Document kD9Ommdv4990zjnxr4KMMYxMO

tS36 ~:'PAT ~ c M :-:;nen NEEF.INQ SEC T HM NP c A. .13" J D Ml IL 25fh National SaietY Coitfgfoss -Yr\o_\\io/'.' - 2yv; NATIONAL SAFETY COUNCIL, Inc. ATLANTIC CITY, NEW JERSEY OCTOBER 5 to OCTOBER 9, 1936 Ambassador, Chelsea, Ritz-Carltojp^fciotels and Atlantic City Auditorium fM- 's&i 1- 000C CopyrijM, 1936, Notion*! S#fly Council, Inc. .li /* X) Foreword THE Transactions of the Twenty - fifth Xa:i:na'. Safety Congress, 1936, are published by the Xatimai Safety Council in two volumes. This, the first, contains the general, the special subject, and the Industrial Section sessions. The second volume contains the sessions of the Child Education, Home Safety. Street irx. Highway Traffic and Vehicle Fleet Sections. All industrial members of the Council automatically receive Volume X. Volume II is sent to member; be lieved to be interested chiefly in the sessions it coders. Other Council members, however, may obtain it vtor. request. Many members have found it worth while to distribute copies of the Transactions to supervisors, foremen, me others in an administrative or supervisory position --ho may make practical use of them for reference purposes. The following quantity prices are quoted on emra copies: 1 to 10 copies of the large volume. S1.50 etch: 11 copies or more, Sl.25 each; copies of the smaller volume, 50 cents each. THE Transactions are published as a condensed re:::rd of the proceedings at the National Congress. The papers of each session or division of the Congress hive been edited carefully to eliminate extraneous matter i~i to abbreviate the less essential portions because of ?: acelimitations. Thus the material herein presented is r.:t a verbatim report of all the speeches presented a: the Congress, but rather an abridged version made as com pact as possible, yet without injury to the techr-.es.aspects of any address. The original manuscripts art :n file in the Council's Bureau of Information, where *.:ey are available for additional reference. Where illurrations were sent by the speakers to the Council, these _so are on file. The National Safety Council at its Congresses seek- :o eliminate from discussion matters which are not perti nent to the aim of the Congress or which are cor.miry to Council policies. It cannot accept responsibility ;m the views expressed either in the papers presented :r in the discussions based upon the papers. `.55S* onz. jni.ain.* triad ieiand caUy - bevers. ,:por. . and who osei. ixtrs. each; viaUer \ ecorc The have r anc >pace not a the ,om ;nical -re on they astra; also :ks to perti'.trary '.v for ed or 1227 B3|,S2- Ntis contents me Council Officers and Directors...................................................... 4 Council Purposes and Policies...................................................... 9 Annual Meeting of Members........................................................ 11 Annual Banquet.............................................................................. 31 Subject Sessions-- Exhaust Systems............................ 37 Fire Prevention..................................................................... 53 Industrial Health--American Association, of Industrial Physicians and Surgeons...................................................... 61 Industrial Nursing................................................................... 69 Industrial Safety Lectures...................................................... 79 Injured Worker, The.............................................................. 99 Maintaining Interest in Safety...................................*......... 109 Occupational Diseases.................................................... 117 Safety Belts ........................................................... 127 Safety Equipment .................................................................... 141 Safety Exchange ..................................................................... 151 Safety Fundamentals for Beginners...................................... 159 Safety Training .............................................. 171 Aeronautical Section........................................................................ 181 A. S. S. E.--Engineering Section.................................................. 191 Automotive and Machine Shop Section........................................ 197 Cement Section............................................................................... 205 Chemical Section............................................................................ 223 Construction Section..................................................... 241 Food Section.................................................................................... 253 Marine Section................................................................................. 269 Meat Packing, Tanning and Leather Industries Section........287 Metals Section................................................................................. 299 Mining Section............................................................................. 319 Paper and Pulp Section................................................................. 347 Petroleum Section........................................................................... 361 Power Press Section...................................................................... 395 Public Utilities Section.................................................................. 405 Quarry Section................................................................................ 425 Refrigeration Section.......................... r................................... 443 Rubber Section."Tt '........................................................................ 461 Safety Equipment Section............................................................. 483 Steam Railroad Meeting................................................................. 489. Textile Section................................................................ 501 Transit Section.......................................................................... 503 Wood Products Section........................................*...................... 517 Index .................................................................... $'?&........... 531 ?* 000( Hasihgasl ' ` iafotY Crae2!r lsa@. OFFICERS HONORARY MEMBERS i Association of Iron and Steed Electrical Engineers Robert W. Campbell Arthur Williams l Lew R. Palmer OFFICERS (1936-1937) Dr. C. H. Watson, President D. D. Fennell, Vice-President for Public Relations Dr. Hart E. Fisher, Vice-President for Health John B. Gibson, Vice-President for Community Safety Councils Hon. Harold G. Hoffman, Vice-President for Public Safety Albert S. Regula, Vice-President for Engineering A. V. Rohweder, Vice-President for Industrial Safety R. T. Solensten, Vice-President for Membership Albert \V. Whitney, Vice-President for Education W. E. Worth. Vice-President for Finance and Treasurer. W. H. Cameron, Secretary and Managing Director ` ; ;/ f ` : EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE (1936-1937) George J. Adams, Paper and Pulp Section C. M. Allen, Metals Section C. B. Alel, Past President J. I. Ban-ash, Past President C. W. Eergql'ist, Past President Harold S. Buttsnheim, The American City Macaair.c V.\ H. Cameron. National Safety Council, Inc. Robert W. Campbell, Past President Robert I. Catux. Aetna Casualty & Surety Gmv.cny Lewis A. DeElc'.s. Past President C. W. Df.mpesy. Food Section Marcus A. Dow, Past President D. D. Fennell. Consulting Engineer Da. Hart E. Fisher, Chicago Rapid Transit O.iv.y.nny R. 3. Fortuin. Lehigh Valiev Safety Council C. W. Gibbs, Mining Section John B. Gibson. Western Electric Co^any Harry Ginluert. The Pullman Compact;-. lie::. Harold G. Hoffman, Governor gfeNew jer-cy 0G00C!) i- b *nmmvzf I. C __s L A D. Gs C: Ca c. w. R. C, . Gr Ro: Du. A. ' W. Art DI G.m- c. Xf.i.s Fp.es: A. L. ' J. I. John Funk CW David Cliff-- : OFFICERS AND DIRECTORS, Continued it 'Councils .dcty t cr. f E. C. Holden, Jk.. Marine Section Harry J. Kelley, Wood Products Section Walter G. King, Past President Wjt. C. Knoelk, Milwaukee Safety Commission John* E. Long, Past President Thos. H. MacDonald. United States Department of Agriculture E. J. Mehren, Portland Cement Association W. J. Melville, Chippewa County Safety Council I. W. Millard, Industrial Gloves Corporation Harold L. Miner, E. I. du Pont de Nemours & Company E. J. O'Brien, Jr., Louisville Safety Council Lew R. Palmer, Past President C. E. Fettibone, Past President Albert S. Regula, Industrial Relations Counselors. Inc. Lt. Ccl. Henry A. Renincer, Past President A. V. Rohweder, Duluth, Missabc & Northern Railway Company D. L. Royer, ASSE-Enginccring Section George E. Sanford, General Electric Company Charles B. Scott, Past President Carl L. Smith, Cleveland Safety Council C. W. Smith, Standard Oil Company (Indiana) Walter Dent Smith. Delaware Safety Council R. T. Sdlensten, Elliott Service Company C. P. Tc-lman, Past President George G. Traver. Chicago Safety Council Robert R. Wallace, Worcester Safety Council Dr. C. K. Watson, American Telephone & Telegraph Company A. W. Whitney, National Bureau of Casualty & Surety Underwriters W. E. Worth, International Harvester Company Arthur. H. Yocng, Past President DIRECTORS (1936-1937) George J. Adams. Paper S: Pulp Section C. M. Allen, Metals Section Nelson R. Anderson, Seattle Traffic & Safety Council Frederick Archer, Child Education Section A. L, Armstrong, Chemical Section J. I. EaNash, Consulting Engineer John J. Barada, Public Utilities Section Ernest V.'. Beck, United States Rubber Products, Inc. C. W. SiRcncisT, Western Electric Co. David i. Lever, Liberty Mutual Cliffort M. Bishop, Brooklyn >C.fer|^CounciI 7 o' / OFFICERS AND DIRECTORS, Continued OFFICERS AND [ | t \ i It E. F. Blank, Jones Laughlin Steel Corp. C. F. Borkexhagex, Kenosha Safety Council S. D. Boyd, York County Saietv Council , A. \V. Breela.no, Petroleum Section- ` F. S. Brown, Standard Accident Insurance Co. S. W. Burchiel, Automobile Club of Rhode Island Harold S. Buttexheim, The American City Magazine Preston D. Callum, Baltimore Safety Council W. H. Cameron, National Safety Council Robert I. Catun, Aetna Casualty & Surety Co- M. A. Clark, Automotive and Machine Shop Section H. Herbert Corson, Safety Department, Nashville Chamber of Cc~ merce Frank Emery Cox, Berkeley Traffic Safety Commission Robert W. Ckowther, Springfield. Massachusetts Safety Council J. E. Cullzxey, Bethlehem Steel Co. Lewis A. DeBlois, Consulting Engineer Jay E. Decker, Mason City Safety Council C. W. Demtesy, Food Section James B. Douglas. Philadelphia Gas Works Co. Dr. Louis I. Dublin, Metropolitan Lite Insurance Co. D. D. Fennell, Consulting Engineer Donald A. Finkbeiner, Toledo Safety Council Dr. Hart E. Fisiier, Chicago Bapid Transit Co. Howard B. Fonda, Burroughs Vcllcome & Co. \'C. S. A.) Inc. William Forsyth. Superior. Wisconsin Safety Council R. B. Fortuin, Lehitrh '.'alloy Safety Council Alexander Foster, Jr., Quarry Section C- W. Gibbs. Mining Section John B. Gibson, Western Electric Co. Harry Guilbmrt, The Pullman Co. Isaia-i Hale, The Atchison, Topeka Cc Santa Fe Railway Co. Major Bulling H. Handy, Richmond Safety Council D. T. Harrington, U. S. Bureau of Mines R. C. Haven, Vehicle Fleet Sect: m G- T. Hki.lv.utu, Chicago. North Shore tv Milwaukee R. R. Co. CtiAS E. IIsl!., Ne*.v York Central Lines Hon. Harold G. Hoffman, Governor of New Jersey E. C. Hold;-.:;. Jr., Marine Section Frederick B. Hunt, Cement Section P. G. Hunt;:?, Power Press Section Morris E. Hurley, Kastbay Safety Council Major Norman A. Imrie, CohurAi^gMcty Council Edwin A. Kaysew, St. Louis Safety.Council Thomas P. Kearns, Industrial ConaAVb-i*ssion of O'nio f\'* t; or 000CC1 i K. T. Ke Harry J. Thos, L. , * J. M. Ke Wm. C. C L. La A. H. La J. E. Lot W. R. L L. T. Me Thos. H. MlLLER - t. h. y. F. W, M Tames R. E. J. Me \V. J. M: ; I. W. M: j E. M. M: | James K. | Harold I | R. B. Me : Ernest | E. J. OT | George C j Geo. 0?r i Lew R. | United 1 Wilson ? tion { A. E. P.i ] David A. Mrs. G. : J Charles s merce ; C. E. Pet | Gen. Geo j Arthur . j Albert S ; Lt. Col. ; A. V. Re \{ D. L. Ro j G. . S.v i Henry C T Karl G. OFFICERS AND DIRECTORS, Continued ::t<i agazinc cticn :!e Chamber of Comtr.mission is aafety Council :cc '^o. ,,u. <X- S. A.) Inc. Council c Railway Co. f'uncil .vau.-:ee R. R. Co. ourcil K. T. Keller. Detroit Industrial Safety Council Harry J. Kelley, Wood Products Section Thos. L. Kelley, Paterson Safety Council J. M. Kerrigan, Rubber Section Wm. C. Knoelk, Street & Highway Traffic Section C. L. LaFcyxtaixe, Great Northern Railway Co. A. H. Layer. Madison County Safety Council J. E. Long. The Delaware & Hudson Railroad Corporation W. R. Loyd. Safety Div. Birmingham Chamber of Commerce L. T. McArthur, Peoria, Illinois Safety Council Thos. H. MacDonald, United States Department of Agriculture Miller McClixtock, Traffic Audit Eureau T. H. McKenxey, Retired F. V/. Matson, Minnesota Safety Council Tames R. Mays, Elizabeth Safety Council E. J. Mskren. Portland Cement Association W. J. Melville, Chippewa County Safety Council I. W. Millard, Industrial Gloves Corporation E. M. Miller, Employees Publication Section James K. Miller, Grand Rapids Safety Council Harold L. Miner, E. I. duPcnt de Nemours & Co. R. B. Mosley, Industrial Accident Prevention Association Ernest Murphy, Albany Safety Council E. J. O'Brien, Jr., Louisville Safety Council George C. A. Opp, The Detroit Edison Co. Geo. Oi'PSXHeimer, Kansas City Safety Council Lew Pv. ?al:..R, The Equitable Life Assurance Society of the United States Wilson Palmer, Meat Packing, Tanning & Leather Industries Sec tion A. E. Parker. Transit Section David A. Patton. Newark Safety Council Mrs. G. M. Pslton, Evanston Safety Council Charles V.'. Pendock. Safety Division. Milwaukee As;-, of Com merce C. E. Pettisone. American Mutual Liability Insurance Co. Gen. Getr-le B. Pillsbury, United States Engineer Office Arthur Potterton. Hudson County Safety Council Albert S. P.egula, Industrial Relations Counselors, Ir.c. Lt. Col. Henry A. Renixcer. Lehigh Portland Cement Co. A. V. Rmiveder, Duluth. Missabe & Northern Railway C;. D. L. Royer. ASSE-Engir.eering Section G. E. Sanford, General Electric Co. Henry C. Schaffxe?.. Erie Safety Council Karl G. Sehoeffler. Rahway Safety Council t f -'-fc.-. OFFICERS AND DIRECTORS, Continued Counc Tf Harry A. Schultz. United States Steel Corp. Earl S. Siiartzer, Utica Safety Council Gen. Johx H. Sherburne, Massachusetts Safety Council Dr. L. A. Shoudy, Bethlehem Steel Co. - Ernest L. Simoxds, New Haven Safety Council Carl L. Smith. Cleveland Safety Council C. W. Smith, Standard Oil Co. (Ind.) Edwin C. Smith, Blackstone Valley Safety Council Walter Dent Smith, Delaware Safety Council W. A. Snow, Construction Section R. T. Solexstex. Elliott Service Co. P. Earl Spitzer, Contra Costa County Safety Council E. C. Spring, Lansdalc, Pa. The fundamental ourr ional Safety Council iuman life. It seeks thh ontinuous campaign of ion that is nationwide ' b all types of hazardous ectly or indirectly ren jtizenry. It is a non-pn .on-sectarian, and free f. George R. Stephens, Safety Bureau. Buffalo Chamber of Commerctliations. Since its orga: Arthur M. Took. Consulting -Marine Engineer Harold M. Toombs, Refrigeration Section r has won respect as an istitution. Geo. G. Traver, Chicago Safety Council ' Inseparable from accidi W. W. Trench, Schenectady Safety Council W. D. Turbeville. San Antonio Safety Council Robert R. Wallace, Worcester Safety Council be Council's work in i: onditions and preventing ases in American jmiust-. Dr. C. H. Watson, American Telephone & Telegraph Co. Today there arc 4,000 Harry M. Webber. Retired snting every state in E. T. Whiter, Western Pennsylvania Safety Council lany of the Canadian pi S. E. Whiting, Liberty Mutual Insurance Co. re 400 foreign members. A. W. Whitney, National Bureau of Casualty & Surctv UnderwriterTip includ..es , industria --T. A, . tion v\ illson. A, ccidien.t rP.revention _Eq1uip1 ment ,,'lanui-act.urers. c T. A. Wilson, Textile Section r.'.naims-beinrdsivoidt. uacolsm, mpmermcee. < rganizations. About 70 ustrial concerns, inciudin W. H. Winans, Union Carbide & Carbon Corporation jtitpanies, the oil com: E. W, Wirtii, Rochester Safety Council ie railroads in the Un Harry Wise. Sr., Chattanooga Safety Council jtomotive industry, and J. M. Woltz, Youngstown Sheet & Tube Co. W. W. Wood, Steam Railroad Section inding importance in ou. ial field. W, E. Worth, International Harvester Co. E. J. Zauit, Safety Bureau. Duluth Chamber of Commerce Origin and Gr Earl W. Zimmerman. Safety Div. Syracuse Chamber of Commerce -phe history of the Com G. L. Zwick, St. Joseph Safety Council S-or.g to 1 t brief, the First Co-0 ongress was held under ssociatiou of Iron and ngineers in Milwaukee, ... result, the National Safi 'ganized in New York tar-with fourteenwtMibe * 1s.t year the membershi 3 I: 0 C C C G 3 P- ~ - tt&bsz: Occupational Diseases FRIDAY MORNING SESSION October 9, 1936 --ss session was called to order by the -r=an. Dr. Hart E. Fisher, Vice-Presimat for Health. National Safety Council, and Chief Surgeon, Chicago Rapid Transit Co., Chicago, who presided, introducing the speakers. The Lesser Known Facts About Common Occupational Diseases By DR. ROBERT B. HUNT Medical Advisor, American Mutual Liability Insurance Co., Boston Probably the leader in the parade of scustrial diseases is an acute or chronic aiasunation of the skin which we call tematitis. This disease may present ite n any type of shop, factory or foun- 7. Any paste, powder, gas or liquid waich comes in contact with the empayee's skin, even the water supplied by e town in which he lives or works, may it the potential cause of such a skin isnrbance. The wide diversity of causes together 2 the varying susceptibility of differst individuals makes the problem of asoctil difficult. Mach investigation is under way to iitemine why one person may be susrtaab'.e to a certain substance while an ther is not. It has been proved many times that a poisonous substance formed Tvida the body has been able to prolong -- action started by some external influ xes. A primer dc'veloped a marked cermatitis from ink which persisted for years. Finally food tests were made pd showed that he was susceptible to 7--ce, which, when removed from his cleared the skin. He returned to his -j--l occupation without a return of symptoms. ice poisoning--nf allergic substances is an accumulative process. It takes '-=:; to produce a manifestation of dis^e* but let any other substance cause -te disease, and the irritating food may ^ st sufficient strength to magnify its act:on. All cases of dermatitis cannot be cured by eliminating offending foods, but fur ther investigation along these lines may give us a clue with which to lessen the loss of time from work and the discom fort now produced by industrial derma titis. Lead Metals The distribution of lead poisoning is quite extensive. The skin of the body is a protective covering, and as long as it remains in tact it does a good job except in the case of tetraethyl lead, which is used in blend ing gasoline and which is readily absorbed through the skin, having a tendency to create changes in the nervous system. The effect of other forms of lead, through that avenue of entrance, is practically nil, which explains the extremely low poisoning rate in typesetters, painters and others who continually come in contact with metallic lead. Lead in any form, introduced through the mouth, acts rather slowly when com pared with the inhalation of lead dust or fumes. However, no matter what the portal of entry may be, lead is acted upon by the body fluids ana so converted that it may eventually be deposited with in the bones. Those bony safe deposit vaults may retain their lead contents for days or tor years, and if the 1'expBsttre is removed, may also free the.'employee of all signs 118 Twenty-fifth National Safety Congress and symptoms of lead poisoning. But imagine the surprise of that supposedly cured person when years later, perhaps following some type of infectious disease or the excessive use of alcoholic bever ages, he awakes to find that he suffers the aches and pains and paralyses of an acute lead poisoning. As the body fluids alter lead that it may be deposited, so may those fluids attempt to de-lead the body, and too rapid absorption may pro duce the original disease with all its dis comforts. One can readily' see, then, that in some cases investigation of previous occupa tions is quite necessary to determine the original contact with lead. Heating of molten lead causes a black scum of lead suboxide to form on its sur face, and the heat from the metal dis burses the fine powder into the air. Hence, in the process of smelting ores such as zinc, copper and silver, mixed with lead, we find a rather high lead poisoning rate. Those engaged in the manufacture of lead wire and cables, batteries, glass, pottery and rubber industries, plumbers and users of dry colors offer their share of lead poisoning. Probably the greatest source of lead poisoning may be found among those who sandpaper, scrape, chip or burn lead paint, for the dust and fumes caused by those activities are rather rapid in their action. Such workers may become in capacitated in a few days because the inhalation of lead dust causes the maxi mum amount of absorption into the* blood stream in the minimum space of time. Chromium Chromium is a metal widely used as a foundation for colors, and dusts, from its various salts may produce lesions of the skin and mucous membranes of the nose. Chromium plating by electrolysis may cause fumes which are similarly irritat ing. Although chromium poisoning does not usually cause death, the number of days of absence from work on account of incapacity which it causes is gradu ally increasing. Other Metain The most efficient portals of entry of foreign substances into the body are the nose and mouth. The smaller the du$( (the size of smoke particles for example the greater the speed of absorption bv Alwh< diffc- the blood. Fumes from hot metals earnnot only poisons but numerous niiny^ and dust particles. This explains the inca. pacities occurring among those engage in acetylene and electric cutting and welding. When men are so employe over a prolonged period of time, the C2US The cool. stnmce constant inhalation of fumes and du$t might produce symptoms of the metal upon which they work. In the ship, building trade, particularly in the con struction of metal ships, we find occasional cases of metal-fume fever. "Brass chills" and "spelter shakes" from zinc are names applied by the lay people rzujse er rul'd Th' sund. i-.liico prv'gr to such diseases. The terrific heat ap- plied to some of our common metals and alloys by acetylene torches produces suf :crm ficient fumes to cause a temporary inca- pacity in 24 hours. Permanent disability from such causes is rare, however. cir:ar Diseases Due to Dust teca' y.*sar Twenty-five per cent of all workers ZSION exposed to high concentrations of inor ganic dust are expected to develop changes within their lungs due to that agency. We are at a loss to explain why the other seventy-five per cent are not so affected. Mining, quarrying, foundry work, grinding, sandblasting, abrasive soap manufacturing, asbestos work, the mak ing of emery and carborundum products \ E -rxt "Ita mlc gre the :>h and many other occupations offer op- portunities for employees to inhale mic- f, roscopic dust particles and create a foundation for possible future incapacity. We are interested particularly in those I 1 w O' men who work with sandstone, quartz. > fiint, granite, and sand, because they ex pose themselves to silica, and the chemical changes between that dust and the 1 ' V c body fluids, in the presence of tubercu losis. may and usually do lead to a fatal ' ending. It is safe to say. in light of our present knowledge, that the action of other in organic dusts is much less virulent and incapacitating. That, however, docs not allow us tjjfr5\Ver the vigilant methods to improve ft.tist control and protect em ployees. Uifecause' all dusty occupations are potential trouble makers. 1 0000.J I Occupational Diseases 119 Although the actions of various dusts differ within the body, the exposure to asbestos fibres, present in the weaving and grinding of dry asbestos material, offers another type of dust which may cause fatalities among workers. The organic dusts from cotton, silk, wool, tobacco, flour and similar sub stances are practically harmless. Such dusts rarely reach the lungs but may cause irritation of the windpipe and larg er air tubes and result at the most in a mild bronchitis.