Document kLX96nzyqo4r19jGO9wrx61n

Edward Howard 6o. Public Relations Counsel Founded 1925 One Cascade Plaza, 19th Floor Akron, Ohio 44308-1121 (216)376-6500 Fax:376-9379 TO: PRO Members FROM: Dan Stanowick SUBJECT: Uni-Bell PVC Pipe News DATE: August 5,1992 COPIES: Bob Burnett Pat Benkner Bob Walker Nora Jacobs Dave Meeker Enclosed for your information is a copy of the current issue of the above. It contains an excellent mix of technical articles, case histories, industry news items and features. Included among these is a story on page 10 about the alliance between our two organizations, as discussed at our most recent meeting. As always, please let me know if you have any questions. Offices in Cleveland. Akron. Columbus and D.n ion CTL029106 POWER for the FUTURE See Page 4 PVC at BULL CREEK See Page 7 CANADIAN hl a !rifc l/ SHALLOW BURIAL TESTS xVf/ See Page 8 Published by the Uni-Bell PVC Pipe Association* Dallas* Texas Uni-Bell PVC Pipe News Volume 15, Number 1 Abrasion Study grades PVC over concrete By Dave Eckstein PVC products provide suffi cient minimum wall thickness n_9he rise in populari to allay concern. Profile wall products, with thinner mini mum waterway wall thick ty ot profile wall PVC non nesses, however, would pressure pipes has been require testing to verify their nothing short of phenomenal. ability to perform. With the full size range from To that end, in early 4-48 inch diameter, applica 1991 a group of Uni-Bell tions previously closed are member profile wall pipe now in hot de manufacturers mand of PVC. Whole end-use markets, such as storm drainage piping, present new opportunities for the product to provide its excel lence of service. New opportu nities also mean new challenges. New questions must be answer "PVC Profile Pipes exhibited no measurable sensitivity or patterns of invert wear with increas ing acidity of the water flowing within. " - Dr. Gabriel funded, study on invert wear at California State University in Sacramento. Conducted by Dr. Lester H. Gabriel. Professor Emeri tus of Civil Engineenng, the study incorporated velocities and aggregate materi als meant to sim ed. ulate very aggres With storm drainage sive conditions. Further, applications have come acidity (pH) ranges were var questions of abrasion resis tance. Although dormant the ied to introduce the everincreasing experience of acid majority of time, these sys rams in North America. tems are called upon to han Abrasion or wear data dle high velocity, debris has traditionally been difficult inclusive flow for a portion of to interpret or extrapolate to their service life. field service in that actual Traditional solid wall CONTINUED ON PAGE 2 `Shake it up' The "Tilt Table" allows tor side-by-side comparison ot abrasion resistance. "Two decades of dedication Uni-Bell proudly celebrates 20th Anniversary For many of us, birthdays are viewed with mixed emotions. Our culture places so much emphasis on youth that we approach the anniversary of our birth bemoaning the passage of time and yearning for the good old days when the years stretched out in front of, rather than behind, us. Therefore, it is not surprising that many of us prefer to let birthdays pass with little fanfare or fuss. Not so tor the Uni-Bell PVC Pipe Association UniBell's recent 20th anniversary was an occasion worthy of celebration. Uni-Bell's service and dedication to pipeline specifiers, designers, installers, managers and manufactur ers for two decades, represented a milestone in the Associ ation's accomplishment-filled history. Uni-Bell's 1992 Annual meeting in Naples, Florida pro vided the occasion to spotlight Uni-Bell's anniversary. Member company attendees gained a sense of pride and ownership in their organization "It was a celebration of longevity, accomplishment, growth and future potential." commented one Board Member Uni-Bell s Executive Director. Bob Walker, in his meet ing address, took the attendees on a timely stroll down memory lane, recapping ma|or milestones. In The Beginning The organizational meeting of the Integral Gasketed Joint Plastic Pipe Association took place on October 14 1971 in Philadelphia. Pennsylvania The original Board Members present at that meeting were John Madden. Jr. with Clow Corporation. Keith Swmehart with CertamTeed. Miles Devine with Johns-Manville. and Uni-Bell s legal CONTINUED ON PAGE 3 Summer 1 992 Designing PVC pressure capacity By Peter Lloyd The BFGoodrich Company Editor's Nots: The following is a portion of a submittal Mr Lloyd mads to the American Water Works Asso ciation tor use m update to Manual *23, on Design and Installation ot PVC Pressure Pipe. We found Mr. Lloyd's viewpoint, as a polymer expert, to give a refreshing new slant to this strength of material property. The earliest PVC pipe systems were installed in Germany in the late 1930's and are still in use, so that there is now firm evidence of titty year's service life. The real growth of PVC pipe did not start until the 1950's, so many conservative engineers still regard it as a new matenal. To satisfy their need for reliable data, the PVC indus try has carried out an extraor dinarily thorough research program lasting over thirty years to provide a sound engineering basis for the design ot PVC pipe. Unplasticized PVC is now probably the most completely under stood pipe matenal available. The pressure capacity of PVC pipe depends on the stress which the PVC maten al is able to withstand, with out failure, for the expected life ot the pipe. Like most structural materials in everyday use metals, ceramics, glass and plastics the strength of PVC depends mainly on the way it is formulated and made. Pipe grades of PVC are required by AWWA C900 and C905 to be made from mater ial which meets the require ments of Class 12454-A or -B 01 ASTM D1784. This ensures that PVC compound CONTINUED ON PAGE 11 CTL029107Technology Serving the Water and Sewer Industries (Jni-Bell PVC Pipe News CONTINUED FROM. PAGE 1 Page 2 CSU Abrasion Study grades PVC over concrete J\ \h.HT l KU'(0\ '/( b) 1 h'l r> ki f :T r (.., >,- * 7 Flfvr*4 field abrasion experience is difficult to predict. To overcome this, the study also analyzes the effect on reinforced con crete pipes (RCP's) subjected to identical testing as the profile wall PVC pipes. The selection of RCP as a basis of com parison was due to the fact that the engi neers have sufficient expenence with the anticipated performance of these prod ucts. MATERIALS Pipe Reinforced Concrete Pipe, ASTM C76, Class 3 Polyvinyl Chloride Pipe, ASTM F794, Pipe Stiffness 46 psi Aggregate Granatic aggregate of crushed rock of uniform size, 2/3 by weight at 1/2 inch and 1/3 by weight of rounded gravel 2 inch and larger. Aggregate would be removed and replaced every 25,000 cycles due to abrasion of the aggregate during testing. TEST EQUIPMENT Referred to by Or. Gabriel as the Recip rocating Tilt Table, it consists of the fol lowing: This Profile Wall PVC Pipe show* tittle wear after the California State University testa. Tilt table which rotates from 45 above horizontal to 45 below horizontal. One cycle is to be considered one full rotation TEST PROTOCOL from starting point back to starting point. One full cycle is completed every 10 seconds. Nine pipe samples were tested to 250,000 cycles as follows: Table accommodates testing of 4' 0* pipe specimens. Automatic counter records number of cycles. Water traveling with aggregate exits and en ters end caps each half-cycle to a pH reg ulating lank to maintain constant acidity level a Concrete at pH 7.0 (neutral) a Concrete at pH > 5.0 a Concrete at pH - 3.7 a PVC profile wall at pH * 7.0. Manufactur er A a PVC profile wall at pH 5.0. Manufactur er A a PVC profile wall *1 pH . /VI EPT EPO.IQX iTt 1)1 Figure * PKOfILZ WAJJ. If ID PVC A) M'lnt pH-TB 3.7, Manufacturer A i PVC profile wall at pH 7.0, Manufacturer B i PVC profile well at pH 5.0, Manufacturer B i PVC profile wall at pH 3.7, Manufacturer B \F.f*T EP0'!O\ STL 0Y IX) rvc(A) 0H) 7 Ftcvrt 7 CTL029108 Two separate sources of PVC were selected to test for any differences due to manufacturer. TEST RESULTS Graphs 1-10 repre sent the results of the testing by representation of the cross-sections of pipe at the midlength. Graphs note original ver sus worn invert to demonstrate the effect of testing. Note that graphs 3 and 7 were taken to only 165.000 cycles. These two pipe specimens, tested in parallel, were stopped prematurely due to wall breach in the con crete sample. Graph #4 Uni-Bell PVC Pipe News represents cross-section at the breach location. Graph #10 represents the second PVC pipe at pH - 3.7 for the full 250,000 cycle test limit to judge wear sensitivity to pH. It is clear from the graphs that the research pro tocol accurately described an aggressive abrasion situa tion. The reference concrete pipe experienced excessive wear to the point of reinforce ment exposure, typically viewed as pipe failure, even at neutral pH. The concrete, as expected, also showed extreme sensitivity to lower pH's (higher acidity). PVC, however, exhibited no sensitivity to manufacturer or acidity, (n no case was a PVC waterway wall ever breached. From the report itself, Dr. Gabriel states, "...PVC Pro file Pipes exhibited no mea surable sensitivity or patterns of invert wear with increasing acidity of the water flowing within. The reinforced con crete pipes, studied in paral lel, were influenced by the acidity of the flowing water. Increasingly severe invert wear followed increasing acidity." The PVC pipe Industry has historically provided the user community with research designed to directly answer field service ques