Document kDkyMzQ7j2gRydbMVJnBQkzky

HNM-UIN TOOCOLOOY (tolsihm R & s 028201 Dhie. 19t{taA IM*|. Iln A|i *Uh E(d. um.l- Tor * polktaato prodicrd by exHnunt from malar trtleW ana btantto* *a* from /Ahmimftr. rirksn mason I*, ultra*** oxides and Amt ver* determined (SSli^ the NO)inula Ttiwl undrr tonetrectlo* ior the Tofcyo-Ka*^* 'aPSprennway. The pollutant* Obtained nar h blaetln* place shoved '~"'ht*h concentretlm* of rarbmi monoxide. nltra<n caldei and tho Amt, with Imli et 990*1,100 ppm, 10-99 ppm, and VI-. mt/at*. respectively. IMh remit* ver* <ki* to defective reidltollrti. 49940. MZRIOXA. K. 9,, and V. t ERMOUN3KIL O al-jrfcnyakh otrnnlcnjy* rhifyn eredl riedttelneklhh rabotnkov. (Caee* of m*rrtiry_ Htinlnc nmonc nudla* worhere.) SB NAUCH TR KUIBYSHIV MAu6h ^SSLtB Dist EPCDEMTOL GIG I. IMJ. lfdf. Tranalotod irom REF ZH OTD VW FARMAKOL KHIhCOTEX HtKWTVA Totcsrxol* IMf, No. 9.94.1J9.--Observation* worn end* at 4 anon of Kf point"Iny In iwdlcal pcrtonncl > a rooult at tafraetlai of 0*0 mlr* for vorhln* with appnrnto* coototoln* H*. The otadlno, which aero carried oat In several modlent Institution*, revealed tho punti of Ht In nnklnpi frdm equipment, valla. Boor* and la tko air of thn location. b a mmbrr of canto tho ceatoatratta of B* *t*oUteatoly cxcttdtd tto anxlaum alloomblo eoocotoratta. Wcrktsp vlth apjnrsia* entototo* K| an to a ceaatdontolo dupr,vh*a.tho roiw lor antor lechnkati on not uhaxnod. 4J94L IVANOVA. I A, and M. M, MXL'HDCDVA. (CoaL feaL Foot(rad. Mod., Moacav, USSR.) K yoprooo a ocstoysall xdoroe'ya cMkkn, ' ' ............................. "' illlena ol . riot. I ______ _ llaao cankiclod a I*T worker*, disclosed the presence of diftervat Mtrees of brmchUto. which *ifi obotrtnd b tasked and kmctlotal dlsontors of tko arrow system In tho form of racotnUro dyetuettoa. Tto effect of a motor of eubettncee, karlnc a etlmulatloR effect (neck to chiortoo and oalhtrm* eompounda) had a tlpiiflcaat roU In tto dmelopamnttohroncMtlc. Ouuipto occurrlsc In too nsms lyittn art coanoctod vhh tto tfftet of a complex of dmmlcnl mbetascm. -i. a a 43941. BUSHUEVA, T, L, E. A. ZABOZLAEVA, and A. To, YAXUBOV, K voproou o dttotrll jadokhlmlkator m akttrnoot' syrvotochayth tormentor I belkoewys kartl1nma krorLi. I[Thno action of chemical oI olntmo an tho Serum esrnm* sOccttmnlCitir and tto blood orotrto picturt.1 fR fpcBsrwsgnBH,rn118-142. iso*. Tranalatedlrom REF Z8 h> VYP rAHMAXOL KHH4JOTER SREMTVA T0KSIK04 1999, o. 9.94,939.' Whe* eottw woo beta* (prayed wRh arpnaptooptona bmecttoldca, lb* coaceitratlw of ttom to Ito air of tto varktoc aoao van 0.00002-4.083 np/1. b Ito air of warehouse locations It son 0.0000-0.003 Of/L WMa cotton no tooted vlth DDT from tractors, ton Cimceatjrailoa Of K U thn sir of tto werfctof oono * 0.003-0.04 mf/L Ninety poraoaa vtro examined bolero tbo beplsnlot of tto flotd vorh oaaoto toa too chemical potooM *t.r Mod had 31 noro ixomtood tor lot Ito soaow (4 of ttom acre varktoc wBb cbrmlwl potoaad for too lot time and tho rowUntor had wpoaaro hlstortoi bom 1 to more toa I pr). Boforr the bo*toalag of wk orpnopbopphoraa tooectleldno vara oat found to tko blood of tboao waoibitd. They vorv fmod to tbo blood of 90% of ttom torIn* tbo varktoc min. A tocroaoo van tetod to tto aoram tboUatouraao and atoatoo amtootnonferaoo. Tbor* vas also a toerwat la tto aanm albumtaa sod as locrtoao to tto (i and pan plbbalbio and la tto albumin-to-glolvlto ratio, b Ka of those onmlond tto tbpmal toot vu poottra. Tbooo raoalto ora onabatod os too raoaK of a dtoturtaoco of Urtr tetlom 43043. FOatOVSXK T. A., A. A FAUBTOV, sad A V. IVANGV. O poraimOtro I otocksall prctol'oo depooUmykh konUtntntaU towola, tobob, etQbcurol* 1 dMtllbontdto r rostolto prolzrodatrmutjkk pomOObchtnA fRorlov and rognomart of tto WUIrnm allovoblo XRtMtOrZR StESSTVA T0*31X04 1ML Xo. 4.S4.MB. --From tbo inerttare and txporlmcnbl data oa tto toalcctipficalc estimation of aromatic hydrocarbons, rftoctloo of tto nualaniu allovoblo corneastratlon to tto air of tod)atrial locatloaa la rocommnndrd an follow: brnitoo, from Kiel mc/m^ and tohraas bom 90 to 10. Ito maxlmam allowMr caMoafrotlw for othylbonaono as 9 mpfm* sad Id dlatbyltonaato 10 mc/m9 rtnfbn tto same. Wtoa estlnttno ore omd* d tto toxic ortlw of tto iubrtaacoa of a ato(]o bomolofmo sortoa, mrttods obanld to n*od vbtek or* adoqala ior this (reap of satotoaeao and ttay shmld to sand to all tto toboratortos dnel^taf tto wudamm Ulovobto ooaocotratimm. While Itolr ratos la tobf doddoA ttors na<vld to Ml^tmy conaldirollon of tto dtaleal smtortoL W43P44, PARAMOHCXIK. V. 14., tnd V. L PLATONOVA. O ferhtolanaT non oortoyaall prcbenl I (helixfm a Ida, podnorpyoWdifitoya roxdrtatrtya kblararpukbeekttk yadokklmbstor. iTtoctlimal attta tb ilvir piwai aB nalnw^ailipI*e3bmSbSUl.` iiat Wv 4**aw^h>m* ctawlfdl iwt*i5g%aj.wSS awSplaa cm mad tanctleaal Ms d tto llrsr aod slowA to 1* persons tudhf or|anocMoroao compouado CM3T. tooaehloeam, ny, sulfonate). Persona vttt a relitIrety short oerrlcn record tto*0 It yr) had torreaa*d acidic and prpobo*enoua fabric tincilona and allfhUy pronmneed dliordnrn of Ito IIerr bnrtton. inhlbRIon of tto acidic aod pcpilnoconaii nolrlc lunetloan, alenf vltt a narked dortnfcaiont of tto proleldtM, arhohydralr, plfmonlal, MHlcari aecrotory kfaction of the llir occurred In poraono vlth n tonf wi,ut record (In cxctnn of 10 yr) expantd to tUscU of erpnochlorau componndo.--C. K M. 43949. VtZtK, A. H.. and E. L FLOKHOVA. X oouknlyb ctoprrttmwnl'aol modell "lokolcheokafo nn*1onrrrora`, rowkiyintditpi Bel hhronlctoshom noadelstnll nA cr*nnlxm paver rlnlikMorlda. |Creuu of an oxporlmentol model'oftoxic anetoruurooW tortlooln* from lg` chrcnlo acHni o( nlatl chloride TOporn on an ornnlom.l C,k1 II------- * t>ROf ZABOL llf^i: 47-49. 1m.--In rah^ltt tto chronic ortlw of vtoyl chlorld* ropors at concentrations of 1-10 mc/lltor niton tto rate of cardiac rintractlone, disturbs ito electrical aod --rnrw-*l . actlrtty of tto heart, chaofco tto beat of naxlamm ortertol Used pleasure and cosine a retocucn la tto rat* of Uorar blood Bov. yv cbaofw dnncrkod la Ito Ixoctlcea of tto cordtoeascular nyeteie bttt toortootattl rabbit* todteat* that tto model ettt* ^ttrtocy WMk denelop* from tto chronic actios of vinyl chloride os or^utom on be aeekl hx atodytof peeatloas to ft* pattofweato and experl^mtil therapy of tcndc oaflm**reals. 41944. CRATSUNIEATA, 4 X., sad E. X. SOLOV'EVA, prkktoe dtttarael tonalIdeoatl frl hhroafctosklkh prufwrliwrnykh lnfiw*bxiii nakh. [Reaeima tor arolweed totalldlem durtor chrmlc msiivi totmieklL|~dloft(pHo7Ub6C enm.1--CUeVtotorle* of 1IT poeooaa tocspacOstedby chronic pebwto vlft HO, maottoe, beniwe eabrtaacea dad Pb wr* anolyxed totoitto ' from tto toftonlif of tonalIdlem). no fcUov-op period aveiofW A9 yr. bnsotfmUow ebovsd porsUtaaca of dtotool *fi--[kw to pouioataf deopSa dtoeoattaostlw of aoy anwaara to the effects r twic Mbettaces. CXanes reepsnetbt* for ft* conUomd todMAml* trttoed and antratnsd tor nev oea^ttoaa var* am]yaw. A medical appraodi to treatto* Iheoe 1 froepa of tnfUnfx van ooc^tsi -CAE 43141. APEL* TO. A. IttUrtoly k toksfkoloftS aekotcrykh |--------- - ,, ebaykh profttoor prt prolanodotne lnopraaonofo tnachaka. (jxtoaWto on tto toxic*-cm of some tattmdlat* orothrta to tto arottteuw m ~' loopreno febbim.l ft HAtldTW mfefcV HABerf-IBLtft flJP EpeM14161, 9. 97-M. 19M. Promt BEFZHOTDVTP PARMAXOL KXDfXJrKX SREDOTVA TDKS0C04 l***, Xtt UUX 4394A KILLER, J, R., X. A P. SCtULLDfO, and J. X. 94000. (London 9ch. Hyp, and TTOp. 14*4., Loedan, Em4 UK.) Ocfeiatliwl tale tocta to mortal#n from earowrr heart dtomos. BRfr medT H(SWlt~14H, Bias.' IWT^Botvoan'Ha oadltte 43% <4333 dmtbs of amle verkars qipwod to caibm dlrmlDdo to 1 vtoeeso (ton defer1m to Eagttnd and Wkleo war# cortUtodlo eortmary toait dtooaae ccumxrod vhh 34% of Ito dmtlm tofts rttorvortere of ta at apa. 17% of tto dnaito to other local men. and 14% to ton Roftotrar General's Tablet. Of oma vlh momflma Wyr toftorwm todtetry *a*loyad to 1 of tto tortqrtoo, ttoo* mp,anf to rarbm dtalOdn tad dnatt rata from coroeary toort dan tils mo IWdam 1994 S 1/1 tltai that of tto after vmkora. Thto rrtaac* of ea oceepoftooel rl* *f cvaoiy bout diemso from lw*-t*rm iipninn V lav csaemtrattaa of CS* and etrm*c*t to ft* 1940* sad ettat to Ittt-O; * my refit* to vartlm* pbud e ami>1*1 ftmtaxlnapr tiro hlnrbemteal nod morbidity ntrnry* of apesed vurkor noodoA naaetmy also thrwll|btoa Boaoiol tooaoaef a ola and corcmry heart dtooaaa.