Document k909mM4ZYo0RjDxMo4GeJ36QB

INSTRUCTIONS GEI-28007 D R Y IN G P Y R A N O L T R A N S F O R M E R S INTRODUCTION Transformers shipped filled with Pyranol* require drying if the Pyranol te sts 23 kv or less or if there is evidence of moisture. The dryness of transformers that have been dis assembled or out of Pyranol depends on the care taken to keep all parts dry while ex posed. Unless proper care has been taken and it is certain that no moisture has been allowed to enter, dry the transformer as sub sequently instructed. INITIAL DRYING WITH FILTER PRESS A transformer contaminated with moisture will not only have moisture in the windings and insulation but also suspended in the Pyranol. By using a filter press the water held in suspension will be removed. In order to drive the moisture out of the windings and insulation the filter-press operation must be followed by a short-circuit drying heat run. Any free water in the transformer will rise to the top of the Pyranol and floac.lt must be removed before drying is begun and should be drained through the upper fiiter-press valve. The most efficient filtration occurs when the Pyranol temperature is between 20 C and 40 C. At the higher coil temperatures main tained during the short-circuit heat run the filter press loses its ability to remove any appreciable amount of moistare from the Pyranol. Usually drying will progress s a tis factorily with no further filtering if thorough ventilation is provided. SHORT CIRCUIT METHOD This method c o n s is ts of heating the wind ing and Pyranol up to a specified temperature fora limited time by short-circuiting one wind ing and applying a suitable reduced voltage to the other. (Note:--Always load the full total windings.) Knowledge of the transformer im pedance is of a s s is ta n c e in determining the voltage required to circulate the desired cur- rent in the windings. If the impedance is not indicated on the nameplate, it may be ob tained from the nearest Apparatus Sales Of fice of the General Electric Company upon request. The rating and serial number of the transformer should accompany such a request. If it is necessary to obtain drying voltage over a long transmission line, thorough protection against all kinds o f overvoltages on the line should be installed so that the transforma' being dried will not be damaged. BLANKETING Before applying voltage, blanket the trans former, beginning at the bottom of the corru gations, tubes, or radiators and wrap the tank with heavy paper, cloth, or building felt until sufficient surface has been covered. The amount of blanketing must be ascertained by trial. To prevent condensation thoroughly lag the cover. Ventilate the cover by raising the manhole covers etc. six inches. Protect the openings from weather inclemencies if the transformer is out-of-doors. If the drying is carried on indoors, good ventilation, or other means should be provided to exhaust the vapors from the room. If the tank is equipped with radiators or tubes an effective means of preventing radia tion from them is to lower the.Pyranol below the top inlets; however, make sure all highvoltage parts are under Pyranol. The Pyranol level may be above the upper radiator openings when the radiator flanges are equipped with valves. Close the upper valves, LEAVING THE BOTTOM VALVES OPEN;, this will prevent circulating and cool ing of Pyranol by the radiators. Pyranol ex pansion in radiators with both valves closed will generate excessive pressure and damage the valve disks, gaskets or welds. When radiators are isolated by closing the valves (or leaving the Pyranol below the top inlets when no valves are furnished) suffi- Registered trade-mark for G-E ask arel aal parpa r % aaaar a* dutmik ar i laliaar m ama-- X aar la p rilli far aaarf p a * la aaariaaarr a fea mut u a a n i f i wW mfrnmutma fea l i . i l ar *auM parfea mar praH aai arua afea* ara aar aaiarafe u/tTmmuttr lar fea parafeM a rt p u p a -- , fea i G E N E R A L ELECTRIC GENP 004576 G E !- 2 8 0 0 7 Drying Pyranol Trantformmn fati+itis***W **'T-*1>0wtW : Or*y-*V I cienc heat can be obtained by blanketing the tank surfaces and not the radiators. Some reg ulation of temperature may be obtained by manipulating the radiator valves. Very little heat is radiated by the tank of an artificially cooled transformer; therefore, it may be unnecessary to blanket the tank, but be sure the cover and cover a c c e s so rie s are heavily lagged. The Pyranol temperature can be held to the desired value by allowing a small flow of the cooling medium. TEMPERATURES Table I gives the maximum Pyranol tem peratures which apply to the self-cooled rating of type OA (self-cooled) as well as OW (water-cooled with internal cooling coil) transformers. The latter may not need blan keting of the tank although the cover should be lagged. Before drying three-winding transformers or forced-liquid-cooled types, obtain advice from the nearest Apparatus Sales Office of the General Electric Company. TABLE 1 Maximum-allowable Short-circuit Amperes in per cent of F ull Load, B ased on Self-Cooled Rating M axim um allowable Top Pyranol T emperatures 50 % ' 100 c 75% 90 C Do not allow the top-Pyranol temperature to exceed the specified value for the given percent load, because the windings are at a higher temperature than the Pyranol, and dam age to the insulation may result. It is desirable to maintain top-Pyranol tem peratures up to the limit with load contin uously applied. See that the thermometers used are in good condition and that the topPyranol temperatures are accurately observed. te only spirit thermometers of the imraer- type in the Pyranol when checking the ing of dial thermometers. PYRANOL TESTING Continue the drying until tests of seven consecutive sam ples of top Pyranol taken every four hours show a dielectric strength of 30 kv or higher. Allow the Pyranol sam ples to cool to room temperature (not more than 30 C) before testing. ADDING ADDITIONAL PYRANOL After completion of the drying run, add clean, dry Pyranol of high dielectric strength to fill the tank to the proper level. The hot Pyranol is free of air bubbles so it is prefer able to complete the filling of the transformer from the top of the tank rather than through the drain valve, a s, in the latter case, air bubbles may be trapped in the winding. MEGGER READINGS Megger readings cannot be relied upon to indicate the progress of drying liquid-filled transformers, since, in this case, the resist ance of the liquid is measured in parallel with that of the solid insulation and they cannot be segregated. While the insulation resistan c e of a trans former without Pyranol, as determined by meg.ger readings cannot be relied upon as a sure indication of its condition at any one time, the general trend of the readings, as a drying run proceeds, is a fairly accurate in dication of the progress of drying. Continue drying until the readings become approximate ly constant at a value considerably above those taken at the beginning of the drying. Variation in temperature causes wide varia tion in resistance, the values varying in versely with each other. If the megger shows a short circuit, that is, an insulation re s is ta n c e too low to be read, it is very likely due to an excessiv e amount of moisture. Low readings also some times indicate the presence of moist spots in the insulation. Widely different megger readings may be. obtained on different trans formers but the average readings should be approximately alike for transformers of the same capacity and design. TRANSFORMER & ALLIED PRODUCT DIVISIONS G E N E R A L ^ ELECTRIC -iir t (3M) L ith e In U J .A . PITTSFIELD, MASS. / / C+7AA J M n r t PYRANOL Characteristics of Transformer, Regulator, and Capacitor Pyranol Pyranol is the trade-mark of the GenTal Electric Company for coaling and isulating materials which generically are known as askarels. In addition to the desirable characteristics of mineral oil, askarel has the distinctive property of being nonflammable. The development of these materials has been actively carried on since 1928 and Pyranol was first used commercially in capacitors in 1931. I t was first used commercially in transformers in 1932 and in induction-voltage regulators in 1938. The Laboratories of the National Board of Fire Underwriters have investigated transformer, regulator, and capacitor Pyranols, and their series of reports No. 2581 definitely substantiates all the claims PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS Pyranols for different applications have different physical characteristics, ranging from a resin-like, noncrystalline com position to a thin, mobile liquid. The Pyranols now in greatest commercial use are: (1) the transformer and inductionvoltage regulator type (No. 1470), (2) the capacitor type (No. 1476), and (3) the capacitor type (No. 1499). All types have the distinctive Pyranol characteristics of high dielectric strength and nonflammability. The characteristics of these three Py ranols serve to demonstrate the wide range of physical properties possessed by the liquid materials. made for PyranoL The following statements, prepared by our research, engineering, and laboratory organizations, summarize the answers to Tran*. Copodtor Copodtor former Pyranol Pyraaol Pyranol Ne. No. No. 1470 147 1499 questions th at are asked by users and prospective users of Pyranol equipment. HISTORY OF PYRANO L Pyranol was developed to meet a specif ic need--the elimination of the fire and explosive hazard inherent in the use of mineral insulating oil as a dielectric- and cooling medium in capacitors, regulators, Color .................... Ivntlat eclat Vbeodty at 37.1 C (Soy- bolt)..................... How palai (AJ.TJAJ .. Dielectric Mattoni (ipoclflc Induttive ca p a c ity ].............. Specific gravity at 23 / 13J C ............... StrawYellow None 42 Sec lower than -44 C 4J 1JI StrawYellow H obo 2400 Sec -H O C 4.23 1J05 StrawYellow None 17 S*c -u c 4J IJ U and transform ers. lake most scientific developments, Pyranol is the result of CH EM ICAL STABILITY careful study and analysis of the problems involved. Its successful development and commercial application meant the solu tion of a number of problems which were apparently insolvable. Could a non flammable liquid be obtained which was not inherently chemically unstable and corrosive? W hat type of organic hydro carbon molecule was best adapted to meet the requirements of resistance to sludge and oxidation? How do hydrocarbons de The Pyranols are all chemically stable and are not affected by reaction with -.other materials used in Pyranol filled equipment. Experience gained from trans formers in service and from factory tests proves that they are nonoxidizing, and th at the Pyranols show no development of corrosive acidity or insoluble sludge over long periods a t high temperatures, even up to 150 C. compose under the electric arc? How can the high degree of liquidity so necessary PHYSIOLOGICAL EFFECTS for the proper cooling of transformers be Normal Liquid Condition obtained with a nonflammable substance Liquid Pyranols, like mineral oils, can normally solid or plastic-like? These and be handled a t room temperature without other problems of equal difficulty and fear of toxic effects. With some individ importance were attacked, and their uals, continued exposure to liquid Pyra successful solution has been the firm nols may, as with mineral oils, produce foundation on which the commercial slrin irritations. Cleanliness among work -nplication of Pyranol to transformers, men handling Pyranol is an adequate'safe ,ulators, and capacitors has been built. guard against such effects. Ordinary detergents or medicinal washes will re move any irritation caused by bringing Pyranol in contact with an open cut or skin abrasion. A drop or two of castor oil will neutralize any irritation caused by contact of liquid Pyranol with the eyes. Evaporation from Liquid Pyranol As with most volatile materials, ex posure to concentrated Pyranol vapors in unventilated rooms should be avoided. During the 30 yean* experience of the General Electric Company in manufac turing Pyranol, there is no record of any workman requiring first aid or medical assistance because of Pyranol vapors. Products of Decomposition Alt-saturated Pyranol a t 25 C, when decomposed by an electric arc, evolves finely divided carbon and gases in the following approximate proportions: Tramformer Pyranol, No. 1470 Copodtor Pyranol, No. 1476 Hydrogen Chlort4 ......... O xyge n .................. Uacaturated hydrocarbon*. Carbon dioxide .......... Carbon monoxide.......... Photgeno..................... Saturated hydrocarbon!.. H y d r o g e n ..................... Chlorine....................... Inert (getetj................. 97.30% 0 0 .00 21 1 .00 .00 .00 .00 1.34 99.00% 0.10 .40 .00 .00 .00 JO0 .00 .00 JO With the exception of the hydrogen chloride, these products of decomposition, which are formed only on failure of the apparatus, are present in such minute proportions as to render it unnecessary even to consider them. Hydrogen-chloride gas is an irritant and gives full warning of its presence, even in small quantities, fay its immediately noticeable odor and irritant action on the nasal membranes. All requirements for protection against gases which may be liberated under arc decomposition where Pyranol filled trans formers are installed in restricted loca tions are met by the "all-purpose" gas available for use around dry-type and oil-filled transformer installations. DIELECTRIC STRENGTH The dielectric strength of mineral oil, when new, meets the requirements of . . * 9. Irade-merk of Generai Electric Co. 772537 G E N E R A L ELECTRIC genp04578 capacitor, regulator, and transformer use. .Unfortunately, however, mineral oil oxi, dizes, and among the products formed as a result of this oxidation are some of high conductivity and low dielectric strength, such as the organic adds and water. Pyranol is not subject to oxidation. Its dielectric strength is independent of its exposure, even to severe oxidizing condi tions during use. The dielectric strength of Pyranol is normally of high order. Commercial values higher than 30 kv are customarily expect ed. Like mineral oU, however, Pyranol follows the usual gas-solubility laws. Ex posed to wet air, it will absorb some water, and an equilibrium will be set up between the water in the Pyranol and th at in the air with which it may come in contact. In contact with water, Pyranol will dissolve the water until a state of saturation is reached. In this respect, Pyranol greatly resembles new mineral oil; but, unlike mineral oU, its ability to absorb or dissolve water does not change materially with use. Because of the nonoxidizing character istics of Pyranol, filtration of this liquid will normally be less frequently required than with mineral oil. If it should become necessary to dry transformer Pyranol, it can be done in a manner tmilar to th at used in the drying of mineral oil; that is, by the use of a filter press or a specially arranged centrifuge. DIELECTRIC CONSTANT The dielectric constant of No. 1470 Pyranol is 4.S a t 25 C, of No. 1476 Py ranol is 4.25 a t 25* C and of No. 1499 Pyranol is 4.8 at 25 C. These values are practically the same as the dielectric constant of the solid insulations used in transformer, regulator, and capacitor de signs, and a more nearly equal distribu tion of dielectric stress throughout the insulation structure is obtained than with mineral oil. RESISTIVITY A N D POWER FAC TOR Laboratory tests and careful observa tion throughout many temperature cy cles, and over long periods of time, have shown that the resistivity and powerfactor values of capacitor Pyranols are of the same order of magnitude as those of any good mineral oil adapted for use with these products. Tests on samples of transformer and regulator Pyranol re turned from the field, and other tests in the laboratory, indicate that the power factor will be higher and the resistivity will be lower than those of mineral oil. The high power factor does not indicate degradation of the Pyranol but rather the solution of trace amounts of transformer materials in the liquid. This effect of in creased power factor is not harmful unless dielectric strength is affected adversely. EFFECT OF PYRANO L ON OTHER MATERIAL Pyranols are stable and chemically inert. Pyranol and its vapors have no effect on the metals and insulations used in Pyranol filled equipment, but are, in general, powerful 'solvents of most of the gums, binders, paints, etc., customarily used in oil-filled equipment. For this reason, such materials have been elimi nated from Pyranol filled equipment, and only paper, pressboard, porcelain, and other carefully selected materials which have proved to be unaffected by Pyranol are used. I t has been found th at the aging of these materials under Pyranol will be approximately the same as that under oil. No materials should be used in contact with Pyranol, except those specif ically approved by the General Electric Company. When Pyranol is decomposed by an arc, hydrogen-chloride gas is pro duced. The new No. 1470 Pyranol, and No. 1467 which it has superseded, unlike the No. 1488 Pyranol previously used, chemically neutralizes any of this gas which may have been absorbed in the liquid. Consequently, if there has been no contact with free water or high humid ity,'this gas can cause little damage to the organic insulation except in the immedi ate vicinity of the failure. This new No. 1470 Pyranol (and the older No. 1467) enables Pyranol filled apparatus, in the rare case of failure, to be opened, inspected, and repaired as readily as oil-insulated apparatus. Pyranol in which arcing has occurred can usually be returned to a satisfactory condition by filtration through a fuller's earth press. MIXTURE WITH OIL Mineral oil is completely miscible with Pyranol, and it is practically impossible to separate the two materials once they have been mixed. I t is important, there fore, to avoid contamination of Pyranol with mineral oil or other petroleum oils, the presence of which definitely influences the vital characteristics of the nonflammability of Pyranol. PRESSURE CAUSED BY ARCING If an arc occurs under the surface of any liquid, the liquid evolves gases. The type of liquid determines the character istics of the gases formed. The amount of energy in the arc and the duration of the arc determine the quantity of the gas produced. In general, protective gear or circuit-interrupting devices are installed to prevent the evolution of a sufficient amount of gas to rupture the enclosing tank. If the protective gear does not interrupt the arc in time, and no means of release is provided, the gases will be vented by rupture of gasketed joints or, in extreme cases, by rupture of the con tainer itself. Because gases produced by an arc in Pyranol are nonflammable and nonexplosive, it is feasible to relieve the gas pressure in the tank by means of a frangible diaphragm. For indoor installa tions of oil-filled equipment, this method would be undesirable, as the flammable gases released might result in a secondary explosion. All Pyranol transformers above 25 leva which are to be installed in buildings in accordance with the National Electrical Code are provided with such a frangible diaphragm. The frangible diaphragms for indoor Pyranol distribution transformers or Py ranol regulators are so arranged that: (1) a .pipe can be attached thereto, through which the gases th at are prod ucts of decompositibn can be vented to the outside air; or (2) a gas absorber can be attached thereto containing active materials that will absorb the hydrogen chloride whidi constitutes the major portion of the evolved gases. For further information, contact your nearest G-E Apparatus Sales Office, Agent, or Distributor 10 3S CSM) 3430 GENERAL ||p ELECTRIC SCHENECTADY, N. Y. n253B vO / ' -V I u il, riAAM U L, i c i i i r t t i ArtL HLTLftiNG EUUli'fltfNT Pyranol Insulating Liquid For Transform ers an d R egulators 57' IN T R O D U C T IO N Pyranol is the trademark ofthe General Electric Company for cooling and in* sulating materials which genetically are known as askarels. In addition to the desirable characteristics of mineral oil, askarel has the distinctive property of being nonflammable. Transformer Pyra nol is compounded to General Electric specifications and is available in several different forms. The type used in any par* ticular transformer can be determined from the nameplate. Types 1488, 1467 and 1470 are obsolete. Currently used types are A13B3B and A50P524. All re placement or make-up orders should be for Type A13B3B. R E Q U IS IT IO N S The Monsanto Chemical Company, St. Louis, Mo., is in a position to supply quantities of A13B3B Pyranol liquid direct to users. All orders for quantities in excess of 100 gallons should be sent directly to the nearest Monsanto Chemi cal Company office or their St. Louis headquarters* Emergency requirements and small orders of 100 gallons or less can be obtained in 5-gallon cans or 30-gallon drums from Rome, Georgia. Send requisi tions to Renewal Parts Specialist, Gen eral Electric Company, Medium Trans former Department, Redmond Circle, Rome, Georgia-30161. PRICES MEDIUM TRANJFORMER-R (016) N et price f.o.b. Rome, Georgia with transportation charges "collect" for A13B3B PyTanol liquid, including non.retumable containers: 5 gallons, including can........*$50.00 30 gallon, including d ru m ... *150.00 C O N T A IN E R S When A13B3B Pyranol liquid is sold at the prices authorized on this page, the containers become the property of the purchaser, and drums as well as cans are nonretumable. SHIPPING WEIGHT 5-gallon can and Pyranol liquid.................... 75 lbs 30-gallon drum and Pyranol liq u id . .......... .425 lbs PYRANO L INSULATIONS FOR CAPACITORS Requests for information on, or quanti ties of, capacitor Pyranol insulation should be referred to the Manager of Marketing, Capacitor Department, Hud son Falls, New York 12839. Transformer Pyranol should not be used in capacitors. PYRANO L INSULATING LIQUID FOR OTHER USES When a request for information or an order is received for Pyranol liquid to be used in equipment other than GE trans formers or GE induction regulators, it is necessary for the factory to have certain information before any action can be taken. If proposed use is an electrical one, it will probably be necessary to negotiate for a license under GE patents. The inquirer should write to the Patent Attorney, Power Transmission Division, 6901 Elmwood Ave., Philadelphia; Penn sylvania, giving proposed use, expected yearly requirements and other general in formation on the product to be manu factured, so to determine if General Electric FyianoVliquid is suitable. If proposed use is not electrical, then a license is probably not required and in formation should be obtained direct from the Monsanto Chemical Company. PYRAN O L TESTING SERVICE The General Electric Company wifi, on request, test samples of the liquid from Pyranol transformers and feeder voltage regulators. Two types of test are avail able -- Normal Routine Maintenance Tests and Comprehensive Diagnostic Tests. Place requisition on Pittsfield Works (Massachusetts) or Rome Works (Georgia) to cover the preparation of each quart sample and the analysis report of tests results of each sample of the liquid from customer apparatus. Test reports will iniclude: (A ) Routine Maintenance Tests Dielectric Strength Refractive Index Color Water Content Acidity Comments on condition of sample The net price for routine maintei tests for each Pyranol quart sampi< b e ..................................................... (B) Comprehensive Tests Dielectric Strength Specific Gravity Color Acidity Water Content Refractive Index Percent Scavenger Free Chlorides Comments on Condition of Sa The net price for comprehensive for each Pyranol sample wifi b e ........ New, dean, one-quart battles filled Pyranol liquid wifi be dripped receipt of requisition at Pittsfield, hi or Rome, 'Ga. Sampling instruction: on the bottle and in GEI-65080. In' wifi be issued when the original sac are shipped from Pittsfield, Mass Rome, Ga., and this charge wifi ei the purchaser to obtain the test resul the liquid returned to us for analysis If because of emergency reasons samples are in other than GE sa battles, effort should be made to ol brown glass bottles preferably new fn drug store. Fruit jars are not to be \ Aluminum foil should be used to lint caps. Each bottle should be thorou rinsed with Pyranol liquid from the prior to sampling, plainly marked the serial number of the apparatus i which the sample was taken, and whe taken from top or bottom. The tem; ture of the liquid a t the time of sanq and all other pertinent data shouli given on a tag attached to each sai bottle and repeated on the requisi placed to cover the testing service. Bi will be at the same prices as given is preceding paragraphs. REQUISITION SERVICE Send requisition and direct any respondence about it to: Supervisor, Stock Replacement General Electric Company Building 34, Room 346 100 Woodlawn Avenue Pittsfield, Massachusetts 01201 or Renewal Parts Specialist ( General Electric Company h Redmond Circle h Rome, Georgia 30161 ' OIL, PYRANOL, TESTING AND FILTERING EQUIPMENT Pyranol Insulating Liquid Par Transformers and Regulators RETURN OF SAMPLES Samples to be tested should be sent to : M aterials Laboratory General Electric Company Buddies 11-312 100 Woodlawn Avenue Pittsfield, Massachusetts 01201 or Advance Development Engineering General Electric Company Redmond Circle Rome, Georgia 30161 FILTERING If test results indicate that moisture or other contaminants are present, they can usually be removed by passing the in sulating liquid through a Fyranol purifier. This device may be used either as a paper filter press for drying or with fuller's earth and paper far purifying. For detail of th e filtering procedure, refer to instruc* ** s GEH-1031, copies of which are able upon request. For information on drying and filtering equipment, eontact the nearest General Electric Sales Office, HANDLING A N D STORAGE Fyranol contains polychlorinated bi phenyls which some studies have shown may be an environmental contaminant. Extreme care should be taVen to pre vent any entry into the environment through spills, leakage, use, disposal, vaporization or otherwise. For detailed instructions' on the han dling and storage of Fyranol, refer to GEX-65080. ADDITIO N OF SCAVENGER TO PYRAN O L LIQUIDS The advantage of the modem Fyranol materials A13B3B and AS0P524 is inclu sion of a dieporide scavenger, D5D7QA. This hydrogen chloride scavenger can be added to any of the older Fyranol liquids to improve their ability to neutralize the dissolved hydrogen chloride gas which might result from an internal fault. Scavenger addition to reclaimed Fyra1 liquid may be necessary face both le older scavenger, tetraphenyi tin, and th e new dieporide scavenger suffer some depletion Airing refining, particularly when activated earth" is used. The die poride scavenger, D5D70A, wSl be used to replenish scavenger deficiencies which occur in any of the Fyranol liquids. The following suggested additions are based on 100 gallons of Pyraaol liquid. For quantities other than those shown, other of Fyranol liquid or scavenger, the required value can be obtained by inter polation. Scavenger Concentration by Anetysi* t% by Weight) Founds of D5D70A Required a o 1.90 0JJ2 \A3 004 \AO 00* .90 008 0 010 .40 PRICES MEDIUM TRANSFORMER. (OS*) Net price o.b. Rome for Compound D5D70A, including container and baring: 1 quart can (2 pounds)............ ..$3.00 1 gallon can (8 pounds)............... 