Document k9QREvMznzqp8pQ7QN15XN6ZJ

PLAINTIFF'S EXHIBIT A/C Pipe Producers Association Executive Committee, IPS Committee, TO Wright i5TcT^Iacikson, President FROM Pre-publication Copy "Exposure to Asbestos Fiber in Water Distribution Systems" by G. F. Craun, et al Internal Correspondence date June 15, 1977 Attached is a copy of the paper delivered by EPA during the recent AWWA Conference in Anaheim, California. It is important to point out "this report is primarily to define the methodology used to determine the extent of exposure of Connecticut's population to A/C pipe and to serve as a progress report of the initial findings of the epidemiological study which will he described in detail elsewhere." (See Report Reference 17). Until Dr. Kotin has had a chance to review the latter manu script, it is recommended the preliminary findings of the epidemiology study not be taken out of context nor blown out of proportion. By copy of this transmittal, I am requesting Dr. Kotin to intercede with Dr. J. Wister Meigs, Director, Connecticut Cancer Epidemiology Unit, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, to determine the availability of the full report which is being submitted to the American Journal of Epidemiology and the signi ficance of the results therein. Further, I would ask Dr. Kotin to pro vide AACPP staff with copies of any information which he secures so it may be promptly circulated within the industry. I plan to meet with Gordon Robcck in Cincinnati and will determine what additional informa tion he may have available on this study. JCJ:mcm Enclosure cc: File - HEGA Copies to: Executive Committee L. Ambler A. Boush L. Taylor IPS Committee . Bain J. Baker F. Duffy T. Gillen HyVl son Perrell J. Small i- V- \, ::i / CAPCO JEN 0026385 UNITED STATES ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY CINCINNATI, OHIO 45268 June 2, 1977 RECEIVEDJUN - 2 1977 Mr. Joseph C. Jackson Executive Director A/C Pipe Procedures Association Suite 1113 1875 Connecticut Avenue, N.W. Washington, DC 20009 AO O Aft. Dear Joe: Attached is a copy of our paper on the study of asbestoscement pipe distribution systems in Connecticut which will appear in the Proceedings of the 97th Annual American Water Works Association Conference held May 8-13 in Anaheim, California. The paper should be viewed as a progress report since the study will be ongoing for several more months. Questions about thei significance of the epidemiology results should be directed to Dr. J. Wister Meigs, Director, Connecticut Cancer Epidemiology Unit, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, as he agreed at the beginning of the study to act as the spokesman in this area. Sincere]y, Enclosure Exposure evaluation Branch Field Studies Division CAPCO JEN 0026386 EXPOSURE TO ASBESTOS FIBERS IN WATER DISTRIBUTION SYSTEMS Gunther F. Craun1 James R. Millette1 Richard S. Woodhull2 Richard Laiuppa2 Pre-Publi ca t:jon Copy Presented at the 97th AIWA Conference American Water Works Association Anaheim, California May 8-13, 1977 1. Health Effects Research Laboratory, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Cincinnati, Ohio 45268 2. Water Supplies Section, Environmental Health Sciences Division, Connecticut State Department of Ilea1'-'Hartford, Connecticut 06115 CAPCO JEN 0026387 / EXPOSURE TO ASBESTOS FIBERS IN WATER DISTRIBUTION SYSTEMS Gunther F. Craun and James R. Millette ' Health Effects Research Laboratory U. S. Environmental Protection Agency Cincinnati., Ohio 45268 Richard S. Woodhull and Richard Laiuppa Environmental Health Sciences Division Connecticut State Department of Health Hartford, Connecticut 06115 Serious health hazards can exist if asbestos fibers are inhaled. Asbestos-related lung cancer, mesothelioma, and fibrotic pulmonary disease have been documented in occupationally exposed populations (1-4). Ingesting such material may also be dangerous, as indicated by increased rates of gastrointestinal cancer among some asbestos worker groups (5,6,7). Animal studies in which asbestos fibers have been injected or implanted (8,9,10) indicate that the .fibers may penetrate the mucosa of the stomach and intes tine. Although there is no proof that drinking water containing asbestos will cause cancer, the long term health effects of ingesting asbestos fibers are