--3. W. A 4994A ZAEVA. G. X., L p. UtANOVA (BkoC InL By*. -___ ______ _ Acad. Mod. Srt. USSR, Moseov, UR.), and I. A. DUEVA. htttorMy koTnopmaetArovhfactmtooo-y-etros*fprvrutddxnhl'aisoe-djakchp-pu--ot-l-ma--n-o-n-ih_l-coih_ne_etoi.laeLstfrfaaltmtoettU_o_r{nteo.rlo*. n*t_ol'_dr_t_s_di__a_ _ tta of ft* anxltal oermleeible cwecvtraUoa ef fermoldtbnde to tte OB'of Imketrtol eetabltohmeateil CIO TR PROF ZABOL lZOk U-ll>. 190a. (Ea*L aa|~la a coneestratloa to I mf/cubic m loromldehyd* proAiee* renersl talc and Irrltatlii effect* sad awn amaUeetstta* of seneItbutten. Clinical aid byitoalc abaematita and* to a motor to voodvoekto* aad textile todbetrlnn frmmOtot ttat so tbo level of 9 m*/cabU m tormtid*brdi men eked irrtottato ft# oppm rooptntay tract aad toermaad ft* toddoac* to dk ooioa* vmkoro. Tho w.Tinnl pormtoetdo emrwdrollm to I oboeld borwkeed to 9.9 ^/exbk rn.--C.lt. IA 49I9A LOPKZ-AXXALDKLAMa, UJB ( BUtoo, 8pxto.), aad ISAAC FEXXANDEZ toARTW OUXlZa Xaona eccmblisosvtwo eMxvuadeoctBoBmaarrmali dp<ot tales y motto, (Ponsdotomocal tsams I.s....b..t...t.a..l.c...u...d....t.e...d...b..L..l ENPXRMTORAX 1UTV lH-USTnu. lKip^Tpse i to a 94 yr tod Mhbw vortm m dtoeoneredaSer totodi I to tto rnhkm tottmfry fcv 19 yr. IKM-llHH TOXJCOIOOY, OXNCRAL IVoL 48] |IM US* of tt* rat* of k>> o( lindane from both lejt and |1' .-'irlae** u taflametd by temperature nd humWty.--Author*. J3233I. ETPE1XT3, H. H. K yoproeu o pnm emertl prl alxegol' a_mA nc.'TufnlL' I The itrrf'lrm of Ihf ramt of death In alridiolle drunk enness 1 TR LtWcnUn IflST (SdVTnEft VflACH 4 TM1.----- TW87"Frr-t; RET 7H OTD VYP FARMAKOL KHTMIOTER SRED6TVA TOKSUCOt, 1X1, No. 12.34.10M. (Translation)--A description I* given of the angtotropfc edema of lb* *ofl Delate and mill occurrliv repeat edly In (object* observed after nervous itlmulatlon and alcoholic drunkemese. It la itoiiM that the cause ef death In alcoholic Intoxication la same persona can be mechanical asphyxia. 123333. TEREKHOV, Ts. A., and E. 8. LEVASHOV. Ekranlrovannay* alravochnxya kamera dlya tokslkologlehetklkh I fuiologteheahlkh taalsdorantra. IA screened chamber for exposure to toxic substances for toxics loci, at anTphraloIoatciTsi^Ih.I TRUmi HAUCH-liiSLEEmWT CKT VH07 ZABOL r J. JH-ISSnSMl IN7], From: REF ZH OTO VTP TARMAXOL fOHMIOTEB SREDBTVA TOISIKOL: 1M8. No. I.M TH. 132314. TOSTANOVSKAYA, A. A.. V. S. LAFCHENKO, V. E. BOWENKO, V. I. SVATKOV, and C. P.EGOttOVA. Nekotory* dannys o kmMntrbrannom'detsMI smest DDT I khtorofoaa * oatrtxa *kapartmesta. (Some dal* at the combined action of * mixture of DDT and chlarophos tn scut* experiments.! In Gtgtsn* pitaaiyv I "The Sygiene of nafrttlorCI IGev. Isl-lhJ. 1SW. From: REF ZH OTD VTP FARMAKOL KHDGOTER SREE6TVA TOKSJKOL, IMS. No. 3.S4.8M. (TranaUtton)-' Sa DDT and chloropho* were (Iran one*, separately or mixed, Intro^-strlcslly, to rata at 1/1 of the LDjO Th* rata were klllsd II ml*. .ater oho* marked eymptom* of polaor.lns had developed. Thera was rise in the blood outar of all A* animals, especially those Kiras chtoropboe, in which It reached 134.4 mg%; there *as a reduction In th* Avar glycoge* concentratloo which wan traataat In rats (Ivan chloropho* UM%) and least In rata given DDT (3.(8%); there wan a reduction In th* concentration of Bpids, chiefly In the aonn fanclcslntn whan th* roUturv was (Iren; th* mixture also dtcreaaad th* ehollnesttm* activity of th* erythrocytes hot !* than DOT alone, while chlormphon alone Increaetd It* acttrlty. Is nil th* rata hlatoleflcai ntodla* allowed generally marked hemodynamic dlaorder*. The dttferoncoa la th* action of chloropho* and DDT |tm aspantcly from the action of th* mixture *r* am^taalaad. 1333*1, TC6TANOVSKAYA, A. A., V. . LAFCHENKO, V. L SVATKOV. G. F, EGOROVA, and V. E. GORCTENKO. (Kiev Ron. last. Nutr. Hyf., Kiev, IBSR.1 O kombtalrovanaoni detatvll COT t kklorofoaa, ttofoai 1 kblorofosa. fComhtaed action of DDT with chloropho* and of thlophos with chloroohoa.l 7up HIah 37(3): S-7j. IMS. [togl- sum.)--Teat* wera conducted In nlblno rata by lasUtutlac acuta, subneut* and chronic experiments with peroral Introduction of th* poisons. LDyo was adopted as an tatttal doe* in ths mixture* takas at a ratio I: I. Witt a single tntrockictlo* of th* mixture compelstate DOT and chloropho* tter* la in antagonism with prevalent action of Chiorophoo, whareaa la mvhlpl* admlalatrattos, DDT appears prottoalnant. Th* minor* of Udoptan with chloropho* M mora potant than ooch on* of than* substance* taken !ndlvtdu*D7.--Author*. mss*. VAZDt, A. N.. and E. L PLOtOtOTA. dun. bd. Ryg. Occup. Dts., Got Id, USSR.) K patofonas* aabolrvanlya, month syushrhagn prl khronlchsokom vosdelatvli na otpnlta khiortetogo vtnlla. (Pathosesoatn of a dlaanna. davaloptng dunac chroxdc action of vinyl chloride on theor53am.| VAHUtBL~TOBnBL~>Ip); WWtt IDnE------- Isll. [EngL sum.]--Tests worn condartait la rabbits to study ths bio electric aedetty of th* brain cortex, anterior and posterior group* of th* hypothalamus nuclei, alone with ft* palse, arterial proseur* and circulation rale during chronic peleon)ng* of animal* with vinyl chlor ide (la n concentration of t--10 mg/llter. Evidence wnn produced chowlog that, parallel with chances Is ths bioelectric activity (nfpsaraacs of 8-rhythm* with a frtgutacy of aboM 10 psr/ssc, rtatac moan bioelectric activity of th* anterior and posterior group* of th* hypothalami* sue1st) there appeared also change* is the etrcuttttaa function* under study, ft It Inferred that la the mechanism* underlying th* devolopmsot of pathology secondary to a chroste effect at vinyl chloride * dsflalt* role la played by th* functional comSUon of the hypothalamus.--Author*. 133307. VINOKUROVA, M. K., ud 3. A- STEPANOV. Tokatkofegtcheakaya kharaktsilstlka gertftsld* khlorailaa. (A toxicological character isation of the herbicide chloraaln fl-chloro-4.*-6C*-dtethylamino airiarincl.l in: Helen* 1 toketholoclT* peacllsido, t hiuuxa otrarUatya. [The hygiene nod toatcology of peottddn and ctintcal aapectn of poison ing.) Zdororya; Kite. 4. 173-173. 1*44. From: RXrZHOTDVTP FARMAKOL XHtMtOTBR EldDSTFA TOXSIXOL, 1000, Ho. 2.M.0C7. 1333M. WEDCTEDf, f. (VaidortUt tMv. Mod. Sch., Naahrtllo, Team, tSA.), L. WlLLfUTE, H. A. KLAUSNER, and M. HEIMBXRG. Thomqulrement of free fatty adds for th* fatty Brer of CCla IntoxlciBoC woe sac ni> aoi wui inai iso-ih. tn*o. iwi:ui*ra laolsmd mrglcaUy Worn normal ammals and from ram tmorleMnd with CClg were portae 3 la vitro with a nMm Ms which pahnin* MM wo* bttmnd ctmOxsosKly. liver* from normal rata were slo* trnstad wttt CCI^ m ettra by dOod adttUoa of tt* ehlnrtasasd hydrocatlma M Em medium. Under thee* condition*, poisoning with CClg resulted la la. hlMtlon of net release of irtglycerMe by the liver Into the perfusate " and simultaneous accumulation of triglyceride In the Over. These j cbnervallon* support th* hypothesis that the tally User of CClg Is Icatlon results primarily from Interterenrr with the biochemical met*, antsma involved In formation and releaa* of the triglyceride la th* eery low density lipoprotein of the serum.--Author* 13a. ZYADRAROVA, S. A., M. N. KUKUNA, and F. V. TEPLTUOVA. (Leningrad Sanll. Byg- Med. Inst., Leningrad, USSR.) Clglen, tthcakay* I Ichalkotogtcheahaya kharaktertatlka preparal* hhtorld chetrertichnogo anusoalentgoosseeaidys. (Hygienic and tondeolmic features of as ammodam strachtorld* base compound. I CTC EiRTr ():~Hni. lUi*. ~IWE. fC^L b^ujI-Ei^rtmeMinnTeatlyatlom Of a possible effect produced by th* compound 34 (ammonium tetractm. Id* bast) on organoleptic propertle* of tester, th* sanitary regime ef water bodies sad tto Mats of experimental aatmaln In scute ami thnm ssattary tmdcologlc test* shows* thst coeietntratlona of ttts --i*[ei^T occwrtnf th th* water as n datsrgeot, shout* b* Bmlted according mm sttset o* th* ssattary raglms. Us rvcommendtd maximum permtesaw ccscemysttos la wMsr hodMs in sst at a Isnl f Et9 ng/Wit,^^, FOOD HJOSKIZE, ADCT7IYT8 AND FRZSEXVATtVn pas also Food Technology; 'Ystertnsry ToMcolagy' mxder THtalm General; 'DMatsctlon mad Vector Control partsdee feetlcldmr snder Mite BesRh; ~basrtfcldes: Chemical mf fhyslcat Ceotrol, Afgantad* u*dtt Trnsmstr Entomology Oaclndso *----j UM BAYZER, I . (Blot, Foeadnmg OMStistihlo. nckstoQ, A A, Um, Austria) '-- f gsnafltWfvs EiMImmmig *o* CMseekm- IncMottdfaMologfschsaMxtertaL fDstocdonanddeantftstleo Mon of cMorochoMn chlorlds In MMqglcn) mstsrtaLi HUHA'IUl LUtl wts): mnpr iw7rr . sam.