16.00 NOTE: Minimum Order.............23.00 Cans should not be opened until the compound la to be put into the Fyranol liquid. Size of can should, therefore, be selected to total the required quantity. PERFORMANCE OF PYRANOL LIQUID WITH OTHER M A T E R IA L S Fyranol liquid is stable and chemically inert. I t has no effect on the metals and Insulation toed in Fyranol filled equip ment but is, in general, a powerful solvent for most of the gums, binders, prints, etc., customarily used in oil-filled equipment. For this reason, such materials hove been eliminated from Fyranol filled equipment and only careftUy selected materials which have proved to be unaffected by the Fyranol liquid are used. I t has been found th a t the ageing of these materials under Fyranol liquid will be approxi mately the same as under oiL There will be, however, a leaching effect of trace amounts of Fyranol soluble polar compounds from the ma terials of construction. These trace com pounds have an exaggerated effect on certain electrical measurements com monly used to judge the condition of mineral insulating ofi. Tests on samples of transformer and regulator Pyranol ma terials returned from the field, and other tests in the laboratory, indicate that the power factor will be higher and the resistivity wifi he lower than those of mineral MIXTURE WITH OIL Mineral oil is completely misdble with Fyranol liquid and it is practically impos sible to separate the two materials once they have been mixed. It is important, therefore, to avoid contamination of the Fyranol liquid with mineral oil or other petroleum oils, the presence of which definitely fafltigngM the vital character istics of the nonflammability of Fyranol material. PRESSURE CAUSED BY ARCING All Fyranol insulated transformers above 25 KVA which are to be installed in buildings in accordance with the National Electrical Code are provided with a Hiw^iofiirfll, self-resetting relief device. The pressure reliefs for indoor Fyranol transformers or Pyranol regulators are so arranged th at: (1) A pipe can he attached thereto through which the gases which are products of arcing can be vented to the outride air; (2) A gas absorber can be attached thereto containing active materials that wifi absorb the hydrogen chloride which constitutes the major portion ofthe evolved gases. PHYSIOLOGICAL EFFECTS Pyranol liquids, like mineral oils, can be handled a t room temperature without fear of toxic effects. With most indi viduals, exposure of sensitive areas of the fa'n to Fyranol liquids will produce skin irritations. Cleanliness among workmen hnnriiing the material is an adequate safe guard against such effects. Ordinary detergents ctr medicinal washes wifi re move any irritation caused by bringing the liquid in contact with an open cut or skin abrasion. A drop or two of castor oil will neutralise any irritation caused by contact of Pyranol liquid with the eyes. No change since Jen. 25, 1971 torn. M a t end data tabled to thtuig* wtthnetneitee SH E B A t@ tU C T B IC OIL, PYRANOL, TESTING AND FILTERING EQUIPMENT A Pyranol Insulating Liquid For Transformers and Regulators PROPERTIES OF PYRA N O L LIQUIDS Proparty Pyranol A13B3I Pyranol A50P534 ASTM Test Method Aridity, max, mo KOH/g Color, APHA, max Condition Chlorides, Inorganle, max, ppm Diolectric constant at 100 C end 1 kv 0.014 ISO Gear 0.1 3J to 4.3 04)14 150 Gear 0.1 4^4 to 4.9 Olalactrie strength, min, kv Rre point Poor point, max, deg-C Refractive Indax Scevangor eontant, porconti D5D70A 35 none to boiling --44 1.4075 to 1.4055 0.115 to 0.135 35 none la boiling -30 M l44 to 1.4146 0.115 to 0.135 Specific gravity Coefficient of ttiomal expansion, ea,/an3 dog C Viscosity, Soybolt Universal, sec at 37.8 C Water content, max, ppm 1J40 to 1J71 0.007 41 to 45 30 1.412 to M 25 04)07 50 to 55 30 D 9 7 4 ,D 644 D 2129 (Visual) D 1821 0 924 0877 0 92 097 0 1807 0 1810 0.1903 0 88 0 1533 57 Pa Aug, 14. 78SV 00 C a m p r w i t i o n sine* Svpf. 40, 1963 1itua. NT CW47. 700. SW67, 701, 702, CWA7W. A7w11a-t7u1/3, 721-723, 731-737 772541 Data subfecf to than? without PYRANOL* GET- Characteristics of Transformer, Regulator, and Capacitor Pyranc Pyranol is the trade-mark of the Gen eral Electric Company for cooling and insulating materials which generically are known as askarels. In addition to the desirable characteristics of mineral oil, askarel has the distinctive property of being nonflammable. The development of these materials has been actively carried on since 1928 and Pyranol was first used commercially in capacitors in 1931. I t was first used commercially in transformers in 1932 and in induction-voltage regulators in 1938. The Laboratories of the National Board of Fire Underwriters have investigated transformer, regulator, and capacitor Pyranols, and their series of reports No. 2581 definitely substantiates all the claims made for Pyranol. The following statements, prepared by our research, engineering, and laboratory organizations, summarize the answers to questions that are asked by users and prospective users of Pyranol equipment. HISTORY OF PYRANO L Pyranol was developed to meet a specif ic need--'the elimination of the fire and explosive hazard inherent in the use of mineral insulating oil as a dielectric and cooling medium in capacitors, regulators, and transformers. Like most scientific developments, Pyranol is the result of careful study and analysis of the problems involved. Its successful development and commercial application meant the solu tion of a number of problems which were apparently insolvable. Could a .non flammable liquid be obtained which was not inherently chemically unstable and corrosive? W hat type of organic hydro carbon molecule was best adapted to meet the requirements of resistance to sludge and oxidation? How do hydrocarbons de compose under the electric arc? How can the high degree of liquidity so necessary for the proper cooling of transformers be obtained with a nonflammable substance normally solid or plastic-like? These and other problems of equal difficulty and importance were attacked, and their successful solution has been the firm foundation on which the commercial application of Pyranol to transformers, regulators, and capacitors has been built. PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS Pyranols for different applications have different physical characteristics, ranging from a resin-like, noncrystalline com position to a thin, mobile liquid. The Pyranols now in greatest commercial use are: (1) the transformer and inductionvoltage regulator type (No. 1470), (2) the capacitor type (No. 1476), and (3) the capacitor type (No. 1499). All types have the distinctive Pyranol characteristics of high dielectric strength and non flammability. The characteristics of these three Py ranols serve to demonstrate the wide range of physical properties possessed by the liquid materials. Tran*, Capacitor Capacitor former Pyranol Pyranol Pyranol No. No. No. 1470 1476 1499 Color ....... . turning peint VIicc*ity at 37.1 C (Sor- b o il ) .................... R o o potai |AS.r>L| .. Dielectric entrost Itpedfl: Inductivo c o p e d ! ? ) .............. Specific gravity at 23/ 15J C ............... StrawYellow None 42 Sec lower then -44 C 4J US StrawYellow None 2400 See -H O C 4JS IJOS Straw. Yollow None 17 S ic -14 C 4J 1JS6 CHEMICAL STABILITY The Pyranols are all chemically stable and are not affected by reaction with other materials used in Pyranol filled equipment. Experience gained from trans formers in service and from factory tests proves that they are nonoxidizing, and th a t the Pyranols show no development of corrosive acidity or insoluble sludge over long periods at high temperatures, even up to 150 C. PHYSIOLOGICAL EFFECTS Normal liquid Condition . Liquid Pyranols, like mineral oils, can be handled a t room temperature without fear of toxic effects. With some individ uals, continued exposure to liquid Pyra nols may, as with mineral oils, produce skin irritations. Cleanliness among work men handling Pyranol is an adequate safe guard against such effects. Ordinary detergents or medicinal washes will re move any irritation caused by bringing Pyranol in contact with an open cut or skin abrasion. A drop or two of castor oil will neutralize any irritation caused by contact of liquid Pyranol with the eyes. Evaporation from Liquid Pyranol - As with most volatile materials, ex posure to concentrated Pyranol vapors in unventilated rooms should be avoided. During the 30 years' experience of the General Electric Company in manufac turing Pyranol, there is no record of any workman requiring first aid or medical assistance because of Pyranol vapors. Products of Decomposition Air-saturated Pyranol at 25 C, when decomposed by an electric arc, evolves finely divided carbon and gases in the following approximate proportions: ` Tranciormar Capacitor Pyranol, Pyranol, No. 1470 No. 1476 Hydrogen Chloride.......... Oxygen ...................... Uataturated hydrocarbon*. Carbon dloxtdn ............ Cerben monoxida. . . . . . . SPahtuortate"d*..h..y..d..r..o..c.a..r..b..o..n..*.... Hydrogen......................... Chlorine.......................... inert (gami). . . . . . . . . . . 97J 0 % OJO .00 1 Jl .00 .00 .00 .00 1J 4 99.0 0 % 0.10 M .00 .00 .00 .00 .00 .00 JO With the exception of the hydrogen chloride, these products of decomposition, which are formed only on failure of the apparatus, are present in such minute proportions as to render it unnecessary even to consider them. Hydrogen-chloride gas is an irritant and gives full warning of its presence, even in small quantities, by its immediately noticeable odor and irritant action on the nasal membranes. All requirements for protection against gases which may be liberated under arc decomposition where Pyranol filled trans formers are installed in restricted loca tions are met by the "all-purpose" gas masks available for use around dry-type and oil-filled transformer installations. DIELECTRIC STRENGTH The dielectric strength of mineral oil, when new, meets the requirements of trade-mark of General Electric Co. GENERAL B ELECTRIC 772542 capacitor, regulator, and transformer use. ` Unfortunately, however, mineral oil oxi dizes, and among the products formed as a result of this oxidation are some of high ' conductivity and low dielectric strength, such as the organic adds and water. Pyranol is not subject to oxidation. Its dielectric strength is independent of its exposure, even to severe oxidizing condi tions during use. The didectric strength of Pyranol is normally of high order. Commercial values higher than 30 lev are customarily expect ed. Like mineral oil, however, Pyranol follows the usual gas-solubility laws. Ex posed to wet air, it will absorb some water, and an equilibrium will be set up between the water in the Pyranol and th at in the air with which it may come in contact. In contact with water, Pyra nol will dissolve the water until a state of saturation is reached. In this respect, Pyranol greatly resembles new mineral oil; but, unlike mineral oil, its ability to absorb or dissolve water does not change materially with use. Because of the nonoxidizing character istics of Pyranol, filtration of this liquid will normally be less frequently required than with mineral oiL.If it should become necessary to dry transformer Pyranol, it can be done in a manner similar to th at used in the drying of mineral oil; that is, by the use of a filter press or a pecially arranged centrifuge. DIELECTRIC CONSTANT The didectric constant of No. 1470 Pyranol is 4.5 a t 25 C, of No. 1476 Py ranol is 4.25 a t 25 C and of No. 1499 Pyranol is 4.8 a t 25 C. These values are practically the same as the didectric constant of the solid insulations used in transformer, regulator, and capacitor de signs, and a more nearly equal distribu tion of didectric stress throughout the insulation structure is obtained than with mineral oil. RESISTIVITY A N D POWER FAC TOR Laboratory tests and careful observa tion throughout many temperature cydes, and over long periods of time, have shown that the resistivity and powerfactor values of capacitor Pyranols are of the same order of magnitude as those of any good mineral oil adapted for use with these products. Tests on samples of transformer and regulator Pyranol re turned from the field, and other tests in the laboratory, indicate th at the power factor will be higher and the resistivity will be lower than those of mineral oil. The high power factor does not indicate degradation of the Pyranol but rather the solution of trace amounts of transformer materials in the liquid. This effect of in creased power factor is not harmful unless didectric strength is affected adversdy. EFFECT OF PYRANO L ON OTHER M ATERIAL Pyranols are stable and chemically inert. Pyranol and its vapors have nc effect on the metals and insulations used in Pyranol filled equipment, but are, in general, powerful solvents of most of the gums, binders, paints, etc., customarily used in oil-filled equipment. For this reason, such materials have been elimi nated from Pyranol filled equipment, and only pr-ner, pressboard, porcelain, and other carefully sdected materials which have proved to be unaffected by Pyranol are used. I t has been found th at the aging of these materials under Pyranol will be approximatdy the same as that under oil. No materials should be used in contact with Pyranol, except those specif ically approved by the General Electric Company. When Pyranol is decomposed by an arc, hydrogen-chloride gas is pro duced. The new No. 1470 Pyranol, and No. 1467 which it has superseded, unlike the No. 1488 Pyranol previously used, chemically neutralizes any of this gas which may have been absorbed in the liquid. Consequently, if there has been no contact with free water or high humid ity, this gas can cause little damage to the organic insulation except in the immedi ate vicinity of the failure. This new No. 1470 Pyranol (and the older No. 1467) enables Pyranol filled apparatus, in the rare case of failure, to be opened, inspected, and repaired as readily as oil-insulated apparatus. Pyranol in which arcing has occurred can usually be returned to a satisfactory condition by filtration through a fuller's earth press. MIXTURE WITH OIL Mineral oil is completely miscible with Pyranol, and it is practically impossible to separate the two materials once they have been mixed. I t is important, there fore, to avoid contamination of Pyranol with mineral oil or other petroleum oils, the presence of which definitely influences the vital characteristics of the non flammability of Pyranol. PRE55URE CAUSED BY ARCING If an arc occurs under the surface of any liquid, the liquid evolves gases. The type of liquid determines the character istics of the gases formed. The amount of energy in the arc and the duration of the arc determine the quantity of the gas produced. In general, protective gear or d rcult-interrupting devices are installed to prevent the evolution of a sufficient amount of gas to rupture the enclosing tank. If the protective gear does not interrupt the arc in time, and no means of release is provided, the gases will be vented by rupture of gasketed joints or, in extreme cases, by rupture of the con tainer itself. Because gases produced by an arc in Pyranol are nonflammable and nonexplosive, it is feasible to relieve the gas pressure in the tank by means of a frangible diaphragm. For indoor installa tions of oil-filled equipment, this method would be undesirable, as the flammable gases released might result in a secondary explosion. * All Pyranol transformers above 25 leva -which are to be installed in buildings' in accordance with the National Electrical Code are provided with such a frangible diaphragm. The frangible diaphragms for indoor Pyranol distribution transformers or Py ranol regulators are so arranged that: (1) a pipe can be attached thereto, through which the gases that are prod ucts of decomposition can be vented to the outside air; or (2) a gas absorber can be attached thereto containing active materials that will absorb the hydrogen chloride which constitutes the major portion of the evolved gases. GENP 004584 For furihar information, contact your nearest G-E Apparato* Saies Offce, Agent, or Distributor GENERAL ELECTRIC 772543 SCHENECTADY, N.Y. OIL, PYRANOL, TESTING AND FILTERING EQUIPMENT Pyranol Insulating Liquid For Transformers and Regulators 57 Pa Fsb.8, IN T R O D U C T IO N Pyranol is the trademark of the General Electric Company for cooling and in sulating materials which genetically are known as askarels. In addition to the desirable characteristics of mineral oil, askarel has the distinctive property of being nonflammable. Transformer Pyranol is compounded to General Electric specifications and is available in several different forms. The type used in any par ticular transformer can be determined from the nameplate. Types 1488, 1467 and 1470 are obsolete. Currently used types are A13B3B and AS0P524. All re placement or make-up orders should be for Type A13B3B. R E Q U ISIT IO N S The Monsanto Chemical Company, St. Louis, Mo., is in a position to supply quantities of A13B3B Pyranol liquid direct to users. AH orders for quantities in excess of 100 gallons should be sent directly to the nearest Monsanto Chemi cal Company office or their St. Louis headquarters. Emergency requirements and small orders of 100 gallons or less can be obtained i n .5-gallon cans or 30-gallon drums from Home, Georgia. Send requisi tions to Renewal Parts Specialist, Gen eral Electric Company, Medium Trans former Department, Redmond Circle, Rome, Georgia 30161. PRICES MEDIUM TKANSFOKMEK.R (OSS) . N et price f.o.b. Rome, Georgia with transportation charges "collect" for A13B3B Pyranol liquid, including nonreturnable containers: 5 gallons, including can........ *$50.00 30 gallons, including d ru m .. . *150.00 C O N T A IN E R S When A13B3B Pyranol liquid is sold a t the prices authorized on this page, the containers become the property of the purchaser, and drums as well as cans are nonreturnable. SHIPPING WEIGHT 5-gallon can and Pyranol liquid...................... 75 lbs 30-gallon drum and ^ r a n o l li q u i d .......................425 lbs PYRANO L INSULATIONS FOR CAPACITORS Requests for information on, or quanti ties of, capacitor Pyranol insulation should be referred to the Manager of Marketing, Capacitor Department, Hud son Falls, New York 12839. Transform er Pyranol should not be used in capacitors. PYRAN O L INSULATING LIQUID FOR OTHER USES When a request for information or an order is received for Pyranol liquid to be used in equipment other than GE trans formers or GE induction regulators, it is necessary for the factory to have certain information before any action can be taken. If proposed use is an electrical one, it will probably be necessary to negotiate for a license under GE patents. The inquirer should write to th e Patent Attorney, Power Transmission Division, 6901 Elmwood Ave., Philadelphia, Penn sylvania, giving proposed use, expected yearly requirements and other general in formation on the product to be manu factured, so to determine if General Electric Pyranol liquid is suitable. If proposed use is not electrical, then a license is probably not required and in formation should be obtained direct from the Monsanto Chemical Company. PYRAN O L TESTING SERVICE The General Electric Company will, on request, test samples of the liquid from Pyranol transformers and feeder voltage regulators. Two types of test are avail able -- Normal Routine Maintenance Tests and Comprehensive Diagnostic Tests. Place requisition on Pittsfield Works (Massachusetts) or Rome Works (Georgia) to cover the preparation of each quart sample and the analysis report of tests results of each sample of the liquid from customer apparatus. Test reports will include: (A ) Routine Maintenance Tests Dielectric Strength Refractive Index Color Water Content Acidity Comments on condition of sample The net price for routine mainte: teats for each Pyranol quart sampL b e . . . ................................................ (B) Comprehensive Tesis Dielectric Strength Specific Gravity Color Acidity Water Content Refractive Index Percent Scavenger Free Chlorides Comments on Condition of Sai The net price for comprehensive ' for each Pyranol sample will b e . . . . . New, dean, one-quart bottles filled' Pyranol liquid will be shipped i receipt of requisition a t Pittsfield, M or Rome, Gel Sampling instructions on the bottle and in GEI-65080. Inv will be issued when the original sam are shipped from Pittsfield, Mass., Rome, Ga., and this charge will em the purchaser to obtain the test result the liquid returned to us for analysis. I f because of emergency reasons samples are in other than GE san battles, effort should be made to obt brown glass bottles preferably new froi drug store. Fruit jars are not to be ua Aluminum foil should be used to line caps. Each bottle should be thoroug rinsed with Pyranol liquid from the u prior to sampling, plainly marked w the serial number of the apparatus fr which the sample was taken, and wheti taken from top or bottom. The tempe ture of the liquid a t the time of sampl) and all other pertinent data should given on a tag attached to each sanq bottle and repeated on the requisite placed to cover the testing service. Billi will be a t the same prices as given in t preceding paragraphs. REQUISITION SERVICE Send requisition and direct any cc respondence about it to: Supervisor, Stock Replacement General Electric Company Building 34, Room 346 100 Woodlawn Avenue Pittsfield, Massachusetts 01201 or Renewal P arts Specialist General Electric Company Redmond Circle Rome, Georgia 30161 UJNF 004585 'kChangtd sine* ion. 25, 1971 Iiiim . NY 700, 701, 702. 711-713, 721-723, 731.737 772544 F/fcu and data t v b f t i to cftongi with G E N E R A L E l .......... 5713 2 Feb. 8,1971 OIL, PYRANOL, TESTING AND FILTERING EQUIPMENT Pyranol Insulating Liquid For Transformers and Regulators Rb i URN OF SAMPLES Samples to be tested should be sent to: Materials Laboratory General Electric Company Building 11-312 100 Woodlawn Avenue Pittsfield, Massachusetts 01201 or Advance Development Engineering General Electric Company Redmond Circle Rome, Georgia 30161 FILTERING If test results indicate th at moisture or other contaminants are present, they can usually be removed by passing the in sulating liquid through a Pyranol purifier. This device may be used either as a paper filter press far drying or with fuller's earth and paper for purifying. For details of the filtering procedure, refer to instruc tions GEH-1031, copies of which are ailable upon request. For information ,u drying and filtering equipment* con tact the nearest General Electric Sales Office. HANDLING AND STORAGE Pyranol contains polychlorinated bi phenyls which some studies have shown may be an environmental contaminant Extreme care should be taken to pre vent any entry into the environment through spills, leakage, use, disposal, vaporization or otherwise. For detailed instructions on the han dling and storage of Pyranol, refer to GEI-65080. ADDITION OF SCAVENGER TO PYRANOL LIQUIDS The advantage of the modem Pyranol mnt-iriflfa A13B3B and A50P524 is inclu sion of a diepoxide scavenger, D5D70A. This hydrogen chloride scavenger can be added to any of the older Pyranol liquids to improve their ability to neutralize the dissolved hydrogen chloride gas which might result from an internal fault. Scavenger addition to reclaimed Pyra nol liquid may be necessary since both the older scavenger, tetraphenyl tin, and the new diepoxide scavenger suffer some depletion during refining, particularly when activated earth is used. The die poxide scavenger, D5D70A, will be used to replenish scavenger deficiencies which occur in any of the Pyranol liquids. The following suggested additions are based on 100 gallons of Pyranol liquid. For quantities other than those shown, either of Pyranol liquid or scavenger, the required value can be obtained by inter polation. Scavenger Concentration by Anolynt (<fe by Weight) Pound* of D3D70A Required OLO 1.90 o m 1.65 om M0 0.06 .90 0JD8 M 0.10 AO PRICES MEDIUM THANSPORMER.R (0*6) N et price f.o.b. Rome for Compound D5D70A, including container and boxing: 1 quart can (2 pounds)........ .. .$5.00 1 gallon can (8 pounds).............. 16.00 NOTE: Minimum Order............29,00 Cans should not be opened until the compound is to be put into the Pyranol liquid. Size of can should, therefore, be selected to total the required quantity. PERFORMANCE OF PYRANOL LIQUID WITH OTHER MATERIALS Pyranol liquid is stable and chemically Inert. I t has no effect on the metals and insulation used in Pyranol filled equip ment but is, in general, a powerful solvent for most of the gums, binders, paints, ete., customarily used in oil-filled equipment. For this reason* such materials have been eliminated from Pyranol filled equipment and only carefully selected materials which have proved to be unaffected by the Pyranol liquid are used. I t has been found th at the ageing of these materials under Pyranol liquid will be approxi mately the same as under oiL There will be* however, a leaching effect of trace amounts of Pyranol soluble polar compounds from the ma terials of construction. These trace com pounds have an exaggerated effect on certain electrical measurements com monly used to judge the condition of mineral insulating oiL Tests on samples of transformer and regulator Pyranol ma terials returned from the field, and other tests in the laboratory, indicate that the power factor will be higher and the resistivity will be lower than those of mineral oiL MIXTURE WITH OIL Mineral oil is completely miscible with Pyranol liquid and it is practically impos sible to separate the two materials once they have been mixed. I t is important, therefore, to avoid contamination of the Pyranol liquid with mineral oil or other petroleum oils, the presence of which definitely influences the vital character istics of the nonflammability of Pyranol material. PRESSURE CAUSED BY ARCING All Pyranol insulated transformers above 25 KVA which are to be installed in buildings in accordance with the National Electrical Code are provided with a mechanical, self-resetting relief device. The pressure reliefs for indoor Pyranol transformers or Pyranol regulators are so arranged that: (1) A pipe can be attached thereto through which the gases which are products of arcing can be vented to the outside air; (2) A gas absorber can be attached thereto containing active materials th at will absorb the hydrogen chloride which constitutes the major portion of the evolved gases, PHYSIOLOGICAL EFFECTS Pyranol liquids, like mineral oils* can be handled at room temperature without fear of toxic effects. With most indi viduals, exposure of sensitive areas of the skin to Pyranol liquids will produce skin irritations. Cleanliness among workmen handling the material is an adequate safe guard against such effects. Ordinary detergents or medicinal washes m il re move any irritation caused by bringing the liquid in contact with an open cut or skin abrasion. A drop or two of castor oil will neutralize any irritation caused by contact of Pyranol liquid with the eyes. No thcrtga *nc Jan. 23, 1971 luvt. 772545 We end datatubjaettochange without noflea G E N E R A L ELECTRIC OIL, PYRANOL, TESTING AND FILTERING EQUIPMENT Pyranol Insulating Liquid Far Transformers and Regulators PROPERTIES OF PYRANO L LIQUIDS Property Pyranal Al 3838 Pyranol A50P524 ASTM Tett Method Addtty, max, mg KOH/g Color, APHA, max Condition Chloride*, inorganic, max, ppm Dielectric conitont at 100 Cand 1 kv .014 ISO Cteor 0.1 3cfi to 4*3 0.014 150 Gear 0.1 4 A to 4.9 Oiafactric itrangth, min, kv Fir* point Pour paint, max, dog C Refractive Indox Scavenger content, porconh D5D70A 35 none to boiling -44 1.6075 to 1.4005 0.115 to 0.135 35 none to boiling -30 1.6146 to 1.6166 0.115 to 0.135 Specific gravity Coaffidant o# thermal expantlon, cm1/cm1 dog C VUecMty, Saybolt Univonal, m c at 37.8 C Wafer content, max, ppm 1.560 to 1-571 0.007 * 41 to 45 30 1412 to M 25 0.007 50 to 55 30 0 974,0 664 D 2129 (Visual) 0 1821 0 924 0 877 0 92 0 97 0 1807 0 1810 0 1903 0 88 0 1533 57 Pi Aug. 1 GENP 004587 Campele rrvition line* Iip f. 30, 1963 Inv*.* * -- *'*' 1.733. 