uncertain. Several surveys of domestic water supplies have noted the presence of asbestos fibers in drinking water (11,12,13). Contamination of surface water occurs because of industrial activity or from the erosion and weathering of fiber bearing rocks. Asbestos fibers can also be found in wells where the ground water originates in serpentine rock. Asbestos-cement pipe used as water mains may also contribute fibers to the drinking water if the asbestos is leached from the interior walls of the pipe. Samples collected from 64 water systems in the U.S. prior to distribution through water mains showed 29 of the systems with asbestos fiber concentrations above 50,000 fibers per liter. Systems in San Francisco, Seattle and Duluth had concentrations over 1 million fibers per liter (14) . The chrysotile fibers found in the surface water sources used by Seattle and San Francisco were attri buted to erosion of asbestos-bearing rock in the water shed. Duluth also uses surface water. Lake Superior, and the source of amphibole asbestiform 'fibers here has been related to industrial contamination. Considerable amounts of asbestoscement pipe convey potable water in North America, Europe and other parts of the world. According to a recent survey by the Asbestos-Cement Ripe Industry, of U. S. cities with a population of 1,000 or more, 58% (65 million people) specify, purchase or have in service A/C pipe. Over 200,000 miles of 1 CAPCO JEN 0026388 A/C pipe are now in use in the U.S. (15). Chrysotile comprises 80% or more of the asbestos used in asbestoscement pipe manufactured in the U.S. (16). These facts have raised a question with respect to the possible health hazard that may be associated with drinking water which has flowed through this type of pipe. In 1974, a committee on asbestos in water chaired by George M. Wright, M.D. prepared a report for the American Water Works Association (16) which summarized the information available on asbestos in water from A/C pipe and recommended several study areas where research was needed to answer the health questions raised by the use of such pipe, ,Included in the research suggestions were: a. the need for data on fiber quantities and sizes as found in A/C pipe water systems. b. the need to conduct epidemiology studies of hu man population groups exposed to asbestos-cement distri bution systems. An investigation of the use of asbestos-cement pipe for public water supplies and the incidence of gastroin testinal cancer in Connecticut was initiated in 1974 by the Health Effects Research Laboratory (HERL) in response to these needs. A multidisciplinary team of water supply officials, public health engineers, epide miologists, scientists, and statistians from HERL, The Connecticut Tumor Registry, and the Center for,Disease Control collaborated in the design, field work", and analysis of data in this study. This report is primarily to define the methodology used to determine the extent of exposure of Connecticut's population to A/C pipe and to serve as a progress report of the initial findings of the epidemiologic study which will be described in detail elsewhere (17) . Selected water samples collected in con junction with this study were analyzed .by electron mi croscopy techniques (18). These provided some data as to fiber quantities and sizes as found in a number of different water distribution systems containing A/C pipe. The size of a'sbestos fibers leached from the interior of v asbestos-cement .pipe may differ from those found in source waters. The State of Connecticut was chosen as the site of the study because of the reliable cancer incidence data over a 38 year period available through the Connecticut Tumor Registry. Registration b'f cases during life now exceeds 98% and histological confirmation approaches 100% (19). Preliminary surveys of the use of A/C pipe in Connecticut showed that some A/C pipe had been-in use for a number of years but that a major effort would have to be undertaken to document this usage by town so it would be compatible with the tumor registry data which is recorded by township. *> CAPCO JEN 0026389 The Connecticut Study Public water supplies, available in 148 of Connec ticut's 169 towns, provided water to 82% of the state's population in 1975. The total population served by public water supplies in