tions Our congratulations to Dr. Gabriel and the work's sponsors on another shining example. HUH) -/l'l)> profile wall iriD pvc w-fma-nr D 4>~ i pH-to WERT EROSION STUDY )r ID. PVC It) 4t-lp*t pH-5.7 Hfre /.VI ERT LR0SIOX STUDY ir ID. PVC IB) U'Um, pH-1.7 Ffflirt 1# Page 3 CONTINUED FROM PAGE 1 Celebrating two decades counsel, Arthur Kahn. Membership doubled in 1972 and four working com mittees were formed to begin servicing the markets for water and sewer pipes. The Integral Gasketed Joint Plas tic Pipe Association was renamed the Uni-Bell Plastic Pipe Association in Apnl of 1972. Later in 1972, Uni-Bell published its first two recom mended standards. One was a recommended standard for gasketed joints and the other for PVC municipal water pipe. The latter served as a predecessor to the now extremely popular American Water Works Association (AWWA) standard C900. PVC Handbook The idea to develop a comprehensive handbook for water and sewer pipe was born in 1975. The Urn-Bell Handbook of PVC Pioe: Design & Construction has been the reference source for information about PVC pipe ever since it was first published in 1977. Uni-Bell has kept the handbook technically up-to-date through the periodic development of new editions. The first update (second edition) was completed in 1982 and a second major update (third edition) was completed just last year. New York to Texas A full-time executive director was hired in 1976 to help manage Uni-Bell's growing commitment to rapidly expand ing the responsible use of.PVC pipe. Uni-Bell headquar ters were moved from New York City to Dallas, Texas and Uni-Bell's publications and educational services expand ed. The PVC pipe industry grew and so did Uni-BeH. In 1978, Uni-Bell hired their first engineer, someone to over see Uni-Bell sponsored research and provide technical information services. The very first issue at the Uni Bej PVC Pipe Nows was also pubfohed in 1978: maiThe 1980's Throughout the 1980`s Uni-Bel --nw?Sie mg, regulatory, public health and standardization commuL mties with integnty and considerable measures of both time and resources. Whenever questions or problems arose relative to PVC pipe, Uni-Bell members, through their Association, responded. Uni-Bell's engineering staff grew and Uni-Bell sponsored research provided designers and installers with useful, practical information. Hundreds of Uni-Bell pipe technology seminars were conducted to educate public works officials, consulting engineers, contractors and systems operators about the performance capabilities of PVC pipe. As a result, more and more commumtes revised and updated their specifi cations to take advantage of PVC pipe's many perfor mance and durability attributes. Measured Success Today, PVC pipe products enjoy an overwhelming majority share of both the wastewater collection and water distribution piping markets in North Amenca. On a linear basis, more than 90 percent of all wastewater sewers being installed are made of PVC and over 70 percent of all potable water distribution pipes ( S 12') are PVC products. PVC pipes' excellent performance history in these demanding pipe markets will provide strong impetus for PVC acceptance and use in larger diameter buried pipeline applications which include storm sewers, highway culverts and major water transmission lines. In the 1990's Uni-Bell will continue working for all PVC pipe users and potential PVC pipe users, helping to assure proper product application and understanding through responsive research and education. As Uni-Bel! celebrates its first 20 years of technological and educa tional service, they look ahead to the next 20 years. The future holds every indication that PVC pipe usage will con tinue to grow steadily. Such growth will be the result of the responsible, quality conscious member companies that compose Uni-Bell and the performance versatility of PVC pipe and fittings. For a listing o1 tbs Um-Bati member compantas. pfeese refer to paga 12 of this issoa of PVC PW Naws or calf Un-Bait at (214) 243- 3902 CTL029109 t Uni-Bell PVC Pipe News ` Power For The Future' Shand Power Station requires over 20 miles of large diameter PVC pipe laskatchewan is approval in February, 1988 for expanding its economic and construction on 275 hectares. industrial base. This expan Site work began in May of sion necessitated the con 1988 on the first unit, a 300 struction of the Shand Power megawatt plant which will pro Station, by Sask Power, near vide 2 billion Kilowatt hours of Estevan, Saskatchewan. The energy per year. Shand will government of Saskatche burn 1.5 million tons of coal wan, through the Souris Basin annually and consume 3.200 Development Authority, is cubic decameters of water in presently constructing the the cooling process. Unit one Rafferty Dam on the main will cost $578.3 million and The Shand Power Station in Saskatchewan will provide many services including; recreational, stream of the Souris River, will begin serving Saskat cooling water, enhanced wildlife development, irrigation water and flood protection. 3.7 miles northwest of Este van. The Rafferty Dam is being built at the location identified by government engineers 50 years ago. The reservoir cre ated by the dam will serve a number of useful purposes. First, it allows greatly enhanced recreation opportu nities for southeastern Saskatchewan through the development of park facilities, cottages and additional waterbased recreation. Second the reservoir will provide cool ing water for the Shand ther mal electric generating sta tion. Third, the Rafferty reser voir will provide for certain fish chewan in July of 1992. Kilborn (Saskatchewan) Ltd. was retained by Sask Power in November 1990, to provide design engineering services for the Shand Power Station, water supply system. "The Proposed Water Supply System," says Greg Miazga, Kilborn's Proiect Manager, "will transport make-up water to the Shand Power Station from three sources, for a total flow of 360 liters per second" (4,752 imperial gallons/ minute). a Rafferty Reservoir a Boundary Dam Supplementary Water materials to determine the optimum combination of pump(s) (size and quantity) and pipeline(s) (diameter and material). The evaluation assessed the following three items: Four possible pumping arrangements including the pos sibility of twinning the pipeline. Four different types of pumps. Three pipeline materials including carbon steel, polyethyl ene (PE) and polyvinyl chloride (PVC) in diameters ranging from 500 millimeters (20*) to 1.050 millimeters (42"). Corrosion resistance - no need for corrosion protection (both internal and external) and subsequent field testing after installation. Track record Kilborn had contacted the City of Weyburn on their water supply main (6.11 miles - 20" PVC gasketed joint pressure pipe) and found that they have had no problems in the 10 years that they have been operating their system. Flexible joint - Allows for ease of transition for vertical and honzontal deflection. Factor of safety - 2.S as applied to the hydraulic design basis. were submitted on Carbon Steel and one alternate was received on Hyprescon. Of the four low (short listed) bid ders, only one supplied a quo tation for PE and that quote was 83% higher than the sub mitted PVC quote. The bal ance of bidders who quoted the PE option submitted PE quotes that were 76%. 77% and 58% higher than their submitted PVC quotes." "The bids, as received." says Miazga. "confirmed our recommendation/finding that the PVC piping system would be the most cost effective means of transporting water and waterfowl species and enhanced wildlife develop ment potential. Fourth, the Rafferty reservoir will provide water for irrigation in the val ley downstream of the dam. Fifth, there is considerable flood protection for the down stream communities of Este van, Roche Percee and Oxbow, as well as providing flood protection for North Dakota, in particular, the city of Minot. The Shand Power Proiect received environmental Supply a City of Estevan Sewage Treatment Facility A second water supply system with a total flow of 500 liters per second (6.600 imperial gallons/minute) will transport water from the Raf ferty Reservoir to the Bound ary Dam Reservoir, According to Miazga. the evaluation study completed by Kilborn compared capital, energy and maintenance costs for alternate pipeline Miazga added. `The results of the study confirmed that all pipeline materials were technically acceptable. The sensitivity analysis indicated that the matenal type and size which would exhibit the lowest present worth in 1991 dollars was 600 millimeter (24") diam eter PVC pipe. Based on pro viding the most cost effective means of transporting water some 23 kilometers (14.3 miles) from the Rafferty Reservoir to the Shand Power Station, it was Kilborn s rec ommendation to construct a single 600 millimeter (24") C I O.D PVC pipeline. Consideration of PVC within Kilborn s tech Approvals CSA Certified to Standard B137.3 and AWWA Standard C905. Water hammer - Surge Pres sure Rise (psi) per lineal foot per second velocity change of 11 4 and 14 7 for DR 41 and DR 25 respectively Vacuum - The joint is design to hold an above-ground vacu um of 22 inches of mercury. Ease of repair Good hydraulic characteris tics - Hazen Williams C-150 Market place - in Kilborn s discussions with various pipeline contractors, they all indicated that the easiest piping system to install would be PVC, which would reflect in the lowest installed costs and the most dependable installation. Sealed tenders for the from Rafferty to Shand." On June 24, 1991 Sask Power awarded the supply