re is a lm o st 100% p articip atio n when the em ployee is encouraged to be exam ined. The em ployee p re f e rs a clinic which p ersonalizes the exam ination. A pproxim ately 90% believe the exam ination is thorough. The others w ere critical of the im personal attitude of the exam ining physician and qf the fact that too m uch of the exam ination w as delegated to the re sid e n t staff. The ex am ination reveals m uch unknown pathology. In 47% of the subjects conditions w ere discovered which req u ired treatm en t. M edical treatm en t was given to 51% and surgical treatm en t to 30%, O ver 60% of the group changed th eir living hab its. A one-day m eeting w as held with e x a m i n i n g p h y s i c i a n s f r o m 10 c l i n i c s . T h e r e w a s a g e n e r a l a g r e e m e n t t h a t th e e x a m i n a t i o n should be m o re thorough for the o ver-40 age group. X -ra y studies should be done w henever indicated but unnecessary exposures avoided. P ostprandial blood su g ar, uric acid; and o cc u lt blood te s ts should be included In the la b o ra to ry ex a m in a tio n . The colon and r e c ta l exam ination rev eals much pathology inform ation and should be included. A w ritten re p o rt should be sent to the em ployee or to the physician of his choice. - - A uthor's sum m ary 1032 A u to m a tio n . A non, Illin o is L a b o r B u ll. 2 2 , 14 (A ug, 1961). Autom ation is a definite factor in producing jo b lessn ess reflected in the public a s s ista n c e ro lls . T his is the conclusion of a study com pleted by the Cook County D epartm ent of Public Aid in which 138 p e rs o n s on the a s s is ta n c e ro lls w e re c h o sen a t ra n d o m and th e ir unem ploym ent studied through interview s. Begun at a tim e when industrial productivity and p ersonal incom e w ere at an all-tim e high, the study c lea rly rev ealed that a high level of un em ploym ent is not caused by recessio n factors alone, but by autom ation as well. The study re v e a le d that au to m atio n could c re a te a p ro g re s s iv e ly m o re s e rio u s dependency p ro b lem in p o p u l a t io n - in d u s t r y c e n t e r s . By f a r the m o s t im p o r t a n t c a u s e of u n e m p l o y m e n t a m o n g th o s e interview ed w ere technological developm ent which substituted m achines for m a n -la b o r, the shifting of in d u stry fro m one a re a to a n o th e r, o r the closing of p lan ts a lto g e th e r. D irectly and indirectly, technological unem ploym ent accounted for 69% of the total reaso n s reported for lo s s of jo b s. The study concluded th at the n e c e ssity of u n d ertak in g a s e r ie s of pilot studies p rio r to the estab lish m en t of a rehabilitation p ro g ra m becom es evident when one co m p a re s the g re a t im b alan ce betw een the billions spent for r e s e a r c h on the dev elo p m ent and ap p licatio n of new technologies and the sm all su m s devoted to r e s e a r c h on the so cial and econom ic c o n seq u en ces of new tech n o lo g ies. If this im b alan ce p e r s i s t s , it w as sta ted , th e r e is real danger that the social and econom ic p ro b lem s of autom ation will grow m o re rapidly than our read in ess to m eet them . 0312095G 31. HW8B-0018936 Industrial Hygiene Digest O c to b e r . 1961 ACCIDENTS AND PREVENTION 1033 Acute Radiation Death R esulting from an A ccidental N uclear C ritic a l E xcursion. T . L . S h i p m a n , e t a l . J . O c c . M e d . 3^ S p e c . S u p p l e . , 1 4 6 . 1 9 2 ( M a r . 