each town varied from 10% or less in 36 towns to 95% or more in 30 towns. Because asbestos-cement pipe is unlikely to be used in indivi dual water systems, only public water supplies were included in this study. A list of public water supplies using asbestoscement pipe was compiled after surveying each public water supply and cross referencing the data with infor mation available from the Public Utilities Commission and the Water Supplies Section, State Department of Health. Public water supplies are not developed accord ing to town boundaries. Some towns are served by sev eral different water supplies and a single water supply may serve areas in several towns. Because the Tumor Registry collects data on a town basis, it was neces sary to compile the asbestos-cement pipe data in a similar manner. Each public water supply using asbes tos-cement pipe was then contacted in order to docu ment the location of the pipe and collect the follow ing data felt to be of epidemiologic importance: (a) date(s) of installation of the asbestos-cement pipe, (b) length of asbestos-cement pipe compared to other types of pipe, and (c) population served by a.sbestoscement pipe compared to other types of pipe. The data were then grouped by town. Asbestos-cement p.1.i>o is used totally or^paTtially by 149 public water supplies in 82 towns. Approxi mately 576,800 people in Connecticut received water which has passed through asbestos-cement pipe. This compares to a total population of 1,724,000 for the 82 towns in which 1,488,500 people are served by public water supplies. In assessing the exposure to asbestos fibers from the pipe, several factors were considered. Factor: Age of Pipe Some public water supplies reported asbestoscement pipe that was 45 years old in 1975; some report ed newly installed pipe less than S years old. The majority (66%) of the population receiving water through asbestos-cement pipe used pipe at least 25 years old in 1975. The majority of the towns had asbestos-cement pipe that was at least 25 years old in 1975: (a) 34% had asbestos-cement pipe 30 years old or greater, (b) 16%; 25-29 years old, (c) 16%; 20-24 years old, (d) 22%; 15-19 years old and (>) 12%; less than 15 years old. In a few instances asbestos-cement pipe had been used for a period of time but replaced in recent years. These were included as asbestos-cement pipe systems only for their period of usage. 3 CAPCO JEN 0026390 Factor: Length of Pipe Approximately 900 miles (1450 KM) of asbestoscement pipe were found to be in use in' Connecticut. The majority of the towns had at least 3 miles (4.8 KM) of A/C pipe in their distribution lines: 28% had between 10 (16 KM) and 101 (160 KM) miles of A/C pipe, (b) 46% . had between 1 (1.6 KM) and 10 (16 KM) miles, and (c) the remaining 26% had less than 1 mile (1.6 KM) A/C pipe. Factor: Population Served by A/C Pipe The percentage of the town population that received water which had flowed through A/C pipe was determined after investigating the' distribution systems of each of the 149 water utilities. If the utility had a section of A/C pipe at the beginning of the distribution line, the entire population served by that utility was consid ered as being served by A/C pipe. In towns served by more than one utility the populations served by A/C pipe in each utility were added. Where a utility served two towns, the distribution system was divided according to town boundaries. Factor: Aggressiveness of Transported Water The quality of the water transported by the pipe- is known to be a critical parameter in the release of fibers from the pipe. In 1973 Webster (20) presented pictures of the A/C pipe which' had been carrying brine (water with a high saturation index) for a number of years. The pictures showed a well marked deposition of calcium salts lining the inside of the pipe which would protect the pipe from corrosion. He also presented pic tures of the A/C pipe that had been subjected to acid conditions while carrying sewage. These had very rough inner surfaces which presumably could release fibers through erosion. The corrosive effects of certain waters on A/C pipe Have been studied closely by the Asbestos Cement Pipe Industry and a definition of aggressive water derived from the Langlier Index is given in the AWWA Standards C400-75 for A/C transmission