}--A msthod tor isoMtmudtm tttaUv* dstsimlnsMon of m n amomtn ef chlosoehotlas chlortsa (CCC) extracted from grssa s, fruits, pun, straw, floor, etc. ts deecrtbsd. Quateroary Isa compounds sra separated by tm sxchswgs rnlunis teoUttcs ef CCC by preparative this layer chromatography on csDales* layar* Is lotlowwd either by a gaaxtttatlvs coloetmetrlc stathod aamg todla* Tugaa* or by a mg. gunstttattv* chrometogyapMc method os csDslons thin layuya.-- lxekm t 1333(1. BOGO, iOHN C. ir^ FAMES E. HXX3X3, and ERIC Au ROBERTSON, Jr, (HsmkU OE sad Rstlalag Co* New Orleans, La^ OA.) Chlorinated peeUctd* tovate m th* eastern oyster (Cra Ttrelatca) trem setacted arena * the South AUantlcand goI7h wane ushitt i(H:vn. iir.~o/*gri w*r* collected ( eetuartn* arms la Bonth Carettm, Goorgla, Florida, Mississippi, LouleUs*, aad Thai and tMlyxsd lor pssoctds reeldee*. Festtetm level* were determined by the electron raptan gx* chroaxatography method and wars ccnllrund by thin tayar ckromaiography and dualcolsmh slsctron capture gas rm nmol igraifty. la general, chlorfmaas poeticMes war* slthsr not dstsctsd or war* loaad at iwlautsly low lent* ts aampUs eoDsctsd from tto Attaatlc aad Gall Coast anas. Of a total of 133 mmp'ss, t4.T% samttssd I sr more p* <tleldss; NJt cliststs>l I or mniIUI cssfalnod I or more; 33.3% tm talnod 4 sr more; sad 31 mMileef 3 or mors. Th* (erel sf eraaH vlty for pestleIds rasldsse was Ut ppm: lent exa-retaUca was kstworn epraylag xperatlos* sad psebclits loesls hi ths oyster*. 7 133331. CASPER, VICTOR L. RMf Const Mar. Stalth geL Lah, Dsnptdn Islsad, Ala, USA.) Calveslon Ray ptoUcMa stndy; watar and oyster sample tnalyaed foreeeucldi reeimxe7Jlow{ng moeoab cm^tww^rygrBCWown i;>h - EG^rir..V?c=~ psipoas of tils study wes ts determine ths offset d Increased petttxth applicailosa m ths Hasston area m ahslinah aad aksfllina grtmlsg waura of Oatvastca Bay. Ths etsdy tw timinrted Mrtag the tan sf IWf RMosingd Isrgv-Scale mnsMltocsMrsI program ta the Hoastoa arts. Water sad osytei mrnplea earn collected m 8*pC and Oct. >3*4, dome and altar the moaxplt* cMrd oprraitoaa. Oyster samptes csOnctad h this study *m tmpnrad to samples cxxtlectsd from April lojsfy 1304, prior to ths moaqxxito operatVns. Aastyse* iMladed deUrmtasttos sf torols d BRC-UnMae, DDE, SOT, dtaldrta, sodrta, hspttcklor, aldrtn, chkmMne, hsptachlor spaxids, seethnaycMor, timpliai, sad Trllhion. Pesticide lrw'j were determined hy ths aae ef elsetroa captate gas-liquid ehrcmalar raphy, withthlalayer ckru^lograptiy for tnMltmsIltm. FesMclM leant* U both water and oyster* were low at an ttmte. The Mta latfMhtt ltttla sr ns iacraas* hi terats ds* ts th* ccotref tttpta b Houston.--Author. t 133333. DUQOAM.R.E. (Food aad Drag'AdmM^, Washlsftsa, aC. USA.) Chlortasled pesticide restdus* In flat* milk and other Miry product* CUm Ual&JBbiU*. VUTIC1KJHIT J t(lh The flaAsgs an ii,3M ohjecbvu msyir* of milk aad dUry product* smmlned b the P.. Ford and Drag Admmtstratum from finitely sad Unpsctsd kda darlag ttn period itdy 1, IPS, thrsagh ;> IS, IMS.amrayerte3. A--Hetty Mths ssswfis tsmmi' nekmu. Rmldees *C DOT. tl. TDK, fleidrm. hsptn R&S 028202 . JRTltol TOOCOLOGT Mill-Min R&S 028203 UIM ltne**. dryr>cie, only *BpM tendency <* Maxeralltm *< I n^aclty of uspension, hydrophobic, preclpttltlnp silicic acid ) mKi tart* dm! concentrations In the cine of open Mndltap. i require* certain protective measures.--J, W. S. jllll. BAGROVA. M. D., and R. V. TEPLYAKOVA. (F. P. nun Uokci Rea. Insl. Hyp.. Moscow. USSR.) Prctllakltti pvolricml'aykh ubo'rvinii le;W v uslovtyalh praicvodslva novykh tamtrtoeklkh eeihchestv. | Prerenllon o> occernttccal dtsenes ol .wits u the production ofne-w chemical subetancesT] KTDTHED GUI lit-Hi- iSSh. Itn*l m.J--Hcw chemical eubetancr*. attrilea and amines, are derlvaUvce at laity odd*, the ftiystcoClascal properties ol etdch are null not adequately studied. Aeewd. M M th* literature antiwd exert a marked eltect on the skis, Irritate ' moo membranes, In prttcular Uw eye* and opper rceptralory ood, ant are endowed with a prcal tealcity. Worker* [111] were faamlaed at a ptaat where tat-lubstltoUl wore eyntheaUad. la 11.1% j tarea occupnUooal diseases at Use kla were <OBnd. hi Industrial towRtlM the beet treatment waa achieved with pats on a soap baste, latyetkylene film la the beat material lor Dm mumfactime ol ^oWiUn flO*e*.--C. II N. atm. ANTUNTUZHENlfO, V. A. O profess!orwl'not Istokstkatstl . nmlkhlsrtdom. lOccspallonel pdaontna by elnyl ehlortde.l QC r ya PROP ZABOt HOfc TEST llisfctep&BWtto wrigumtirtid n workers who were eererety pcSscmsd by rlnyl chloride. Oaty Ho Bidteetatlon oI the ft ape i at potsootnp, woo completely m 0ruble. pepMRsp with etapo n, the majority of pcUonfnp maaUestattaae tteWad potrly to trcumsR. la a nbMt ol cacao, the poteonlap mo a peprweetee process, aotwtthetaadtap the cisaaUon cf the ccntact Ip ta* tadc eotntancw atd lutemlre treatmeat.--Auth. aim. traoeL II1J1. COMBA. C. Oral. Mac. Med. Seper. Trab., Madrid, Spue.) Deocteea al eatndio de la locapacldad laboaal en loe oeewocaRdttcw IRady el work disability la pMomocoRosta,] MED SCOUR TRAB QIA1SQU) IWO/Uj- 'BSLBr. lib*. IWJrscd. 1MB], (EapL, Pr. aid Cer. *um.}~Ia the abeeoce ol ewbetaRlal ctaopeo la breatblap reactty. erpoeptrooMtiy la aa Indupenelble tackntqwo for delsrmlmap eerk suability- TM carrtlatlm Ulweon woikMp kMUty and ckwiped a Ike etatlc aad dynamic vstoes oI maximum beeathtap cajectty wma iuRR by determtnatloa R the rarlowe eardlopelmnmry parameter* Un etable etate R the overload. TM reetlu are preeeated. -J.W.S. MSM. GABOR, S., T. FRITS, aad Z. ANCA. Rnetlt. Hyp, Clat am.) Ceatribeuaa a 1'etuR do metabollame Bptdtque dea pooaaoao aa a eillcost experimental*, chex la rat. fTM study cf the Ipd lUSahim U rat hmpa dartup experimental tlBcaelSn ahuM mAL WOT MED TTOEV mrOH ,VXtm'*U-Ul~Tam. 1M--Rata eWek aaee mode eUfcotlc by latntractoal tnettUaUoo of 40wp at nrt> tbueed cMapie to the mqmtK activity during otBca foniMtlM. Add Irm alter an tattlal decrease shows aa tscrenod ttpotjrttc aettvtiy dels* Re slaps of sstabBabsd silicosis, la the same way, the Bps. poets.B^se ahowu Increased activity derisp eatabUstod slBcmts [tsvlap sresemsd osctUadeu Is tM early stipes <p tM expertmetal nmssej. As tor the pstmcaiary aconltass. Its sdtrtty decruses. The rate el trss tatty aeidp Is tM pelmonary tissue stays appreciably wnl; os tbs ether Msd there Is s soticeeble decrease cl tMee oR R tbs bleR serumthruuphoR the erelaPlan el the sUtcoRe.--ft. C. TETER1KART TtrOCOLOCT URL CLARIS, r. 0. C. (Roy. TM. CotL, Lanka, EapL, UK.) MwdVf In ths ptp trwlewl. BRIT VET J UK*); 1BS-M. t l. FRIES, & F, C. S. MARROW, and C. B. GORDON. IMn. Bmb. Rm. Dlv., BsttsvIUe, ML. USA.) Comparative tat am R tetsatea R DOT analopa by dairy coeon jiAUtT StJ milk 1*00-1fun. Ume. rimJ..Area tnasif > cows sack i_ _ I ** mp of m-DUT, pvp'-DCO, or p,pLCDE par dky for SO days. rmrmtntlono of Um con sounds la nth fR approached, but Ad sot amRl lot-orMr tanuo. The Utttal partial cmceidralloao of tM Mtarm am Ml. 9.11, wR Ml ettk raise RdecBao of T, 41, aad RT pscMy far p^'.CDT. p,p'-tX, aad p^'-GOK, raepoettvetp. puttal concentratteao cf Re Sod term were 0.M, aflS, y*. R'h ntoo of dtettno of IJ, S.t, and U1 per day, ruepoctlvely. NUT. WORD, J. D., U C. MARTIN, D. L. WILLIAM^ E. L V^MIO, R. J. RAMCIERA, T. t. MELSOH, and A. D. TILLMAN. M*tn. ScL, Obta. IMe.. NlUeeter. Okla., tBA.) Useetmactty gnototMMstne. JANOfSa ltd) TM-ltl. DIR. nm--, r itimn mil elm fsndbjr i wllh area at a level ol 0.44 pmAp body wctcM- BymfSome ol area IteAcIty squared within 10 min. This Irralment proved fatal lo cows which had been previously tinted and then administered a IT /* aotsHan gf acetic add at the rate ol 1 mnles nt areilr arid per mole at urm. A method waa developed for handllnp prernaM cows to obtain Mph blood NHj-N levela lor a short period C time be to keep the cows alive. Cows were fed a poor-quality prate bay up to the time at ores administration. Four hr prior lo urea administra tion, they swrs ted praln eorptm at a level of i pmAp body welpht tor a standard welpM at lit kp wtlh adjustment for premier welphso helnp mads on the boats of W TCkf. When acetic add waa plven at the rate o11 moleo/nsole of area at 1$ min and at the rats of 1 mole/ male of urea 1*0 mla altar tM area was admlrostered the arnmals Survtved. tMap ttda procedure. It prepnanl cone went Lrealsd and only 1 death occurred. Treated cows end Uietr Mired core role were kept under rspular mnnaptmtnt conditions tor another 11 me. and treatasoat tad so affect so number of calves been, birth wdpfct, weantop wetpM ol tM calves, or wetpbt ebanpea and robrsedup parformaacs <f tM COWS.