1 9 6 1 ). I Anr.a C c i d ! n ta T1 c r i t i c a l e x c u r s i o n t o o k p l a c e in th e p l u t o n i u m r e c o v e r y p l a n t of th e E os A lam o s S cientific L a b o ra to ry on D e c e m b e r 30, 1956. The a v e ra g e w hole-body dose in the lethal c a se w as estim ated at betw een 3,900 and 4 ,9 0 0 ra d s , with the incident dose to the upper abdom en calculated to be approxim ately 12,000 rads of neutrons plus gam m a radiation Two o th e r w o r k e r s r e c e iv e d to ta l d o s e s of a p p ro x im a te ly 130 a n d 35 r a d s , re s p e c tiv e ly m o st of which w as g am m a radiation. The c ritic a l ex cu rsio n took place in a tank of solution fro m w hich Plutonium w as being re c o v e r e d , and the n u m b e r of fissio n s w as c a lc u la te d to be fu '01i V ' , 5 X l ' T h e a c c i d e n t a n d s u b s e q u e n t e v e n t s a r e r e c o u n t e d . T h e c l i n i c a l c a s e of the fatality ls review ed in detail. Data are included from routine chem ical and pathological studies and special biochem ical studies, whole-body counts, and gam m a spectral m e a su re m en ts, dosim etric calculations, and health physics studies of a re a radiation lev els. It was ClCf - y a p p a r e n t **** r a d i a t i o n d o s e v a r i e d w i d e l y i n d i f f e r e n t p a r t s of t h e b o d y a n d e v e n m d i f f e r e n t p a r t s o f t h e s a m e o r g a n . R e s u l t s o f c l i n i c a l s t u d i e s , c o v e r i n g t h e 14. m o n t h s f o l . lowing the accident, a re p resen ted for the two w o rk e rs who w ere exposed to non-lethal doses A n a ly sis of blood d a ta led to th e co n clu sio n th a t ch an g es follow ing e x p o su re s in e x c e ss of 100 ' ra d s a r e c h a r a c te r is tic and of c lin ic a l sig n ific a n c e , w h e re a s d o s e s below 50 ra d s p ro d u ce blood c h an g es w hich a re too slig h t to be of any d iag n o stic valu e. T h e re a re 58 r e f e r e n c e s to the subject m the bibliography. N uclear Sci Abat>- 1034 M i s s i l e - H a p p y C a n a v e r a l ; W o r k s h o p f o r H y g i e n i ss ttss .. LL . B . T a y l o r , J r . O cc. H azard s 23, 4 0 .4 1 . 48 (Sept. 1961). , . A s m any as 100 a ir pollution studies a re annually conducted at Cape C anaveral in volving m issile exhaust fum es, to find contam inants in the atm o sp h ere following full-thrust launching with different fuel m ix tu res. Sam ples of such toxic vapors as sulfur dioxide, oxides of nitrogen, beryllium, tetraethyl lead, and hydrogen chloride a re taken for analysis. P ro p el lants under study include hydrazine, hydrocarbon fuels, nitric acid and solid chem icals. The industrial hygienists also inspect w ater treatm ent, waste disposal, corrosion control, and food se rv ic e facilities. A pproxim ately 4,000 chem ical and biological an aly ses a re p erfo rm ed each month at the C ape's w ater and sewage laboratory alone, to insure that req u ired quality of w ater is m aintained for boilers, a ir conditioners, flushing fuel sy stem s, and nuclear sub m arin es W henever an industrial injury o ccu rs, one of the hygiene sections investigates im m ediately. The section n o rm ally d eterm in es what protective clothing and equipm ent m u st be u sed m handling d an g ero u s fu els, c h e m ic a ls and so lv e n ts, and in s tru c ts C ape e m p lo y ees on h azard s involving these substances. The hygienists will have to m eet even g re a te r challenges in the future. The huge Saturn ro c k e t, for exam ple, will be tested at C an av eral. P re lim in a ry noise and vibration studies have already been m ade, but m uch additional testing will be neces sa ry to a s s u re safe w orking conditions once its flight testing p ro g ra m begins. 