731-737 772546 Beta luh'tMt to tht SEERA  I#I t\# IVI1w u^juoua Pyranol Insulating Liquid IN T R O D U C T IO N Pyranol insulating liquid is an iskmrei which has been compounded to General Electric Company specifica* tions and contains polychlorinated hi* phenyls (PCB's). Caro should be taken to prevent any entry of this material into the environment through tpSla, leakage, oh,disposal, vaporilatipo or otherwise. Materials that are unaffected by Py ranol have been selected for use in con structing Pyranol transformers and no substitutes should be made for these materials without the approval of the General Electric Company. These instructions contain certain excerpts from NEMA Publication No. TR-P6-1973 and/or ANSI standards C107.1 concerning techniques for hand ling and disposing of askarels and askarel-contaminated materials. For fur ther information on this subject the user is referred to the latest revisions of these publications. SAFETY PRECAUTIONS Based on a long period of safe indus trial usage, it is generally thought that exposure to Pyranol is relatively harm less to humans. However, it is still rec ommended that exposure be held to a minimum. VAPORS Breathing of concentrated vapors in poorly ventilated areas or of fumes from heated Pyranol should be avoid ed. High concentrations of vapors can cause irritation of the eyes, nose, throat and upper respiratory tract. CAUTION - Hydrogen chloride gas is formed when Pyranol is decomposed by an electrical arc. Although a sca venger is added to chemically neutral ize any of this gas dissolved in the li quid. some free gas may be present. This gas is an irritant and the inhala tion of large quantities can be danger ous and harmful to personnel. The presence of hydrogen chloride gas even in small quantities is readily detectable by its strong odor and irritant action on the nasal membranes. Should anyone be exposed to a quantity of this gas, immediately escort him to fresh air. If exposure to high concentrations of Pyranol or its arced products is neces sary under emergency conditions, aa approved gas mask of the organic canister-type or self-contained breath ing apparatus must be worn. Such ex posure should be under the surveil lance of other personnel capable of res cue in case of accident. If the odor of Pyranol or its arced products is detec ted by the person wearing protective equipment, he should immediately go into fresh air. All gas masks, respira tors and replacement parts should have Bureau of Mines approval and be main tained on a regular schedule in accord ance with the manufacturer's recom mendation. LIQUID Unlike mineral insulating oil, there is no fire hazard in handling Pyranol. A limited solvent action (similar to that for paint thinner) on the fats and oils of the skin with prolonged contact may lead to drying and chapping of the skin. As with insulating oil, some people are allergic to Pyranol and continued ex posure may result in skin irritation. Both the liquid and vapor are moder ately irritating to eye tissue. Operating procedures should require avoidance of contact with Pyranol. The use of porous gloves which can absorb and retain Pyranol is to be avoided. Resistant gloves and aprons of the neo prene, polyethylene, viton type should be used if contact is unavoidable. In case of spillage on the clothing, the clothing should be removed as soon as practical, the skin washed and the . clothing laundered. Medicinal washes or mild detergents followed by the application of cold cream will reduce the irritation resulting when Pyranol comes in con tact with an open cut or abrasion. Safety glasses with side shields or a face shield should be worn when hand ling Pyranol. Eyes which have been ex posed to the liquid should be irrigated immediately with large quantities of running water for 15 minutes and then examined by a physician if the irrita tion persists. (A drap of castor oil has been found to reduce irritation.) Persons developing a skin irritation or respiratory tract irritation while working with Pyranol should be placed under supervision of a physician. Ingestion or swallowing of Pyranol is not generally regarded as a problem of the industry. Should accidental inges tion occur, a physician should be con sulted. Hands should be washed with warm water and soap before eating, drinking, smoking or using toilet facili ties. RECEIVING, H A N D LIN G A N D STORING RECEIVING Immediately upon receipt of a Pyra nol-filled transformer or shipping drums containing Pyranol an examina tion should be made for leaks. If leak age is evident either at this time or at any time thereafter, the cause should be corrected and the spillage soaked up with absorbent materials such as saw dust or fuller's earth, followed by a clean-up of the affected area with rags soaked with kerosene or other ap proved solvent such as perchloroethylene or trichloroethylene. AU materials used should be collected for proper dis position as described under "Disposai". HANDLING On those infrequent occasions when the Pyranol is removed for shipment, the transformer will be shipped gas filled and is to be liquid fiUed at instal lation. (Refer to separate installation instructions for filling procedures.) If the transformer is located outdoors, adequate precautions must be. taken to insure that no dirt or moisture enters 7fcaa iaa r aa# ar aatafaM tatw ra Is Aa a a a, a w a r l fa cavar aU datm U a r variati## f a # w far # * aa ha aa ra a r ytaaM H a rin a C a p aa r. aar ta a ra *tm tar rw ry p a u iM a ca-- '-o -a r, ta ha *a t ta r u a fia# t y i h t a i ar<m atach ara mai a rara raicam tlf fa r M a m m rlm am 't a n a a GENERAL m ELECTRIC g en po o 4588 772547 G EI-650S0B P y ran o l In su la tin g Liquid the Pyranol during tho filling open- FILLED WITH PYRANOL INSU turn. Before opening s container of Py LATING LIQUID. THIS PRODUCT ranol allow it to ctaad until the liquid ia CONTAINS POLYCHLORINATED aali,tr.least aa warm aa the surrounding BIPHENYLS (PCB'S). CA R E SHOULD BE TAKEN TO PRE Before placing the Pyranol in the VENT ITS ENTRY INTO THE EN VIRONMENT. IF A SPILL OR transformer take a sample from each LEAK DOES OCCUR NOTIFY THE container and make dielectric test as PROPER FEDERAL AND STATE tiffined under "Sampling" and "Test- AGENCIES IMMEDIATELY. g". If the tests are unsatisfactory, re store the dielectric strength before STORAGE placing the Pyranol in the transformer. Em transferring from containers to transformer it is recommended the liquid bo passed through a fil ter press to remove any undetected moisture or sediment which may be present. Shipping drums should be stored in doors in an area especially selected for this purpose. A curb should enclose the area to provide a basin for containing the Pyranol from one or more drums should they become damaged. The area must not have a drain which is connect LPyranol must be handled in contain- ed to a sanitary or storm sewer. i. pipes, all-metal hoses, etc., which If necessary to store drums or cans are free from oO, grease, pitch, or containing Pyranol outdoors, protect other foreign materials, since these the containers from the weather and contaminate the liquid and decrease its direct contact with water. Regardless nonflammable properties. All appara of location, all drums should be stored tus used in sampling, filtering, storing, in a position which results in the bungs or transporting Pyranol must be main being under a positive pressure. Do not tained for exclusive use with Pyranol, open a drum or can until the Pyranol is since it is extremely difficult to remove actually needed. Any change in tem all traces of oil or other Pyranol con perature while the containers are open taminants from equipment of this type. will cause an exchange or air with the Also, mineral oil is completely miscible possibility of moisture entering the Py in Pyranol, and it is practically impos ranol. Partially emptied drums must be sible to separate the two liquids after tightly resealed and stored in the same they have been mixed. manner as above. |All-metal hose must be used in hand ling Pyranol since rubber and rubber- PERIODIC INSPECTION lined hoses are dissolved by Pyranol. This is also true of synthetic rubber hose. |Use kerosene or other approved sol vent to remove all traces of Pyranol on th|e outside of the transformer tank. This precaution should be taken since Pyranol has a tendency to soften the paint. Examine the external surfaces of the transformer at intervals to see that the paint is unharmed. If places are found where the paint has been attacked, thoroughly desn the surface and repaint with a good grade of dura ble paint recommended by the General Electric Company. All Pyranol-con- The insulating liquid must be main tained at the proper level (see name plate) and for the longest possible serv ice life of the transformer, the dielec tric strength of the Pyranol should be maintained at a high value. It is recom mended. therefore, that the liquid be sampled and tested after the first few days of operation, again after six months, and yearly thereafter. Keep accurate records of the tests and filter or replace the liquid as indicated. The entire transformer should also be thorroighly checked for leaks at these sane intervals. taminated materials are to be collected for proper disposition as outlined under "Disposal". Snipping Notice SAM PLING Pyranol samples should be taken in a manner to avoid any contamination of the environment. All rinsings and con whenever any Pyranol-filled trans taminated materials should be collec former or shipping drum is placed in ted in suitable containers for disposi transit it should be identified with a tion as outlined under "Disposal". prpminent label containing the follow ing warning or words to this effect: NOTICE TO CARRIER ACTION YOU ARE HANDLING A TRANSFORMER iOR DRUMS) The accuracy of test data can be seri ously affected hv improper sampling. In order to obtain consistent results it i- recommended that the methods out lined in the fnlkminif paragraphs he observed. Strict attention should bo given to the cleaning and drying of sampling and testing receptacles. Samples should be taken when the insulating liquid is at least as warm as the sur rounding air to avoid the possibility of moisture condensation. If the trans former or drum is outdoors, the sample should be taken on a clear day with precautions being taken to guard against contamination by windblown dust, etc. Observe the following pro cedure to obtain consistent results from samples taken either for .field or factory tests. SAMPLING FROM TRANSFORMERS 1. Impurities which tend to affect the dielectric strength of Pyranol will generally be found at the top and therefore the sampling valve is located on the side of the tank about one inch below the 25C liquid level. 2. Samples should be collected in one quart, small neck, brown glass bottles with foil lined screw caps. If de sired, glass sampling bottles may be obtained from the General Electric Company as explained under "Testing Service." 3. To clean the bottles, rinse with non-leaded, oil-free gasoline. Then wash with strong soapsuds, rinse thor oughly with distilled water, and dry in an oven at 1Q5C to HOC for at least 8 hours. After drying, the bottles must be tightly sealed. Store them in a dry. dust-free cabinet or compartment. 4. Carefully clean the sampling valve or plug and allow enough insula ting liquid to run out to remove any moisture or foreign m atter which may have collected. 5. Rinse the bottle carefully, at least three times, with small portions of liq uid drawn from the sampling valve. Al low the sampling bottle to drain thor oughly between rinses. 6. Draw a sample into the bottle, leaving sufficient air space to allow for possible expansion of the liquid. Reseal the transformer and carefully seal the container to prevent exposure to the atmosphere. 7/ When making repeated samp lings, observe the transformer liquid level and add make-up as required. SAMPLING FROM DRUMS 1. Drums should remain undisturb ed for at least eight hours before being sampled. 2. Glass thieves should be rleane<i. I 2 772548 GENP 004589 r-yranoi in su ia iin g U q u ia GEi-608QB standard conditions of voltage applica in an ice bath, removing and stirring tion (3kV per second rise). If the cup and then redipping, etc. has a dielectric strength above 25 kV, it ia considered suitable for testing pur poses. Observe the usual precautions in handling gasoline. 3. Observe the sample carefully and note the temperature- at which initial cloudiness appears. Wipe the outside of the tube with a clean rag or paper 4. Immediately after the final rins towel to facilitate observation of the ing with gasoline, rinse the test cup sUght moisture cloud that may form. with the sample under investigation, Compare to clean insulating liquid at and proceed with the test at once, ambient temperature in a similar tube 5. The temperature of the sample when tested should be the same as that of the room, which should be between 20 C and 30 C (68 F and 88 F). Tests if necessary. Examination for the pres ence of a cloud should preferably be made against a dark background and not directly into the sunlight. . made on samples above this tempera 4. If cloudiness appears at 20 C or a- ture can be misleading. Under no cir bove, high to excessive moisture con cumstances should the test cup be cold tent is indicated. er than the sample being tested. A. Inspect the unit for free water 6. Agitate the sample gently before on the surface of the Pyranol. Fig. 1 Typical portablm d/wtactrtc fa st am* dried, find stored in the same manner each filling to prevent variations in re sults due to a settling of contaminants. Pour the liquid into the receptacle slowly to avoid the formation of air bubbles and fill to overflowing. If air bubbles are present, gently rock the test cup a few times and wait at least 3 minutes before applying voltage. B. If free water is not present, a sample should be forwarded to the Laboratory for a quan titative analysis and recom mendations on treatment of the unit. See "Testing Serv ice." as outlined for bottles. 7. Fill the cup at least five times, 5. If cloudiness does not appear until 3. Take the sample from the top oimaking one test per filling, and the temperature is below 20 C, an ac the drum, observing the precautions average the results. ceptable moisture content range is in previously outlined. dicated. Since the Pyranol is a major portion TESTING of the insulation system in the trans 8. This field test for moisture should former, its dielectric strength should be regarded as a rough test only and if Field and laboratory test samples, washings, etc., should also be collected for proper disposal. Prior to testing, the sample should be examined visually for the presence of moisture, either in the form of separate droplets or as a cloud dispersed throughout the Pyranol..and for particles of insulation, evidence of carbonization, etc. DIELECTRIC STRENGTH A variety of high-voltage dielectric testing equipment may be purchased from the General Electrie Company. A typical portable test set (Model No. 9T11Y8454) is shown in Fig. 1 and various console models are also availa ble. Follow the technique specified bv the American Society for Testing and Materials. Designation: D8T7. The fol be maintained as high as possible. A low breakdown voltage is an indication that impurities such as mositure. eonducting dust, lint, or carbonized parti cles have entered the liquid. Pyranol testing lower than 26kV (30 kV when new) should either be filtered to bring it back to its original condition or be re placed, depending on the condition of the liquid and economic considerations. Under normal operating conditions values of 30 kV and above can be main tained. FIELD TEST FOR MOISTURE CONTENT The following field test can be used to detect the presence of excessive amounts of moisture in the insulating liquid: there is any reason to question the con dition of th insulating liquid, a sample should be sent to a laboratory for an ac curate analysis. .T S IN G SERVICE Where suitable equipment and quali fied personnel are not available for con ducting the necessary teats, the user may wish to avail himself of the fo llo w ing testing service qffered by the General Electric Company. This serv ice includes preparation of the sample bottle, laboratory analysis, report of test results and recommendations on continued use or treatment. Upou receipt of an order through one of its apparatus Sales Offices, the Com pany will furnish the required lowing paragraphs give a general out 1. Obtain a sample of the insulating one-quart sample bottles. These will be line of the procedure. liquid when the transformer is at oper cleaned and dried at the factory and to 1. Set the spacing of the 1-inch di ameter electrodes at 0.100-inch.23 2. Wipe the test cup and electrodes clean with dry, calendered tissue or clean, dry chamois and thoroughly rinse with non-leaded, oil-free, dry gasoline. ating temperature. (Preferably above 40 C.) 2. Starting with the hot sample, rinse a dean, dry test tube with the liq uid to be tested, fill half full and stir continuously with a centigrade ther mometer while cooling to approximate ly 20 C. Cool as much as possible in the insure dryness will be shipped contain ing a small desiccant which is to be dis carded prior to sampling. Since reliable tests are dependent upon reliable samples, the sampling procedures de scribed under "Sampline" and on the bottle itself should be carefully ob served. 3. Fill the test cup with dry gasoline ambient air and complete the cooline Return sample containers to the and make a breakdown test under by momentarily dipping the test tubi Laboratory. Medium Transformer Pro- 3 GENP 004590 772549 to determine when the Altering medi um should be replaced. Fig. 2 Typical P yra n o l purifier ducts Department, General Electric Company, Rome, Georgia 30161. Pack thes;e samples carefully to avoid breakage in transit. Recommendations for con tinued use or treatment will be furushed based on the following tests coni ducted in accordance with the indicated ASTM methods. Dielectric strength, D877 Acidity, D974 , W ater content, D1533 the filtering procedure refer to instruc tions GEH-103I, copies of which are available upon request. For information on drying and filtering equipment con tact the nearest apparatus Sales Office of the General Electric Company. When Altering or conditioning Pyra nol, all of the precautions previously described for handling and disposal also apply to the Alter papers, fuller's earth, etc. involved in this operation. See "Disposal". NOTE A scavenger has beeiradded to the Pyranol to chemically neutralize any hydrogen chloride gas which may be absorbed by the liquid as a result of arcing. A portion of this scavenger may be lost during filtering operations, es pecially .if the Pyranol is passed through fuller's earth. A test should therefore be made following Altering to determine how much of the scavenger has been lost and the quantity required to restore the Pyranol to its original condition. Laboratory testing facilities are available through the General Electrie Company as outlined under "Test ing Service." A transformer contaminated with moisture may not only have moisture suspended in the insulating liquid, but may also have it in the windings and in sulation. The most efficient tempera ture for Altering moisture from the Pyranol is between 20 C and 40 C. but at this temperature the transfer of moisture from the windings and'insula tion to the insulating liquid is quite slow. If the dielectric strength of the Pyra nol is still below 30 kV after Altering, consult the nearest apparatus Sales Office of the General Electric Company for additional information including possible recommendations on drying t he entire transformer. Color, D2129 Condition (Visual), D1702 Scavenger content (when requested), D1701 Be sure to answer the questions on the sample bottle label. This informa tion is essential if conclusions or recomme^dations are to be made concerning the sample. F or. further information coniRenting specific problems, consult the nearest apparatus Sales Office of the General Electric Company. If the Pyranol in question is known to be high)y contaminated, transactions con cerining sampling, testing, returning for reclamation or credit, etc., should be handled directly with the Monsanto Chemical Co., St. Louis, Missouri. FILTERING U test results indicate that moisture or other contaminants are present, they can usually be removed by passing the insulating liquid throuh a Pyninol purifier (Fig. 2). This device may be used either as a paper filter press for drying or with fuller's earth and paper for purifying. For details of Filtration can be accomplished in the transformer or other container by cir culating the Pyranol from the top to the bottom through a filter press. How ever, this method is quite slow since the Altered Pyranol is continuously be ing mixed with the unfiltered. Filtering can be done faster and more efficiently by passing the liquid from the trans former, through the Alter and into a separate, clean, dry container and then back through the Alter again to refill the transformer. In this manner all of the Pyranol will be given two complete passes through the Alter press. If addi tional Altering is still required, the en tire procedure can be repeated. The Alter press will not remove large quantities of free water from the Pyra nol. When a large quantity of free wa ter is introduced into the Alter it will be passed on through, emerging as finely divided droplets dispersed throughout the Pyranol. Therefore, if free water is present it should be removed before filtering is started. As moisture is ex tracted from the Pyranol during the drying process, the filtering medium will become wet. Frequent samples of the outgoing Pyranol should be tested DISPO SAL Disposal of Pyranol. and Pyranolsoaked materials should be accomplish ed by means in which there ie no signif icant release of Pyranol to the environ ment. Methods employed for this pur pose include incineration of liquids and soaked software under carefully con trolled conditions at very high temper atures and by controlled landfill burial of apparatus and other hardware. A number of commercial firms have es tablished Pyranol disposal facilities: of this type as indicated under "Disposal Services". The ultimate disposal of a PyranolAiled transformer may be accomplished by draining the Pyranol and then thor oughly flushing the interior with kero sene or other approved solvent such as perchloroethylene or trichloroethy lene. After removal of the PCB's in this manner the transformer is to be dis mantled with the burnable solids such as wood, cellulosic insulation, gaskets, etc. being set aside for proper disposal .long with the accumulation of all quids, washings, soaked rags. etc. he remaining metallic components GENP 004591 772550 eta then be handled u normal serap. Shipping drums should likewise bo drained and flushod before being hand* ltd as normil serap. DISPOSAL SERVICES In addition to tho supervised dry landfill sites which may be used for the disposal of Pyranol*contaminated serap, the following organizations may be eontaeted concerning use of their in* dneration and/or landfill facilities. These firms offer a variety of services at a number of locations and therefore it is generally advisable to make sever* al inquiries in order to determine which is best suited to handle a particular dis posal problem. Specific disposal pro cedures, shipping instructions and cost should be discussed. Other firms may also offer suitable facilities from time to time so additional inquiries may be in order. If preferred, any of the Gen* eral Electric Company Apparatus Service Shops may be contacted to serve as an intermediary. Known home officies and phone numbers include*. Chem*Trol Palution Services, Ine. 4818 Lake Avenue Blasdell, New York 14219 716*828*5850 Monsanto Company 800 N. Lindbergh Blvd. St. Louis, Missouri 63166 314*694*3352 Nudear Engineering Company P. 0 . Box 146 Morehead, Kentucky 40351 606*784*6611 Rollins-Pure, Ine. P. O. Box 3349 Wilmington, Delaware 19899 302*478-5150 GENP 004592 772551 MEDIUM TRANSFORMER PRODUCTS DEPARTMENT CENERAI ELECTRIC CO M PANY R O M !, GEORGIA 30141 GENERAL ELECTRIC GENP 004593 ^2552 Pyranol Insulating Liquid AND Transformer Drying INTRODUCTION escort hkn to fresh air. Pyranol Insulating liquid la compounded to General Electric spedf!re tinae and la available in several differant form*. Tha typa uaad in any par ticular transformer can ba datarminad from tha nameplate. Matarials that a n unaffected by Pyranol hava boon aalactad for uaa in constructing Pyranol transformer* and no aubititutaa should ba mada for thaaa matariala without tha approval of tha Qanoral Eloctrie Com pany. Pyranol e o n t a l n a polychlorinatad biphenyls, w h i c h soma itudlaa hava shown may ba an environmental con taminant. Extreme c a n should bo takan to pravant any ontry into tha environmcnt through spills, leakage, use, dis posal, vaporisation or otherwise. For furthar information, rafor .to tha naanaat Salaa Office of tha General Elaetric Company. HANDLING AN D STORING Transformer Pyranol can bo handlad in tha tarn# mannar aa minoral oiL Al though continuad exposure to liquid Pyranol may product local aldn irrita tions, doanllneaa among workman con stitute an adequate safeguard against such affects. Ordinary medicinal washes will remove any irritation caused by Pyranol coming into contact' with an open cut or skin abrasion. A drop of castor oil will neutralise any irritation caused by contact of Pyranol with tha eyas. Aa with most volatile matariala, exposura to concentrated Pyranol vapors in unventilated rooms should bo avoided. CAUTION-- Hydrogen chloride gaa Is formed whan Pyranol la decomposed by an electrical arc. Although a scavenger is added to chemically neutralize any of this gas dissolved in the liquid, some free gas may be present. This gaa is an irritant and the inhalation of large quantities can bo dangerous and harm ful to personnel. T he presence of hydro gen chloride gaa even in small quanti ties is readily detectable by its strong odor and irritant action on the nasal membranes. Should anyone be exposed to a quantity of this gas, immediately On those infrequent occasions when tha Pyranol la removed for shipment, the transformer will bo shipped gas filled and is to bo liquid filled at in stallation. Refer to separate instructions on "Installation and Maintenance". If the transformer is located outdoor*, ade quate precautions must ba takan to insura that no dirt or moisturo enters the Pyranol during tha filling operation. Before opening a container of Pyranol allow it to stand until tha liquid !a at laast as warm as tha surrounding air. Before piecing the Pyranol buulatbig liquid in tha transformer take a sam ple from each container and make di electric test aa outlined under "Sam pling" and "Testing''. If tha testa are unsatisfactory, restore the dlolactrie strength before placing tha Pyranol in tha transformer. When transferring from container* to tha transformer it is rec ommended that tha liquid be passed through a filter presa t o . remove any undetected moisture or sediment which may bo present. Pyranol must be handlad In contain ers, pipes, all-metal hoses, e tc , which era free from oil, grease, pitch, or other foreign matariala, since theta contami nate the liquid and deeraeia its non flammable properties. It is. desirable that all apparatus used in sampling, fil tering, storing, or transporting Pyranol bo maintained for exclusive use with Pyranol, tinea it ia extremely difficult to remove all trace* of oil or other Pyranol contaminants from equipment of this type. Also, mineral oil la com.plataly miaciblo In Pyranol, and it ia practically impossible to separate tha two liquids aftev they have bean mixed. 9 * All-metal ticks must be used in han dling Pyranol since rubber and rubberlined hoses are dissolved by Pyranol. This is alto true of synthetic rubber hose. Use a petroleum solvent to remove all traces of Pyranol on the outside of the transformer tank. This precaution should bo taken since Pyranol has a tendency to soften the paint. Examine the external surfaces of tha transformer at intervals to sea that tha paint is unharmed. I f places are found where the paint has been attacked, thoroughly clean tha surface and repaint with a good grade o f durable paint recommend ed by tha General Electric Company. If necessary to store drums or cans containing Pyranol outdoors, protect the containers from tha weather and direct contact with water. Regardless of loca tion, all drums should ba stored in a position which results in the bungs be ing under a positive pressure. Do not open a drum or can until tha Pyranol is actually needed. Any change in tem prature while the container* ere open will cause an exchange of air with tha possibility of moisture entering tha Pyranol. Partially emptied drums must ha tightly m e a le d and stored in the same mannar as above. PERIODIC INSPECTION Tha Pyranol must ba maintained at tha proper level in the transformer and its dielectric strength should bo tested after tha first faw days of operation, again after six months, and yearly there after. Keep accurate records of tha testa and filter or replace tha Pyranol as required. SA M P L IN G The accuracy of test data can ba seri ously affected by improper sampling. In order to obtain consistent results it la recommended that the methods out lined in the following paragraphs be observed. Strict attention should ba given to the cleaning and drying of sampling and testing receptacles. Samples should be takan when the insulating liquid is at least as warm aa the surrounding air to avoid the possibility of moisture condensation. If tha transformer or drum is outdoors, the sample should be taken on a clear day with precautions being taken to guard against contamina tion by windblown dust. etc. The most important features of the sampling pro cedures are outlined ' in the following ueps: ftm m u w w iM i 4 a oat purpart ta tara r all d rta ili a r ra riatia a i ta a p n a m rrt ar ta prar>a tar a ra ra p aim U a ta *r> -g *rr la ba m at > t i-- ih m irti laiialfaftaa oemt . r>a* a r mataaaamaaa. Sh art Ir r it a r m lararatiaa ba 4 a t *a 4 ar ifcaald ra rfitrla r ori r t m arm a ara aal a ra ra * *rffic>t*ur far rita a r t J a a r 'i m m rita m attar jiaairt ka rafarra la iba Z rrtm ai (latin e C aap aar- GENERAL ELECTRIC GENP 004594 772553 GEI-65080A Pyronol Insulating Liquid and Transformar Drying SAMFLING FROM DRUMS 1. Drums should remain undisturbed for at laast eight houn before being sampled. 