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~ / Industrial Hygiene Digest INDUSTRIAL HEALTH NEWS LITERATURE ABSTRACTS MEDICAL ENGINEERING CHEMICAL TOXICOLOGICAL LEGAL - dacUioa* tad trad* OCTOBER, 19S9 <Vol. 23, No. 101 ' t INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE FOUNDATION MELLON INSTITUTE 4400 FIFTH AVENUE PITTSBURGH 13. PA. 01 132 0730 Industrial Hygiene Foundation; assumes no responsibility tor statements In articles abstracted in this Digest or tor material from other organizations which may be sent to members from time to time. The Digest's condensation of articles as well as literature not originating within the Foundation, are mads available to our members solely for their Infonnatlon. by way of keeping them posted on developments. ' 01 132 0731 I NDUSTR IAL Hygiene Features Litigation breeders in industrial medi cine are discussed in Abet. No. 990. The disease concept of alcoholism is the subject of Abst. No. 993. The topic of Abst. No. 997 is the treat ment of low back pain. For a series of papers concerned with epilepsy see Abst. Nos. 998, 999. and 1000. See Abst. No. 1005 for changes in the ten commonest dermatoses in private practice. A discussion on gamma-globulin thera py in chronic staphylococcic dermato ses is presented in Abst. No. 1007. For hazards in the manufacture and use of plastics see Abst. No. 1010. The subject of Abst. No. 1011 ie (ho toxicity of boron oxide. Abst. No. 1015 is concerned with ex perimental cancers in rata produced by chromium compounds. Information on the biochemical mech anisms in chronic carbon disulfide poisoning is contained in Abst. No. 1024. Farmer's lung in mushroom workers is the objective of Abst. No. 1028. See Abst. No. 1040 for details on the medical problems of shift-work. Data on an improved cascade impactor measuring aerosol particle sixes are given in Abst. No. 1060. Considered in Abst. No. 1064 are the veterinary aspects of air pollution. The theme of Abst. No. 1072 is how to improve safety through organisation. Details on laboratory hoods are given in Abst. Nos. 1076 and 1077. Foundation Facts NEW TRUSTEE ELECTED TO I-H-F BOARD. Mr. Newell R. Johnson. General Manager of the American Mutual Insurance Alliance, has been elected to the Board of Trustees of the bdagtrill Hygiene Foundation. THRESHOLD LZMIT^jjlgfcS. The Threshold Limit Values for 19S9, adopted by the Amencs^Conference ad Governmental Industrial Hygienists, appear in this issue of the DigsjgK TM limit value for bromine was changes from 1.0 to 0.1 ppm, chloroform from lOttfii SO ppm, and chloropicrin from 1.0 to 0.1 ppm. The list now contains 250 compounds plus'29 tentative values. 24th ANNUAL MEETING THIS MONTH. The program and registration cards for the 24th Annual Meeting were mailed on September 17, and the number of registration cards returned has been most gratifying. We hope that the broad scope of subject matter and the distinguished rotter of speakers will appeal to representatives of all of our member companies. We look forward to a profitable and interesting meeting. The officers of the Foundation also have a full program, with meetings scheduled for the Executive Committee and two meetings for the Board of Trustees. v r , ; 01 132 0732 Threshold Limit Values ior 195.9. News Items . .... . .. . . . Coming Events ......... Occupational Oisesse Statistics . . Legal Developments ....... Books, Pamphlets and Notices . . Industrial Medical Practice.... Skin Diseases and Burns Chemical Hasards ........ Industrial Dusts'. . . ........................ Physical Aspects of the Environment Radioactivity and X-Radiation . . . Environmental Measurements . . . Preventive Engineering ..... Community Air Hygiene .... Management Aspect* ....... Accident* and Prevention ..... Miscellaneous........................ Index............................. t I - IV 1 2 3 4 4 5 9 11 IS 18 20 23 25 26 28 29 31 32 01 132 0733 THRESHOLD LIMIT VALUES FOR 1959* Adopted it the Twenty-First Annual Meeting o the American Conference o Governmental Industrial Hygienists, Chicago, April Z5-Z8, 1959 Threshold limits should be used as guides in the control of health hazards and should not be regarded as fine lines between safe and dangerous concentrations. They represent conditions under which it is bei.evta that nearly all workers may be repeatedly exposed, day after day, without adverse effect. The values listed refer to time weighted average concentrations for a normal work-day. The amount by a rich these figures may be exceeded for short periods without injury to health depends upon a number c: factors such as the nature of the contaminant, whether very high concentrations even for short periods p-ocuce acute poisoning, whether the effects are cumulative, the frequency with which high concentrations and :ne duration of such periods. All must be taken into consideration m arriving at a decision as to whether a hazardous situation exists. Special consideration shouic be given to the application of t.nese values in the evaluation of the health hazarcs which may be associatec with exposure to combi nations of two or more substances. Threshold limits are basec on the best available information from industrial experience, from experi mental studies, and, wr.en possible. :rom