03120957 32. Industrial Hygiene Digest -I-N--D--E--X-- A cetylene, rem o v al from coke oven g ases 1024 A ir pollution control, cobalt additives in fuel oil from grain industry measure m ent(s) peak and m ean concentrations photography of sm oke plum es m ortality studies 1027 1028 1021 1022 1026 A llergy(ies), to stinging insects 972 Cobalt additives reducing soot em ission in oil b Coronary artery disease first m yocardial infarction D erm atitis, derm atosis(es) grtseofulvin therapy Dimethyl sulfate two c a s e s of poisoning tr- oc --o c c c A rsine, action on glutathione 978 Diving, m edical problem s A sbestosis from automobile undercoating changes in the bronchial tre e and chem ical p ro p ertie s of chrysotile A th ero sclero sis in India Atomic explosions, w arfare fallout 997 999 998 960 1019 D u st(s) from sintering m etals Dust control, suppression in sintering dolom ite Dust counting, determ ination using m illipore filters tOol 1025 994 Automation and unemployment 1032 D ysm enorrhea, can be costly 953 B enzpyrenes, o ccu rren ce in soils Book( s ) oil burning equipm ent se le c te d to p ics in ra d ia tio n sprinkler system s you and your hearing dosim etry B ronchiectasis and bronchitis differential diagnosis B ronchitis and bronchiectasis differential diagnosis Burns, and ventricular fibrillation Cadmium poisoning changes in bone m arro w C ance r " heated fats lung cigarette smoking sm oking solitary pulm onary nodule skin, and occupation therapy, conceptual changes Cape Canaveral workshop lor hygienists Carcinogenic, heated fats 973 949 947 948 946 956 956 971 979 965 963 962 961 969 966 1034 965 E m physem a and collagen and elastin content of the lung 967 sum m ary of 3rd C onference 968 Exhaust gases, automotive engines ionization analyzer oxidation on vanadia-alum ina catalysts 1023 1029 Eye, visual p ro b le m s in industry 1013 F ilte r(s) electrostatic behavior 993 m illipore, for dust counting 994 Fire, sprinkler system s 948 Fluoride(s), and skeletal sclerosis 974 G riseofulvin treatm ent of fungous infections Health exam inations General M otors program H earing lo s s, you and your hearing te s ts, loud sound and tinnitus 970 M ir-$ 1031 pp 946 1010 Heart disease bundle branch block 958 Cem ent kiln dust effect on anim als and plants 1000 ,, H y p erten sio n m anagem ent in the em ployee 959 03120958 -ne D i g e s t O c to b e r. 1961 j) i high volatile fuel lization nge to medicine a: m ed icin e rol of industrial m edical cases cticides, poisoning by sects, allergy to stinging iron compounds com parative toxicity M edicine im pact oi industrialization M ercury determ ination in urine poisoning therapy M etal(s). pyrogen in zinc fume fever Methyl chloride, intoxication Nasal function. and environm ental air N ickel in c ig a re tte s Nitrous fumes elim ination from blasting gases Noise m easu rem ent( s ) environm ental tests eq uipm ent in ro ck et engines in s e m i- r e v e r b e r a n t of sonic boom in tu rb o jet airp la n e spaces Noise control and reduction in a ir conditioning equipm ent anti vibration foundation for m achinery Oil burning equipm ent standard for Paraoxon percutaneous absorption Pa rathion percutaneous absorption Phosphene (Phosdnn) c a r borne th o x y m e th y 1v m y ld i m e t h y l p h o s p h a te , poisoning by Pneum oconiosis, from tin 1030 950 951 989 972 980 950 983 982 984 985 1014 981 976 1009 1004 1006 1008 1005 1007 1011 1012 949 990 990 989 991 P r e s s u r e , low and pulm onary edema Pulm onary edema of high altitude Q fever, report of a case 1003 1003 QQ? Radar biological effects h azard to perso n n el 1017 1016 Radiation (ionizing, nuclear, x -rav s. accidental data from nuclear protection topics in dosim etry (bk. rev. ) etc. ) 1033 1018 947 Radioactive fallout and m an 's diet 102 0 Rockets and industrial hygienists 1034 Selenium, toxicology 975 Silicosis bronchitis and bronchiolitis 996 experim ental in dogs 995 Sintering m etals effects of d u sts fro m 1001 Smoking lung cancer and physical complaints 962, 963 964 Sodium carbonate effect on p ackers 977 Strontium -90, and m an's diet 1020 Suicide attem pts with ingestants 954 T etrachloroethylene effects of overexposure 986 T ellurium toxicology 975 T h o ro trast, can cer of the liver 1015 Tin pneumoconiosis 991 Tinnitus, effects of loud sound 1010 T oluene, effect on blood p ic tu re 988 Vibrating tools, upper lim b damage 955 Women pregnancy and industry 952 w orkers, dysm enorrhea 953 Zinc fume fever endogenous pyrogen 984 03120959