and pressure pipe (21) . The aggressiveness' of water transported through a pipe, with in the temperature range of 40-80F, is determined by the formula: aggressiveness index (A.I.) = pH + log (A x H) where: pH = index of acidity or alkalinity of the water in standard pH units A = total alkalinity in mg/1 as CaCO^ H = calcium hardness in mg/1 as CaCO^ 4 CAPCO JEN 0026391 Higher values of this aggressiveness index are less cor rosive than lower values. Waters with an A.I. less than 10 are considered very aggressive while A.i.'s greater than 12 are considered essentially non-aggressive'. The criteria established by AWWA Standard C400-75 are: (a) use either Type I (not autoclaved) or Type II (autoclaved) pipe where A.I. > 12.0 (b) use Type II where A.I. > 10.0 The correllation between fiber release and water aggres siveness has been confirmed by studies recently comple ted by the EPA (Municipal Environmental Research Labora tory) on asbestos-cement pipe distribution systems in the field (22). These investigations showed that fibers were present in water sampled over -a year period from two systems which had source A.i.'s under 10.0, but few, if any, fibers could be found in water samples from 3 systems with source A.I. > 12.0. In the 1974 AWWA Asbes tos in Water Committee Report (16) , analyses of two sim ilar A/C pipe distribution systems were reported in terms of asbestos fiber mass/unit volume of water. The data showed that a greater amount of asbestos (0.28 ug/1) was found to be coming from the pipe in the Malvern system which had a source A.I. of 11.2 than from the A/C pipe in the Glendale system with a source A.I. of 11.8. Glen dale A/C pipe was found to have contributed 0.015 pg/1. Water samples were collected from each public water supply in Connecticut with asbestos-cement pipe, analyzed for the appropriate chemical parameters, and an A.I. was calculated for each supply. A population weighted A.I. was calculated for each town according to the number of public water supplies with asbestos-cement pipe in the town. The majority of towns had an aggressiveness index under 9.8: (a) 56% had A.i.'s under 10.0, (b) 45% had A.i.'s between 10.0 and 12.0, (c) 1 town (1%) had an A.I. above 12,0... FACTORS COMBINED FOR ASSESSMENT OF EXPOSURE:' While current exposure to asbestos fibers leached from A/C pipe could best be described by direct measure ment of the fibers in the distribution system, this might not provide an accurate assessment of exposure to fibers over the entire time the pipe was used. An assessment of exposure value or risk factor was developed from the fac tors described in the preceeding paragraphs which were felt to be of epidemiologic importance and important in the release of fibers from the interior of the A/C pipe. To prevent a possible bias in data analysis, the assess ment of exposure (AOE) values were developed independ ently of the tumor registry data. .None of those calcula ting the AOE's had knowledge of cancer incidence.by town within Connecticut and thus were not influenced in the selection of parameters used to calculate the exposure to asbestos-cement pipe in each town. 5 CAPCO JEN 0026392 k list of towns was prepared according to the per cent of population serve' by public water'supplies and towns were subdivided into those with and those without asbestos-cement pipe. The towns were further subdivided according to urban and non-urban criteria, an urban town being defined as having an estimated 1975 population of > 2500 and > 50% of the town's population served by pub lic water supplies. The towns .were than ranked according to the following parameters to show a relative risk of exposure to asbestos from asbestos-cem ;nt pipe. (1) 'maximum age of asbestos-cement 'pipe (2) population-weighted A.I. (3) Assessment of Exposure (AOE) as defined by: AOE = (L) x CP) x (|s) x A.I. Factor where: L = length of asbestos-cement pipe in miles P = population served by asbestos-cement pipe Z = age of pipe in years A.I. Factor: use 1.0 if A.I. = 12.0; 1.3 if A.I. = 11.1-12.0;, 1.6 if A.I. = 10.1-11.0; 2.0 if A.I. = >10.0. (4) Risk Factor (RF) as" defined by RF = A0E/(P) The AOE and RF were developed to combine epideniologically important parameters and factors influencing the release of fibers-from pipes. Since risk was felt to be independ ent