- The factor which should be borne in mind, particularly when dealing with silicosis and asbestosis, relates to the progression of such disease. When changes occur within the lungs as a re sult of the presence of such dusts, nature forms scar tissue to heal such lesions but may fail to stop when the job is finished. As a result, the continuation of that heal ing process may lead to such structural changes within the lungs that partial or total incapacity, may follow months or years after the employee has been re moved from his dusty occupation. Benzole-Benzene Benzol is a distillate of coal tar used extensively in industry. It is an essen tial ingredient-in the manufacture of ex plosives. It is an excellent solvent for grease, oils and cements, and because of that "property it is important in many phases of the rubber and cleaning indus tries. In the manufacture of shoes ben zol may'be an ingredient of the dressing applied to the leather and of the cement which fastens the heels and soles. Not only in the shoe trade but in other branches of industry where employees work with gummy, sticky material, the workers soon learn of the solvent and cleansing action of this liquid and use it freely for that purpose upon themselves. The subsequent outbreak of skin af flictions may be the first indication of such unauthorized use. Benzol is extremely poisonous, enter ing either through the nose or mouth or absorbed through the skin. Its action within the body is varied and may pro duce a multitude of signs and symptoms. The bone marrow becomes affected which in turn alters the character of the blood: hemorrhages are common; it may cause death. The.fumes from benzol are heavier than air and lie near the floor, which is an im portant point in the engineering prob lem of ventilation. The members of the benzene group are absorbed through the skin, and more cases of poisoning are found when men perspire than when their bodies are cool. Probably the answer to that is that the fumes may solidify as they cool and the powder may settle on the skin. The sweat on the body may dissolve this dust so that it is more readily absorbed through the increased surface blood supply. Chlorinated Hydrocarbons This group of petroleum derivatives has been known to science for years but during the past decade its advance into the industrial field has been widely dis tributed and most important. Led by carbon tetrachloride and its chemically associated members,- it has furnished in dustry with refrigerants for ice chests, excellent solvents for rubber, wax, oil and grease, thinners for lacquers and a very fine household necessity for the re moval of spots from clothes. Hospitals have been using it more and more for the removal of adhesive plaster. Due to the non-flamniabiii:v of car bon tetrachloride, it is used in fire ex tinguishers. The rapid evaporation pro duces fumes which may smother a small blaze, but we must not forget that ex cessive heat of the actual fire may bring about combustion sufficient to produce such biproducts as hydrochloric acid and phosgene gas. Like its associated mem ber, chloroiorm, it may produce sleep when inhaled by an individual, and only 1/350 of an ounce in a quart of air is necessary to produce such action. That thought must be remembered when a large quantity of those liquid products is spilled on the floor, perhaps accidentally. Action should be started at once before the liquid gasifies, and employees should be notified to keep their heads up to avoid the low ceiling of gas. Chemists have developed and intro duced to indus^r^inany new products, the basis of whith is the chlorinated hy drocarbons. These derivatives of petro- 120 Twenty-fifth National Safety Congress leum distillation are frequently combined with those from coal tar to form valua ble chemical combinations. They have been placed on the market so rapidly that medical science has been unable to determine their physiological effect upon the health of man. We have known that some of these chemicals are capable of creating changes in the liver, and only recently in a city in Massachusetts one of these newer products caused the death of two employees and a battle to retain life among two others. Carbon Monoxide You remember the adage, "Where there is smoke, there is fire." We might add to that. "Where there is fire there -is carbon monoxide." This odorless but poisonous gas may occur in any industry or in any home, but the poorer the ventilation the better the chance of producing physical incapacity. Since the advent of the motor car, whose exhaust pipe may pour forth as high as 6% of carbon monoxide, we are all exposed to that gas, particularly in crowded cities. The ordinary passenger car liberates about two cubic feet per minute, and one can readily estimate the physical damage that may be done if such a motor is allowed to run within the doors of a poorly ventilated garage or shop. Fortunately, serious cases of such poisoning are not common among those employed in public garages, but many of those employees are likely to complain of headache and faintness at the end of a day's work, especially in colder weather when doors and windows remain closed. In the steel industry, where gas is used as the heating agency in the blast fur naces, care must be used to provide proper ventilation. Within the mines, workers are warned to allow enough time following blasts for the escape of this gas. Being a colorless, odorless and taste less gas. quick of action within the hu man body, the manifestation of the very first symptom may he too late to save a workman from partial or total incapacity or perhaps death. Because the exposed person suffers first from motor paralysis, he may be unable to help himself or even to warn others of the danger. Even if remove from the poisonous gas at that period the damage actually done by the gas mat result in permanent physical damage. ' , t \ j Infection j The skin is a protective covering of the body against infection and is eitremely efficient as long as it remains rutact, but allow it to be broken or purc- lured, introduce bacteria, and a bardensues between the offensive agencies of | ; I j snuoc grvod ' unnles no:- p ha'.ve JftrrJe upuon "-Th netss grriat tvenriri infection and the defensive powers of iht body. The winning of such a struggle may determine the presence'or absence c: incapacity. Infectious are commcs ' : throughout industry, but two .types art particularly prominent -- infection result ing from anthrax and infection among meat packers and fishermen. Many of our fur, hair or wool-coverec animals may contract anthrax. The genes ' of that disease defy the ordinary methods '.T\ of sterilization and may linger on hides, i bristles or hairs for long periods of time. Stem weer Tanners, wool sorters, and hair or bristle i CXS3S workers may introduce the anthrax spore :j seiis beneath their skin and undergo much ( hem physical suffering and sometimes death. j the infections are frequently found among ' as meat and fish packers and those engaged that. in deep sea fishing. Although death ` rarely occurs,'the loss of fingers, hands 1 ee:i the: and nasty septic wounds are the result. Punctured wounds, cuts, abrasions, burns and scratches are potential avenues of entrance ior bacteria which would seem to be waiting everywhere at all times tor such a break in the skin. Early medical treatment might often save later surgical interference, not to mention the sum A-i - b?:a ph.-, teec thru CTJi accompanying discomfort, incapacity and perhaps the loss of an essential body part. rt..t ecu -Summary I feel that the time has come when ar. employer must demand of a manufacturer the answers to two questions: 1. How will your product affect my business? 2. How will your, product affect the health of my employees? That employer is entitled --to....honeitf.,--. answers ^jasod upon sufficient chemicai and physiological examinations of the questionable product. That manufacturer a tir- i:s /- - w-rVe ;i Occupational Diseases 121 held responsible for the ills by the use of his product and .-ier> -:s ccn yjaramee its safety, it has ^ :n industry. Too many lives !JVC u*er. lost or jeopardized by too mewledge of a product's action Ijon "*cse who handle it. ' Ths incidence cf lost time due to ill_j<$ ;:id injury in industry has been -*:> lessened by the many agencies Torkmr along lines of safety. When in dustry has been made iool-proof by the substitution of non-toxic preparations tor those now found to be harmful, and when each employee is imbued with the idea that constant thoughtfulness and care are most necessary for the maintenance of health and happiness, then, and not un til that idealistic stage has been reached may vigilance and perseverance to main tain and preserve health, limb and life be lessened. pri-Employment Examination as an Aid to the Control of Industrial Diseases By DR. W. C. TEMPLER Medical Director, Coming Glass Works, Corning, N. Y. We may well ask whether or not phy ii sical examination is of any value to the i tozic -it large, rather than limit the dis- assiot to the control of industrial di- oses. In the conservation of life and .teaiti: much progress has been made in die emiication or control of such diseases is ocmr in epidemic form, as well as that of disease which is not truly 1 sidenic. but occurs in such frequency ia rmeral health programs are necessry. Much has been done to control such iisabling illnesses as heart disease, sicaz-sclerosis, kidney disease and dia betes: and something has been accombiishst in the control of morbidity, which tends :o. at least, make people happier irouci good health, even though an in=*assi span of life is not gained. Physical examination has played a large ~le n. accomplishing these things, beause-.a was through physical examination *nd piysical observations that investiga tes v-ire led to exert themselves to find 1 reaecy for the cause of such condi^cs. Small-pox is no longer prevalent, :-e t: such observations, which led to ^3 ctr.trol by vaccination. Malaria and Teller fever have been brought largely ^er control, ar.d knowledge is now ira:i':ie in the control of venereal diI*4ses, if the proper physical examination Moratory methods are used to arrive ^7 a cagnosis. We are all familiar with ^ results obtained in decreasing the death rate due to tuberculosis. In'fact, in the treatment of all epidemic-type diseases that have so far been eradicated, the examination of patients to determine the severity of symptoms and the im provement has been of foremost value. Knowing that the average span of life has been increased eight years in the last quarter century and assuming that the above mentioned factors have had some bearing on it, could we decry, the value of physical examinations for the general population? If we know that examinations made by insurance companies and their associating examining institutions, the clinics run by the United States Public Health Sendee, and the great mass of physicians, who all carefully examine their clientele, have been of value in the control of disease, may we not assume that examinations in industry will help control the incidence and extent of industrial disease, particu larly when the life expectancy of in dustrial workers is less than that of the general population? In fact on April 14, 1936, at the Na tional Conference on Silicosis and Similar Dust Diseases, called by the Secretary of Labor, Dr. R. R. Sayers of the United States Public Health Service said, "Pr.e-_ liminary and periodiorfchyaical and roentgenologicaf examination should be made of all employees engaged in industrial processes where there is a potential if )u 00001-8 122 TwcntV'fifth National Safety Congress not actual exposure to excessive concen trations of silica in the atmosphere." Naturally in the early work of industry, only basic materials were used, ingredients had not arrived at a state of development and complexity, when intricate chemical compounds and other toxic materials were even known of, much less used. At the present time over 500 materials are listed which can, under certain conditions, cause industrial disease and the list is by no means complete, inasmuch as experimental work is being done by the personnel of practically every plant or industry to im prove or enlarge its manufactured products by taking advantage of the great amount of knowledge science has given us: Industrial examinations are of two kinds. First, the pre-employment ex amination, which consists of a very care ful history, not only of the family, but also of the previous occupations with length of service in each, previous health and illnesses and present habits. Naturally such a history is of no value unless truth fully given and a reasonable amount o: time must be taken to acquire. details, which are often vague in a workman's mind or considered by him to be unim portant. The physical examination, of course, varies with the type of industry, and should be given with the knowledge of what the man's exact occupation is to be, and by a physician familiar with the industrial processes in which he is to be employed. In this way selected employ ment can be obtained for men who have some basic disqualification for one job. but which does not impair their ability for useful employment and the conserving of health in another. The physical examination must be thorough. It should include all methods of determining a latent disability or one that is already present. Many examina tion forms are available from insurance companies or other health services, which have been designed entirely for industrial work. It has been the experience of men interested in this work, that all the special senses of the body must be tested as wel; as the measurement of motion in all joints-. The cardio-vascular system is of gre2: importance as is the respiratory and gastro-intestinai tract. Re-examination and periodical checks, because of particular industrial hazards. must be correlated as to time spent * the hazard, although a period of one |j'C> is, perhaps, proper for persons who in good health and have no complain*, or who are not working in toxic sav in stances or with other materials would under some conditions impair thej. health and usefulness. The objectives of pre-employment att im post-employment examinations are \ same, that is: the establishment of * physical standard in which the employe. - ' can pursue his trade or labor, having . discomfort or ill effect due to Industrie _ ' exposure to harmful products. Swi i products and materials are, as we hart ] mentioned, of great number and variety. Attempts have been made to classify workmen as to age, sex. color and ns- ( . tionality. Whether or not any of thea * classifications are of value, it still remains. 4.. that the primary effort is to have healthy i 1 workmen and the benefit is of as erea | ' value to the workman as to the indastrr. | The benefits of individual and commuahy good health are numerous and obvionsr and the benefits of good health to indassy are equally important. The employee tciI be more productive, receive higher wages and be happier. The labor turn-over raa because of poor health will be lowered is will the costs of insurance. The working personnel will be more efficient and con tented. and will dislike to be exposed ti the overt acts of people who are epileptic ; insane or who disregard communicable disease, and will use their endeavors u work safely among hazards they have been taught to respect. \ The harmful exposure to each hazard is. ; of course, different, ranging from a fe-tr : days as, for example, an acute poisoning ; from toxic gases, to that of 15 or 2} i years in some of the less toxic therefore the period before re-examir.atiar ; for each class of employee will ef ferent. However, individuals differ i.s:- and it is hard to state a definite teri.*'! which may be satisfactory for each em ployee in a single class of hazard. Super visors can often be of great value in send ing employees out for physical examina tion whenever there is a change in a:- pISjB^Tice or work ability,--or -whrtr-wfr bsjye been off on account of some :*.ir.efs. jilch as those seif-diagnosed as ccrr-ninn ddfd,. lagrippe. cough, sdre throat cr irritation. Such observations sheul hi 0000 .. ) i Oecit rational Diseases 123 where there is not a full-time r'-'-'.ca-".. and they are of the greatest -' the early determination of a P^-cnhility to or the beginning or an .^--ni disease. Tv'e ire fortunate in having had a large or research work done on in- s. diseases, until at the present time, Qireriii from acetaldehyde to zinc are jjad. together with the processes in wdidh chey are used and the symptoms tt-vr-h "iey cause, and an estimate or the of exposure in nearly every case c-tesstry to produce symptoms. It is rsiil? cot too much of a problem for an r=r=~j7id physician to accumulate a sup- ci such knowledge, particularly when knrws the processes involved during tbt manufacturing procedure of his incs-rr. It thus becomes relatively a --nrrv-- matter of observation, together .*un examination for specific signs or sj3ptm:s at the time of the periodical re-examination, to obtain some degree of ecerri of the hazard. We cannot discuss the benefits of precslcyment examination and periodic re-n--^-ivnn without mentioning some of me ejections to it. If a man has a disaifsr. he naturally is anxious to keep it to and in some casts we find car die workman is disinterested to a :pca; that he would rather not know of a disunity even though he has' it. Cere: i-:c:al groups regard each man as emriid to employment whether he is Physically fit or not. on the assumption that industry hires labor, not health, and tot -`Section because of physical dissiiurr causes a class of artisans to become "riuciced against and become charity tuti. I; is also alleged that the quality y radical service in industry is such fi--* the results of examinations are mis- and of no value. Another objecuce ^ voiced by labor unions, it being that pre-employment examina^as are used to discriminate against union workers or members. Many leaders realize, however, that pre^^CTment examination and periodical 5i:z-ups are the only means of prevent!^? "liability from certain industrial Competent and honest medical renders all these objections quite for if an endeavor is made to properly ;lace employees, such a small percentage is finally rejected, and that percentage is so obviously unfit to work, that no fair-minded person can fail to see the justice of it. These cijections. however, are being noticed by legislative bodies, ar.d in one State a law is in force which says: "It is hereby declared to be the policy of the legislature of this State, in enacting this article, to prohibit through every law ful means available, any requirement as a pre-requisite to employment which com pels an applicant for employment in any occupation coming within the purview of this article to undergo a medical examina tion." This statement is in a paragraph labeled, "Prevention of Silicosis and Other Dust Diseases," and the logic of it is entirely ncr.-understandable, even though at the present time there is no lawful means available to enforce the stated policy. If physical examinations are of benefit to the population at large, they certainly must be :? the industrial workers, who may be exposed to special hazards: periodical check-up examinations are necessary ir. any hazardous work or trade, in order :: protect the. workers as well as the industry; and the benefits to the workers :i proper and fair-tr.inded ex aminations. in all ordinary cases, outweigh the objecticns. I have purposely omitted any reference to the eccnomics of pre-employment and periodic re-examination, which apply either to the individual or the industry. However, one of the great public health problems :: today is the question of the cost of medical care. If industry assumes some of this cost by periodical examina tion in ecrtnection with the prevention of industrial disease, it relieves the individual of this responsibility and allows more room in his budget tor the care of his family. The benefits to industry, of course, are those of a better personnel and a lower rate of insurance. This rate, due to industrial disease hazards, is in many States very high and the logical conclu sion is that the real remedy lies in the prevcnticr. of flnduslrial dise*>e~~iw~-any method. : r.e of:}-which. I believe, is preemployir.net aWd periodical examinations. 124 Twenty-fifth National Safety Congress What Can the Engineer Do .to Eliminate the Hazards of Occupational Diseases? By REUEL C. STRATTON Supervising Chemical Engineer, The Travelers Insurance Co., Hartford, Ccc-. If I were asked. "Can the engineer pre vent the majority of occupational disease cases" my answer would be, "yes." Ob viously, with the exception of those diseases brought about through a sudden or accidental contact with a poisonous material or a virulent disease-producing organism, if the exposure were controlled by. engineering technique, then there would be no occupational disease. The engineer must rely upon the medical director to place individuals capable of working in hazardous occupa tions and to assist him in controlling these individuals through periodic physicalexaminations when the men are exposed to occupational disease hazards; but the engineer alone is responsible for reducing generation of harmful substances and for the control of employees' contact with processes using harmful materials. The ascribing of many and new occupa tional diseases to industrial environment has produced a problem for him. The engineer generally works with materials which he can see. but the study of in dustrial disease control may require the handling of invisible materials. It is a common fault to focus attention upon one object to such an extent that others of equal importance may thereby be rele gated to obscurity. Today safety en gineers and industrial hygienists are con centrating their attention upon diseases caused by the inhalation of dust, but I do not believe the safety engineer is war ranted in confining himself to the preven tion of diseases caused by dust alone. His consideration should extend to include all materials produced in any manner that they may cause an effect upon a worker. The question of whether a material exists as a gas, a vapor, or a dust is but one .of particle size-and chemical ..make-up. He must not iorget that many such diseases are produced by exposure to vapors and gases as well as to dust, and that the control of these industrial diseases may be brought about by the application of certain fundamental principles common to all. While the problem confronting vidual safety engineers varies accord^ to the industry, there are certain find*! mentals common to all such precise which provide a workable basis --cm which an occupational disease preremin program may be developed. Once fundamentals are set in motion towari a safe working environment, continuance is much the same whether the engines s engaged with a large organization or -raa* a small one. The fundamentals follow ais sequence: (1) An occupational disease invenimr is required. (2) A plan tor correction of tie ex posures shown by the inventory reruren development. (3) A concentrated attack up-03 trt major exposures first, following tirruzx until all are corrected or eliminated. An inventory of all materials used = plant will astound the average engineer.. He will find many items about which ce may have little or no knowledge. -may be confronted with items he had cur. recognized previously, even though he has been associated with the plant r trains many years. When this inventory is :rr- plete, he should card index it, plarinr against the name c: the material therenha hazard associated with it both from *material and a process viewpoint, tis a card index should contain the com ponent parts or constituency o: com pounds. Process exposures should be studied m conjunction with hazardous mat-ur.t-sAssistance in compiling such data may re obtained in the bulletin "Occupzu.ra Hazards and Diagnostic Signs," preparer by Dublin and Vane of the Metre: rural Lite Insurance Ccn-.pany, and in a puncation of the United States Public He:-:? Service, Public Health Bulletin N'o. "The Potential Problems of Irdusrrr- Hvgjfj?e__in a Typical Industrial Area ti thcMiFnitcd States.'' ' ---- - - "a I^raddition the engineer should ail ravaiinb'e information upon the mitcrifils he is recuired to studv. 'A?* ' - '>' fc*T- '*y` * ''W rcz c: .re. -:=e. s ai=:-:riL-y n bas;.f epert 6r.ii; these n : :c a er.gv.nter is :ion rr with or ii; ;xory r;:=:r;s k ui-m the ;ucn uld rbtsin i th; rr.a;dy. Xew Occupational Diseases 12: chemicals, solutions, dusts, degreasing agents, condensation products, paints, lac quers, dyes, abrasives, and other products too numerous to mention are being placed upon the market daily, and the average engineer's knowledge of their possible effects upon health is slight. Academic research determining the effect of these new materials upon humans is progressing slowly, and serious injuries may be sus tained in industrial application long before the toxicologist is able to determine the properties of the material and the maxi mum permissible amount to which a worker may be exposed. In seeking this information it is essential to determine in so far as possible the maximum per missible amount of contaminants which may exist in a work place without causing an occupational disease. Armed with this information, the en gineer is in a position to* locate properly in his own plant the process and the operation in which the exposure may exist. The engineer should study together with the plant physician the length of employ ment of exposed individuals and they should jointly determine the normal ex pectancy or average length of employment for the specific exposure. From such data may be developed a factor of safety, and the maximum allowable period of em ployment in certain areas may be assigned. Naturally this study should be focused upon the mote hazardous locations first, and when these are corrected, attention turned toward minor conditions. Housing. One of the most important considerations in attempting to control oc cupational disease is housing. Whenever practical, any hazardous manufacturing process should be separately housed and isolated; every effort should be made to arrest harmful substances--dust, vapors, or gases--at their source of generation. Buildings should be so constructed that accumulations of dust may be avoided. When physical separation of depart ments is required, such physical divisions should be dust or vapor tight. Floors should be tight to prevent transfer of ntaterials to floors or departments below. The engineer should give study to the complete enclosure of machinery or Process units as individual units and, if so required, vent each one separately. The transfer of hazardous operations into the open air does r.ot always eliminate the danger: in fact, it may increase the number of workers infected. Process Revision. To reduce transpor tation of materials ar.d exposure to harm ful substances it is desirable to have all processes mechanically continuous and. if possible, enclosed. When this cannot be accomplished, suitable physical divisions should be provided. The engineer should consider the substitution of wet processes for dry processes, providing at the same time for the disposal of the moist col lected material in a safe place. He should consider the substitution of automatic operations for hazardous hand work or machine work. A change of abrasive material will often reduce the quantity of dust produced. I can cite an example of how a little thought can cure a hazardous machine operation with little or no expense: A plant producing a finely pulverized material created large amounts of dust in bagging the material, using porous sacks. This high concentration of dust, not neces sarily toxic, inconvenienced the workers. The cost of ventilating the department would have been prohibitive. By careful study the engineer determined that the fall of the material into the sacks forced the air out through the interstices of the material,' carrying with it a quantity of the pulverized product. His problem, thus, was to provide a means whereby this air could be harmlessly expelled from the sack prior to filling. Study led him to suggest and apply the use of a collapsed paper bag which tontained little or no free air. The problem was solved. Dust generation was practically eliminated by this simple change. Many hazardous processes in ordinary manufacturing opera tions may be cured in like manner if the engineer exercises his ingenuity. Ventilation. Prtper ventilation is of paramount importance in the control of any occupational exposure. Most of the chief occupational diseases other than dermatitis arise through the inhalation or the ingestion of foreign material. If ven tilating equipment :an reduce the concen tration of contaminating materials to. a safe limit, the problem is solved. The en gineer should Cstu?