and installation contract, for the Shand Power Station Water Supply Pipeline, to Hamm Construction Ltd of Saskatoon. Saskatchewan. The pipe material require ments for the proiect include the following: e 36.540 Ft- 24` C I O D SDR 25 AWWA C905. PVC Pipe 34.380 Ft- 24" C I O D SDR 41 AWWA C905. PVC Pipe a 880 Ft- 20` C I O D SDR 25 AWWA C905. PVC Pipe 3 420 Ft-12` C I O D SDR 25 AWWA C905. PVC Pipe The details of the installation include' Shown above: Pipe joints art made easily and reliably with a come-along. nical/econom ic review was given but not limited to the following: Ease of con struction no welding or fus ing required, therefore any bonafide sewer and water con tractor could install. pipeline construction were received by Sask Power in May of 1991 Miazga continues. `The tenderers were requested to submit supply and installation tenders for all three piping materials. PVC. PE. and Car bon Steel" Ten bids were received from contractors throughout Manitoba, Saskat chewan and Alberta. `All bidders submitted ten ders on PVC. four submitted tenders on PE, no tenders Stan of construction July 4 1991 a Total number ol crews com bmed. 3 a Total manpower per crew 9 a Average bury aeptn 2 *5 meters (9 ft) a Average trench width oortom 1 3 meters (4 3 ft) a Average trench width too 9 meters (29.5 ft.) a Deepest bury 7 5 mete's (24 6 ft) on 24`SDR 41 CONTINUED ON PAGE 7 CTL029110 I Uni-^Bell PVC Pipe News Page 5 W E LC O M E UNI-BELL WELCOMES NEW MEMBERS The Uni-Bell PVC Pipe Association is a non-profit technical and educational organization headquartered in Dallas, Texas, which pro vides information regarding the specification and use of gasketed PVC pipe products, for use in water, sewer, drainage and irrigation appli cations. The Association is made up of manufacturers committed to providing quali ty products and service to the PVC pipe industry. Formed in 1971, Uni-Bell offers technical service, research and development data and support in stan dards development. Uni-Bell is proud to be directly affiliated with quality producers of gasketed PVC pipe, PVC fittings. PVC resin and PVC compound micro ingredients. Uni-Bell member compa nies benefit from a philoso phy that top quality pipe, ser vice and technology all go hand-in-hand. They serve the PVC pipe industry and their customers with quality products, professional per sonnel and Uni-Bell technical expertise. This issue we are pleased to welcome the Royal Plas tics Group as our newest regular member In addition, both Borden Chemical and Plastics Company and Occi dental Chemical Corporation join Urn-Bell as Associate members as manufacturers of PVC resin. Hist ROYAL PIPE CO. a division of Roval Plasties Limited The Royal Plastics Group of Companies is comprised of Flex-tox Pipe Limited in Western Canada and Royal Pipe Company in Eastern Canada. Headquartered in Woodbridge, Ontario. Royal manufactures pipe in Abbots ford, British Columbia, Toronto. Ontario and Montre al. Quebec. Main product lines pro duced are gasketed PVC pressure and sewer pipe in sizes 4" through 27', PVC irrigation pipe in sizes 4' through 12", telephone and electrical conduit in sizes 1/2" through 6" and ABS/PVC drain waste and vent pipe m sizes 1 1/2" through 12". Recognizing the demand for large diame ter profile pipe, manufacture has begun on a double wall R-D 2000 PVC pipe. R-D 2000 is currently available through 12" with future plans for larger diameters. With one of the largest research and development facilities in North America, Royal Plastics will continue to answer market needs and provide innovation, service and quality. For further information, please contact Royal at 5885 Highway #7, Woodbridge, Ontario L4L 1T9. OxyChem* Occidental Chemical Cor poration is a wholly-owned subsidiary of Occidental Petroleum Corporation. Oxy Chem is North America's leading producer of PVC (vinyl) resins, the second largest producer of high den sity polyethylene (HOPE) and the pipe industry's lead ing supplier of rigid PVC resin and compound. The parent company, Occidental Petroleum, is one of the nation's largest indus trial companies having diverse operations in oil and gas exploration and develop ment, natural gas transmis sion and chemicals. Their sales exceeded $10 billion in 1991 with employment at over 25.000 people in their domestic and international operations. Occidental Petroleum was founded in 1920 as an oil and gas producer. Over the past twenty years.Occidental Chemical Corporation grew steadily as a supplier of elec trochemicals, phenolic re sins. detergents, specialty and agricultural products, polyethylene and PVC resins. A contributing factor to their success has been Oxy Chem's decision to become fully integrated in all of the products and processes nec essary to produce PVC resins. Consequently, of OxyChem's fifty domestic manufactunng facilities, eigh teen produce either natural gas. chlorine, ethylene, ethyl ene dichloride or vinyl chlo ride monomer (raw materials for PVC) and four produce PVC resin. OxyChem is the only PVC supplier fully inte grated in this way. Because PVC resin and its raw matenals are an integral part of OxyChem's core operation, customers can be assured OxyChem will continue to grow in this business. OxyChem is now head quartered in Dallas, Texas. Their fully staffed technical service laboratories for their vinyl products is located in Pottstown, Pennsylvania. For more information please contact Occidental Chemical Corporation; P.O. Box 809050, Dallas, Texas 75380-9050; (214) 404-3800. Borden Chemicals and Plastics Limited Partnership commenced operations through its operating partner ship on November 30, 1987 after acquiring the polyvinyl chloride resin and basic chemicals businesses from Borden, Inc., which built and operated the business start ing in the early 1960's. BCP Management. Inc., a wholly owned subsidiary of Borden, owns a minority interest as the sole general partner in the operating partnership. The assets of BCP consist of a polyvinyl chloride resin plant located in llliopolis, Illi nois. and a petrochemical complex located m Geismar. Louisiana The Geismar complex consists of nine fully integrated plants, including a polyvinyl chloride resin plant, along with plants that pro duce vinyl chloride monomer, acetylene, methanol, formal dehyde. ammonia, urea, and urea-formaldehyde concen trate. The Geismar complex also operates two cryogenic air separation units and three co-generation units which allow self-sufficiency of cer tain operating gases, steam, and all electrical power Borden Chemicals and Plastics Limited Partnership trades on the New York Stock Exchange under the symbols, "BCP" and "BCU". Scepter On November 28. 1991, Canron, Inc., a wholly owned sub and Canron sidiary of Ivaco Inc. and Scepter Manu facturing Company announce Ltd. jointly anno unced that they had signed a Memoran merger dum of Understand ing to combine their plastic pipe business es. The new firm will be named Scepter/Canron Pipe Inc., the registered trade name of the SCP and Company Limited Partnership, which will be equally owned by both parties. The closing of the transaction is expected to have taken place by the time this article goes to press. Scepter and Canron have competed aggressively in the Canadian municipal market for the last 20 years, so the natural question is; why would these two long time adversaries merge, and why now? Tom Torokvei, the owner of Scepter Manufactunng and partner in the new venture, answers these questions candidly. The way markets are moving, we had to be bigger in order to com pete. Our respective businesses and markets have undergone irrevocable, dramatic change in the last little while. Some of the key elements driving this change are the implementation of the Free Trade Agreement, histori cally low levels of construction activity resulting in weak demand for our products, and American competition. Simply, continuation of the status quo would have put our companies' futures in almost certain peril." Scepter/Canron Inc. will be a formidable, cost compet itive, pipe and fitting supplier with the broadest municipal product range available in North America. The new com pany will operate 18 plants in 8 out of the 10 Canadian provinces, providing significant economies of scale that combined with the sendees, of some StLtecpnicaUy.qualtta. tied, customer-oriented, professionaUiminicipal people.wift allow. zuctsLvmi __________ stories'in.1991. that' have occurri Kitchener, Sault Ste-Marie and Trots Rivieres; where' C900 and C905 PVC pressure pipe was used for the first* time in ductile iron strongholds, will continue unabated" with the merger. On the gravity sewer side of the equation, the combi nation of smoothwail DR 35, Ultra-Rib and Perma-Loc will be front and center in the battle to accelerate the ero sion of concrete pipe usage for storm and sanitary sewer applications. With PVC pipe enioying commanding market shares in the smaller diameter pressure and non-pressure pipe markets in North Amenca (in 1989, the Canadian industry estimated that 60% of all 4' -18' pressure pipe and 80% of all 4" - 15" gravity sewer pipe installed was PVC), the last and possibly most challenging markets for PVC pipe will be in the larger diameter markets. In 1991, speaking as the Chairman of Uni-Bell, Mr. Torokvei's message touched on the boundless opportunities for PVC pipe growth. He outlined the advent of new standards for pressure pipe up to 36" (i.e., AWWA C905) and for profile wall pipe through 48" diameter (i.e.. ASTM F794), and suggested that for the same reasons PVC has come to dominate the smaller diameter