a combination of the two. These values are based on various criteria of toxic effects or on marked discomfort: thus, they should not be used as a common denomina tor of toxicity, nor should tr.ey be considered as the sole criterion m proving or disproving diagnosis of suspected occupational diseases. These limits are intended for use in the field of industrial hygiene and should be employed by persons trained in this field. They are not intended for U3e, or for modification tor use, in the evaluation or control of community air pollution or air-pollution nuisances. These values are reviewed annually by the Committee on Threshold Limits for changes, revisions, or additions as further information becomes available. The Committee welcomes the suggestion of sub stances to be added to the list and also comments, references, or reports of experience'with these materials. Recommended Values Gases and Vapors Substance Acetaldehyde Acetic acid Acetic annydride Acetone Acetylene tetrabromide Acrolein Acrylonitrile Allyl alcohol Allyl chloride Allyl propyl disulfide Ammonia Amyl acetate Amyl alcohol (isoamyl alcohol) Aniline Arsine Benzene (benzol) Benzyl chloride Bromine Butadiene (l, 3-butadiene) Butanone (methyl ethyl ketone) PPM Approx. Mg. per Cu. M. Substance ZOO 10 5 lOCO L 0. 5 zo 5 5 2 100 zoo 100 3 0. 05 Z5 l 0. 1 1000 350 360 Z5 ZO Z400 14 i. Z 45 1Z 15 1Z TO 1050 360 i3 ' > 60 5 0.7 zzoo 740 Butyl acetate (n-butyl acetace) Butyl alcohol (n-butanol) Butyl amine Butyl cellcsolve (Z-butoxyechanol) Carbon dioxide Carbon disulfide .Carbon monoxide Carbon tetrachloride Cellosolve (Z-ethoxyethanol) Cellosolve acetate (Z-ethoxyethyl acetate) Chlorine Chlorine trifluoride Chlorobenzene (monochlorobenzene) * Chloroform (tnchloromethane) 1 -Chloro-1 -nitropropane * Chloropicrin PPM Approx. Mg. per Z ' ZOO 100 5 50 5000 ZO 100 Z5 ' ZOO 10G 1 0. 1 73 50 ZO 0. 1 35 * 30c .; Z 40 -00 c oO 110 L oO 740 540 3 0. 4 350 Z40 1 CC 0. - 1. Copied from A.M.A. Archives of Industrial Health, September 1959. Change in value previously listed. I. 01 l32 0734 Gases and Vapors (cont.) Substance PPM Approx. Mg. per Cu.M. Chioroprene (2-chioro-l, 3-butadiene) 25 Cresol (all isomers) 5 0 vcio hexane 400 0 .-clchexanol 100 Cyclohexanone 100 Cyclohexer.e 400 C yc lop ropar.e 400 Gecaborar.e 0. 05 Giacetone alcohol (4-h.yaroxy- 4-methy'.-2-pentanor.e> 50 Gib crane o-D LChiorobenzene 0. 1 50 Dichiorodiluorom.eChane . 1000 1, 1 -Dichlorbethane 100 l, 2-Dichloroethane (ethylene dichioride) 1,2-O.chIoroethylene 100 200 Oichioroethyl ether 15 Dichioromonofluoromethane 1000 L, I-Eichioro-i-nitroethane 10 Dichiorotetrafluoroe thane 1000 Diethylamme Dicluorodibromomethane 25 100 Diisobutyl ketone 50 DimethyLanilme (N -dim e thyiamiine) 5 D ime thy i sulfate 1 Oioxane (diethyiene dioxide) 100 Ethyl acetate 400 Ethyl a-.rylate Ethyl alcohol (ethanol) 25 1000 nthyl amine 25 Ethylbenzene 200 :hvl oromide 200 Ethyl cnioride 1000 Ethyl ether 400 Ethvl tormate ICO Ethyl si..cate 100 Ethylene chiorohydrin 5 Ethyleneaiam.ir.e 10 Ethylene aibromide (1,2-dibromoethane) 25 Ethylene imme 5 Ethylene oxide 50 riuorme 0. 1 Eluorotrtchlorom ethane 1000 r orm.aldehyde 5 Eurtural 5 Gasoline 500 Heptane 'r.-'neptane) 500 Hexane (n-hexane) 500 Hexanone (methyl butyl ketone) 100 H'/dratae 1 Hydrogen bromide 5 Hydrogen chloride 5 Hycrogen cyanide 10 Hydrogen fluoride 3 Hydrogen peroxide, 3Ofi 1 Hydrogen seienide 0. 05 90 22 1400 410 400 1350 590 0. 3 240 0. 1 300 4=50 400 400 790 90 4200 60 7000 75 360 290 25 5 3o0 1400 100 1900 45 370 390 2o00 1200 300 350 '5 30 la0 3 90 0.2 5600 6 20 20C0 2000 ioOO 410 1. 3 17 7 11 2 1.4 0.2 Substance 4 Hydrogen sulfide Iodine Isophorone Isopropyiastine Mesityl oxide Methyl acetate Methyl acetylene Methyl acrylate Methyl alcohol (methanol) Methyl bromide Mechyl ceilosoive (2-methoxyetnanol) Methyl ceilosoive acetate (ethylene glycol mono methvl ether acetate) Methyl chloride Methyl a! (dimethoxymethane) Methyl chloroform (1,1,1 -tr ichloroethane) Methylcyclohexane Methylcyclohexanol Methyicyclohexanone Methyl formate Methyl isobutyl earbinol (methyl amyl alcohol) (-Methyl styrene Methylene chloride (dichlorometr.ane / Mor.omethyi aniline Naphtha (coa. tar) Napntha (petroleum) Nickel carbonyl Nitric acid p-Nitroamline Nitrobenzene Nitroethane Nitrogen ctoxice Nitroglycerin Nitrom ethane 2-Nitropropane Nitrotoiuene Octane Ozone Paradtchlorobenzene Pentane Pentar.one 'methyl propyl ketone) Perchior ethylene '.tetracnloroethyler.e) Phenol Phenyihydrazine Phosgene (carbonyl chloride) Phosphine Phosphorus trichloride Propyl acetate Propyl aicohol (isopropyl alcohol) Propyl ether (isopropyl ether) PPM Approx. Mg per Cu.M. 2C C. 1 25 5 200 1000 ' *\ 2C0 20 25 30 ) 14C 1 > ICO 610 1^50 35 26 0 5; ' m* 25 20 100 210 10CC 3100 500 500 100 100 100 '"0 0 " 20CC 470 4o0 350 25 100 ICO 480 5 0C I "50 7 p 50 0 500 - . I 10 25 10 15 ICO 310 59 0. 5 5 100 250 50 130 5 30 500 C. 1 235 0 A * *5 450 1000 2930 200 200 1350 5 19 5 l 0.05 0.5 200 4 0. 0~ 3 340 400 930 500 'ICC 01 132 0735 Sabstinee Propylene dichloride (1, 2-die hlor opr opine) Propylene imine Propylene oxide Pyridine Quinone Sr.buie Stoddard solvent Styrene monomer f phenylethylene) Saliur dioxide Saifur hexafluoride Sulfur mcnochioride Sulfur pentifluonde Tertiary butyl alcohol p-Tertiary butyltoluene Gases and Vapors (cont. ) PPM Approx. Mg. per Cu.M. 75 25 100 10 0. 