Document kNxEpw3n29Nq9LYeoeK2odOB

X H- DcpT. Revised October 1980 INDUSTRIAL CARCINOGENS INTRODUCTION For the last 20 to 30 years, science and technology have taken giant steps. Massive amounts of new machines, processes and products are designed, pro duced and marketed annually. Thousands of new previously unknown chemi cals are introduced into the market every year. Only in the last few years have we realized that the great advantages of these new chemicals may be counteracted by posing serious health hazards to the manufacturer and user of these chemicals. The most serious of these hazards, the potential for carcinogenicity (cancer) to man. has alarmed industry and the public in general. STANDARDS Research into the carcinogenic potential of the myriad of chemicals has been very slow and in most cases inconclusive. Identification of cancer agents is fur ther complicated by the difficulty of correlating animal experiments with actual human epidemiological data. The Occupational Safety & Health Administration (OSHA) has produced regulations for only 21 chemicals with carcinogenic potential to man, Strict standards and regulations have been established which are included in the Code of Federal Regulations 29 CFR 1910, Even for these, only a few have established permissible exposure limits. The American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH) further recognizes that a few more are so toxic that no exposure or contact is permissible. However, more than half of these do not have any established Threshold Limit Values (TLV) or other permissible exposure limits. Table No. 1 shows the carcinogens listed and regulated by OSHA, The standards established by OSHA for the chemicals in Table No. 1 are specific on the various requirements. They further include exceptions by use and by per centage of carcinogen content, CONTROL PROGRAM The following is a summary of the basic requirements for a good carcinogen control program. For specific details, please consult the individual standard. 1. Substitute less toxic materials for known carcinogens. 2. A written, well-defined set of procedures should be established for the storage, use. end general control of these chemicals. Strict maintenance, cleaning, spi'lage control, and waste disposal procedures should be established. These procedures should be approved and implemented by top management. 3. Workers and supervisors who may be engaged In the use of these chemi cals should be thoroughly trained as to the recognition, use and all other aspects relating to the chemicals, Regularly scheduled retraining sessions should also be established. -9- RSV0034009 4. Establish and maintain a separate inventory on ail carcinogenic products, 5. Containment of the chemicals at all stages from storage to final use is vital,' Open vessel systems should not be used. 6. Areas where these materials are being used or stored should be regulated and access to and exit from them should be restricted. Posted signs and documentation should be maintained as to the names of employees enter ing and leaving the restricted area. 7. If possible, only one well-trained person should handle these chemicals. All operations, especially the weighing and scooping of these chemicals, should be done within an effective local exhaust ventilation system, A laboratory type hood with front doors is recommended so that only the worker's hands, properly protected by gloves or glove boxes, are required to be introduced into the hood, leaving the face behind the glass window. Intermediate transfer of these materials should always be done n closed and tightly secured containers. These chemicals should be stored in closed containers in segregated areas under lock and key. 8. Adequate, approved respiratory and skin protection should be worn as required for each type of chemical. In most cases they may involve the use of self-contained breathing apparatus, full-body airtight suits or high effi ciency filter respirators. 9. The removal of the personal protective equipment and work clothes should be done in wash areas adjacent to. but separate from, the work area, Employees should wash their hands and shower thoroughly before leaving the plant. Work clothes should never be taken home. 10. All employees exposd to the chemicals should undergo periodic medical examinations and the results of which, as well as the personnel exposure history, be maintained and documented as required. RECOGNIZED HUMAN CARCINOGENS in addition to the OSHA listed carcinogens, the ACGIH has listed substances {as recognized human carcinogens) associated with industrial processes. These are shown in Table No. 2 with any applicable TLV's. SUSPECTED HUMAN CARCINOGENS ACGIH has also listed industrial substances suspect of carcinogenic potential for man. Included in this series of chemicals are substances which are associ ated with inducing cancer but are based on either (1) limited epidemiological evidence, exclusive of clinical reports of single cases, or (2) demonstration of carcinogenesis in one or more animal species by appropriafe methods. These chemicals, as opposed to those in Table No. 1. are presently used in a large variety of industries and processes with ^a great number of workers being exposed to them. For the chemicals listed in Table No, 3, worker