markets over the last twenty years, the inherent superiority of plastics should result in the same impressive market position in larger diameters over the next twenty years. Notwithstanding the changing landscape that Scepter/Canron Pipe Inc. faces in the months and years to come, there is one thing that will not change according to Mr. Paul Graddon, President of Scepter/Canron Pipe Inc. "Over the last 15 years, both Canron and Scepter's respective marketing thrusts have been ably supported by the professional, technically competent personnel working for the Uni-Bell PVC Pipe Association. We look forward to continuing to draw on their expertise to help us. to accomplish our tong term marketing goals." For hsrthet mtormaton, please contact: SceptarTCanron Pipe Inc, SO VaHaytmoh Drive, Don Mb. Ontario. Canada, U3B 2S9 Phone number (4t6> 44S-3400 Fas number (4t6) MS-US1. CTL029111 Unj-Bell PVC Pipe News Page 6 New PVC fittings are a match for C900 PVC Pipe By Hugh Fraser In 1975 the landmark pub lication of American Water Works Association Standard C900, "Standard for Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC) Pressure Pipe, 4 in. through 12 in., for Water Distribution," gave recognition to a family of PVC pressure pipes that has received widespread accep tance in both municipal sys tems and water supply lines for fire loops. C900 has the well-deserved reputation of being the more conservative of all the international stan dards describing PVC pres sure pipe. It sets forth requirements for Class 100, Class 150 and Class 200 PVC pipes in sizes 4 in. through 12 in., having cast iron outside diameters (CIOD). The CIOD's make it simple for designers to use cast iron or ductile iron fit tings with C900 PVC pipes. Using iron fittings with PVC pipes has always appeared to be rather incon sistent, even though their ser vice record (with suitable pro tection where necessary) has been good. About 10 years ago, the industry initiated a two-pronged effort to develop a line of injection moulded PVC fittings that would pro vide the missing link to an allPVC system. First, there were the technical hurdles to be overcome and, second, it was essential to bring togeth er industry leaders and a number of general interest groups to develop a consen sus standard that would describe the fittings in terms already familiar to users of AWWA standard C900. Following 10 years of deliberations the standards committees of the AWWA have produced a standard for injection moulded, gasketed Class 150 PVC fittings for use with pipes meeting AWWA standard C900, Class 150 and Class 100. This new standard is AWWA C907, "Standard for Polyvinyl Chlo ride (PVC) Pressure Fittings for Water -- 4 in. through 8 in. (100-200mm)" Before being standardized by AWWA, and in accordance with AWWA policy, the fit tings were required to prove themselves in actual service for at least five years. AWWA is not prepared to standardize untried products. The production technology that was developed for this product line was put in place beginning about 1979 and the products emerging from these initial production runs were immediately placed in service. The performance of the fittings has been out standing, in part because the computerized design and production facilities are able to identify and overcome anomalies before they enter the production stream. Injec tion moulded PVC fittings of the sizes described in C907 require injection machines about the size of a railway box car capable of exerting closure forces.of 2,500 tons. The state-of-the-art facilities behind the production and testing of these fittings have resulted in what can be con veniently referred to as "C907" fittings. PVC pressure pipe and fit tings have two "funds' of strength. The short term strength allows the pipe or fit ting to resist very high pres sures when they are applied for a brief period; C907 fit tings, for example, are rou tinely tested to burst pres- fittings., for PYC Pipe Q he City of Scarbor ough, Ontario has grown at a tremendous rate since World War II. When it joined Metropolitan Toron to in 1953, its population stood at 79,000. By 1967, Scarborough's population was 275,000. Today, its population has swelled to over 500,000. The Scarborough Public Utilities Commission has had the task of providing water to this growing com munity. In 1991, they ambitiously undertook the installation of a 1.9 km water line. `Replacement of the 30 About the Author Hugh R Falser PE is a graduate ot the University of Toronto and has followed a career in Civil Engineering since he oecame associated with the pipe industry m i960 During his career in tne pipe business Fraser has been active m a number ot sundards-wnung organizations such as ISO, Canadian Standards Associa tion ASTM and the American Water WorKs Association Fraser recently retired from Scepter Manufacturing Co ltd 807 Pharmacy Avenue Scarborough Ontario Mil 3K2 and continues to represent the company at the Technical Committee ot the Uni-Bell PVC Pipe Association and at the American Water Works Asso ciation where he serves as chairman of the SuO-commttee on PVC Pres sure fittings sures in excess of 1000 psi, although the AWWA stan dard requires a minimum of just 755 psi. But for design purposes the only fund of strength that is significant for indefinite service is the long term strength. In the case of PVC pressure pipe described in C900 the long term strength of the matenal itself is determined in advance of pipe manufacture. The test is formalized in C900 and requires that the material used in the production of PVC pressure pipe has a minimum circumferential hoop stress (referred to as the hydrostatic design basis, HDB) of 4000 psi. Knowing that the material from which the pipe is extruded has a minimum hoop stress capa bility it is simple to translate this into the minimum dimen sions required for pipes hav ing certain pressure classes. The calculation results in the three wall thicknesses includ ed in AWWA C900, DR 14, DR 18 and DR 25. The DR refers to "dimension ratio" which is simply the ratio of the outside diameter of the pipe to its minimum wall thickness. Injection moulded PVC fit tings have irregular profiles and more complicated Real Life Application 3 Martin Bugden and Dave Jordon from the Scarbor ough PUC uaad Scepter's PVC fittings. Fittings meat AWWA, CSA, FM, UL and OPS require ments. year old cast iron line on Syl van Avenue is expected to cost $500,000.' according to Martin Bugden, Superinten dent of the Waterworks Operation for the Scarbor ough Public Utilities Commis sion. Why replace a system that young? Over the last 30 years, the cast iron watermain has failed 123 times. This far exceeded our nor mal failure rate of about 0.5/km/year,* according to Bugden. "We would normal ly reline such a watermain, but because of the high fre quency ot breaks and persis tent water quality complaints, rt was decided that replace ment was the most economi cal solution." Scarborough Public Utili ties Commission crews began to replace the cast iron watermain in June of 1991. Class 150 Polyvinyl shapes than a simple extrud ed pipe. For this reason the precise relationship between the dimensions of the fitting and the HDB of the material cannot be drawn Standard C907 requires that each fit ting configuration, and each size, must be subjected to the long term testing that is carried out on the pipe com pound. In other words, the fittings themselves are tested instead of the compound from which the fittings are made. These qualification tests must produce a long term pressure strength (LTPS) (equivalent to the HDB found in the pipe stan dard) of 470 psi. What this proves is that PVC fittings meeting the requirements of AWWA C907 can be pressur ized to 470 psi for over 11 years without failure. Other tests have shown that the CONTINUED ON PAGE 7 Chloride Pipe was chosen as the replacement Pipe. The project was unique however in that all tees,.. elbows and tap couplings"' were also made of PVC. -- "We wanted to replace, the old system with a sys- tern utilizing the latest tech-' nology," said Mr. Bugden. "Our municipality has been using PVC pipe for years, but we wanted to take this opportunity to see how PVC Tees and Tapped Service Couplings would work." Class 150 injection moulded fittings offer a cor rosion proof, easy to install fitting that eliminates the need for costly cathodic protection. All fittings were certified to CSA standard B137.2, "PVC InjectionMoulded Gasketed Fittings for Pressure Applications." The fittings also conform to the new AWWA standard C907-91, `Standard for Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC) Pressure Fittings for Water." How have the residents coped with the construc tion? "We've worked very hard to anticipate prob lems," says Bugden. "We've had no complaints to date, and we're proud of that." And so they should be. A quality job, with quality fittings, at a price taxpay ers can be happy about. CTL029112 Uni-Bell PVC Pipe News Page 7 ^ir'n "tS* Stringing the pipe along the route prepares the way for speedy installation. j^jjntegrity is not com mon to all things. But when it becomes apparent in a product - large diameter PVC pressure pipe lor example - it quickly helps establish a rep utation. That is one good reason, among many, for the wide acceptance gained by PVC pressure pipe. "The pipe is the wave of the future, its why we chose it." says Jim Hembree, Divi sion Manager of Grand Strand Water & Sewer Authority (GSWSA) in South Carolina. He also serves as system project manager of told that's unheard of for a system of this size," Hem bree points out. "Pipe instal lation alone generally takes much longer " Good design, planning and proper product choice were all key factors The Bull Creek project, according to Hembree, came in at about $4 million, or 10% under budget. Some of those savings the highly touted Bull Creek could be attributed to the Regional Water System large diameter PVC pipe which recently went into full which accounted for about Pipe installation proceeds quickly and efficiently. operation near Bucksport. 