1 0. 1 500 350 60 240 30 0.4 0. 5 2000 ICO 5 1000 l 0.025 100 10 420 13 6000 6 0.25 300 60 Substance 4 1. 1.2.2-Tetrachloroethane Tetrahydrofuran Tetramtrom ethane Toluene (toluol) o- Toiuidine Tolylene-2, 4-diuocyanate Trichloroethylene T r te t hyl am. me T r if1,uo r orr. o n o b r o mo rn ethane Turpentine Vinyl chloride (chioroethyiene) Vir-yl toluene Xylene (xylol) Xylicine oo rl* PPM 3 ICO I 5 0. 1 t -n 25 1CC0 100 5 00 i. nV <J-i ICC 3. Approx. per Cu 35 5 -C o -5; ^. ::5: 1-v 6;CC 3oC' :i:: n 50 15 Toxic Dusts, Fumes, and Mists Substance Mg. per Cu. M. Substance Mg. oe: Cu,. M. Alarm (1,2,3,4,10,10-hexachioro1,4, 4a, 5,8, 3a-hexahydro- 1,4, 5, 3dimethanonaphthalene) Annate (ammonium sulfamate) Antimony A NTT (alpha-naphtbyl-thiourea) Arsenic Barium (soluble compounds) B e ry.lium CdcmiuiTa oxide tume Calcium arsenate Chiordane (1,2, 4, 5, 0, 7, 8, 3- octachloro-3a, 4, 7, 7a-tetrahydro4, "-methanoindane) Ch.ormated camphene, 60% Chlorinated diphenyl oxide Chlorodip.-ienyl (42% chlorine) Chlorodiphenyl (54% chlorine) Chromic acid and chromates (as CrOj) Crag herbicide (sodium 2-(2, 4-dichlorophenoxy) ethanoi hydrogen suliate) Cyanide (as CN) 2,4-0(2, 4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid) DOT (2, 2-bis(p-chloropbenyl)-l, 1,1t r ic blor oe thane) Dieldrin (1,2, 3,4,10, 10-hexachloro-6, 7epoxy-1,4,4a,5,6,7,8,3a-octahydro1.4, 5, 8-dimethano-naphthalene) Dinitrobenzene Dinitrotoluene Dinit ro-o-c re sol EPN (O-ethyl O-p-nitrophenyl thionobenzenephosphonate) Feroam (ferric dimethyl dithiocarbamate) Ferrovanadium dust Fluoride Hydroquinone Iron oxide fume Lead 0.25 15 0.5 0. 3 0.5 0.5 ZT/mi 0. 1 0.1 2 0.5 0. 5 1 0.5 0. i 15 5 10 1 0.25 l 1.5 0.2 0.5 15 1 2.5 2 15 0.2 in. Lead arsenate Lindane (hexachlorocyclo'nexane. gamma isomer) Magnesium oxide fume Malathion (0,0-dimethyl dithiophos- phate of diethyl mercaptosuccinate) Manganese Mercury Mercury (organic compounds) Methoxychior (2, 2-di-p-methoxv- phenyl-1, 1,1, 1-trichloroethane) Molybdenum (soluble compounds) (insoluble compounds) Nicotine Parathion (O, O-diethyl-O-p-mtrophenyl thiophosphate) Pentachloronaphthaiene Pentachlorop henol Phosphorus (yellow) Phosphorus pentachloride Phosphorus pentasulfide Picric acid Pyrechrum R otenone Selenium compounds (as Se) Sodium fluoroacetate (1080) Sodium hydroxide Strychnine Sulfuric acid TEDP (tetraethyl dithionopyrophosphate) TEPP (tetraethyl pyrophosphate) Tellurium Tetryl (2,4, 6-trinitrophenylmethylnitr amine) Thallium (soluble compounds) Thiram (tetramethyl thiuram disulfide) Titanium dioxide Trichloronaphthalene 3. 15 0. 5 15 15 6 v, a 0. :i 15 5 15 0. 5 0. i 0.5 C. 5 2. I 1T I 0. 1 3 0.1 i > 2. 15 t 0. 2 0. -5 TT"I 1.5 3. 1 5 73 3 1 132 073S Substance Mg. per Cu. .VI. Substance i per Tr'-nitre toluene Uranium 'soluble compounds) 'insoluble compounds) -.5 -.15 1-25 Warfarin (3-(0(.?acetonyibenzyL) 4- dyer oxyc ournarm) Zinc oxide fumes Zirconium compounds (as 2r) ! V rl; oust) > , O 5 ime) -.0 1. 1 ? aoiuaciiviv: "or permissible concentrations oi radioisotopes m nr, see Maximum Perrr.is sib.e Amounts o: P aoiu .sotopes m the Human 3ody and Maximum Permissible Concentrations m -Air ar.o Oner, ' Hancbcox 51, V. S. Department of Commerce, National 3ureau o: 5tanoards, March, 1 -5 3. It. aooit.ir., see Permissible Dose from external sources of Ionizing Padiation, ' Hanoboox U. S. Department c: Commerce. Nationa. Bureau of star.oaras. September 14, 1P54. U. 5. Department or Commerce Har.cbook 51 das beer, superseced by Handbook o-. Maximum Per missible Body Burdens and Maximum Permissible Concentration3 of Pacionuc.ides in Air ana m iter for Occupational exposure, subsequent to the presentation ot this report. Handbook 53, V. S. Deoartment of Commerce, nas been revised by addition o: accendum, Aar. 15, 1-5;. Substance Aluminum oxide Asbestos Du3t (nuisance, r.o free silica) Mica (below 5*s tree silica) Portland cement Talc Mineral Dusts mppcp Substance 5 0 Silica 5 high (above 50r: free SiO) 5 C medium ;5 to 50 r. free SiOj) 23 low (below 5T; free SiOj) 50 Silicon carbide 20 Soapstone (below 5 T free SiOj) wpp 5 23 50 50 20 Tentative Values Substance PPM Approx. Mg. per Cu. M. Substance PPM Ally', glycicvl ether (AGO Boron influence r.-Butyl giycidyi ether (BG) Butyi ...e reap tar. Chi or me sioxide Ch.or oacetaldehyde C hi 0 r 0 b r cm cm e thane (CIBrCKj) Diglycidyl ether (DGE) Dimethyl formamide 1, 1 -Dimethyl hydrazine Dipropvlene-glycolmethyl- ether Cthyi mercaptan Purfuryl alcohol Givcicol 10 1. 50 10 0. 1 1 400 10 20 0.5 100 250 50 50 45 3 2T0 35 0. 3 3 53 oO 600 o40 2C0 .50 sec-Hexyl acetate . ,,C isopropyl givcicvi ether; 1GE) 5 0 i-ithium hydride Methyl mercaptan 50 Perchloromethyl mercaptan - * Phenyl giycidyi ether (PGE) 50 Phosphoric acid r.-Propwl nitrate 25 1,2,J-Trichloropropane 50 Tnorthocresyl phosphate Yttrium it inorganic compounds Teflon decomposition product 3 Pentaborane (B;Hq) * Approx. Mg. per Ci, M 240 25r t.i .30 i 310 1 L0 300 .