2. Glass thieves should ba cleaned, dried, and stored in tha tarns manner as outlined for bottles. 3. T ain tha sample from tha top of tha drum, obsarving tha precautions previously outlined. TESTING DIELECTRIC STRENGTH A variety of high-voltage dielectric testing equipment may be purchased from the General Electric Company. Typical stationary test equipment la shown in Figs. 1 and 2. A smaller, lightweight, portable unit is also avail Fig, 1, Typical high-valtagm A-C able. Follow tha technique specified by the American Society for Testing and test set Materials, Designation: D877. The fol lowing paragraphs give a general out SAMPLING FROM TRANSFORMERS line of the procedure: 1. Set the spacing of the 1-inefa di 1. Impurities which tend ta affect thaameter electrodes at 0.100-inch. dielectric strength of Pyranol will gen- rally be found at tha top and than* 2. W ipe the test cup end electrodes fora tha sampling valva ia located on clean with dry, calendered tissue or the side of the tank about one inch clean, dry chamois and thoroughly rinse below tha 2SC liquid lavaL with non-leaded, oil-free, dry gasoline. | 2. A ana-quart, small-nock, brewn- 3. Fill the test rap with dry gasoline glaia botxla ia recommended for samp and malm e breakdown test under ling purposes. D o 'n o t use rubber stop standard conditions of voltage applica pers or rings. If desired, glass sampling tion (3kv per second rise). If the cup bottles may be obtained from the Gen has a dielectric strength above 23 lev, eral Electric C o m p a n y as explained it is considered suitable for testing pur under "Tasting Service." poses. Observe the usual precautions in | 3. To clean the bottles,, rinse with handling gasolina. Ion-leaded, ail-free gosoline. Then waih ith strong soapsuds, rinse thoroughly vjrith distilled water, and dry tn an oven at 103C to 'IOC for at least 8 hours. After drying, the bottles must be tightly 4. Immediately after the final rinsing with gasoline, rinse the test cup with the sample under investigation, and proceed with the test at once, sealed.' Store tham in a dry, dust-free 5. The temperature of the samp/e cabinet or compartment. when tested should be tAe sem e ea that ol tAe room, which should bo between 4. Carefully clean the sampling valve*20 C and 30 C (6 8 P and 86 F ). Testa or plug and allow enough insulating made on samples above this tempera liquid to run out to remove any mois ture can be misleading. Under no cir ture or foreign matter which may have cumstances should the test rap be cold collected. er than the sample being tested. 5. Rinse the bottle carefully, at least 6. Agitate the sample gently before three times, with small portions of each filling to prevent variations in liquid drawn from the sampling valve. results due to a settling of contaminants. Allow the sampling battle to drain Pour the liquid into the receptacle i horoughly between rinses. 'lowly to avoid the formation of air 6. Draw a "ample into the bottle, leaving sufficient air space to allow for liossible expansion of the liquid. Re'*al the transformer and careful!v sent bubbles and fill to overflowing. If air buhhles are present, genilv rock the test 'up a few times jnd wait at least .1 minutes be for** .ipplvitig voltage. i lie container to prevent exposure to 7 Fill the n ip .it I-.ist five time* tie atmosphere.7 m.ikmu i'll** t>'*t per fi'limi. ,tnJ .ivemu- 7 When making repented samplings. iliv ---nit* !"'*rv- he transformer liquid '.-.el and Sini'r. (' P\ e . t* i major portin'' III rn.iln.-up as required. it tlie i:i*ul,.ti. ;i *v*tem in the imn< former, its dielectric strength should be maintained as high at possible. A low -breakdown voltage is an indication that impurities such as moisture, con ducting dust, lint, or carbonised par ticles have entered the liquid. Pyranol testing lower than 26kv (30 lev when new) should either be filtered to bring it back to its original condition or be replaced, depending on the condition of tha liquid and economic considera tion s Under normal operating condi tion* values of 30 lev and above can be maintained. OTHER TESTS Although a' low dielectric strength indicates the presence of contaminants, a high value is not always a certain indication of their absence; A number of other tests can be performed an an insulating liquid to determine its con dition and therefore no one test should be considered conclusive. AST M Dosig nition: D 901 defines the standard tests and contains cross references to other ASTM Designations for detailed descriptions of each method. Where suitable equipment and qualified per sonnel are not available for conducting them tecta, samples can be returned to tha factory for laboratory analysis as outlined under "Testing Service". U se sample bottle* supplied by the General Electric Company for this purpose. Water Content The presence of free water may ba disclosed by visual examination in tha form of separata droplets or as a cloud dispersed.throughout the Pyranol. How ever, water in solution cannot be de tected visually and therefore tha Karl Fischer Reagent method (ASTM Des ignation: D 1533) is recommended as a means of determining total water in tha Pyranol in parti per million. TESTING SERVICE For convenience-in sampling and test- Fig, 2. ASTM test cell mounted . an cage 772554 GENP 004595 inf, the General Electrie Company will, upon receipt of an ordar covering that, actual coat of tasting, furnish one-quart ampia bottle* Thaee rill bo doanod and driad at tho factory and to insuro drynaaa rill bo fhippad cnntxhilwg a mall daiiccant which la to bo discard* ad prior to sampling. Sisco roliablo taita aro dependant upon r o l i a b l o samples, the sampling procedures d ^ scribed under "Sampling" and on tho battle itself should be carefully obserr- f Send samples to the Laboratory, Medium Transformer Department, Gen eral Electric Company, Rome, Georgia. Pack these samples carefully to avoid breakage in transit Recommandations for continued use or treatment will be furnished, based on tho following tests: 1. Dielectric strength 2. Acidity 3. Water content Fig. 3. Typical Pyranol purilimr 4. Color 5. Condition 9. Scavenger content (whan re quested) Be sure to answer the questions on the sample battle label. This informa tion is essential if conclusions or recom mendations are to be made concerning the sample. .Additional testing services are available should the need arise. For further information concerning specific problems, consult tho nearest Apparatus Sales Office of tho General Electric Company. If the Pyranol in quastien it known to bo highly contaminated, trans actions concerning sampling, testing, re turning for reclamation or credit, ate., should bo handled directly with the Monsanto Chemical Co., St. Louis, Mis souri. FILTERING If tost results indicate that moisture or ocher contaminants are present, they can usually be removed by passing ths insulating liquid through a Pyranol purifier (Fig. 3 ). This device may be used either aa a papar filtar press for drying or with fuller's earth and paper for purifying. For details of tho filtering procedure refer to instructions GEH-1031, copies of which are avail able upon request. For information on drying and filtering equipment contact the nearest Apparatus Sales Office of the General Electric Company. Filtration can be accomplished in th transformer or other container by cir culating the Pyranor from the top to the bottom through a filter press. How ever. this method is quite slow since the filtered Pyranol is continuously be rna mixed with the unfiltered. Filtering can be done faster and more efficiently by passing the liquid into a separate, clean, dry container. In this manner, all of the Pyranol is given one complete pass through the filter press..If addition al filtering is required, the pyranol ean than be filtered back into the trans form . Tho filter press will not remove large quantities of free water from the PyranoL Whan a large quantity of free water is introduced into the filter it w ill be passed, on through, emerging as finely divided d r o p l e t s dispersed throughout the Pyranol. Therefore, if free water is present it should bo re moved before filtering is started. As moisture is extracted from the Pyranol during tho drying process, the filtering medium will become wet. Frequent sam ples of the outgoing Pyranol should bo tested and when Che dislectric strength drops below 26 kv, the filtering medi um should be replaced. MOTE--A portion of the scavenger may be lost during filtering operations if the Pyranol is passed through fuller's earth. A test should therefore be made following filtering to determine how much of tho scavenger has been lost am* tho quantity required to restore the Pyvanol to its original condition. Labo ratory testing facilities are available through the General Electric Company as outlined under "Testing Service". A transformer contaminated with moisture will , not only have moisture suspended in 'ihe insulating liquid, but also in the windings and insulation. Tlie most efficient temperature' for fil tering moisture from the Pyranol is between 20C and 40 C. but at this temperature the transfer of moisture from the windings .ih! insulation to the insulating liquid is quite slow In order to completely dry the transformer, the filter-press operation should be followed by a drying run as described under "Drying a Transformer". DRYING A TRANSFORMER Drying of Pyranol transformen is necessary when evidence of moisture is found, either fay visual inspection or is a result of tests on tho insulating liquid. The dryness of transforman that have been disassembled or out of Pyranol de pends on tho care taken to keep all parts dry while exposed. Unless proper care has been taken and it is certain that no moisture has been allowed to enter, the transformer should be dried. Recommendations regarding the dry ing of any particular transformer can be obtained from the nearest Apparatus Sales Office of the General Electric Company. Requests for this information should include the sarial number of the transformer and the voltages snd kva available for drying, including any avail able step-up or step-down transformers. The first step in drying a transform er consists of removing any free water and the water in solution with the Pyra nol aa previously explained under "Fil tering". The second step involves re moval of the moisture from the wind ings and insulation as outlined in the following paragraphs. Exercise caution when heating tho transformer to avoid damaging the insulation. OVEN DRYING Oven drying is the preferred method of removing moisture from i transfor mer. When suitable facilities are n-n .ivailable. arrangements for oven Irv ing of.Pyranol transformers can be m.i.J* '3 GENP 004596 772555 iiijmi wuu I ranarormtjr wrying throtifb your s t m t General Electric Servies Shop. D ivin e h perform ed b y first monitor* in f the winding resistance to deter mine ben the com and coils reach temperature (100C -120C ). Then insulation resistance or power factor measurements are made at 4 to 8 hour inter/ala until the curve levels off for four consecutive readings. If any of the coils have been replaced, the coil dam ps are to be cheeked for tightness after th e dryta ( operation is completed. Failure to get the coils tight will permit move ment aod may result In eventual failure of the transformer. SHORT-CIRCUIT METHOD This method constata o f hasting tho windings and Pyranol with on* winding short-circuited and a suitable voltage applied to tho other winding. The maxi mum winding temperature as determin ed by resistance massurementa should not tje allowed to a x e o e d 95C. The moisture, w h i c h is driven off in the form of vapor, !a vented to the atmospherJ by removing the manhole coven and pressure relief device. Air circula tion above the Pyranol can bo improved by the use of fana. Protect all open ings in the cover of t h e . transformer, from indem ent weather a n d provide adequate r o o m ventilation whan the drying operation is performed Indoors. iper liquid temperatures can be ob tained more readily by blanketing the transformer. T he amount required will have to bo determined by trial. Begin at the bottom and wrap the transformer with heavy paper, doth, or building felt until sufficient radiating surface has been covered. Another effective means of limiting hast losses is to restrict or p r e v e n t circulation of tho Pyranol through the cooling tubes by lowering the liquid level slightly. Make 'sure all live (arts remain covered. Regardless of tho amount of blanket ing around the main tank, the cover and sides of the transformer down to the liquid level must be insulated to pre vent condensation on tha inside. POWER REQUIREMENTS FOR TWO-WINDING TRANSFORMERS Whwi drying a transformer by the short-^ireuit method, one winding of the transformer is short-circuited and voltage is applied to the other winding. Only i fraction of the rated voltage of the winding can be applied and to in sure proper drving, all portions of all the windings must be in the circuit. Be sure t i e conductor used to short-circuit the Aindina will carry the required cur rent. Wh|t** the quations which follow ' I k .'.v he method of computing the re- quired voltage and kva at FULL LOAD CURRENT, it should be noted from Table I that it ia preferable to hold lew than full load currant in order to permit higher top liquid temperatures for more effective and faster drying. However, having once established from the aquations tha voltage end kva re quired at full voltage load currant, cor responding values of current and leva at available voltages can be raadily cal culated by noting that the currant will very directly aa tha ratio of E (Available) and kva will vary as the square of this ratio. Tha equations for computing tho re quired voltage and leva for drying e SINGLE-PHASE, TW O -W IN D IN G transformer at full load currant are as follows: E = %1Z x E . ExI KVA = 1000 Tha equations for computing the re quired voltage and kva for drying a THREE-PH ASE. TW O-W INDING transformer at full toad current are at follows: E = %IZ 1.732 x E x I KVA = 1000 %IZ = psreent transformer impe dance volts from nameplate. Er = nameplate voltage of wind ing to which power is ap plied. When tap changers, terminal boards, or loadtap-changing equipment are located in either or both windings, they must be set on tha position which places ell sections of the windings in the cir cuit, leaving no turns tdje. I ~ full load current corre sponding to m a x i m u m rated voltage. E = required d r y i n g voltage for full toad currant. KVA =: required kilovolt-amperes for full load current. If it is necessary to obtain drying voltage over a -long transmission line, overvoltage protection should be pro vided. OTHER TRANSFORMERS The drving of r,ir*'e.w Hiding transfarmers in,| .mtr.tr m^fermers with ter tiary w i n d i n g s by the short-circuit method usually is more complicated than that of two-winding transformers because of the differences in impedance and capacity of the windings. It is frequently necessary to make two sepa rata drying runs on such units to assure that all windings will be properly dried. In some cases, division of the load currant in tha various portions of tho windings can be obtained by tha in sertion of an additional reactance, per mitting all three windings to be dried simultaneously. It ti recommanded that detailed information for drying threewinding transformers be obtained from the nearest Apparatus Sales Office of the General Electric Company. LOADS AND TEMFERATURE5 If power is available, up to 125 per cent load current can be held at the start of the drying run until the tapliquid temperature reaches 65 C. The load an tha transformer must then be reduced to obtain a constant top-liquid temperature in accordance with the fal lowing table: TABLE I Max. Allowable ShortCircuit Amps in Percent of Full Load 3csed on Min. Rating 50 75 Maximum Allowable Tco-Liauid Temoerafure in Ceg C 100 90 It is recommended that 100 C topliquid temperature be held with 50 percent load, if passible, since tha fastest drying will take place at the highest temperature. If this is unobtainable, use the next highest percent load and corresponding value of top-liquid tem perature. Do not allow the top-liquid tempera ture to exceed the value specified for a given percent load, since-the windings are. at a higher temperature than tha Pyranol and damage to the insulation may result. It is recommended that the top-liquid temperature never be allowed to exeaed 100 C. Make sure that the thermometers used are accurate and that the temperatures are accurately observed. Only spirit thermometers should be used inside the transformer. WHEN TO DISCONTINUE DRYING During the drying run. take Pvranol samples from the top of the transformer every four hours and test them for di electric strength. Take the sample from a manhole opening and allow it to cool to room temperature ( not more than -ifl C) before testing. Plot curves ,f the Pvranol tests, top-liquid temper mire. (I the load current against time T*...... . ,:wes will picture the pr.icre** ; ing. 4 772556 GENP 004597 A d a o u H in tha dlolectric strength of tha Pyranol indieataa that moisture is pauinc from tha transformer wind* in fi into tha Pyranol. Whan tha wind ing* and mutation ara dry, tha dialactrie itrsngth of tha Pyranol will bat in to increase. Continua drying until avan consecutive samples takan at four hour intervals tost at laaat 30 kv. Aftar tarraination of tha drying run, add clean, dry Pyranol of high dialaetrie ttrangth (30 kv or abava) to fill tha tank to tha proper lavaL It is raeom- mandad that tha filling of tha trans former ba completed from the top of tha tank rather than through tha drain valve, as, tn tha latter ease, air bubbles accidentally anttring with tha Pyranol may ba trapped in tha windings and insulation. GENP 004598 772557 MEDIUM TRANSFORMER DEPARTMENT GENERAL ELECTRIC ROME, GEORGIA t t - 7 0 (IM) GENP 004599 772558 Pyranol Insulating Liquid AND Transformer Drying INTRODUCTION Pyranol Insulating liquid la com* poundad to General Eloctrie sparificetlona and la available In tawaral differ* ant forma. Tbo typo uaod la any par ticular transformer can bo daterminod from tbo nameplate. Materials that are unaffacted by Pyranol have boas mIacted for uao in conatracting Pyranol transformers and no substit utes should bo made for thaaa materiali without tha approval of tha General Electric Com* Pny. HANDLING AND STORING Transformer Pyranol can bo handled in tha same manner aa mineral oiL Al though continued e ipoeure to liquid Pyranol may produce local shin irrita tions, cleanlinesa among workmen eonstitutae an adequato safeguard against such effects. Ordinary medicinal washes will remove any Irritation caused by Pyranol coming into, contact with an open cut or skin abrasion. A drop of castor oil will neutralise any irritation caused by contact of Pyranol with the ayea. As with most volatile materials, exposure to concentrated Pyranol vapors in unventilatad rooms should be avoided. CAUTZOH--Hydrogen chlorida fas is formed when Pyranol is decomposed by an electrical arc. Although a scavenger is added to chemically neutralise any of this gas dissolved in tha liquid, soma free gat may be praasnt. This gas is an irritant and the inhalation of large quantities can be dangerous and harm ful to personnel. The pretence of hydro gen chloride gas even in small quanti ties is readily detectable by its strong odor end irritant action on the natal membranes. Should anyone bo exposed to a quantity of this gas, immediately escort him to fresh air. On those infrequent occasions when the Pyranol is removed for shipment, the transformer will be shipped gas filled and is to be liquid filled at in stallation. Refer to separate instructions on "Installation and Maintenance''. If the transformer is located outdoors, ade quate precautions must be taken to in sure that no dirt or moisture enters the Pyranol during the filling operation. tion, all drums should bo stored la a Before opening a container of P yran ol. position which results in tbo bungs be allow it to stand until the liquid it at ing under a positive pressura. Do not least as warm aa the surrounding air. open a drum or can until the Pyranol la actually needed Any change in tem Before placing the Pyranol *wla*g perature while the containers are open liquid in tbo transformer ta in a sam will cause aa. axchangg^of air with the ple from each container and make di possibility o f moisture entering the electric test aa outlined under "Sam Pyranol. Partially emptied drama must pling" and "Testing". If the testa am ` be tightly meaaled and stored in the unsatisfactory, restore the <eleew*a e a a e manner aa abaveu strength before piecing tha Pyranol in the transformer. When transferring from containers to the transformer it la rec PERIODIC INSPECTION ommended that the liquid be passed through a filter press to remove any undetected moisture or sediment which may bo present. T he Pyranol must bo maintained at the proper level in the transformer and its dielectric strength should be tested after the first few day* of operation, Pyranol must bo handled In contain ers. pipes, all-metal hoses, e tc , which are free from oil, grease, pitch, or other foreign materials, since these contami again after six months, and yearly there after. Keep accurate records of the teats and filtar or replace the Pyranol aa required. nate the liquid and decrease ha non flammable properties. It U desirable SA M P L IN G that all apparatus used in sampling, fil tering, storing, or transporting Pyranol be maintained for exclusive use with Pyranol, since it is extremely difficult to remove all traces of oil or other Pyranol contaminants from equipment of this type. Also, mineral oil la com Tha accuracy of teat data can ba seri ously affected by improper sampling. In order to obtain consistent m ulta it is recommended that the methods out lined hi the following paragraphs be observed. pletely miscible in Pyranol, and h is practically impossible to separata . the two liquids alter they have been mixed. Strict attention should be given to tha cleaning and drying of' sampling and testing receptacles. Samples should All-metal hose must be used in han dling Pyranol since rubber and rubberlined hoeee are dissolved by Pyranol. This is also true of synthetic rubber hose. be taken whan the insulating liquid is at least aa warm as the surrounding air to avoid tho possibility of moisture condensation. If tha transformer or drum is outdoors, the sample should be taken on a d ear day with precautions Use a petroleum solvent to remove II traces of Pyranol on tha outsida of the transformer tank. This precaution should bo taken since Pyranol has a tendency to soften the paint. Ezamino being taken to guard against contamina tion by windblown dust, e tc The most important features of the sampling pro cedures are outlined in the following steps: tha external surfaces of tha transformer at intervals to see that the paint la SAMPLING FROM TRANSFORMERS unharmed. If places are found where the paint has been attacked, thoroughly 1. Impurities, which tend to affect the clean the surface and repaint with a dielectric strength of pyranol will gen good grade of durable paint recommend erally be found at tha top and thore- ed by the General Electric Company. fore the sampling valva is located on If necessary to store drums or cans containing Pyranol outdoors, protect the the side of the tank about one inch below the 25C liquid level. containers from the weather and direct 2. Three types of containers are rec contact with water. Regardless of loca ommended for sampling purposes -- a fh e io in itrucfian do not p u rp o rt to c o * r r a il detail* o r v a ria tio n * in e orn am en t n or to p ro v id e fo r try p o n ib /e co n tin g en cy to bo m ot in eonnorfion w ith in ito lfa tio n , ao o to tio n or m a in te n an ce S h o u ld fu rth e r in fo rm a tio n bo d e tir e d o r iftou i o a r iitu la t problem * a r iio -vhicb or* n o t cov ere d iwfficienf/y fo r tho p u rc h o te r'i p u r p o ie i, lie m otive h a u ld bo re fe rre d >o th e G en eral Electric ' :m p a n y . GENERAL ELECTRIC GENP 004600 779559 G 1-65080 Pyranol Insulating Liquid and Transformer Drying for at least eight hours before being sampled. 2. Glass thieves should bo cleaned, dried, and ` stored in the same manner as outlined for bottlas. 3. Take the sample from the top of th* drum, observing tha precautions previously outlined. TESTING that impurities tueh as moisture, con ducting dust, lint, or carbonised par ticles have entered the liquid. Pyranol testing lower than 26kv (30 kv when new) should either be Altered to bring it beck to its anginal condition or be replaced, depending on the condition of th* liquid and economic considera tion!. Undar normal operating condi tions values of 30 kv and above can be matntainaH- DIELECTRIC STRENGTH OTHER TESTS A variety of high-voltage dielectric tasting equipment may be purchased from the General Electric Company. Typical stationary test equipment is shown in Figs. 1 and 2. A smaller, lightweight, portable unit is also avail able. Follow the technique specified by the American Society for Tasting and Materials, Designation: D877. T he fol-" lowing paragraphs give a general out line of the procedure: Although a low dielectric strength indicates tha presence of contaminant, a high value is not always a certain indication of their absence. A number of other teste can be performed on an iwaiilariny liquid to determine its con dition end therefore no one test should be considered conclusive. ASTM Desig nation: D 901 defines the standard teste end contains cross references to other A STM Designations for detailed descriptions of each method. Where onii-quert, small-neck, brown glass bottle; claor g iu s botti* in a Ught-proof caftan; or one-quart tin ean th*t h u b ui tb* soldo? saems thoroughly clsened to rm ov* *11 t n e n of naldering flux. D o not u* rubb*r stoppata or rings. 1. Set the spacing of tha- 1-Inch di ameter electrodes at 0.100-inch. 2. Wipe tha test cup and electrodes clean with dry, calendared tissue or dean, dry chamois and thoroughly rinse with nan-leaded, oil-free, dry gaaolina. suitable equipment and qualified per sonnel ore not available for conducting rh--a tes ts, samples can be returned to th* factory for laboratory analysis as outlined under "Testing Service". Use sample bottles supplied by the General Electric Company for this purpose. If darired, g iu * sampling b o ttlu may 3. Fill the test cup with dry gasoils* b* abtainad tram th* Ornami Electric end make a breakdown tart under Water Coetest Company u explained undar "Tartine Serviee." 3* T o elaan tha bottles, r in a with non-leaded, oil-free gasoline. Than wash with strong soapsuds rina*' thoroughly with distilled water and dry in an standard conditions of voltage applica tion (3kv per second rise). If the cup . has a dielectric strength above 23 kv, it is considered suitable for testing pur poses. Observe the usual precautions in handling gaaolina. The presence of free water m ay be disclosed by visual examination in the form of separata droplet or as e cloud dispersed throughout th* Pyranol. How ever, water in solution cannot be de tected visually and therefor* the Karl oven at 10SC to HOC far at lasrt 8 4. Immediately aftar tha final rinsing Fischer Reagent method (A ST M D es hot^ra. Aftar drying, tha bottloa must b* with gaaolina, rinse the tart cup with ignation: D 1533) is recommended as a tightly soalad with glaaa rtoppan or the sample under investigation, and means of determining total water in with elaan corks protected by elaan proceed with tha test at once. the Pyranol in parts per million. metal foil. Star* them in a dry, dust- in * cabinet or compartment. 