>*- each process sep arately and ventilate each separately. It is seldom wisd to rely upon general ven- 000072 "X3 `iit: \rr. .eat nc as -5 ver -rat -C '.c? _de ":= uck. izd te ieuiicir estes c:a :yle :r:= nee Tyt-i. ' cf ? raporcLit of :>r o"m meal 1 i nor* ote-.rb;e peec r? he j::. incrcii! eca-j.at Tf il no: Safety Equipment. 145 Respiratory Protective Equipment for Use Against Dusts, Fumes and Gases By PHILIP DRINKER Boston, Mass. There appears to be some confusion and one can see large plants for recover as to the distinction between dusts, ing lead fume--a dry powder. Obvious fumes, vapors, mists, and gases, with the ly, one does not want the same kind of result that respiratory equipment for pro respiratory equipment for two such dif tection against them occasionally is ferent substances yet the customer often wrongly applied. The respirator manu asks for a respirator to protect against facturers have many examples of such fumes. misunderstandings and often are blamed Lead fume happens to be very difficult tor errors which result solely from con to filter out so that the ordinary respir fusion in nomenclature. ator which catches dust particles may be Dusts include all types of dry earthy inadequate against lead fume. The acid particles small enough to be blown about fumes., containing both liquid particles by ordinary air .currents. Dust suspen and gas, require a filter to catch the drop sions may be generated as the result of lets and a gas absorbant to catch the a grinding, blasting, or comminuting pro gaseous constituent. Therefore, it usu cess; or they may result from the han ally happens that the respirator manufac dling of finely divided materials as in turer, in self protection, advises the cus mixing processes, in sweeping, or the tomer to use an air-supplied or air-line blowing about of wood flour, plant pol respirator because he will then be ade lens, or common road dust. There is no quately protected whether the fume is of chemical limitation implied by the term solid particles, like lead, or a liquid and "dust" while the range in sire of dust gas mixture, If the customer stated ex particles extends from the sub-microscop actly what the suspension consisted of or ic to small sand grains. Such materials told how it was generated he might be can be caught very effectively by the able to use less expensive equipment. modern type of dust respirator. . A vapor is a gas which can be con Fumes embrace two definite kinds of verted into a liquid at ordinary tempera atmospheric suspensions. It is unfortu tures and pressures. Thus, water vapor is nate that such double-naming exists in a common constituent of the air and is the trade but one had best admit the fact. contained in concentrations which vary Thus, "lead .fume" is a very old term with atmospheric conditions. Respira used to describe the visible dark grey tory protective.equipment is used against suspension which evolves from lead low concentrations of a great many va heated to high temperatures. The ma pors arising from common organic solv terial in such suspensions is mostly tiny ents such as benzol. Many such sub particles of lead (and lead oxide), much stances are absorbed by activated char smaller in size than those of the average coal as in gas masks. There is a small dust, with some lead in the gaseous state. cartridge type respirator in which the hen such a mixture is cooled down to cartridge is filled with activated charcoal the point where it can be breathed the for absorbing a vapor such as benzol or contaminant is then the lead particles __ wjth soda-lime for absorbing an acid gas alone without any gaseous fead. jch as carbon dioxide. Because these The word "fume" is also used to <!e* small cartridges contain comparatively scribe the mixture of gas and mist which of the absorbant their use is lim ^a.v come from a bath of hot nitric acid, ited to very low concentrations. They ;'r example. None of the material in should not be used for emergency rescue -y suspension is dry--it is all in the form work. 01 a true mist (liquid droplets) or as a A mist consists of a suspension of li *as. yet it may have a thick brownish col- quid droplets together with the gas from !(r` _ One buys fuming sulfuric acid (a which the droplets condensed. The com 1!iUid) from any chemical supply house monest example is atmospheric fog. 1 1 ,| 0C007 1 146 Twenty-fifth Notional Safety Congress Droplets of mist are necessarily micro scopic in size or they would not remain in suspension. As soon as several drop lets collide and form a large drop the li quid settles out. Therefore, it is possi ble to dispel a true mist very readily by simoly stirring up the air--ventilation or dilution is unnecessary. Mist droplets can be filtered out by or dinary dust respirators--that is, the visi ble portion of a fog is easily removed by .filtration--but the gaseous constituent may pass through the filter. If the mist happens to be corrosive to fabrics the re sultant e/Tect upon a dust respirator is bad. Paint spraying generates a mist and a certain amount of vapor. Protec tion usually consists of an air-line res pirator but it is not at all uncommon to use cartridge respirators containing acti vated charcoal and a filter. A gas contains no solid or liquid par ticles under ordinary atmospheric condi tions. The filter units of any of the common makes of respirators are inef fective against gases. Respiratory pro- tective equipment which catches gases al. 'ways consists in some chemical agent which either absorbs the gas or converts it into some other substance which can be absorbed. Because one can rarely be sure of the gas concentration to be en countered it is common practice in ex ploring man holes, for instance, to use devices supplied with air or oxygen in order that the wearer may be safe, re gardless of the conditions he finds. The gas mask, however, and its outgrowth, the chemical cartridge respirator have a definite place in industry and are in wide use today. The U. S. Bureau of Mines has helped in the manufacture and use of respiratory protective equipment greatly by its issu ance of specifications for permissible equipment. Their present schedules do not include the air-supplied respirators such as those used in paint .spraying or sand blasting but both the Bureau and the American Standards Association will issue such specifications presently. Discussion following the address was based on these points: 1. What protection is provided against a dangerous accumulation of air pressure in the ordinary fresh air hose mask? The helmet is not rigid. Air will leak out long before a dangerous pressure ac cumulates. or a safety link, provided in some types of hose mask, will blow cut. 2. Would a protective mask approved for lead dusts filter out zinc oxide? Yes. However, almost any type of mask will filter out zinc .oxide, since these particles are easily trapped. 3. Will the simple face mask filter out ordinary smoke or will it absorb it? It is impossible to answer such a ques tion. There are as many types of ordinary masks as there are ordinary dusts. A mask must be purchased to fit a specific need. This is not difficult, however, since all types are available. Glass Used for the Protection of the Eyes Against Injurious Radiation By E. D. TILLYER curs several h-.ou the inra-rec eft layec. ` Qm- outstsandi tba: it Sir *Wn pro:*-' the e*ves stati.-r.cal caata. coa.`!t-in traat infrs--id preoriue eve. This "was ferorance ..*{ 1 fount that tine i ire- n xhe retire he frnan< wcer. added tc absrvrjer c: the disen-erie; -ver factire of -coc thoiijn fu". .adv oedsrely '' eec: cl----fiolet. out the *adiat:2ons were sui-:eccre< undrtincc 'fort erz -csearra.t. -cry vtr.po by 'Toa her" b w-;r. shv'T'.ed : tc troduci eitr gmentioract .een rrrrr.su rar: n the iitc* --:zr- freer, er.tl "-aiiir.e .en> T.v. :ryc--;_liin nttnz err. ` ur r.-. Jaae.tr C yrr "f'csea ae ogerr.trr l ret in it- me a: r.e hrerrman ridge, Mass. The enect of excess visible light on :1 ; eye is immediately felt. If there is : o muchranyone 'except the sun gazers rmediately turns away, closes the eyes ,r seeks some kind of relief. There : a tendency to use too dark glasses in wei ii:;c. inherited from the days when r. n tiie blackest glasses gave practically : protection from the insidious ir.vi: .c radiations. A proper rule is. u>c a .-hi tc numb:er wh ch gives good, immediately con: fc rtable vision and insist that tins glass give p radia: tens. The: effect infra-:-ed ra notice d as tthe visible! We cannot ?ay---- as we said : medic tciy co firs: : toticed ;;-c: - ,:-.er ---ra r 00 00 5 i bound to be j sc in handling which, in jjj :nt to more thia - be added to tbe Safety Exchange General Round Table :portance, fit tfc, '.y among differ, foot should be the proper sitt curate and simple *?v. THURSDAY AFTERNOON SESSION October 8, 1936 can be obtained rer who sells tl* Safety Exchange Round Table, sponsored by the American Society of Safety i2:?ngjneers--Engineering Section. National Safety Council, was designed to provide ier feet have diS- opportunity for all Congress delegates to ask questions concerning their accident ir new shoes. AJ*. "^problems and to present information of interest and value to others in the audience. -.as a large assort* 3gA.paneI participants included Cyril Ainsworth. American Standards Association, :rs, hammers, aoi York City: J. I. Banash. Consulting Engineer. Chicago; H. N. Blakeslee, :sing shoes. Tha i'it^American Petroleum Institute, New York City; H. J. Griffith, Jones & Laughlin Steel shoes other fiat' ?l?wp., Pittsburgh; C. B. Boulet. Wisconsin Public Service Corp., Milwaukee; Roy rasionally hart tbe "'"^''.Godwin, Philadelphia Electric Co., Philadelphia; Wesley M. Graff. National Bureau hardly to be * Casualty and Surety Underwriters, New York City; Dan Harrington, U. S. Bureau It a number of cs* Mines, Washington, D. C.; R. McA. Keown, Industrial Commission of Wisconsin, iving an occasrowl j/4fldison. i^^T. E. Lightioot. Koppers Coal Co., Pittsburgh; Dr. E. G. Meiter. Employers to fit the shoe fre* ack. Make sure tbs comes in the prop* which is the widtf ir^iUdy, N. Y.; Reuel C. Stratton. Travelers Insurance Co., Hartford, Conn.; R. F. ?o(e starts to natw* $Thalner, guick Motor Co., Flint, Mich.; and S. E. Whiting, Liberty. Mutual Insurance lure will elintiaw |jy^Co., Boston. that are fitted t* &%2vCIyde W. Smith, general chairman of the sponsoring group and also director of ;||U-.tbe safety department. Standard Oil Co. (Indiana), Chicago, presided. pe of shoe for & under which h -\r composition s -hen worn in 10 f ; Oak leather *** asilv when they ,, All leather Chairman Smith: We will try to an* : **tr all the questions we can in the time -*t have. Last summer before the meeting of the American Institute of Electrical Engi neers we gave the results of that investi oerspiration. ** -a heavy work w ^ or less * h a heavy, rough f - **? ^ ie *' watfr ^ y Question submitted is; h'V-"ss"ming that the voltage is the same circuits, is a D. C. circuit more Vi***0us than an A. C. circuit from the . ard-to-Uie point-oi-view?M lwi<^crr's (Sell Telephone Labora* ^eleuh `4k,iout ten years ago the Bell j-M .-s}Cm entered into a cooperar-,_. 'SS{,?ation of electrical shock with V* tha* ua!n :undamcn:al intortr.a* Serve as a basis for de. s.*; M''feirn,c- e0s1. ^et;cr protective measures gation in a paper by Doctors Williams and King of Columbia; Mr. Spence and myself of the Laboratory. I am glad to repeat these insofar as they apply to this question. d H--. In our study we were primarily con- t cerned with the effects of electrical cur rents on the heart. I say current because we found that the current is much more significant in its effects than the intensity^ of the voltage. As we raise the vjfhre-of a current, be ginning at a low value and increastnrg'it in steps, we come to a point where its effect on the heart is very dangerous. 151 ococ HI i. . Safety Exchange 157 f- working con e get quite j in much favor. ' jjave considered all the facts and my 'orders to you are that there shall not be ''toy inore accidents, and I mean it"--when "' "the management takes that point of view, gentlemen, that of the most 1. ly of you fact when we think my mechanism, uiisvilie convene had there. Cer- small piant will ' ' every* employee understands. It then be;!p;comes a duty of the plant organization. -ATbe foreman is the man who is closest to men and who should direct them in- ^telligently. He is the man who explains everything to the men. Why should the :^men have to go to the bulletin board to -:;find out what they should do? .ms and a boot >..* T. E. .ightfoot (Koppers Coal Co., govern the em* `"^Pittsburgh): I don't think that you can property. Yoe ^'tfssregard any of these various means of s and you have :?sffetting information to the men. Personal .ve some special ^"contact, of course, is the most important, c special instrue- yfy.yiod whether you have the gift of an eadership of yoar bf^ocator or the girt for "button holing'' a isors. of the bi* WjfcUow and telling him what you know, it you can put this '.'"doesn't seem to make a great deal of dif- s^Jerence. You can't ditch one in place of :irculars. but tfu there is alwj* vho has influence 'i:>;ioother. Vf'' Some men have to be "button holed" to pot the information across, and others are y be someone * ;av be a belovrt .dent, cut this " ffomatior. to the at leadership l~levci with mer.:r.?s a .'V ttCTcd by oratorv, if vou wish to call it ^.-that. Iv At the same time bulletin boards and ,;.'?s*anj i that type have their place. It t f4 4 broad subject and it is a deep sub- and you have to tackle i: according | v w tne type 0f men you have to deal with, will do a real i.v: jJ^2ny 'n this audience have entirely e$:;cn sirr.i^ |'-V` c*en* types of men to deal with, but I -terday. and son* ?. put up one method against the head :i3 "f* Cf' ^ur thought is, "use *hem all-- Son-.e said tbe! atIe they apply." ' .^a'fman Ainsworth: "What should --UsSatfreytjyf" engineer do to control dust in 'ience L-rirc i an r._, ~ :h pit'#. rv:. *^ i.< Pr- ' . -1- V-- ook ill :r.i: - | ' - an: ` . i know ^dwa L *"*' ^e'ler ^Employers Mutuals. ia; One of the first things that a. ' c"8,ner can do to r revent dust ,s institute a good housc- an<* a program oi ordcrThat ,Re.Plant. "*>t toCKU'rCS * continucd prtzram and e carried out at fever heat for Chair-,.*''''0 anf^ then forgo::;::. Ainsworth: "Should all raiisv^ar^,C55 ot" their ::?c, have ':--.?<^l''pHan^0 (Pittsburgh S:cel Co.. ' n"`Ao me say "yes". Some * So^ 'Vc ;,ad a platfc.-::: used as 'c VA|' K'(-'t from the ground. A fellow working on this platform acci dently fell backward and hit a piece of iron. He broke his neck and died within ten or fifteen minutes. That is why I would say all scaffolds should have guard rails. Chairman Ainsworth: "When should brakemen ride or when should they not ride on switch engines used in yards to move cars?" Mr. Hanko: No, as far as the yard crew is concerned; they don't have any right in the engines. That is why we have foot boards on the wings. Only the firemen and the engineers are permitted in the cabs. Chairman Ainsworth: "Is there any efficient way to safeguard a guillotine paper cutter?" Mr. Royer: I have had this problem a number of times, and I don't know the answer to it. Practical printers and paper cutters will assure you that if you have a reliable non-repeat clutch, so that the knife will not descend when the work man's hand is under it. and then if you pull down your holding bar or a similar mechanism with your toot, you can't have amputation. The high speed jobs, where the bar and the knife descend under power, are protected by two-handed de vices. and I should say that they are rea sonably safe. The guillotine paper cutter that causes me to worry is the old timer. The clutches may repeat and they are not equipped with two-handed devices, and I certainly wouldn't like to put my hands under the knife. I was hoping that some practical paper cutter or printer in the audience might say what he thought about it. Walter A. Gleason f Hammerntiil Paper Co.. Erie. Pa.): That depends or. whether it is a mechanical device or is electrically operated. Oi course, we know that with the old mechanicism there was an addi tional device that had to be released with one hand. On the electrical or the more modern devices these are buttons and connected in series so that the operator must manipulate two different points. Mr. Royer: Is it true that you cannot have an injury when she holding bar is down on the stock: The printers say that is impossible. !''o you know whether Congress .V;;_ American Society of Safety of sufficient prestige , ygngineers--Engineering Section zardo0u" hs4,& C. Cone, of the Bureau <>{ ^ , Washington, D. C., discust':., m finder, expressed the bdy ultimate solution would bc * n of onuunndd thfainenddratdhieo- d~r,.a"i.rsdje.:ivco'wtioucnnomRtpitj^ Officers 1935-36 ized the need- oi obtaining ^ f '{Jfiural Choiryuan--C. \Y. Smith. Standard Oil Co. (Ind.), Chicago, 111. t in supporting the establish iditionat aids. N. Lcdercr, of the Aero InSw. \ ' flccXhainncn-- < MW r B. Boulet, Wisconsin Public Service Corp., Milwaukee, Wis. - ->::D L- Royer, Ocean Accidcr.t and Guaranty Corp., New York, N. Y. rwriters. New York City, ^ it. Barker's contention regj^. ^'^(iretory__W. Dean Keefer, National Safety Council. Chicago, 111. fety of air transportation a&4 tytnibers at Large-- :: that even the uon-travelisg * -W CvRn. Ainsworth, American Standards Association. New York, N. Y. enefited by the more rapid ex- t; ' q b. Auel, Westinghousc Electric and Manufacturing Co., East Pittsburgh, Pa. ideas, goods and people. Ik air transportation accelerate ) of wealth for everybody. 'on unanimously approved Cel 1 J. I. Banash, Consulting Engineer, Chicago, 111. . \Y. Beck, United States Rubber Products, Inc.. New York, N. Y. * H. R. Bixler, Union Carbide and Carbon Corn.. New York, N. Y, (Metropolitan It. Chapter.) <Y;\U *\\.\ p. Boehner, J. B. Stetson Co., Philadelphia. Pa. (Philadelphia Chapter.! -uggestion that a resolution [''.'A' , \V. Bullard, E. D. Bullard Co., San Francisco. Calif. (San Francisco Chapter.) :td submitted to the Executive .Y<y, E Donovan, Standard Oil Company of California, San Francisco. Calif. oi the National Safety Count:; I>;).;'roy M. Godwin. Philadelphia Electric Company, Philadelphia, Pa. (Philadelphia ini approval, with the suggwopies he sent to the iucomir.t; v,i the Senate and House oi .tives. Mr. Ledercr, Mr. AidMr. Ainsworth were authorized e the resolution, which was follows; i Ayl'- Chapter.) Z:'l'l W. M. Graff, National Bureau of Casualty & Surety Underwriters. New York. X. Y. R. McA. Keown, Industrial Commission of Wisconsin, Madison, Wis. I EvntSTT F. Kinc, Lever Brothers Co., Cambridge. Mass. (Boston Chapter.) i -.ly.-E. J. Kreh, Philadelphia Co., Pittsburgh. Pa. (Western Pennsylvania Safety Council jWrj;.-' Chapter.) j /IW Trouas E. Lichtfoot, Kcrpers Coal Co., Pittsburgh, Pa. f~;N M. G. Lloyd, National Bursau of Standards, Washington, D. C. T>J_- W. S. Paine, Aetna Casualty & Insurance Co., Hartford, Conn. yVv Geo. F. Prussing, Union Oil Company of California. Los Angeles, Calif. C E. Ralston, Pittsburgh Plate Glass Co., Pittsburgh, Pa. \ A. S. Regula, Industrial Relations Counselors. Ir.c., New York, N. Y. mndence in air transport; sue the several States, can, by the on oi an adequate airport pte rion, guarantee safety Jo the ! Jonn Russell, Jr.. Public Service Electric & Gss Co., Newark, N. J. (Norther;? New i Jersey Chapter.) } G. E. Sanford, General Electric Co., Schenectady, N. Y. O,. H. S. Smith, Union Carbide and Carbon Corp.. New York, N. Y. 1 R. C. Stratton, The Travelers Insurance Co., Hartford, Conn. ;:it be urged to materially i'.* .augurate an airport program cnicnts; and, That the Unn^ 1 and provide necessary trsaf* an bc rendered, together un R. F. Thai.nf.r, Euick Met:.* Company, Flint, Mich. S. E. Whiting, Liberty Mutual Insurance Co.. Ecston, Mass. . William P. Yant, U. S. Bureau of Mines, Pittsburgh, Pa. , toward simplification oi fl'fN" l ' /' is States be urged to promote ;ig projects, state pfancin? o: nation concerning aeronaut:^- Officers Elected for 1936-37 u'caii, Washington, 10. 0. lection of officers the ir.ee>1--* ;cd. (f.in=rcl Chairman--D. L. Rove-. Ocean Accident and Guarantee Carp.,.Now York, X. V *__C B Roulc* Wisconsin Public trsrvice Corp., ^^^^va\Jhce. \\ n. 'J!<''C>':cinr,an--R. E. Donovan. Standard Oil Company of Califorraa,San 2-rancisco. Calu. **erftcvp--W. Dean Keefes. National Satety Ccur.cn, Chicago, -**. is.*'. 191 000070 192 Ttecnty-pf:!: .Motional Safety Congress America Members at Large-- Cyril Ainsworth. American Standards Association, New York, N. Y. C. B. Auel, Westinghouse Electric and Manufacturing Co., East Pittsburgh J. I. Banash, Consulting Engineer, Chicago, 111. ' E. W. Beck, United States Rubber Products, Inc, New York, N. V. H. R. Bixler, Union Carbide and Carbon Corp., New York, N. Y. (Metr^-, Chapter) p'-usis, E. \Y. Bullard, E. D. Bullard Co., San Francisco, Calif. (San Francisco Chapter! H. F. Gilbert, American Cyanamid Co.. Linden. N. J. (New Jersev ChaniPri ' u D*y.elopT --Their \ fo: Member I Safety Council Chapter) .............. - --*-------- R. McA. Keown, Industrial Commission of Wisconsin, Madison. Wis. J. M. Kerrigan*, United States Rubber Reclaiming Co.. Inc., Buffalo, N. Frontier Chapter) Y. (Xlvnin ' ] Dr. Lucas used : 1 ,ai ultra-violet n* I i group of tour s .first photograph_s Everett F. King. Lever Broti-.ers Co., Cambridge. Mass. (Boston Chapter) Thomas E. Lightfoot, The Koppers Coal Co., Pittsburgh, Pa. M. G. Lloyd, National Bureau of Standards. Washington, D. C. H. L. Miner, E. I. du Pont de Nemours & Co., Wilmington, Del. W. S. Paine. Aetna Casualty Insurance Co.. Hartford, Conn. Geo. F. Trussing. Union Oil Company of California. Los Angeles, Calif. C. E. Ralston, Pittsburgh Plate Glass Co., Pittsburgh, Pa. A. S. Regula, Industrial Relations Counselors, Inc.. New York, N. Y. G. E. Sanford, General Electric Co.. Schenectady, N. Y. C. W. Smith, Standard Oil Co. (Ind.), Chicago, III.' H. S. Smith, Union Carbide ar.fi Carbon Corp.. New York, N. Y. i naenification. \ n. The next : 1 ,his would be reg \ ,t 4000-X with tr. ' then resolved to mne specimen o ijstem of N. A. structure -- mtnut uneters in size w Dr. Lucas she `J- study of fatigue c R. C. Stratton, The Travelers Insurance Co., Hartford, Conn. i R. F. Thalner, Buick Motor Company, Flint, Mich. l S. E. Whiting, Liberty Mutual Insurance Co., Boston, Mass. William P. Yant, Mine Safety Appliances Co.. Pittsburgh, Pa. Cracks in mete phenomena as tr. ;t this possible be far wrong. I particularly with lata and the ot. pearance of tatic very briefly son manly held on gists and eng; memory. It m: 'mderstanding o WEDNESDAY NOON SESSION October 7. 1936 tcrnal stress ra on the propaga: cracks. _ it is asserted The annual meeting of die T.SSEEr.ginccring Section ui the National Safety Council followed a lunche.r and convened with C. W. Smith, .v.-.-.dnrd Oil Co. (Ind.), Chicago, general chair man, presiding. All reports !:v: been mimeographed, and copies were distrib uted at the luncheon. Dr. Francis !'. Lucas, Member. Tech nical Staff, Bell Telephone Laboratories, New York City, and international au thority on microscopy and photomicrogra phy, spoke on "Late Developments in High Power and Ultra Violet .Micro scopy." The report of the nominating cc:r;:'T tee was presented by A. S. Kcgida, man. Other members or the cc'tv.r.u.^ were S. L. Whiting. R. F. Thalner- Auel, and Dr. M. G. Lloyd. fhmittcc's list of-officers, ;;s elected, 'v-! found elsewhere in this sectional r Otlier sessions sponsored by th*r Engineering Section included "Safety Belts," "Safety Training-^ -y, hany ^vstems." "Safety Exchange -w`''... iH&ind '^^ttyational R^rteffjbf these sessions will M" ^. in tin: Transactions. >:. that a very high. occurring :. denoted as fa: loving media: 'ithcr intermittc ^rcss may devt Literally thou *3y use. from 'ir spring of . Sj^iect to fatig; v The advent heen re. J0u*ht on the et*ls under r- ?ngineer prevr. OGCC s Chemical Section .vliich takes the lead 'lily safety \Vj|[ ^ avorably in the c an even greater The maintenance s,^ : cordial relations \.\ and industry is ?.n ^ die success of the :iiat the plans fer a will be developed :;bcr-interest grow/ course. iviU be able tV rm of program is i,f. . The Association vj;: ; the program and use tlirough which ti\ age ideas and discus :ig the program. wees' families, to Sclav,! to the public at large, nvever, is strictly of an and if further care b t is referred to his fats- -ehigh Portland Cement Pa., said that his ores upon the men the safety news to the;? nployccs who drive to n driving carelessly t-'1 us. caution signs were n an employee violate-tions, he is called .ratter is discussed wit'1 | Officers 1935-36 \ fn.i:crol Chairman--A. L. Armstrong, Eastman Kodak Co.. Rochester. N. Y. ' yjcc.Chainna>i in Charge of Program--H. L. Mixer. E. I. duPont dc Xemours & Co., Wilmington, Del. I'icc-Choinnau in Charge of Engineering--Ralph L. Rogers. Jr.. Tennessee Eastman Corp., Kingsport, Tenn. ' ftereiory--RAi.ru O. Keeker. Aluminum Company of America. Pittsburgh, Pa. \:cti'S Letter Editor--E. L. Root. Celluloid Corporation. Newark. N. J. Membership and Publicity Committee Chairman--S. D. Kirkpatrick. Chemical and Metali lurgic?' Engineering. New York. N. Y. ' Occupational Disease Committee Chairman--Dr. Leonard Greenburg, New York State : Department of Labor. New York. N. Y. ' Statistics Committee Chairman--R. C. Stratton. The Travelers Insurance Co., Hartford, Conn. Members at Large-- \ F. E. Clancy, Jr.. Mathicson Alkali Works. Inc.. Niagara Falls. N. Y. j F.W. Dennis, Hooker Electrochemical Co.. Niagara Falls. X.Y. i . *Ira V. Kepner. Pennsylvania Salt Manufacturing Co., Menominee, Mich. 1 . . E. F. King, Lever Brothers Co.. Cambridge. Mass, j H. P. Lewis, E. I. duPont dc Nemours & Co.. Wilmington. Dei. John Roach, Deputy Commissioner of Labor, Trenton. X. J. f C. E. Sevrens, Merrimac Chemical Co.. Inc., Boston. Mass, j John S. Shaw, Hercules Powder Co.. Wilmington, Del. Plummer Wiif.ei.er. American Cvanamid Co., Linden, N. J. ' S. E. Whiting, Liberty Mutual Insurance Co., Boston, Mass. i Officers Elected for 1936-37 ; Gen,-rd Chairman--H. L. Miner. E. I. duPont de Nemours & Co.. Wilmington. Del. ' `(f.'Chairman- i>i Charuc of Program--Ralph L. Rogers, Jr.. Tennessee Eastman Corp.. ..Nogsport, Tenn. 