*> ' ? Jl * * Until more data are forthcoming, it is important that annospheric concentrations of these materials to which workers are exposed must be kept as near 0 as possible. (Signed): William L. Ball W. Clark Cooper K. . Stokinger Keith H. Jacobson Hervev B. Elkins W. K. ?einhart Allan L. Coleman, Chairman OO uoo IV 01 132 0737 and study if a pollution problem exists, in tins connection work closely and confider.tlv with official pollution control agencies, (2) If there is a prjblem, recognize it. oo...- tion cannot be easily concealed. (3) Begin control measures through stack sampling, i.-.i general air and water sampling. (4) 3egin a public relations program advising the com munity of such work. (3) Using the data obtained, begin research on met.nods for cor.tro. through pilot studies, (o) Apply the results of research to engineering development of con trol facilities. (7) install proved ar.c testec control equipment. (3) Keep the plant neigh bors informed of progress. : ) invite the public to inspect the acccm.p.isnment ar.c to ce.e- brate the success. (10) inform companion industries of pollution control tecr.r.icues mat may be useful to them. .066 engineering and Maintaining in-Plant Air Pollution Control. O. C. Thompson. U. Air Pollution Control Assn. _3' 'A-95, 120 lAug. l-o3). Pae organization and programming for air pollution control begins with a c.ear.v understood company policy. Written policy statements seem the exception rather than me rule. The author describes a five-step written policy of Union Carbide Chemicals, spec-:-c a., covering process wastes and related community relations, as follows: (1) Design engineer..-.. Departments are responsible for incorporating into the design of any new installations the means for disposal of all process wastes with a minimum disturbance to tne plant community. 1) each operating plant wiil assign to some individual the responsibility for proper disposa. cf process wastes. (3) each operating plant will assign engineering and laboratory ta.er.t for continuing studies of waste disposal.. (4) each operating plant will take ar. active par: :r. ar.v local committee groups or brancr.es of agencies or trade associations interested m mcustria. waste disposal. (5) lacr. operating plant will assign to some individual the responsibility of representing the company to tne public or. ail matters pertaining to air or water waste disposa.. This written policy has proved to be of great value, it put3 tne responsibi.ity for p.ant wastes control squarely where it beior.gs --on the plant management. I: makes clear that control of wastes begins with product research ar.c ceveiopmer.t ir. the laboratories, ar.c that this control is extended through engineering, and the design and construction of each plant unit. . Qo~ Stainless Steel Anti-Smog Mufflers --Cut Air Pollution, industrial Publicity Department. Communications Counselors, inc. J. Air Pollution Control Assn. 33-34 (Aug. . ;s The muffler is almost entire!'.- fabricated from chromium-mckei stainless stee.. m order to resist oxidation and corrosion at tne high operating temperatures. 1: is designee to dispose of the unburned fuels present to the exhaust s vs tern of a gasoline engine. The muui.er consists of a primary burning tube (pilot tube) through which the oulk of the exhaust gases pass during operations of low exnaust volume. Air is introduced through an adjustable opening into thus tube and the resulting mixture is ignited by a long-reach spark plug. As the volume in creases, the excess exhaust gases are carried through an area surrounding the pilot tube and receive air from an adjustable rectangular opening in the muffler sheii. This portion of :he exhaust mixture is burned in the same combustion area as that of the pilot tubes. The exit tube of the muffler is baffled to prevent the flame-trom protruding at the tail pipe. Laboratory tests, made with a gasoline-powered bus produced a satisfactory over-all removal of the srr.ogforming hydrocarbons. 1063 Enzyme Poisons of Auto Exhaust Gases. T. Bersin. Vitalstoffe 3, (12) 160-163 (1939). German. Tetraethyl lead and inorganic lead are known to have an inhibiting effect on enzyme actions. The unconsumed gasoime in auto exhausts contains unsaturated hydrocarbons tending to produce smoke and aerosols of lead compounds. The question is raised whether the absence of an increase in reports of toxic effects from lead compounds, while traffic density continues to increase, may be due to unsuitable diagnostic procedures. Central nervous system damages after exposure to tetraethyl lead nave been reported to appear 14 years after, the original acci dent. Other known toxic substances found in exhaust gases are carbon monoxide and 3, 4-ber.zpyrene. Carbon monoxide is known to block iron-containing enzymes and produce a decline ..n 27. 01 132 0?6j Industrial' Hygiene Digest October, '-IQ50 performance. Among the unsacurated aydrocarbona in uaburned gasoline are the olefins which, under specific atmospheric conditions react with the ozong of the air to produce the olefin ozdnides, wtoch 'are said to'block enzymatic action'because of the deflection of the active group. `Technical measures are. needed to. control air pollution, including better utilization of 'gasoline to leave less unburned fuel* and the use of catalysts to combat pollu tion with olefins.'5 J '1 Cond. from APCA Absts 1069 The Toxicity of Ozone,'A Constituent of Smog! H. ..Tl' Fresbaira.' J. Appl. Nutrition 12f2i 3 (1959), !