exposure by all routes should be carefully controlled to levels consistent with the animal and human experience data including those substances with a listed TLV. As more information becomes available, chemicals in Table No. 3 may become regulated. It is also very likely that more chemicals will be associated with human carcinogenicity, CONCLUSION Continuing research will surely develop significant conclusions. While the chemi cals mentioned in this bulletin are the most likely to be found in the work place, many more have or will be identified in pollution breakdown chains, natural animal and vegetable food items, among others. On the other hand, media -10- RSV0034010 reports tend to Implicate many other compounds as potential cancer agents. When reviewing the latter, one has to scrutinize these reports as to their actual scientific background, completeness of research, and close-response relation ship (how much consumption Will actually increase the potential for cancer). TABLE 1 OSHA LISTED AND REGULATED CARCINOGENS Siandord 1910 100* 1910 1002 *9*0 1000 1910 1004 1910 1005 (Deleted) 1910 1006 1910 1007 1910 '008 1910 1009 1910 1040 1910 1011 1940 1012 1910 1013 19<0 1014 1910 1015 1910 1016 1910 1017 1910 1016 1910 1028 1910 1029 1910 1044 1910 1045 Name Asbestos (a) Use Vanous Insulation filler type of coneer Lung A liver Coal tar Pitch Votatites (b) Manufacture of steel asphalt, etc 4-Nitrobiphenyl Intermediate in production of 4-Arrurodiphenyl olpha-Naphthytamine Intermediate in dyes, herbicides and antioxidants 4.4* Methylene bis (2-cnloroaniline) (MOCA) (c) Curing agent tor oocyanalecontaming polymer Methyl chioromethyl ether Production Ot ion-exchange resins and as chlororr'ethytatino agent 3 3" Dehlorobenbdme Production of dves curing (ana its salts) agent tor isocyanate containing polymers brs-Chloromethyl ethe' beto-Naphthylamine Intermediate in production of various textile aids Intermediate in dyes. anftoxiaanTs Benzidine Dye manufacture 4-Arr.modiphenyt Rubber antioxidant E*hyteneimme beta-Prop'ciactone Used to manufacture poiyethylenetmine ttoccutant in water treatment intermediate oil additive adhesives, surlactants Manufacture of acrylic actd and its esters 2'Acetytaminotluorene fnitioiiv as pesticide 4-Dimethylammoazo- Manufacture of coloring polishes benzene and other wax products n-NiirosodimefhylarTMne Solvent and in manufacture ot rocket *uef. antioxidants, lubricant additives, and m condensers to increase aieiectnc constant Vinyl chloride (monomer) Manly PVC manufacture Inorganic Arsenic Foundries A smelters Pigment glass A pant manufacture Benzene Solvents Chemical intermediate Coke oven emissions Coke ovens (Steel foundries) 1.2 dibromo-3-chloro* Pesticide propane (D6CP) Acrylonitrile Plastics, pesticide Mainly bladder Bladder as 4-Aminodiphenyl Bladder with beto-naphthylamine Non conclusive data Lung (oat-celt) Bladder (suspected) Lung Bladder Bladder Bladder Liver-cetl A pulmonary (animals) (animals) Vanous (animals) Liver A bladder (animals) Ltver A kidney (animals) Liver Lung A skin Leukemia, bone marrow Lung, liver A skin Cancer A sterility Lung A colon nv 2 fibers/cc greater than 5 micro meters in length 02 mg/m3 NEOC (ACGIH) No TLV No TLV No TLV NoTlV 0001 ppm (ACGH) NEOC(ACGtH) NEOC (ACGIH) NEOC (ACGIH) 05 ppm (ACGIH) NoTlV NoTlV NoTlV No TLV 1 ppm 10 ug/m3 10 ppm 150 ug/m3 1 Ppb 2 ppm (a) All forms Chrysolite, omosite. croadoLte. tremolile anthophyHife and acfmo/ite (tij Particulate PdycycPC Aromatic Hydrocarbons (Benzene soluble fraction) Anthracene, berutajpyrene. phenanthrene. acridine chrysene, pyrene (c} MOC' has been deleted from the OSHA carcinogen Itsl TLV threshold Limit Value ACvSih r American Conference of Governmental hduslnol Hygienists NEOC * No Exposure or Contact mgim-1 milligrams of contaminant per cubic meter of air ppm * ports of contaminant per million ports of air. by volume ppb = parts of contaminant per billion parts of air, by volume -11- RS V0034011 TABLE 2 Recognized Human Carcinogens Substances or substances associated with industrial processes recognized to have carcinogenic or cocorcmogenic potential with ah assigned TLV Chromite ore processing (chromate) Nickel sulfide roasting. fume & dust 1 2 Citwomoethone (ethylene dibromide) TLV 0 05 mg/mJ (as Ct) 1 0 rng/ms (as Ni) NEOC TABLE 3 Suspected Human Carcinogens industrial Substances Suspect of Carcinogenic Potential for Mon 3-Ammo 1 2 4-Tnazoie Antimony tr,oxide production' Arsenic tnoxtde production Benzene--Skm Benz(o)pyrene Beryllium Cadmium oxide production Carton tetrachloride Chloroform Chromates of lead and zinc (as Cr) Dimelhylcarbamyi chtonde 1.1 Dimethyl hydrazine Pimeihyi sulfate--Skm Ethylene dipromide--Skin Hexochtorobutadiene ^ Hexamefhyl phasphoromide--Skin Hydrazine 4.4`-Methylene b.s (2-chloroaniltne)--Skm Methyl hydrazine Methyl iodide 2-Nitropropane n-Phenyl-beto-naphthyiamine Propane sgitone Propylene imine--Ska o-folidine Vinyl bromide Vinyl cyclohexene dioxide nv -- 10 ppm 20 ug/rn^ 5 ppm 10 ppm 0 05 mgfm3 0 5 ppm 0 1 ppm 0 02 ppm 0 1 ppm 002 ppm 02 ppm 2 ppm 25 ppm (Ceiling Value) 2 ppm 5 ppm 10 ppm ' Cigarette smoking can enhance the incidence of respiratory cancers from this or others of these substances or processes Prepared by: G, Gruenwald, CIH Industrial Hygienist -12RSV0034012