'if'Lhc.irm.n: in Ch.crce of Ennincering--J. I. B. Fvlenwider, Hercules Powder Co., . ^riin, X. J. ' --Ralph O. Keeper. Aluminum Company of America. Pittsburgh. Pa. 'i 'n ,,!r i-'lhor--{'. W. Dennis. linker Electrochemical Co.. Niagara Falls. X. \_ end PuhUcitv Committee Chairman--C. E. Sevp.ens. Merrimac Chemical Co., .-^c- hostotj. Mass. 7 'potinnal Disease Committee Oie.inr.at:--Dr. Leonard Gp.esnburg. New York State vtmem of Lab-r. New York. X. V. C':.::r:>n:)i--E. L. Root. Celluloid Cnrporatlor.. Newark. X. J. s ; V:.:ini:.t;:--U. C. Stratton. The Tr:ivc!tr^^pi&n^#ce 0000G0 1 -J .* v:iV a?L:&S.3|U ' .Sv'iv^^fe ' ^11-'i *"^r.':V.;.fc??8 -5 : >>-- `-^:Vi * ifi-|| I : '^y;|te t '"cSi ] \ .* ** '-.rfS*;'c3J - 226 Tu'cnty-fiftlt National Safety Congress chemical workers, handed down from the age when chemical leaks and drips were frequent. 6. The chemical operator should realize that the control features on all chemical equipment are there not only for operat ing purposes, but, in most cases, for safety; and in the event that any pressure or vacuum* gage, thermometer, or what not indicates abnormal change or a bad condition, he should take steps immediate ly to rectify the condition as specified by his superior, usually by reporting the con dition promptly. However, there arc emergencies when he must safeguard the situation before reporting. It is taken for granted that these emergency conditions are provided for in his training. It Is im possible to do more than generalize on this without the danger of misunderstand ing. 7. While "a little knowledge is a dan gerous thing," :he more the worker knows about the reasons for following prescribed methods, the better worker lie is. Ho should acquaint himseif with the reasons, and, if possible, be familiar with the sim ple chemistry r.nd physics of his job, and not be afraid to ask questions: but he should never emeriment without the ad vice of proper authority. Chemical c-r.trol should not be treated lightly. Any manges to be made in the chemical process should take place only after the careful consideration and direc tion of those competent to make such changes. 8. When leaving his work, or outlin ing- his duties to another at the termina tion of his shift, the chemical worker should fully famili&nzc his successor with the condition of the equipment and the status of. the chemicals in process. This should be in writing in a log book of op erations. By no means should he leave any questionable condition whereby his fellow worker may meet with a mishap. It is his full responsibility to live up to this and to consider it as sacred as any thing in life. The slightest deviation from this practice, whether deliberate or other wise, has meant disaster to chemical workers and monetary loss to plant owners. 9. The chemical plant ts no place for monkey business or horseplay. It must he remembered that the practical joker in chemical work may be a potential killer. I have known chemical workers deliber ately to ping condensers in order to see if their fellow workers could quickly dis cover and locate the trouble. Such meth ods should not be resorted to. even with only water in the equipment. 10. The chemical worker should thor oughly appreciate tAc fact that saiety is sacred, that the safest method is generally the best method, and that the best method ahvavs embraces the safest wav. WEDNESDAY MORNING SESSION October 7, 1936 Employers' Added Liability Under Mew Occupational Disease Laws in New York By J. W. NEV/TON Compensation and Claims Departments, Eastman Kodak Co., Rochester, N. ^* The New York State Workmen's Com pensation I.av/. adopted in 1914, covered only accidental injuries arising eutfjwgy^l^ in the course \i employment. a:-4^Ui;< Occupational diseases arc not accid^d^ injuries and were, in the covera" of ththeerefWoroer,kmnoetnisnCC1 on*' pcn.-.atioiT'Ta . , t;,<; diseases or infections as might and unavoidable result therefrom, t ' f u 1920 the Legislature ; law to include 23 specified,! occup-1 diseases, arism-. 0t certain dc-'- processes. l'v> was amended. or processes vo number of dix-1 [aw stood at the statement to s.i' to medical sciem traceable to, oi arise out of. a r included in the 1 Act, with the ` similar dust d-* The annual eases under th.o the state was being added :* one per cent v': roll, and in a hazard was .C" not in excess vt oi payroll. TV* State of New .cent of the to: A few year.- in this couotn csted in the *'.= death of emr'tions having a larly granite ' A serious many industry that another ; called "all-itn>'. bill was actualand took eiYoet Under this : were: Would : ease" be conxdude any disc- >g the cmplo' Jn occupation.^ elude the cotm'd fever, or How would d- the law. &rtcd to inchonly diseases ; naturc of an 'hich the ha/. all>` exist, the: * occupation.: I101 increase 5-`v to anv ?rsent cost, v *r 'h.st n M:1V :: k/ 00005.1 A workir t iOr iviih i ^isrl {i.t T!:il ,'ik of cpI in: leave i Hi'shaji. ji /i: up to /'l a* any. . v/i'iii from /. of other* ' Inimical to plant , //lace fr.r ft must ./pal joker potential , / s ddiber;,br to see r.\y dis* - // it jncth. t veil with tbor, i fcty is generally ,f method ; disease " * .-rMentaf Coni' Chemical Section 227 < -rising out ci and in the course '"Certain designated employments or -'4' c * From time to time the law ?-C2mended. increasing the occupations oCe4?es covered and increasing the 07 uw of diseases covered to 27 as the f'^stood at the end of 1934.. It is a fair '"tement to say that every disease known '^medical science, which could be directly 'f. -cable to. or was definitely known to -'x'-t out of. a process of employment was deluded in the Workmen's Compensation " t Vr.jth the exception of silicosis and limiter dust diseases. The annual cost for occupational dis hes under that law to the employers of he state was comparatively small, there K'in^ added to premiums in most cases .--.e per cent per hundred dollars of pay roll and in a few industries, where the hazard was greater, a cost varying but -ot in excess of $1.00 per hundred dollars ,if payroll. The total average cost in the State"of New York was not over 1 per cent of the total premium. A few years ago the medical profession in this country became particularly inter ested in the causes of the disability and death of employees engaged in occupa tions having a silica dust hazard, particu larly granite and foundry workers. A serious problem was presented to many industries in the state by the fact that another piece of legislation, the socalled "all-inclusive'' occupational disease bill was actually put on the statute books and took effect September 1, 1935. Under this law some of the problems `ere: Wouid the term "occupational dis ease" be construed by the courts to in clude any disease which might arise dur ing the employee's employment? Would in occupational disease under the law in clude the common cold, pneumonia, scar let fever, or any communicable disease? How would the courts of this state inter pret the law? If the law were inter preted to include as cccupational diseases, only diseases peculiar and incident to the nature of an occupation or process in hich the hazards of such diseases actu al-" exist, then it was thought the co.-t occupational disease coverage should increase by virtue of this all-inclusive to any considerable extent over the ;-c*ent co-t. except far silicosis and sirthir/!ust diseases. r;'n May 21. in.t:. industrial Commis sioner Andrews issued a statement rela tive to the probable effect and cost of the all-inclusive occupational disease bill which became effective September 1, 1935. In this statement, the Commissioner said that the experience in New York State and in states having an all-inclusive occu pational disease law, indicated that the new amendment would add less than 2 per cent and perhaps less than 1 per cent to the insurance cost of workmen's com pensation insurance in New York State. It is my understanding, however, that the Commissioner did not mean to in clude in this estimate of 1 per cent and 2 per cent, the cost of silicosis and other dust diseases, but that the Commissioner referred to diseases brought under the act. other than dust diseases. Eut whatever he meant the amendment has not been in operation long enough for an accurate accounting to be made as to the actual increase in cost of occu pational disease compensation. When employers examined this amend ment making all occupational diseases compensatable, the first feeling was one of alarm, and the insurance companies, apprehensive almost to the point of panic, added to this alarm by cancelling cover age on certain plants, and notifying others that their premiums would be drastically Increased. When, however, the new silicosis and dust disease law fwhich will be described iif a moment) was enacted after a great number of con ferences among employers, insurance companies, the Department of Labor, and employees, the general alarm greatly sub sided. Another important cause of the subsidence of this alarm was the pro nouncement of the Industrial Commis sioner that it was not proposed to bring under the occupational disease classifica tion every illness or disease suffered by an employee. To be compensatable, he said in effect, a disease must be shown to be a real occupational disease of a type peculiar to and caused by the occupation in which the worker was engaged. If the Com missioner's interpretation is sustained by the courts there may be some justifica tion for this occupational disease amend ment since an octtgjyional disease so de nned is gcnerall.'JJ-R$?e; result of conditions, bnpor'-i on him/w^bls- employer, cotjdi:o:is ./\t .vi.icn^fte'ytigs no coutrob-and 000Q3.i vn<_ i Chemical Section ?Ju ;iJ|))o.vmcnt in iny hin the preview c'j - a medical exarr^. was included over many employ,.^ that any such pro. ward in the u*t <>: -iustry and if f0{.' in the long run a ee and employer n remained in the ejections, ies that no compo:;. : partial disability, or dust diseases, ermanent total dism silicosis or other .uent or death occur iar month iti which :.ve, $500 is payable; ;h occur in the sec* d for each month ut shall increase at nth, but in no event 1 an aggregate of, . and care arc pro* >f 90 days from date may be extended for d of 90 days upon -cribed i in lieu oi atever. <j there are depend,U be the difference ;en paid and 53.000. If there he -.ents cease, nothin'! .sal funds as in the ah from other co~- otal disability con'*' 1936, that is, three became affective. ~ ->uld be made. s:'`J two-thirds of "'sew iitv lasts. bt not -u ;>osurc was :d the date tins ' aim is barred . from the da> l" ; be liable for bilitv results ' ,-t exposure. >i'c if civa'.i _ covered iff ihe Sew York law prior u. ritiitn five years following continuous the adoption of the two amendment, eTuhbeilietym. ployer in whose employment the Vaployce was last exposed shall be liable which I hfiv described, and assuming that Commissioner Andrews' definition "occttpatif/n;il disease" under the "all uj compensation. There is no splitting inclusive" amendment is sustained by ilm \( compensation between two or more courts, th^rc will not be any great in j*-7.1V'ioowyc, cIs.am supposed to say something crease in < mitpensation costs to chemir.i! manufactn/'-r on account of these (w,. p regard to the effect of these two new amendment*, other than in those jiulu, T*, on the ckemicai industry. Let us tries which arc definitely subject to a du-^ :{*rc a look at the statute as it stood be hazard. '1 hcoretically, I think this i. fore tlic all-inclusive amendment became Effective, and we win and that the chemi* t/l industry is well taken care of. In the ..`{ettpational disease section are included true, but closing I want to point out that there n no assurance whatever th.u the referc"* who conduct the hearings <.< the court? will strictly and uniformly .ij, Pelsoning and other deleterious effects re- ply Mr. Andrews' conception, since th.-i, iWling irom contact with lead. zinc, mer* - 'ary, phospiiorus. arsenic, wood alcohol. U:zol and its derivatives, carbon bisub . j'Hidc. and any sulphide, nitrous fumes, is- no denCition of "occupational discri:..- ' ib the stmutc. Judging by tendencies <<< the past, -`here will be a strong and sm. tained off"-'* made to have the phrase in fiielcel carbonyl, solvents for cellulose terpreted more liberally in the interest . v pirate and acetate, rorninklehyde preparations, chromic acid, tar. and its pitch. :i):rral oil, paraffin cr any compound of these substances, methyl chloride sul- l-'i'Uric, hydro-chloric and hydro-fluoric of the claimants, 2nd if that succeeds, thi. "all-inclnv; .f." amendment may open th.- door to f>''t sorts of claims which bin,no true r'b.-tioti to the legitimate burden, of industry- In such event tlic industri-.- *cids, petroleum products and their fumes. may be forced into the role of health . dermatitis from hurdling acids, aikalics insurers their employees, and the fv.u . oils. Out of 27 processes described of the employers of New York State ;'o belong in the chemical industry. to the tremendous expense to be pV.wv.', let tuy opinion, based upon the fact that upon ir.d -itries, chemical and othenvi*.,- .-^tactically every known occupational dis- by this `.`fe'utc, would be realized. in the chenv.cc'. field was specifically Gas Detectors for Determination of Kiammability, Oxygen Deficiency and Toxicity in Rc"vns and Vessels By E. W. GILLILAND Chief Chemist, Mine Safety Appliances Pittsburgh, Pa. WILLIAM P. YAIIT Director a: Research, Mine Safety Appliar.'.-** Co., Pittsburgh. Pa- , Merest in pnl/:ic and industrial safety wf,Ja explosions arc occupational injuries >*>* -,,,,1 v-.-irirt has .ations in which the ccur. The ordinary ; arc usually cuinberilc only ir> the hands uur::.-? and require cvn.-uc- g detcTmir.v.ijni. 1c device for most field si:;.,, tteiiooaAnnsissfvsimrnn..a>n:''.'tabmeedreiandciloyndpiorirotatibfleo,r nigg*-s:( use. >v.. ;ii)le by the rersounel at h.i-..^ ;ults and the desired inform.*, the accuracy and sensitivity . the situation under investi,- ; jnany uses, it is required t.- obtained {i'-Vapg*.>v*in order /:> t.ihnacrteawsoeuia^-J.f.i:r.Qalopnugtohav.-c, .i .. in coi:r.v. sk" 0000{O -2 ?y,j.~ l c-}^-.. 7-.,, . Construction' Section mmm Officers 1935-36 AsNAew ?ft*?'" fer Mw. .7. ' ^ Es.,Mtr' '* -US.A. <>.. ml ilS ; l.Xf.aCvvoir-'. .'. So. :. to Ai,. , -ediea] Cor.. eJil Bulie:,;; ulicators j. . 1* *. Oct.. |-f Aircraft, arson. Insiry. PP. 2S3-S; tf Keccr cytioMs. i. Uurea; antf Alarm. Frevert. Mines T{>. Am! L`\v-%^0-n^ > lu!.), v,;:. P- 226, ml - est of P. M. Continuou' I'lieator. r ictory Mutual -ntory !.c; --t So. 97>/. f | { 1 i s. T. V.-. Paul. I- C. vim. V.--T mu of Mine? ..imps :inr< * u: table II. for f)e Hooker, H. Ze::-r ;. Bureau oi . / Chairman--\V. A. Snow, Associated General Contractors of America. Inc., 1329 "E" Street, X. '.V., Washington, D. C. ...far Heavy Construction and Railroad Contractors--It. J. Reigeluth, C. W. - Blakcslce & Sons, 5S Waverlv St.. New Haven, Conn. pi,`-Chairman for Highway Construction--F. I. Rowe, W. L. Johnson Construction Co., Hicksville, Ohio. ric'-.CIuurmc.;! for U. S. Engineer Pepartmcnt--Major Elliott Vandevantes. C. oi E., Office of trie Chief of Jangiueers. Washington, D. C. I'icc-Chainnan for Building Construction--Chester \V. Wright, Wright 5; Kremers. Inc., Niagara Fails, X. V $\-rctarv--Rohert McKinley. General Accident Fire & Life Assurance Ccr?.. Detroit, 'Mich.' .V.-a'J Letter Editor--0. O. Giukkin. Dravo Corji., Xevillc Island, Pittsburgh. Pa. E/ijtaccrfne Committee Chairman--E. X. Goldstine, San Francisco, Calif. .llcwti'crs/ifp Committee Chairman--Thomas Bentley, The A. Bentley & Sons Co.. Toledo, Ohio. Paster Committee Chairman--R. A. Snow, Carolina Power & Light Co., Raleigh. X. C. Program Conm7/ee Chairman--V. P. Aiieaun, National Sand & Gravel Assn.. Munscy Bldg., Washington, D. C. Publicity Committee Chairmen--W. P. Conn, Editor, "The Constructor,*' Washington, D. C. Statistics Committee Chairman--C. H. Black, Stone & Webster Engineering Ccrp.. Boston, Mass. Past Genera! Chairmen-- W. F. Austin. Detroit. Midi. E. X. Goldstine. San Francisc:-. Calif. John Russell, Jr... Public Service Electric & Gas Co., Xewark, X. J. <1 II ire; r Mi,:e rr ires Detective and Ex- Bureau <: Mines Tr- Carbon Monoxide on Burrell. . .M. Seibert, Bureau : Mines TP- icse W'af in? Mice and uaviiJe a : to Atmos- ecu. \V. .ml {,. J, I'>30. Va:it, F. A. Berber. Bu- \ Stirv-- a Utility '. Joiie, ' :cs JU-N i 1<'.'3- 1.st.j. Officers Elected for 1936-37 General Chairmen--W. A. Snow, Associated General Contractors of America. I `.c., N\'ashineiun. D. C. i iee-i liinrn-.aii for Heavy Construe::-;:--R. J. Reioklutii. C. W. Blakcslec haven. Conn. Xew ^ 'M'.'t hen-man fee f!:::hu-ay Con;:::.--F. I. Rowe, W. L. Johnson Co::?:r rction Co.. HteVtsvil'.e. Ohio. f !'''(. hainr.e.i: for .7. 1: ' tinccr ep.vtmcui--Major Elliott VanpEVaNT:.:- C o: E.. Orr'iee ; ;::c C'lvei il:..::'.ecro .n-hingU'::. D. C. ` /, - nCi-i::: I'.mstr:. Cur.-Ti-n W. j^jjprTWrinilt *Sr*K-" r .\-;c\ :em. i';ire As.-ttrr-.nee C m. 241 000C U .'A: -hyMe-ls -is:m - .-mz WS' treiKi h'-*t * Y*. . ** x , j> : 244 Twenty-fifth National Safety.Congress terially improve accident records in the construction industry is that, which other industries have been using tor so long. Briefly, a program based on adequate accident records, consistent inspection and maintenance of plant, a complete medical program and the principle of supervisory responsibility, cannot help but succeed. Dust Diseases As They Affect the Construction Industry By A. J. LANZA, M. D. \ Assistant. Medical Director, Metropolitan Life Insurance Company, New York City With a possible single exception, there is but' one dust disease and one dust causing that disease with which the con struction industry is concerned. The disease is silicosis and the dust causing it is dust containing free silica (SiO;). Dusts containing silica in combined form have not been shown to cause disability or disease, with the exception of asbes tos. which is a silicate. The outstanding facts with regard to silicosis have often been detailed and will be only briefly summarized here. The dust must be in a fine state of subdivi sion to reach the lungs. The particles which do the damage are less than ten microns in diameter. In this country, the amount of dust in the air at any loca tion is determined by the standard meth od elaborated by the United States Bureau of Mines and the United States Public Health Service, using the impinger, the results being expressed in millions of particles per cubic foot. In order to estimate the hazard, we must know the number of particles and the percentage of silica, because a dust con taining 100 per cent pure silica would be more harmful than one containing 50 per cent silica. When we know the amount of dust-- in terms of averages--the amount of sil ica. and the extent of exposure, we are in a position to evaluate the seriousness of the hazard. Wc know that silicosis is a chronic disease, taking usually years to develop, and as we see it in American industries, causing little or r.y disability unless there is superimposed upon it an. infection. This infection is most often tuberculosis, to which the individual with silica damaged lungs is very susceptible. The more severe the silica, carnage, the more apt tuberculosis is to develop. We do not as yet have permissable or safe standards of dustiness. There is such an extremely wide variation of in dustrial processes and environmental fac tors that any elaborate system of stand ards would be impracticable; but a simple workable standard is highly desirable. There is a rough standard,, which is based largely on the work of the Public Health Service, of ten. million particles of dust per cubic foot. This is a convenient tar get to shoot at when dust control meas ures are undertaken in an industrial plant. That is not to say, however, that a threshold of ten million particles o.f a highly siliceous dust is safe. This stand ard was based on exposure to granite dust, containing about 35 per cent pure silica. The construction section of this Con gress embraces many types of industry and a multitude of processes. It is not practicable, therefore, to present a com plete scheme of all the hazards in these industries. We can, however, attain our object in a sufficiently satisfactory man ner by considering first, materials, and second, the processes in which these ma terials are used. The construction indus try uses enormous amounts of certain well known materials. Lime, gypsum, cement, sand, occur to everyone's mind when you mention construction. Many of these substances are used in processes which involve considerable amounts oi dust, wherein lies the possibility of a health hazard. - There is -iio silicosis without silica-- free silica. So right off, the manufac turer or ytj'l.niOjnnl company has the fir.-: !ear-ct:t the poterrriei--harn)ii;*i-r ncess of which may be causing ' concern or h1 iis cemmplovyees. DFoe: m- OCCOCo it :: amtccts. Waa: is -an . ably i- cttcaes, tha: is jCos*=*-^3`,:iS < an u=::"-ce bor=? cotmnv cont^rrtta wit: doer r.rt --unov his* irr.c'.oy'tes __i:s: is tr.-.e i mm*, g.totuld corral : reee < cer.ngt- ;=.:en tait -- e iimoi: the orr ~ Ve ire :re arisr.z ::rom mar;.e. :c. anc mizy ot. suite-sis. 'We fcnrw -.e r.: witli Z' the ma* re:. conuusu r. th*. silir.ts:? ^2zar Tee r- o: is ttca : anci. :ne cotr.r.rt -iac is u:' lt; r.v. tl: darner:: .: thZ bfciu.-t i tit me: tv. ; ..----- n: I hriu-T "iseor. - on siiiunt.r i-/* ~i " or nr.au 1 co.-::-.. T ..-.nr tn*. -VT- - vut :nc r.-.-v ;ne ex: Ct* YC'TIw vt:sr /.V.v .. : - :::g .... . '..TV*;;? `ir.i'i rrv -iiry - cr :is race* inad:np; ahitis; asccd ' eaksh dtust tarrieaa.-- '.aizzi. .t -a ' >r a anui- /tzrrc ,,OtTl;srrry mot .he* ourr an-.d inaaui-rtawi uim. nimd Itupy -'SUS 5 nr _>f a .uacrfirrst :ifuil,<i:ng 'Wr.l Construction Section 245 contain free silica in appreciable founts? What is an appreciable amount? Prob- iblv in excess of 5 per cent. At least, aat 's on the conservative _side. S'on-siiicious dusts may be a nuisance or ia annoyance to employees or to neigh* boring communities, but they are not concerned with silicosis. If the employer does not know whether a dust to which ids employees are exposed contains silica --that is the first thing for him to deter mine. Should he find that the dust does contain free silica, in a determined per centage, then the next step is to ascer tain the amount of such dust present in the air where his employees work. We are frequently asked whether dust arising irom gypsum, cement. Hme. marble, talc, rock wool, mineral wool and many other substances, may cause silicosis. We say to the inquirer. "You know the materials ` you are working- with. Do they contain free silica?" He may reply, "No," cr "Only a trace." The conclusion then is obvious. There is no silicosis hazard. The type of process in which the dust is generated is of great practical import ance. If the process is conducted in a confined place, with poor ventilation, it is apparent that the hazard is much more dangerous than it :: were in the open air. because in the confined place, the work man gets a much bigger dose oi silica. Recently I saw some X-ray films of brick masons. These masons handled only fire bricks--made from a highly silicious material -- and they were em ployed in lining kilns and furnaces. Their films showed well developed sili cosis. Their job consisted in breaking up the worn-out lining in furnaces and build- mg new ones. They were continuously exposed to a bichiy silicious dust in a Very close, confined place. The same material-could ;robably be handled in ^ther types of instruction work with little or no hazard. The mention :: close and confined Places brings mind tunnels, about u'hich there has recently been much agi tation. Without going into details con cerning this su'.ject, the lesson to be earned is clear. The digging of a tun- ne` is not a permanent undertaking in ai*y locality but the work should be sntc- Suarded as in more permanently estab lished industries. Where a tunnel is be ing constructed in a highly silicious rock, the dust hazard looms very large. It is similar to hard rock mining and everything conspires to make the con trol of dust difficult. It is interesting to note that tunnel work in various parts of the world has been followed by similar experiences. The report of the Director General of Public Health for Xew South Wales in Australia, 1924, details an investigation concerning ventilation and sandstone dust present in the air of certain sewer tunnels in Sidney. Apparently there was an ex cessive amount of silicosis and tubercu losis among these tunnel workers. A report of the South African Institute for Medical Research. April, 1935, details a severe silicosis hazard among sewer tunnel workers in South Africa. We are justified in concluding that tun nel work calls for extraordinary precau tions for safety and health with a super vision of the health of tunnel workers comparable to that followed in other in dustries. Grinding or pulverizing sand, gravel, and other highly silicious materi als are processes that need very careful control and supervision. The control cf the dust hazard is an engineering problem and in the main de pends on an effort to entrap the dust at its point of origin by using water, or suction exhaust systems, or both. Once the dust is in the air, reliance is placed upon further use of water, and or dilu tion of the silica dust by increased ven tilation and on protecting the individual by a suitable mask or respirator. The United States Bureau of Mines now cer tifies respirators that are safe for silica dust. The use of respirators should be restricted to exposures which are inter mittent or temporary. Where ventilation equipment designed to remove dust from the-air is installed, its efficiency should be checked from time to time by dust counts, using the stand ard impingcr method. As with other protective devices, there is always danger that this sort of apparatus becomes greatly impaired or useless because of failure to maintain it properly. I mentioned an .exception to the state ment that only dust will pro duce disease o: wH&hjags. This-ctccp- tion is asbcstos.f'lriritnagncsium silicate. OOQqs: si vm b iilff If s1&11r IP If m :jja 246 Twenty-fifth National Safety Congress The inhalation of asbestos dust produces a condition of the lungs similar to sili cosis. The pathology is quite different and the appearance on X-ray films is distinct from silicosis. Asbestosis ap parently does not predispose to tuberculpsis and in this Country has not been shown to cause much disability, though a few deaths have been recorded. In the manufacture of construction material, as bestos is usually combined with other substances which, by reducing the amount of asbestos in the dust, tend to mitigate the hazard. A matter of great concern to the em ployer is what disposition to make of cases of silicosis among his employees. If active tuberculosis is present, it is to the interest of the individual and his fel low workmen that he be removed from his occupation and given proper care. If infection is not present, there will be little or no disability and the employer should protect the individual from further exposure through methods suitable to the situation involved. The important item to remember is the nature oi the material and the process in which it is employed. Consideration of these two items will enable the employer to ascertain whether a silica hazard is present and to act accordingly. Again let me emphasize that where workmen are exposed to a highly silicious dust in confined places, the situation is extremeJy serious and calls for energetic 2nd comprehensive measures of control and continued medical supervision of the men. Dust samples should be taken frequently and the men should be examined frequently so that serious disease will not occur. 