of the population using asbestos-cement pipe, the RF was calculated omitting this parameter. However, rank correlations calculated for towns ranked by AOE and RF showed the town ranks to be similar (Spearman .884, p< .0001; Kendall .713, pc.OOOl), and only the AOE was used in further analysis. Since age of pipe and corrosiveness of water (A.I.) were felt to be most important in asses sing total fiber release from pipes, these parameters were to be analyzed.separately with Tumor Registry Data. To determine' current exposure to asbestos in drink ing water and confirm the importance of the aggressiveness index and the other factors used to establish the relative exposure to asbestos by the towns, a study of asbestos in source water and tapwater samples from each township has peen undertaken using electron microscopy-techniques '(13,18). Electron diffraction and energy dispersive x-ray analysis are being used to classify fibers as chrysotile, amphibole, or nonasbestos. Information on the length, diameter, and age of A/C pipe between the source and sam pling point and the aggressiveness indexes of the water at both sites are also being recorded. . To evaluate if populations not served by asbestoscement pipe wore exposed to naturally occurring asbestos in water sources, thirty-one samples were collected at water sources prior to entering the distribution system. 6 CAPCO JEN 0026393 Sampling sites were selected based on the type of water source, size of system and geographic location. All major water supplies were sampled including the Metropol itan District Commission, New Haven Water Company, and Bridgeport Hydraulic Company. All samples except three were either below detectable limits, which means no chrysotile or amphibole asbestos fibers were found, or not statistically significantly, which means that less than five asbestos fibers were found in the portion of the sample examined. The three source water samples contain ing asbestos were: (1) A drilled rock well serving 100 customers contained 100,000 chrysotile fibers per liter. (2) A surface water source serving 3,000 customers con tained 500,000 chrysotile fibers per liter. Resam pling is now in progress. (3) A gravel well was found to contain 300,000 chryso tile fibers per liter but this could not be confirm ed upon resampling. RESULTS Based on these sampling results it was concluded that the population served by public water systems not using asbestos-cement pipe were not exposed to signifi cant amounts of naturally occurring asbestos in water. Thus far, 19 water samples have been analyzed from the distribution system after water had passed through various lengths of asbestos-cement pipe. Chrysotile fi ber counts ranged from below detectable limits (10,000 fibers/liter) to 700,000 fibers per liter. Some amphiboles were detected; concentrations were below 50,000 F/&. Seven of the samples had chrysotile fiber counts over 100,000 fibers per liter. In general, the fiber counts were low when compared to counts reported for water in some other situations. In Duluth where the source of amphibole fibers in the water is considered to be related to mineral processing operations, fiber counts as high as 600 million fibers per liter have been found (23). Two hundred million chrysotile fibers per liter were found in water from a lake in Marin County, California which receives runoff from areas of serpen tine rock (24). In some non-Connecticut asbestos-cement pipe systems which transport highly aggressive water, chrysotile fiber counts as high as 32 million fibers per liter have been found (22). c In the Connecticut samples where chrysotile fibers were found, their lengths ranged from 0.2 to 60 ym with widths from 0.02 - 0.5 ym. Aspect ratios (length/width) ranged from 3 to 2000. Figure 1 presents a comparison between the fiber lengths found in the Conn. A/C pipe 7 CAPCO JEN 0026394 distribution systems and fibers found in a sample from a San Francisco Reservoir in Californi which has a natu ral source of chrysotile fiber from surrounding rock formations.. It is apparent that the pipe distribution samples have a higher percentage of fibers over 1 pm in length than does the sample with a natural source of fibers. The median value of the San Francisco fiber length range was 0.7 pm while the median value of the