34 miles of the complete South Carolina. At the dedi transmission installation. materials -- "our savings "The day of reckoning is cation of all project facilities, key note speaker. South Car olina Senator Strom Thur mond stated, that this project could well serve as the mod el for the state and nation in water system construction. The Bull Creek project is. Hembree notes that use of alternate materials such as steel or ductile iron would have necessitated applica tion of special coatings or poly-wrapping, both of which would have increased costs. PVC became the product of were about 5%," he esti mates. "But what was critical to us was a commitment by the manufacturers to guaran tee the supply of pipe.' Installation was generally fairly routine for the two GSWSA crews and one con the day you test it,' says Hembree The project required 24 permits consist ing of State Health Depart ment, Corp. of Engineers, Water Resources and Coastal Council. There were a joint .venture of several choice on the basis of^ tractor. Hembree estimates 10 permits in the transmis partners: GSWSA; the City of 'reduced costs, and because the pipe went in at an aver sion line alone, varying in Conway, Little River Water & the pipe'is impervious to soil age rate of 1.000 ft. per day, sections of three to twelve Sewerage Company, and the corrosion. Not to mention due in part to its light weight miles. town of Surfside Beach:-'. ease of installation. and gasket system which On completion of the 50 The system boasts a In total, 145,000 ft. of 24- provides fast and easy cou miles transmission line, a water, treatment plant capa-.i - inch and 44,000 ft. of 20-inch "i pling of pipe sections. final test was carried out at ble of'treatin'g'21 mg/d'of water, additional storage for seven million gallons of water, pump stations and. close to 50 miles of,large DR 25', pressure-rated 165 psi pipe was supplied. The delivery was accomplished in over 400 truck loads. It is believed that this is the. There are other benefits Bull Creek can expect down the road. PVC will reduce their energy costs because of the good hydraulic charac- 150 psi. which is well above normal usage requirements. The pipe sections were test ed and approved within the diameter water transmission ' largest single PVC pressure teristics of the pipe; initially very limited time schedule. pipe. All told, Bull Creek pipe project to-date. as well as long temv^-- ,,^ Now, B,,ul_l C_reek is deliv- serves a population. of,: GSWSA's Project Manager, C'; HoweyerraH the benefits-*-;0r*n0rlf WO*1 Quality 120,000 with quality drinking er, Jim Hembree,- acknowl- r -in the world can be lossed,-- drinking water throughout the water. (Also on the system edges cost-savings were out the window if the system county. are the town of Loris, the city generated by the choice of doesn't work the way it was of Aynor, and the George PVC over alternate pipe designed -" town County Water & Sewer District). The entire project includ ing all facilities was complet ed in just 24 months "We re ...to the Bull Creek Project CONTINUED FROM PAGE 6 CONTINUED FROM PAGE 4 PVC fittings match C900 Pipe 20 miles of PVC needed instantaneous burst pressure of PVC pressure components actually increases with time when they are held for up to 10 years at HDB or LTPS. This long term pressure strength can be used in design applications in several ways, as follows' 1 Municipal Distribution Sys tems In Municipal use PVC fit tings meeting AWWA C907 will have a pressure denomi nation of Class 150. Nominal Class 150 fittings have a working pressure rating of II50 psi plus a surge pressure allowance of 35 psi. all enclosed within a factor of safety of 2.5 to 1 (that is, 150 + 35 = 185 psi which, divided into 470 psi, 2.5). This very conservative approach to fitting applica tions is not necessarily appropnate in all cases. 2. Water Supply Lines PVC fittings meeting C907 have a pressure rating of 235 psi when employed in the special contact of a supply line or with pipes other than C900 classes. Where the operating conditions in a water supply line are known beforehand, or can be pre dicted accurately, the imposi tion of unstated reserves for conditions that will not arise is unnecessary. Long term applications where the pres sure in the fittings will be 235 psi will result in a factor of safety of 470 divided by 235. or 2 to 1 3 Fire Lines Most looped fire lines can be analyzed with accuracy Two conditions of service are normally encountered: the steady-state or stand-by con dition and the full demand condition with its attendant surge potential. In these cas es the pressure rating of the fittings (235 psi) can be safe ly assumed. For example, a system that will see a maxi mum operating pressure of a Compaction of sand to springline. 95% proctor density a Compaction of select material one toot above pipe: 95% a Average footage per day tor 3 crews: 380 meters (1.247ft) a Best day installation and backfill for single crew 280 meters (918 ft) a Construction completed' October 4. 1991 a Pressure test completed: October 23. 1991 175 psi can easily make use of the C907 fittings with an assured safety factor of 470 divided by 175. or 2 7 to 1 Referring to condition 1, this The trench conditions ranged from- High water fable. Sand stone. Shale. Gravel pits. Coal seams. Reclaimed mined coal areas. Clay-rich alluvium. Sandy-clayey alluvi um and Bedrock With conditions such as these, a strict quality control is even more conservative than the AWWA standard envisages. It the supplier of Class 150 PVC fittings can provide assurance that the require ment of AWWA C907 have been met then the use of these fittings represents a logical extension of the bene fits of PVC pipe to the entire system inspection of all materials was put into place by Hamm Construction, to ensure that everything was satisfactory before being installed Corme Hamm stated. "Consider ing the quality of the pipe, and the people putting it in. I expected no leaks in any of the 3.860 joints involved m the 23 kilometers project " He further states. "We had some tough areas where leaks could have shown up due to the wet conditions It was hard to keep everything clean in the muddy conditions, but the quality ol the pipe ana the care that was taken during installation, paid off' The pipeline was installed using the come-aiong method instead of the bucket of the hoe. The joints were CTL029113 continued ON PAGE 10 LOAD TESTING RESULTS Profile Pipes under shallow cover -20 najat i CULVERT #25 610"" 10 OPEN PROFILE SECTION 2C- TA (JOINT), LCAO CYCLE 1 Chang# in InsiC# Diameter (%) -15 -10 -05 00 05 10 By John M. Maheu, P.E. nates of the target points can be calculated Research and Development Branch from two photographs of each section from Ministry ot Transportation of Ontario different viewpoints using a proprietary com puter program. The targets were installed pri Editor's Nolo: The following is a repnnt of work recently marily for the purpose of momtonng long-term conducted by the Ontario Ministry of Transportation The deformations of the pipes in service, but it purpose of the work was to evaluate the shallow bury was decided to include photogrammetric performance of profile wall PVC pipes under aggressive analyses of those sections near the test sec live loading. I've deleted brand and manufacturer names tions to supplement the test data. as is the policy of the PVC Pipe News Out ot respect tor It was not possible nor intended to use the the Canadian Government. I have left metric conversion photogrammetric results to verify the LVDT to the readers' readouts for several reasons. First, the tar geted sections for photogrammetry were not TEST PIPES at the same locations as the test sections for Two PVC pipe culverts were load tested. load testing, since the LVDT's would obscure Both were tested atter installation and back the targets in the photographs. It was neces filling, but poor to paving The cover over the sary to locate each test section behind a tar pipe was well compacted by the construction geted section, but usually within 300 mm. equipment passing over it, but densities were Second, the targets were installed in the not measured. pipes prior to the installation of the pipes. The first pipe, identified as Culvert #14 in After installation, the targets did not necessar this contract, was a 762 mm inside diameter ily coincide with the vertical, horizontal, and closed profile PVC pipe. At the time of test diagonal orientations of the LVDT's. ing, there was approximately 200 mm of LOADING granular cover over the sections of the pipe Load was applied to the cover above the which were load tested. Two sections were test sections by means of a hydraulic ram tested: Section 3C-4A, at the joint between mounted to the underside of a flatbed trailer two lengths of pipe, and Section 4B, midway loaded with concrete blocks. As the ram was between two joints. . extended, the weight of the trailer would The second pipe, Culvert #25, was a 610 transfer from the axles to the ram. A load cell mm inside diameter open profile PVC pipe. was used to measure the magnitude of the There was approximately 470 mm of granular applied load. cover over the test section. One section was The footpnnt of the load pad was two 250 .tested, Section 2C-1 A, at the joint between mm squares, modeling a dual truck tire. The ktwo lengths of pipe. trailer was positioned to locate the pad direct ' INSTRUMENTATION ly over the test sections, as close to the cen Four linear variable displacement trans treline of the pipe as possible. ducers (LVDT's) were installed inside the At each test section, loading was applied in pipes in the vicinity of each test section. two cycles with peak loads of approximately They were monitored continuously dunng the 250 kN. The load was not applied in a strictly application of the load to measure the change monotonically increasing fashion, since the in diameters. They were oriented roughly in extension of the ram was stopped at intervals the vertical, horizontal, and two diagonal to allow the pipe interior to be inspected and directions. One end of each LVDT was photographed. attached by screws inserted into a mounting TEST RESULTS block glued to the pipe surface. The other Test results are presented for each test end ot the LVDT was not attached, but was section. kept in contact with the pipe surface by a compressed spring in the housing. Because Culvert #25. 