/ ' In Los Angeles, concentrations or ozone are,present, 'during repeated attacks of air pollution which!,'under'controlled laboratory,experiments, have been shown to affect, ani mals and damage plants.These1 concentrations are presently at the border line of man's sus ceptibility and certaihly an increased concentration or duration of exposure to ozone in the Los Angeles acmbsphere could cause injury to human-beings. Ozone is an extremely toxic material to many types of organisms, and, because it is also toxic to man, its use is inad visable as an aerial .disinfectant in hospitals. Ozonecan be classified as a specific inhibitor and it possesses a toxic! activity`which indicate s'that it is more,active than hydrogen cyanide as a poison. ` Ozone not only destroys the outer cell rr.err.branes of living organisms, but also reversibly and irreversibly inhibits mitcichondral oxygen.uptake. ' There is a suggestion that the; neversible.'lnhib'itioh is enzymatic and that the nitural, resistance of a cell is related to the size of,the metabolic pool of reducing substances capable of countering the oxidizing effects of ozone.' ' " '*' ` -. , . , .4 - APCA Absts. 1070 Patterns,of Sickness Absence in a R ailway Population.; C. Gordon, A. R. fmerion and D. S. Pugh.' Brit. 'J. Ind. Med, To,, ;230-243 -(July, 1959). This investigation was carried out in order to obtain morbidity statistics in a large industrial population with special reference to the effects of aging. The population chosen, the :railw,ay research population", consisted`of. a sample of Scottish railwaymen, drawn from -5 of the d.;;areas 'inthe Scottis hRegion of British Railways. Only certain occupational grades were studied.; Information:was obtained overa period of one year by means of a detailed mon- . thly5return.of (1) sickness-absence data ahd;(2)-job changes. The nature of sickness absence within the railwayresearch'jpopulation-was then studied. It was shown in all but one measure used that sickness tends'to. increase! with age,the most important factor being the increase of long episodes.., .Examination of the frequency;distribution of the duration of sickness episodes j revealed that siclmess absence tends to be taken ih'terms of weeks off rather than days off. Analysis of the daily variation in siclmess absence! showed that the total absence rate increased! from- Monday to Friday. There was a well-defined tendency for siclmess to start on Mondays, i and in longer episodes an additional tendency t.. .-.art on Fridays. This was interpreted in terms of morale, both positive and negative. The re. :nj :or job,changes were analyzed and the grades to which men were transferred were identified.' The choice of. suitable-grades for older workers was discussed. It was concluded that working conditions might be important factors in the typej of siclmess absence experienced and that comparisons-with other populations might be helpful in this context. . ' - ' TJ " -- Cond. from authors'absc. 1071 .Two Schools of Thought About Executive Development. E. . Jennings. Personnel Jl 37, 370- (Mar."195.9, " ,, , Thisarticle pointsout thattherearetwo commonly held theoriesof executive develop jment. The first, the author has called the'life-process theory, and thesecond, the skilled insight theory. - In essence, the former theory'holds that executives-or executive performance are the ( 28. 01 132 0765 4 Industrial Hyg-ene Digest October. I9; 9 end-result of many year* of experience with the executive role and that brief training periods cannot essentially contribute anything to the executive's perfo*mance. On the other hand, the skilled insight theory argues that particular skills can be taught to the executive in the course of training and educational programs, so that the executive may greatly improve his performance. The author indicates that the organizational climate varies from one type of industry to another concerning adherence to these schools of thought. He does not indicate which school he favors, -- J. Occ. Med. Absts. 1072 How to Improve Safety Through Organization. R. Reed, Jr. Eng. Progress, Univ. Florida 13. 5-7 (June 1959). Wholehearted support of a safety program by management is a basic requirement for success. The program, in turn, will give generous returns to management to compensate for the time, effort and expense incurred in its operation. Many of these returns are difficult to evaluate. In computing the reduction in the overhead of the firm derived from a lowered accident rate, it is easy to determine the medical and compensation payments incurred from an injury. But other expenses, such as time lost by foremen and fellow workers, by reason of accidents and the reduction of the productive capacity of the injured workers after their re turn to the job are more difficult to evaluate since they are hidden in the labor and overhead costs which are assigned to production under customary accounting systems. These hidden or indirect safety costs have been studied extensively and a consensus of this research shows, conservatively, that the indirect cost of accidents is four times as great as the direct costs represented by medical and compensation expense. The cost of industrial accidents in 1955 is estimated by the National Safety Council as 53,500, 000, 000, equivalent to 550 per worker. The author describes three basic methods for developing a safety organization and illustrates two setups by means of organization charts. If proper efforts are made to remove potential accident causes, and to correct conditions which have caused accidents, the injury rates will be reduced. These reduced rates in turn bring both direct and indirect savings, which, with the improved confidence of the personnel, will much more than pay for the cost and effort ex pended in operating the program and be reflected in lowered unit cost of the product. ACCIDENTS AND PREVENTION 1073 Barrelmakers' Work Injuries Surveyed. Anon. Safety Standards 8, 16 (Sept.