5. The tam p aratura o t tha sample when rested should be the same as that TESTING SERVICE 4. Carefully elaan tha sampling valve of tha room, which should be between or | plug and allow enough insulating 20 C and 30 C (68 F and 88 F ). Texts liquid to run out to remove any mole- made on samples above this tempere- tur* or foreign matter which may has* tu n can be misleading. Undar no cir collected. cumstances should tha test cup be cold For convenience in sampling and test ing, tha General Electric Company will, upon receipt of an order covering the actual coat of testing, furnish one-quart er th>m the temple being tested. 5. Rinse tha bottle- carefully, at laart three times, with small portions of 6., Agitate the sample gently before liquid drawn from tha sampling valve. each filling to prevent variations in Allow the sampling bottle to drain results due to a settling of contaminant*. thoroughly between rinses. Pour the liquid into the receptacle 6. Draw a sample into tha bottle, leajving sufficient air space to allow for possible expansion of the liquid. Reseajl the tnnsformer and carefully seel the container to prevent exposure to slowly to avoid the formation of air bubbles and fill to overflowing. If air bubbles are present., gently rock the test cup a few -times and wait at least 3 minutes before applying voltage. tha atmosphere. 7. Fill the cup at least five times, j. When making repeated samplings, observe the transformer liquid level and add make-up as required. making one test per filling, and average the results. Since the Pyranol is a major portion 772560 of the insulation system in the trans SAMPLING FROM DRUMS . Drums should remain undisturbed former. its dielectric strength should be maintained as high as possible. A k w breakdown voltage is an indication Fig. 2. A STM test ee/t m o u n t e d on cage 2 GENP 004601 Pyranol Insulating Liquid and Transform Drying GEI-65080 ample container. These will b e sup plied with d a n , dry Pyranol to prevent contamination at tho bottle. Thle liquid can bo uaad as a replacmnant far tho tamplo if tho tranaf a m ar la already opes asd it la conwanlao t to add it; othorwiao it should bo dbemdad. Aftar emptying tho container, immediately fill with tho Pyranol to bo tooted. Slnco raliabla test aro dependant on roliablo sample* follow tho technique outlined under ``Sampling". Send sample to the Laboratory, Medium Transformer Department, Ganml Electric Company, Rome, Georgia. Pack them temple carefully to avoid breakaie in transit. Recommendations for continued use or treatment will be fundahad, based an the fallowing toeta: L Dielectric strength 2. Aridity 3. Water conten t 4. Color 5. Condition ft, Scavenger content (when re quested) B e Ktro to answer the questions on the sample bottle label. This informa tion is swsntlal if conclusions or recom mendations are to be made concerning the sample. Additional tasting services are available should the need arise. For further Information concerning specific problems, consult the nearest Apparatus Sales Offiee of the General Electric Company. If the Pyranol in. question is known to be highly contaminated, trans actions concerning sampling, testing, re turning for reclametioa or credit, eta, should bo handled directly with the Monsanto Chemical Co., St. Louis. Mis souri. FILTERING If test results indicate that moisture or other contaminants are present, they can usually be removed by passing the insulating liquid through a Pyranol purifier (Fig. 3 ). This device may be used either as a paper filter prats for drying or with fuller's earth and paper for purifying. For details of the filtering procedure refer to instructions GEH-1031, copies of which are avail able upon request. For information on drying and filtering equipment contact the nearest Apparatus Sales Office of the General Electric Company. Filtration can be accomplished in the . transformer or other container by cir culating tha Pyranol from the top to the bottom through a filter press. How ever. this method is quite slow since the filtered Pyranol is continuously be ing mixed with the unfiltered. Filtering can be done faster and mare efficiently Fig, 3, Typical Pyranol purifier by passing the liquid into a separate, dean, dry container. In this manner, all of the Pyranol is given one complete pasa through the filter press. If addition al filtering is required, the Pyranol can then be filtered beck into the trans former. , Tha filter press rill not remove large quantities of free water from tha Pyra nol. When a large quantity of free water Is introduced into tha filter it will be passed on through, emerging as finely divided d r o p l e t s dispersed throughout the Pyranol. Therefore, if free water is present it should be re moved before filtering is started. As moisture is extracted from the Pyranol during the drying process, the filtering medium will become wet. Frequent sam ples of the outgoing Pyranol should be tasted en'd.when the dielectric strength drops below 26 lev, tha filtering medi um should be replaced. NOTE---A portion of the scavenger may be lost during filtering operations if tho Pyranol is passed through fuller's earth. A test should therefore be made following filtering to determine how. much of the scavenger has been lost and tha c,uantity required to restore the Pyranol to its original condition. Labo ratory testing facilities are available through the General Electrie Company as outlined under "Testing Service''. A transformer contaminated with moisture -will not only have moisture suspended in the insulating liquid, but ajso in the windings and insulation. The most efficient' temperature for fil tering moisture from the Pyranol is between 20C and 40 C. but at this temperature the transfer of moisture (ram the windings and insulation to the insulating liquid is quite slow. In ort!*r to completely dry the transformer, filter press operation should be followed by a drying ran aa described under "Drying a Transformt''. DRYING A TRANSFORMER Drying of Pyranol transformera is necessary whaa evidence of moisture is found, either by visual inspection or as a result of teats on the insulating liquid. T he dryness of transformers that have been disassembled or out of Pyrsnol de pends on the care taken to keep ell parts dry while exposed. Unless proper care hoe been taken end it is certain that no moisture has bean allowed to enter, the transformer should be dried. Recommendations regarding tha dry ing of any particular transformer can be obtained from the nearest Apparatus Sales Office af the General Electrie Company. Requests for this information should include the serial number of the transformer end the voltages and leva available for drying, including any avail able step-up or step-down transformers. The first step in drying transform er consists of removing any free water and the water in solution with the Pyra nol aa previously explained under "Fil tering". The second step involves re moval of the moisture from the wind ings and insulation aa outlined in the following paragraphe. Exercise caution whon hearing the transformer to avoid damaging tha insulation. The maximum winding temperature as determined by resistance measurements should not be allowed to exceed 95 C. SHORT-CIRCUIT METHOD This method consists of heating the windings and Pyranol to a specified temperature with one winding short- GENP 004602 772561 3 -ii-iw)'nicr wrjrinj circuited and a suitable voltage appllad to the other rinding. Tha moisture, which la driven off in the form of vapor, is vented to the atmosphere by removing the -- covers and pres sure reliaf device. Air circulation above the Pyranol cea be improved by the use of fan*. Protect all op aein fi in the cover of the transformer from inclement weather end provide adequate room ventilation when the drying operation formed indoors. liquid temperatures can be ob tained mare readily by blanketing the transformer. T he amount required w ill have to be determined by trial. Begin at the bottom and wrap the transformer with heavy paper, doth, or building felt until sufficient radiating surface has been covered. Another effective means of limiting heat losses la to restrict or p r e v e n t circulation. of the Pyranol through the cooling tubes by lowering the liquid level slightly. Make sure all live parte remain covered. Regardless of the amount of blanket- ing round the main tank, tha cover and sides of th transformer down to the Hquid level must be insulated to prevent condensadon on tha inside. roWE REQUIREMENTS FOR TWO-WINDING TRANSFORMERS I When drying a transformer by the short -circuit method, one winding of tho transformer is short-circuited and volts ge ii applied to the other winding. Only a fraction of the rated voltage of the rinding can be applied and to in sure proper drying, all portions of all tha windings must bo in the circuit. Be sure the conductor used to short-circuit the winding ail carry the required cur rent. W1tile the equations which fallow show tho method of computing .the re quired voltage and kva at FULL LOAD CUHjRENT, it should be noted from Table I that it is preferable to hold lass than full load current In order to permit higher top liquid temperatures far more effective end fester drying. However, having once established from the equations tho voltage end kva re quired at full voltage load current, cor responding values of currant and leva at available voltges can be readily cal culated by noting that the current will vary efirectiy as tho ratio of E (Available) E and kjva will vary as the square of this ratio. Th< equations for computing the re quired voltage and kva for drying a SINGLE - PHASE. T W O - WINDING transformer at full load current are sa follows: S = %IZ x Eg ExI KVA = 1000 The equations for computing the re quired voltage and kva for drying a THREE-PH ASE, TW O-W INDINO transformer at full load curren t are as follow: E = % lZ x Eg L73J i B i I KVA = 1000 %XZ = percent transformar im p ^ dance volts from nameplate. nameplate voltage of wind ing to which power ia ap plied. Whan tap changer*, terminal boards, or loadtap-changing equipment are located in either or both winding, they must be set on the position which places all sections of the windings in the cir cuit, leaving no turns idle. I = full lead current spending to M a x i m u m rated voltage. E = required d r y i n g voltage for full load current. KVA m required kilovolt-emperee for full lead current. If it Is necessary to obtain drying voltage over a long transmission line, overvoltage protection should be pro vided. OTHER TRANSFORMERS 'The drying of three-winding transformer* and tutotransformer* with ter tiary w i n d i n g s by the short-circuit method usually is more complicated than that of two-winding transformers because of the differences in impedance and capacity of the windings. It {* frequently necessary to make two sepa rate drying runs on such units to assure that all windings will be properly dried. In soma cases, diviiion of tho load currant in tha various portion of the windings can be obtained by the in sertion of an additional reactance, per mitting alt three windings to be dried simultaneously. It is recommended that detailed: information for drying threewinding transformers be obtained from the nearest Apparatus Sales Office of the General Electric Company. LOAOS ANO TEMPERATURES If power is available, up to 125 per cent load current can be held at tha start of tba drying run until tha topliquid temperature reaches 65 C. Tha load on tba trsnaiormar must than ba reduced to obtain a constant top-liquid temperature in accordance with tha fol lowing tabla: TABLE I Max Allowable Short- Circuit Amps in Percent of Full Load Based on Min. Rating 50 75 Maximum Allowable Tao-Liquid Temperature in Deg. C 100 90 It Is recommended that a 200 C topliquid tam persture. be held with 50 percent load, if possible, since the fastest drying rill taka place at tha highest temperature. If this ia unobtainable, use tha next highest percent load and corresponding value of top-liquid tem perature. Do not allow tha top-liquid tempera ture to exceed tba value specified for a given percent load, since the windings are at a higher temperature than tha Pyranol and damage to tha insulation may result. It is recommended that tha top-liquid temperature never be aUosved to sscead 100 C. M aks sura that tha thermom eter* used are accurate and that tha temperature* are accurately observed. Only spirit thermometers should be used inside the transformer. WHEN TO DISCONTINUE DRYING During the drying run. take Pyranol samples from the top o f tho transformer every four hours- and test thorn for di electric strength. Taka tho sample from a manhole opening and allow it to cool to room temperature (not more than 40 C) before testing. Plot curves of tho Pyranol tests, top-liquid tamperstures, and tha load current against time. These curves will picture tha progress of tho drying. A decrease in tha dielectric strength of tho Pyranol indicates that moisture Is passing from tho transformer wind ings-into tho PyranoL When tho rind ing* and insulation era dry, tha dielec tric strength of tha Pyranol will begin to increase. Continue drying until seven consecutive samples taken at four hour intervals test at least 30 kv. After termination of tha drying run. add dean, dry Pyranol of high dielectric strength (30 kv or above) to fill tha tank to tha proper level. It is recom mended that tha filling of tha trans former ba completed from the top of the tank rather than through the drain valve, as. in the latter case, air bubbles iceidentally entering with the Pyranol may be trapped in the windings and i-.-uUcion. .MEDIUM TRANSFORMER DEPARTMENT, GENERAL ELECTRIC COM PANY, ROME, GEORGIA 11-04 t I M I . 772562 GNP 004603 PYRANOL Characteristics of Transformer, Regulator, and Capacitor Pyranol P YRANOL is the trade-mark of the General Electric Company for cooling and insulating materials which gencrically are known as askarels. In addition to the desirable characteristics of mineral oil, askarcl has the distinctive property of being noninflammable. The development and application of these mate rials are fully co-vered by U.S. Letters Patent. The development of these materials has been actively carried on since 1928, and Pvranol was first used commercially, in capacitors, in 1931. Today. Pyranol capacitors are generally rec ognized as a standard means of improving power factor. More tlian 20,000.000 small Pyranol capacitor units are in service for various applications, such as capacitor-motors, radio transmit ters, and luminous-cube transformers. Pvranol was first used commercially in transformers in 1932. Since then, more chan 16,000 Pvranol transformers, ranging in size from l.1>to 15,000 kva and totalling more than 4.000^000 kva, have established an excellent operating record. Many of these installations include Pyranol current transformers and Pyranol potential transformers. The first Pyranol induction voltage regulators were built in 1938, and there are now more than 250 units in service, totalling more than 21,000 kva. The Laboratories of the National Board of Fire Underwriters have investigated transformer, regulator, and capacitor Pyranols, and their Report No. 2581 definitely substantiates all the claims made for Pyranol. . The following statements, prepared by our research, engineer ing, and laboratory organizations, summarize the answers ro questions that are frequently asked by users and prospective users of Pyranol equipment. 772563 GENP 004604 HISTORY OF PYRANOL in Pyranol filled equipment. Experience gained Pyranol was devcln|K*d 1 meet ;t specific nee 1 --the elimination of the fire and explosive hazard inherent. in the use nf mineral insulating oil as a dielectric and cording medium in capacitors. regu lators. and transformers. Like most scientific de from transformers in service and from factnrv* tests proves that they are iionoxidizing. and that the Pyranols show no development of ron-n-uvr acidity or insoluble sludge nver long period:- at high temperatures, even up to I "id velopments. PyrannI is the result of careful study and analysis of the problems involved. Its success PHYSIOLOGICAL EFFECTS ful development and commercial application mcanl the solution of a number of problems which were apparently insolvable. Could a nouinflaimuablc liquid be obtained which was not inherently chemically unstable and corrosive? What type of organic hydrocarbon molecule was best adapted to meet the requirements of resistance to sludge and oxidation? How do hydrocarbons decompose under the electric are? How can the high degree of liquidity so necessary for the proper cooling of transformers be obtained with a noiiinfknmnable substance normally solid or plastic-like? These and other problems of equal difficulty and importance were attacked, and their successful solution has Normal Liquid Condicin Liquid Pyranols. like mineral oil-., ran be handled at room tem perature without fear of toxic ciiiris With some individuals, continued exposure to liquid Pyranols may. as with mineral oils, produce skin irritations. Cleanliness among workmen han dling Pyranol is "an adequate safeguard against such effects. Ordinary detergents or medicinal washes will remove any irritation caused by bring ing Pyranol in contact with an open cut or skin abrasion, A drop or two nt castor oil will neutralize any irritation caused by com act of liquid Pyranol with the eyes. been the firm foundation on which the commercial application of Pyranol to transformers, regulators, Evaporation from Liquid Pyranol and capacitors has been built. As with most volatile materials, exposure to coneentraied Pyranol vapors in unvenlilated rooms PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS should be avoided. During the II years1experience nf the General Electric Company in m anufacturing Pyranols for diJTerunt applications have different physical characteristics, ranging from a resin-like, noncrystalline composition fn a thin, mobile Iquid. Pynuuil. there is im record of any workman re quiring first aid or medical assistance because of Pyranol vapors. The two Pyranols now in greatest commercial use are: (1) The transformer and induction-voltage Products of Decomposition regulator type .(No. 1-107). and (2) the capacitor Air-saturated Pyranol at 2 C. when demmuosed typo (Nn. N7(i). Both types have the distinctive by an electric arc. evolves gases and finely divided Pyranol characteristics of high dielectric strength carbon in the following approximate proportions: and noninfiammability. The characteristics of these two Pyranols serve to demonstrate the wide range of physical proper ties possessed by the liquid materials. Transformer Capm-iior Pyr:inuf. Pyraiml. X. t 4i:7 X. I4?ii Hydrogen chloride............... !7..V)r ; !)`.U)Ur ; Transformer Pyranol No. 1407 Ca|Kiciltr Pyranul No. 147ii ( )xvgcn..................................... (Uin Unsalurnied hydrocarbons. . .ill) 0.10 . 10 Color.......... .................... straw-yellow straw-yellow Carbon dioxide....................... ,2s .00 Burning p o in t............... none Viscosity al :i7.s C (S avboll)................... .VI sec Flow poi nt (y\.S.T. M.). lower than -:i2 (' Dielectric constant (specific inductive c a p ac ity )............... l..`> none 2 100 sc.* + 1(1 C l,."> CHEMICAL STABILITY The Pyranols are all rheinirallv stable and are m>t affected by reaction with other materials used Carl urn monoxide................... Phosgene.................................. Saturated hydrocarbons. . I l v d r n g e n ................................. C h lo r in e ............................... Inert 1gases). ,2S .01) .01) .0!) .00 1I .01) .00 .00 .00 .00 ..'ill With the except ion of tin hvdrogrn chloride. these products of decomposition, which are formed only on failure of the apparatus, are present in such minute proportions as to render ii utineccsrairv even to consider them. Hydrogen-chloride gas is an irritant and gives full warning o| its pivsoruv. rVrll in small quantities, by its immediately noticeable 772564 GENP 004605 odor ;mil irritant art inn mi l hr nasal membranes. All requirements ft*r protection against which may Ik* liberated under an* decomposition when* Pyranol filled inmsfnrnKTS are installed in restricted Incat inns are met by the "all-purpose" gas masks available for use around dry-type and nil-tilled transformer installations. lator Pyranol returned from the held, and nllier tests in tile laboratory, indicate th at the pi over factor will be higher and the resistivity will be lower than those of mineral oil. EFFECT OF PYRANOL ON O TH ER MA TERIAL DIELECTRIC STRENGTH Pyranols are stable and clicmically inert. Pvrannl and its vapors have no effect, on the metals and The dielectric strength of mineral nil, when new, meets the requirements of capacitor, regulator, and transfnrmer use. Unfortunately, however, mineral oil oxidizes, and among the products formed as a result of this oxidation arc some of high conduc tivity and low dielcrtric strength, such as the organic acids and water. Pyranol is not subject to oxidation. Its dielectric strength is independent nf its exposure, even to severe oxidizing conditions luring use. The dielectric strength of Pyranol is normally of high order. Commercial values higher than .`id kv are customarily expected. Like mineral oil, however. Pyranol follows the usual gas-solubility laws. Exposed to wet* air. it will absorb some water, and an equilibrium will be set up between the water in the Pyranol and that in the air with which it may come in contact. In contact with water. Pyranol will dis solve the water until a state of saturation is reached. Tn this respect, Pvrannl greatly resembles new mineral-oil: hut. unlike mineral oil. its ability to absorb or dissolve water does not change materially insulations used in Pyranol tilled equipment, but are. in general, powerful solvents of most of the gums, binders, paints, etc., customarily used in oil-fillerl equipment. For this* reason, such m ate rials have been eliminated from Pyranol filled equipment, and only paper, pressboard. porcelain, and other carefully selected materials which have proved to be unaffected by Pyranol are used. It has been found that the aging of these materials under Pyranol will be approximately the same as that under oil. No materials should be used in contact with Pvrannl. except those specifically ap proved by the General Electric Company. \Vhen Pyranol is decomposed by an arc. a small amount of hydrogen-chloride gas is produced. The new No. I-MiT Pyranol. unlike the No. U s s Pyranol previously used, chemically neutralizes any of i his gas which may have been absorbed in the liquid. Consequently, the gas can cause no damage to the organic insulation. This new Pyranol enables Pyranol filled ap paratus. in the rare case nf failure, to* be opened, inspected, and repaired as readily as nil-insulated with use. apparatus. Pynmnl in which arcing has occurred Because of the nntmxidizing characteristics nf can usually be returned to a satisfactory condition Pyranol, filtration of this liquid will normally be by filtration through a fuller's earth press. less frequently required than with mineral oil. If it should bemme necessary to dry transform er MIXTURE W ITH OIL Pyranol. it can he done in a manner similar to that used in the drying of mineral oil; that is. by Mineral oil can he completely mixed with Pyra the use of a filter press or a specially arranged * nol. and it is extremely difficult to separate the centrifuge. two materials once they have been mixed. It is important, therefore, in avoid contamination of DIELECTRIC CONSTANT Pyranol with mineral nil or other petroleum niis. the presence of which definitely influences the The dielectric constant of transformer, regulator, vital characteristics of the noninflammabilily of and capacitor Pyranols is 4..'i at 2 C. This is Pyranol. practically the same as the dielectric constant of the solid insulations used in transformer, regu lator. and capacitor designs, and a more nearly equal distribution of dielectric stress throughout the insulation structure is obtained than with mineral oil. PRESSURE CAUSED BY ARCING If an arc occurs under the surface of any liquid, the liquid evolves gases. The type nf liquid de termines the characteristics of the gases formed. The annumt of energy in the an* and the duration RESISTIVITY AND POWER FACTOR of the are determine the quantity of, the gas pro duced. In general, protective gear op circuit- Laboratory tests and careful observation through interrupting devices are installed to prevent the out many tem perature cycles, and over Jong evolution of a sufficient amount of gas to rupture periods of time, have shown th at the resistivity the enclosing tank. If the protective gear does and piiwer-facliir values *f capacitor Pyranols are not interrupt the are in lime, and no means of nf the same order nf magnitude* as those *f any release is provided, the gases will be vented by gnnd mineral nil adapted for use with these prod rupture of gasketed joints or. in extreme rases, ucts. Tests oil samples of transformer and regu by rupture ufvlhu container itself. Because gases GENP 004606 772565 *a produced by an ire in Pvranol arc iioiimflammahlc and nonexplosive, it is feasible to relieve the gas pressure in the tank by means of a frangible diaphragm. For indoor installations of oil-lilletl equipment, this method would be undesirable, as the inflammable gases released might result in a secondary explosion. All Pvranol transformers and' regulators above 2o kva which arc to be installed in buildings in accordance with the National Electrical Code are provided with such a frangible diaphragm. The frangible diaphragms for indoor Pvranol distribution transformers or Pvranol regulators arc so arranged that: (1J a pipe can be attached thereto, through which the gases that are products of de composition can be vented to tlic outside air: or (2) a gas absorber can be attached thereto con taining active materials that will absorb the hydrogen chloride which constitutes the major portion of the evolved gases. BIBLIOGRAPHY Clark, p. M. "The Dielectric Strength <if .Vmiinflammable Synthetic Insulating fiils and Nmiinflammable Dielectric Organic Compounds." Bullet iti OEA-2tii)l. Clark. F. M. " W ater Snlulion in High Vnltage Dielectric Liquids," Bulletin (EA-iOll. tAIEE paper.) " Comparative Effects Possible imm the Failure of Oil-filled and Pyramtl Filler! Transfiiruters." Bulletin GEA`I2I i. "(ias Absorbers and Vent Pipes," Bulletin IKAWJs. "Pvranol Purifier instructions." Bulletin CEJIicwi. " Pvranol Transformers." Bulletins CEA-20-l* anti EA-2IW7. " Pvranol Transformer Inst met inn Book." Bulletin GEll-lOlM. YOU CANT BURN PYRANOL i ()M> F ilia f S u . 991J @GENERAL ELECTRIC SCHENECTADY. N.Y. 772566 GENP 004607 P23A-PM1 772567 G E N b lfriL (IP E L E C T I N G M E D I U M T R A N S F O R M E R DEPT I MFG. PROCESS INSTRUC 1 C o n f i d e n t i a l : For use of General El e c t r i c EMPLOYEES ONLY # Denotes change Date of I s s u e : 9/28/73 Supersedes date: 12/6/72 Review Da t e : Re v i e w e d : API I ) P23A-FMI SUBJECT: INSTaI I a-UON OF CAUTION SIGNS ON FYRANOL TRANSFORMERS Where Us e d ; S y rian 66S-693 Page CoNT*D ON 1 ^ Prepared by: " Mf g - Engi neeri ng Approved - Engineering -4 * V 7* y W 4*3 Approved - Q u a l i t y control *3 ? 