--J. W. B. f Ml**- CARR, 8. B. (VI. Mytacb. lost., Blacksburp. V., USA ), and DCN R. JACOBSON. Bovins ohrsloloplcal responses to tunc tsocuc oM rotated conditlaoo toe appucattoa to a tamsoay. J PAMT RI milt uri-iR. Ivor.-- r^sioloplcai resposses wre otv osrvsd ta <S mats Holateta eahss la mostly paired niminrUins far the ultimate dsvelopnwR of a amtable btosasay tscMlpus for iescse tadclty. TM offset* o' omvlronmsidaf temperature, level at feed tmte orthardprsss os r\la lempsratmu <d the distal perilos of tM tall Mrs iseutifsd. To Si1% tthsaol extract from hale fswctn caimaP a etprtflcaat deems* fa tall temperaturs, whereas aostoac orchsrdpr*s* Cf id. Borne din*reams la Mart aad respiration rales occurred. Mdtipl* correlation and repress!on taalysls Indicated thu room tom. poraturo aad lovol of food tataM explained (7% uf tM eanattm la cMly mem sfcta temperature of tM tails at tM twtomls ta a room utta eoattaum atr moremotp. Complet* maoval of feed from tM aalaaM for 1 mail* Mfosw obtainap miaautamanta also cauotd reduced tall temperature. Mart rate, and rseptratlae rau. TM moot coosUtoM rospotma dutevaacas betsuia presumabty tone aad aeattate worn Iddklmd tM My of treatmeat for Istrapsrttoneal odmtsMtratlce and tM day fotlewlop tmtmsot far oral adminstratioo. TM aeoay Mucadur* described omploytap Ms lamp**atiae appssrs to M tM moat dUcitmtaotMc for doRctlap reduced Mood How reauMap from tM admtaMnltoa o' txtraete of tmdo laecaa. tSUSS. MOUNT, DONALD J,, aad CHARLES F.STEFHAX. (Nat. Water CoRr. Lab., Duhdh, Mim., URA.) CbroRetwactty w MesptabU teacaR ccneoatratlaB at coppmr far tM IRMad rntm-ew R lo ^nmv (as g*cta^) uao toead to b* betsees OlU and PUT cf tM **-M Tla-[msiSaa tolsrasco laltri vehm, tap ourvtvi ~ sad rifrwfctlos to *w*uR sflsct. MaaSarBer stmty tl factor te coppor ta nRar Rib aa BDTA Mrdam R SM <* CaCt^) was toead to M Mtessa AOl aad OlsI fm tM Mppasttaae are mads IMt aboaM lncnaa* tM aemiacy af Mare dstarmtaattaa ct appRcattoa lactose. ssua diatzer, r. h., a bandy, m. wilet, sad a. r. roote. (Apr. Baa. Bsrr, Albany, CaKf., UHL) AttMmda sOscta U ponRrr. FROCSOCEXP BIOL MED Ul(4fc Tf*l~TlTI 1111--'i~T|il'iiimlta etRy eea mads ef tM offset of pradad levels tf dlstary altatmim mi tM psrtomaucs of brettare under slmalaUd practical roodltloa*. Ns advare* effects wsi* dstsctK ebae a nttoe cootabdap 400 ppb aDbIRs rw> Md to Arbor-Acre* broDsv ekicks from 1 day to P ?* of apu At MjMr level* (MO aad ISM ppb) adsarao liter offsets wore detect^, Meed ea btacMmteal aad MRRopfcal studlm. By cMmMel M*]yR% so evKtaee* at aDatcecU mi hamd ta tha mset, Rvwr or Mood ef trotlore tad 1B00 p(t> for Pd Rye yrtw to sWnphtft. par ta Re sppo. at. Ever, or blood ef WMta LeRnra Mm tad a venae ooRalatap *T00 p|ta afMoula far a ported of 4S Rye. - t SSISI. STUDOER, EUGENE B., and A. A. fRESQUEfL (BloL Dew, *- R IPphtaarts Umv., Lao Yepms, M. Iba, 1B&.) Carbon RmgR. i^merkoalam ef ammaiU totariare bi^diirwnil^ECinggf HDT cwteeRk URr mixtures, C0| I* paeReolfiSfalMd ta aeRroBM akaB mamas leowltap fromWamd There la aoctamp* la Mood CO|taeoto to bams aile LKUOtoeeetots, Mfatts toafRM. toe to ReRve COv retkofimfis clearly related to T ssua. RM KAMFEN, mmm. mwr. mm. Bare, UB. D*. Apr., Lopu, Utah. UHL) AcR* RMdm pstemMc Reprinted from AMERICAN INDUSTRIAL ItYCIENE ASSOCIATION JOURNAL Volume 30, NovernWr-Drictiiber, 19S9 I Monitoring Exposures to Vinyl Chloride Vapor: Breath Analysis and Continuous Air Sampling R&S 028204 EDWARD D. RARETTA.* RICHARD D. STEWART, MJ>,* end JOHN E. MUTCHLERf Department of Environmental Medicine, Marinette School of Rriitix, Miimculee, Wht'tmin, , and F.nviionmfntol Health Settioa, Biochemical Research Laboratory, The Dow Chtmitol Company, Midland, Michigan Q An environmental survey was -jol 'ucted to determine tk time-weighted average exposure (TWA) ol a gtv.-v d rornlnl plant workers to vinyl chloride (VO) vapor. Thii survey featured .'junta r;: ;tr. >:r< sir omptimg and analysis using an infrared spectrophotometer, i at inhalstu i exposure dzu wen digitized end record* ed on paper tape far suk-quent computer analysis and dcrivaticn of dally TWA values for each worker, A :*eath sampling program' was conducted concurrently with the environmental survey, and a series of breath decay curve* relating pastexposure breath concentration to vapor exposure were derived from the data. To validate the breath carves derived f-om on-the-job data, postexpor ire Wtath curves were also constructed from breath data obtained following experimental human exposures to carefully controlled concentrations of VQ vapor. The close agreement between poslexposurr breath concentrations at the corresponding TWA's obtained by each of the methods suggests that e'ther continuous sir monitoring or breath analysis is valid for estimating the worker; individual daEy exposure M VC1, and provides further evidence that breath analysis b t useful industrial hygiene technique for evaluating vapor exposure. Introduction '"PHE QUESTION THAT MAY ARISE A following an environmental survey is whether the chemical va|>or concentrations measured arc truly representative of the ex posure Lcing ex|>oricnccd by the workmen. Eva' taiion of the ranges of atmospheric concm,rations and estimates of time-weighted average concentration (TWA) are all too often hased cm a few spot samples obtained under conditions which arc not representa tive of all phases of a given operation. A inure exact measurement of vapor exposure would have to he based on continuous moni toring of air in tile workman's breathing zone during his entire work sltift. Obviously this task is made difficult and often inqsossiblc TfcU luiferr pffvhtfi) ai tW Awririg IikHmimI (dihlrrfiitf, Si, |amk. MlmtHri, Mw 13*17. I'Wl, *Maiqiir(tf S<b*4 *4 ltirtraibr, t,!l^ -- tlhr 1W Chruiieal Cam|uy, MmIUiO. MaiKu, by the large number and variety of tasks per formed by today's modem chemical plant worker. -' Recent improvements in automatic moni toring and data processing equipment have provided a means for a more satisfactory so lution. Sequential samplers and aiitomatk* analyzers and rceorders can now hr used to continuously monitor several locations or operations to provide Ihorc valid 'data ou which to base estimates of chemical exposure. Computers can he utilized to manage the large volume of data generated by continu ous monitoring.1 Meanwhile a technique has been u> der de velopment which more precisely defines the level of individual exposure. The realization that the total body burden of a volatile chem ical is directly rrkted to its concentration in expired air led to tin- devdo|uent of terli- niquet for rollrrting .and analyzing breath samples useful in estimating the inore indi- 537 538 Navcmbet-Dttfcmbet, R&S 028205 vidualizcd cxjxisurc cx|>ciicmc of each work man. Studies by Stewart el at. ** have shown that the excretion or "decay" of vajxsr in the breath can be used to characterize the ex posure. Breath decay curves constructed for several chemical solvents have proved clin ically useful as an index to chemical, expo sure. These breath decay curves, for the most part, were constructed from poslrxposurc breath data obtained front experimental hu man exposures to carefully controlled and relatively constant vapor concentrations. However, breath decay curses have recently been constructed from breath data collected from workers whose work environment was being continuously monitored.