fiber length range from the Conn. A/C pipe distribution samples was 2.0 pm. The data is also compared with amphibole fiber lengths as found in Duluth, Minnesota tap water 1975 (23). The age adjusted sex specific incidence data for stomach, colon, and rectum cancer for Connecticut town ships for the period 1935 to 1973 was used to investigate whether asbestos cement pipe usage in public water sys- terns could be associated with gastrointestinal cancer. Observed versus expected ratios for the occurrence of each cancer, by sex, time period, and estimated exposure to asbestos cement pipe were calculated within each of three categories of population density. In addition, townships within each of the three categories of popula tion density were ranked for age-adjusted rates of each cancer site, by sex and time period and compared totownships ranked for exposure to asbestos-cement pipe. These correlations revealed no obvious trends or patterns of association with the use of asbestos-cement pipe (17). These negative findings seem to indicate that the use of A/C pipe has probably not been responsible for excess gastrointestinal cancers, but there are .inherent uncertainities associated with epidemiologic studies of this type. Prior migration, occupational history, and personal habits regarding other asbestos exposure and smoking could not be obtained in this type of study. Because the study area was selected to take advantage of reliable cancer data available in the long standing State Tumor Registry, another limitation which could not be avoided was the small population served by A/C pipe. An additional factor which may be important is the rela tively low dose asbestos exposure found after sampling a limited number of water systems using A/C pipe. It seems justified, however, to report these ini tial, negative findings to allay fears that a large, obvious epidemic of gastrointestinal cancer attributable to the use of A/C pipe has been overlooked. It is accu rate to state that if asbestos in water has influended gastrointestinal cancer rates in Connecticut, the ef fects are not obvious (17). ' ' Additional studies are now in progress to provide more substantial data on fibers in Connecticut water supplies. When the present work is completed, all 82 towns identified as using asbestos-cement pipes will have been sampled. Supplies in thirty towns not using S CAPCO JEN 0026395 O OP A/C pipe will also have been .sampled. All the major sources .in each town are to be analyzed for natural asbestos content.' Analysis of data from at least 82 pairs of samples, before A/C pipe and from the distri bution system after a known length of A/C pipe, will be compared with aggressiveness index changes of the water in the system. It is possible that a re-evaluation of our exposure assessment will be necessary if fiber counts do not con- . firm the Assessment of Exposure equation as a reliable predictor of fiber exposure. Closed loop studies and field sampling are currently underway to determine if one of 'the three parameters used to'determine the aggressiveness index (A.I.) is more important than the others. Data on corrosion control practices, such as, the addition of polyphosphates is being collected to determine their influence on preventing fibers from bein released from the pipe. A situation in which iro,n in th water can apparently coat the interior of the pipe pre venting fiber release is also being investigated. Fur ther studies will be .conducted.investigating the rela tionship between incidence of gastrointestinal cancer and the following: 1) current asbestos counts, 2) town ag gressiveness indexes, 3) age of pipe data, 4) revised AOE calculations, if indicated by the current sampling program. An investigation of pleural and peritoneal mesothe lioma using data from the Connecticut Tumor Registry is currently being conducted in conjunction with the Con necticut Cancer Epidemiology Program, Yale University School of Medicine. If sufficient numbers of d'ases of peritoneal mesothelioma are found which are not associ ated with occupational exposure, a case-control study will be conducted to determine if these are related to drinking water that has passed through asbestos-cement pipe. The Health Effects Research Laboratory is currently sponsoring another epidemiologic study in