'Reviewed by: Shop O perations,/ 1 ( J. Reviewed by^f Methods & Work ffeasutements v M iy h ' ? \ PURPOSE: To p r o v i d e i n s t r u c t io n s f o r t h e a p p M r a t i o n uf c a u t i o n s i g n s NP 729A33I6 and " N o t i c e t o C a r r i e r " s i g n s t o all pyranol transformerf MATERIAL: C a u t i o n s i g n s NP 229A33I6 w i t h p e e ? - o f f bv 'k .i ng and p t e - a p p l i e d -r1hslve- (S ee E x h i b i t A1 "Not!re. to C artier" signs- *See E x h i b i t Bl A P P II CATION: sntkto ^ fJp iig ^ illS ^sS Itto rfag reU o jy rh l lpii,)pS^'i,Tl!:l.t S8t8gs*l`8iSouta fcS'Sppfl18*12 I!lt5t t n,,8t 8t t2ch* s a m p l i n g v a l v e 7 o r a t i o n and a t tbp. a r e a of t h e b a s e c L o s e s t t o t h e d r a i n v a l v e - I n a d d i t i o n , i f th e u n i t has a handhole or manhole in the rover a caution tag should be placed on these also- In the event th a t a u n it I s n o t equipped w ith a sampling v alv e, th e ca u tio n ta g must be p laced on the tank w all as clo se to the nameplate as possible. QUAIJTY CONTROL: All pyranol transform ers must carry t h i s caution s ig n . F inal In sp e c tio n ap p raisa l plans should be modified to include these items. S H IP P IN G : In a d d itio n to the s e lf - a d h e rin g tag s placed on the tan k s, i t w i l l be necessary fo r Shipping to wire one of the " N o t i c e t o C a r r i e r " s i g n s t o eac h pyranoL u n i t . These s i g n s ( E x h i b i t B) a r e b r i g h t o r a n g e i n c o l o r , and p r e p u n c h e d on t h e f o u r c o r n e r s . The s i g n s s h o u l d b e l o c a t e d on t h e l e f t s i d e oE t h e t r a n s f o r m e r a t a p o i n t r e a d i l y I ~ seen by the tru ck d r i v e r . ________________ ___________ __________________ o -J. GENERA ELECTRIC % M E D I U M T R A N S F O R M E R DE PT MFG. .PROCESS INSTRUCTION Co n f i d e n t i a l : For use of General El ec t r i c Employees only | Date o r I s s u e : 9/28/73 I SuFRTELRn-J3LEUPLE*S date: 12/6/72 Rev,ewDates Re v i e w e d : SUBJECT: `i t INSTALLATION O F CAUTION S IG N S ON PYIIANOL TRANSKJRMBIS Where Us e d : Section 665-693 [jjfG E N P 004609 P23A-PM1 Page Cont' d on 3 r. \ l i I i Tl e 3 cI y H rif \ TH E INSULATING FLUID IN THIS T R A N SFO R M E R CONTAINS POLYCHLORINATED BIPHENYLS (PCBS). C A R E SHOULD BE T A K EN TO PR EVENT EN TR Y INTO TH E ENVIRONMENT. IN THE CASE OF MALFUNCTION OR LEAKS CONSULT THE INSTRUCTION M ANUAL OR THE M ANUFACTURER. N P 220A33I0 --i" -"EXHIBIT A ONIdW 772568  c fe z ____________________ IMP! NO______ fO NOTICE TO CARRIER 2 % O a * Id CM frt aO<. ozI- t_> YOU ARE HAULING A TRANSFO RM WHICH IS FILLED WITH AN INSULATING LIQUID, Ca r e sh o u ld b e t a k en t o p r e v e n t an y en t r y o f t h is m a t e r ia l in t o th e ENVIRONMENT THROUGH SP ILLS OR LEAKAGE. mm u H < aa u 32 Id u -- >> Id Id 1E Id mm Id < 013 O (ft --in t o U CM O Is * ou. -v , Id '""s. 00 in \ o CM a \ Id Id CM cn & iH <3 a CO to a\ VO 1 LO O vO Id VO o> 3 Q W *H au +oJ z a> 3W .2 oz . u in 2i hu <_) a pc c u. K H U CO Id > z -1 -J 1U i oZ CO -- J CO H < in LiJ 2 QC Id 8 Iad Izd Id > -- Id O t*. C3 J 2 (L 0 UI C3 U. (J O UI Z fr <U e t m m UI Q at 113 u i 1I I I 1u . ee O ik sM ag 7 Z j< ae i-- p CO z 2 Cm H J Q Cm c^u o a t-H CO zo i--i Lj oLU 5 i--i E-i <e - , CO Z t--i 1LU S - 3 u Ld S1J J O C D UI CO Should any l iq u id l e a k b e d et ec t ed or any s p il l b e noted a n y t im e d u r in g TRANSIT; PULL YOUR TRUCK OFF THE HIS-WAY OR PLACE CAR IN NEAREST RAIL SID IN G AS SOON AS POSSIBLE. tJriEN OFF THE HIGHWAY OR'MAIN LINE; TRY TO STOP THE LEAK IF POSSIBLE. DONOTVELDONTHEUNIT. An y l iq u id th at i s s p il l e d on t h e t r u c k or c a r b e d or roadway sh o u ld b e CLEANED OR CONTAINED WITH RAGS; DRY-RITE AND/OR DRY SAND AS SOON AS P O SSIB L E . DO NOT MOVE THE TRANSFO RM IF THERE IS ANY DANGER OF THE LIQUID S P IL L If OUT ON THE ROAD OR GROLND. Ca l l c o llec t t h e Ge n e r a l El e c t r ic Com pany; Ro ie ; Ge o r g ia ; Ahea Code T O . 234 0211Rhone - ; Se r v ic e En g in e e r in g Un it ; for further in s t r u c t io n s . 5:00I f after p .m .; o r on w eek en d s; p l e a s e c a l l t h e abo ve num ber; g iv e YOUR NAME; COMPANY NAME AND WHERE YOU CAN BE REACHED BY PHONE. SERVICE En g in e e r in g w il l c a l l you b a c k w it h in a few m in u t e s . fTT-4433 EXHIBIT B 772569 f MT-302 fB w .S.i?) ssacnALC \! i--1? y S ii ROME *i A\EDIUM TRANSFORMER DEPARTMENT DEPARTMENT INSTRUCTION SUBJECT E N V IR SlFATAL CC^Tr 'L - P :.-:l a n d i c - c- o i l TRAFJ5fOliViCR IN T.V-NM f TO "! 'i 'CMER PREPAP.SD 3Y |A-'-ro v.'.lt J ' MANUFACTURI NG f.NCv NECR1 N'.; ; MANA - MANUFACTURING PLANT ENGG &. EQUIP" P R 0 G > ?\ j DATE EFFECTIVE 12/19/73 SUPERSEDES NO. ATS 9/1/73 NO. MG-5.8 PAGE 1 OP PURPOSE: T h i s i n s t r u c t i o n o u t l i n e s * t <*e c ! ^ m o t i o n s t o :je t a k e n b y t h e MTPD t o a s s i s t TRANdFCitMLR C A R R I ER S , SA! A I-.- '.RUCK. ' N THE EVENT THAT 10-C O I L OR PYRANOL LEAKS OR S P I L L S FROM U N I T * IN T R i - ^ i i` To T.<" CUSTOMER. SCH ACTIONS ARE REQUIRED RE3AR0" LESS OF ASSI GNED RC5PONSI 31 `.! T r . CAF. CR MTPD. TO PREVENT CONTAMINATION OF THE ENVIRONMENT AND : 0 P ROTE:- n - . HTSilE5"R Or. THE GENERAL E L E CT R IC COMPANY. RESPOND! Si LI TV: :T h e . P l a n t Engi n e e s n g U n i t , .v . n i a c . ' : j -! En g i n e e r i n g S ub- S e c t io n w i l l be r e s p o n s i b l e FOR COMMUN I CAT ( i:C AND REV( - : n THE CL.-' ENT OF T H I S INSTRUCTION AS NECESSARY TO ASSURE THAT ADEQUATE A NO RES PONS ! V\ LD-ITROL "- O C \DURE5 ARE MAI NTAI NED. T h e S e r v i c e E n g i n e e r i n g '-v - c m o n T H I S PROCEDURE AO STAVED. -^e r e s p o n s i b l e f o r f o l l o w i n g t h e d i r e c t i o n o f T he ACE L a b o r a t o r y ui l l p R u v i m t e c h n i c a l a s s i s t a n c e as o u t l i n e d and w i l l recommend a c c e s s ;ng ly. I t s h a l l 3E t h e .?e 3 p d n s i a* l r * : r Ol - l ' ? Co n t r o l t o p r o v i d e t h e f i n a l i n s p e c t i o n n e c e s s a r y t o Aroi.-^E t h a t : A. P yr anol S h i p p e d i n T ra*o -' Cr>i e r s . I . A CAUTION LABEL as j , - E i.LED ov~ ;.n MPI ^ P Z S A- P M l i s a t t a c h e d at e a c h d r a i n p u i h y ( t e s t v a -.veo a n o \ v a l v e s ). Z . On e ( l ) c m .'t i o n ~ ac ; a t t a c h .-? t o t h e u n i t w h e r e i t c a n b e r e a d i l y s e e n i Y THE CARR IE R. WORDING FOP. T < . ; NOTICE I S ATTACHMENT C OF T H I S INSTRUCTION, B. P**:m n o l S h i p p e d i n Cc ^ y a j n ? : : s Ot h r_*> T han T r a n s f o r m e r s . i . One (l) cauti on t a : can drummed Pyrahol w il l be a t t a c h e d to each CONTAINER AT OR WEAJ THE AOD^i SS LABEL SO IT CAN BE REAOI LY SEEN BY THE c a r r i e r . Wo r d i n g r t h i s n c '-'=.;e i s At t a c h m e n t D o f t h i s i n s t r u c t i o n . PROCrOUPS: S ection I - ACTION TO of. T A KEN UPON 'If.-Ti " I CATION OF S P I L L CR LEAK UA J a m in p T* am ss <M J m na -3 ac a A l l c a l l s f s k m a l e . 1*1Oil, LE, LNGI NEK 31 NJ. MED'N T r a n s f o r m ' Un i t o f ~Ja*`.R s p a l l NsTGJCT A1 WEEKENDS FT.DM THE C/.RIMERS Sr*. SOON A3 P C S S I 3 L E 1 OR S P I L L S SHALL BE D IR ECT ED TO S E R V I C E Pr o d u c t s D e p a r t m e n t . T h e P l a n t P r o t e c t i o n lUARDS THAT ANY CALLS AFTER HOURS OR ON Man S er > Ma n . S u p e r v is o r , Plant Protection GENP 004611 772570 NO--MG-5.8 j S U P E R S 2 OF 4 I DATED g/,/73 DATS ErrSCTiVS 12/19/73 772571 4 O-. M EDIUM TRANSFORMER DEPARTMENT DEPARTMENT INSTRUCTION b ) Service Engineering shall advise Che carriers o the action to b e taken (example: try to plug leak or b r o k e n bushing, m i n o r leaks, etc., to go to nearest Service Shop). If there is a major spill or leak, the carrier J should b e instructed to remain w h e r e h e ,1s or move the unit as little as possible, and await further Instructions. c) T h e Manager of Service Engineering shall advise the M a n a g e r of Plant Engineer ing as soon as possible of the spill or leak, giving name-of who made the . report, his company, and any information received concerning the nature of { . the spill or leak. d) W h e n notified by Service Engineering, the following action w i l l b e taken by Plant Engineering Unit, Manufacturing Engineering Sub-Sect!on: 1. Contact the carrier or individual reporting the spill or .leak and obtain pertinent facts concerning the incident - example: type of leak ~ oil: o r Pyranol; magnitude -- gallons; geographic location; action taken to contain fluid, etc.). 2m Adv i s e the carrier, or i n d ividual reporting, as to emergency measures to b e taken until assistance can b e dispatched to the s p ill site. 3 Contact the E P A Regional Off i c e responsible for the s p i l l area (see . ' Atta c h m e n t "A") and report the nature of the spill, geographic location, `and other information requested. The time and date of reporting and the name of the EP A official contacted will be recorded. 4 Contact the State E nvironmental Protection Agency.' N O T E : This could be a problem as the unit may b e kno w n as Environmental Quality Control, or be a sub-unit under another department In the state. If a problem is encountered in identifying proper repor t i n g official, contact the nearest state office and make Inquiry on unit. The time and date of reporting and the name of the offlcial(s) contacted will be recorded. 5 A f t e r reviewing the information received, dispatch P l a n t Engineering personnel and appropriate L a b o ratory technical personnel to the site to assist in containing spill or leak and direct activities. "Emergency Equipment" (see Section V) w i l l b e taken to the site. Section II - ACTION TO BE TAKEN -- SPILL/LEAK SITE a) `; Investigate spill or leak source, and if transformer fluid is .continuing tc \ l e a k from the unit, attempt to stop the flow by use of the m a t e r i a l i n tjie \ "Emergency Material Container". Km * *. , b ) \Cont a i n transformer fluid that has leaked upon the ground or surrounding a rcrv- utilizing the materials provided in the "Emergency Materials Container" \ o,r b y building a soil b arrier or other suitable containment using material.. ^ available at the site. c) Stake off the contaminated area, if possible, b y b l o c k i n g any movement through' the area, by person, animal-or vehicle. T T a u i\f\ j u r r r v MT.303f--t. MEDIUM TRANSFORMER DEPARTMENT .DEPARTMENT INSTRUCTION CATS ErFfcCTiV 12/19/73 SUPbRSbSES NO. DATED 9 / 1/ 7 3 NO. MG-5. PAGE 3 OJ Section III - COMMUNICATION OF DEGREE OF CONTAMINATION AND PLANS After emergency action has been taken to contain the spilled oil or Pyranol, Flanc Engineering personnel at the site w i l l report conditions to M I P D management, Manager, Service Engineering and/or Manager, Manufacturing Engineering. Items to be reported: 1 Exte n t of contamination 2* Impact on community 3 Acti o n taken to contain spill and effectiveness ! 4 A c t i o n taken to isolate area from contaminating other areas such as b l o c k i n g 'off b y markers, earth dams, etc. 1 5* Availability of local assistance for containment and clean-up 1 6m Other pertinent information Section IV - CLEAN-UP OF CONTAMINATED AREA Ba s e d on tdie technical support and recommendations of the ADE Laboratory, MTPD, En v i r o nmental Protection Agencies, Federal and State; and 1ITPD Service Engineering, the F l a n t Engineering Unit, M a n u f a c t u r i n g Engineering Unit w i l l proceed as follows: a ) Establish actual area of contamination. b) Identify equipment and manpower needs for accomplishing the clean-up. c) Develop w o r k p l a n and p r oceed w i t h clean-up, w o r k i n g through the ISSE r e p r e s e n tative or on our own. Section V - EMERGENCY EQUIPMENT The-em ergency equipment c o n ta in e r, w i l l be equipped w ith , b u t n o t fo llo w in g item s: .. i 1 2 packages;of duct seal 2. 12 rolls 2]' cloth tape .. 3 6 rolls 2" cloth m a s k i n g tape * *4 10 lbs. rags' 5* 12 transformer field repair kits 6. D o w Chemical Beads 7. 1 w o o d e n plug k i t (miscellaneous sizes) 8. Collapsible plastic tank or b a g 9 50 aluminum stakes 48" l ong painted International Orange 10. 1 wedge ax 11 3. lb. hammer 12. 100 ft. steel tape 13. Miscellaneous common hand tools lim ited to, ' 772572 the i ; .i J 1 The above' material w i l l b e placed in. a shipping container and be prepared for sh i p m e n t in the following manner: 1. T h e shipping c o n t a i n e r w i l l b e light-weight' m a t e r i a l for air shipment. !3 tt : *' MG-0. -8_ 5 rNuOP.K x iv [ T ng 4 07 4 1 PATTO 9 / l/ 7 3 urari t o i MEDIUM TRANSFORMER DEPARTMENT L DEPARTMENT INSTRUCTION 2* An i n v e n t o r y l i s t w i l l be f i r m l y a t t a c h e d to t h e o u t s i d e of t h e c o n t a i n e r . 3. The da te the c o n t a in e r was p r e p a r e d for sh ip m e n t w il l be shown and the next invento ry datf w il l be in d i c a t e d . An inv ento ry w il l only be required I F THE CONTAINER HAS BEEN OPENED OR THE SHELF L I F E OF ANY OF TH E MATERIAL W IL L BE THE NEXT INVENTORY DATE. A STATEMENT TO THE CARRI ER THAT THE CONTAINER DOES NOT CONTAIN ANY E X PL O SI V ES OR CORROSIVE M ATERIAL WI LL BE WRITTEN ON THE CONTAINER. S e c t i o n VI - REPORTS Progress reports by phone are req u ired when a major change has taken p l a c e , such AS ADDI TI ONA L CONTAMINATION I S DISCOVERED OR OTHER CHANGES TO WORK PLANS ARE INVOLVED. _' A COMPLETE WRITTEN REPORT W I LL BE REQUIRED UPON COMPLETION OF THE PROJECT. Ot h e r r e p o r t s at t h e d i s c r e t i o n o f t h e p e r s o n n e l c o n c e r n e d m ay b e r e q u i r e d . ATTACHMENTS: A - En v i r o n m e n t a l P r o t e c t i o n Ag en c y Standard Federal Regions 8 - En v ir o n m e n t a l Pro t e ct io n Agency R e g i o n a l Of f i c e s C - T r a n s f o r m e r F i l l e d Wi t h P y r a n o l Ca u t i o n T ag D - Co n t a i n e r F i l l e d Wi t h P y r a n o l Ca u t i o n T ag I* Q 772573 O ffl O o as l/ momstam. tm tscn m acency nECioa/a oFPices ,i a a i M s : -i \ 9 tf0 0 ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY REGIONAL OFFICES REGION ,1 \ \ xi \ i 1 V \ IV ' V VI . ' VII V III n x* ADDRESS Jo h n F, Kennedy Federal Building Boston, Massachusetts 022C3 Federal Office Building 26 Federal Flaia (Foley Square) New York, Sew York 10007 Curtis Building &Sixth Walnut 5 treats Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 191C3 1421 Peachtree Street, N;E. Atlanta, Georgia 30309 1 North Wacker Drive Chicago, Illinois 60605 1600 Patterson Street Dalles, Texas 75201 1735 Baltimore .Avenue Kansas City, Missouri 64103 Lincoln Tower Building I860 Lincoln Street Denver, Colorado 80203 100 California Street. San Francisco, California 94111 1200 Sixth Avenue Seattle, Washington 98103 ! I j GENP 004616 .- ATTACHMENT B 772575 Z: CAUTI ON Th i s t r a n s f o r m e r i s f i l l e d w i t h . an i n s u l a t i n s l i q u i d c o n t a i n i n s Po l y c h l o r i n a t e d B i p h e n y l m a t e r i a l s (P C B 's ) w h ic h m a y b e h a r m f u l t o t h e e n v ir o n m e n t . Ev e r y e f f o r t s h o u l d b e m a o e t o p r e v e n t t h e e s c a p e o f P C B 's i n t o t h e e n v ir o n m e n t ano to c o n t a i n ALL LEAKS OR S P I L L S . S hould any l iq u id leak be detected or any s p il l be noted a n y t im e du ring t r a n s it , PULL YOUR TRUCK OFF THE HIGHWAY OR PLACE CAR IN NEAREST R A IL S I D I N G AS SOON AS p o s s i b l e . Wh e n o f f t h e h i g h w a y o r m a i n l i n e , t r y t o s t o p t h e l e a k i f p o s s i b l e . DO NOT WELD ON THE U N IT . Prevent t h e l iq u id from sp r e a d in g and g e t t in g in t o w ater d r a in a g e a r e a s . Any L IQ U tO t h a t i s s p i l l e d on t h e t r u c k o r c a r b e d o r r o a d w a y s h o u l d b e c l e a n e d o r CONTAINED WITH RAGS, D R Y - R IT E ANd / o r DRY SAND AS SOON AS P O S S IB L E . DO NOT MOVE THE TRANSFORMER I F T H E RE I S ANY DANGER OF THE L I Q U I D S P I L L I N G OUT ON THE ROAD OR GROUND. Do NOT OPEN ANY V A LV ES OR ATTEMPT TO D R A IN THE T RAN SFO RM ER. Ca l l c o l l e c t t h e Ge n e r a l El e c t r i c Co m p a n y , Ro m e . Ge o r g i a - T e l e p h o n e A r e a Co d e 404. 234-0211, S e r v i c e En g in e e r in g Un i t , f o r f u r t h e r i n s t r u c t i o n s . I f a f t e r 5:00 p . m . or on w e e k e n d s , p l e a s e c a l l t h e a b o v e n u m b e r , g iv e your n a m e , COMPANY NAME AND WHERE YOU CAN BE REACHED BY PHONE. CALL YOU BACK W IT H IN A FEW M IN U T E S . SERVICE EnGINEERING. WlLL ATTACHMENT C MT-4439 E N P 004617 772576 CAUTI ON FOR CAN AND DRUMMED PYRANOL Th is c o n t a in e r i s f il l e o w ith an in s u l a t in g l iq u id c o n t a in in g Po ly c h lo r in a t e d B i p h e n y l m a t e r i a l s ( P C B 1s ) w h i c h m a y b e h a r m f u l t o t h e e n v i r o n m e n t . E v e r y EFFORT SHOULD BE MADE TO PREVENT THE E S C A P E OF PCB'S INTO THE ENVIRONMENT AND TO CONTAIN ALL LEAKS OR S P IL J . S . S hould any l iq u id leak be detected any t im e d u r in g t r a n s it , pu ll your truck OFF THE HIGHWAY OR P L A C E CAR IN NEAREST R A I L S I D I N G AS SOON AS P O S S I B L E . WHEN OFF THE HISHWAY OR MAIN L IN E ; TRY TO STOP THE LEAK I F P O S S IB L E . P r e v e n t t h e l i q u i d f r o m s p r e a d i n g an d s e t t i n s in t o w ater d r a in a s e a r e a s . Any L I Q U I D THAT I S S P I L L E D ON THE TRUCK OR CAR BED OR ROAOWAY SHOULD BE CLEANED OR CONTAINED WITH RAGS, O R Y -R lT E ANo/oR DRY SAND AS SOON AS P O S S IB L E . PLACE CON T A IN E R IN D R IP PAN OR OTHER TYPE CATCH B A S IN I F A V A IL A B L E ; I F NOT, BU ILD A B A R R IE R WITH RAGS, D R Y - R IT E OR SANO AROUND THE BOTTOM OF THE CONTAINER. CALL COLLECT THE GENERAL ELECTRIC COMPANY. ROME. GEORGIA - TELEPHONE AREA CODE 4 0 4 -2 3 4 -0 3 1 1 . SE R V IC E ENGINEERING UNIT. FOR FURTHER INSTRUCTIONS. |F AFTER 5 :0 0 P .M . OR ON WEEKENDS, P L E A S E C A LL t h e ABOVE NUMBER, G I V E YOUR NAME, COMPANY NAME, AND STAT E YOU HAVE AN O I L LEAK AND WHERE YOU CAN BE REACHED BY PHONE. S E R V I C E E N G IN E E R IN G W IL L C A LL YOU BACK W IT H IN A FEW M IN U T E S . MT-4446 ATTACHMENT D 772577 O OS Oo GENERAL ELECTRIC OIAL COMM* 8*236-2923 date* October 19, 1973 DEPT* rower T r a n s f o r m e r Products AOOAESS* Pittsfield, Massachusetts SUBJECT* PYRANOL P- c o pie s* EL Dobbins SG Hamilton Erie CB Lewis Erie L Maclionagle Erie KM Smith Erie LD Sweatman Erie JJ Farrell EH Feuerstein WB Gaither DL Johnston WK Mallon JR Vincent 42-526 14-3 12-2 12-2 14-4 14-3 16-200 16-140 16-175 16-250 16-140 16-100 Mr. A. P. E n g e l LPD Erie Works Mr. J. K. McCall TSPD Erie Works Consistent Wit h our prior discussions you are aware of the considerable concern that has been expressed over the effects of polychlorinated blphengls (PCB) on the environment. In an effort to protect the General Electric Company from unreasonable risks in this area, we are forwarding the attached information. This information must be coiumufticatcd to your customers which have purchased Pyrancl^fillcd transformers as part of your equipment. The first attachment is an indemnification clause which we suggest you use with your ultimate customer on all new proposals. This indemnification clause will be included i n ^ l l new Power Transformer Products Depart ment proposals for Pyranol^transformers. The second attachment is a draft of emergency instructions in case of Pyranolleaks or spills. At a later date, this will probably be issued as a Company Policy, but it should not deter us from using it now with your customers. The third attachment is N E M A Standard Publication CP-P1-1973*, entitled "Guidelines for Handling and Disposal of Capacitor-and TransformerGrade Askarels". We have been advised that a change has been proposed in the Standards to include specific procedures to be followed in the event of leaks or accidents. No date for completion of this change is available. The third attachment is a copy of a caution tag which will shortly be added to iall new shipments of PyranoInfilled Pittsfield Transformers. The fourth attachment is a copy of a Pyranoj? Caution Nameplate (NP229A3316) which we attach to every Pyranol^filled unit. 772578 Messrs. Engel & McCall October 19, 1973 Page 2 i Should y o u desire additional copies of this caution nameplate to place on existing equipment, please advise me of the number required and the serial numbers of the units on which they will be mounted. In accordance with above information, please Incorporate the attached indemnification clause on Pyranoi&jjLnto your terms and conditions for products equipped with PyranojPtransformers. D.B. Anderson Product Sales Engineer Apparatus Transformer Sales -pal -attachments - Registered Trademark * m. xo be forwarded under separate cover. 772579 GENP 004620 THE INSULATING FLUID IN THIS RANSFOKf-Efi CONTAINS POLYCHLORINATED DIPHENYLS, WHICH SOME STUDIES HAVE SHOWN MAY BE AN ENVL-OWMWAL CONTAMINANT. CA: SHOULD DE TAKEN TO Pf.EVENT ENTRY INTO THE EN*vi.OMr..E*i'-nr. in the case oi=malfunction or leaks CONSULT THE INSTRUCTION tVAKUAL OR THE MANUFACTURER- N P S S A 33* , j j j . { j ! 772580 1391700 d N 3 0 CAUTI ON THIS TRANSFORMER IS FILLED WITH A NONFLAMMABLE INSULATING LIQUID CONTAINING POLYCHLORINATED BIPHENYL MATERIALS (PCB'S) WHICH MAY BE HARMFUL TO THE ENVIRONMENT. EVERY EFFO R T SHOULD BE MADE TO PREVENT THE ESCAPE OF P C B !S INTO THE ENVIRONMENT AND TO CONTAIN ALL LEAKS OR SPILLS. SHOULD ANY LIQUID LEAK BE DETECTED OR ANY SPILL BE NOTED ANYTIME DURING TRANSIT, PULL Y O U R T R U C K OFF THE HIGHWAY OR. PLACE CAR IN NEAREST RAIL SIDING AS SOON AS POSSIBLE. WHEN OFF THE HIGHWAY OR MAIN LINE, TRY TO STOP THE .LEAK IF POSSIBLE. DO NOT W E L D ON THE UNIT. PREVENT THE LIQUID FROM SPREADING AND GETTING INTO WATER DRAINAGE AREAS. A N Y LIQUID THAT I S -'SPILLED ON THE TRUCK O R CAR BED O R ROADWAY SHOULD BE CLEANED OR CONTAINED WITH RAGS, DRY-RITE AND/OR DRY SAND AS SOON AS POSSIBLE. DO NOT MOVE THE T R A N SFORMER IF THERE IS AN* DANGER OF THE LIQUID SPILLING OUT ON THE ROAD OR GROUND. DO NOT OPEN ANY VALVES OR ATTEMPT TO DRAIN THE TRANSFORMER. CALL COLLECT THE GENERAL ELECTRIC COMPANY, PITTSFIELD. MASSACHUSETTS TELEPHONE AREA CODE 413, 494^1110. POWER TRANSFORMER CUSTOMER SERVICE ' ENGINEERING, FOR FURTHER INSTRUCTIONS. IF AFTER 5:00 P.M. OR ON WEEKENDS, PLEASE CALL THE ABOVE NUMBER, GIVE YOUR NAME, COMPANY NAME AND WERE YOU CAN BE REACHED BY PHONE. CUSTOMER SERVICE ENGINEERING WILL CALL YOU BACK WITHIN A FEW MINUTES. 772581 GEjs/P 004622 B1ERGENCY INSTRUCTIONS IN THE CASE OF PYRANOL LEAKS OR SPILLS There has been considerable concern over the effects of the polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) effect on the environment. The Environmental Protective Agency of the federal government Issued proposed regulations covering the potentially harmful effect of the PCB's. In order to conform to these proposed regulations and to Insure that any environmental Impact of pyranol leakage or spillage be minimized, this paper will document suggested emergency procedures for handling such leakage or spills. Some general comments are appropriate to lead into this subject. First, the paramount consideration in treating spills or leakage is "containment". Any leakage or spillage should not be allowed to spread unnecessarily. The second thing to be kept in mind is that the PCB's must be kept out of streams, drains, sewers, or other areas that could leak it into the major waterways. This includes the possible effects of rain washing the PCB's over large areas. Specific suggestions for the handling of leaks or spills are detailed as follows. While these suggestions are detailed, they do not cover all possible situations and do not list all actions which might be necessary in a particular situation. The two cautions mentioned above should be kept in mind and common sense .should prevail. , 1. Should any leak be detected or any spill be noted during the transit of pyranol filled equipments, the highway vehicle should be pulled off of the highway or the railroad car should be taken to the nearest railroad siding as soon as possible. 2. When - t h e vehicle is off the h i g h w a y or main line, correct the cause of the leak if at all possible. Caution: Do not weld on the unit without contacting Customer Service Engineering, Power Transformer Products Dept., Pittsfield, Hass. 3. Soak up any spillage with absorbent materials such as sawdust, dry-rite, dry sand/or rags as soon as possible. Follow this with a clean up of the affected area with rags soaked with kerosene or other approved solvent such as perchloroephylene or trichloroethylene. Collect all materials used for'this clean up and prepare them for disposal. 4. Contact Customer Service Engineering, Power Transformer Products Dept., Pittsfield, Mass, for consultation and further instructions. 5. A n y pyranol containing mater i a l used to clean up spillage from #4 above should be placed in open head drums with suitable closures. The drum then should be properly labeled for shipment to any of several companies offering an acceptable disposal service. Section 4 of NEMA Standard Publication #CP-P1-1973 contains a list of companies offering PCB waste disposal. GENP 004623 D. R. Bair 6/14/73 772582 INDEMNIFICATION CLAUSE - PYRANOL < 0 Pyranoli^-- ',contains polychlorinated byphenyls (PCB's) which tend to persist in the environment and, therefore, special care is required in the handling, possession, use and disposition of P y r a n o l * to prevent its entry into the environment. Accordingly, Buyer agrees to defend, indemnify and hold harmless Seller, its directors, officers, employees, and agents from and against any and all liability, lqss, damage or expense which Seller, its directors, officers, employees or agents may suffer as a result of claims, demands, costs, p r o c e e d i n g s .or judgments arising out of, or in connection with, the possession, handling, use, sale, or disposition of any Pyranol^^.purchased by Buyer, or delivered to Buyer, pursuant to this order. Registered Trademark 772583 G EN P 004624 i ndustrial applications of tlie arodors O' r v ' ' . . -r^ L O -- 1 < - ' . jVr - j ^ . - v . ^ . `3 0 V 'f T1 T! iOv u W - lo i-lir^ v._. if - ^ 772584 I Of Arodors are among the purest commercial chemical compounds, virtually free o f even traces o f conducting im purities. For this reason, the Aroclors' dielectric properties closely approxim ate the theoretical m axi mum for the particular organic compound. W ith their stnbilitv. heat reaistnnre nnd flam resistance -- y o f heavy-duty DIELECTRICS FOR ASKAREL TYPE TRANSFORMERS AND CAPACITORS M o n san to Aroclors are u sed per se an d are fo n n n - lated for the liquid co o lant-insulation fluids in transform ers and capacitors. Such dielectrics m ust be highly pure w ith dependably m inim al traces of electrolytes. T hey m u st be chem ically stab le and non-corrosive to a w ide v a rie ty of stru c tu ra l m a terials. M ost im p o rtan t, th e d ielectric fluid m u st be fire-resistant. A roclors are th e only liq u id s in low co st com m ercial supply th a t m eet these exacting requirem ents. L iquid A roclors " 1242," "1248," "1254," an d "1260" are used directly, or th ese are carefully form ulated w ith chlorinated benzene and o th er additives to m ake askarel fluid fo r p artic u la r needs. T y p ical form ulated ask arel fluids a re show n on th e follow ing pages. A roclors "1242" and "1254" them selves o r in special fo rm ulations are used as th e d ielectric in fixed paper capacitors, for th e pow er facto r correction in u tility transm ission lines; for hom e appliances such as air conditioners, furnaces, w ashers and driers; fo r electric m otors; an d fo r b allast in fiuo- 772585 'JJW V04626 rescent fixtures. T h ere are also a num ber o f ap p licatio n s in D C system s, in con densers. and the new energy storage capacitors. T h e A roclor fluids can be used in a w ide v ariety o f ap p lica tio n s req u irin g a special ized dielectric. M onsanto w orks closely w ith electrical eq u ip m en t m akers to develop th e p ro p er dielectric w ith th e exact physical p ro p erties req u ired by the engineering o f th e equipm ent. IMPREGNATING c o m p o u n d s B ecause o f th eir nonflam m ability, high resistiv ity , an d d ielectric stren g th and low pow er fa cto r, th e liquid and resinous A roclors a re ex trem ely useful m aterials for m any applicatio n s as im pregnating com pounds. A n im p o rtan t application of A roclors in th e electrical field is th e use o f A roclors 1260, 4465 a n d 5460 in w ire o r cable coatings and as im prgnants for cotton an d asbestos b raid ed insulation. B ecause th ey possess high p u rity an d excellent electrical resistan ce, A roclor 1254, 5460 an d 1268 m ake excellent dielectric sealan ts: to close th e pores o f carbon resistors, and to seal electrical bushings and term inals. S ince th e liquid A roclors will a b so rb su ffic ie n t m o is tu re from th e a tm o sp h e re to im pair th e electrical c h a ra c te ristic s, it is custom ary to trea t Aroclor intended for this application before u s e with a d e h y d ra tin g clay. An effective p ro d u c t fo r th is p u rp o se is A ttapulgus clay 8 0 .3 0 0 m esh dried fa r 4 h o u rs a t 400*C. and used at the rate of 0.10% based on the weight of Aroclor. followed by filtration. T rea tm e n t is im proved if th e Aroclor is heated to 50*55*C. > ALM CTaiGAL PB O P E H TtB S tDielectric Constant s 1.000 P oS T o t ' Votant Rodstivftr(2>. '^ 2 = ^ O tavM m atlO trc; Arodor - 5 0 0 Volts OXL ' Power factor (4y D e fttffk T O w itfs O ) lOOrC, 1,000 1232 1242 1248 1254 1260 1268 5442 5454 5460 4465 7 5A 3L6 Q 3* 23 3.0 2.7 23 2J (1)ASfMtSMTT at astwa-;-* I ASTM 0 -1 4 *4 4 (4) A S IM O - IQ M T T 4 fc ` Above 500x1(7 * Abmre 500x19 Above 50O<7> - cl : Above SOQaMT? v Above 500x1(7 V '-'i < ' ; *u G ratae than 3 5 K V G ra tta ttafr35KV G b ta ta rtltift3 5 K V - rSSKV-- 772586 "ifc. :-w-> r-a e z iM a n TYPICAL TRANSFORMER ASKAREL (MIXTURE OF AROCLOR ANO CHLOROBENZENES) Property Vise. < 37.8C. (ASTM D88) Spc. Gravity ( lS.S/lS.S'C., lASTM D2S71 Color. APHA Condition Acidity, mg. KOH/g. jf f o u r Pt., SC.. [ASTM D97) Uftiprgmmc Chloridia ppm ^{Tractive Inde23^SC . P< Ra a ^ ^ tS T M D20) 'Ti , Correci3^<^^Rft_auLbaro- Typical 41-45 Sec. Saybolc Univ. 1.563-1.571 150 max. Clear 0.01 max. --44SC.. or lower 0.10 max. 1.6075-1.6085 Water Content, ppm. ivity, 100*C., 500v., 0.1' gapd r 29"C. Dielectric Conriut?