* In this study of human cxisosiirc to vinyl chloride (VC1) vapor, breath decay curves constructed from data obtained during ex perimental exposures to the relatively uni form concentration within an exposure cham ber were compared with those derived at the theoretically equal, but broadly fluctuating, concentrations encountered in a chemical Procedures Monitoring the Plant Alnwrphcte The chemical installation surveyed was a closed structure housing several separate chemical processing operations. First, a job survey was conducted for each of four job classifications to determine the work areas frequented by. the workmen and the time they spent in carh area. For each job classification, five sampling probes were strategically placed in the work area. A sixth probe was placed outside the building, and charcoal and silica gel filters were, placed in the sampling line to assure a clean air reference. Tltc sample probes were 5/16-inch I.D. Saran tubing through which air samples were drawn by a vacuum pump at a rate of 175 liters/min to a centrally located infrared spectrophotom eter. The spectrophotometer was equipped with a 10-meter path-length gas cell sensi tive to 5 ppm of VC1 at a wavelength of 10.63 microns. The VC1 concentration was linearly related to absorbance up to approx imately 1000 ppm. plant atmosphere. A measure of the validity of continuous monitoring data and the use fulness of breath analysis in assessing timeweighted average cxjxmuic was reflected by a close similarity between the two sets of breath decay nines. A schematic diagram of the sampling sys tem is shown in Figure 1. Sampling was ex ecuted sequentially with a set of six two-way solenoid valves controlled by a timer which advanced the sampling location every 5 min utes. A visual account of transmittance was recorded on a strip chart recorder. Mean while the data were recorded in digital form on paper tape by a tape punch and digitizerprogrammed to record three equally spaced transmittance* during the last half of each 5-minute sampling period. The transmittance data furnished by (lie spectrophotometer was converted to absorb ance and reduced to concentration according to Beer's law: moNW tTaw-atwMTto man urosiMt am Wtm fi MW HKMStlW SUtlM i r, * W* *wt twf wwt M towWW I MUf wt KtWMf Fmub* 1. Schematic diagram uf the infrared eontimtous rannhoring system. where A *Vi A'* Afi i A , (X,-X) A*Logy,100--(X-*-;---X-- "=) sluartuinv -- basr-linr resjmitM'. = response at total absorption. = response at location i. 2. 3, 4.5, 6. American Industrial Hygiene Association Journal 539 Finally, where K C C=KA = a proportionality constant, = concentration The taped data were processed by a Bur roughs 5500 computer at The Dow Chemi cal Company Computation Research Labora tory. The computer was used to calculate the mean and standard deviation of concen trations at each location for each 8-hour work shift. Finally, time-weighted average concentrations were calculated for each job classification using the time-locatioit data obtained from the job surveys. As described elsewhere,* the weighted percentage of time during which concentrations exceeded sev eral prechosen levels was also computed for use in establishing exposure profiles. Figure 2 describes the exposure profiles (frequency distributions) for the four job classifications studied during this survey. These profiles show the percentage of time that concentrations exceeded the ' levels shown. They summarise several tens of thou sands of individually measured concentra tions and reduce them to single curves. Fig ure 3 shows the corrective trend brought about by actions undertaken to reduce the atmospheric concentration of VC1 over the 7-month period during which the study was conducted. Only two job classifications war ranted extensive study, but men in all four classifications were asked to participate in tlsc breath sampling program. Fnvu 2. Exposure profiles expressed as VCl vapor concentration versus the exposure frequency distribution for the four job ctassincaiinos. cap glass vial (Figure 4). The overall length of the pipet was about 9 indies, it could be conveniently and inconspicuously trans ported to and from work in a lunch bucket. The plastic caps were lined with rix layers of Sarmn film, identical to that used for the construction of Saran air sampling bags. A 3/32-inch hole predrilled through one of the caps provided an access for withdrawing samples.* The Saran linen provided an ef fective gas barrier so that vapor losses were held to less than lO^fc for a holding period of 3 days. When collecting a sample the subject was asked to remove the caps, place the pipet to lib lips, and breathe normally in through lib nose and exhale through tlte piprt ihrvr On~the-Jub Breath Sampling Three separate breath sampling programs were conducted concurrently with iic envir onmental plant survey, designated by the boxed portions in Figure 3. Fcli worker. collected three breath samples daily--the first on his arrival Immc front -work, tin- second 5 to 10 hours later, and a final sample be fore returning to work tire following day TTie samples were collected in pipets constructed from sliort lengths of 20-nmi soft glass tubing to whieli lui] lieen welded at each end tin* threaded (xirtioti af a 2-dram (H-mlt screw- MO Noi'tmbfr-DrrrmbiT, I0G9 mer infrared spectrophotometer equipped with a 10-mctcr path-length gas cell. A sam fc ~1 pling probe, consisting of 5/16-inch I.D. Sa ran tubing, was centrally located during the Fwvm 4. Class pipe! (50 ml) uied for collect ing breath iampler. One cap has a predrilled hole for gas sampling. Both caps have . Saran linen which seal the pipet chamber. exposure to represent the breathing zone of all subjects within the chamber. The probe, was moved about prior to each exposure to detect imbalance of vapor concentrations times. After expelling the fourth breath he quickly caps the tube, trapping a portion of alveolar air. The importance of writing the name, date, exact time of sampling, and the workshift most recently completed, on the label attached to each pipet, was stressed. Aliquots were drawn from the pipets with a 1-ml Hamilton gas-tight syringe ^nd ana lyzed in an Aerograph A-600B gas chromato graph using Ns carrier gas and a hydrogen within the chamber so that necessary' cor rections in tiie recirculating system could be made. Air samples collected periodically within the chamber throughout the exposure . day we analyzed by gas chromatography for added assurance of analytical accuracy. Both the infrared spectrophotometer and the gas chromatograph were calibrated before each experiment and at intervals throughout the exposure day. flame detector. Separations were made with Each 73-hour exposure day included a a 6-foot, -inch I.D. stainless-steel column 0.5-hour lunch period in an uncontaminatcd packed with Carbowax 20M alkaline on area outside the exposure chamber. The Chromosorb \V 60/80 mesh acid-washed. TWA concentration was calculated on the basis of 73 hours of exposure. Exposure Chamber Operation Three experimental human exposures to Clinical and Laboratory Procedures VC] were conducted at nominal vapor con Each subject had been under careful medi centrations of 50, 250, and 500 ppm. The cal surveillance by the medical department exposure chamber was a room measuring 41 for a number of years, and each was given a feet by 6 feet wide by 7.5 feet high. The complete medical examination a few days room had a continuous positive air supply prior to the VCI exposures. Included were and exhaust system capable of maintaining a complete urinalyvs and 24-hour urine for a slight negative pressure within the cham urobilinogen, complete blood count with sed ber. Continuous distribution of the cham imentation rate, reticulocyte count, SCOT, ber air Was achieved by recirculating the air SGPT, LDH, alkaline phosphatase, BUN, with a squirrel cage fen through a series of creatinine, and bilirubin. inlet and outlet ducts spanning the length of Each subject received a repeat physical die chamber. 