an area of California where chrysotile asbestos occurs in the source water. This study will look at cancer incidence in coun ties which maintain tumor registries. Although the fiber concentrations and sizes may be somewhat different than those found in the Connecticut A/C pipe systems, the California study will provide additional data as to the health effects of ingested asbestos. Further information will also be provided by the results of a large scale animal feeding study supported by the Food and Drug Ad ministration, EPA, and the National Institute of Environ mental HeaLth. Results of this study will not be avail able for several years. 9 CAPCO JEN 0026396 SUMMARY ( A study of the asbestos-cement pipe distribution systems in Connecticut water supplies was performed as background for an epidemiology investigation designed to determine whether there were differences in cancer ex perience between population groups exposed to asbestoscement pipe distribution systems and those exposed to distribution systems of other materials. Connecticut townships were ranked according to the population served by A/C pipe, the age and length of the pipe, and the aggressiveness of the water transported. Towns studied contained from less than 1 to over 100 miles of A/C pipe. The majority had A/C pipe that was at least 25 years old and most had water which would be considered aggressive based on the chemical parameters of pH, alkalinity, and calcium hardness. * The preliminary findings of the epidemiology study did not show any excess in cancer incidence for stomach, colon, or rectum in Connecticut townships during 19351973 that could be related to the use of- asbestos-cement pipe for drinking water. Since the safety of asbestos in drinking water can not be proven or disproven at this time, curx'ent public health recommendations about the use of A/C pipe for potable water systems'should be based primarily on the aggressiveness of the water. Closed pipeloop studies and field sampling currently in progress are expected to provide data on which water quality parameters have the most affect on the release of fibers from the inte rior of A/C pipe. On the basis of the analytical results from thirty- one samples collected at the water sources prior to entering the distribution system, it was concluded that the -population served by public water systems not using asbestos-cement pipe were not exposed to significant amounts of naturally occurring asbestos in water. Chrysotile fiber counts from 19 samples collected after water had passed through various lengths of asbestoscement pipe ranged from below detectable limits (10,000 fibers/liter) to 700,000 fibers per liter. The lengths of the chrysotile fibers found ranged from 0.2 to 60 micrometers in length; 0.02 to. 0.5 micrometers in width. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The authors wish to acknowledge the valuable as sistance of Patrick J. Clark, Exposure Evaluation Branch, Health Effects Research Laboratory (HERL) in sample preparation and electron microscopy analysis, Cynthia Sonich, Epidemiology Branch, HERL, in data organization and statistical analysis, and Mrs. Barbara L. Cole, Chief, Chemistry Division, Connecticut State Department of Health, for determination of the CAPCO JEN 0026397' chemical parameters necessary to compute the water aggressiveness data. REFERENCES 1. Selikoff, I.J., J. Churg, and E.C. Hammond. 1964 Asbestos Exposure and Neoplasia. J. Amer. Med Assoc. 188: 22-26. 2. Gibson, J.C., Chairman. 1973. Report of the Ad visory Committee on Asbestos Cancers to the Direc tor. of the International Agency for Research on Cancer. Brit J. Industr. Med. 30: 180-186. 3. Biological Effects of Asbestos. 1973. IARC Sci. Publ. #8, Lyon France 34p. 4. Haley, T.J. 1975. Asbestosis: A Reassessment of the Overall Problem. Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences 64(9): 1435-1449. 5. Enterline, P., P. DeCoufle, V. Henderson. 1972. Mortality in relation to'occupational exposure in the Asbestos Industry. J. Occup. Med. 14(12): 879-903. 6. McDonald, J.C., A.D. McDonald, G.W. Gibbs, J. Sigmaityck, and C.E. Rossiter. 1975. Mortality in Chrysotile Asbestos Mines and Mills- of Quebec. Arch. Environ. Health. 22:677-686. 