610 mm l,D, Open Profile of the dimensions of the LVDT's, they could Pipe/ Section 2C-1A. Joint Section not all be installed in the same plane. Rather, they were installed over a length of pipe Figure 1 shows the change m inside diam approximately 300 mm long. eter (as percent of nominal diameter) v$ In addition to the data from the LVDT's, applied load, for each of the four LVDT's tor deformations were also monitored by means load cycle #1 only. Figure 2 shows the of photogrammetric analysis. Permanent change in vertical diameter only, for both load reflective targets were installed around the cycles #1 and #2. Maximum deformation is inside surface at various sections. Coordi less than 2% under 250 kN applied load Less than 1% residual deformation alter removal of load, although additional recovery likely occurred with time (i e . deformations are time-dependent, both during loading ana unloading). Tables 1. 2, and 3 summarize results of photogrammetric analysis A maximum 2 8% deformation was recorded at Section 2C dur ing installation. A maximum 1.4% deforma tion was recorded under load testing Negligi ble residual deformations after testing Figure 3 is a graphical representation of the pho togrammetric results -20 CULVERT *2l.1fu?nm ID OPEN PROFILE SECTCN 2C-1A (JO,NT). LCAO CYCLES : AND 2 Change m Ve-.ical ins<de Ovama'.ar (%) -15 -10 -05 00 05 10 RESULTS OF PHnTnfinAMMETRIC ANALYSIS CULVERT #25. 610 mm I D. OPEN PROFILE SECTION 2C. NEAR JOINT TABLE 1: CALCULATED DISTANCES BETWEEN TARGET POINTS 1 DISTANCE LOADCASE BETWEEN 2C#0 2C#1 2C#2 2C*3 1 TARGETS lD>Sianca m m) 1-5 2-6 It 46 0 57* 0563 0 575 0 576 0 562 0 566 0600 0 576 OSS* 0 566 0 604 0 576 0 562 0 566 0 602 0 560 TABLE 2: CHANGE IN LENGTHS AFTER INSTALLATION TARGET Change in lengths FROM 2C0 to 2Ci ENOPOINTS tmj (V f5 0 016 26 26 0 003 05 3t 0 025 43 46 0 902 03 TABLE 3: CHANGE IN LENGTHS UNDER LOAD TESTING TARQE* cROM2C#t *0 2C2 ENOPOtNTS ntii 5 0 008 2 6 0 002 3 * : 004 0 000 FROM2C** TO 2C#3 iM i) t 4 oooo 03 0000 0? 0 002 0 0 0 002 (%) 00 00 03 03 LCGCMO 2C*0 2C*' 2CM2 2Cm3 PRIOR TO INSTALLATION INSTALLED PRIOR TO LOA0 TESTING UNDER TEST LOAD 250 KN AFTER LOAD TESTING CTL029114 Culvert #14. 762 mm I.D. Closed Proliie Pipe' Section 3C-4A. Joint Section CONTINUED ON PAGE 9 Uni-Bell PVC Pipe Nows CONTINUED FROM PAGE B Load testing results of Profile Pipes Figures 4 and 5 show changes in inside diameter vs. applied load. Maximum deformation is 3.2% under 2S0 kN applied load. Residuals less than 1 % after unload ing. Photogrammetry results for section 3C are summarized in Tables 4, 5 and 6. and Figure 6. Table 5 indicates a small increase in diameter after installation (1 1%). which is questionable. Maximum deformation under load was f.4%. and maximum residuals after unloading were less than 1 %. -40 rtciu > CULVERT #14 762 rtm f D CLOSED PROFILE SECTION 2C-4A (JOINT) LOAD C>CL5S I AND 2 Cl-ange m Vert.cai in* Ca C.i-fe' ,**) -30 -20 --1 0 00 tC 20 Culvert #14. 762 mm I.D. Closed Profile Pipe/ Section 4B. Midway Between Joints CULVERT #14 762 mm I.D CLOSED PROFILE SECTION 3C. NEAR JOINT Changes in inside diameter vs. applied load are shown in Figures 7 and 8. Because of the highly localized nature of the deformation, three of the four LVDT mounting blocks detached during the sec ond load cycle, and loading was stopped. The maximum deformations recorded were just over 5%. The maximum residual deformations were less than 1 % after load cycle #1, no values available after load cycle #2. Photogrammetry results for section 4B are summarized in Tables 7. 8 and 9, and Figure 9. Maximum deformation of 1.1% was recorded after installation. Maximum deformations during load testing were 3.4%. Residuals after unloading could not be measured since the disengaged LVDT's blocked several of the targets in the pho tographs. DISCUSSION Some general observations can be made regarding the test results. As expected, the photogrammetric analyses yield smaller deformation than the LVDT readings because the targeted sections are not directly below the load points, and the deformations are very localized. The plots of load vs. deformation are typically non-linear, and in many cases the deformations are seen to be increasing under decreasing load. This would suggest the pipes are failing under the test loads, but this was not the case. Rather, the shapes of the curves are influenced by other factors: -SO -50 ?:cv*s CtLV==T #14, 762 rrn ' 0 CLOSEO PROFILE SiCTiO.'V i9. LOAD CYCwsS 1 A\3 2 m Vertical ihiit# C ameter (%) -40 -30 -20 -'0 CO 13 20 The load-deformation characteristics of the bed ding. backfill, and cover, which are time-dependent and nonlinear-elastic. The loading rate was not constant, nor was It possible to maintain a constant load level. Whenever the exten sion of the hydraulic ram was temporarily stopped to allow inspection of the pipe interior, deformations continued to increase with time As the hydraulic ram pushed further into the fill, the flatbed trailer would move lower, thereby transferring load from the ram back to the trailer axles This reduction in applied load was not the result of dimin ishing capacity of the pipe. The residual deformations after unloading were typically less than 1%. and there were no other signs of distress in the pipes after testing. It can be concluded that the pipes did not fail under the test loads. TABLE 4: CALCULATED DISTANCES BETWEEN TARGET POINTS I DISTANCE LOADCASE BETWEEN X*> 3Ci targets (Distance in X*2 3C*3 X*4 3C5 IS 26 37 4-8 0 729 0 736 0 727 0 723 0 730 0 744 0 736 0 727 0 722 0 738 0 731 0 722 0 720 0 745 0 736 0 722 0 720 c 745 0 734 0 719 0 726 0 746 0 736 0 722 TABLES: CHANGE IN LENGTHS AFTER INSTALLATION target change in LENGTHS FROM 3C0 TO 3C*I ENDPOINTS <m) r.i '5 26 3* 4-8 OOOi 0 008 0 009 0004 01 1t *2 06 TABLES: CHANGE IN LENGTHS UNDER LOAD TESTING TARGET FROM 30' T03C2 ENOPOlNTS (m) <%) 19 26 37 48 0008 -0 006 0005 -0 005 i1 -08 07 07 LEGEND- XPO X*1 3C*2 3C*3 3C*4 3C*S FROM 3C1 TO 3C*4 <m) -0 010 0 001 0 000 -0 005 14 01 00 07 FROM 3C#i TO 3C#S MM (%t -0 004 0 004 0 000 0 009 -0 5 05 00 07 PRIOR TO INSTALLATION INSTALLED PR'OR TO LOAD TESTING UNDER TEST LOAD CVCLE i 250 KN AFTER CYCLE 1 NO LOAD UNDER TEST LOAD CvCwE 2 250 KN AFTER lOAO TESTING RESULTS OF PHOTOGRAMMETRIC ANALYSIS CULVERT #14 762 mm ID CLOSED PROFILE SECTION 4B MIDWAY BETWEEN JOINTS TABLE 7: CALCULATED DISTANCES BETWEEN TARGET POINTS DISTANCE LOADCASE BETWEEN < B*C 48*1 TARGETS 0i$tANC6 IN ft' '5 26 37 48 3 737 5 742 0 744 0 739 0~38 0 738 0 736 0 739 4B2 0-14 0 '37 0 742 0 736 4843 0 "36 0 739 0 *41 0 737 -84 C-3 C ~ii : '45 C *4- TABLE 9: CHANGE IN LENGTHS AFTER INSTALLATION 'ARSE* C-ANGE in LENGTHS FROM 462 *0 `3*' E\DSC NTS 5 237 48 COCi : 0C4 0 006 3 OX 0i 0! t* TABLES' CHANGE IN LENGTHS UNDER LOAD TESTING TA-Gs" fPOViB*' '0 432 ev:0'.'s - * 5 2 2' 48 : :<< ' XC Z"A ; 33 0 :8 c FRO*.* 43- 'C 483 OX- c o'i c 0:2 C' :* c3 '-1,1/ '.'C :::i c 0:2 :: . 