'Die VC1 was metered into tl>e examination .1 hour before entering the ex- duct carrying air exhausted by the xjuirrcl posure chandrer. This examination included cage fan and entered the room atmosphere measurement of temperature, blood pressure, via the recirculation system at a rate sufficient and pulse rate, a neurological examination, to maintain the desired atmospheric concen and collection of blood and breath samples. tration. The vapors were introduced from a A questionnaire noting the presence of any pressurized storage cylinder through 6 feet symptoms of illness (for example, lieadarbe. of 5i`inch I.D. staink*ss-sieel tubing into a, rotometer prior to entering the circulating air' duet. *A treating ta|ie wnt|>|>cd around the stainless-steel tubing prevented condensation of lire VCI altd stabilized the flow of tile ' va|ror. > . -. V nausea/dry throat) complrtid the prr-rxposure medical evaluation. After the subject entered the' rhamlscr. total expired Irreath samples were rolleetrd every Imur try liaving him IrrratlN; out through a Saran lube leading to a Saran plastic col 'hie concentration of V(tt in tire ehamU*r' lection lrag located outside the fluimlier. was constantly nmnitnnxl with a Perkin-El- Tidal Yolitmc and total expiratory cajracily - R&S 028207 American Industrial Hygiene Association Journal Ml were measured in the morning and again late Tails I i in the afternoon exposure periods. --E-x--p-c-r-i-m- m_ul-H--u-m--a--n--E-x--p-o-s-u-r-e--t-o--V--in+yl Chloride Subjective and neurological responses were I measured before the subject entered the - ConccntratKMi chamber, 15 minutes after entrance,-and at 1-hour intervals thereafter. Flannagan Co ordination and Crawford Manual Dexterity Tests were conducted at midmorning and again in the afternoon. Breath sampling be (pw) X . s.o. i SCI t 493 7 491 s. Rm| <PP") IS- 53 m-Ms - MS-471. 32S-47S TWA* (W**) 41 744 4 4J* Number ! Subject c 4 4 .7 gan immediately after the subject left the exposure chamber. A 24-hour postexposure urine sample was collected and a blood sam Timowttfhttd swpft cmttAtntioft fateed si 7,5 bun ImIviUri * 0-3-hour hticb periftd in aft mtmiuii&iftd area* oponn lor 3.3 barn. ple was drawn the following morning for SGPT, LDH, alkaline phosphatase, BUN, creatinine, and bilirubin determinations. Analysis of Breath Data The decay curves for the breath vinyl chlo ride concentrations were constructed by step wise multiple regression using a digital com puter. An empirical relationship of the form Concentration = / (TWA,* lime) was select ed from a choice of several terms, each based on TWA and/or rime. The resulting regres sion equation best represents the ordered re lationship between breath vinyl chloride con centration, time-weighted average exposures, Table I shows the analyzed concentration to which the subjects were exposed. Calcu lations of the mean and standard deviation of exposure concentration are based on chart readings from the infrared spectrophotometer taken at 5-minute int-rvals over the two 33hour exposure periods. The TWA is based on the total 73 hours which included a 03hour lunch period in an uncontaminated area. The final breath decay curves intended for use as an index to VC1 exposures were ad justed to TWA concentrations of 50, 250, and postexpoture time. Each breath decay curve has an associated standard error of regression which can be used to compute'the confidence band for any chosen level of significance. The 95% con fidence band for the mean of a group of ob servations was chosen in this rase to describe the statistical error associated with the breath data and the regression technique. Results Experimental Breath Carnes A total of 13 men participated in the three experimental chamber exposures at nominal concentrations of 50, 250, and 500 ppm pro ducing a total of 160 valid brrath data points. Five of the six subjects exposed to 50 ppm were re-exposed at 500 ppm 2 days later. There was no measurable residual vinyl chloride detected on tlte breaths of the sub jects prior to the second exposure. Serial breath sampling was initiated immediately after the subjects left the exposure chamber and continued up to 20 hours following the ex|x>sures. M2 Novembcr-Derfmbrr, 1969 DAILY VARIATION IN EXPOSURE TO VCL VAPOR (8 t TWA) with confidence bands only slightly widrr than those from controlled human exjirriments. The close similarity Irctween tlicse curves and those constructed from controlled exposure data are further illustrated in Fig ure 8. Human Responses I* 2i n >Oyf t ** Monlh S*Jfm WBBS** Ifcw^V Fiouxt 6. Variation in VCI vapor exposure for three shifts. and 500 ppm (Figure 5). A 100-ppm decay curve wax interpolated from the available data using regression analysis.. These curves are presented with the calculated 95% con fidence bands for the mean of a group of ob servations. On-the-job Breath Curves Ten workmen participated in the on-thejob breath sampling program, producing a total of 91 usablt sets of data. Ten percent of the breath samples collected were discard ed because of pipet leakage or poor sampling techniques. Absolute breath levels ranged from about 20 ppm in one sample taken less than 1 hour after an 8-hour TWA of 250 ppm, to barely detectable levels (<0.05 ppm) in samples taken after exposures at TWA's below 50 ppm. The extremely broad variation in the TWA's experienced by workmen during one of the periods in which breath sampling was being conducted is demonstrated for three shifts of men bearing the job classification "coagulator operator" (Figure 6). Minute, hourly, and daily fluctuations in the concen tration of a contaminant are most descriptive ly revealed by continuous monitoring. This method of sampling quickly points out the fallacy of judging TWA and jicak exjiosuri* concentrations on the basis of spot sampling or |scriodir surveys of brief duration. The remarkable mrrelalion Isetwrcn breath concentration and rt>rm|xinding TWA val ues made it |xtssihh` to mnstrucl the series of breath decay curves shown in Figure 7. From a subjective standpoint no significant untoward affects wert noted at any of the exposure concentrations. The only complaints were those of two subjects who reported m3d headache and some dryness of their eyes and nose during the 500-ppm exposure experi ments. No odor was detected by anyone entering the exposure chamber at 50 ppm. At 250 ppm all four subjects entering the chamber initially reported that they could detect a very slight odor of the chemical. Five of tbe seven subjects entering the exposure cham ber at 500 ppm were able to detect the odor of VCI, but after 5 minutes of exposure those five were unable to detect it even with forced inspiration. Three of the four subjects re entering the chamber after lunch were able TV.u.t 7. Breath decay curve, derived fro* breath data collected front workers following omthe-jnb exposure* to VO vapor (>-hnur TWA). X 99 (0 o to 00 q (O * R&S 028210 American Industrial Hygiene Association Journal lo detect a faint odor of VG1, One subject could detect a faint odor on deep inspiration for approximately 15 minutes after entering the exposure chamber. The exposure had no noticeable effect on neurological responses, nor did it produce sig nificant changes in the results of mental, co ordination, or manual dexterity tests conduct ed during the exposure period. AH clinical laboratory studies performed in the postexposure period were normal and not signifi cantly different from pre-exposure values. -ill Discussion The object of the environmental health survey is to identify the atmospheric contam inant, determine the exposure level, and relate this to the health hazard it presents. If one is to judge hazard by ambient concen tration measurements, then those measure ments must accurately describe the exposure on a continuing individual basis. A carefully conducted survey combining continuous anal ysis of the work room atmosphere with a comprehensive job study will provide data valid for estimating time-weighted average exposure. On the other hand, breath decay curves constructed from breath data collected dur ing continuous plant monitoring arc in dose agreement with those obtained from exposure chamber experiments with VCL These curve* sliould therefore be useful as a second meth od for assessing exposure to VCI vapor. The rhoiee of whether one or both meth ods sliould be used depends on prevailing circumstances and on the thofouglino de sired. For example, data useful in describ ing jtcak cxjNKtirr* are obtained from con tinuous monitoring. Concurrently, exposure trends and concentration gradients may help identify plant o|X'ratkmal inefficiencies and equipment malfunctions by revealing specific sources of emission. Correcting these prob lems not t>nly restores a healthful work en vironment