7. McDonald, J.C. 1972. Cancer in Chrysotile Mines and Mills, Paper No. 29, Conf. on the Biological Effects of Asbesto-:, International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France, Oct. 1972. 8. Smith, W.E., L.'Miller, R.E. Elasser, and D.D. Hu bert. 1965. Test for Carcinogenitity of Asbestos. Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 132: 456-488; 9. Westlake, G.E., H.J. Spjut, and M.N. Smith. . 1965. Penetration of Colonic Mucosa by Asbestos Parti cles: An Electron Microscopic Study in Rats Fed Asbestos Dust. Lab. Invest. 14: 2029-2033. 10. Pontefract, R.D., and H.M. Cunningham. 1973. Penetration of Asbestos Through the Digestive Tract of Rats. Nature 243: 352-353. 11. Kay, G. 1973. Ontario Intensifies Search for Asbestos in Drinking Water. Water and Poll. Con trol. 9: 33-35. 12. Cook, P.M., G.E. Glass, J.H. Tucker. 1974. Asbestiform Amphibole Minerals Detection and Measurement of High Concentrations in Municipal Water Supplies. Science. 185: 853-855 11 CAPCO JEN 0026398 13. McFarren, E.F., J.R. Millette, R.J. Lishka. 1975. Asbestos Analysis by Electron Microscope. Proc. AWWA Amer. Water Quality Technology Conf. Araer. Water Works Assoc. XIV-1 - XIV-12. 14; Preliminary Assessment of Suspected Carcinogens in Drinking Water, Report to Congress, 1975, Appendix E. 135. 15. Olson, H.L. 1974. Asbestos in Potable Water Supplies. J-. AWWA. Amer. Water Works Assoc. 16. A Study of the Problem of Asbestos in Water. Com mittee Report. 1974. American Water Works Assoc. J. 66(9) Part 2: 1-22. ** 17. Harrington, J.M., G.F. Craun, J.W. Meigs, J.T. Flannery, R.S. Woodhull. An Investigation of the Relationship Between the Use of Asbestos-Cement Pipe for Public Water Supply and the Incidence of Gastrointestinal Cancer In Connecticut. 19351973. (In preparation of submission to the Amer. journal of Epidemiology) 18. Millette, J.R., and E.F. McFarren. 1976. Energy Dispersive X-ray Analysis of Waterborne Asbestos Fibers in TEM, SEM, and STEM. Scanning Electron Microscopy 1976 Proceedings, IIT Research Insti tute, Chicago, Vol'. 1: 451-460. 19. .20 21. .^ 22 Meigs, J.W. 1975. The Connecticut Cancer Epidemi ology Unit, Conn. Med. 39: 637-640. / Webster, I., 1974. The ingestion of Asbestos Fibers. Environmental-Health Perspectives. 9: 199-202. AWWA. 1975. Standard for Asbestos-Cement Pres sure Pipe, 4 in. through 24 in. for Water and Other Liquids. Amer. 'Wafer Works Assoc. Pub lication AWWA C400-75. Buelow, R.W., J.R. Millette, and E.F. McFarren. Field Investigation of the Performance of Asbestos-Cement Pipe Under Various Water Quality Conditions. (Submitted to the JAWWA) 23. Cook, P.M., I.B. Rubin, C.J. Maggiore, and W.J. Nicholson. 1976. X-ray Diffraction and Elec tron Mean Analysis of A.sbestiform Minerals in Lake Superior Waters. Proc. Intern. Conf. on Environ. Sensing and Assessment, Pub. by IEEE, Piscataway, NJ. 34(2): 1-9. 24. Cooper, R.C. and J.C. Murchio, 1974. Preliminary Studies of Asbestiform Fibers in Domestic Water Supplies, Final Report to the Aerospace Medical Research Laboratory, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Ohio (available from NTIS, U.S. Dept, of ------- "An Ami.acc; > CAPCO JEN 0026399 Io**, AJ </> X (0 o O) o 2 r- UJ _! < in X UJ Uh"J cc UJ CO in c CO H u. UJ * o o o CM (0 (O oX m 3S fZ-D aX I* o io E tFt [-> CM s o cc o < _JJ o o o UJ c3c o a At u. </) t- X <3 Z UJ U. Zj o< {/) cc UmJ u. UjjJ < c3h<c Z oo w <n o^ 2? HO (>/*) CC cc u. z <co Xo ItU2t~Il O coc ` >v if. o CO o <0 o<*" ocm r f CAPCO JEN 0026400 '<e A/C Pipe Producers Association 1980 MEMBERSHIP STATUS Company\ Classification^ Asbestos De Mexi co^' .. __ __^Regtflar Atlas-Turner Regular CAPCO CertainTeed Regular Regular Johns-Manville Canada Regular Johns-Manvilie Regular Mexalit Regular Assessment $10,000 $12,500 M.A. N.A. $12,500 ** N.A. $10,000 Status Paid Paid Paid Paid Paid Paid Paid SAIAC CFE Everitube James Hardie Hellenit Hyderabad Partek Associate Associate Associate Associate Associate Associate Associate ooo m $ 5,000 $ 5,000 $ 5,000 $ 5,000 $ 5,000 $ 5,000 * Paid Paid Paid Paid Paid Paid Withdrawn Ciment-Amiante-Tunisis Ami antit GMFC Kuwait Asbestos Prospective Prospective Prospective Prospective $ 5,000 $ 5,000 $ 5,000 $ 5,000 Paid Paid Withdrawn, follow-up letter sent, Partek terminating A/C pipe business effective end of 1930 (per letter dated 5/14/80' Terminated Voluntarily June 4, 1980 CAPCO JEN 0026401