*MQC_10(KL cydaag ^ Tin Tedpphmyi*. Burn P iir t, (ASTM D82)* Fixed U b ru e -1. Are Formed Gasee* ' < (Oxygen Free Liquid^fit^G Js Electrical Stability ` urn for 6 hra. dlaxxnfiuin must not be p visual or weight in- ts the following * 200 max. StfjiJ 0.01 max. iff! I 1 5 max. 'If |- Clear by weight ng Point tible gases including carbon hydrogen and volatile hydroAfter heating for 96 hours @ 100'C in a closed container, the resistivity should not decrease more than 10%. TYPICAL CAPACITOR AROCLOR Property Vise. @ 37.8'C. (ASTM D88) ' Specific Gravity @ 25/lS.5*C (ASTM D287) Color, APHA Condition Aridity, mg!, KOH/g. Typical 82-92 seconds Saybolt Univ. 1.381-1.392 50 max. Clear 0,01 max. a0*t*n>iM46ukui rniMiL 10 772587 Q ro f^n n J u a n Typicai Capacitor Arocior Property Pour Pt.. 'C. IASTM D97) Inorganic Chlorides, ppm. Refractive Index (5 25"C. Distillation Range iASTM D20) Corrected for stem and baro metric pressure Corrosion Water Content, ppm Resistivity 100C. 500 volts DC (a, 0.1' gap Dielectric Constant 100*C. (g; 1000 cycles (ASTM D924) Flash Point Cleve. Open Cup* Fire Point C. * Sulfates (ASTM-D117-31) * Fixed chlorine content (Carius) * Specific Heat 25'C .' Evaporation @ 100*C for 6 hrs. * Dielectric Strength iKV) (ASTM D877) * Q, io cjI rvQwftl. ( continued) Typicai - M or lower 0.10 max. 1.6240-1.6260 10r ,' 325'C. min. 90% 360*C. max. After heating with aluminum for six hours a t 210*C 10SC the aluminum must not be corroded either on visual or weight in- spection and the Arocior 1242 should! meet the following specs.: { Color, APHA 60 max. Acidity, mg. KOH/g. 0.01 max. v Inorg. Chlorides, ppm 0.10 max. Condition Clear 35 500 x 10* ohm-cm., min. 4.7-4.9 170*C.t min. None to boiling point None 41.5-42.5 % 0.29 0.4 % max. 35 Min. *, **; 1, ^ D tBLM CTRtC C Q M ST A M T 'Y S--TM M & tJtATU Jtm : S*!, ' prir. DIELECTRIC CONSTANT (0 100 CYCLES vjciNr UU4629 b t c o u e n s r c e th c jo u m m m . o m f iu u ik u m iN srm ire AMO S I L L T U 0 M O K C LAMOSATOSICS 772588 *45 :IIonni-a'*'-si Because Aroclors have excellent shear resistance, heat stability, and are chemically stable . . . they can serve in dozens of mechanical applications for transferring mechanical pow er, heat, and variable pressures, Aro clors do not attack metals even at high temperature; they resist oxidation, chemical and mechanical break down under a wide variety o f environmental conditions. In addition, die Aroclor liquids used as lubricants im part a high degree o f extreme pressure lubricity. m ecj^anical applications of aroclors HEAT TRANSFER A roclors are o u tstan d in g fo r use as th e h e a t tran sfer liquids in in d irect h eatin g system s. A roclor system s can tran sfer closely controllable, uniform h eat tp chem ical processing vessels, food cookers, p o tato chip fryers, drying ovens an d o th er installations w here th e fire source m u st be rem oved from th e p o in t w here th e processing h e a t is used. A roclor 1248 is used m ost fre q u e n tly in such in d irect heating system s. H eat tran sfer w ith A roclors h as m any advantages. Processing h e a t up to 600F. can be delivered in a non-pressurized sy stem , red u cin g th e co n stru ctio n costs of the heating system . T he fluid in properly engineered system s w ill la s t w ith o u t significant d eg rad atio n fo r from five to seven years. T h e system s p resen t no fire o r explosion hazard, since th e A roclor does n o t su p p o rt com bustion. In ad d itio n , th ere is no d ay to d a y co n d itio n in g o f b oiler w ater, inasm uch as th e A roclor requires no con ditioning, and A roclor system s require a m inim um am ount of insulation. A roclor system s operating a t atm ospheric pressure h ave been used successfully since 1941. A roclor system s can o p erate safely and efficiently on gas, oil or electricity . GENP 004630 772589 A roclors 1242,1248 and 1254 are used as a circulating h e a t tran sfer m edium w ith g re a t success. G ood circ u latio n a n d a w ell designed h e a tin g sy stem are necessary to p re v e n t local o v erh eatin g . A roclor 1248, how ever, is recom m ended fo r u n iv ersal use u p to 315C (600F) because o f its flu id ity a t low tem p eratu res an d its fireresistan ce. T h e liq u id A roclor 1248 is read ily p u m p ab le w ith c e n trifu g al pum ps to te m p e ra tu re s as low as 50F. In processes w here a cooling cycle m u st also be in tro d u ced , p ro vision can easily be m ade for sh u n tin g circu latin g A roclor through a w ater cooled h e a t exchanger, th u s em ploying one m edium for b o th heating and cooling. In special cases, A roclors 1242 an d 1232 can be su b stitu te d fo r th e A roclor 1248. I f low o u tsid e tem p eratu res are encountered, th e less viscous A roclor 1242 can be used. A roclor 1232 m ay be used w here o u td o o r tem p eratu res as low as 20F are en co untered. W hile A roclor 1232 is serviceable for unpressurized h e a t tran sfer, th is A roclor com pound is n o t q u ite as fire re sista n t as " 1248" o r " 1242." M on san to h as av ailab le an " E ngineering H e at T ra n sfer D a ta " booklet th a t gives design guidance on A roclor system s. In addition, M onsanto can suggest sources fo r A roclor h eaters and equipm ent. GENP 004631 c a u f im of Wootom ProcieitiiMn Co#. Photo eownto, of Struuion w n ii Cor*. Pitot c o v t m of Union i#on w o r n Photo court* of Tn* into,union eaiior or Co. 772590 13  0 .40 HBAT CAPACITY OP AROCLORS AT VARIO US TEMPERATURES GENP 004632 TEMPERATURE *C T H E R M A L CO N D U C TtV tTY OP A R Q C L Q R 1M4 M T n paratura c. f . 30 36 GO 140 100 212 BTU/Hr./3q. FU TJF. 0.0570 0.0564 0.0555 C skui, gram/S*c7 Sq.Cm^*iX/Cm. 236x10-* 233X 10-* 229'XlO -* p EXPANSION MEDIUM B ecause o f th eir stab ility a t high tem peratures and ab ility to w ithstand freq u en t tem p e ra tu re cycles w ith o u t gum form ation, th e liquid A roclors are used as th e a c tu a tin g m edium in bellow s controls, th erm o stats, in d u strial tem p eratu re co n tro l reg u lato rs and oth er kinds of autom ation equipm ent. T h e average coefficient o f expansion o f A roclor 1248 p er degree F . w ithin th e v ario u s te m p eratu re ranges indicated in th e tab le below w as determ ined b y using th e sim p le fo rm u la V t ~ V tl [1 -fa ( t --t)]. T h e coefficient, a , h as b een c a lc u lated a t 100F in crem en ts, as follow s: Temp. Range F 0 to 100 100 to 200 200 to 300 300 to 400 400 to 500 500 to 600 Average Coefficient of Expansion cc/cc/F 0.00037 0.00039 0.00040 0.00046 0.00048 . 0.00051 T h e specific volum e o f A roclor 1248 a t d ifferen t tem p eratu res is as follow s: Temp. aF. Specific Volume mi/gm 0 0.674 100 0.699 200 0.726 300 0.755 400 0.790 500 0.828 600 0.870 LIQUID SEALAN T FOR FURNACE ROOFS T h e liq u id A roclors 1248 an d 1254, b ecau se o f th e ir low v ap o r pressu res a n d fire* resistan ce, m ake excellent liquid sealan ts. T hese non-evaporating fluids have good flow a t slig h tly elev ated tem p eratu res an d are chem ically stab le a t elev ated tem p eratu res. C onsequently, th e liquid A roclors m ake excellent fluid sealan ts fo r a n y ap p lica tio n w here th e use o f oil w ould create a fire h azard . In th e tro u g h o f an n ealin g furnaces, fo r exam ple, A roclors m ake dependable fire-safe ro o f seals. V A C U U M DIFFUSION P U M P OIL T h e fluid A roclors 1248 an d 1254 are highly stab le to air; they m ake good oils for v acuum pum ps a t a m uch low er cost th a n high priced silicone ty p e oils. T hese A roclors o p erate efficiently in vacuum diffusion pum ps used to p u ll high vacuum for m etalizing plastics; d eh ydrating foods, m edicinis; an d for drying cap acito r cones. DUST ENTRAPMENT B ecause A roclors are non-drying and tacky, th ey m ake excellent coatings for c a p tu rin g d u st, lin t an d o th er fine air-borne particles. A roclors 1260 an d 5460 are u sed successfully to co at fibrous glass a ir filter pads, m etal m esh an d o th er m a terials used for filtering air and gas stream s. 772592 GENP 004633 IS W ith their wide range o f physical properties, their inertness, lubricity, and vapor-suppressing charac teristics -- Aroclors can be valuable ingredients in an extraordinary variety o f form ulated products. They are compatible with a variety o f solvents, oils, resin s. They are virtually non-volatile and perm anently thermoplastic; they will not react with other chemicals in the form ulation. In addition, their low cost makes their use for special purposes em inently practical and economical. x SEALERS FOR GASKETS A roclors -- p a rtic u la rly w hen h o t -- sw ell ru b b e rs like H ycar, K oroseai, P erB una N , and N eoprene. W herever seals an d gaskets o f n a tu ra l or sy n th etic ru b b er tend to sh rin k u n d er h e a t an d use, A roclors 1232, 1242 o r 1254 can be used as a sw elling ag e n t to tig h ten th e shru n k en seal. A n exam ple is in autom otive transm ission oil: a sm all am ount o f A roclor in th e oil sw ells th e seal in place, saving th e cost of tearing dow n th e equipm ent to replace th e seal o r gasket. A roclors can be used in g asket seal ing com pounds to sw ell th e ru b b e r a fte r th e g ask et o r seal is in place. DEDUSTING AGENT A roclor 1254 is a low co st d ed u stin g ag en t w hich can "hold down" th e dusting o f a v ariety of chem ical products. B ecause A roclor 1254 resists both com bustion an d oxidation, it can be used to control dusting of highly reactive com pounds. As a ty p ical exam ple," a few te n th s o f one p ercen t w ill control th e dusting o f calcium hypochlorite. *CMrai br U. L Pmmi N, 3,921.S II. itstMtf Jvwmv 19,' I960, ind lu r p M ta t-- W Clwm cMi C an. 772593 GENP 004634 A roclor 5460 and 1254 a c t as vapor suppressants. T h e U nited S tates D ep artm en t o f A griculture scien tists rep o rted th a t th e inclusion o f from 5 to 25 p a rts p er h u n d red b y w eight o f A roclor increased th e effective kill-life o f a lindane sp ray u p to te n tim es. A p ain ted or m etallic surface sprayed w ith certain chlorinated in secticides fo rtified w ith A roclor w l rem ain toxic to flies, a n ts, roaches, sverfiah u p to 2 to 3 m onths. T h e A roclor resins suppress th e ra p id evap o ratio n o f th e v o latile insecticides w ith o u t adding odor or o th er objectionable residua. F orm ula tio n in to in secticides is q u ite sim ple; th e A roclor is dissolved in a su itab le so lv en t co m p atib le w ith th e in secticid e fo rm u latio n , an d m iTM d in . T h e m o st p ro nounced effect fo r increasing th e kill-life o f th e tnaactirM a is o b tain ed w ith lin d an e, chlord an e a n d B H C . A roclots axe recom m ended for chlorinated insecticide form ulations to b e u sed fo r non -cro p sp ray in g . T h e ir low co st mnlmw th is u se a m o st p ra c tic a l w ay to low er th e u ltim ate cost o f insect control. A ro d o rs are com patible w ith various n a tu ra l w axes, such as carnauba and others, in chidtng th o se used to form ulate castin g w ax. A rodors help im p a rt to th e finished castin g w ax a num ber o f desirable properties: hardness w ith o u t b rittlen ess; re sistan c e to sh rin k in g ; sh arp definition? sh arp m elting p o in t; an d fire-resistance. W axes fo rm u lated w ith A rodors are non-tacky and highly stab le. A rodor-containin g w axes a re w idely used in m aking d en tal castings, in th e precision castin g o f a irc ra ft p a rts , an d fo r castin g co stu im jew elry. A rodors 1254, 4465 an d 5460 are th e ones m o st freq u en tly used, th e proportions dependent u p o n th e p roperties re q u ire d in th e finished, w ax. M u ch o f th e h ig h est q u a lity p recisian castin g w ax u sed in th e 'T o st w ax" process is fo rm u late d w ith A ro d o rs. A ro d o rs 1254,1268 an d 5460 a re u sed in th e m an u factu re o f specialized abrasives. B ecau se o f th e ir ex cellen t b o n d in g c h a ra c te ris tic s , High th e rm a l s ta b ility an d resistance to oxidation an tic o rro sio n -- A rodors am used as th e carriers for ab rasiv e m aterials. A m s jo ru s e is as p a rt o f th e bonding ag en t in spedalized grinding w heels. F o r sp ecialised lu b ric a n ts r eq u irin g good ex trem e p ressu r e (E P ) ch a ra c te ristic s, th a liq u id A roclora m ake excH lent ad d itiv es. T h e A ro d o rs im p a rt h ig h tem p eratu re sta b ility , excellent Inbricatin g q u alities, and w eather a n d coxxunaa resistance. A s a n exam ple, A roclora a re used to fo rm u late grease an d p ip e tinw H com pounds fo r u se in oxygen system s. G reases form ulated w ith A ro d o rs h av e a high chem ical re sistan c e, am su itab le fo r use in c o n ta c t w ith corro siv e dw m icala. G ear oil lu b ri c a n ts co n tain in g A ro d o rs h av e good resistance to sheer d egradation an d high GENP 004635 772594 17 tem p eratu re sta b ility . A dded in sm all am ounts to railro ad c a r jo u rn al box oils, A roclors im p a rt b e tte r extrem e pressure lu b ricity an d reduce th e incidence of " h o t boxes." T h e h ea t-resistin g , nonflam m able ch aracteristics o f th e A roclors m ake them a ttra c tiv e in them selves as lubricants u n d er conditions of high tem perature. As a n exam ple: in governor system s o f c e n tra l pow er sta tio n s, A roclor 1248 is w ell su ited to th is lu b ricatin g application. S tra ig h t A roclor 1254 gives excellent re su lts on a ro ller bearing te s t o p erating a t 255-260F w ith m uch less carbonization o r decom position th a n th e u su al sp in d le oil u n d er th e sam e conditions. A s a n ex trem e p ressu re (EP') lu b ric a n t b ase ad d e d to a p etro leu m h y d ro carb o n o il in am o u n ts u p to approxim ately 1 5 ^ by w eight, A roclors 1248 and 1254 m ateria lly increase th e load-carrying p ro p erties w ith o u t reducing th e viscosity o f th e re su ltin g com position. T hese tw o A roclors re p resen t one o f th e m ore sa tis fa cto ry carriers for th e elem ent chlorine as an extrem e pressure base, possessing th e follow ing advantages: 1. STABILITY . . . even a t higher temperatures, which asiures there will be neither separation of components nor appreciable change in physical or chemical properties during long periods of operation. 2. NON-VOLATILE. Many other types of chlorine bearing compounds are so volatile as to render them unfit for long periods of service. The Aroclots are non-volatile at normal temperatures. 3. NON-OXIDIZING. Arodora do not oxidize nor " thicken up" to an objectionable degree. 4. NON-CORBOSIVE . . . toward metal surfaces. 5. NON-ABRASIVE. Aroclors exerts no abrasion on the machined surfaces. 6. NON-HYDROLYSIS. Aroclors do not hydrolyze in the presence of water, thus avoiding the generation of hydrochloric acid. 7. COMPATIBILITY. Aroclors are completely miscible with mineral oils. 8. COLOR. Aroclors do not darken or change the color of lubricating oil. S u b m erg ed Lubrication U nder conditions of lubrication subjected to exposure to w ater displacem ent such, fo r exam ple, as lu b ricatio n of bridge rollers, a h eav ier-th an -w ater lu b rican t can b e p rep ared from m ixtures o f A roclor an d oil, o f w hich th e follow ing are ty p ical exam ples: % b y w eight G rav ity a t A pprox. M ix N o. . O il' A roclor 1248 P o u r P t. 15.5C . P o u n d s G al. 1 50 50 0 F 1.1263 9.4 2 25 ' 75 -f-5F 1.2703 10.6 V iscosity 210F-160 S ay b o lt Secs. C olor A STM 7-8 F lash P o in t 545F. P our P oint 15F. Stbc*: G stnr, 32-23 GENP 004636 772595 A r o c lo r a In In d u s tria l C u ttin g O ils A roclor 1254 is used to fo rm u late th e finest q u a lity "s tra ig h t" an d " so lu b le" o r em ulsiflable-type c u ttin g oils. T h e A roclor functions as an excellent extrem epressure lu b rica n t an d it is fa r superior to alip h atic chlorinated hydrocarbons because o f its h ig h er o rd er of th erm a l sta b ility . T h e h e a t re sistan c e is m o st im p o rta n t in c u ttin g oils for m achining high grade steel. W ith A roclor c u ttin g oils th e re is a low er degree o f h y d ro ly sis w hich m inim izes th e sta in in g o f th e m etal. A R O C LO R S IN A D H E S IV E S A roclora are o u tstan d in g ly useful ingredients in th e form ulation o f v ario u s ty p es o f ad h esiv es. B esides a p lasticizin g ac tio n on th e ad h esiv e's re sin b ase, th e y ad d v alu ab le p ro p e rtie s to th e adhesive bond. A roclora offer a v ariety o f p ro p e rty im p ro v em en ts to adhesives based on p o ly v in y l'ace ta te , to ru b b e r cem ents an d to h o t m elt adhesives. A roclora stro n g ly resist attack by w ater, acids, alk alies an d o th e r common co r rosive influences, as w ell as m icroorganism a tta c k . B y p ro p e r selectio n o f m ateria ls, adh esiv es co n tain in g A roclora can h av e o u tstan d in g resistan ce to m o st o f th e d e stru c tiv e fa c to rs th a t injure bonding p ro p erties. Hot M olt A d h e s iv e s A ty p ic a l s ta rtin g fo rm u latio n for a cellulose a c e ta te b u ty ra te h o t m e lt adhesive w ith A roclor 5460 is: H alf-second cellulose a c e ta te b u ty ra te A roclor 5460 D ioctyl p h th alate N ew p o rt V-40 S antonox ' P a rts by W eight 35.00 30.00 15.00 19.89 0.1 S yn F leur r6 0.01 T h e above co ating can be applied a t ab o u t 350F. V entilation should be provided. A ty p ic a l s ta rtin g fo rm u latio n fo r a n e th y l cellulose h o t m elt adhesive w ith A roclor 5460 is: P a rts by w eight E th y l cellulose, 50 cp r 24 A roclor 5460 7 L o p o r N o. 45 M ineral O il 57 B ak ers N o. 15 C asto r O il 5 E poxy soybean oil 3 P araffin w ax (m . p. 135F) 3 S a n to n o x * 1 `S intonet: M entirne Cl'*'". Ca. . **t>ti*r*d U. S. PiL Ole. 772596 GENP 004637 1! Hat Sealing Adhesive C h lo rin ated ru b b er and A roclors 1254 and 1260 m ake excellent h e a t sealing an d lab el adhesives. T hese adhesives have h ig h chem ical resistan ce an d extrem ely low m oisture vapor transm ission. A typical sta rtin g form ulation is: P a rts b y w eight P arlo n (125 cen tip o ise ty p e) A roclor 1254 A roclor 5460 T oluene 20 6 6 68 PVAe Emulsion A dheslvsa A roclors 1221,1232, and 1242 im p art excellent ta c k an d stro n g bonding pow er to p o ly v in y l a c e ta te em ulsion adhesives. T h e y read ily b len d w ith sim ple stirrin g an d since th e y are liquid a t room tem p eratu re n o pre-m ehm g is req u ired . T h e hardness re q u ire d in th e ad h esiv e's en d use ca n b e v a rie d to s u it sim p ly b y selectio n o f th e A roclor w ith o u t m aterially changing o th e r p ro p erties. T h e A roclors a re com patible w ith PV A c em ulsions a t a level o f u p to 11 p a rts o f A roclor in 100 p a rts o f FV A c em ulsion. A n excellen t ty p e o f h o t m e lt book b in d in g ad h esiv e can b e m ade a s follow s: * P a rts b y w eight G elva polyvinyl a c e ta te ream V-T E th y l caQulooe Gelva C -S V -16R F orm ula 17 F orm ula 18 F orm ula 19 100 65 -- -- 15 -- -- -- 100 flentxcigfir 160 R osin W W D ibutyl p h th alate A rodor 1254 -- IS 75 -- 30 -- 55- 4 -- 75 30 55 B y th e . ty p e a poly v iny l a c e ta te re sin u t rre d in th e h a t m elt, th e v isco sity o f th e m e lt a n b e m o u s e d a r d e a e u e d w ith o u t changing th e ra tio o f ream to p lasriczer. P o ly u re ilta n e R e s in A d h e siv e A n exceQezxt flocking ad h esiv e co n tain in g A roclor 1254 con b e m ad e a s follow s: P a rta b y w eight P art A -- M ultran F L D * A rodor 1254 100 20* M om far *C 5 P art B -- M ultaaxril F L D * M ondnr C* ` W0r 5-10' P a rt A is applied to th e fabric b y lm ifeco a tm g an d S o w ed , to d ry thoroughly. T h e fa b ric is th e n c o u te d w itfrP a rt B , a n d th e m a terie l a fln cfari .> 772597 B poxy A dhalvi A roclora can b e u sed to ex ten d epoxy resin adhesives. T h e ex tending g re a tly red u ces th e fo rm u latio n co st w ith a m inim um effect on the-bonding c h a rac te ristic s o f th e adhesive. A roclora can be used to extend o r su b stitu te C arnauba W ax an d reduce th e cost o f th e w ax form ulation. S everal p ractical form ulas are available using A roclors to m ake w ax blends th a t possess th e qualities of C arnauba W ax. T hese blends c a n be u sed fo r autom obile, w ood, leath e r an d linoleum polishes. S elected A roclors such aa 5460 used in conjunction w ith various w axes m ake excellent im pregnating.com pounds fo r fu rn itu re draw ers, etc., to p re v en t sticking. R esinous A roclors used in com bination w ith w axes m ake excellent an d inexpensive sealers fo r concrete an d m asonry surfaces, w ood, fiber board an d p ap er p ro d u cts. T h e A roclors m ay be used to im pregnate d o th , paper, wood o r asbestos in order to im p a rt m o istu re a n d g as re sista n c e , ndhcwinw, in su latin g p ro p e rtie s, a lk a li o r o th e r chem ical resistance, flam e resistance, o r lu b ricatin g q u alities. F o r th is ty p e o f fo rm u latio n th e y a re u sed in com bination!! w ith o th e r m aterinln ndi as w axes, inorganic pigm ents, asp h alt, ta rs, alum inum stearate, sulphur, e tc ., in o rd er to o b ta in ex actly th e p hy sical ch aracteristics desired fo r th e specific p urpose. A ro d o rs 1254, 4465 an d 5460, o r th e corresponding dark-colored products, are suggested as m o st applicable. W ood im p reg n ated b y vacuum -pressure m ethod w ith th e follow ing m ix tu re: A rodor 4466 M xcrocxystftRm W ax^ S ulfur 70% 20% 10% . . . is d efinitely to u g h er; h ard er a n d m ore m oisture resistan t th a n u n trea ted w ood. T h is c o a tin g i s v w y r e s s t a n it o a d d s a n d alk alies b u t wiQ b e a tta c k e d b y aro m a tic , a lip h a tic o r ch lo rin ated h ydrocarbon. T h e surface is n o t appreciably discolored and can be V arious degrees o f hardness and adhesion can b e o b tain ed b y v ary in g th e A ro d o n w ax: sulfur ratio . 772598 F o r use as m oisture p ro o f coatings on w ood, p ap e r, concrete and b rick, th e A roclors a re b e st com bined w ith w axes, especially paraffin o r C am au b a, oils such a s m in eral oil o r d ry in g oils, an d sy n th etic resin s including m odified alkyds, p henolics, ch lo rin ated ru b b er, p olystyrene, sty ren e -b u tad ien e co-polym ers, e th y l cellulose, cellulose a c eto b u ty rate, benzyl cellulose o r v in y l resins. Selection o f m ateria ls fo r use in com bination w ith A roclors depends a n en d use requirem ents o f th e specific ap p licatio n . T h e sim p lest com positions co n tain only A roclor an d paraffin . A m oisture proofing co m p o u n d com posed o f 96% (b y w eig h t) o f A roclor 5460 a n d 4 % paraffin (m elting p o in t 54C) h as an A STM softening p o in t o f a b o u t 82C an d is very efficient. S u b stitu tin g A roclor 4465 fo r A roclor 5460 produces a com pound w ith a softening p o in t of about 58C. S o ften in g p o in t an d viscosity w hen m elted m ay be fu rth e r decreased b y using m ix tu res o f A rodora. F o r exam ple, a com position co n tain in g 40% o f A roclor 1260, 56% o f A roclor 5460 an d 4% o f paraffin w ill b e v ary so ft a t o rd in ary tem p eratu res. In c re a se d p ro p o rtio n s o f paraffin w ill also p ro d u ce s o fte r <*rnip niinH_ A n excellent m elt coating fo r p aper and d o th w as rep o rted b y W . M . G earh eart an d F .M . B all, O F F IC IA L D IG E S T , VoL 343,1963: H alf-second B u ty ra te D ioctyl p h th alate ; A rodor 1260 Iornol 50% 9 .9 % 40% 0.1 % T h is co a tin g m ay be-applied b y knife o r ro ller a t 3G0F; th e ap p licatio n requires n o a d v e n t. H u nwHiig a n p a p e r o r fe b n e b a r ex tre m ely g o o d flex ib ility . sasv, A ro d ra 4465 iaa& unffidxesni fo r com pounding ro to g ra v u re a n d o th e r p rin tin g inkgA m im eograph fn lfw ritab le fo r use on bond p a p e r co n tain s th e follow ing in g red ien ts: A ro d o r 4465 L u b ric a tin g O il (SU V 1200 @ 100F) P araffin;O i (SU V 76 @ 100F) C arbon B lack O il S oluble D y e 40% 35% 20% 4% 1% A ro d o r 4465 m a y also b a used in th e p rep aratio n o f m u tatio n gold leaf. A th in co atin g a f tb e A zodar is applied b o t to an * a f p a p e r. W id e i t is stiQ h o t, bronze pow der is sp read upon th e coating. T h e b ronze pow der adheres to th e A ro d o r c u m p ta d y covering .th e p ap er. T h ar p ro d u c t m in e d i s m aking, th e " gold 772599 leaf" le tte rs on books, etc. T h e p ap er tre a te d w ith A roclor an d bronze pow der is p laced u pon th e book b inding. A h o t die is pressed upon it. T h e A roclor so ften s an d stick s th e bronze to th e binding and form s a coating over it to p ro tect it from tarnishing. T h e A roclors are also used as vehicles for carry in g th e pigm ents used in glass deco ratio n . W hen the decorations have been applied an d th e glass is fired, th e A roclors v o latilize w ith o u t carbonization and th u s avoid discoloration o f th e glass. A ro d o rs 1254 an d 4465 are used for ceram ic decoration. PA PER TRANSPARENTIZER A tre a tin g liq u id th a t m akes p ap er tra n sp a re n t for use as trac in g p ap e r, w indow envelopes, an d special packaging can be form ulated w ith A roclor 5460 an d poly b u ten es. A ty p ic a l econom ical fo rm ulation is: A roclor 5460 In d o p o l H -300 T oluene 309c 25% 45% In th e p ap er tre a tin g form ula, th e proportions o f A ro d o r to Indopol m ay be v a rie d from 2:1 to 1:2 resp ectiv ely . M ASTiCS, SEALING AND CAULKING COMPOUNDS A roclors an d polybutenes can be blended w ith inorganic fillers to m ake excellent sealin g a n d ca u lk in g com pounds. A ty p ic a l " filler'* w ould be: W hiting T alc L ithopone 7 M A sbestos 50% 30% 10% 10% B y com b in in g selected A roclors a n d Ind o p o l p o ly b u ten es, i t is po ssib le to produce a w ide ra n g e o f h ard n ess, v isco sity , flow and bonding ch a ra c te ristic s in d u rab le sealing a n d caulking com pounds. E x cellen t m astics, too, can be p rep ared by blending selected A ro d o r resins w ith In d o p o l poly b u ten es. T h e m astics have good adhesive q u a litite s fo r specialized uses such as sealing of autom obile body construction. P E R M A N E N T TACK COATINGS A ro d o rs an d Indopol polybutenes can be blended in a v a rie ty o f p roportions to m ake p erm an en tly tack y coatings. T hese coatings m ay be applied to fabric o r p a p e r to p ro v id e a p erm an en tly " stic k y '* surface. In secticid es, fo r exam ple, can be blended in to such coatings to m ake insect trap s or in sect b arriers on tree tru n k s for tre e foliage o r fru it pro tectio n . T hese coatings can also be used for tap es an d sign backing. 