hut often results in lxmiis savings by reducing Josses of raw material and prodnet. Continuous monitoring, however, it ex tremely costly both in time and in the equip ment required. The scope of data acquired is Fiouac 8. Comparison of breath decay curves derived from the e;>uojob data and the experi mental human exposure data. limited by the number of sampling ptobe-. and these proevs are not always capable of accurately measuring the individual's daily exposure experiences, especially should tlwx* involve imusua; incidences such as chemical spills or exposure* outside the monitored area. Breath anu\>:. ha* tltc advantage of in dividualizing each worker's integrated tl.tih exposure. Breath decay curve*, a* an index of exposure, offer a mean* of estimating tiw average daiK ivdh idu.il exposure on the hadof a few breath sample* taken serially in th*|>o*texpo*utc pr:'tod. Consequently breath analysis ear. re used to diagnose a* well a* quantitate a:: exposure which lia* alte.nK occurred. It is a relatively inox|vnd\e and simple method which can be put into o:ela tion without extcr.she and costly prclinim.u* preparations. However, :\**:ovvtre breath an.ilyd- do not provide .ntemutiott on the daily llm tui tions of exposure, and the peak ex|xure eonrentrations are not made evident lw bteat:. data. FtnaT.v. breath analyst* h not ap-.*h. * _.x 544 S'ovrnibi'r-Dirrmbi r, I'.Xi'l blc to all chemicals, and breath decay curves established for one chemical arc not useful as an index of cxjwsurc to any other chem ical. The decay curves presented here are in tended to serve' as an index of exposure to vinyl chloride vapor and are based on an exposure duration of 7.5 hours.for the experi mental exposures, and 8 hours for the on-thejob study. The close agreement between the two sets of curves and the narrow confidence bands obtained in each case demonstrate the usefulness and accuracy of both methods for estimating TWA exposures and indicate the importance of breath analysis and the need for expanding its use in evaluating ex posures to other widely used volatile organic chemicals. References 1. J. K., H- K. llmir, tittl F.. I, SciiN'iniii: Tfc Application ol Cotupulrr Scirncr la indwtrial ll*. Amit, fad, Hyg. Au*g, J, 27; (SO-ISS (Xtarrh i 2. Stiwatt. R. D., If. II. Cat, D. S, tauv. C. L. II***, ad A. W. Sciurni: IUibii (ipoMfc to Trlfatltloifr (th)ltA* Vapor: Rrlationtkip ol F.*p*fd AW and B1aI CAAttntrtlinm |d EiMnk and To^trily. A*tk. Environ. HtaUk 2: 316.322 (May 1*1). 3. SttWabt. R. p.t If, H. Cat, D. S. Jauv, C, L. H^it. and j|. K. PtTtaao*: Observation* on ibe Concentration of lricKlartathfkM in Blood and Eaptred Air IdUnw. inf FjtpMart of Humana. Amir, /ad. Hyg, Auac. JJJ; |67.|70(April 1*2). 4. Snwwr, X, !>., and V. K. Hoot: Quian An* d'Etuda ntf k l.l.I.Trkklorncihaoc. Ana, Maladin frafru. 29; 194.201 (1*7). 5. SnwuT, R. D. H. C Duns. L U. Barctta. and A- W. SctiArrta: Human Eapwwt to Styreno Vapor. Arth, Kama, H*attk Id; No. 3 (Mar 1*1). 4. Stkwaot. R. ]).. F V). Ba*ot*, It. C. Dntm, and T. R. T<naMMa: Ktprfintalal llano* EtMMitf Id Tcirorklovortliylrnf. AktA Arth, ItoVta, Jitaltk, (In prim I. 7. Srtwtt R. ||.. II. f'. Dood, F.. I>. Ikum, A. W. Seti\rr>*, and j* E. Muiuiua: (XarftpMiir Id Br-nsrn* Vajtor. Pmrnird at tin Sink Annual )lm- inn d Ik# Sorirty *4 Tdikolnfy, Kairk 23-23, 1*7, Atlanta, (iriagu. XMmvd May 26, 1*1 R&S 028211 *ajt# and THE TOXICITY OF VINYL CHLORIDE VAPOR A Brief Summary of the Published Literature February 7, 1974 The following articles and abstracts, compiled by The Dow Chemical Company, are believed to include most of the significant scientific information on the toxicology of vinyl chloride in man and animals. The articles and abstracts are arranged in chronological order. Articles published in the last half of 1973 may not be included if they have not been abstracted by Chemical Abstracts or Biological Abstracts. Important review articles which summarise much of the old literature have been used to cover the literature prior to 1961-1962. Therefore, copies of certain articles and abstracts described in these'early reviews are not included in this compilation. Since vinyl chloride (chloroethene, CH^^CHCl) is a gas at room temperature and pressure, the common route of toxic exposure is by inhalation. As with many liquified gases, contact of the skin or eyes with escaping compressed vinyl chloride can produce freezing and frostbite. (Torkelson etal, 1961). Vinyl chloride has long been considered to be very low in toxicity by acute inhalation. Lehmann and Flury (1938) summarized the literature and reported work by Schauman who considered vinyl chloride to be a candidate surgical anesthetic. Schauman reported little pathological changes even after repeated exposure to anesthetic concentrations. 2 W. F. von Oettingen (1955) of the 0. S. Public Health Service summarized the available toxicity data on many halogenated hydrocarbons in an excellent monograph. According to von Oettingen/ several authors had reported vinyl chloride to be rapidly' absorbed and excreted through the lungs and to cause anesthesia. The following is von Oettingen's summary of the toxicity of vinyl chloride in animals and man: "As to the toxicity of vinyl chloride, Patty, Yhnt, and Waite (1930) studied .this in guinea pigs. They found that exposure to 20 to 40 vol. percent kills the animals in a very short time, that concentrations of 10 vol. percent are dangerous to life with exposures for 30 to 60 minutes, and that 0.5 vol. percent is the maximum allowable concen tration for several hours' exposure without causing acute disturbances of severe nature. Animals exposed in this way showed some edema of the lungs and hyperemia of liver and kidneys. They considered vinyl chloride less harmful than chloroform or carbon tetrachloride and of a similar order of toxicity as ethyl chloride. Schaumann (1938) found that mice and rats tolerate repeated light narcosis for 4 hours daily on 5 to 8 consecutive days and for 1 hour daily for 4 weeks without showing kidney or liver injuries. Dogs which had been narcotized for 3 hours with 10 vol. percent on 7 occasions in the course of several weeks showed no consider able changes in kidney and liver. Higher concentrations (20 vol. percent) caused in dogs marked salivation, respiratory arrest, and vomiting after narcosis. Peoples and Leake (1933) determined the lethal range for mice with 10 minutes' exposure as 10 to 12 mM per liter, and Schaumann (1934) determined the vinyl chloride level in the blood at the time of cardiac arrest as <40 mg percent and at the time of respiratory arrest as 27 to 30 mg percent, the same value for chloroform being 60 to 70 mg percent. R&S 028213 3 Regarding the toxicity of vinyl chloride for man, Patty, Yant, and Waite (1930) expressed the opinion that the gas does not possess adequate warning properties because of its odor or irritant action, but that it gives warning by producing symptoms of dizziness and disorientation in advance of harm, except when present in exceedingly high concentrations, which would cause almost immediately help lessness and unconsciousness. Inhalation of'2,5 percent will soon cause dizziness, disorientation, and a burning sensation in the soles of the feet, which symptoms disappear immediately after discontinuation of the exposure except for a slight headache which may last 30 minutes. These authors suggested the use of vinyl chloride for narcosis in roan." As a result of two deaths in Canada, the acute inhalation toxicity of vinyl chloride was studied by Mastroroatteo et al (1960) who reported that exposure of mice, rats, nd guinea pigs to 10, 20, and 30 volume percent vinyl chloride caused the following mortalityt NUMBER OP DEATHS IN DIFFERENT GROUPS OF FIVE MICE, RATS AND GUINEA PIGS EXPOSED FOR THIRTY MINUTES TO VARYING CONCENTRA TIONS OF VINYL CHLORIDE IN AIR Vinyl chloride concentration (percent by volume in air) 10 20 30 40 Mice Laboratory animal Rats Guinea pigs 0/5 1/5 5/5 0/5 0/5 5/5 0/5 0/5 1/5" 2/5" Total 0/15 1/15 11/15 2/5 Total 6/15 5/15 3/20 14/50 * A delayed death occurred within 24 hours following exposure. R&S 028215 4 C Some pulmanary hyperemia and engorgement was observed by these investigators, but liver and kidney injury were remarkably low. Deaths, were due to narcosis. The first