-Oct. 1959). Except for furniture, cooperage manufacture had a more favorable work-injury re cord in 1957 than any other manufacturing operation kn the lumber and wood products group of industries, according to a recent survey made by the U. S. Department of Labor's Bureau of Labor Statistics. But the cooperage manufacturing frequency rate of 34.0 disabling injuries and its severity rate of 2,393 man-days per million man-hours worked compared very unfavor ably with the all-manufacturing rates of 11.4 and 754 respectively. The heaviest incidence of injuries occurred in the stave mills; commonest variety consisted of bruises and contusions, cuts or lacerations, strains or sprains. Interestingly, the highest frequency and severity rates were suffered by firms employing 20 to 49 employees, lowest by those employing 50 to 99. The highest average number of days lost or charged per disabling injury, however, occur red among the smallest firms, those employing from 1 to 19 employees. These and other findings are published under the title of "Work Injuries and Injury Rates in the Manufacture of Cooperage", BLS Report No. 145, conducted in response to a request of the Associated Cooper age Industries of America, Inc. The results are based on reports from 137 cooperage estab lishments employing more than 4,500 worlonen. 29. 01 132 0766 industrial Hygiene S-.geat October, I'S- 1.074 Accidents.in..a-N*a'yai OockvArd. ,C. Collins. Brtc.V,. Ind. -Med. - lb,' - 2-03-*2i.3 'July*;. 1939 j. rV. The`high iacidence- of accidents in-H;M. Dockyard; Singapore, during 1354 led to a store detailed recording and analysis in Ho5-1956. . The departmental accident rates per - 1000 'wbrkers were ..recorded, together with-the ^circumstances of ail injuries resulting in the loss of store than one-shift-.(two per working day, lasting .4 ,1/2, hours in the stornings and 3 3/4 hours in the afternoons);. " In the successive quarters of l-355,' the number of accidents of all degrees of severity.'dropped;steadily,, but by 1-3p .they had leveled out at figures rang ing from l. o to 1,4 of.the:or.igmal;t'.usibers. .in i'top.tae numbers,a: minor acciden.s reported were 44ri of those for' 1 955, while cases requirmg_hospital treatment had lai.en to 33.5". This was balanced to soste extent.by an increase.-of, trivial cases treated without loss of time by first aid m the workshops,. 'tut.the.total.numbers still.showed a reduction m the accident race per iOOO workers.of id.-i '.. The ethnic groups employed all showed a similar decrease in accident rates', but the. reduction was noticeably greater among the Malays than the Chinese or Indians. Analysis;by-category of causation-showed chat the lower incidence was largely due to improvement in,the categories of handling stores;''using hand tools and power-driven machinery, but attention to. the causes ot.eye injuries' occasioned a reduction of only 5. 2 1073 Crane-Booms-vsi .power-Lines.--; S.; S. Elkins.',. (l . N'atl. Safety Newsr, 30, .74, 7.6;,.-1 Id-121 (Sept. 1939). Each year, many-deaths and serious injuries and much.property damage result from crane boom contacts with power lanes. In a 9-year period California reported 160 fatalities and 300 injuries.due to crane boom-contacts. Statistics show that death results in-one out of every three'injuries caused by. accidental contact with high-voltage lines. .The electrical nature of ithe problem;,suggests that safety groups in the electrical industry should assume leadership in any, safety drive reaching across .industry lines. Officials of the crane operators' union have offered cooperation, and. help from the construction industry and in surance-groups is-anticipated. -. The utility industry's stake in reducing crane contact is a major one. In addition to the per sonal hazard, cranes cause extensive damage to lines and serious interruptions to service. The author discusses equipment involved, electric shock, basic precautions, Ibcatioh of,lines, location of equipment, protective devices, and the sel ection of operators and ground crew, 1376 Laboratory Ventilation, J. C. Bu.-rett. . N'atl. Safety .News , 30, 26-27, ' 113 -113> (Sept. ' i 959). t The author considers laboratory hood design, hood location, exhaust ductwork, air supply,; and air conservation.