772600 f r Q f c f if i J T M 'X T ', 2: aroclors in Aroclors are valuable as low cost plasticizers for a variety of applications. Aroclors improve chemical resistance, flam e retardance, oxidation resistance, and reduce the cost o f plasticized elastomers. De pending upon the use, the various Arcelor compounds offer a number o f benefits to the user. plastics In alm ost all form ulations, th e use o f a selected- A roclor as a plasticizer reduces th e cost per pound of th e form ulation. A nother valuable use of A roclors in th e p lastics field is as a grinding a n d disp ersin g m edium for pigm ents. T h e A roclor com pounds are com patible w ith m ost com m on plastic m aterials; th ey are com patible to th e ex te n t o f p ra ctical use w ith th e follow ing; n - l. 1 ! * -vi ---------- S / W ; ' VV / / FI A sphalt B enzyl C ellulose C am auba W ax C ellulose A cetate B u ty ra te C hlorinated R ubber C oum arone-Indene R esins * D am m ar R esin E ster Gum E th y l C ellulose Epoxy R esins M anila G um N itrocellulose P a ra ffin Phenolic R esins P olyethylene P olyester R esins P olystyrene R esins P olyiso-B utylene P olyurethanes P olyvinyl A cetate P olyvinyl C hloride and P olyvinyl B u ty ral P olyvinyiidene C hloride R osin R ubber S tyrene B utadiene C o-Polym ers V inyl R esins tiN P 004642 772601 24 A roclors are n o t com patible w ith cellulose ac e ta te o r w ith phenolic resins in th e final stag e of condensation. In selecting th e proper A roclor for a given use, th e degree of flexibility im p arted increases progressively in th e o rd er of: h ard resinous A roclor, so ft resinous A roclor, liquid A roclor. C onversely, th e hardness of the plasticized elastom er increases progressively w ith th e choice of: liquid A roclor, so ft resinous A roclor, h ard A roclor resin. POLYVINYL CHLORIDE T h e A roclors are valuable o secondary plasticizers, o r plasticizer-extenders for p o ly v in y l chloride form ulations. T h e A roclors im p art g re atly im proved chem ical resistan ce o ver conventionally ester-plasticized com positions. F o r exam ple, a fo rm u latio n p lasticized w ith 3 p a rts of D O P and 1 p a rt of A roclor 1254 show s th e b est chem ical resistance of an y plasticized polyvinyl chloride form ulation evaluated to date. A roclor 1262, w hen used as a co-plasticizer w ith D O P, g reatly reduces th e am ount o f m ig ratio n o f th e p lasticizer to nitrocellulose lacquers. A roclor 5460 is freq u en tly used as a p lasticizer-resin-extender to m ake flam eproof vin y l tilin g com positions. In vin y l chloride co-polym er resins for solution app licatio n , th e com bination of A roclor 5460 an d A roclor 1254 is w idely used because o f its o u tstan d in g chemical re s is ta n c e . RUBBER--NATURAL AND SYNTHETIC T h e liq u id A roclor com pounds -- 1221, 1232, 1242 and 124S -- have a strong plasticizin g actio n on ru b b er, b o th n a tu ra l and sy n th etic. A roclors 1254 an d 1260, GENP 004643 __ w hen m illed in to ru b b er, im p art perm an en t ta c k in g an d adhesion to th e com position. A roclors 2565, 4465, 5460 an d 1268, w hen in co rp o rated in neoprene ru b b er in am o u n ts as high as 40 p a rts pgr 100 p a rts o f ru b b e r m ake com positions th a t are extrem ely dam e re ta rd a n t. T h e A roclors generally show a high degree o f co m p atib ility w ith epoxy resins; th is group o f m aterials is one o f th e very few plasticizers th a t possess such high co m p atib ility w ith these m aterials. T h e low er A roclcr num bers, 1221 and 1232, im p a rt a h ig h degree o f ffpn'hiliririg to epoxy co m p o u n d s. T h e m o re resin o u s an d solid A roclors h av e little effect on th e flexibility o f th e com pound; in fa c t, th e y ten d to a c t as reinforcing m aterials. A roclors h av e little effect o n epoxy ream s' hardnpfiB, ten sile o r com pressive y ield stre n g th . T h e u ltim a te com pressive s tre n g th can b e im proved b y using solid A roclors in p h th a lic an h y d rid e cured system s. A ll o f th e A roclors, w hen used a t a ra te o f 15 to 20 p a r ts p en h u n d red o f ream , g re a tly re ta rd th e burning ra te o f epoxy com positions. I f a sm all am ount o f an tim o n y oxide is added in ad d itio n to th e A rodox com pounds, th e m aterials th e n becom e non-burning. % la *4 - \ ) t i A roclor 5460, w hen u sed in low den sity p o ly eth y len e to th e e x ta n t o f 20% -- in co m b in atio n w ith 10% an tim o n y oxide 7--m ak es th e com p oun d se lf ex tin g u ish in g . C om pared to o th e r m aterials th a t m ake polyethylene se lf extinguishing, A roclor 5460 h as m uch le a effect on tensile, yield an d elongation properties. In addition, th e h e a t sta b ility o f th e A rodor com pound is grea tly su p erio r to th e o th er m aterials com m only used to m ake polyethylene self-extinguishing. In corp o ra tio n o f th e so lid , resinous A rodaraw ilL m ake a sp h a lt se lf extinguishing. P ossible applications o f th is ty p e o f fhrm nlation in d u d e caulking com pounds, roofing com pounds and- aouncM eadenm g co a tin g s N orm ally, 30% o f a s A ro d o r su ch a s 5460 w fikm eke a n asp h a lt m ixture th a t is se lf extinguishing. j l In corp o ra tio n o f A ro d o r in a p o ly ester re sin in co m b in atio n w ith an tim o n y oxide g re a tly reduces th e b u rn in g ra ta o f polyester retin a. A m ix tu re o fsufficient am ounts o f selectiv e A ro c lo s w fil produce p o ly e ste sa th a t a re s e if w xtingnahm g. C onsiderable in te re st b aa been displayed in th e uae o f A roclors in phenolic lam i n a tin g resin s, to " fa* com pounds th a t a re 6*TM re s is ta n t. N o rm a lly , tim h ig h ly m olecular w eight A roclor, such aa A roclors 1260, 1262 a n d 5460 a re evaluated for th is purpose. G EN P 004644 772603 Arodors are soluble in p a in t and varnish oils and solvents and are compatible with most film -form ing coating resins. The A rodor compounds improve adhesion to the substrata. Adding Arvclors to p a in t, varnish or lacquer form ulations im parts properties to the film that correspond to the particular charac ter o f the Aroclor used. The hard, resinous Arodors tend to give increased hardness to film s; the viscous Arodors im part flexibility. Arodors are excellent grinding and dispersion media fo r pigm ents used in p a in ts and varnishes. Aroclor 1254 is used to disperse alum inum powder in a paste form which can be incorporated easily into paints and varnishes. The Aroclor im parts excellent leafing qualities, brightness or luster and does not tarnish the alum inum pigm ent on- aging. Moreoeoer, the coating composition does not support combustion. arocl: ?s in paint, varnish, and lasquer form ulations VARNISHES AND ALKYD S A rodors 4465 an d 5460 w ill produce p a in ts th a t are very quick drying and y e t h ave excellent d u rab ility . T h e w eight o f A rodor used m ay be from 30% to 50% o f th e w eight o f th e oils. T h e A rodors do n o t re a c t chem ically w ith oils, hence there is no ad v an tag e in h eatin g to g eth er in m aking a varnish. T h ey are b est ad d ed as a " chill back" o r as a cold c u t in th e th in n in g operation. As fa r as incorporation o f th e A ro d o rs is concerned, th e only reason for h eatin g is to m ake th e A rodors liq u id so th ey can be m ore re ad ily m ixed w ith th e oils. A ro d o r 1260 is b est for sh o rt oil varnishes th a t are required a t th e sam e tim e to b e flexible. T h e A rodors im p art w ater and alk ali resistance, and w ith thi* q u alitie s en h an ce th e v a lu e o f th e o th e r resins used in th e v arnish. T h e suggested sta rtin g form ulation is tw o p arts by w eight o f oil, one p a rt of A rodor 1260 and one p a rt of o th er resin. T hese 772604 GENP 004645 * i i t \ ii t 27 ( proportions can be v aried as required. T h e A roclor m ay be considered to fu n ctio n in th e form ulation as an oil, w ith th e difference th a t it does n o t oxidize and lose its flexibility. R esins o f the alkyd, phenolic o r ester gum ty p e, w ith a h ard er A roclor such as 5460, m ay also be used in m aking v arn ish form ulations. E PO X Y RESIN COATINGS T h e high co m p atib ility o f A roclor com pounds w ith epoxy resins m akes these m aterials o f g reat value in form ulating epoxy coatings. N orm ally, 10 to 15% o f A roclor 1260 or 1262 is added to th e epoxy com position to im prove flexibility w ith a m inim um effect on th e corrosion resistance an d adhesive ch aracteristics o f th e film . NITROCELLULOSE COATINGS In pyroxylin o r nitrocellulose lacquers, th e A roclors can fu nction b o th as p la sti cizers m odifying th e pro p erties o f th e film an d as film -form ing bodying resins. A roclors are highly com patible w ith nitrocellulose and w ith o th er resins an d p lasticizers com m only used in lacquer form ulating. T h ey im p art w eather re sist ance, lu ster, adhesion an d decreased b u rn in g ra te . T h e A roclors1excellent electrical ch a rac te ristic s (high d ielectric stre n g th an d re sistiv ity an d low pow er facto r) an d th e ir p ro p erty o f retard in g th e passage of m oisture and gases through nitrocellulose m ake th e A roclors o f special value in coatings for electrical in su lating m aterials. T o illu stra te th e m odification possible to o b tain by changes in form ulation, th ree lacq u er form ulas a re given below . A ll h av e excellent d u ra b ility b u t th e th ird is m uch so fter an d m ore flexible th a n th e o th e r tw o. O nly th e solids co n ten ts are given. T h e am ounts tab u lated are p arts by w eig h t A roclor Lacquers No. 1 H second N itrocellulose (dry) D am m ar resin y.trr Gum 100 80 -- Aroclor 1260 D ibutyl P hthalate Tricresyl Phosphate 20-39 20-0 -- No. 2 100 -- 80 20 20 -- No. 3 100 80-70 39-70 N o. 1 an d N o. 2 have excellent sanding an d polishing qualities. N o. 3 is v ery flexible b u t too so ft for sanding. W here extrem ely hig h flexibility is d esired, as fo r exam ple in lacquers fo r h igh ten sio n au tom otive cables, th e follow ing com position is suggested: 15-20 second R . S. N itrocellulose Tricresyl Phosphate Aroclor 1242 100 p arts by weight 120 p arts by weight 80 p arts by weight T h e accom panying trilin e ar diagram s show th e p ractical com patibility lim its o f A roclors 1254 an d 1262 w hen used in co m bination w ith som e o th er resins -and p lasticizers. A roclor 1260 gives v alues alm o st th e sam e as those show n for 1262. T h e less viscous A roclors h av e g reater co m p atib ility ; th e m ore resinous A roclors have less co m p atibility th a n the ones show n. GENP 004646 772605 n tk crilinear diagram s, th e com positions, represented b y an y p o in t in th e n sh ad ed areas, a re those w hich produce hom ogeneous lacq u er film s. O n th e th e r h an d com positions re p r en ted by p o in ts in th e shaded areas produce ^ p ra c tic a l, seg reg ated , b rittle o r so ft film s. F o r d etailed in fo rm atio n as to th e eriv a tio n an d use o f th ese diagram reference is m ade to th o follow ing articles: Janklna & Fostar, *Camp*tJWity RalatJonahlo* of tti A r e c m ln M t tm r a ln t f I arniari_~ Imi. E n*. Q x m , 23, 1362 (1931). Hofmann & Rato, " Graphical Mathotfs >n Lacquar T a a in ra o q ," Iml. Eh. Cham. 20, 431 (1928); "Formulation of Nttroeailuiaaa Lacquara,'' ind. Eng. Q w a . 2 0 . 6 S 7 ( 1 9 2 t ) 1 GENP 004647 NITROCELLULOSE PERCENT 90 SO 10 20 30 For com binations w here the resin is of tho phthalic anhydride-giucerct type and w here the A rodor is A rodor 1262.* *A ra cw 12SO n n ft*auKOtutM mimmI mitin cmm- 10 AROCLOR PERCENT 90 90 80 70 60 PERCENT RESIN 90 NITROCELLULOSE PERCENT 80 70 For com binations w here the resin is of th e phthalic . anhydride-glycerol type an d w here the A rodor is A rodor 1254. so 40 30 20 10 SO 40 3 0 20 10 10 20 30 40 l *0 70 AROCLOR PERCENT 90 90 80 70 60 90 40- PERCENT RESIN >--. 10 772607 30 V U N P 004648 90 NITROCELLULOSE PERCENT 80 70 A 90 40 2 10 20 30 40 20 "J B B B B B L , 10 r~ m r For com binations w here th e A rodar resin is ArocJor 1262* an d w here the plas* tfd z a r is Dibutyl P hthalate. PlASTICtZER PERCENT 80 90 9 0 SO 70 80 9 0 4 0 PERCENT AROQjQR 10 90- NITROCELLULOSE PERCENT 80 30 20 10 r -- .A m M20 O L 10 '* . Forcombinationwhere the Arador. ram is Arador :' k . 1262? and wherethe ptastfr 'Y^J=`y c t z o r i*Tdcr*s Phosphate. A g - MM 70 pcAsncizsr "WB'V 90 80 7 0 . 90 PERCENT AROCLOR 90 40 3 0 2 0 *. . **'-* 772608 JT kT aO CHLORINATED RUBBER AND STYREN EBUTADIENE COPOLYMERS A roclors are o u tstan d in g for com pounding m odified ru b b er finishes. T hey im p art excep tio n al corrosion resistance, chem ical resistance, oxidation resistance to these co atin g s, and im prove adhesion. T ypical applications include m asonry coatings fo r sw im m ing pools, stu cco hom es an d highw ay p a in ts, as w ell as p ro tectiv e an d d ecorative coatings for steel stru ctu res, railw ay tan k and gondola cars, wood and m etal m aritim e equipm ent. In ru b b e r base co atin g s, A roclor 1254 is used as a liq u id flexibilizing p lasticizer an d com m only used in com bination w ith A roclor 5460 w hich serves as a resin fo rtifier. T h e o u tstan d in g chem ical resistance, corrosion resistance and oxidation resistan ce o f ru b b er base A roclor coatings m ake th em o u tstan d in g p ro tectiv e co atings for chem ical p lan ts, b o ats, highw ay m arking, an d m asonry. M onsanto T ech n ical B ulletins N o. PL -306, PL-311, an d PL-326 cover th e use o f A roclors in ru b b e r base coatings. * > < ^ C CELLULOSE ACETATE BUTYRATE LACQUERS T h e h ig h er A roclor com pounds are w idely used w ith cellulose a c e ta te b u ty ra te , in th e m an u fa ctu re o f low cost lacq u ers th a t are flam e re sista n t. T y p ica l uses for th is ty p e o f lacquer include p ap er coating, lacquers for p lastics an d strip p ab le coatings for p a in t booths. A ty p ic a l p a p e r lacq u e r w ith m inim um ten d en cy to cu rl is re p o rte d 1* to co n ta in th e follow ing: B y W eight H alf-second B u ty rate 20% A roclor 1260 A cetone Iso b u ty l A cetate E th y l A lcohol 20% 10% 10% 10% T oluene 30% ETH YL CELLULOSE COATINGS T h e A roclors a re h ighly com patible w ith eth y l cellulose. T h e liq u id A roclors im p a rt g re a t flex ib ility , th e resinous Aroclors im p a rt g re a t h ard n ess. F o r exam ple, 75 p a rts b y w eight o f A roclor 1242 w ith 100 p a rts o f e th y l cellulose produces g re a t flex ib ility an d a slig h t tackiness. A roclor 5460 on th e o th e r h an d -- in th e sam e p ro p o rtio n -- produces a v ery h ard and som ew hat b rittle com position. F o r co atin g s o f h ig h gloss an d excep tio n al w eathering p ro p e rtie s to b e ap p lied to rigid surfaces, com positions co n tain in g equal p a rts by w eight o f A roclor 5460 an d e th y l cellulose a re recom m ended. F o r m ore flexibility in th e co atin g one o f th e so fter A roclors should be used -- eith er alone or as a p a rtia l replacem ent for th e A roclor 5460. E th y l cellulose fo rm ulations plasticized w ith A roclors find en d use ap p licatio n s as p ro tec tiv e lacquers, adhesives, an d as strip p ab le coatings. T h e solid A roclor com pounds, such as A roclor 5460 are w idely used in h o t m elt applications for th e p rotection of tools and m etal p arts. T h ey are norm ally used w ith e th y l cellulose o r cellulose a c e ta te -b u ty ra te resins. CREPE RUBBER COATINGS A roclor 1262 is used as a low co st p lasticizer fo r crepe ru b b e r in p a in t com positions. U sed in co n cen tratio n s o f 5 to 50% based on th e w eight o f th e ru b b er polym er, it increases th e gloss an d alk ali resistan ce o f th e film an d stre n g th e n s th e adhesion o f th e film to steeL *W. M. Saarawt Jfxj f. M. a*ii. OFFICIALDIGEST. VaLJ43. 1933. 772610 33 GENP 004651 r r o - h f i n jr k T 'z r METHODS FOR EMULSIFYING AND MAKING STOCK SOLUTIONS OF AROCLORS T h ere are several sim ple m ethods fo r m aking A roclor em ulsions; th e one used m ay be selected to su it th e kind of A roclor and ty p e o f form ulation in w hich it w ill be used. Bm ulalfylng V isco u s A ro clo rs (Portion 1) (Portion 2) 16 lbs. of Aroclor 1 lb. of Stearic Acid 8 lbs. of water 4 oz. Triethanolamine H e a t th e A roclor to a w orkable viscosity (1S0F plus) and s tir in th e stearic acid thoroughly. H eat th e w ater to alm ost boiling (207F) an d s tir in th e trieth an o lam in e thoroughly. P o u r th e A roclor* ste a ric a d d p o rtio n into th e w a te r p o rtio n a g ita tin g vigorously. T h en process th e com bined p ortions w ith a high-speed em ulsifying stirrer.. . . or process th ro u g h a colloid m ill. Em ulsifying (Portion 1) (Portion 2) Liquid A roelors 100 parts Aroclor 1254 4 parts Oleic Add 92 parts water 2 Darts Ammonium Hydroxide (28 %) 2 parts Lustrex* X-810 M ix th e am m onium hydroxide and L u strex X -810 thoroughly in th e w arm ed w ater, using vigorous a g ita tio n . M ix th e A roclor 1254 an d O leic A cid, h e a t to 45C and ag itate vigorously. M ain tain th e 45C tem perature and agitatio n -- and ad d in slow ly th e w ater p o rtio n . C o n tin u e a g ita tio n for o n e-h alf hour till phase inversion is com plete. Em ulslflable Concentrated Stock S o lu tio n s of A ro e lo rs 79 parts of Aroclor 16.70 parts of tolueca 3.55 parts of isopropyl alcohol 1.00 parts of Sterox" CD (non-ionic emulsifier) 0.75 parts of Santomemo* 3 (anionic wetting agent) T h e abo v e fo rm u latio n is read ily em ulsifiable w ith w a te r. I f th e m ore resinous A roclors are used, increase th e am o u n t o f toluene (or xylene) as needed to dissolve th e A roclor resin. T r i t e n m h o m jm i ChwniMl Co.. *. U. S. P*L Qfc. 772612 35 GENP 004653 SOLUBILITY O f A R O C L O R S IN 100 MILLILITBRS OF VARIOUS S O L V E N T S Arodor Typ* of Solvint 1242 2S*C Hot 1248 23*C Hot 1254 25*C Hot 4465 Cold Hot Acid Acetic Acid............................... Olaic Acid................................. Benzoic Acid........................... S S 10.0 S ---- s ---- 10.0 Ja s s s ss s s s vs Aldehyde 4 0% Form aldehyde............... F u r f u r a l .................................... Amino i vs 1 vs Aniline....................................... s s Pyridine.................................... 132.530 44099*0 Chloro-- derivative i VS -- -- 1111 vs vs vs vs --s 5 vs -- 114 a rc 425 lore vs 1 vs vs vs Amyl ehloridee-- m ixed........ CArbon T etrachloride............ Chloroform .............................. O ic h io r a th y la n a ...................... Ethytono Bichloride............... M anochlarabanzana.............. O rthodichlorabanzana.......... Tatrachloratha n a ................... T richlorethane........................ T richloretnylena..................... Drying Oil Tung Oil.................................... U naaod Oil....................... Ester Amyl A cetate........................... Butyl A cetate.......................... CeUoiotve A cetate.................. C ottonseed OH........................ Olbutyl P h th alate................... Diethyl P h th alate................... Ethyl A cetate........................... Ethyl L actate........................... Ethylene Glycol D iecetato... Methyl A cetate........................ Tricresyl P hosphate___ . . . . Ether: Ethyl E ther...................... E ther Alcohol C a rb ito i..................................... Cello s o l v e ................................. Olathylane Glycol................... p*p* Olhydroxy Ethyl E th e r.,. S s s -- s s s s s s s s S s s s s s s. s s s s 224 31 s 16.9 a r c s s s _ s s s s s 5 s s s s s 3 s s' s s s s s 307 re ; s 19 9TC S s S -- s s _ s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s vs S: _ S3 ss ss ss _ ss ss ss ss ss s s s s s s s S sss ssS s s s s s s s s s s s 3 s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s S s v s 173 a rc 239 a rc s3s s s 8 30*c i o lo r e V5 vs vs vs vs vs vs vs vs vs vs vs vs vs vs 5 s s s vs vs s ss s . ss s s ss vs VS VS vs VS vs vs vs vs vs vs vs vs vs vs vs vs VS vs vs vs s s _ _ _ _ -- Hydrocarbon B enzene................................... G asoline................................... K erosene.................................. Mineral Spirits........................ P a ra ffin ................................... Pine Oil..................................... T oluene.................................... T urpentine............................... X y le n e ....................................... vs vs vs vs 2.0 r e 3 vs vs vs vs vs v s VS vs vs VS : v s S 12.0 a r c s vs VS v s vs vs vs vs vs vs vs vs s vs vs vs vs vs vs vs vs vs vs vs vs vs vs vs vs _ s < 5.0 s ss vs vs vs vs vs vs vs . vs vs vs vs vs VS s s VS VS vs Hydroay-- derivatives Amyl Alcohol........................... n<Butyt Alcohol........................ Ethyl Aleetiol (3 -A)................. Glycerine.............................. . Methyl Alcohol........................ Phenol-- 9 0% ......................... s3 ss 23 j a r c 80.0 ;o*c 11 42.3 a r c s s j w*c- 194 30 s -- -- _ 1 -- -- --s s --s s -- 10 a rc 28 a rc 111 -- u s arc ?p 9 a rc ss s s ss ss 1 ss s s s _ 1 _ s Ketone A cetone.................................... S s -- -- s s ss Miscellaneous Carbon Disulfide.................... N itrobenzene.......................... W ater........................................ s s 1 s _--s s _-- s 1 11 1 s vs : vs s vs _ 1 11 5460 2 5 *C _ _ 156 - -- - * -- _ _ _ -- -- -- 1-- _ -- 143 _ _ -- 142 __ 178 -- -- -- _ -- -- 260 _ _ -- *-- Ftaum S--9fuOI S3--5J<ptttr SM H vS--ve* Mutt* eram of Arador ow 100 rniiittittf* of m w w at 25*C m w m im w m topicit rt. 772613 o m o o. o\ 772614 37 S im ple VAPORlZATtOM R ATSS A i fOOC and 790 mm. Hg. Wt. Loas G m s. H ours Exposure Surface Area Citi.1 Vaporizatian Rate gm s./cm .'nr. A rador 1221 A rador. 1232 A rador 1242 A rodor 1248 C orafin-42-S OOP (dloctyl phthalate) 0 u tro x 2 5 A rador 12S4 Dutrex 20 A rador 1262 A rodor 1260 A rodor 4465 A rador 1270 A rodor 5442 A rodor 5460 Trfcrasyl pftosphato 0 .5 1 2 5 02572 0 .0 9 9 5 0 .0 4 4 8 0 .0 7 4 5 0.0686 0 .0 2 5 6 0.0156 0.0047 0.0039 0.0026 0 .0 0 6 4 0 .0 0 4 5 0 .0 0 3 9 0 .0 0 3 2 0.0010 24 24 24 24 48 48 24 24 24 24 24 72 72 72 72 24 12.28 12.28 1228 1228 12.28 1228 1228 1228 1228 1228 1228 1228 1228 1228 1228 1228 0.00174 0.000874 0.000338 0 .0 0 0 1 5 2 0 .0 0 0 1 2 6 0 .0 0 0 1 1 7 0 .0 0 0 0 8 7 0.000053 0.000016 0 .0 0 0 0 1 3 0 .0 0 0 0 0 9 0 .0 0 0 0 0 7 0 .0 0 0 0 0 5 0.000004 0 .0 0 0 0 0 4 0.000003 GENP 004656 APPROXIM ATE VAPOR PRESSURES C A L C U L A T E O A T 100o P <37.09 C) A rador 1232 Arador 1242 Arodor 1248 Arador 1254 ' 0.005 0.001 0 .0 0 0 3 7 0 .0 0 0 0 6 m m . Hg. m m . Hg." m m . Hg. m in. Hg. 38 772615 R C S iS TA N C E OF STRU C TU RAL M A TE R IA LS TO AR O C LO R S M etals Aroclor N um ber 1248 1254 25*C 125*C 25*C 125*C 4465 125'C 5460 12S'C A lu m in u m ................................................................................. R R R R RR RR C o p p e r .................. .................................................................... R 0 R D 0 0 M a g n e s iu m ............................................................................... RR R R R ' RR RR N ick el.................................................... ..................................... RR R R RR RR R S ilv e r ......................................................................................... R R R R R R T in ................................................................................................ R R R R R R Z in c .............................................................................................. R R R R R RR Mild S te e l.................................................................................. RR R RR RR R RR P h o s p h o r B ro n z e ................................................................... R 0 R R R R R e d B r a s s ................................................................................. 0 0 R 0 R De S ta in le s s S te el (T y p e 3 1 6 ) ................................................. RR RR ' RR RR RR RR Yellow B r a s s ............................................................................. R Re R De Re Re P la stic s A lkyd R esin No. 4 6 5 9 4 * 1 2 '.............................................. Alkyd R esin N o. 46594* 13A .............................................. C e llu lo se A c e ta te (F ib e s to s ).............................................. O u rite P h e n o l F u rfu ra l R e s in ............................................ P *D D o F o rm v a r H ighly P la s tic iz e d ................................................ De F o rm v a r Low P la s tic iz e d ..................................................... PS G iyptal 1 2 7 6 ............................................................................ R G lyptal 7 1 3 6 ............................................................................ o M aleic R esin No. 4 6 5 9 4 * 1 3 0 ............................................ P M aleic R esin No. 4 6 5 9 4 * 13C ............................................ P P lexiglas (M ethyl M e th a c ry la te )...................................... D P o ly sty re n e (L u stro n B )...................................................... P R esin o x M ineral Filled M elam ine R e sin ....................... o R e sin o x W ood F lour Filled M elam ine R e sin ................ D R e sin o x M ineral Filled P henol F o rm a ld e h y d e ........... o R e sin o x W ood H o u r R iled P henol F o rm a ld e h y d e .. 1 -D R e sin o x R a g R ile d P h e n o l F o rm a ld e h y d e ................... 0 U re a F o rm a ld e h y d e R esin (P la sk a n C o .).................... D P P P P T T P T P P P T P P D P D P P P P P o P P P 0 PPP R P 0 P Pe T T T PS T . T T DPPP R T T T -P P ' P P R P P P o P P P PTTT R R P D R D R P D 0 R P D R D. P o o D P 0 P P P MtwHflf of M i n i i M t n : * --S U M M * * n t fM fl CtfCU itIM c " t r i n o n . u o ! " . EuM itm r t u m o c i * m i**o i.a 1 3 ^ tm /arr e*ntntiM or .00014 /rr. X--0 * * 0 rM ititn cr-m tl o"<t' o m m m 1.0 < 10" * u K (0 1 0 ^ em/atf or Ort i i * 4.00014 nd 0.0014 m/fr. D--Oouathjl rM itune*. onrttion 10 < 1 0 ^ z m / itt tn d 100 10" * em /att or 0 0.0014 ta d 0.014 4 >s t rm iw iru --aA ritiii f r tt tr r tn 100 * 1 0 ^ em /d tt or 0.014 m /rr. >1 Xotr rmttoneo duo 10 naolo ioeti jction inewffi fill cnoafl irtotcjtrt froitor r*titico. -- mo imiot indicium rn iiu n c ) tifitifi* miiartw mr> no oottw tiuo mOieiiod if louu* innw iaO neo *ifM lot* it B*iio*td lo com Irom oitdttion of i4o otrt of m t tin s looud to ir, r --Mttonoi a m tml not i u m ltmortu>. GENP 004657 772616 39 DENSITIES OP ARQCLQRS AT VARIOUS TEM PERATU R ES 1.80 772618 W* A t o rd in ary tem p eratu res A rocloia h av e n o t p resen ted in d u strial toxicological problem s. W here A ro d o r v ap o rs m ay be en co u n tered in w orkroom s, Local ex h a u st v e n tila tio n to g e th e r w ith general workroom exhaust is recom m ended. S k in p a tc h te sts w ith a p o lyvinyl chloride free film w ith 11.5% b y w eight o f A ro d o r 1254 (ab o u t 25% based on th e w eight o f th e v in y l resin) an d a m ilu r am o u n t o f dio cty l p h th a la te show ed th a t th is film w as n o t a p rim a ry irrita n t o r a sensitizer. S kin p atch tests w ith A ro d o r 1254 alone applied to gauze an d placed in co n tact w ith th e sk in show ed n o prim ary irrita n c y o r sensitization. O ther akin p a tc h te sts u ring canvas coated w ith A ro d o r 5460 an d a n oil m odified alk y d re sin , in nrh a "i< nnig th a t th e A ro d o r m th e pTM* 6Tm on th e fab ric w as ab o u t 17% ' b y w eight o f p a in t to fid s an d th e fin a h w i co ated M in e -c o n ta in e d approxim a te ly 7 % b y w eight o f A ro d o r 5460 show ed th a t th is p a m te ffiih ric d id 'n o t pro d u ce a p rim ary irritan cy o r sensitization o f th e km . IF A x o d an rs e e spH led a n th e sk m , th e s k in sh o u ld b e w ashed in tb a a s a ri'm a im e r w ith s o a p solgticm fc IT a c c id e n ta l b u m s occur f a n con ta c t, w ith h o t A iP d e ry th i^ h iro s h o o k E ' be- tre a te d th e - M i#T** , f- , , ,t snm r^uK .m ^or^bny^iQ s^A iD iw adhering, to-jthg burned +~~**r*r'* o f th e ru st aoeg_and w a te r a repeated GENP 004660 % 42 772619 firs retardant nort shear resistant heat stable lubricating aroclors for physically "adjustable" adhesive n o n -v o la tile low cost therm oplastic FILM FORMING IMPREGNATING INSULATING HEAT TRANSFER DEDUSTING . INERT MATRIXES PLASTICIZING BULKING COATING " TACKIFYING" REDUCING VOLATILITY * A roclors are th e only low co st, in e rt, inter-com p atib le liquids an d solids w hose interm ixing can provide in su latin g , lubricating, fire re ta rd a n t liquids ranging from th e consistency o f lig h t m in eral oil to th e m o st viscous sy ru p (or solid resin) w hich w ill do so m any jo b s in in d u stry . vision 3 0 0 North L in d b e rg h Blvd. St. Louis 6, M i s s o u r i Tit information in this bulletin is. to our best knowledge, trus and ecu rats, out ail recommendations or suggestions ara made without guarantee, since the conditions of u sa ara beyond our control. The Monsanto Chemical Company disclaims any liability incurred in eon* nectian with the use of these date or suggestions. Furthermore, nothing contained herein shell be construed a s s recommendation to use any product in conflict with ssisting patents covering any material or its use. GENP 004661 772620 43 rJNir' UU4662