report of studies to determine the effect of long-term repeated exposure (6 months) were summarized by Torkelson, Oyen and Rowe (1961) as follows: "Repeated exposures of laboratory'animals to several concen trations of vinyl chloride in air were conducted to determine the chronic toxicity of this material towards animals in order to assess the hazard to humans. Vinyl chloride found to have a slight capacity to cause liver and kidney ` injury on repeated exposures. Male and female rats showed micropathological changes after repeated daily 7-hour exposures at 500 ppm for 4.5 months. Repeated 7-hour exposures at 200 ppm for six months resulted in micropathological changes in the livers of rabbits and statistically significant increases in the average weight of the livers of male and female rats but no detectable changes in dogs and guinea pigs. Repeated 7-hour exposures at 100 ppm resulted in slight increases in the average weight of rat livers, the other species were not affected. All species studied tolerated repeated daily 7-hour exposures to 50 ppm for six months with no detectable injury. Repeated daily 1-hour exposures at 200 and 100 ppm of vinyl chloride were without effect, longer exposures caused a slight increase in liver weight. 5 The standard for evaluating regular daily 7 to 8-hour, exposures may be defined as the concentration below which practically all analytical results must fall. The value of 100 ppm is suggested as this standard for vinyl chloride/ with a timeweighted average for all exposures not to exceed 50 ppm." Lester/ Greenberg/ and Adams (1963) took strong exception to the conclusion of Torkelson et al (1961) that 50 ppm should be a maximum time weighted average exposure for workers. On the basis of 3 months exposure of rats to 2 volume percent and 19 days to 5 volume percent/ they concluded that 500 ppm was acceptable as a TLV despite minor changes which they observed in rat livers and which they considered "were within the normal range and were not pathologic in nature." Because of these conflicting reports/ the TLV Committee of the ACGIH in 1963 chose to change their TLV from 500 ppm as a maximum time-weighted average for industrial exposure to 500 ppm as a ceiling value. (American Conference Governmental Industrial Hygiene, .19631 Since 1962, numerous European articles on vinyl chloride, have appeared, particularly in the Russian literature. For several reasons, these articles are difficult in interpret in term's of chronic toxicity since the reported exposures were to mixtures or were otherwise ill-defined, the exposures are often acute, or the criteria of effect was a minimal change in response or behavior, such as a subtle change in a conditioned response. 6 In 1967, reports appeared in the literature describing a condition known aj acroosteolysis in workmen engaged in polymerization of vinyl chloride to polyvinyl chloride. Harris and Adams (1967) repotted on two cases in Europe. Wilson et al (1967), reported on 37 cases in the B. F. .Good rich Company.' Basalaev (1970) described the use of large frame photofluorography for diagnosis of acroosteolysis in Russia. Basalaev et al (1972) described studies in rats and rabbits and claimed to have produced the disease in these species. Fethiere and Kerzner (1972) discussed the disease as did Jtthe et al of the University of Bonn (1973) . Jllhe et al (1973) described a syndrome consisting of (arranged in decreasing order of occurrence) thrombopenia, splenomegaly, liver damage, obstruction of ventillation, circulatory obstruction, and skin and bone alteration. As a result of this problem, the University of Michigan in 1967 was retained by the Manufacturing Chemists Association to investigate this disease in sponsoring American companies. The results of a large scale epidemiological study of workers then currently employed in vinyl chloride and polyvinyl chloride production were reported in three publications by this group (Dinman et al, (1971) Cook et al.. (1971) and Dodson et al,(1971)). Dinman et al summarized the study as follows: "An epidemiological study was performed covering 5,011 employees with 21,510 man-years experience in various phases of vinyl chloride (VC) and polyvinyl chloride (PVC) manu; factoring in 32 plants throughout the United States and Canada. The total number of definitive cases of acroosteolysis R&S 028217 7 (AOL) was 25f 16 other individuals were under suspicion. This condition is clearly associated with the hand cleaning of polymerizers. Workers engaged in other phases of VC or PVC manufacturing do not appear to be at risk of developing AOL. The importance of Raynaud's phenomenon as a con-, comitant of AOL is emphasized. Several statistical approaches for rapid medical survey are suggested. Acroosteolysis appears to be a systemic rather than local disease. Presently neither the etiological agent nor its portal of entry is known Cook et al describes the polyvinyl chloride production process in considerable detail. They concluded that although no etiological agent could be identified, "There appeared to be a correlation between the extent of degassing prior to entry into the reactor" and the incidence of acroosteolysis Mutchler and Kramer presented a paper at the lrv38 Gordon Research Conference which was subsequently published (1972), which reported on "The Correlation of Clinical and Environ mental Measurements for Workers Exposed to Vinyl Chloride " The authors drew the following conclusion: "Our findings suggest that repeated exposure to vinyl chloride at TWA levels of 300 ppm or above for a working lifetime together with a very low level of vinylidene chloride may result in slight changes in certain physiologic and clinical laboratory parameters. The possibility of some impairment in liver function tests must be considered, even though no overt clinical disease was evident in any of the individuals studied. We shall continue our study, but suggest that similar studies to help clarify the effects of this material be performed for other worker populations exposed to vinyl chloride alone." 8 The MCA sponsored studies by Dinman et al and Mutchler and Kramer appear to be the only two significant eqidemiological studies on vinyl chloride reported in the literature. P. L. Viola, in an attempt to produce acroosteolysis in animals, exposed- rats 4 hours per day, 5 days per week to 30,000 ppm (3%) vinyl chloride vapor. (Viola, March, 1970). In his first report on the results of 12 months exposure, he described metaplastic changes in the bones which he con sidered similar to the human disease acroosteolysis. He made no mention of having observed cancer in these animals until the Tenth International Cancer Congress in May, 1970. In the abstracts of this meeting, (Viola, 1970), and sub sequently in May, 1971, Viola, Bigotti and Caputo (1971) reported tumors of the skin, lungs and bones occurring first after 10 months of exposure. The authors summarized this work as follows: "Rats (Ar/IRE Wistar strain) exposed for 12 months to vapors of vinyl chloride developed tumors of the skin, lungs, and bones. The cutaneous tumors, which always appeared in the area in which submaxillary and parotid glands are located, have been histologically recognized as epidermoid carcinomas, papillomas, and mucoepidermoid carcinomas. The morphological characteristics of lung tumors, which occurred in a lower percentage, were mainly of the adenocarcinoma type, with the exception of a single epidermoid tumor originating from the epithelial covering cells. In a minor number of rats, a large proliferation of cartilaginous tissue diagnosed as osteochondroma developed in the metacarpal and metatarsal regions of the four limbs. 37 CO (o R&S 028220 9 This report by Viola et al is apparently the earliest and only publication in which carcinogenic activity has been ascribed to vinyl chloride. Although there are possible deficiencies in Viola's study, such as his very impure sample, the presence of food and bedding in the exposure chamber, excessive exposure concentration as well as in the statistical evaluation and interpretation of the lesions, the report is of serious concern and has resulted in additional animal and epidemiological studies which are currently underway (MCA Press Releases). HIM efcamfca/ Abrtraett VW. 72. 1970