*. Certain velocities,for laboratory bench-type hoods are recom- j mended by-the American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists. Tor chemical j and moderatecoxicity mate rial, average face velocity should be a minimum of 100 fpm through! the open door area, with an,30 fpm minimumj at any point. For high toxicity, and radioactive i material this should7be raised to an. average;,of 123 to*200 fprr. with an absolute minimum of 100 fpm. Some authorities .claim certain laboratories (as in schools and universities) do not use high-toxicity materials regularly, and individual exposure may not be for a full working | day. However,' there" is ho guarantee that a material used in a hood on any given day for a i particular project-may not be. succeeded by a material of high hazard--flammable or toxic. | It is also Imown that withmany-materials.the problem,is not merely one of exposure for long j periods; serious illness or death can occur, froth, even one short exposure. With such materials as oxides of nitrogen,' a; single .exposure may- often be sufficient to kill an individual or impair i his health seriously. - The glove box hood is another coauhon type of laboratory hood used for ; work with radioisotopes, with tuberculosis germs, and in many standard chemical laboratories. Here the chemist is-entirely outside the hood,, and his only,contact with the interior is through! the glove ports. Exhaust volumes for this hood,are based on.maintaining SO fpm in velocity i draft at any opening; usually this means an exhaust-of 20 to'30 cfm of air for each glove box. j 01 132 0767 30. Industrial Hygiene Digest October, 1077 An Approach to a Rational Method for 3ecomrr.endir.jj Face Velocities tor Laboratory Hoocs. J. E. Peterson. Am. Ind. Kvg. Assn. J. 20. 259-266 (Ag. 1 ^59). Variables affecting the performance of laboratory hoods nave been combined into an equation for the calculation of specific recommended face velocities of each hood. The equation is strictly err.pericai.ana numerical values are assignee to eacr. of the factors on the basis of ;udgm.er.t coupled with, techniques deve.opec for t.-.at purpose. In use, the Vapor Control Factor is modified by an Environment Factor and a Hood Characteristic Factor to achieve a face velocity which would be recommended for a star.nard rood' . Then, a statis tic itr.e variance) is utilized to ca.culate a mean face velocity which will assure mat -9 r, of the individual velocity measurements at tne r.ood face will fail aoove a minimum, calc--ated as 75'a of the mean face velocity for the standard hood . Specifications of the star.daro hood are discussed, as is the technique of assigning numerical values to each of the factors m the equation. Values of the variance are determined by measurement, or are estimated from an induced table of variances associated wit.i hood types. -- Author's summary 1 073 Protection of Flammable Liquids. Anon. Safety Maintenance 113, 42-43 (Sept. I'S3). Flammable Liquid hazards present a greater fire potential to more mdustria. plants than any otner fire r.azards. The magnitude of this potential has steadily mcreasec aim tne introduction of more extensive automated operations. Although the author is consicermg pro tection of the hazards of flammable liquids, technically the liquids -vil. not burn; it is the vapors of these liquids that do burn or, in certain mixtures with air, exp.ode. The rate of vaporization of a iiqu: i depends upon its vapor pressure with the rate increasing with tempera ture rise. Flammab.e .iquids at elevated temperatures present greater fire potential anc co signers of fire protection must recognize this tact. To prevent .esses due to the use of flam mable liquids in industrial plants, the problems must be carefully and continuou ,.y studied. First, the hazard or fire potential of flammable Liquids must be recognized by t.-.ose respon sible for fire safety of industrial plants. Secondly, the hazard must be adequately protected by proper design of the operational equipment and the fire protection facilities. Eigr.t wavs to minimize the hazards of flammable liquids are given in the form of a table. MISCELLANEOUS 107' Tank Car Wash Water. G. Gutzeit. Ind. Wastes 4, 17-20 (Mar.-Aor. 1'53). At the Muury, Ohio manufacturing and maintenance plant of the General American Transportation Corporation, a treatment plant for wastes from washing tank cars went into operation un July 1957. This article describes the facilities and method of operation for these complex wastes. The cleaning operation for the S.'OOO to 16, 000 gallon railroad tank cars is periodically required before a change in loading, inspection, or repairs -an be performed. A basic process for the treatment of these residuals was developed several years ago by the Research and Development Department of the General American Transportation Corporation. Basically, it involves segregation of the cars into the following categories, according to tee last-commodity carried: (l) Insoluble inert solids, such as asphalt, clay, and kaolin. (2) Gases and voLatile Liquids. (3) Insoluble organic liquids, such as petroleum products, vege table oils, non-volatile solvents, and acids. (4) Soluble Liquids, neutral and alkaime sa.ts, and alkalies. (5) Taste and odor producing substances, such as phenols, creosols, etc., and non-metallic toxic compounds. Insoluble solids are dumped and incinerated if combustible. Gases and volatile liquids are dissipated into the atmosphere by steaming, unless the products are irritating or toxic. Phenolic materials and other aromatic compounds have to be treated in special installations, involving adsorption on bituminous coal or lignite (the solids being then removed by froth flotation): followed by aeration, lagoonmg for equalization, biological oxi dation or chemical oxidation with chlorine, chlorine dioxide or ozone. Wash waters and stream condensate from tanks having been used for shipping insoluble organic-liquids and soluble liquics are segregated, by using movable effluent launders and separated into two groups which are 01 132 07b3treated separately by methods which are described in detail- .