1 1 | | i LEGENO 4B*C ' 48*2 4SO 48*4 PR'OR '0 installation INSTATED ORiO *0 wCAD tSt,sg UNDE LOAD CvC.c 257 *N AFTER CVCLE * NOlOAC UNOER tSST lOAO CYCLE 2 25C kn NOTE NO R-Qtqs TAKEN AFTER FtNAj tO*0 REMOvEO 1 CTL029115 I Uni-Bell PVC Pipe News Page 1 O fc PVC community benefits from PRO and Uni-Bell Alliance pipe and linings account for more than 37 percent of the over a billion pounds of PVC consumed annually in North America. This makes pipe and fittings the largest single market for PVC. To help address the information needs of the ever-growing population of PVC pipe users, the Pipe Resource Organization (PRO) was established in 1988 as an operating unit of the Vinyl Institute. The Vinyl Institute is the national trade association representing the manufacturers of PVC (polyvinyl chloride or vinyl) plastics, raw materials, addi tives, and film and sheet products. A division of The Society of the Plastics Industry, Inc., The Vinyl Institute (VI) is helping to service the pipe user community with reliable information and support. To that end, PRO and Uni-Bell are working together to pro vide pipe specifiers, contrac tors, utilities, and operations managers with information important to the proper use of PVC pipe and fittings. One of the many ways that PRO is servicing pipe users is through direct sup port for Uni-Bell technical services. This support helps Uni-Bell be responsive to technical inquiries on a daily basis, and to conduct local and regional educational seminars. PRO also oversees other programs that benefit the pipe user communi ty. The current chairman of PRO is Mike Barish, Industry Sales Manager-Rigid PVC, for Borden Chem icals & Plastics. According to Barish, PRO services the pipe market in three basic ways. "First, we work to build awareness of PVC's strengths, especially those unique to PVC pipe and fit tings. Second, we work to overcome misperceptions about PVC's performance capabilities by highlighting installations that demonstrate PVC's ability to excel, long term. Third, we seek to work with and complement the efforts of related pipe associ ations that responsibly ser vice PVC pipe customer needs, such as Uni-Bell.' PRO'S most visible recent contribution to the waterworks industry has been a senes of full-page PVC pipe user testi monials appearing in the American Water Works Asso ciation (AWWA) Journal and other industry publications. These testimonials from con sulting engineers and water utility officials help raise the awareness of how PVC pipe solves utility piping problems. PVC Pipe User testimonials published by the PRO. Upon request, PRO pro vides interested individuals with an information kit, "PVC Pipe for All The Right Rea sons,' which includes prod uct performance information, illustrated case history infor mation, copies of the user testimonials, a bibliography for technical information about PVC pipe and fittings available from a variety of sources, and general infor mation about the usefulness and versatility of vinyl. Other useful PRO service accomplishments include: Developed and published a technical report documenting PVC pipe's safety with regard to drinking water quality. This report highlights PVC's resis tance to leaching and absence of taste or odor. Unlike tradition al water pipe materials, PVC pipes will not chemically react with even the most aggressive water or soil conditions. Placed a num ber of technical and user articles m various industry magazines, such as: Public Works, Pipeline t Utilities Construction, Watar & Wasta Digest, etc. Sponsored independent research projects to properly address misperceptions about PVC pipes' fire safety, total installed cost, and permeation. Provided an educational grant to Utah State University's Piping Systems Institute (PSI). The PSI is an in-depth short school for pipeline designers, owners and installers. Provided both technical sup port and financial assistance to a committee established to address the lower solvent cement emission levels being developed by Califomia's South Coast Air Quality Management District. Sponsored independent sur vey of PVC pipe users to opti mize PRO'S effectiveness. From these and related activities, PRO has helped a great deal in responsibly ser vicing the tens of thousands of consulting engineers, utili ty officials, contractors and other industry influentials who use PVC pipe and fit tings. "PVC pipe has a strong future. We are seeing a growing preference for it in both new and replacement piping systems.' Bansh says. "Our goal is to continue this trend by providing accurate and timely information about PVC pipe to both current and prospective users, by mobi lizing PVC resin and pipe producers behind our efforts and by maximizing the efforts and investment of all other organizations with a stake in our success.' The following is a listing of Vinyl Institute Member Companies: Akzo Chemi cals, Inc.; BFGoodrich Com pany; Borden Chemicals and Plastics; CertainTeed Corp.; Dow Chemical Co.: Elf Atochem, N.A.; Exxon Chemical Co., U.S.; Exxon Chemical Canada; European Vinyls Corp.; Georgia Gulf Corp.; G.E. Specialty Chemi cals; Kaneka Texas Corp.; Mitsubishi Kasei Vinyls Co.; Occidental Chemical Corp.; Petroquimica Colombiana; PPG Industries Inc.; Rohm and Haas Co.; Shintech Inc.; Vista Chemical Co.; Westlake Polymers Co. and Witco Corp. Argus Division. For more information about PRO please contact the Vinyl Institute, Wayne Interchange Plaza II. 155 Route 46 West. Wayne. New Jer sey. 07470. Professional News Moser offers ready-to-apply Buried Pipe Design by A. P. Moser shows engi neers and contractors exactly how to achieve proper, cost-effective designs of buried water systems, sewage collection systems and all other sys tems that carry materials underground. The author's years of study, testing and research in the general areas of pipe performance and pipe installation design are apparent in this outstanding resource. Ready-to-apply, proven methods for design ing buried pipe systems efficiently and economically are presented. Thorough discussions are devoted to a wide range of important considerations, including soil mechanics, soil pressure, strength of materials, pipe hydraulics. wastewater systems, longitu dinal loading, wheel loading (live loads) and frost load ings. Also explained in detail are such aspects as rigid pipe and flexible pipe analysis, pipe design crite ria, pipe wall stresses and strains and finite element methods of design. A. P. Moser, Ph.D., is the head of the mechanical engineering department at Utah State University and the founder and director of the Piping Systems Institute. Author of more than 30 tech nical papers and reports on buried pipe design and installation. Dr. Moser has served as a consultant to such companies as U.S. Pipe and Foundry, OwensCornmg Fiberglass Corpora tion and Johns-Mansville Corporation. Readers may order this book from McGraw-Hill by calling 1-800-2-MCGRAW. Buried Pipe Design by A. P. Moser, 219 pages; 62 illustrations; 6" by 9": $42.50; McGraw Hill. Pub lication: May, 1990. CONTINUED FROM PAGE 7 20 miles of PVC needed made by simply aligning the spigot of the new length of pipe, with the bell end of the installed pipe. The come-along method was preferred by Hamm Construction for a couple of reasons, notes Corme Hamm. `First, this method didn't tie up the hoe, and second, for all three crews, the same individual operated the come-along to get the feel of the spigot being inserted into the bell.' The protect also included four highway and two railway crossings. These crossings were achieved by the Hamm Construction crews, using their own hydraulically operated bor ing machine. The size of the steel casings installed were 36' and the longest bore hole was 32 meters (105 ft.). On October 18,1991, 8 kilometers (4.97 miles) of 24' DR 25 C.I.O.D. PVC was tested, from control valve chamber number 1 to valve chamber number 2. The test requirements called for a water pressure test of 160 psi (1100KPA) for two hours, and an allowable leakage of 60 gallons. Test results: passed no leaks. On October 23. 1991 the entire system, 23 kilometers (14.3 miles) was water pres sure tested tor two hours at 100 psi (690 KPA). Test results: passed - no leaks. Sask Power site inspector Dave Barnes said, 'We tested all 23 kilometers in one shot, and it was the first time in my life I have ever seen a test pass that easy I believe that Sask Pow er has a good line, which will be serviceable for a long time, with relatively no maintenance.' CTL029116 lUni'Bell PVC Pipe News CONTINUED FROM PAGE 1 i Understanding PVC pressure capacity Figure l typical stress-rupture performance of W*C AT 23 e*C used for pipes is capable of meeting the long-term physi cal and chemical perfor mance needed for potable water distnbution pipe. Users of PVC pipe need to be assured that it will oper ate reliably for a long time. Fifty years is usually quoted as the design requirement for water distribution systems, but in practice systems are often expected to provide reli able service for a hundred years or more. Most materials used in engineered structures, such as steel, aluminum, wood, glass and plastics, `creep' under a constant load, and load-beanng designs have to take this into account. PVC is no exception. The effeef of creep can be easily shown. If a sample of one of these materials is tested in a tensile testing machine, which applies a steadily increasing load, it will fail at a characteristic stress, known as the ultimate tensile strength. If an identical sam ple is loaded to just under the tensile strength, and the stress is this time kept con stant, the sample will creep for a few minutes or hours and then fail. If a third Identi cal sample is loaded and kept at a yet lower constant stress, it will creep for a still longer time before it fails. If this process is repeated, each time at a lower constant stress, the results can be plotted as a graph of applied stress against time to fail, known as a stress-rupture graph. It can be used to show just how long the mate rial can be expected to last at any load, and Is the design basis used for critical loadbearing applications. Creep tests lasting many years are often carried out for important applications in which a service lifetime ot several tens of years is need ed. Once the material has been thoroughly character ized, it is only necessary to ensure that subsequent batches of the matenal con form to the original data. To perform this quality control, engineers have to use short er tests because of the limit ed time available. It is possi ble to compensate for the short test time by running the tests at a higher temperature, so that the creep rate is accelerated. The PVC industry has adapted this accepted tech nique to the problem of developing a sound design basis for PVC pipe by testing many thousands of PVC pipe samples at various constant pressures and measuring the time to failure. The results are platted as hoop stress in the pipe wall against time to