1 (` > * | < ? ! I } i I v f I Qz one pro acsiaec 20 of t reasons: Three merni Oae leaiuag evttder larre rarmnr < Ore very n jrritan.-n: hat One detni it . One hiign l -.vinn < One winh c Cme winh t Ome tviirh 1 Or,t wu-.h 1)3*; rad wri- jzt psirtia One antaec 7-xr g'-ne: tiV.y ir.d. ph Ow; tc<so jee tP'O c tire van;:. .-.a.-thter htacvay in Physical Examinations of Construction Employees on Public Works Programs By L. M. DEARDORF Superintendent of Construction, W. L. Johnson Construction Company, Hicksville, 0. If there ever was a time when em ployees on Public Works projects should be given physical examinations before per mitting their names on the payroll, it is now. Any .contractor who secures a Public ^Vorks project with the Highways. PWA. the U. S. Engineers, or any of the other department of the Federal Government is required. as a part of the labor regula tions. to submit a requisition for his em ployees to the National Reemployment Service. The National Reemployment Service is dominated by tlie WPA or ganization to the extent that ail semi-killed and common labor arc furnished only from relief lists. In the majority of cases those unfortunate individuals who are stiil on relief arc there only by reason of a mental or physical deficiency. They have done very little work during the past five or six years and are pretty thoroughly demoralized mentally; physi cally they have permitted their bodies to be run down about like an old paver that has beer standing alongside the road for a corresponding period of years. Our prccedure in carrying out physical examinations for our employees is as fol lows: The contract having been award ed. and the superintendent assigned to the project, one of his first important preliminary instructions is to talk to the doctors :r. the vicinity of the project and explain to them the problem which we "face in -ecuring competent .physically* able workmen. If the M. D. shows any sympathy in our problems and troubles, we ncg'.trste for mass examination of the employees. The price paid for the exam ination : from SI.00 to >2.50. j ; The r.r.dlfjj&r hive been -very interest ing on th'; /t-iifious- projects as the toiiow- s`"<' * i::c facts will``.testify. o rtu,. * er: rrnicact* Csrttr irrorr Tr.t Etr.tuio 1: ::i u.mtu- tita I'iiTt `i.-ii:: .me xe ta.-S'. crtti; -i::o\ if', it t.v'itt art.r-v-me Marine Section crs to s wait tV.t on's 0. Commit ,tC. v;V,V. case? c c-ivtr:' these "5 to be able : in our years ci : neglect o: :,roeriod. :he `Ww n app'.:; 10 = "accident r-'.iw:.- Officers 1935-36 r- mol Chairman--E. W. Fiske, J?_. Socony-Vacuum Oil Co., Inc,, New York, N, Y. `rr Chairman f/ Charge of Pos:ers and Slides)--Robert F. Hand, Standard Shipping Co, New York, N. Y. pireCheirmon (/ Charge of Publicity)--Arthur M. Tode, Consulting Marine Engineer, \'ew h ork, N. Y 'r.CMiratan (For the Pacific Coast)--A. D. Woll, General Petroleum Corp. o Calif., 1 Terminal Island, Calif. torrtarx_Carl F. Vander Clute, Admiralty Attorney, New York, N. Y. Vrtrf Letter Editor--Henry Elackstone, United States P. & I. Agency, Inc, 340 Pine St., * San Francisco, Calif. fliyina-rin^ Committee Chainuaii--3. C. Edwards, Consulting Engineer, New York, N. Y. Membership Committee Chairman--Z. C. Holden, Jr., United States P. & I. Agency, Inc., Sew York, N. Y. Prei-ram Committee Chairman--H. L. Seward, Yale University, New Haven, Conn. ' ftafiWcj Committee Chairman--Bentamin H. Self, Travelers Insurance Company, New ' York, N. Y. ~SfcKacring Committee Chairman--F. C. Gregory, Waterfront Employers Association, San Francisco, Calif. 'Sli'u&ers at Large--. Frank E. Ames, Lykcs Bros.-Ripley Steamship Co.. New Orleans, La. ,.W. P. Biggs. Navy Department Safety Engineer, Washington, D. C. .].h, C F. Blackton, Erie Railroad Co., Jersey City, N. J. . - Frank H. Coqax, The Delaware. Lackawanna and Western Railroad Co., New York, S -'. n. y. J. ,\f. Griser, Alabama Dry Deck and Shipbuilding Co.. Mobile, Ala. . Wm. Groundwater, Union Oil Co. of Calif.. Los Angeles, Calif. Henry J. Hejdorn, Standard Shipping Co., New York. X, Y. John S. Hunter, The Alantic Refining Co.. Philadelphia. Pa. . Willard F. Jones, Gui: Refir.ir.- Co.. New York, N. Y. - T. K. Kavanagii, Grace Line. Ir.c., New York, N. Y. R. K. Kelly, Tide Water Oil Cv.. New York. N. Y. Stewart Lee, Jr., New York Shipbuilding Corp., Camden, N. J. }. L. Luckensack, American Bureau of Shipping, New York, N. Y. J. H. McEaciierx, Standard Oil Co. of Calif.. San Francisco, Calif. i).*.MiEL Murphy, Murphy, C:ok & Co., Philadelphia. Pa. v Dock Co., New York, N. Y. an Francisco, Calif. A- J. Smith, Marine Office of America, New York, N.^ Y. ^ E. Stewardson, Colombian Steamship Co., New Y'crk, X. Y. J- ,, H. ToNm.jiV. .Capt. USX Rtd. New York Sratc Merchant Marine Academy, New Trosdal, Jr., South Atlantic S.S. Line, Savannah, Ga. __ ~'~S',rr` Y ANUV.VANTF.R, Major. Office of the Chief oi Engineers. Munitions Blog., , ''i'-bineton. I). C. v-stdahl, Dollar Steamship Lines, Sr.n Calif. ',h iuonr. American Exr.tr'. Line. New York Crn. Associated Oil Co., iers Francisco. CalffiSi'-M*'? 269 I|fcs3& to* All 000Chi) ^ -- - -4. ;>v v-' fl s .-eights. Lighter ] .ory where there h c*. : aring against the | ove has been dcvcW-> < ,*jt and is proving royc-6 although some men ^ jased weight. The use of guarded riling floors is largely n. Some of the old tin-,* that it is a reflect a have to use a guards aors. t rick floors now being *3, ' locations are more \ l type. An asphalt floor it is about the least illy. i Ar developed. Concrete c been troweled to j !t can be roughened by I nceir.r&ted sulphuric acid ' with water. i > 1 Officers 1935-36 --erol Chairman--H. W. Dafr, Bethlehem Steel Co., Johnstown, Pa. *''i(c-Chairr,\ati--A. Berquist, The Youngstown Sheet and Tube Co., East Chicago, Ind. r:r-Chairman--C. M. Allen, The American Rolling Mill Co., Middletown, Ohio. (/ Charge of Hea!th)~Da. R. C. Excel, Corrigun-McKitmey Div., Republic Steel Corp., Cleveland, Ohio. Secretary and AVtcr Letter Editor--R. A. Chaffin. Continental Steel Corp., Kokomo, Ind. Contest Committee Chairman--Robert L. Schmitt. Louisville Car Wheel and Railway Supply Co., Louisville, Ky. v,jinccring Committee Chairman--J. E. Culuxsv, Bethlehem Steel Co., Bethlehem, Pa. foundry Committee Chairman--Irwix A. Brinkman, Mackintosh, Hemphill Co., Pitts burgh, Pa. Membership Committee Chairman--Mell E. Trammell. Gulf States Steel Co., Alabama City, Ala. poster Committee Chairman--R. H. Fercvson. Republic Steel Corp.. Cleveland, Ohio. Program Committee Chairman--H. M. Ckoomax. Inland Steel Co., East Chicago, Ind. Publicity Committee Chairman--C. W. Hanko. Pittsburgh Steel Co., Monesscn, Pa. Rxiu'cy Car Builders Committee Chairman--P. I. Brand, Pullman Standard Car Manu facturing Corp., Pullman, Chicago, 111. Slides and Safety Kinks Committee Chairman--1. A. Oaktel, Cnrnegie-IUinois Steel Corp.. Pittsburgh, Pa. Statistics Committee Chairman--W, J. Ixelane. Kohler Co., Kohler, Wis. Members at Large-- F. G. Bennett. The Buckeye Steel Castings Co.. Columbus, Ohio. . F. Blank, Jones & Laugh!in Steel Cor::.. Pittsburgh. Pa. J. A. Coi.TitiN. National Radiator Corp., J- hnstown, Pa. G. A. Davis, Camcgic-Illinois Steel Corp.. Chicago. 111. M. W. DunjX'RE, Beloit Iron Works Co.. iL-lnit. Wis. John P. Em. Cnrncgic-Illinois Steel Corp.. Joliet, 111. W. T. Fjlmer, The Youngstown Sheet av.~ Tube Co., Youngstown, Ohio. A. C- Gihson, Spang, Chalfant 5: Co., Inc.. Pittsburgh. Pa. 0. F. Harvey, American Car and Foundry Co., New York, N. Y. S. E. Hawkes, MacWhyte Co.. Kenosha, '.Vis, H. H. Henry, Otis Steel Co.. Cleveland. Ohio. K. G. Hensel. The Youngstown Sheet and Tube Co.. Chicago, 111. W. A. Jarvis, The Chase Companies. Wav.-rburv. Conn. F. A. Lal'erman. Republic Steel Corp.. S.u:h Chicago. 111. T. H. McKexxsy, Chicago. III. D. Y. Medalie, Interlake Iron Corp., Chicago, III. John Q'Rocrx. Bethlehem Steel Co.. Sparrows Point. Md. C. E. Ralston. Pittsburgh Plate Glass Ca., Pittsburgh, Pa. Frank Rowe, Wheeling Steel Corp.. Port-mouth. Ohio. Herman Stoerer, The Youngstown Sheet and Tube Co.. Evanston, HI. J. K. Stafford. Mississippi Valley Structural Steel Co., Decatur, 111. J. A. Voss. Republic Steel Corp., Cleveland. Ohio. * deceased. * .Y, 312 Tzecnty-fifth Xatioual Safety Congress to think, inability to draw a personal les son trom the experience oi others, over confidence and a desire to make good on the job. These can only be overcome by caretul and systematic handling on the part of the supervisor. His is the respon sibility of putting over to the worker the value and advantages resulting from a close observance of rigid safety inspec tions. Systematic Organized Safety Effort There should be little need to make a plea for more concerted action along this line. As saiety men. we know how eas- the small employer could be put out business as the result of even a few accident losses. The larger *. , well, cannot.afford to overl0o*"^*,. tion--his losses, through wa money and materials, will ' SaT his profits and hold his - nuUy the public as a very inefficTn?^.^.VJf sf. The ever increasing cost^f^'*i- -l:` <SoO* T pensation insurance will undoubted *<te factor in forcing more considerlX*!^ well organized safety work peJ?r **% I emphasize the side of humanit-TSS^ the dollar and am satisfied from toa?^ penence that where humanity ruk?2HI ^ k*th 0 profits will be satisfactory. Whereiiisw accri safety program is followed, without & , than the efficiency and economy of the higWgpf - Sili occv der will also prevail. boo m,sl1 pjoftd* have winless to JSto of d.c fc ca< the !* WJ, which The Present Status of Control of Dust and Fumes in Industry^lf j!us as', By H. B. MELLER ;ijg^ Managing Director, Air Hygiene Foundation of America, Inc.; Head, Air Pollodo*rt$ Investigation, Mellon Institute of Industrial Research, Pittsburgh, Pa. The problem divides itself naturally into medical, preventive engineering and legis lative phases, and includes consideration of the responsibilities of employer and employee to each other and to the public. It is axiomatic that, in case of physical disorder, impairment of function or dis ability, the more thoroughly the cause and course of action are known, the more certainly can possible remedies be applied or preventive measures taken. In the diseases or affections under con sideration, there are facts upon^which pre ventive methods are based, and upon which further studies now in course or contemplated are, at least in part, predi cated. During the development of the present state of knowledge of the influence of some air contaminants on health, natu rally many theories were advanced that later scientific work has modified or dis placed. However, not .always has ;hev correction been as widely and thoroughly disseminated as was the original theory; this condition, perhaps, has led to some contusion in the minds of many who have not followed too closely the evolution of knowledge in this field. Clarification of Dusts There are available different pubiishedT^; classifications of dusts. Included in svcbttg classifications are dusts, the exposure W.% inhalation of which are, or are likely be, occupational. Those that are inhtfj^^ ently toxic when inhaled or otherwise ab*' sorbed and which cause systemic poison^'*, irig, include lead, arsenic, mercury, tnan--^' ganese. Examples of dusts which havefrg the ability to penetrate the deep lung tis*7>+ sues and to be retained there are quartt-i>: flint, chert, asbestos, talc, coal, iron, clay;.^-j;. slate, and other t<`pes of rock dust. .];1 Attention here will be centered'upon V.-^ this last group and upon pneumoconiosis,- the general term used to designate lung ; conditions caused by dust. Silicosis, which is caused by the inhalation of free silica, has been prominent recently in the public press, sometimes in a way that made misunderstanding possible, if not probable. " Aside from silica, many of the insoluble mineral dusts may bring about slight changes in the lung tissues, which may be der^gfcpjjlgftd on--tiw>..^pentgenog.CgS^ . thd^Sgstlica in the dust that is .jhhalcdri AsK^rnify.is known today, most of thtUrarcw^Ef^fvely or entirely harmless;-'. . * Import* of dust lidtal ma-' often are : microns fc io the case m long as way down Uncomp complicate impairmei seriously unced s greatly s' Silico-'i dies, the ally som lion. It ence of ceptibiVn adult wi culosis, : gaxdless It is the reactiva of the lesions possible colics individi should ' After lished not fo 00OC02 " Metals Section Ability of Dusts to Cause Injury of the silicotic process toward the stage of disablement except through limiting or has been established that the poten- preventing further exposure to silica dust. -illcv or siiicious dusts to cause lung Xor has medical science found a way to :r:3ge is, with few exceptions, depend- prevent tuberculosis from being super upon their content of free silica imposed upon silicosis, except through .'or.: 5:0s)- The development of silicosis de- control of contact. The course of silico- -ir.ds. therefore, upon the concentration tu'oerculosis is chronic and is very diffi dust containing tree silica in the air cult to influence by treatment, according ireathed. In other words, the total to phthisiologists. isiount of free silica breathed and re- * Medical Control. As a basis for intelli air.ed seems to be the primary factor; ie length of time necessary for a suffidtnt accumulation is important, but less gent determination of the physical fitness of a man for a job in a dusty trade, physical examination, with stereoscopic so than the total load. roentgenograms of the chest, is necessary. Silica occurs also in chemical combina- Along with this study goes, naturally, the r:n in silicates. Some of these com- preparation of an occupational history ;:unds have been proved to be relatively, with detail as to the exact nature of previ harmless to health, some are still in the ous work and of exposure to industrial realm of doubt, and one--asbestos--may cust--not a valueless recording of occu cause the industrial disease called asbes- pations as "laborer," "machinist," etc. tosis. which is the result of lung damage Dr. Sayers, of the U. S. Public Health similar to, but not identical with nor as Service, has developed a method of secur serious as, that produced by free silica. ing information for a proper occupa Importance of Particle Size. The size tional history; among others. Cummings, dust particles in the air which an indi of. Saranac Laboratory, also has worked vidual may breathe is important. Not out a yseful history blank. often are particles larger than 10 or 12 microns found in the deep lungs, except iz the case of asbestos dust, where fibers as long as 200 microns have worked their xay down lengthwise. Standards have been developed for the diagnosis of silicosis. There is also a suitable technic for taking roentgeno grams of the chest in order to bring out the characteristic lung changes. Uncomplicated Silicosis. Silicosis, un complicated by an infection, is more of an .moairment than a disability. It is not seriously disabling until it reaches an ad vanced % stage, and does not of itself rrtatly shorten the life of a silicotic. Silico-Tuberculosis. When a silicotic -t$, the immediate cause of death is usu*> some type of intervening lung infec-on. It is'not known just why the pres-r.ee of silica in the lungs increases sus ceptibility to tuberculosis, but when an `-'ilt with silicosis is exposed to tuber"-`Osis, an active infection may occur, ref*rd(ess of the previous state of health, -t is thought probable that silica dust can :-sctivate healed tuberculous lung lesions the adult, type; how long after such S'.ons have healed the reactivation is Visible is not certain. Exposure of sili- From the considerable amount of work that has been done, it is possible to forecast with a reasonable degree of accu racy the silicosis potentiality of various dusts. Periodic physical examinations, includ ing roentgenograms, are essential if em ployers are to be enabled accurately to earn the effect of individual exposure and intelligently to transfer affected work men to lower dust concentrations before serious injury has been done, or to work out a system of rotation where indicated as desirable in order that exposure may be intermittent. Such examinations arc helpful also in showing the efficiency of engineering control methods! The ability to place responsibility in case of claim for injury is no small part * -*-hcs to tuberculosis or of tuberculous of the value of such initial and periodic :'dividuais to silica dust is serious and examinations. i'tould be avoided. Asbestosis. CiiiHlW;;l^eKpcrietTce5=-lCffs'' After silicosis lias become well estab- shown that the inha^yiptbf a sg|Sc5crtt rshed in the lungs, medical science has amount of asbestos pjfsil=cises a-^wrlous found a way to arrest the progress type of fibrosis, whig^j^.jftot accompanied 8lir;" ooocjo 4:t r m m. mS iSPSt? 314 Turnty-fifth Xational Safety Congress by an unduly high incidence of tubercu losis. Other dusts and silicate compounds so far studied produce, at most, only a mild non-progressive reaction in the lungs, provided there is no significant amount of free silica in their composition. While not serious clinically, such conditions may give rise to considerable litigation. Adequate statistics on morbidity and tions in air are recorded gravinietricallv as milligrams per cubic meter. Other's (as silica, where size is a factor in termining dangerous particles), are givn by count. Neither method gives the whole story, but in both cases it may b* possible to secure the information neces sary for the purpose. In one of the reports referred to earlier there occurs this statement: "There is' mortality from occupational disease, to serve as a basis for effectively focussing the efforts to study and control dust dis eases of the lungs, are non-existent. In concluding this section, the follow ing quotation from a court decision in Wisconsin is pertinent (Schaefer v. In dustrial Commission, 265 N. W. 390 (Supreme Court, February, 1936)): . . It will be necessary to distin guish carefully between medical or patho logical disability and actual physical in capacity to work. The medical experts apparently ignore this distinction, and so increase the difficulty of arriving at a just result under the law." Preventive Engineering It would be needless repetition to dis cuss in a technical way the engineering phases of dust control. All interested are referred to "Industrial Dust," by Drinker and Hatch, which deals comprehensively with the subject; U. S. Bureau of Mines Information Circulars 6840 and 6848, by Harrington and Davenport, a review of literature on "Prevention of Dust Dis eases"; U. S. Public Health Service Bul letin 217, by Bloomfield and DallaValie. on "The Determination and Control of Industrial Dust"; Report Z9 of the Amer ican Standards Association; and to the U. S. Bureau of Mines for a list "of ap proved protective devices. It may be said that, in general, the engineering specialist can and will devise the necessary equipment to meet the con ditions specified to him. But the setting of limits of permissible dust concentra tion is not his but the physician's respon sibility. The engineer is concerned with keeping dustiness to or below the limits at present considered satisfactory. no doubt in the mind oi anyone familiar with the present dust-sampling and dust estimating methods that they will be amended and changed from time to time. At the present writing we would advise the use of the simplest possible procedures where dust control alone is in question.. If one wishes to obtain- values which can be compared with published data, it is generally necessary to copy with consid erable care the technic used in the origi nal case. This is another way of admit ting the annoying fact that results by one method are usually not comparable to those obtained by another method." In another place, the report says: "It is very doubtful it any useful purpose is served by determining accurately ex tremely dense dust concentrations--the only excuse for such data is to show the skeptic that the workplace is much dustier than it should be. . . . "It is probable that any sampling pro cedure which fixes concentrations in groups 100 per cent apart is sufficient and that the results of any attempts to come closer to the concentration at the moment of sampling are simpl}* misleading. Thus ranges such as 0-5, 5-10. 10-20, 20-40, etc., suffice for dust control." As dust particles in the lungs are of the order of 1 micron, with rarely a particle over 10 microns, dust control for hygienic reasons should be aimed at parti cles in the size range found to have been breathed and retained. Again quoting! . . if one could avoid use of the dusts of 1 micron or less or exclude them fro171 the dust which passes a 325-mesh screen, nearly all dust diseases would be ehw nated." -- Dust Elimination Qbviousiy, it is better, when possible, Methods of Determining Dust to purchase equipment already supphe vJtJTjith eexxhhauastu-hsoto-d'r-,a'rtahtheerr'"' TrhhaSrTt?tt t-o- >a'e Some dusts (as lead) are determiaa&v*3$i worry to fit one to equipment not de- by chemical methods and the concentpj^t^slgned to be hooded. Thus the respond ME . 00001)4 v:iity lor poet ^antiwctdrer. There is a ^formation u- t'ific design Engineering foundation * a table of mv tare certain granite cutti spraying, sai welding)for proter respirators, a: helmets, and . formation is r of the U S. reau of StStandards A issuing spec equipment is where appro Of course, ble, dust s', source, and where this a Pe There are and are beir ble dusttnes It should be were not dquirement, good practifrom a safe In South gram per per cubic ct million per Dr. Lane Mo., distric practice, a liters of air The U. S study in th vania, four, cubic foot coarse dus cubic foot apparently attained. The figu cubic foot cent quart the Vermc . Public He Metals Section 315 '`metricajj r- OtherJ for potential efficiency is upon the ct0r n de. ' *re given *IV the '' 1111 mmaayy bbee `t'on neces. ^^'There is available comparatively little rmation upon which to base the sciendesign of hoods. The Preventive i -^flffineering Committee of Air Hygiene j "3 foundation includes in its recent report L*. table of minimum air velocities to cap- d,f 4ar'i*r, !i~'?nre certain industrial dusts (for use in ihere_ f, l&Sanite cutting, grain elevators, paint _ne famiiiar fClrJ^ying, sand pulverizing and electric 4 an<f dust-y will he ^.i'.trefWoringp)r*otective equipment such as d, ust to time. "'Respirators, air supplied masks, sand blast 'ld advise '-helmets, and goggles, very complete in- Procedures ;v~formation is available, because of the work n duestioa. which can data, it is the U. S. Bureau of Mines, the Bureau of Standards, and' the American Standards Association in preparing and 'th consid- the origi. 4:i issuing specifications to be met if the v equipment is to be used under conditions of admitresults by -`omparahle method." says: ``It purpose is i/ where approval is necessary. Of course, all agree that, where possii-'. ble, dust should be controlled at the -'.