- Industrial Hygiene ->igest___________ ________________ ____________________ October. 1 INDEX Absenteeism in British railway workers .1070 Cutting oil's aerobic bacteria Accident(s) in cooperage manufacture crane booms vs. power lines m naval dockyard Aerosol(s) filtration Air pollutants measuring surface area Air pollution cloud diffusion effect on grape leaves on sunflowers measurement! s) cascade impactor trace constituents toxicity of black smoke veterinary aspects Air pollution control anti* smog mufflers engineering and in-plant positive approach Alcoholism disease concept Aldehydes toxicity of aliphatic Arsenicals cirrhosis and carcinoma Books manual of radiation protection pneumoconiosis abstracts workmen's compensation problems Boron oxide, toxicity 1073 1075 1074 1026 1054. 1 1056 1062 1063 1060 1053 1055' 1064 1.067. 1066 1065- Dermatitis, dermatosis(es) i changes in occurrence ; formaldehyde . in South Wales mines soy bean hand cleanser | treatment, gamma-globulin therapy 1CC5 1009 1004 10C8 IC07- Diehlorodifluoromethane (Freon) determination 1022 . Disability(ies)' evaluation in coal miners 592 Dust(s),-physico-chemical studies Dust collection, collectors ultrasonic vibrations -Epilepsy, and employer's liability 1025 1027 - 998 ;EUegtiu out-patient management .and social environment 999 1000 Ethylenedioxide. determination in fumigation mixtures 1022 993 Executive development , schools of thought 1071 ! ii 1 | 1020 1014 987. 986 988 ion.;. Exhaust gas(es), automotive engines effect on'enzymes ' ' * Exhaust hoods for laboratories face velocities r Farmer' s lung In mushroom workers i ** Filter!s), for aerosols 1063 : i ! 1076 | 1077 i 1023 1 1 j 1026 . j Cancer from arsenical intoxication chromium compounds ' lung, occupational, review . . Carbon disulfide poisoning biochemical mechanism Carbon monoxide determination, interferences by nitrogen oxides - , 7 . poisoning, laboratory detection - `' 1014 1015 1001 1024 1 Fire . r - protection of flammable liquids 1078 Flammable liquids protection of 'i . , Formaldehyde - dermatitis maximum permissible concentration 1078 1009 io2i 1059 .. 1012 . Freon . . determination in fumigation mixtures 1022 Chromium, experimental cancer;. . 1015 , 0n 1a 413002 00776699 ! 1 J j ; t \ i i Industrial Hygiene Digest Hearing loss and noise non-study noise exposures Heart disease living and working with Hoods for laboratories laboratory, face velocities Industrial medicine litigation breeders Iron poisoning, in children Keratoconjunctivitis small epedemic Lead tetraethyl biochemical studies Low back pain treaonent Mortality statistics and pathological reports Mushroom workers respiratory disease Nitrogen dioxide effects on growing animals Odor(s) air dilution olfactometer Oxygen portable therapy unit Ozone and cracking of rubber toxicity Plastics hazards in manufacture and use Pneumatic tools delayed injury from Pneumoconiosis abstracts, book action of pneumoconiotic factors Psychology executive department Quartz, effect on animal lungs improved through organization moral responsibility October. 1959 1038 1039 Silica, metabolism in guinea pigs 4 Radiation protection manual (bk. rev.) 1032 937 996 1076 1077 990 1016 994 1017 997 989 1028 1013 1058 1002 Radiation (atomic, ionizing, nuclear) hazards, administrative experience 1042 Radiation (ionizing, nuclear, x-ray, etc.) effects on populations 1047 Radioactive decomposition of laundry waste fallout evaluation of data inhalation hazard measurements in people sampling debris 1046 1051 1049 1050 1048 Radioactivity atoiospheric studies measurements with body counter removal by venturi scrubber 1052 1045 1041 Silicosis changes in collagen proteins histopathological information lymph node biopsies role of atypical bacilli 1029 1030 1037 1035 Silicotuberculosis difficulties in diagnosis 1034 Smoke toxic effects in a fireman 991 Strontium determination of radioactive 90 in man 1044 1043 1057 1069 1010 1003 986 1033 1071 1031 Trichloroethylene exposure test on workers Tuberculosis, treatment of miner's Vanadium poisoning from fuel oil soot Waste disposal tank car wash water Work medical problems of shift-work Worfanen's compensation problems (bk. rev.) X-Ray(s) examination in industry 1023 1036 1018 1079 1040 988 995 1072 1061 Zirconium determination in air 1019 33. 01 U2 0770 j i Liesta a \rso11si*ftor.' procaasing vith,,noifree allies presents:Iboy~*tC*|*-$o* }%%*; that,clcss fibcrs;ara- inert, non-toxic,', non-alUrgte, raud ccuta no lun ftsard.vr*Ih nv. fibreglaas.contains long aaooth;fibers which ere clniaerf^tojir'.' :;,^ .Jo; lejs.irritating.co.the akin...'- Tentative heat tests:have tfiaa conducted