failure. Hoop stress is calcu lated from the Barlow formu la. Barlow formula: 2t Where: s- hoop stress P> internal pressure D- average outside diameter t> minimum wall thickness Typical results of these tests are shown in Fig. 1. A problem with the data in this form is that the results of tests lasting under after a few years cannot be extrapolated to give a reliable prediction of failure stress at over ten years - the slope of the curve is quite different. The research work car ried out in the 1950's showed that the underlying creep mechanism obeys laws simi lar to those of viscous liquid flow, and mathematical equa tions describing them contain logarithmic functions. These equations can be used to extrapolate creep data accu rately. The mathematics can be visually demonstrated and avoided for everyday use - by plotting the creep data on a graph in which both axes are logarithmic. The data then appear on a straight line, and can be extrapolated to a longer time than the last failure point by calculating the straight-line least squares' regression of the time-to-failure data on the hoop stress data. The plot is commonly called the stressrupture regression line. Statistical analysis of the data is used to calculate the 95% confidence limits. These are lines, above and below the regression line and parallel to it, within which 95% of all failure points can be expected to occur. Thus 5% of all failure points can be expected above and below the confidence limits, and only 2.5% of all failure points below the lower confidence limit. The lower line is there fore known as the 97.5% low er confidence limit, or 97.5% LCl. It is the line used in practice to predict long-term time to failure at any stress. The top line in Fig. 2 is the 97.5% LCL of the loga rithmic plot ot the data in Fig. 1., and is obviously a more convenient presentation of the same data. Practical engineers are naturally concerned about the validity of extrapolating the regression line to fifty years or more, since it can be spec ulated that the slope of the line may in fact become steeper if the tests are car ried out for a long enough time. This natural caution is reinforced by the tact that some plastics materials, such as polyethylene, have been shown to behave in just this way. There are three rea sons for having confidence in the validity of the straight-line extrapolation of the regres sion line for PVC. First, the reason for the "knee-bend" regression char acteristic of polyethylene is well understood. It is because there are two dis tinct failure mechanisms operating at two different rates. This is in turn due to the structure of polyethylene, in which the crystalline regions occur as independent spherulites separated by amorphous regions. In PVC, the structure is a threedimensional crystalline net work in which layered crys talline regions are intercon nected throughout an amor phous matrix. The failure mechanism of PVC is consis tent and operates at a consis tent rate. Second, there has been so much testing of PVC pipe by the industry in the USA and in Europe that long-term test data is now available to over 315,000 hours. No sign ot a `knee-bend' has been seen in well made pipe. Third, stress-rupture per formance can be accelerated by testing at a higher temper ature - a technique success fully used to locate the posi tion of the knee-bend in the regression line of polyethyl ene pipe and thus to deter mine safe working pressures at normal temperature. PVC pipe has been tested at 60C for over 10,000 hours without sign of a change in the slope of the regression line. tun* to rmMC Figure 2 TYPICAL STRESS-RUPTURE PERFORMANCE OF The stress-rupture per formance of unplasticized PVC, shown in Fig. 2, can therefore be accepted with confidence. The predicted failure stress at 23 degrees C of over 4000 psi at 100.000 hours (11.4 years) and 438,400 hours (50 years) is confirmed by many years of laboratory testing, by thou sands of quality control tests earned out in PVC pipe facto ries ail over the world and by thirty to fifty years of satisfac tory service. This method of test became standardized in the USA by the issue of ASTM D1598-58T, revised in 1986. The treatment of the data and the method ot extrapolation became standardized as ASTM 02837-69, revised in 1990. 02837 also specifies the method of characterizing the Long Term Hydrostatic Strength (LTHS), or 100,000 hour failure stress, of a pipe matenal. 02837 also speci fies how to derive the Hydro static Design Basis (HDB), which is the basic information needed for designing pres sure pipe. The Plastic Pipe Institute (PPI) monitors the testing of plastic pipe materials in the United States according to D1598 and D2837. It over sees the validity of the data submitted and ensures that tests are run for sufficient time before HDB values are assigned by its Hydrostatic Design Stress Committee. AWWA C900 and C905 specify tests to ensure that PVC pipe is property manu factured and conforms to the basic performance norms established by ASTM D1784 Class 12454-A or -B, ASTM 01598, D2B37 and the HDB assigned by the PPI. They also apply safety factors to these HDB values which are considered appropriate for potable water pipe service conditions and to allow for surge pressures. After all the safety factors in C900 and C905 have been taken into account, the final working stresses of PVC pipe are under 40% of the 97.5% LCL of the fifty-year failure stress. A practical lifetime well in excess of fifty years can be confidently expected. CTL029117 Uni-Bell PVC Pipe Association 2655 Villa Creek Drive, Suite 155 Dallas, Texas 75234. Published By: Unl-BBlI PVC Pipe Association 2655 VtUa Creek Drive. Suite 155 Dallas. Texas 75234 Telephone: (214) 243-3902 Fax. (214) 243-3907 Editor Executive Director Dave Eckstein Robert P Walker P E Chairman Vice Chairman Secretary/Treuurer Ron Bishop Paul QraOdon Jerry Scheid REGULAR MEMBERS Carton Pacrfic Western Extruded Plastics Co Contech Construction Products. Inc Royal Pipe Co^Flex-Lox Pipe Ltd J-M Manufacturing Co , Inc Seepter/Csnron Pee ine. Loc-Pipe INTERNATIONAL AFFILIATE MEMBERS Aiphacan Century Eslon Limited Plastigsma Sobdex Hardie Ipiex Plastics Pavco Tubos E Conexoes Tigre Ltda. Tubos Flexibtes. S A de C V Piasticos Para la Construcoon. S.A Virxdex Tubemakers Pty Umaed 0 VWavm iocii B F Goodrich Company Bordtn ChamfcB* 4 Ptasecs Corma. Inc Forsheda Pee Seal Company Ocodental Chemcal Corp. S 4 B Technical Products. Inc AFFILIATED ASSOCIATION The Vinyl institute The statements in this publication are those of the Unt-BeM PVC Pee Assooaaon and are not warranties, nor are they intended to be warranties. Inquiries for informs* lion on specific products, their attributes and recommended uses and manutsett er's warranty should be directed to member companies. Although every attempt made to assure factual accuracy. Unt-Bek and Aiexarv der/Scot accept no responstoAty for unintentional errors, other than pmtng a cor rection at a future issue Uni-Bell video discusses "Tapping PVC Pressure Pipe' The How-to S&A Handbook of PVC Pipe 250 PHOTOS a FIGURES a EQUATIONS a GRAPHS The only complete reference for those who plan, design, install and operate PVC systems for municipal water mains, potable water distribution and sanitary sewer systems. If you are planning, or now operate a PVC pressure or non-pressure system, this handbook is a must! Only $40 (Payable in U.S. Funds) Texas Residents add 8 percent sales tax. Plus air mail charges: Canada $5/book Europe, South America $22/book Central America, Caribbean $ 11/book Asia, Africa, South Pacific $25/book Mail Coupon With Your Payment To: Uni-Bell PVC Pipe Association, 2*55 Villa Creek Drive Suite 155, Dallas, Texas 75234 Name__ _____________________ Company___ Address City___ ~ State Zip Code_ Phone T-Tt"'' Recently the Uni-Bell __Board of Directors approved ------ a' project to produce the first~-"^F evef video ottering from the -Z^^PVCT-Pipe'tridustrf'Anoda----^lion^Tapping PVC Pressure x^MSiCIwiyiJtw^sucoessM culTot thaTproject now linVHStamiat., I'audfence of I workers arm Ilia tapping -^opewdcirtor-Thia ia based on --Wfla that lapping success- -^ao aw*Wpping Mures are Mthe procedures amused. T9l(TtMElMt0rdemonstrates , fcom equipTmdine preparation, to " * and cutkfens. and tapping Wi both selection tor large The success ot tapping PVC has been excellent giv en the huge volume of use. This video realizes that one problem is one too many when an individual's safety may be involved," says UniBall's Deputy Executive Director, Dave Eckstein. "We know we have new PVC pressure pipe users literally daily, and we know the workforce is chang ing. This video is a tool for the users as an ongoing instructional piece as well as a refresher to those involved intermittently." The video in English, French or Spanish can be obtained for $10 by complet ing the accompanying order blank. TAPPING OF PVC PRESSURE PIPE Pkaw wad nw updi to Same __________ Tuk Address Gty___ Zip/PoMiJ Cede Telephone' __ Staic^fovMcc . Country* _____ Reave indwaic to* lumber of VHS tapes y> lire reqwrwmf m the follow mg unfwfdii ______ En|k* French _ Spanish Mr check So. it enclosed SIAM per cops inj_de- poMu,-e and funding tie l S and Caned-an ordersi Trias Prudent* Add 115 Percent tilts Tit ImenuuunaJ order* muu be jnsampanwd to die fotiowwf ciurprs far ur service Cemril Amenta. Caribbean. Europe South America Avia Africa. Sovih Pacific SSTJU(iVmuppee SlOUVupe AI.I. f lUftflFN PAYABLE IN I S. FINDS PLEASE DO MIT SEND CASII Rease return this form to Ln Bell PVC Pigs Awxiauon :MS\UbCteck Umt. Suite *55 DallavTcsas H'U l SA CTL029118