-source, and protective equipment used f-' where this action cannot be accomplished. rately ex- -tions--the ' show the -ich dustier Permissible Dustiness There are various figures that have been and are being used as guides to permissi :pfing pro bations in mcient and s to come o moment ble dustiness where free silica is present. It should be noted that many of the data were not determined as the medical re quirement, but as being attainable in good practice and apparently satisfactory ng. Thus -'0-40, etc.. In South Air gram per cubic 4s are of rarefy 2 i,mattroplarfoti,-r ave been quoting: the dusts lem from ,oftc screen. e.m. nt*- ! i: per cubic centime million per cubic Dr. Lanza feu Mo., district tha practice, a figure liters of air coui The U. S. Pub study in the antr vania, found tha cubic foot with coarse dust and in its cubic foot with aPparer.tiy satis and often were possible. supplied to have : not deresponsi- attained. The figure o: cubic foot for z cent quartz cor: tfie Vermont gra. Public Health 3 Some metal-mining companies have gone further, setting the maximum of permissible dustiness at 5 million particles per cubic foot. Certainly, there is a degree of air clean liness that is safe, from the standpoint of concentration of harmful dust. But the engineer may find himself in the position of practically being forced to control any dust, harmful or otherwise, if he would protect his employers against suits at common law and the possibility of award of damages to men who have breathed dust containing little or no free silica. A dusty workplace is difficult to defend in court. Neither courts nor compensation boards, and certainly not juries, have seemed to be greatly impressed with a low silfca dust count in an otherwise dusty atmosphere. Quoting from one of the reports re ferred to: "Each state is a unit--a sover eign--and it handles its problems in its own way. Uniformity is lacking, although of course the statutes of many states are similar. The courts of the various states follow such precedents as appeal to them: consequently, on any important question, there is likely to be a divergence of opin ion among the courts, and often the courts fall into two or more groups, each group following a different theory with respect to the same legal problem." Workmen's Compensation Acts Workmen's compensation acts have been passed in 46 states (all except Arkansas and Mississippi) and the Dis trict of Columbia. These acts are com pulsory as to private employers in 15 states and elective in 31 states. Insur ance to cover the risk is compulsory in seven states. A state fund, out of which compensa tion is paid, is maintained in 18 states: in two of these the employer may, by proving financial responsibility, carry his own risk with limited contribution, to the state fund for the expense of administra tion; in J1 more of this group of states the employer is not required to avail himself of the privileges of the state fund and may provide compensation otherwise. In 28 states th*rfrri`L HP provision for a state compensation Administration &Q3fi!;compcnsat'io>i act is vested in a corr&jjssiprr. board, oti&jnglc yI'-ij Si kU m m 13 316 Txvcntx-fifth National Safety Congress commissioner in 40 states: in six states the acts are administered by the local courts. Again from the report: "The guiding principle in the early acts was the award ing of compensation for accidental injury, meaning thereby traumatic injury." (Traumatic means of or pertaining to a wound or wounds.) "In those years, the importance of disability due to occupa tional disease was not generally recog nized. It however became increasingly apparent that `injury' might be suffered gradually, and that the result of such gradual breaking down of the strength and resistance of the employee was more serious in many instances than traumatic injury. Courts therefore, in some states, wrestled with the problem of construing `injury' so as to include disease and bring disease within the compensation acts." In one state a diseased condition is compensable under the act if caused by the negligence of the employer. Occupa tional disease is compensable, to some extent, in 16 states and the District of Columbia: in five of these states silicosis is not included among the compensable diseases; in one state silicosis is the only occupational disease made compensable. There is a legal obligation on the part of the employer to provide a safe place to work, and usually the matter of ventila tion is featured. The mining laws ap proach uniformity as to air quantity and as to equipment for mechanical ventila tion. The right, at common law, to recover for occupational disease duetto negligence of the employer, is important. In three states it has been held by the courts that the right never did exist; in three states the right is extremely doubtful; in 12 states it probably exists, although there is some doubt; in 12 other states, the right seems well settled, but is limited in eight of this group; in the remaining states and the District of Columbia, no court de cisions can- be found which decide the question as to whether or not such com mon law right exists. It should again be noted that occupational disease is com pensable in three states jn this last group. "With the adoption of Occupational Disease Acts, new medical problems arise and more adequate provision is required for medical examination and treatment. This is especially true with respect to dust diseases, which call for diagnosis skilled specialists experienced in tw *arr-ir field." Examination Before Employment So f visions 1. Under Compensation Acts: Th New Mexico Act contains a provision requiring the workman, at the time of his oi Co acts. 1 arninat employment, or thereafter at the request l In i of the employer, to submit himself to an examination. 1 setts. West The New York Act of 1936, covering silicosis and other dust diseases, provides in 'the opening paragraph: been j sort o cially and cl "It is hereby declared to be the policy occup: of the legislature of this state, in enact admm ing this article, to prohibit through every respcc lawful means available, any requirement as a prerequisite to employment which states compels an applicant for employment in any occupation coming, within the pur view of this article to undergo a medical examination." The North Carolina Act, effective March 26, 1933. contains a provision re quiring examination both prior to employ ment and from time to time during em . .1 Tbt cussx 1. comp Mr coins ployment. In the compensation acts of no other states were found provisions w:rh respect to examination prior to. the time of em : per some lime uaL ployment. 2. Under Other Statutes: Five states (Louisiana. Maine. New Jersey. N*w York arid Pennsylvania) Have statutes requiring physical examination before an employee is permitted to work under compressed air or in caissons. Examination During Employment The five states mentioned in the pre ceding paragraph r.equire periodic exa"\ , [nations during the course of empl>ms .. . under compressed air or in caissons.. . Missouri statutes provide for exatnm*^ tion, as often as once a month, by a 5Y petent licensed and reputable physi of all employees who come into 1 s contact with certain poisonous agen or injurious processes. _, Three states (New Jersey, Ohio^ an Pennsi$fFlfa)..require employers to * ; to bcjwSrinmed at leasf^odfe^a employees^engaged in any work or P /j ess eXj*3sin?g dust- rgj. fumcsloipiitead solutions. Se: '267 m; ra; fre Ur qu Pe fe. 0000'JC Mi Metals Section 317 by ! u in *thlat ii: 3yment ^cts: 'ovision re' >me of hk he Jeqijcj. -isetf to an coverr;tn? prot the policr *n enact`ugh every guiremen: ent which oyment ip the pur- a medical effective vision reto employJurjng em- i no other ith respect me of env camination After Claim for Disability *x Arises Vo two state acts contain identical pro tons, but in ail (including the District ( Columbia) that have compensation acts, there is provision for physical ex amination after claim for disability arises. In five states (Kentucky, Massachu setts, New York, North Carolina, and ^*eSt Virginia), definite recognition has been given to the importance of some <ort of medical board composed of spe cially qualified physicians and surgeons, and charged with the duty of diagnosing occupational disease and-of advising the administrative board or commission with respect thereto. The laws of these five states are quite different and should be These points were raised in the dis cussion following the addresses: -1. How much time is required for completing a training course? Mr. Davison said that the training course in their plant ordinarily covered a period of one and one-half years, but that some students completed it sooner. The time required depends upon the individ ual. studied separately for details, but in each occupational disease, including silicosis, is compensable. The importance of roentgenograms in any thorough physical examination for pneumoconiosis is well known. This im portance is recognized in the Acts of New Jersey, New York, North Carolina, and West Virginia. Medical Treatment In the 17 states (including Maryland) in which occupational disease is, to some extent, compensable, the acts usually en title the claimant to a limited amount of medical, Surgical, and hospital care, meas ured in money cost or length of time covered by treatment. 2. Is it advisable to limit the number of students per teacher? Ten students per instructor is a good ratio. 3. Which gases present the greatest harzards in welding? Silicon gases are the most harmful. The risk, however, has largely been over come by manufacturers of welding sup plies. *m,Mv.rMrl"--:ii - hi:. vll? M !:io and o cause month, r proc- -t, /cad THURSDAY MORNING SESSION October 8, 1936 Metals Section Safety Contest Two hundred and two units were reg istered in the 1936 Contest of the Metals Section. During the Contest period 267,792 employees worked :`)1.7S8,;79 man-hours with art average frequency r^te of 8.030. a decrease of 4 per cent from the 1935 rate of-S.334. Ninety-five ttnits completed the Contest with a fre quency rate below the average, and 8 Per cent o: the units finished with per:ect records. Nineteen plaques and eight certificates were awarded in the Contest. The plaques were presented by John B. Gibson. Publicity Director, Hawthorne works. Western Electric Company. Chi cago, and Vice President for Community Safety Councils. National Safety Council, as follows: Steel Mills Division, Group A--Conti nental Steel Corporati^n^Kokomo Divi sion, Kokomo. India .806 hours. 12.injuries. Onnm mm Tlr.\ .;-C. 4i^VVr-is '. ". '.' ngrcss Mining Section 669,449 man-hours. ncs Stellite Co.. Kokon^ man-hours, no injury.. iling Mill Co.. Sixth -bland, Kv.. 142.943 nuri. urics. chine Shops Division. Grc-o5 / Manufacturing Corr.nanv Williamsport. Penn.. 1.5*2'. rs, no injuries, chine Shops Division, Grou; d for first place--C. Hsstr re Manufacturing Compar.-.-. fo.. 805,007 man-hours, ^ B Pump and Supply Cent\ngcics, California. 203.253 0 injuries; Xocra Manuuc. Waterbury, Conn.. 214,792 1 injuries. nine Shop Division -- Tr.ret place--Western Clock Co=,1c. III., 5.3C9.320 mar.-hours. ilg Electric Ventilating Cora0, 111., 370,222 man-hours, no .-Flex Metal Hose Company, v Jersey, 146.536 man-hours. larding Officers 1935-36 General Chairman--J. W, Alt. Calumet & Hecla Consolidated Copper Co.. Calumet. Mich. piee-Chcirrion in Charge of Membership--C. W. Gjsbs, Harwich Coal and Coke Co.. \r\Pcictt-sCbhuargir't"r-..anPati.t Charge of engineering--C. J. Barrett, Oliver Iron Mining Co., Duluth, SPeMiiceir-neCntah.rcyt--.-wDoanniinelCHhaarrgreinogftoHne,aUlthn--iteLdeeStLatoensg,BCurhe'nacuhfoiefldMCinoeasl, Corp., Dame. Va. Washington, D. C. Entertainment Committee Chairman--Wm. G. Metzger, Hudson Coal Co., Scranton. Pa. Program. Committee Chairman--R. X, Hoslj-r, Coal Mine Section, Pennsylvania Com Popsetnesraotiorne RSalitdineg CaondmmInitstpeeectCiohnaiBrmuraena--u.J.HaJr.risFbousrsge,s.PaU.nited States Bureau of Mines. PuPbitlitcsibtyurgCho,mPmai.ttee Chairman--M. R. Budo. The Explosives Engineer, Wilmington. Del. Statistics Committee Chairman--W. \V. Adams, United States Bureau of Mines. Wash ington. D. C. MemPb.erMs .c:ALratrhguer--, American Zinc Co- ot Tennessee, Mascot. Term. JAonhgnusL.DB. oCaarmd.mpbaenl,l.AMnaccIonntydraeCPooprpceurpiMneiniMngineCso. ..LtBdu.,tteS.chMuomnatc. her, Ont.. Canada. \V. K. Comiss. National Pigments and Chemical Co., Potosi, Mo. Thomas E. Lightvoot. Hoppers Coal Co., Pittsburgh, Pa. George Martinson, I'ickamis Mather & Co.. Cleveland, Ohio. D. D. Moffat, Utah Copper Co.. Salt Lake City. Utah. V. O. Murkav, The Union Pacific Coal Co., Rock Springs, Wyo. R. E-, Paul, New Jersey Zinc Co.. Xcw York. X. Y. L. 1. Sicka, St. Joseph Lead Cc.. Bonne Terre, Mo. Pittsburgh, Pa. feguarding ar.d ways o: pro. It included 13 views taken and Chicago District plants .ie-Illinois Steel Corporation ; received from other com:g the Ashland and Sutler the American Rollins Mill .e Duluth Works c : the cl & Wire Compa.-.;.; the .-1 Corpora;non; the Ford nv; the National Tube Comhe Pittsbu rgh Lirr. i ,:c;ie ab .-once of T. H. li chain:1i'.r. >.<: unable to -.Hen; - Officers Elected for 1936-37 ;airman--C. W. Ginns. Harwich Coal and Coke Co., Pittsburgh, Pa. Genera. O' men in Che.roe of erring--G. J. Barrett, U. S. Steel Corpora: ;r. cuo- iTrr-G-: sidiar Ficr-W I'ice-d mDaunluitnh, CMhein.rnn.e of Her. : :--Lee, Long, ClinchfieM Coal Corp., Dante. ' h: Charge of :;iership--Ancus D. Campbell. McIntyre ? .\SYc.hv.mr ni.uecthtevrr. Out., .'Danannuaie. l I-fARRiNGroAU.l'-utcd States Bureau . Secrr p ..... s' usm'ie.eD.CCem. .nir.e-' < " '* ' - 1`-'mu-? 'Bureau of 0000'. 3 bfbig btail '.:fcty Congress - the contest had rtm II mom: lost-time accident in the ir. erred September IS, 1934. x t { The Petroleum Section Officers 1935-36 MG SESSION 936 General Chairman--R. 13. Roaper. Humble Oil and Refining Co., Houston, Texas. yiec-Chair>na--A. W. Bref.land. Lone Star Gas Co., Dallas, Texas. Atlantic Division Chairman--Archer Ashton, Socony-Vacuum Oil Co.. Paulsboro, X. J. Great Lakes Dhision Chairman--Gless Bvers, Shell Petroleum Corp., St. Louis, Mo. Jfid-Cenhnait Division Chairman--R. S. Huffman, Oklahoma Natural Gas Co., Tuba filing attention of supervisor to tx:co of unsafe practice; analysis c-f unpractice; follow-up correction, ethods which should be Cmp'cyed to .tain safety among" the p*rann<I - outlined as follows: : RockOyklMa.ountain Division Chairman--A. T. Eckwall, Stanolind Oil and Gas Co., Mid west, Wyo. Gulf Division Chairman--J. L. Masks, Sun Oil Co., Dallas. Texas. Pacific Division Chairman--R. E. Hecox. Standard Oil Co. of Calif., Taft. Calif. Hears Letter Editor--\Y. B. Murphy, Atlantic Refining Co., Philadelphia, Pa. Engineering Committee Chairman--Cum. A. Miller, The Texas Co., Houston, Texas. -truction. group, department:.: and Health Committee Chairman--Du. V. C. Baird, Humble Oil and Refining Co., Houston. .dual: inspection; investigation: comemployees to follow safety rules and Texas. Poster Committee Chairman--A. J. Martinson. Union Oil Co. of California Los Angeles Actions: compel them to use safety :cs and guards: stums, comes:?, etc.; PrCogarliaf.m Committee Chairman--G. O. LecKwooy. The Empire Companies. Bartlesville. maining constant pressure on safety an operating problem; acceptance by Okla. Publicity Committee Chairman--T. H. Sav.\cf,, Mid-Continent Petroleum Corp.. Tulsa. Okla. meement of responsibility "ward Statistics Committee Chairman--J. V. Myers, Standard Oil Co., (XJ.) Mew York. X. Y. tv; maintaining and using cost rec- '"foreman training program: ning. aid I Past General Chairmen-- R. \V. Black. Standard Oil Co. of X. J.. Elizabeth, X. J. R. S. Bo.vsib, Standard Oil Co. (X. J.) Xcw York, X. Y. 'he consensus on the enforcement of V. R. Cvurie, The Texas Co.. Houston. Texas. Miliary measures was: R. F.. Donovan, Standard Oi: Co. of California. San Francisco, Calif. :-:;i measures should bo cnforrtd bv .'jpervisor. first by a warning. then t lay-off without pay, then by ;=mo- . and, if all these fail, by disc.":.'?e- C. L. Hjchtower, United Gas Co., Houston. Texas. G. 0. Lockwood, The Empire Companies. Bartlesville. Okla. Geo. F. Trussing, Union Oil Co. of California, Los Angeles, Calif. E. J. Sf.nne. Socony-Vacuum Oil Co.. Inc.. Xcw York. X. V. C. \V. Smith, Standard Oil Co. (Ind.). Chicago. 111. only one safety activity wen per- D. J. Wallace, Sinclair Prairie Oil Co., Tulsa. Okla. .d. which should be selected: the : important activities were sc;e-::<d in Secretary--H, X. Blakeslee. American Petroleum Institute. Xc- York City. following order: .dividual instruction to worker.-;n by men, because a job done com:uy `s '.!y done safely; education in a gen- sense, which could embrace a rr.ulti* oi minor safety activities; trv-r.ing xccutives and subordinates; :rjating lent prevention as a manufacturing :om, placing it. ou a par w.'v. any : piiase of operation. Officers Elected for 1936-37. :'.V7 Genera! eirmai:--A. W. Buf.fj.. Gjcc-Cr::ir A. T. Martinso: n. Jx c Star Gas 1 exits. Unit Oil Co. of CaftSS^&Angelcs'TSn^F:*- a,--}, il. Bitov. . Tic! Water 0:1 Yor&?,53|fif-' 000099 -m- : -IP - T;?^ ; 'F-ri m II .*$3; a:;'.G - o62 'fxirnty-jif:,'; Xathnal Safety Congress Engineerin'] Committee Chairman--:T. 0. Murpijf.y, Mid-Continent Petroleum Corn ' i Okia. ^ Health Committee Chairman--Die Y. C. Baird, Humble Oil and Refining Co., U..,, i*` Texas. "'*/ '* Poster CommiHcc Chairman--H. T. Marker. Phillips Petroleum Co., Bartlesvjll^ ".. Program Committee Chairman--R. ?>. Roaeer. Humble Oil and Refining Co., fexas. 1 !1 Publicity Committee Chairman--Gle.\*v Byers, Shell Petroleum Corp., St. Louis, Ma i&. **"" Statistics Committee Chairman--J. \V. Myers, Standard Oil Co. (N. J.), New York, K *,f- Atlantic Division Chairman--R. L. Simpson*, The Texas Company, New York, N. Y. Great Lakes Division Chairman--F. R. McLean*, Socony-Vacuum Oil Co.. Inc.. V,v4l W-a- Star Div., Detroit, Mich. _ `'g' ,'};Ct Gulf Division Chairman--D. B. Hiatt. Texas Pacific Coal & Oil Company, Fort \V.~vi- Texas. '% Mi({'Continent Division Chairman--Kracs Earhart, The Texas Company, Tulsa, Oka Pacific Division Chairman--L. K. Bt.Ti.ER. Union Oil Company of Calif., Los Calif. Rocky Mountain Division Chairman--B. V. Osbok.v, Standard Oil Co. (Ind.), Casper, V,'.- \(w Is rcharmra"s R? Past General Chairmen-- R. W. Black, Standard Oil Co. of X. J., Elizabeth, X. J. R. S. Eoxsib, Standard Oil Co. (X. j.), New York, X. Y. V. R. Currie, The Texas Company, Houston, Texas. R. E. Do.vovax, Standard Oil Co. of C3lif., San Francisco, Calif. C. L. Hightower, United Gas System. Houston, Texas. G. O. Lockwood, The Empire Companies, Bartlesville, Okia. ' Geo. F. Prussjkc, Union Oil Co. of Calif., Los Angeles. Calif. R. B. Roapes, Humble Oil and Refining Co., Houston, Texas. E. J. Sevve, Socony-Vacuum Oil Co., Inc., New York, X. Y. C. W. Smith, Standard Oil Co. find.'), Chicago, III. D. J. Wallace, Sinclair Prairie Oil Co.. Tulsa, Okia. Secretary--H. X. Bc.akesi.ke, American P-irolctim Institute, New York, X. Y. yf rail i are c r ..mnve & ?ofl5U 1 in dn ;fe We \tip ?* a regv 'Y those v.i use flcVAA * K ep of r work;-. the ivcteii. TUESDAY MORNING SESSION October 6, 1936 The elects r.'.htets proves Visses o:ccuti\ proval. The first session was called to order by resided. Chairman Roapcr welcome : The . General Chairman I\. B. Reaper, Humble c delegates and reported on the progred } itant to Oil & Refining Co.. Houston, Texas, who the Section during the year. i rtcomm construe panv. / Accident Investigations for guar cr.achuu: By A. W. BREELAND Supervisor of Safety, Lone Star Gas Co., Dallas, Texas atends > leaving t 'a? or o -,'icr our system an investigation is y made on every accident reported, v.nnlctc the report which \vc require injury, tlic foreman or supervisor ion I6 "5ivm?rt3'',dctaik'd > lx&jbc accic^jtt^-answer a: k*' ' "ijTuch cansftffifU be answerer a partial investigation-- A;., "'V.vever, harticulaPurchase' fe^piratoi 0001 CO yyj* M 5 could be review^ of the section and vat-ded to the hcadqUiI" ;a! Safety Council or u mdards Association 'v the nations! commit^ Section, known as ji* -ing Section of the jf uncil, might join ^ Committee in makir^ :t the use of this c~>. '! in the operation V vast amount of ti:r,t has been expended of the three editiw! roduced to date. Surf, ild be compensated bion of the recomtr.tr!o to the accident shut-. n the various industry - the country. Hon existence c: this code* opy in your files to be 'it with whatever tedmay be available? At* .ory bodies consider;:? of regulations in this not only :: your b-;* are directly sfrv;s> il body by drawing merican standard. Public Utilities Section Officers 1935-36 Ctr.ml Chairman--:Roy M. Godwin. Philadelphia Electric Co., Philadelphia, Pa. ('iff.Chairvtan for Telephone and Telegraph Interests--W. P. Elstun, American Tele- . phor.e and Telegraph Co., New York, N. Y. Viet'Chairman for Gas Interests--Toux J. Barada, The Laclede Gas Light Co., St. Louis, Mo. y:ifChainnan for Electric Interests--W. H. Brown, Northern States Power Co., Minnc. spoils, Minn. Secretory--H. A. Ptolemy, Public Sendee Co. of Northern Illinois, Chicago, 111. "'jlms Letter Editor--R. E. Inman, The Philadelphia Gas Works Co., Philadelphia, Pa. ^Engineering Committee Chairman--V.'. H. Mulligan, Hydro-Electric Power Commission ""..'of Ontario, Toronto, Ont., Canada. ilcaith Committee Chairman--Dr. Hast E. Fisher, Chicago Rapid Transit Co., Chicago. III. -.Membership Committee Chairman--C. H. Dinsmore, Wisconsin Power & Light Co., Madi`tvs.o.n,.\Y*i$. fPiogram Committee Chairman--H. W. Lueck, Commonwealth Edison Co., Chicago, 111. '.'^Biljeity Committee Chairman--Ray A. Edwards, San Diego Consolidated Gas and Eiec.''"tric Co., San Diego, Calif. Steifriej and Contest Committee Chairman--C. L. Hightower. United Gas Co., Houston, Texas. I IsmI Education Committee Chairman--E. P. Durvee, Consolidated Gas Co. ot New York. ' New York, N. Y. rates which are Safety C:::s as ilations i? constJ*-" >nal uniformity on :prcventicT. so tit will not ti scfyff` ! support is Pve*' try, to the Tencies o: these y codes as the \ Special Representatives-- Jc A. Buchanan, Appalachian Electric Power Co., Welch. W. Va. fE.E.I.). ! -*- T. Caster, Lincoln Telephone and Telegraph Co., Lincoln, Ncbr. | L L. Gilbert, Michigan Bell Telephone Co.. Detroit, Mich. O' i Hall. Atlantic City Electric Co., Atlantic City, N. J. ' `(h `V Kukce, Public Service Cc. oi Colorado, Denver, Colo. ' ' 'p'o xr`c^AY' Consolidated Electric and Gas Co., New York, N. Y. (A.G.A.). : t? r v0YES' Central Maine Power Co., Augusta, Maine. P*^"cHECD' *'^-PPa^achian Electric Power Co., Bluefield, W. Va. V Stiles, Compania Cubana ce EIcctricidad, Maximo Gomez (Antes Monte) Mo. 1 --Apanado 1715, Habana, Cuba. Corp., A'.V.-.r.-.i. *- . i-encral t.tttf>- _ John 0'.'- ;V ;st Lynn. . ,,roit Stce. - r' -" Leaumont, The Pcop! v- coulet. Wisconsin Pi DoFiLER. Dayton Pow Philadelphia Co *5"\r^CLACHLAx, Electri rtP"' -vcCuaocii, Bureau o ---^E Oer, The Detroit Ed V-l Hiinois Bell ' W : ?UTl.ANn, Texas Po-.w .. :.->xrvoa:;.T. The Che \\K=3. >lv> Light & Coke Co., Chicago. 111. ervicc Corp., Milwaukee, Wis. .lent Co.. Dayton, Ohio, burgh, Pa. trineer, Toronto, Ont.. Canada, y, Chicago, 111. Detroit. Mich. ,r.i Co., Chicago, lil. Co.. Dallas. Texas. tn.i Potomac Telephone C Wa.-hi i.-m C.J.; O.imsX in. m.? rst: 'Vv. 'Ar, / Vr*~ hi 1^^-" 000i 406 .. XHOl'iU Silfrtx L OH:::' Officers Elected for 1936-37 General Chairman--;t\- J. Laraoa. The Laclede Gas Light Co., it. Louis. Mo. I'icc~Choinna>i far ~:icphone and Telegra/>h Interests--W. P, Hlstp.v. American Tcl. phone and Tek-crr.rn Co.. Xcw Ycrk.'N. V. l'icc-Cha:nnan far -;.s Interests--E. P. Durfee. Consolidated Edison Co. oi X. V., Inc Xcw York. X. Y. V icc-Chairman far i'.eetrie Interests--W>r. H. Brown-, Northern States Power Co.. Minncapolis, Minn. Secretary--H. A. Ptolemy, Public Service Co. of Northern Illinois. Chicago, IU. i by phi' Pa.. Arw Letter Coimim.-.v-- R. B. Inman. Chairman. Tlie Philadelphia Gas Works Co.. Philadelphia, Pa. Charles S. Bl-wten, Ohio Public Service Co., Alliance. Ohio. James D. Hall. Atlantic City-Electric Co.', Atlantic City, X. J. . R. KKorP. L'r.ion Electric Light and Power Co.. St. Louis. Mo. Engineering Commi::::-- \V. H. Mt;t.Lir,Ax. Chairman. Hydro-Electric Power Conuniss\..n oi Ontario, Toronto. Out.. Canada. A. A. Kusr.r,, Public Service Co. of Colorado, Denver, CoC. Pall R. Kuhn. Pam Central Licit: & Power Co., Altoona. P.u John- P. McCa::::. Xew England Power Assn.. Boston, Mass. \V. j. McVay, C-.r.soUdatvd Electric and Gas Co., Xcw York. X. Y. Health Committee C'.:irman--Dr. Hart E. Fisher, Chicago Ranh: Transit Co., Chicago. III. h'istial Education C< nittec Chairman---C L. Hightower. United Gas System, Houston. Texas. 1'itblieily Committee Chairman--R. S. M ET2CER. The Toledo Edison C>.. Toledo, Ohio. Membership' Committee-- H. W. I.t.'KCK, Chairman"). Ommv itweahh Edison C".. C1i:.:.-..,-l III. Harry Berman. C nsolida'.ed Gas ; Klcetric Co.. Baltimore. hid. M. T. iJaster. ;-::..'f.|n Teiepiinne r.:v.i Telegraph Co.. Lincoln. ;.'ebr. H. P. X uyes. C-.,:.:rr.l Maine power Co.. Anc'.bta, .Maine. K. A. Rfsr. Hr: e .-nmty Electric s'.I- .. Erie. Pa. II. E. S.'iKJ'l). '.lachian Eicctr:.: r aver Co.. P.luelidd. '.`a. K. Sir:r.i.E. t >!<. ::::i Gas r.u-! F.'ec::r:e Company. Oklahoma Chy. Okla. P. K. Srtr.Es. C r.nia Cabana tie E'.ectricidad, Uahana. CY.::.. i 'j t , \ I ; ' Ger E to t may way hav< jorit tion. tion the T plac to <: rtco dan vau lt is only atci Fragrant C'uunittee Wis. --C. H. D:iNSMt-RE. Wisconsin Power Light Co.. Macimm- dcc; lion Special Re fresenfati: --W. A. :N:c!-:ax'an*. Appalachian Electric " .-.vtr Co., Welch. W Ya. Hi. E. I.) ; that jori Charles J. G:-.: --t. Chairman. -.ccident Prevention LA:w. America'* Association. line itv Councilors-- E. S. rjv.ALMONT. Peoples CrUS i lent L Coke Co.. Qiieae-- C. Vi. Bm/lkt. V." --tsin I'tY 'ic Sc: :ce O.rp.. Milwaukee. \V G. A. Dokllkr. T .- Dayton Pover : Light Co., Dayton, Ok: Kuy M. Gouw't:. Lh.uiclphia Elec*. D Co.. Philadelphia, Pa. E. J. Kaf.it. i`:1L .' Phia Company. Pittsburgh. Pa. Wills Maclachi. .... Electrical E::c :cor. Toronto. Out., Cai'.a- B. B. Mr.'CuLJ.oc::. "nroau <;t Safe;; . Chicago, III. Gr-tOUCE Oi'i', Detr :t Edison t'rntpr.;- Detroit. Mich. 1:. M. i'r.i'i'K.n, L'.h.-is Bell Telepke: .* Co., Chicag^ C. J. Rutland. 'i'! Power !.:g t: Company, I] A>'. t J. J.. V,\;:rji:t;Ki;r, H. I". Wf.p.R, We-- ."be Chesapeake r-'rim System, P: t:s:b! urPgoht,omPaac. 1 Sc" iSrglo>m': Co.. 3y;&'shmgtou, gri.CJ act jor the tic thi T! bu 000102 pr- .press >f tongs and wear a pj- -s and goggles. The J* Jge hammer does not J11* does not wear gloves, tv dve him a better grip on .er handle and without ,ble to see more clearly struck. operator uses an electric] mall piece of work it shooU st in a vise. Under no q,. hould small work be held ij -it should be either made fag 'fatttl Chairman--Alexander Foster. Jr., Warner Co.. Philadelphia, Pa. '^Chairman--Russell Rarey, The Marble Cliff Quarries Co., Columbus, Ohio. tgrticrv and Sexes Letter /Editor--NT. B. Site, J. E. Baker Co., York, Pa. ftster Committee Chairman--H. F. Yotter, The General Crushed Scone Co., Easton, Pa. jij&iVy Committee Chairman--J. R. Boyd, National Crushed Stone Assn., Washington, w clamped to a work-benci. ule applies while filing smai jyfefyj Cobuniltec Chairman--W, W. Adams, U. S. Bureau of Mines, Washington, .t all times they should U 2. C $(*.Srt at Large-- a portable electric grinds, 1 V. P. Aheakn. National Sand and Gravel Assn.. Washington, D. C. i be taken with the leads ts %' William H. Baker. J. E. Baker Co., York, Pa. iping; the man should alwiyj i 0. if. Graves. The General Crushed Stone Co.. Easton. Pa. les. An accident occunti v A L. Wortme.v. The Connecticut Quarries Co., New Haven. Conn. employee used this type ol properly. He made it fast m d used it to sharpen a tool. Aj i away the wheel exploded, > :e entering his groin. Tbe' .d been placed on a board wi*J Officers Elected for 1936-37 .t to the board. This guard Qcurol Chairman--Alexander Foster, Jr., Warner Co., Philadelphia, Pa. . as of aluminum and would a* orded much protection eve were placed the opposite waj. ' 7ti`Chairmon--Russell Rarey, The Marble Cliff Quarries Co., Columbus, Ohio. 5/rrelary and Sexes Letter Editor--N. B. Sipe, J. E. Baker Co., York, Pa. tigation it was found that tit ftdtr Committee Chairman--H. F. Yotter, The General Crushed Stone Co., Easton, Pa. was not operating and that tit fsciieitv Committee Chairman--J. R. Boyd, National Crushed Stone Assn., Washington, the wheel was about two times D.C. hould have been. Ssiiities Committee Chairman--W. W. Adams, U. S. Bureau of Mines, Washington, D. C. Jfonbers at Large-- V. P, Ahearn. National Sand and Gravel Assn.. Washington, D. C. William H. Baker, J. E. Baker Co., York, Pa. 0. M. Grants, The General Crushed Stone Co.. Easton. Pa. S. Walter Stauffer. National Lime Association. Washington. D. C. A L. Worthen, The New Haven Trap Rock Co.. New Haven, Conn. WEDNESDAY MORNING SESSION October 7, 1936 ,,The first session was called to order by j :**! Chairman Alexander Foster, Jr.. | 'srner Company. Philadelphia. Pa., who presided, welcoming the delegates and r r 432 Tx<cnt\`fifth A'aiioiu'.l Safety Cauircs.- Hazard? in and about the piant are dis cussed 2nd corrections recommended. A short study of first aid is covered at each meeting. It time permits, some interest ing article from the National Safety News is brietly covered or some new safety device is placed on display for consideration. The personnel and safety department issues a monthly "Foremen's Bulletin" which is distributed to all plants. Each issue contains an editorial; a first aid in struction page; a Voice of Safety experi ence page, containing illustrated safety devices that foremen have sent in. relat ing to some accident problems and how they were solved. This is followed by several pages showing competitive stand ing of foremen according to severity rates. The last few pages cover a sum mary of all lost-time and reported acci dents during the previous month. Employer-Employee Relations It an employee is happy with his work. In's comrades, and general surroundings, he is proud of his company. He has been given a chance to help develop the safety program. Perhaps the company's house organ has honored him for a note worthy suggestion. Maybe he was in a group picture of no-accident workers. These are subjects of conversation when he is out with his friends. He is not only proud hut interested in his sur roundings. He is part of the organizj. tioit. and that feeling of responsibilitv encourages co-operation. Good Housekeeping Every safety program contains a few thoughts on this topic, but it is one practice that is seldom seriously consid ered. It is so hard to use valuable time to clean up yard and plant. We have learned differently. About a half hour each day is spent in keeping our plant ship-shape. Our walkways are kept free irom sand and gravel, lines, worn plates and screens. The spaces between the railroad tracks are cleaned so that the brakemen and firemen wiil run no risk of injury from falls while shifting cars. The decks of our tugs, scows, and dredges are kept free of material and lines arc properly coiled and placed to prevent one from stumbling. Where no other protection can be given, hand rails are placed on tugs and barges to prevent men from falling overboard. The plant is thoroughly illuminated for night opera tion. Floors, steps, and other .walkway -urfaces arc kept free of oil, water, ice, and snow. Materials are piled so that they will not easily fall or be displaced by vibration. conwinec an free silica. Frequently the literature which are c 0f their siiic; are true sta taken to me: in these tra fully expose eniployees i work with silica bazar though all potentially measures a hazard premore propc occupations hazardous" exposure. Abra THURSDAY MORNING SESSION October 8, 1936 Silicosis: An Occupational Disease Hazard By ROY R. JONES, M. DA Passed Assistant Surgeon, U. S. Public Health Service, Division of Labor Standards U. S. Department of Labor Silicosis is, in the strict sense of the term, an occupational disease. It has not been reported as affecting any individu als except those workers who, ior a^ong period haveww^gtei-an. an mospherl^Tyipe the . ait^v^ey breathed * Passed Assistant Surgeon, L". S. Public Health Service. nnnin-< In a sdustrial per cent in occur hazard Vane* e? Quarry St'ction 433 . H* not m h>s $ur. the organt2a. responsibility vng mains % few ut it is one ously considvaluable time \t. We have a half hour ng our plant are kept fret worn plates between the so that the run no risk shifting ears, scows, and crial and lines ed to prevent ere no other and rails are o `prevent men The plant is - night operanher walkway oil, water, ice. piled so that >c displaced by bor Standards contained an excessive concentration of free silica. Frequently, reports have appeared m {jjg literature listing the chief occupations which are considered hazardous because of their silica exposure. These no doubt are true statements, but they cannot be taken to mean that ail workers employed in these trades or industries are harm- fully exposed, fn some cases few of the employees in the cited industries are at work with processes contributing to a silica hazard. In other instances, al though all the processes are dusty and potentially dangerous,- effective control measures are in operation and no real hazard present. Perhaps it would be more proper to state that the following occupations are the "most potentially hazardous" from the viewpoint of silica exposure. Abrasive-powder makers Abrasive-soap makers Blasters (sand) Brickmakers Coal miners Core makers Foundry workers . Glass makers Glass mixers Granite quarriers Hard-rock miners j Metal grinders ] Pottery makers 1 Pneumatic rock drillers | Polishers | Sanders ( Stone finishers ? Slate quarriers Slate finishers ) Sand pulverizers Tunnelers . Vitreous enamelers t tIn a survey earned out in a typical sn; dustria! area.1 it was found that about 9 per cent of the workers were employed tn occupations where a potential silicosis i hazard is known to exist. Lanza ar.d \ ane' estimated, in 1934. that about *').- 000 men were then working under condi tions which were harmful to their health from the viewpoint of silica inhalation, but such a statement does not mean that this number of men are doomed to die from the effects of such exposure. Many of these workers may in the near future be working under different conditions, either because they sought employment elsewhere, or because the existing haz ards will have been controlled. Occupational diseases are reportable by law in but a few states. As a result, ac curate information regarding the inci dence of silicosis is not available. Based upon, the data furnished by field studies and census reports, various estimates have been made as to the number of workers potentially and actually exposed to a silica hazard. Less than 25 per cent of the employees in the zinc and lead mines in the Tri-State Area,' and of the workers in the hard coal mines of Penn sylvania,* were found to have developed silicosis in any form. In Massachusetts, according to a report of a Special Com mission.* less than 23 per cent of repre sentative granite workers examined and less than 12 per cent of representative foundry workers had silicosis in any form. Causes of Silicosis The mere contact with silica dust does not. of course, result in silicosis. The development of silicosis in an individual is' dependent upon: the concentration of dust in the air he breathes; the amount of free silica in the dust; the size of the silica particles: and the length of time the worker is exposed to the dusty at mosphere. Some contributing iorces are the presence of other irritating dusts and active pulmonary infection. The lung with impaired lymphatic drainage result ing from previous infection can less readily eliminate the silica particles in haled. and thus predisposes to a more ex tensive accumulation of silica in the lung. In the final analysis, only dust containing :to. :or a .ed in an at:hcv breathed 1 Public Health 5u!letm No. 21a. The jxe::::a; problems oi industrial hygiene in a typical industrial area in tr.e United States. Department ot Commerce. Technical Paper, i-:. 1/2S. * Public Health Bulletin No. 231. Atithrac-.-tisicosis among hard coal mi *Re:><::: to the General Court 0/ the S;rc:al Industrial Disease Com 'la^cirhusetts. House No. 13?0, Feb., 1934. 434 Twenty-fifth National Safety Congress free silica has been shown clinically and 1/25.000 of an inch) cannot gain entrance experimentally to be capable in itself of producing the nodular fibrosis character istic of silicosis. Our knowledge regarding the harm which may be expected from working in specific dust concentrations is rather lim ited. The question of mixed dusts has provoked considerable discussion. In field research and experimental studies to date, however, it has been found that the injury produced has closely paralleled the percentage of free silica present in the dust. In a general way, the greater the silica con tent, the greater is the damage. Obvious ly, the inhalation of any dust in sufficient concentrations might exceed the ability of the lung to eliminate it. Fifty million particles of dust per cubic foot of air seems to be a rather excessive concentra tion. However, workers in the anthra cite mining operations who were exposed to air which contained concentrations up to that amount, the silica content of which ranged up to 5 per cent, experi enced no more respiratory trouble than industrial workers generally. Moreover, these anthracite workers did not develop silicosis despite prolonged exposure to such concentrations. In the haulageways of the anthracite mines, where the silica content amounted to about 13 per cent, a corresponding safe limit for workers ap peared to be between 10 and 15 million particles of dust per cubic foot. For the rock workers in these mines, where the silica in the dust ran as high as 35 to 43 per cent, a relatively safe concentration of dust was judged to be about 10 mil lion particles per cubic foot. This latter finding compares with the 10 to 20 mil lion particles per cubic foot which was shown to be a reasonable safe maximum concentration for workers in granite, to these small divisions of the lung, and those which may be present in the air Inhaled are arrested along the upper re$. piratory tract and upon the mucous mem brane lining the trachea and larger bronchi. From these areas they are eliminated along with the mucous secre tion. However, research studies* have shown that about 60 per cent of indus trial dust is made up of much smaller particles, with an average diameter of be tween 1 and 3 microns. In fact, only about 7 per cent of industrial dust par ticles are of an average diameter greater than 3 microns. Thus, a large propor tion of industrial dust is of a size which can penetrate to the finer divisions of the lung. The irritating and toxic effect of these fine silica particles retained in the lungs is first to produce an inflammation in the tissues where they accumulate. Following this inflammatory reaction, young fibrous tissue cells, which harden as they ma ture, gradually replace the delicate lung tissue, forming a scar. This dense scar tissue is functionless as far as aiding in' respiration is concerned, and not only decreases the lungs' ability to obtain oxygen to pass into the blood but also, what is more important, lessens the na tural resistance of the lung tissue to in fection. The length of exposure to silica-con taining atmosphere necessary for the de velopment of silicosis is very indefinite. It would vary with the concentrations of silica to which an individual is exposed. Signs indicating the presence of silicosss might appear more quickly if the worker has previously suffered from extensive pulmonary infection, or ii the pulmonary T!u ; times signs dividi be tc , -uffer I Early l less t mona thing appe; card! At t only the ! more man silict divic char lost quir quir deve not as i for timi hair, phe cast C pla: the spv esc tac ing die sili ini slv where silica constituted about 25 per cent infection develops during the period of of the dust inhaled. employment. Where the exposure is ex Only the very fine dust particles can cessive, typical silicosis has occasionally gain entrance to the alveoli of the lung (small terminal air sacs), but these par ticles that do get into these tiny air sacs can be eliminated only by means of the tissue cells (dust cells) carrying them away via the lymphatic circulation. Par ticles of silica longer than 10 microns in developed in such brief periods as \A to 3 years. However, except where infec tion has hastened the process, in the ma jority of cases silicosis is seldom estab lished in less than 10 to 15 years, and rarely develops to the point where measurable disabling effects are noted until er.1 co i ! ! th O! to their longest dimension (a micron is after 15 to09', y*afs' exposure. P'- m -- * Public Health Bulletin No. 217. The determination and contr iMdf industrial dust. .. --M ti- Si Quarry Section 435 a, *!* . June* at* in the ^ uPPcr rej. :os men,. a< Ia^r . th*y ar -ous sccre. d,'* We of Indus* :h smaller *ter of be. Iact> onltdust parter greater ?e proporsize which ions of the- Ct of these the lungs tion in the Following mg fibrous they ma-licate lung dense scar 3 aiding in i not only to obtain ^d but also, ens the naissue to in- silica-confor the de indefinite, titrations of is exposed, of silicosis the worker 1 extensive pulmonary : period of isure is exoccasionally is as 1V2 to here infecin the midom estabyears, and 'here measnoted tmtii Clinical Signs and Diagnosis The diagnosis of silicosis may some- times be most difficult. There are no * nS or symptoms exhibited by the in^jdual with silicosis which may not also jjC found upon examination of persons juffering from other respiratory diseases. - jjjfiy in the development of silicosis, unless the condition is complicated by pul- jnonary infection there is little, -if any- vthins. m the a^ected individual's general ' appearance to suggest the disease. The cardinal symptom is shortness of breath. At the beginning, this may be apparent only following exercise, but as fibrosis of the lung increases, shortness of breath is more marked and eventually may become manifest upon the least exertion. When silicosis is definitely established, the in dividual usually breathes in a manner characteristic of those whose lungs have . tost elasticity. Normally, the time re quired to inhale is longer than that re quired to exhale. The pulmonary fibrosis developed in the person with silicosis will .not permit the lung to collapse as readily as the normal lung. The time required for breathing out may be two or three times greater than that required for in halation. In the advanced silicotic, this phenomenon may be as marked as in the case of chronic asthma. Commonly, the silicotic individual com plains of a dry cough, more marked in the morning and following exercise. The sputum may sometimes be blood-tinged, especially following severe coughing at tacks, Excessive coughing, with the rais ing of muco-puruient sputum, usually in dicates infection. When the person with silicosis develops an extensive complicat ing pulmonary infection, he will usually show constitutional evidence of the infec tion. Digestive ailments, loss of weight and strength, fever, and severe chest pain are commonly experienced. Particularly when these signs persist, they may gen erally be considered indicative of serious complicating pulmonary infection. The lung changes shown by means of the X-ray are the most specific findings f the disease, but these, too, are similar to the film changes produced by other Pulmonary lesions. No diagnosis of sili- AisU.^hould be considered established in 'he living individual without an X-ray study being made. Considerable discussion has been cre ated by the question of the manner in which silicosis contributes to disability, and the methods used for determining the degree of disability. Detailed studies made upon large representative groups of workers have shown that in a majority of cases, a condition accurately diagnosed as silicosis may exist and yet there is no measurable decreased capacity for work. Therefore, it is important to remember that a diagnosis of silicosis does not al ways mean that the individual is dis abled, Individuals with silicosis have been shown to be more susceptible to pulmonary infection: and for that rea son, simple silicosis may be considered as contributing to disability which is pri marily tl\e result of a pulmonary infec tion. The fact that X-ray findings are so important has led to the erroneous con clusion by some that a positive diagnosis may be made by examination of the films alone. Such is not the case. Careful consideration of all the evidence avail able is essential, before an authoritative ante-mortem diagnosis may be estab lished. A. complete occupational record should be obtained. The medical history and the individual's complaints are of limited but definite value in all cases. The progress of the pulmonary changes serves to indicate the role .played by in fection. Since silicosis predisposes to pulmonary infection, particularly tubercu losis, every effort should be made to de termine if the infection is tuberculosis. In many instances, this will call for more than simple microscopic examina tion of the sputum. Guinea pig inocula tion with the formalin-treated sputum will frequently show tubercle bacilli that are not readily demonstrated otherwise. Some cases may require repeated exami nation in order to rule out the more com mon pulmonary ailments as causes of the pathological changes observed. Prevention of Silicosis The responsibility for the control of the silicosis hazard in a plant rests di rectly upon the employer. This diners sharply from the d-jirib sibilitv in the field c: ind In the case of acciden must, share some o: t responaccidentsl' employee nsibilitv. OC U - r-.j -'Til'S?*' ''*l"., 'it Ilf;:; mv mitt isi;| III?! i-J ? If? 3 rmtl <il! *tiSi 1 ti-'j m wm 43'.' Turuty-pft!'. Xationai Safety Congress Silicosis, on the other hand, does not de velop from a temporary or single expo sure. and proper supervision of workers offers the management ample opportunity to deal summarily with the careless of fender before serious damage can result. Effective control may be stated primarily to depend upon the management's atti tude toward a sound comprehensive pro gram of prevention, based upon our pres ent knowledge of the disease. The prevention of silicosis is depend ent upon the application of cooperative medical and engineering methods. Sili cosis itself seldom advances to a degree which becomes disabling, unless the con dition is complicated by pulmonary in fection. Adequate medical supervision requires that provision be made for: 1. Medical staff with special training. It is not enough that the physicians be basically well-qualified in their profes sion. They must also be familiar with industry to such a degree that they know what health hazards are commonly as sociated with specific industries. More over, they must know the fundamentals of engineering control applicable to these hazards, so that they may cooperate ef fectively with the engineering staff. 2. An organized program, including detailed pre-employment physical exam inations; careful periodic physical exam inations, and adequate control and study of respiratory illnesses affecting employ ees: and an effective system of recording and reporting industrial accidents and oc cupational diseases. Pre-employment physicial examinations should be made for the purpose of placing workers in positions for which they are physically fit to carry on with safety to themselves and their fellow-workers. No convincing evidence is available to show that a non-disabling silicosis affecting a worker will progress more rapidly if the individual remains at work under condi tions reasonably controlled, than if he is given another type of work. Therefore, those without evidence of active pulmon ary infection may he safely employed in any capacity, provided the conditions under which they are working arc rea sonably controlled. We have proof that individuals with active tuberculosis will have their condition aggravated by silica exposure, and that individuals with sili cosis are particularly susceptible to pul monary tuberculosis. When management niioces>.weeping fails to take the necessary precautions to guard against the placing of men with tuberculosis in a dusty environment, thev increase the problem of controlling tu". berculosis among the population as a whole. Since any pulmonary infection may be such an important contributing factor in disabling silicosis, the relation ship of the medical personnel to the em ployee should be such that he is assured immediate advice and early treatment, if necessary, for respiratory infections which may develop during the period of em ployment. lictore s .weeping lessen* : aminar.c In so: 1 other wc ; the dust j zone of , particub ing op. ; work. " i source c j ulating j <trongl> Physical examinations made at regular 1 be don< intervals afford an opportunity for early | workin; detection of any harmful effects -due to time io working environment. Where they are lowed- found, plant conditions may be corrected I with d'- before serious injury results. The fre most o quency with which these examinations should be made will depend upon the physical condition of the men and the ' It is certain worker nature of the process in which they are enviro: engaged. For this reason, it is highly important that the medical personnel be familiar with the condition of the men pirator must ment upon entering employment, and with their later physical condition. They must the du - tratior also know the physical requirements of the occupation, the particular health haz divide such ards associated with it, and the practical simpU means for rendering conditions of em satis::, ployment safe. in u- There are many ways in which me chanical or engineering methods can be adapted to insure clean air in the work room. Where possible, dusty operations shou'. sure ai; used should be isolated from other plant ac tivities, thereby exposing as few workers as possible to even a potential silicosis hazard. Local exhausts, removing dust at its source and preventing its dissemina tion into the workroom atmosphere. are practical for many operations. To accom plish this, in some instances, may require complete enclosing of the process. When local exhaust or enclosed processes are not effective or " practical. air "filtering systems or simple general workroom ventilation, removing the dusty air and roPlarBgff*it with clean air, may serve to keep rft^q-tiarters safe. .-- -^"glOfa^should be given to the meth-- SR^^^fiing the workrooms. Much- 000108 'Hi 43S T'ccr.:y~jift!i National Safety Congress legal status, employees resorted to actions at common law to obtain compensation for injuries based upon the alleged neg ligence of the employer. The main purpose of the authors of the workmen's compensation acts enacted by our several state legislatures was to make the remedy granted thereby the exclusive remedy for injuries suffered by employees during the course of their employment. These acts stripped the employer of his common law defenses, including: 1. Failure to prove the employer's neg ligence. 2. Assumption of risk by the employer. 3. Contributory negligence of the em ployee and negligence of his fellow ser vants. In other words, the compensation acts made the employers insurers of the safety of their employees against accidental in juries. On the other hand, the compen sation acts deprived the employee of his right of common law action for accidental injuries sustained by him in the course of his employment. We must bear in mind, however, that the workmen's com pensation acts did not purport to cover occupational disease injuries, but solely accidental injuries, that is. those injuries which occurred at a specific place, at a certain time, and which could be ascer tained and determined coincidentally with the infliction of the injur.-. Forty-six states and the District of Co lumbia have enacted workmen's com pensation acts; Arkansas and Mississippi alone not having such acts at the pres ent time. Compensation acts which ex clude compensation for occupational dis eases, either expressly or by judicial in terpretation, have been enacted in thirtytwo states. Fourteen states and the District of Columbia have (a) Work men's compensation acts which include compensation for occupational diseases, either expressly or by judicial interpre tation, or (b) specific occupational dis ease acts. With respect to those courts holding that the workmen's compensation acts do not provide an exclusive 'remedy to an employee, whereby the employee retains his common law right of action for in juries sustained by him ir. the course of his employment, such ruling is based substantially upon the reason that since workmens' compensation acts were <Je* dustrial pla signed primarily to compensate for i; with the a traumatic injuries, they replace the em ; by the tirr. ployer's common law liability solely for I :en of the those injuries sustained by accidental : jgainst tfu means. i impossible jTherefore, with respect to those per sonal injuries sustained by other means, Need fo as for example, silicosis, since it is not The uhi compensable under the compensation of compe: acts, the employee still retains his com found in mon law right of action therefor, based will remo\ upon the negligence of his employer. common With respect to those courts holding that that work the Workmen's Compensation acts do inated sue provide exclusive remedy, such ruling is some legi: based primarily upon the language'of the inate sue! act and the further ruling that an em ease injur ployee had no common law right of ac tion for occupational disease injury. The ho compensa Legal Basis for Recovery to his cr dustrial p The usual form of declaration contains allegations that the defendant manufac turer caused the plaintiff to work in an atmosphere where silica dust existed; that is engage to. The sires corr Tered act the defendant knew or should have To att known that certain materials used by the the subj defendant employer contained harmful or prevents dangerous agencies of silica which were therefor destructive to life and health in the than is human body; that the defendant was certain guilty of negligence in failing to warn subject the plaintiff of the danger and in failing . attentio: to provide the plaintiff with a safe place in which to work or safe appliances with which to work; that thereby the silica became introduced into the plaintiff's lungs and body, causing him permanent injury. In th licity th has ser ing pub eases fr control The defense pleadings set up the de You ar fense of assumption of risk by the plain that in tiff, the plaintiffs contributory negligence, ployees the negligence of the plaintiffs fellow and ac< servants and a general denial of the al us by legations of negligence as charged by the In tl plaintiff. is one It is uCVUlcss for me to emphasize the fort of seriousness of this type of litigation. certain Class is arrayed against class. The local : hazard press in those places where the causes j are av; are tried will rarrv sensational headlines elimin. with respjjgpRprthe trial, d^rrjfrjng the terror of glgjisease and emphasizing eaeft complain $isj$ns.t the manufacturer. Suits are filed, iSp&jsyfrigiy, but by the dozens- mz ocouoThe wh af^vCOrnniunitv wherein the in* . i J,^capital - ; tion c ..will r. .Possib care i usation acts were de. to compensate f0r they replace the era- law liability solely f0r stained by accidental respect to those per. ained by other means, ilicosis, since it is not .er the compensation : still retains his cornaction therefor, based .nee of his employer, ose courts holding that Compensation acts do remedy, such ruling is ion the language of the :er ruling that an emnmon law right of acnal disease injury. is for Recovery of declaration contains :he defendant manuracplaintiff* to work in an silica dust existed; that -mew or should have :n materials used by the er contained harmful or ies of silica which were ire and health in the :;at the defendant was ince in failing to warn ie danger and in failing aintiff with a safe plac* . or safe appliances with that thereby the silica cd into the plaintiffs causing him permanent 'leadings set up the deion of risk by the plain- contributory negligence. >t the plaintiff's fellow reneral denial of the al ienee as charged by the. for me to emphasize the this type of litigation, against class. The local laces where the causes Try sensational headline? the trial, describing the asc and emphasizing eac.i : the manufacturer. :glv, but by the dozen-tmmitv wherein the lil` Quarry Section 439 dustriat plant is located becomes aroused, with the attendant industrial chaos, and by the time trial day arrives, every citizen of the community is so prejudiced against the defendant that it is almost impossible to procure an impartial trial. Need for Compensation Legislation The ultimate solution of the problem of compensation for silicosis must be found in some type of legislation that will remove this dispute from the field of common law suits. In the same way that workmen's compensation acts elim inated such actions for accidental injuries, some legislation must be devised to elim inate such actions for occupational dis ease injuries. The honest employer desires to provide compensation for those injuries occurring to his employees as a result of the in dustrial processes in which the employee is engaged and which are peculiar there to. The honest employee similarly de sires compensation only when he has suf fered actual injury. To attempt any detailed discussion of the subject of silicosis in industry and preventive and compensatory legislation therefor would consume far more time than is available. However, there are certain basic principles relating to the subject to which I desire to call your attention. In the first place, the nation-wide pub licity that has been given to this problem has served a fortunate purpose in mold ing public opinion to eliminate such dis eases from industry so far as engineering control thereof is capable of doing so. You and I, as citizens, recognize the fact that industry shouid provide for its em ployees a safe place in which to work, and accept this obligation imposed upon us by law. In the second place, the problem itself is one that calls for the cooperative ef fort of both capital and labor. There are certain industrial processes wherein the hazard of silicosis exists, and today there are available mechanical improvements to <!irr.ina;e or control this hazard. Upon ca?:tal rests the burden of the installa- of such mechanical equipment as *vui minimize the hazard in so far as is Possible. An affirmative duty of constant c*re is imposed upon industry to perfect its mechanical improvements for control. However, for their part, those who labor must be educated m the ways and means of protection, to carry out the principles of good housekeeping that employers and responsible State agencies may suggest, and utilize such protective appliances that may be offered for their protection. If employers and employees alike rec ognize and discharge these duties, effec tive results should be obtained in mini mizing the hazard and controlling dis eases arising therefrom. Again, with re spect to compensatory legislation, occu pational disease compensation should not be permitted to become health insurance and upon industry should be imposed only those costs which compensate injuries that are peculiar to the particular indus tries in which the employees are engaged. Form of Silicosis Compensation Acts For many who have given but super ficial thought to this problem, it has been somewhat easy to say that compensation for silicosis injuries should take similar form to that for accidental injuries. The vice of such thought is in our failure to recognize the essential differences be tween the two types of injuries, to wit-- that accidents occur at a specific time, at a specific place, in a specific way, under a specific employer, while silicosis and other occupational disease injuries are the result or the accumulation of injurious substances over an extended period of time in different forms or types of em ployment and even under different em ployers. Therefore, the practical administration of the thought to compensate silicosis in juries in a manner similar to accidental injuries has not proved satisfactory and some other solution must be found. We have seen that in considerng the national development of compensation acts, their original design was to cover only accidental injuries; in form and in methods of administration they were not designed to cover occupational diseases. It may be true that certain occupational diseases have characteristics strikingly similar to-traum^fc^Tjuries. such as an thrax and lead whfrrA.th* djf-_ ease develops in ,y after exposure" and the develot :'of the disease is OCCiil si ';'..I-^SS'P^X ' wife W- <' lfti,---- - s Twenty-fifth National Safety Congress rapid and become disabling, fata! or cured within a limited period of time. On the other hand, there are certain forms of occupational diseases, for ex* ample, silicosis, where the injuries sus tained represent the accumulation of in jurious substances over an extended pe riod of time and disablement may follow exposure to hazards under successive em ployers. Therefore, in considering legis lation for occupational diseases, we must recognize the fact that the problem with which we propose to deal' is, of neces sity. different from the accidental injury problem and that the administrative pro visions of such legislation must be de signed especially to handle this particu lar problem. I am not a professional critic of Work men's Compensation Laws in effect in this country, but one thing is certain, none of them is perfect. Some of their provisions are perhaps unjust, cither to the employer or the employee and. cer tainly, in the administration of these pro visions, the human element therein may give rise to certain inequities. However, these acts were the result of the need of transferring the disputes arising between employer and employee to some State agency whereby they might be settled, other than that provided by our courts of law. From my own observation of silicosis litigation. I believe that from the standpoint of the employer, the employee, and the public, some agency other than our courts of law should be established to determine the liability of employers for occupational disease injuries sustained by their employees. I have mentioned the possible inequi ties that have existed under our compen sation acts and in the administration of their provisions. However, I believe to day it is fair to state that any attempt to effect the repeal of those compensation acts would meet -with the combined re sistance or employer and employee alike. Neither interest would desire to transfer back to our courts administering common law, the question of the legal liability of employers tor .accidental injuries sus tained by employees in the course of their employment. Therefore, in view of the past admin istration (; our compensation laws, un satisfactory to certain interests as they may have been, it is not unreasonable 50 j -icdscai hope that intelligent occupational diseat i ;en arc legislation may similarly meet with the .1 medical approval of employer and employe* : existence alike. Furthermore, it is reasonable to dustry r. hope that such legislation may eliminate The dett the possibility of expensive litigation that ',e taken may arise and serve the social needs of mission? all parties interested in this problem. medical The statutes providing compensation for silicosis injuries that have been heretofore adopted in several of the states vary both as to iorm and as to provisions for their administration. In my judgment, uni formity of legislation is not only impos sible of achievement, but distinctly inad visable. Industrial conditions vary greatly in the different sections of the country and what may be the answer to the prob lem in the state of New York may be en tirely separate and distinct from the an swer to the problem in California. Any legislation proposed to be adopted must he suitable to the particular working con ditions in the particular State in which it is to be applicable. A frank recognition of this fact will eliminate unnecessary contention with respect to such proposed legislation. Again, some oi our friends who pur port to speak for labor have been advo cates of the so-called "aU-inclusis*e" oc cupational disease acts. In my judgment, the "ail-inclusive" occupational disease acts tend inevitably to health insurance and enable the Department charged with the administration thereof to award com pensation to all the human ills that may occur to employees in the course of their employment. Another phase of the problem of sib* costs compensation legislation is that of accrued liability. In most instances where silicosis is found to exist, the employe*5 have accumulated the injurious substances that cause their condition during the tern1 of their employment before such proposed legislation could become effective. With respect to' that liability. I believe it inequitable' to saddle the expense thereO upon industry at one given time and some method should be iound for apportioning this accrued liability. Anotheiil[9Sl important element, to considcred^iit-fhe drafting of silicosis com* pensation latiou s-ih_o__uuld ib..e a- pMr'o/ir'-t1- sion for tficV jhtment of a competent l wish to be th problem, standpoir be far m of their : menttha that heat plovers. pationa! small fra. pensation With t eies such Public H mdustriatry may able, to . formatter most of your par other th: foyers, mahon. but it wi compens:. The T brought OGGIb k-.t;'.' : Quarry Section 441 .ot unreasonably Vj ccupational dise-H rly meet with tji. er and employ^ :t is reasonably'^ tion may diming nsive litigation th the social needs -i this problem. ng compensation for ave been hcretofott :he states vary both provisions for their ny judgment, uniis not only irnpor but distinctly inidditions vary greatly .ns of the country answer to the prob.v York may be n-tinct* from the anin California. Any o be adopted mur .icular working conar State in which it A frank recognition .iminate unnecessary cct to such proposed ur friends who purdor have been advo.-d "all-inclusive" oc=. In my judgment, ccupational disease to health insurance 'tment charged with reof to award comtuman ills that may the course of their the problem of siii- 5 .`gislation is that oi ' ::ost instances where \ racist, the employee* j injurious substance* } :ion during the term etore such proposed ' me effective. With \ .ity. I believe it k '. :iie expense thereo-* ; riven time and some :r.d for apportioning dical board. Neither lawyers nor lave are in the position to pass upon 01 dical questions nor to determine the "1stence of occupational diseases in in dustry nor the disabling effect thereof. The determination OI* 5UCh injuries must ^ taken from lay juries and from com missions incompetent to determine such medical questions. Necessity of Prevention I wish to emphasize what to me .seems to be the most important aspect of this problem, namely, prevention. From the standpoint of those-who labor, they should be far more interested in the maintenance of their health in their particular employ ment than in compensation for injuries to that health. From the standpoint of em ployers. the cost of prevention of occu pational disease injuries will be but a small fraction of the ultimate cost of com pensation for such injuries. With respect to silicosis, through agen cies such as your own. the United States Public Health Service and other state and industrial organizations in which indus try may have confidence, there is avail able, to you as employers, scientific in formation as to methods of eliminating most of the silica hazard that exists in your particular industries. If, for none other than selfish reasons, you, as em ployers. should make use of this infor mation. The initial cost may seem great, but it will many times repay the cost of compensation for silicosis injuries. I do not believe that modern societywill countenance the continued failure of many industries to utilize such available methods of engineering control as will tend to minimize the hazard and I hope that in your industrial processes each of you here assembled will renew your in terest and activities with respect to your own important departments of industrial hy'giene. Labor, for its part, must discharge its duties with full appreciation of the haz ards that are present in the particular in dustries wherein its members are en gaged. There must be no half-hearted use, of protective appliances with which labor may be supplied. Similarly, there must be no half-hearted enforcement of factory rules and regulations with respect to the use of such appliances. Again, there must be a cooperative observance of rules and regulations that may be laid down by safety engineers or state officials with respect to health conditions in your plants. The problem of health must become a major consideration by all interests in volved and I honestly believe that with full cooperation by* employer and em ployee alike, industry may be well on its way to elimination of this hazard and may- relegate the problem oi compensa tion for such injuries to such statutory' provisions as the state may see fit to adopt, reasonable in their provisions, but unnecessary to enforce because of the previous elimination of the hazard. The Thursday morning session was tabic discussion on "The Work ot the brought to a close with a general round Quarry Section." ADJOURNMENT rtant element be ting of silicon:- cc-uf should be a .;-rov:.cnt r>r a competent m 0Cnyj 1 SS8H- & m a? -s-1 ,d,inf aractive di. ,lbltors with *; publicizing lh* I Committee. ^ ,at a series of talk! tfcts had been pr. II tbe Nation I 'neih fthe Safe`y .`u b? fou"d else:ngs.) nted were those of :ttee, the Finance es Committee and :mtee. "ommittee appointater by the Execuat members would its by mail, tinue the positions 'y and assistant ; basis. Safety Equipment Section . v' '-^American Mutual Liability Insurance Company. Boston, Mass. A Insurance. Workmen's Compensation. Property Damage, and General Automobile. `'American Optical Company, Southbridge. Mass. A Head and Eve Protection Products. Arntzen- Inc.. Chicago, Illinois. Auxiliary Emergency Stretcher and First Aid Equipment. 'Arrowsy Traffic Signal Corporation. Kingsport. Tenn. i ' Traffic Control Signals. Associated Guard Manufacturers, Chicago. III. Dust Control Units and Mechanical Safety Guards. Frank E. Barnes Company. Chicago. Illinois. Electrician's Rubber Gloves. Beacon Corporation, Minneapolis, Minnesota. Direction and Danger Signals for Motor Transport Vehicles. Bendix Products Corporation, South Bend, Indiana. Automotive'Equipment. Robert A. Bernhard. Rochester, New York. First Aid Supplies. Blatchford Corporation. Chicago, Illinois. Traffic.Signals and Markers. . Bradley Washfountain Company, Milwaukee. Wisconsin Group Washing Equipment. Stewart R. Browne Manufacturing Company. New York City. Safety and Special Purpose Lights and Lamps. Brown Shoe Company, St. Louis, Missouri. Men's and Women's Safety Shoes. R. H. Buhrke Company, Chicago, Illinois. Safety Equipment for Construction and Maintenance. E. D. Bullard Company, San Francisco. Calif. Industrial and Mining Safety Equipment. Burroughs Wellcome & Company. (U. S. A.). Inc.. New York City. First Aid Kits and Medical Equipment. oment sty Congress H. Childs Sc Company. Inc.. Pittsburgh, Pa. Safety Footwear. Cities Service Company, New York City. Oils and Gasoline. Columbus-McKinnon Chain Corporation, Tonawanda. N. Y. Alloy Steel Sling Chains. H. S. Cover. South Bend. Indiana. Respirators and Safety Goggles. Crouse-Hinds Company, Syracuse. New York. Traffic Signals and Flood Lights. Davis Emergency Equipment Company. Inc.. New York City. First Aic and Safety Equipment. C. H. Dockson Co.. Detroit. Mich. Head and Eye Protection. Do-More Chair Company. Elkhart. Indiana. Posture-Health Chairs for Office and Factory. Dual Parking Meter Company, Oklahoma City. Okla. Parking .Meter Equipment. Donald S. Duncan. Inc.. Chicago. 111. Parking Meter Equipment. Eagle Signal Corporation. Moline. Traffic Signals. , f.-Sr-Ss .SfeSSSfS.. sdtt&te 5v<v ,-v. i-..T.S.t . Ur ...... . ^ ' Izi | S# || yj!;? g ra; k$\:n v* * l*-.H i*Ji as Y.:i ii cci A ss*4f :M iil IB& itt; *i8o TTccnty-fijth National Safety Congress Elliott Service Company, Xew York City. Elimination of Waste. Promotion of Efficiency and Safety. Fairway Laboratories. Inc.. Belleville. 111. Anti-fatigue and Heat Exhaustion Antidote Tablets and Dispensing Equipment. General Electric Company, Schenectady. X. Y. Electrical Equipment. Louis Gerber. Xew York City. BOON the Glove Invisible. Harley Davidson Motor Company. Milwaukee. Wis. Police Motorcycles and Equipment. The Highway Safety Signal Company, Baltimore. Md. Double Filament Traffic Lamps and Color Design Traffic Lenses. Holcomb Safety Garment Company. Chicago, 111. Industrial Safety Clothing. Hoof Products Company, Chicago. 111. Motor Vehicle Speed Control Governors. Huntington Laboratories, Inc., Huntington. Ind. Disinfecting and Sanitation Products. Hynson. Westcott & Dunning, Inc., Baltimore, Md. Mercurochrome Antiseptic for First Aid Application. Indian Motorcycle Company, Springfield, Mass. Police Motorcycles and Equipment. Industrial Gloves Corporation, Danville, III. Steel Grip Gloves and Safety Apparel. Industrial Products Company. Philadelphia. Pa. Accident Prevention Equipment. International Shoe Company, St. Louis. Mo. Safety Shoes. Keystone Coat & Apron Manufacturing Corporation, Philadelphia. Pa. Service Uniforms for Industrial Purposes. Keystone View Company. Mcadville, Pa. Visual Safety Tests. Walter Kidde & Company, Inc., Xew York City. Fire Extinguishing Systems and Portable Extinguishers. Walter G. Legge Company, Xew York City. Compounds for Cleaning and Treating Floors. Lehigh Safety Shoe Company, Allentown, Pa. Leather and Rubber Safety Shoes. Liberty Mutual Insurance Company, Boston. Mass. Automobile and Industrial Safety Service. The Lima Cord Sole & Heel Co., Lima, Ohio. Xon-slip Soles and Heels. Liquid Carbonic Corporation, Chicago, 111. Fumigant for Infestation 'Control. Macwhvte Company, Kenosha. Wis. Wire Rope and Braided Slings. Martindale Electric Company, Cleveland, Ohio. Dust Respirators and Highway Safety Signals. Metropolitan Life Insurance Company, Xew York Insurance, Industrial Group, etc. Milburn Company, Detroit, Mich. IjW&C Protective Creams for Prevention of Occupatiot^&^ih Diseases. Mine Safety Appliances Company, Pittsburgh, Pa. -Safety Appliances and First-Aid Materials. . OCOil Monarch C> Autorm National Bv Casualt; National Ca Equiptr. Xational Sa Poster, Parkrite Co Parking Patent Scaf:' Safety 1 Protectoseal Safety I Pulmosan S; Respirat Pyrene Man Fire Prc Railway and Interlock Reece Wood - Wooden Rose Manufr Ladder ^ Safeguard El Shockpro Safety Engin "Safety Safety Equip Goggles Safety First Safety SI Safety Shoe Safety SI IV. H. Salisb Linemen 'V. W. Sly i Dust Cor Spencer Turb Heavy D standard Saf< Dust Pro Stonchouse S Accident Strauss Comp Safety Be Sugar Beet P Industrial Surety Rubber Linemen hn S. Tille r Safety L Traffic Tov, Traffic \\ Tablets ami Dispensing Equipment Wis. *e. Md. Design Traffic Lenses. -Md. `plication. ition, Philadelphia. Pa. '.xtinguishers. I'S. >tk Citv. national Skin Disease. Pa. ' jCat>ona^ bureau of Casualty & Surety Underwriters. New York City. Casualty Insurance. i. Rational Carbon Company, Inc., Xew York City. Equipment for Battery-Operated Devices. Rational Safety Council, Inc., Chicago, 111. Poster, Bureau of Information, Research and Education Divisions. ' parkrite Corporation, Houston, Tex. Parking Meter Equipment. Patent Scaffolding Company, Chicago, 111. Safety Ladders and Scaffolds. Protectoseal Company, Chicago, 111. Safety Devices for Hazardous Liquids.. Pulmosan Safety Equipment Corporation, Brooklyn, X. Y. Respiratory Protection and General Safety Equipment. Pyrene Manufacturing Company, Xevvark, X. J. Fire Protection Equipment. Railway and Industrial Engineering* Co., Grecnsburg. Pa. Interlocking Systems. .Reece Wooden Sole Shoe Company, Inc., Columbus. Xeb. Wooden Sole Safety Shoes. Rose Manufacturing Company, Denver, Colo. Ladder Shoes, Window Cleaners' Safety Belts. Safeguard Electric Company, Inc., Brooklyn, X. Y. Shockproof Portable Lamp Guards. Safety Engineering, Alfred M. Best Company, Inc., Xew York City. "Safety Engineering," Insurance Publications and Reports. Safety Equipment Service Company, Cleveland, Ohio. Goggles and All Types of Accident Prevention Equipment. Safety First Shoe Company, Holliston, Mass. Safety Shoes. Safety Shoe Company, Xew York City. Safety Shoes. W. H. Salisbury & Company, Inc.. Chicago, 111. Linemen's Rubber Protective Devices. W. \V. Sly Manufacturing Co.. Cleveland. Ohio. Dust Control Equipment & Respiratory Protective Devices. Spencer Turbine Company, Hartford, Conn. Heavy Duty Vacuum Cleaners and Dust Collecting Equipment. Standard Safety Equipment Company, Chicago. 111. Dust Protective and Safety Equipment. Stonehouse Signs. Inc.. Denver, Colo, Accident Prevention Signs and Tags. Strauss Company, Inc., Pittsburgh. Pa. Safety Belts, Foot Guards, Safety Hats. Sugar Beet Products Company. Saginaw. Mich. Industrial Soaps. Surety Rubber Company. Carrollton. Ohio. fir. --Linemen's Safety Equipment and Synthetic Rubber .Industrial Equipment. John S. Tilley Ladder Company, Inc.. Watcrvliet. X. Y. iarety Ladders and Scaffolding. &;>. Tram: Toy. Inc.. Canton. Ohio. .Aft Traffic Warning Signs. Jp, t; : OCOIKi ,. } \ . .: rr Textile Section J ft i Officers 1935-36 __ i cfaiiniiai:--M. W. Hfjss, Proximity Manufacturing Co.. Greensboro. C. 'il^.Chainmn in Chares of Program--\V. U. Gaudct, Liberty Mutual Insurance Co., 1 goanokc, Va. ree.Chairman in Charge of Membership--George C. Smvkokd. Cii/rside Mills, CliiTside. N. C. ' cretary_H. H. Wilus. Dean, Textile School, The Clcmson Agricultural College, Clem^on College, S. C. '-a'x Letter Editor--7. T. Troli.vcer. American Bemberg Corp., and North American "Rayon Corp., Eiizabethton, Tenn. Statistics Committee Chairman--Forrest H. Siiuford. North Carolina Department of ` Labor, Raleigh, N. C. Engineering Committee Chairman--Charges H. Forsaith, Jackson Mills, Nashua Manu facturing Co., Nashua. X. H. Members at Large-- H. R. Cory. The Beacon Manufacturing Co., Sxvannanoa. X. C. Charles H. Eames. Lowell Textile Institute. Lowell, Mass. Russell T. Fisher. The National Association of Cotton Manufacturers. Eoston, Mass. J. E. Groce. Pacific Mills, Lyman. S. C. Walter Humphreys. National Association of Wool Manufacturers, Boston. Mass. W. H. Nickels. Jr., Virginia Industrial Commission, Richmond, Ya. R. \V. Phillip. Editor, Cotton. Atlanta, Ga. E. E. Place. American Mutual Liability Insurance Co., Boston, Mass. T. A. Wilson. North Carolina Industrial Commission, Raleigh. N. C. WEDNESDAY MORNING SESSION October 7, 1936 The first session was called to order by T. A. Wilson, member. North Carolina Industrial Commission, Raleigh. N. C., who acted as chairman in place'of M. W. Heiss, Proximity Manufacturing CoGreensboro. X. C., general chairman of the Section, who was unable to be present. Both the Wednesday morning and the Thursday morning sessions were held in the iorm of panel discussions on "Safety in the Textile Industry." Since no formal addresses were presented, and since nc stenographic report was made of the meetings, it is impossible to give a de tailed account of the sessions here. Topics discussed in the Wednesday ses sion included the following: 1. What methods are recommcded to prevent or control fires in pickers and other textile machinery? 2. How can the personnel department develop good will with relation to acci dent prevention work? o. What is the value of a safety com mittee? 4. Do guards slow down production? 3. How can accident prevention work be developed so that interest is main tained at all times r 6. Wha4^Ct does an accident have upon the dfflSsSc^'oi .. 7. In v>ra* direct ways do personal in-" juries affeJglhp'irating coses? Participjgjflsna' the pane! included T. W. 0C0.117 U1 ;! .i ;T : i1 -iKhVf tpi !ht